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NEW SYLLABUS
MATHEMATICS 7th Edition
Consultant • Dr Yeap Ban Har

Authors • Dr Joseph Yeo • Teh Keng Seng • Loh Cheng Yee
• Ivy Chow • Ong Chan Hong • Jacinth Liew
NEW SYLLABUS

Authors • Dr Joseph Yeo PhD, MEd, PGDE (Dist), BSc (Hons)
• Teh Keng Seng BSc, Dip Ed
• Loh Cheng Yee BSc, Dip Ed
• Ivy Chow MEd, PGDE, BSc
• Ong Chan Hong BSc (Hons), PGDE
• Jacinth Liew BSc (Hons), PGDE (Dist)
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.
First Published 1982

Reprinted 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986
Second Edition 1987
Reprinted 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
Third Edition 1994
Reprinted 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
Fourth Edition 1998
Reprinted 1999, 2000
Fifth Edition 2001
Reprinted 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Sixth Edition 2008
Reprinted 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
Seventh Edition 2015
ISBN 978 981 237 932 0
Acknowledgements
All licensed images purchased under standard license agreement with www.shutterstock.com
9
5
Printed in Singapore
PREFACE
New Syllabus Mathematics (NSM)
is a series of textbooks specially designed to provide
valuable learning experiences to engage the hearts and
minds of students sitting for the GCE O-level examination in
Mathematics. Included in the textbooks are Investigation,
Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Writing,
Performance Task and Problems in Real-World Contexts
to support the teaching and learning of Mathematics.
Every chapter begins with a chapter opener which motivates

students in learning the topic. Interesting stories about
Mathematicians, real-life examples and applications are used
to arouse students’ interest and curiosity so that they can
appreciate the beauty of Mathematics in their surroundings.
The use of ICT helps students to visualise and manipulate

mathematical objects more easily, thus making the learning
of Mathematics more interactive. Ready-to-use interactive
ICT templates are available at http://www.shinglee.com.sg/
StudentResources/
Preface iii
KEY FEATURES
CHAPTER OPENER
Each chapter begins with a chapter opener to arouse students’ interest and curiosity in learning the topic.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learning objectives help students to be more aware of what they are about to study so that they can monitor their
own progress.
RECAP
Relevant prerequisites will be revisited at the beginning of the chapter or at appropriate junctures so that students can
build upon their prior knowledge, thus creating meaningful links to their existing schema.
WORKED EXAMPLE
This shows students how to apply what they have learnt to solve related problems and how to present their working
clearly. A suitable heading is included in brackets to distinguish between the different Worked Examples.
PRACTISE NOW
At the end of each Worked Example, a similar question will be provided for immediate practice. Where appropriate,
this includes further questions of progressive difficulty.
SIMILAR QUESTIONS
A list of similar questions in the Exercise is given here to help teachers choose questions that their students can do
on their own.
EXERCISE
The questions are classified into three levels of difficulty – Basic, Intermediate and Advanced.
SUMMARY
At the end of each chapter, a succinct summary of the key concepts is provided to help students consolidate what
they have learnt.
REVIEW EXERCISE
This is included at the end of each chapter for the consolidation of learning of concepts.
CHALLENGE YOURSELF
Optional problems are included at the end of each chapter to challenge and stretch high-ability students to their
fullest potential.
REVISION EXERCISE
This is included after every few chapters to help students assess their learning.
iv Preface
Further
Trigonometry
Many measurements in this world are difficult or
impossible to obtain directly. How do you measure
the height of the Eiffel Tower or of Mount Everest?
With the help of trigonometry, these measurements
can be easily obtained.
Six
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• determine the trigonometric values of
obtuse angles,
• find unknown sides/angles of a triangle,
given two sides and one angle, or two angles
and one side, or three sides.
Sine and Cosine
6.1 of Obtuse Angles
Recap
In Book 2, we have learnt that the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle A are
KLÄULKIHZLKVUHYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLHZMVSSV^Z!
opp
sin A =
hyp
adj
cos A =
hyp
hyp opp
opp
tan A =
adj
A
adj
Fig. 6.1
What happens if A is an obtuseHUNSLHZZOVÛILSV^&
Fig. 6.2
0UVYKLY[VÄUK[OLZPKLZHUKHUNSLZVMHUVI[\ZLHUNSLK[YPHUNSL^L^PSSULLK
[VL_[LUK[OLKLÄUP[PVUZVM[YPNVUVTL[YPJYH[PVZ0U[OPZJOHW[LY^L^PSSSLHYU
[OL[YPNVUVTL[YPJYH[PVZVM[OLZPULHUKJVZPULVMVI[\ZLHUNSLZ
173 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

Sine and Cosine of Obtuse Angles
-PN(a) shows a circle with centre O and radius r\UP[Z
P(x, y)PZHWVPU[VU[OLJPYJSLHUK¬OPQPZHYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLA is an
HJ\[LHUNSL
opp y adj x
sin A = = and cos A = =
hyp r hyp r
0UV[OLY^VYKZ^LOH]LL_[LUKLK[OLKLÄUP[PVUVM[OLZPULHUKJVZPULVMHU
angle A in terms of the coordinates of a point P(x, y)!
y x
sin A = and cos A =
r r
If A is an acute angle, then x, y and rHYLWVZP[P]L

