The Principles of

Design and the

Various Art
Forms Found in
the
Philippines
❑It is interesting to note that arts in the
country are active and available to
everyone. Individual artists, cultural
groups, and art communities thrive in
the regions. At the same time,
traditional arts continue to keep
Philippine culture alive.
❑Among these are the intricate weaving,
the elaborate brassware, and the
functional pottery in the different parts
of the country.
❑They have been kept, cherished, and
handed down to modern Filipinos as
part of heritage.
Write your own caption for the
photograph?

What question does this

How important is balance in life
photograph raise?
Because contemporary art has moved away
from classical styles, it is sometimes hard
to criticize a contemporary work of art.
Therefore, this section will lead you to find
out the different design principles and the
various art forms found in the Philippines.

Let’s discover!
Principles of
Design
 Design is the overall
structure of an art form.
It is a plan for order. It is
the means by
which artist indicate and
demonstrate the ideas
and feelings they wish to
convey.
Principles of Design found in the arts.

Harmony
• This refers to the
wholeness of the
design, the pleasing
arrangement of parts,
and the agreement
between parts of a
composition, resulting
in a united whole
Principles of Design found in the arts.

Variety
• It pertains to the
assortment or diversity
of a work of art.
Principles of Design found in the arts.

Rhythm
• It is the regular,
repeated pattern in the
elements of art. It is a
flow, or feeling of
movement, achieved by
the distribution of visual
units in time.
Principles of Design found in the arts.

Proportion
• Elements in a work of
art should have a
relationship with one
another. This
relationship is called
proportion.
Principles of Design found in the arts.

Balance
• Pertains to the even
distribution of weight. It
is the principle that
deals with equality
Principles of Design found in the arts.

Movement
• This is a fundamental
principle in
choreography and the
theatre arts.
 Various Art
Forms Found
in the
Philippines
Pre-Colonial Art
❑Through migration and trade during
Pre-Colonial Period, there was a
lively cultural interchange between
the Philippines and other Asian
countries.
❑This helped the Philippines to
develop their own way of living, and
their own culture such as pottery,
weaving, wood carving, jewelry, etc.
That they could use for their
everyday living.
 Painting was introduced by Spaniards
during 16th century. They use paintings as
religious propaganda. Painting refers to the
process of applying color on a flat surface.
Forms can be created using a wide variety of
materials such as watercolor, acrylic, ink, oil,
pastel, and charcoal. Surfaces for painting
include wood, canvas, cardboard, and paper.
Painting is considered two-dimensional,
meaning it only has height and width.
 Easel
Painting
The easel painting is
perhaps the most
common form of
painting which involves
applying color to a
board or canvas that is
fixed on an upright
support called an easel.
These are meant to be
framed and hanged on
a wall after creating
them.
 Murals
A mural is described as a
huge wall-sized painting
used to impart messages to
the public. A new form of.
Mural which is a portable
mural, was developed in
order to prevent the mural
from being erased from the
wall which was created by
using bold strokes in applying
bright colors on pieces of
cheesecloth or canvas.
 Telon
Painting
A telon is describes as a
backdrop or
background for the
stage which are used
for komedya, sarswela,
and sinakulo, the
popular forms of theater
in the country.
 Jeepney &
Calesa Painting
The calesa is typically
painted using one color.
The borders of the calesa
are decorated with
geometric patterns,
repetitive patterns, and/or
thin lines.
Jeepney painting
evolved from calesa
painting. In a typical
jeepney, a logo, number,
or painting is covered near
the driver’s seat, as well
as near the seats
adjacent.to it.
 Collage
This refers to a form of
painting that involves
combine images in a
single artwork. This
entails cutting and
pasting materials
such as paper, fabric,
tin foil and other
relatively flat
materials onto a board
or canvas.
 Paper Quilling
Paper quilling, also called paper
filigree, is a papercraft that has been
popular since the 15th century. This paper
art has experienced a resurgence in
popularity during the last couple of years.
You can find paper quilling incorporated
into scrapbooking, cardmaking,
monograms, paper flowers, jewelry and
even into pieces of wall art. It is incredible
how you can make complicated shapes
and patterns from simple paper strips and
glue!
Samples of Paper Quilling
Performance Task # 2 Hand-Rolled
Paper Quilled Mosaic

Below are the simple instructions in

doing the said art technique.
a. Cut the paper into strips of
different lengths and widths.
b. Roll each strip of paper in
different ways you desired. On the
right side are examples of rolled
papers you can do.
c. Paste the rolled papers on your
own pattern.
In making the artwork, the materials needed are any
available papers (newspaper, magazines, colored papers,
and bond papers), glue, scissors, and a stick for rolling the
strips of papers

