Outline

q Innate and adaptive immunity

q Cell types

q Antibodies
 Outline

q Innate and adaptive immunity

q Cell types

q Antibodies
Innate and adaptive immunity

Every life form needs and has a defense mechanism

q Immunity is an ability to defend against a harmful self/non-self entity.

q Prokaryotes have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that

can protect against bacteriophage infections.

q Protists use phagocytosis as a dominant defense mechanism.

q Plants have non-specific defenses including antimicrobial compounds.

q Animal immune systems are elaborate responses to self/non-self entities.

Innate and adaptive immunity

Types of immune response in animals

Innate
q Non-specific, rapid response
q Barrier defenses (skin, mucous
membranes, digestive enzymes in
tears, saliva, mucus)
q Phagocytic cells
q Natural killer (NK) cells that can kill
virus and cancer cells
q Inflammatory Response
q Antimicrobial proteins
• Interferons (inhibit viral
replication)
• Complement system (~30
proteins, membrane attack
complex à lysis)
Adaptive
q Specific, slower response
q Evolved first in jawed fishes
q Humoral response (antibodies that
defend against infectious agents in
body fluids)
q Cell-mediated response (cytotoxic
cells that defend against infectious
agents in cells
Innate and adaptive immunity

Phagocytosis represents oldest form of host defense

q Dendritic cells are specialized
antigen-presenting cells that
engulf invaders with long
outgrowths called dendrites.
q Macrophage act as garbage
collectors, antigen presenting
cells, or ferocious killers.
q Neutrophils rapidly engulf
invaders coated with
antibodies and complement.
q Monocytes ingest foreign or
dangerous substances and
present antigens to other
immune system cells.
q Mast cells have Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) and interact
with dendritic cells, B cells, and
T cells to help mediate
adaptive immune functions.
Image source: wikipedia
Innate and adaptive immunity

Inflammation at the macroscopic level

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

Image source: microbenotes and bioninja
Innate and adaptive immunity

Inflammation at the cellular level

Image source: microbenotes and bioninja

Innate and adaptive immunity

Types of immune response in animals

Innate
q Non-specific, rapid response
q Barrier defenses (skin, mucous
membranes, digestive enzymes in
tears, saliva, mucus)
q Phagocytic cells
q Natural killer (NK) cells that can kill
virus and cancer cells
q Inflammatory Response
q Antimicrobial proteins
• Interferons (inhibit viral
replication)
• Complement system (~30
proteins, membrane attack
complex à lysis)
Adaptive
q Specific, slower response
q Evolved first in jawed fishes
q Humoral response (antibodies that
defend against infectious agents in
body fluids)
q Cell-mediated response (cytotoxic
cells that defend against infectious
agents in cells
Innate and adaptive immunity

Types of adaptive immune responses

Secrets Defends
antibodies against
that defend intracellular
against pathogens,
extracellular cancer cells
pathogens. and
transplant
tissues.

Image source: promega

 Outline

q Innate and adaptive immunity

q Cell types

q Antibodies
Innate and adaptive Cell types

Non-phagocytic cells include lymphocytes.

q B lymphocytes secrete of
antibodies.
q T lymphocytes release
cytokines and growth factors
that regulate other immune
cells (helper T cells) and
perform lysis of virally infected
cells, tumor cells and allografts
(cytotoxic T cells).
q Natural killer (NK) cells are
lymphocytes that destroy
compromised host cells, such
as tumor cells or virus-infected
cells, after recognizing them by
lack of intact self MHC
antigens.

Image source: wikipedia

Innate and adaptive Cell types

Lymphatic system is involved in generating lymphocytes

Image source: wikipedia

 Outline

q Innate and adaptive immunity

q Cell types

q Antibodies
Innate and adaptive Cell types Antibodies

B lymphocytes secret antibodies.

Image source: MBL life science Image source: Biology project UofArizona
Innate and adaptive Cell types Antibodies

Somatic genomic rearrangements inside B cells produce antibodies.

Image source: hybridoma.com

Innate and adaptive Cell types Antibodies

Antibody-mediated immunity can be active or passively acquired

Adaptive immunity
Innate and adaptive Cell types Antibodies

Immune response gone rogue!

Stress and genetics can cause immune system dysfunction

• Allergies including rash: hypersensitive responses to harmless antigens
• Autoimmune Diseases:
• Lose tolerance for “self” and turn against molecules in body; cytotoxic T
cells attack and damage own cells
• Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis
• HIV: infect Helper T cells
• AIDS = severely weakened immune system
• Cancers: viruses can initiate cancers; vaccines may help fight cancer
Thank you