In other words, sin A and cos A are positive if APZHJ\[L
y y
P (x, y)
r
y P (x, y) r A
A
x x
O x Q O
(a) ∠A is acute (b) ∠A is obtuse
Fig. 6.3
-PN(b) shows a circle with centre O and radius r\UP[Z
P(x, y) is a point on the circle and A is an obtuseHUNSL
<ZPUN[OLL_[LUKLKKLÄUP[PVUZ
y x
sin A = and cos A =
r r
However, xPZUVÛLNH[P]LI\[y and rHYLZ[PSSWVZP[P]L

In other words, if A PZ HU VI[\ZL HUNSL [OLU sin A PZ Z[PSS WVZP[P]L I\[ cos A
PZULNH[P]L
<ZL`V\YJHSJ\SH[VY[VÄUK[OL]HS\LVMsin 150° and of cos 150°

>OPJO[YPNVUVTL[YPJYH[PVPZWVZP[P]LHUKÔPJOVULPZULNH[P]L&
Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 174

Investigation
Relationship between Trigonometric Ratios of Acute and Obtuse Angles
Use your calculator to evaluate the sine and cosine of each of the following pairs
VMHUNSLZSLH]PUN`V\YHUZ^LYZJVYYLJ[[VZPNUPÄJHU[ÄN\YLZÔLYLULJLZZHY`
A 180° – A sin A sin (180° – A) cos A cos (180° – A)

(a) 30° 150°
(b) 76° 104°
(c) 111° 69°
(d) 167° 13°
Table 6.1
1. >OH[KV`V\UV[PJLHIV\[sin A and sin (180° – A)&
2. >OH[KV`V\UV[PJLHIV\[cos A and cos (180° – A)&
In general, if APZHJ\[LVYVI[\ZL
sin A = sin (180° – A)

cos A = –cos (180° – A)
;VWYV]L[OLHIV]LYLSH[PVUZOPWJVUZPKLY-PNÔPJOZOV^ZHJPYJSL^P[OJLU[YL
O and radius r \UP[ZP(x, y) is a point on the circle where x < 0 and y > 0
APZHUVI[\ZLHUNSL
y
P (x, y)
180° – A r
A
Q x
O
Fig. 6.4
<ZPUN[OLL_[LUKLKKLÄUP[PVUZ
y x
sin A = and cos A =
r r

0U[OLYPNO[HUNSLK¬OPQ,
OQ = –x ZV[OH[OQ^PSSILWVZP[P]LZPUJLx < 0
and PQ = y ZPUJLy > 0
Since 180° – APZHUHJ\[LHUNSL^LJHU\ZL[OLKLÄUP[PVUZMVYHJ\[LHUNSLZ!

opp PQ y
sin (180° – A) = = =
hyp OP r
adj OQ x
and cos (180° – A) = = =
hyp OP r
Comparing and ,

y
sin A = = sin (180° – A)
r
x
I\[cos A = = –cos (180° – A)
r
9LSH[PVUZOPW IL[^LLU;YPNVUVTL[YPJ 9H[PVZ VM (J\[L

Worked
Example 1 HUK6I[\ZL(UNSLZ
Given that sin 55° = 0.819 and cos 136° = –0.719 when
JVYYLJ[LK[VZPNUPÄJHU[ÄN\YLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJO
VM[OLMVSSV^PUN^P[OV\[[OL\ZLVMHJHSJ\SH[VY
(a) sin 125° (b) cos 44°
Solution:
(a) sin 125° = sin (180° – 125°)
= sin 55°
= 0.819
(b) cos 44° = –cos (180° – 44°)

= –cos 136°
= –(–0.719)
= 0.719
PRACTISE NOW 1 SIMILAR

QUESTIONS
1. Given that sin 84° = 0.995 and cos 129° = –0.629ÔLUJVYYLJ[LK[VZPNUPÄJHU[ ,_LYJPZL ( 8\LZ[PVUZ HM
HIHJ
ÄN\YLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN^P[OV\[[OL\ZLVMHJHSJ\SH[VY
(a) sin 96° (b) cos 51°
2. Given that sin 172° = 0.139 and cos 40° = 0.766ÔLUJVYYLJ[LK[VZPNUPÄJHU[

ÄN\YLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMsin 8° – cos 140°^P[OV\[[OL\ZLVMHJHSJ\SH[VY

Worked
Example 2 9LSH[PVUZOPWIL[^LLU;YPNVUVTL[YPJ9H[PVZVM(J\[LHUK
6I[\ZL(UNSLZ
In the figure, DAB is a straight line, ABC = 90°,
AB = 15 cm, BC = 8 cm and AC = 17 cm.
C
17 cm
8 cm
D A 15 cm B
-PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN
(a) sin DAC (b) cos DAC
(c) tan ACB
Solution:
(a) sin DAC = sin (180° – DAC)
= sin BAC
opp
= ZPUJL sin A = sin (180° – A)
hyp
BC
=
AC
8
=
17
(b) cos DAC = –cos (180° – DAC)

= –cos BAC
adj
= ZPUJL cos A = –cos (180° – A)
hyp
AB
=
AC
15
=
17
opp
(c) tan ACB =
adj
AB
=
BC
15
=
8
7
=1
8

QUESTIONS
1. 0U [OL ÄN\YL BCD is a straight line, ABC = 90°, AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm and ,_LYJPZL(8\LZ[PVUZ
AC = 5 cm
A
5 cm
3 cm
B 4 cm C D
(a) sin ACD (b) cos ACD
(c) tan BAC
2. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z ¬ABC with vertices A(–4, 1), B(–4, 6) and C(8, 1). H(–4, 8)
and K(10, 1) lie on AB produced and ACWYVK\JLKYLZWLJ[P]LS`
y
H(–4, 8) AT
TE
8 NTI
ON
The scale for the xH_PZ HUK [OL