Criteria For Grading

Creativity & resourcefulness– 30%
Craftmanship – 30%
Complexity and level of difficulty – 20%
Presentation – 20%
TOTAL – 100%
The painting was called Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan and it featured
a man standing in front of a wall mural with his body was angled
sideways. His skin was painted brown and his polo shirt and pants
resemble that of a factory worker’s uniform as though he was
representing the Filipino laborers. Wrinkled skin, patches of white
hair, and slouched posture comprised Mang Juan’s appearance.
He looks tired and worn out- as if all his strength were exhausted
by the company he works for. The scowl on Mang Juan’s face and
the drooping of his mouth says that the workers he represents
under a capitalist society are not being treated well and are being
taken advantage of by companies and corporations.

Gradients of red paint engulf the background looking like

splattered blood. In contrasting big white letters was the logo of
Coca-Cola. The edge of the first C in Coca was sharp mimicking
the tip of a knife or sword. Pointing towards Mang Juan’s chest
and coupled with the blood-like background, it shows that the
company he dedicated a big part of his life for is killing him.
Leaning towards the tip of the letter C, Mang Juan feels hopeless
and has submitted himself to the bosses or company owners. He
has surrendered to that idea that as long as capitalism is alive, he
will stay a slave to them and to the company.
Antivas Delotavo
DANCE
 Dance
Refers to the movement
of the body in a
rhythmic way, usually
to music and within a
given space, for the
purpose of expressing
an idea or emotion,
releasing energy, or
simply taking delight in
the movement itself.
Types of Filipino Dance
Banga
Illustrates the grace
and strength of women
in the Kalinga tribe of
Cordillera Autonomous
Region (CAR). Women
performing the Banga
balance heavy pots on
their heads while
dancing to beat of wind
chimes.
 Lumagen or
Tachok
It is performed to
celebrate happy
occasions. When
Lumagen is performed, it
is meant to symbolize
flying birds and is
musically paired to the
beat of gongs.
 Salisid

It is the dance to
show courtship. In
the Salisid dance,
a male and a
female performer
represent a
rooster attempting
to attract a hen.
Malakas at
maganda
It is a national
folklore dance.
It tells the
story of the
origin of the
Filipino people
on the islands.
 Tinikling
Take two long
bamboo sticks
rapidly and in
rhythm, clap sticks
for dancers to
artistically and
daringly try to avoid
getting their feet
caught between
them.
Singkil
In this dance, there
are four bamboo
sticks arranged in a
tic-tac-toe pattern in
which the dancers
exploit every
position of these
clashing sticks. It is
identifiable with the
use of umbrellas
and silk clothing
 Pangalay
It is a traditional Tausug
dance, from Jolo and
Tawi-Tawi,
characterized by
elaborate body postures
and gestures and the
graceful arm and hand
movement of the dancer,
amplified by the use of
janggay or metal claws.
The dance is performed
to the music of the
kulintangan, gandang,
agong and gabang.
Commonly referred to as
the fingernail dance,
Pangalayis usually
performed during
weddings and other
festive celebrations.
WEAVING
 Weaving
Weaving is a method of textile
production in which two distinct sets
of yarns or threads are interlaced at
right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
Other methods are knitting,
crocheting, felting, and braiding or
plaiting. The longitudinal threads are
called the warp and the lateral
threads are the weft, woof, or filling.
(Weft is an old English word meaning
"that which is woven"; compare leave
and left.) The method in which these
threads are inter-woven affects the
characteristics of the cloth.
Weaving Methods
Textile Weaving

This refers to the

process of creating
cloth by interweaving
a series of parallel
vertical threads with
another series of
horizontal threads at
right angles.
Mat Weaving

This refers to the art

of “plaiting strips of
organic fibers into
mats”. These mats,
locally known as
banig, are cool, light,
and portable
compared to fixed
beds.
Basketry

This refers to the art of

creating containers by
weaving, plaiting, or
braiding materials into
hollow three-
dimensional shapes
that can either be
used for carrying,
storage and trapping
animals.
Kalakat Weaving