B(–4, 6) yH_PZ T\Z[ IL [OL ZHTL MVY [OL
6 trigonometric ratios of the angles
[VILJVYYLJ[0M[OLZJHSL\ZLKPZ
different, the lengths of the sides
of the triangle would not match
[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLU[^VWVPU[Z
4 YLWYLZLU[LKI`JVVYKPUH[LZ
A(–4, 1) C(8, 1) K(10, 1)

x
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
(a) Find the length of BC

(b) :[H[L[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN
(i) sin HBC (ii) cos BCK
(iii) tan ABC

Worked
Example 3 :VS]PUN:PTWSL;YPNVUVTL[YPJ,X\H[PVUZ
Given that 0° x 180°ÄUK[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZVMx
MVYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNLX\H[PVUZ
(a) sin x = 0.45 (b) cos x = –0.834
Solution:
(a) Since sin x is positive, xJHULP[OLYILHUHJ\[LHUNSLVYHUVI[\ZLHUNSL
AT
TE
sin x = 0.45 NTI
ON
x = sin–1 0.45 = 26.7°[VKW

(S^H`Z SLH]L `V\Y HUZ^LY PU
or 180° – 26.7° = 153.3°[VKW KLNYLLZ JVYYLJ[ [V KLJPTHS
WSHJL\USLZZV[OLY^PZLZ[H[LK
x = 26.7° or 153.3°
(b) Since cos x is negative, xPZHUVI[\ZLHUNSL

cos x = –0.834
x = cos–1 (–0.834)
= 146.5°[VKW

QUESTIONS
Given that 0° x 180° ÄUK [OL WVZZPISL ]HS\LZ VM x for each of the following ,_LYJPZL(8\LZ[PVUZHK
HKHK HM
LX\H[PVUZ HI
(a) sin x = 0.415 (b) cos x = –0.234 (c) cos x = 0.104
Exercise
6A
1. Express each of the following as a trigonometric 3. Given that sin 45° = cos 45° = 0.707 when corrected
YH[PVVM[OLHJ\[LHUNSL [VZPNUPÄJHU[ÄN\YLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OL
(a) sin 110° (b) sin 176° MVSSV^PUN^P[OV\[[OL\ZLVMHJHSJ\SH[VY
(c) sin 98° (d) cos 99° (a) 2 cos 45° + 3 sin 135°
(e) cos 107° (f) cos 175° (b) 3 cos 135° + 4 sin 135°
(c) cos 135° – 2 sin 45°
2. Given that sin 32° = 0.530 and cos 145° = –0.819
ÔLU JVYYLJ[LK [V ZPNUPÄJHU[ ÄN\YLZ ÄUK [OL
value of each of the following without the use of
HJHSJ\SH[VY
(a) sin 148° (b) cos 35°

4. 0U[OLÄN\YLABC is a straight line, BCD = 90°, 9. Given that 0° x 180°ÄUK[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZ
BC = 6 cm, CD = 8 cm and BD = 10 cm of xMVYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNLX\H[PVUZ
D (a) sin x = 0.753 (b) sin x = 0.952
(c) sin x = 0.4714 (d) cos x = –0.238
10 cm (e) cos x = –0.783 (f) cos x = 0.524
8 cm
A B 6 cm C
-PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN 10. 0U[OLÄN\YLSRQ is a straight line, PQR = 90°,

(a) sin ABD (b) cos DBA PQ = 8 cm and QR = 15 cm
P
(c) tan CBD
5. 0U[OLÄN\YLQRS is a straight line, PQR = 90°, 8 cm

PQ = x cm, QR = 40 cm and PR = 41 cm
P
41 cm S R 15 cm Q
x cm
Q 40 cm R S
(a) sin PRS (b) cos SRP
(a) Find the value of x (c) tan PRQ
(b) -PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN
(i) sin PRS (ii) cos PRS 11. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z ƋABC with vertices A(–2, 4),
(iii) tan PRQ B(2, 1) and C(6, 1)
y
6. Find an acute angle whose sine is A(–2, 4)
(a) 0.52, (b) 0.75, 4
(c) 0.875, (d) 0.3456.

2
7. -PUKHUVI[\ZLHUNSLÔVZLZPULPZ C(6, 1)
B(2, 1)
(a) 0.52, (b) 0.75, x
–2 0 2 4 6
(c) 0.875, (d) 0.3456.
8. Find an acute angle whose cosine is (a) sin ABC (b) cos ABC
(a) 0.67, (b) 0.756, (c) tan ACB
(c) 0.5, (d) 0.985.

12. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z ƋABC with vertices A(14, 2), 13. Given that sin x° = sin 27°, where 0° < x < 180°,
B(2, –3) and C(–13, –3) ^YP[LKVÛ[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZVMx
y
A(14, 2) 14. Given that 0° < x < 180°ÄUK[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZVM

2
x xMVYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNLX\H[PVUZ
–13 0 2 14
–3 (a) sin (x + 10°) = 0.47 (b) cos (x – 10°) = –0.56
C(–13, –3) B(2, –3)
(a) sin ABC (b) cos ABC
(c) tan ACB
6.2 Area of Triangle

0UWYPTHY`ZJOVVS^LOH]LSLHYU[[OH[[OLHYLHVMH[YPHUNSLPZNP]LUI`[OLMVYT\SH!
1 1
(YLHVM[YPHUNSL= w base w height or bh
2 2
INF
OR
MA
TIO N
h h
In this chapter, we shall use small
letters to denote the lengths of
b b the sides facing the angles, which
(a) (b) HYL JVYYLZWVUKPUNS` KLUV[LK I`
JHWP[HSSL[[LYZ
Fig. 6.5 /LUJL^LSHILS[^V[YPHUNSLZHZ
MVSSV^Z!
>OH[OHWWLUZPM[OLOLPNO[VMH[YPHUNSLPZUV[NP]LU&
C
0UYLHSSPMLPMHMHYTLYOHZH[YPHUN\SHYÄLSK^P[OHNP]LUIHZLP[PZUV[LHZ`[VÄUK b a
[OLOLPNO[VM[OL[YPHUNSL
A B
For example, if he is to start measuring from the point BPU-PN(a), when he reaches c
D on AC, BDCTHÙV[ILHYPNO[HUNSLZVBDTHÙV[IL[OLOLPNO[ P
B BF r q
Q R
p
A C A C
D E
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.6

If the farmer is to choose a point E on ACPU-PN(b) and he walks in the direction
perpendicular to AC, he may not end up at B
0UV[OLY^VYKZ[OLYLPZHULLK[VÄUKHUV[OLYMVYT\SHMVY[OLHYLHVMH[YPHUNSL
-PNZOV^Z[^V[YPHUNSLZ
0U-PN(a), CPZHJ\[LÔPSLPU-PN(b), CPZVI[\ZL
B B
a c c
h h a
C A A
D D C
b b
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.7
0U-PN(a), consider ƋBCD 0U-PN(b)JVUZPKLY¬BCD

opp opp
Then sin C = Then sin C =
hyp hyp
h h
= =
a a
h = a sin C
sin ACB = sin (180° – ACB)
1
(YLHVM¬ABC = bh = sin BCD
2
1 h
= b(a sin C ) =
2 a
1 PLh = a sin ACB
= ab sin C
2
= a sin C
1
(YLHVMƋABC = bh
2
1
= ab sin C
2
By considering sin A and sin BPUHZPTPSHY^H`^LJHUZOV^[OH[!

AT
TE
NTI
ON
1 1
(YLHVM¬ABC = bc sin A and ac sin B YLZWLJ[P]LS`
2 2
1
In the formula ab sin C , notice
2
In general, that the angle C PZ PU IL[^LLU
1 1 the two sides a and b PL C is
1
Area of ƋABC = ab sin C = bc sin A = ac sin B called the includedHUNSL
2 2 2

Worked
Example 4 -PUKPUN[OL(YLHVMH;YPHUNSL
Find the area of ƋABC, given that AB = 9.8 cm,
BC = 12.4 cm and ABC = 43°
9.8 cm
43°
B C
12.4 cm
Solution:
We have a = 12.4, c = 9.8 and B = 43°
1
(YLHVM¬ABC = ac sin B
2
1
= w 12.4 w 9.8 w sin 43s
2
= 41.4 cm2

QUESTIONS
Find the area of ƋABC, given that BC = 31.8 m, AC = 24.8 m and ACB = 49° ,_LYJPZL ) 8\LZ[PVUZ HM

Worked
Example 5 7YVISLTPU]VS]PUN(YLHVMH;YPHUNSL
In ƋABC, CA = 5x cm, CB = 3x cm and ACB = 94°
C
5x cm 94° 3x cm
A B
Given that the area of ƋABC is 145 cm2ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx
Solution:
We have a = 3x, b = 5x and C = 94°
1
(YLHVM¬ABC = ab sin C
2
1
145 = w 3x w 5x w sin 94s
2
= 7.5x2 sin 94°
145
x2 =
7.5 sin 94s
145
x= ZPUJLxPZWVZP[P]L
7.5 sin 94s
= 4.40 [VZM

QUESTIONS
1. In ƋPQR, PQ = 2x cm, PR = x cm and QPR = 104° ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ
x cm 104°
P 2x cm Q
Given that the area of ƋPQR is 12.5 cm2ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx
2. In ƋXYZ, XY = 5 cm, YZ = 6 cm and the area of ƋXYZ is 12 cm2-PUKXYZ
Thinking
Time
0U YLHS SPML H º[YPHUN\SHY» ÄLSK PZ UV[ HS^H`Z L_HJ[S` H [YPHUNSL ;OLYLMVYL H ZTHSS
error in measuring the included angle may result in a large error in the area of
1
the triangle if we use the formula ab sin C /V^L]LY[OLLYYVYPZ\Z\HSSÙV[ZV
2
SHYNLPM^LJHU\ZL[OLSLUN[OZVM[OL[OYLLZPKLZVM[OL[YPHUNSL[VÄUKP[ZHYLH
/LYVU VM (SL_HUKYPH HYV\UK (+ LZ[HISPZOLK H MVYT\SH MVY ÄUKPUN [OL HYLH
VM H [YPHUNSL \ZPUN [OL SLUN[OZ VM P[Z ZPKLZ VUS` ;OL HYLH VM ¬ABC PZ NP]LU I`
abc
s(s a)(s b)(s c) , where s = PZOHSMVM[OLWLYPTL[LY
2
b a
A B
c
=LYPM`[OH[[OLHIV]LMVYT\SHPZJVYYLJ[MVYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNJHZLZ!
(a) a = 6 cm, b = 8 cm and c = 10 cm
(b) a = 8 cm, b = 9 cm and c = 10 cm
(c) a = 5 cm, b = 3 cm and c = 7 cm
*HU`V\ÄUKHWYVVMMVY[OPZMVYT\SH&