The process used on

the oil palm fronds
into finished product
is thru pruning the
green stalk, then
splitting and cleaning
the fronds, drying,
weaving and cutting
or trimming the edges.
Kalakat sheets are primarily
used as a cheap but durable
construction material. It is a
preferred material for housing
and resort cottages because
of its cool and insulator
characteristic. It is
environment friendly as it
utilizes basically an
agricultural waste material.
Kalakat is famous in
Mindanao that is useful in
many ways like ceiling and
walling in a traditional house
of the Indigenous Peoples
(IPs). Nowadays, it is used
not only by the IPs but the
common residents as well.
SCULPTURE
❑From the transitional carving of anitos to the santos to
Christ and down to the saints, Filipinos find it rather not
difficult as they are already familiar with the ways of the
wood.
❑ It is a branch of the visual arts that operates in three
dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural
processes originally used carving and modelling; in stones,
metals, ceramics, woods and other materials but, since
Modernism, there has been an almost complete freedom of
materials and process. In contrast to painting, sculpture
has three dimensions – height, width, and depth. It is
created by either carving, modelling, or assembling parts
together.
General kinds of
Sculpture
Free Standing

This is a kind of sculpture

that can independently
stand in space. It has a flat
horizontal base. All its sides
contribute to the overall form
of the sculpture.
Relief
This kind of sculpture does not
have a flat horizontal base. The
form is projected from a flat
surface. There are two types of
relief – low relief or bas-relief
which is slightly from the flat
surface; and high relief. Cagayan
de Oro’s Legendary River Monster
is an example of relief sculpture.
Assemblage