Exercise
6B
1. -PUK[OLHYLHVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNÄN\YLZ (f) T S

(a) C
8.5 m
9 cm
78°
Q R
72°
A B
8 cm
2. Find the area of ƋABC, given that AB = 22 cm,
(b) D AC = 15 cm and BAC = 45°
3. In ƋPQR, P = 72°, q = 152 cm and r = 125 cm

7 cm -PUK[OLHYLHVM¬PQR
111°
E F
9 cm 4. In ƋABC, AB = 32 cm, BC = 43 cm and ABC = 67°
C
(c) G
62°
57° I
9.5 m 43 cm
10 m
H
67°
(d) L A 32 cm B
(i) -PUK[OLHYLHVM¬ABC
28°
(ii) /LUJL ÄUK [OL WLYWLUKPJ\SHY KPZ[HUJL MYVT
13.35 m A to BC.
105°
J K
6.5 m
(e)
P O
5.3 cm
117°
M N
5.8 cm

5. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OL WSHU VM [^V ULPNOIV\YPUN
LZ[H[LZPU[OLMVYTVM[YPHUNSLZ
8. 0U[OLÄN\YLAB = 20 cm, BAC = 90°, ACB = 30°
and AD is perpendicular to BC
A
112 m 202 m
30°
20 cm
60.5°
197 m 30°
B C
D
*HSJ\SH[L[OLHYLHVM[OL[^VLZ[H[LZ
Find
(i) BAD, (ii) BD,
6. 0U[OLÄN\YLADC = ACB = 90°, EAD = 55.1°,
CAB = 40.4°, AE = 4.1 cm, AD = 3.7 cm and (iii) [OLHYLHVM¬ABC
AC = 8.0 cm
A B 9. The diagonals of a parallelogram have lengths
4.1 cm 40.4° 15.6 cm and 17.2 cm;OL` PU[LYZLJ[ H[ HU HUNSL
55.1°
55.1° of 120°-PUK[OLHYLHVM[OLWHYHSSLSVNYHT
8.0 cm
E 4.1 cm 3.7 cm
10. In ƋPQR, PRQ = 55°, 3QR = 4PR and the area of

D C ƋPQR is 158 cm2
Find P
(i) ACD, (ii) the length of AB,
(iii) the area of ƋAED
7. In ƋABC, AB = 5x cm, AC = 4x cm and BAC = 68°

55°
C Q R
Find the length of QR

4x cm
11. .P]LU [OH[ [OL HYLH VM H YOVTI\Z PZ 40 cm2 and
68° that each side has a length of 15 cm ÄUK [OL
A B HUNSLZVM[OLYOVTI\Z
5x cm
Given that the area of ƋABC is 97 cm2 ÄUK [OL
value of x
12. 0UX\HKYPSH[LYHSABCD, AB = 3.2 cm, BC = 5.1 cm,

CBD = 34.4° and the length of the diagonal BD
is 7.5 cm.P]LUM\Y[OLY[OH[[OLHYLHVMƋABD is
11.62 cm2 and ABDPZVI[\ZLÄUK
(i) the area of ƋBCD,
(ii) ABD

6.3 Sine Rule
Investigation
Sine Rule
.V[VO[[W!^^^ZOPUNSLLJVTZN:[\KLU[9LZV\YJLZHUKVWLU[OLNLVTL[Y`ZVM[^HYL
[LTWSH[Lº:PUL9\SL»
-PNZOV^ZH[YPHUNSLABCHUKH[HISLVM]HS\LZ
Fig. 6.8
1. ;OLSHILSSPUNVM[OLZPKLZVM[OL[YPHUNSL^P[OYLMLYLUJL[V[OL]LY[PJLZPZPTWVY[HU[
*VW`HUKJVTWSL[L[OLMVSSV^PUN
(a) The length of the side of the triangle opposite vertex APZSHILSSLKa
(b) The length of the side of the triangle opposite vertex BPZSHILSSLKFFFFF
(c) The length of the side of the triangle opposite vertex CPZSHILSSLKFFFFF

2. Click and drag each of the vertices A, B and C[VNL[KPMMLYLU[[`WLZVM[YPHUNSLZ
;VVI[HPUZWLJPHS[YPHUNSLZZ\JOHZHYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLHUPZVZJLSLZ[YPHUNSL
HUK HU LX\PSH[LYHS [YPHUNSL JSPJR VU [OL YLZWLJ[P]L I\[[VUZ PU [OL [LTWSH[L
-VYLHJO[YPHUNSLJVW`HUKJVTWSL[L;HISL
a b c
No. A B C a b c sin A sin B sin C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Table 6.2
3. >OH[KV`V\UV[PJLHIV\[[OLSHZ[JVS\TUZPU;HISL&
4. *SPJRVU[OLI\[[VUº:OVÔV^[VKVHUPTH[PVU»PU[OL[LTWSH[LHUKP[^PSSZOV^`V\
OV^[VHKKTVYLLU[YPLZ[V[OL[HISLHZ[OLWVPU[ZA, B and CTV]LH\[VTH[PJHSS`
>OH[KV`V\UV[PJLHIV\[[OLSHZ[JVS\TUZVM[OL[HISLPU[OL[LTWSH[L&
5. /LUJL ^YP[L KVÛ H MVYT\SH YLSH[PUN [OL X\HU[P[PLZ PU [OL SHZ[ JVS\TUZ VM
RE
[OL [HISL ;OPZ PZ JHSSLK [OL Sine Rule 5V[PJL [OH[ MVY LHJO MYHJ[PVU the side CAL
L
must be opposite the angle
sin A sin B sin C In a triangle,
6. +V `V\ [OPUR [OL YLSH[PVUZOPW = = PZ HSZV [Y\L& ,_WSHPU
a b c the largest angle is opposite the
`V\YHUZ^LY longest side,
the smallest angle is opposite the
7. *VW`HUKJVTWSL[L[OLMVSSV^PUN!
ZOVY[LZ[ZPKL
The lengths of the sides of a triangle are p to the sine of the angles
VWWVZP[L[OLZPKLZ
-YVT[OLPU]LZ[PNH[PVU^LJHUJVUJS\KL[OH[!
B
a b c sin A sin B sin C
= = or = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c ,
c a
A C
b
where A, B and CHYL[OL[OYLLPU[LYPVYHUNSLZVM¬ABC opposite the sides whose

lengths are a, b and cYLZWLJ[P]LS`
This is called the Sine Rule

>L JHU WYV]L [OL ZPUL Y\SL \ZPUN [OL MVYT\SH MVY [OL HYLH VM H [YPHUNSL VI[HPULK
MYVT[OLWYL]PV\ZZLJ[PVUHZZOVÛVU[OLUL_[WHNL

For any triangle ABC,
1 1 1
bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C
2 2 2
1
+P]PKPUNLHJOZPKLI` abc ,
2
1 1 1
bc sin A ac sin B ab sin C
2 = 2 = 2
1 1 1
abc abc abc
2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C

= =
a b c
Worked
Example 6 <ZPUN:PUL9\SLÔLUNP]LUHUNSLZHUKZPKL
0U¬ABC, A = 67.6°, B = 45.5° and AB = 7.6 cm-PUK
A
67.6°
7.6 cm
45.5°
B C
(i) C, (ii) the length of BC,
(iii) the length of AC
Solution:
(i) C = 180° – 67.6° – 45.5° sum of aƋ
= 66.9°
(ii) Using sine rule,

a c
=
sin A sin C
a 7.6
=
sin 67.6s sin 66.9s
7.6 sin 67.6s
a=
sin 66.9s
= 7.64 cm[VZM
BC = 7.64 cm
(iii) Using sine rule,

b c
=
sin B sin C
b 7.6
=
sin 45.5s sin 66.9s
7.6 sin 45.5s
b=
sin 66.9s
= 5.89 cm[VZM
AC = 5.89 cm

QUESTIONS
0U¬ABC, B = 58.3°, C = 39.4° and BC = 12.5 cm-PUK ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZHJ

A
58.3° 39.4°
B C
12.5 cm
(i) A, (ii) the length of AB, (iii) the length of AC
<ZPUN:PUL9\SLÔLUNP]LU2 sides and 1UVUPUJS\KLK

Worked
Example 7 HUNSL
0U¬ABC, B = 50°, AB = 7.5 cm and AC = 9.5 cm-PUK
A
7.5 cm 9.5 cm
50°
B C
(i) C, (ii) A,

(iii) the length of BC
Solution:
(i) Using sine rule,
sin C sin B
=
c b
sin C sin 50s
=
7.5 9.5
7.5 sin 50s
sin C =
9.5
= 0.6048[VZM
C = sin–1 0.6048 = 37.21°[VKW
or 180° – 37.21° = 142.78°[VKW
Since c b, then C B, hence CJHUUV[IL142.78°

C = 37.2°[VKW

(ii) A = 180° – 50° – 37.21° Z\TVMH¬
= 92.8°[VKW
(iii) Using sine rule,

a b
=
sin A sin B
a 9.5
=
sin 92.79s sin 50s
9.5 sin 92.79s
a=
sin 50s
= 12.4 cm[VZM
BC = 12.4 cm

QUESTIONS
1. 0U¬PQR, Q = 42°, PR = 12 cm and PQ = 10.2 cm-PUK ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZHJ

P
12 cm 10.2 cm
42°
R Q
(i) R, (ii) P, (iii) the length of QR
2. 0U¬ABC, BAC = 96.8°, AC = 12.4 cm and BC = 15.6 cm-PUK

A
96.8° 12.4 cm
B C
15.6 cm
(i) ABC, (ii) BCA, (iii) the length of AB

Worked
Example 8 (TIPN\V\Z*HZLVM:PUL9\SL
0U¬ABC, ABC = 55°, AB = 16.3 cm and AC = 14.3 cm
Find ACB, BAC and the length of BC
Solution:
Using sine rule,
sin ACB sin 55s
=
16.3 14.3
16.3 sin 55s
sin ACB =
14.3
= 0.9337[VZM
ACB = sin–1 0.9337 = 69.02° [VKW

or 180° – 69.02° = 110.98°[VKW:PUJLc b, then C BPLACB 55°,
OLUJLIV[OHUZ^LYZHYLWVZZPISL
When ACB = 69.02°, BAC = 180° – 55° – 69.02°