This sculpture is formed by

putting together materials
such as found objects, pieces
of paper, sponges, wood
scraps, and other materials.
A good example of this is
Lamberto Hechanova’s Man
and Woman.
Kinetic Sculpture
This is considered as a
sculpture in motion
because the entire sculpture
or some parts of
the sculpture are moving
with the wind or are
vibrating with the
surrounding air.
Welded Sculpture
Creating these sculptures
involve the process
of. connecting sheets of
metal together by using
an acetylene or electric torch.
Use of Glass
A kind of sculpture where
the medium of
expression used by the artist
is glass.
Symbolic Sculpture
It is a kind of sculpture in
which an abstract idea is
represented by means
of allegory and
personification.
Forms of Sculpture
 In Southern Philippines, the Maranao and
Tausug of Mindanao are known for their
Wood okir, ornate curvilinear designs and motifs
Carving applied to wood carving. The principal okir
designs are the sarimanok, the naga, and
the pako rabong.
Sarimanok
It is the legendary bird
or “artificial cock” that
has become an
ubiquitous symbol of
Maranao art. It is
depicted as a fowl with
wings and feathered
tail, holding a fish on its
beak or talons. The head
is profusely decorated
with scroll, leaf and
spiral motifs.
Naga
It has form of an
elaborate
mythical
serpent or
dragon with
vigorous S-
curve.
Pako Rabong
It is a stylized
growing fern
with a broad
base
gracefully
tapering
upwards.
POTTERY
Pottery
❑Is one of the oldest and most
widespread of the decorative arts,
consisting of objects made of clay
and hardened with heat. The objects
made are commonly useful ones,
such as vessels for holding liquids
or plates or bowls from which food
can be served.
❑Pottery is a general term for
decorative and useful objects made
from clay and set off at high
temperatures. This is frequently
interchanged with “ceramics”.
However, it is important to note that
application of ceramics is wider and
even includes industrial use.
Types of Pottery
1. Earthenware or Terracotta-
This type of pottery is made from
clay and is usually fired at 1,700-
2,100 ᵒF.
2. Stoneware-This type of pottery
is made from clay and feldspar.
3. Porcelain-This type of pottery is
made from kaolin, a special type of
clay that is extra fine, white and
feldspar.
 The Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar excavated
from a Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of
the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan. It dates
Manunggul Jar from 890–710 B.C.[2] and the two prominent figures at
the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the
soul to the afterlife. Manunggul Jar displayed at
Philippine National Museum of Anthropology
Manunggul Jar
The Manunggul Jar is widely
acknowledged to be one of the finest
Philippine pre-colonial artworks ever
produced and is considered a masterpiece
of Philippine ceramics. It is listed as a
national treasure and designated as item
64-MO-74[3] by the National Museum of
the Philippines. It is now housed at the
National Museum of Anthropology and is
one of the most popular exhibits there. It
is made from clay with some sand soil.
 Burnay Jar
Burnay jars are commonly used for storage
of water or grains, as well as for fermenting
of Vigan’s local Basi wine and bagoong
(fermented fish). It is said that burnay jars
are much harder than the typical terracotta
pots used in gardening. Established in 1922,
its origin goes way back to the pre-colonial
era when Chinese immigrants learned about
the abundant source of clay in the lands of
Vigan, and settled to start the industry of
pagbuburnay or jar making.
Burnay Jar
The materials for burnay jars only consists
of clay, water, and sand. Its process starts
with kneading of clay to warm it up and
remove sharp objects that may ruin the
clay. Once it is ready to be molded on the
wheel and kiln, it will be tempered with
sand to prevent the clay from sticking to the
surface of the table. The jar will be air dried
for three long weeks to harden, after which,
it will be put in a furnace to cook for one
day and one night at 1,370 or 1,500
degrees centigrade.
 Maitum
anthropomorphic
burial jars
The Maitum anthropomorphic burial jars are
earthenware secondary burial vessels
discovered in 1991 by the National Museum of
the Philippines' archaeological team in Ayub
Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani
Province, Mindanao, Philippines. The jars are
anthropomorphic; characterized by a design
that suggests human figures with complete or
partial facial features of the first inhabitants of
Mindanao. Furthermore, they give emphasis to
the Filipinos’ popular belief of life after death.
 According to Dr. Eusebio Dizon, head of the archaeological
Maitum team, this type of burial jars are "remarkably unique and
intriguing" because they have not been found elsewhere in
anthropomorphic Southeast Asia. Thus, many archaeologists from Vietnam,
burial jars
Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Burma and Indonesia
gained interest on this initial find and a number of
archaeological – either government or privately sponsored –
excavations have been conducted to recover these artifacts.
ISLAMIC ART
Islamic art is characterized by
designs of flowers, plant forms
and geometric designs. It is
used in calligraphy,
architecture, painting, clothing
and other forms of fine arts. In
the 13th century, traders and
missionaries have introduced
the religion of Islam in the
Philippines. Islamic art meshed
with ethnic culture and
produced a Filipino Muslim Art
that reflects the ethnic
background and Islamic
identity of the people.
 It is a visual art related to writing. It
Islamic is the design and execution of
lettering with a broad-tipped
Calligraphy instrument, brush, or other writing
instruments.
 Philippine Muslim
homes represents their
identity, therefore
Islamic art is seen in
their houses. These
houses usually contains
framed calligraphy of
Qur’an passages in its
walls. These ornaments
usually are made from
Muslim dominated
countries like Malaysia,
Egypt and Saudi Arabia
brought home by
overseas Filipino
workers as mementos of
their pilgrims.
ARCHITECTURE
❑ Architecture is considered to be one of the
most functional branches of the visual arts.
We can freely see architecture in our
surroundings because architecture involves
designing the form of a building while
allowing the building to serve its function. It is
considered to be the “art to inhabit.”
❑ Throughout Philippines history, both foreign
and Filipino architects introduce innovations
when it comes to creating buildings and
largestructures. Even though the design of
buildings and homes are still Western-
inspired, architects started to appreciate
Filipino social traditions and cultural values.
In fact, local materials were used by
architects like Francisco Mañosa, a Filipino
architect considered as one of the most
influential Filipino architects of the 20th
century, in designing homes and buildings. In
addition to that, they sought ways to express
these traditions and values in architecture.
 Forms of
Contemporary
Architecture-
Domestic
Building &
Houses
 Apartment
This refers to a building
composed of many
residences called units. This
is usually built in populated
urban areas. Nowadays, in
order to maximize the use of
space and because of the
increased buying power of
the population,
condominiums were
developed. These
condominiums are larger
offshoots of apartments.
 Bahay na Bato
The bahay na bato is
considered to be a
residence of the wealthy. A
typical two-storey bahay na
bato generally has a
ground floor that is made of
brick or stone, and has a
wooden upper level. The
windows and the level
have grilles, while the
windows at the upper level
have sliding shutters. The
roof of a typical bahay na
bato slants on four sides
Barong-barong
The barong-barong are
houses of the landless poor
that are built on any land
or area. These are usually
found near the esteros,
riverbanks, and bayshores;
spaces along high walls,
railroad tracks; spaces
near abandoned buildings,
and garbage dumps; or any
vacant lot. Some of these
barong-barong are built
under bridges.
 Bungalow
This refers to one-
story house with a
wide front porch
and large
windows. It may
also have a
terrace, which
may be roofed or
not.
Forms of
Contemporary
Architecture-Ethnic
Houses
Bahay Kubo
The bahay kubo is
considered an ethnic
house of Christian
peasant families living
in the lowland areas.
This is typically owned
by families belonging in
low-income groups.
Houseboat
The houseboat is
basically a boat that
also serves as
dwelling. The Badjaos
or Sama Laut typically
reside in houseboats.
Tsalet
The Philippine tsalet refers to
a suburban house that has
one story, a two-story house
with living quarters on the
upper level, or an elevated
one-story house. The term
tsalet came from the term
“chalet” which refers to a
peasant house in Switzerland
that has upper levels jutting
over the lower levels, a steep
roof and a decorated gable.
Thank You
Written Work # 3

What is the
contribution of arts in
the history of the
Philippines?