= 55.98°
When ACB = 110.98°, BAC = 180° – 55° – 110.98°
= 14.02°
5V[PJL[OH[P[PZWVZZPISL[VJVUZ[Y\J[[^VKPMMLYLU[[YPHUNSLZMYVT[OLPUMVYTH[PVUHIV]L
16.3 cm 14.3 cm
14.3 cm
55°
B C2
C1
(ZL[VMPUMVYTH[PVU[OH[^PSSNP]L[^VZL[ZVMZVS\[PVUZPZZHPK[VILambiguous
/LUJLMVYHTIPN\V\ZJHZLZ[^VZL[ZVMZVS\[PVUZ^PSSILVI[HPULK
Case 1: when ACB = 69.02° and BAC = 55.98°
Using sine rule,

a 16.3
=
sin 55.98s sin 69.02s
16.3 sin 55.98s
a=
sin 69.02s
= 14.5 cm[VZM
ACB = 69.0°, BAC = 56.0° and BC = 14.5 cm

Case 2: when ACB = 110.98° and BAC = 14.02°
Using sine rule,

a 16.3
=
sin 14.02s sin 110.98s
16.3 sin 14.02s
a=
sin 110.98s
= 4.23 cm[VZM
ACB = 111.0°, BAC = 14.0° and BC = 4.23 cm
If sides b, c and BPLZPKLZHUKHUVUPUJS\KLKHUNSLHYLNP]LU[HRLUV[L

VMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNJHZLZ
*HZL!b > c
-VYL_HTWSLJVUZ[Y\J[¬ABC such that ABC = 52°, AC = 4.9 cm and
AB = 4.5 cm
C
RE
CAL
L
C
4.9 cm
a b
B A
c
52°
In ¬ABC, a is the side opposite to
B 4.5 cm A A, b is the side opposite to B
and c is the side opposite to C
When b > cVUL[YPHUNSLJHUILJVUZ[Y\J[LK
Therefore, there is only one value of ACB
*HZL!b c
-VY L_HTWSL JVUZ[Y\J[ ¬ABC such that ABC = 52°, AC = 4 cm and
AB = 4.5 cm.
C1
4 cm
C2 4 cm
52°
B 4.5 cm A
When b < c[^V[YPHUNSLZJHUILJVUZ[Y\J[LK

;OLYLMVYL[OLYLHYL[^VWVZZPISL]HS\LZVMACB

*HZL!b < c sin B, where c sin B is the perpendicular distance from A to the line
through B
-VYL_HTWSLJVUZ[Y\J[¬ABC such that ABC = 52°, AB = 4.5 cm and
AC = 3 cm
4.5 sin 52°

= 3.55 cm 3 cm
52°
B 4.5 cm A
When b < c sin BUV[YPHUNSLJHUILJVUZ[Y\J[LK

QUESTIONS
0U ¬ABC, ABC = 46°, AB = 9.8 cm and AC = 7.1 cm -PUK ACB, BAC and ,_LYJPZL * 8\LZ[PVUZ HM
HK
the length of BC
Journal
Writing
;VZVS]LH[YPHUNSLTLHUZ[VÄUKHSS[OL\URUVÛZPKLZHUKVYHUNSLZ-YVT[OL^VYRLK
L_HTWSLZZ[H[L[OLNP]LUJVUKP[PVUZÔLUZPULY\SLJHUIL\ZLK[VZVS]LH[YPHUNSL

Exercise
6C
1. -VYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN[YPHUNSLZÄUK[OL\URUVÛ 4. For each of the following triangles ABCÄUK[OL

HUNSLZHUKZPKLZ \URUVÛHUNSLZHUKZPKLZ
(a) C C
7.4 cm b a
42° 76°
A B A B
c
(b) F (a) A = 92.0°, b = 6.93 cm and a = 15.3 cm

(b) B = 98.0°, a = 14.5 m and b = 17.4 m
6.25 m (c) C = 35.0°, b = 8.7 cm and c = 9.5 cm
38.7° 62° 5. 0U¬PQR, P = 101°, PQ = 13.4 cm and

D E
QR = 20.8 cm-PUK
(c) I R 20.8 cm Q
24° 101° 13.4 cm
P
8 mm
(i) R, (ii) Q,
118° (iii) the length of PR
G H
2. 0U¬PQR, QR = 7 cm, PQR = 47° and PRQ = 97° 6. 0U¬ABC, ABC = 91°, BC = 7.4 cm and
Find the length of PQ AC = 11.6 cm-PUK
(i) BAC, (ii) ACB,
3. 0U¬PQR, P = 75°, Q = 60° and q = 14 cm-PUK (iii) the length of AB
[OLSLUN[OVM[OLSVUNLZ[ZPKL

7. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z H TL[HS MYHTL^VYR PU ÔPJO 10. 0U [OL ÄN\YL RST is a straight line, PST = 90°,
AD is horizontal with BD = 7.1 m, BAD = 25°, SPR = 63°, PSQ = 74°, PS = 4.3 cm and
BDC = 46°, DBC = 103° and the height of B ST = 5.7 cm
HIV]LAD is 5.3 m
C P
63°
Q 4.3 cm
103° 74°
B
7.1 m R S 5.7 cm T
5.3 m 46°
A 25° D (i) +L[LYTPULPMQS is parallel to PT
N
(ii) Find the length of PR
Find
(iii) Find the length of QS
(i) [OLSLUN[OVM[OLTL[HSIHYAB,
(ii) the angle that BD makes with BN,
11. 0U[OLÄN\YLPQRSPZHUH[\YLYLZLY]L(5.7 km
(iii) [OLSLUN[OVM[OLTL[HSIHYCD
long walkway connects Q to S 0[ PZ NP]LU [OH[
QRS = 90°, SQR = 73°, PQS = 48° and
8. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, C and D are three points along a PSQ = 55°
straight road where ABC = 62°, ACB = 68°,
BC = 6 m and CD = 7.5 m P
B
62°
6m Q 48°
68° 5.7 km
A D 73° 55°
C 7.5 m
Find R S
(i) the distance AC, -PUK[OLHYLHVM[OLUH[\YLYLZLY]L
(ii) [OL HYLH VM [OL YLNPVU LUJSVZLK I` AB, BD
and DA
12. 0U[OLÄN\YLPQR = PSR = 90°, QPR = 27.6°,
PTS = 64.2°, PR = 5.7 cm, PS = 3.2 cm and
9. (U L_WLYPTLU[ PZ JHYYPLK V\[ [V KL[LYTPUL [OL
PT = 2.7 cm
L_[LUZPVU VM ZWYPUNZ :WYPUNZ HYL H[[HJOLK [V H
OVYPaVU[HSIHYH[A, B and C and are joined to a S
mass D R T
B 64.2°
A C 5.7 cm 3.2 cm
30° 80° 40°
2.7 cm
5 cm
27.6°
Q P
D
Given that ACD = 40°, CAD = 30°, ABD = 80° Find
and BD = 5 cmÄUK (i) the length of QR,
(i) [OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUA and B, (ii) SPR,
(ii) [OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUB and C,
(iii) PST
(iii) [OL ]LY[PJHS KPZ[HUJL IL[^LLU [OL THZZ HUK
[OLOVYPaVU[HSIHY

13. For the data of each of the following triangles, 15. 0U ¬ABC, BAC = 58°, BC = 14.0 cm and
KL[LYTPUL ÔL[OLY P[ PZ HU HTIPN\V\Z JHZL AC = 15.4 cm-PUKABC, ACB and the length
,_WSHPU`V\YHUZ^LY of AB
(a) ƋABC, A = 92°, b = 7.5 cm, a = 8.5 cm
(b) ƋDEF, D = 47°, d = 75 m, e = 80 m
(c) ƋGHI, g = 37 mm, h = 37 mm, G = 58°
(d) ƋJKL, j = 19 cm, k = 15 cm, K = 39° 16. On a map whose scale is 8 cm to 1 km, an
(e) ƋMNO, n = 80 m, o = 67 m, O = 43° undeveloped plot of land is shown as a
X\HKYPSH[LYHS ABCD ;OL SLUN[O VM [OL KPHNVUHS
(f) ƋPQR, p = 19 mm, q = 25 mm, Q = 52°
AC is 7 cm, BAC = 55°, BCA = 77°, DAC = 90°
and DCA = 40°-PUK
14. +L[LYTPULÔL[OLYP[PZWVZZPISL[VJVUZ[Y\J[LHJO
(i) the length, in cm, of the side AB on the map,
VM[OLMVSSV^PUN[YPHUNSLZ^P[O[OLNP]LUJVUKP[PVUZ
(ii) the length, in kmÔPJOPZYLWYLZLU[LKIÀD,
(a) ¬ABC, AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm,
(iii) the area, in km2ÔPJOPZYLWYLZLU[LKI`¬ADC
ABC = 90° and ACB = 35°
(b) ¬PQR, PQ = 6 cm, PR = 5 cm,
PQR = 30° and PRQ = 36.9° 4
17. 0U¬ABC, A = 35°, BC = 5 cm and sin B = sin A
3
(c) ¬LMN, LM = 6.9 cm and LN = 7.8 cm,
(i) *HSJ\SH[L[^VWVZZPISL]HS\LZVMB
LMN = 42° and LNM = 57°
(ii) Find the length of AC
(d) ¬GHK, GH = 6.4 cm and GK = 12.8 cm,
GHK = 90° and HGK = 60°
6.4 Cosine Rule

-YVT[OLQV\YUHS^YP[PUNPU:LJ[PVU^LOH]LVIZLY]LK[OH[[OL:PUL9\SLJHUIL
\ZLK[VZVS]LH[YPHUNSLPM[OLMVSSV^PUNHYLNP]LU!
(1) ;^VHUNSLZHUK[OLSLUN[OVMVULZPKLZLL>VYRLK,_HTWSL"VY
(2) ;OLSLUN[OZVM[^VZPKLZHUKVULUVUPUJS\KLKHUNSLZLL>VYRLK,_HTWSL
What happens if the lengths of two sides and an included

HUNSLHYLNP]LUZLL-PN &*HU`V\[Y`[V\ZLZPULY\SL B
[VZVS]L[OL[YPHUNSL&
8.8 cm
67°
A C
10.4 cm
Fig. 6.9

Investigation
Cosine Rule
.V[VO[[W!^^^ZOPUNSLLJVTZN:[\KLU[9LZV\YJLZHUKVWLU[OLNLVTL[Y`ZVM[^HYL
[LTWSH[Lº*VZPUL9\SL»
-PNZOV^ZH[YPHUNSLABCHUKH[HISLVM]HS\LZ
Fig 6.10
1. ;OLSHILSSPUNVM[OLZPKLZVM[OL[YPHUNSL^P[OYLMLYLUJL[V[OL]LY[PJLZPZPTWVY[HU[
*VW`HUKJVTWSL[L[OLMVSSV^PUN
(a) The length of the side of the triangle opposite vertex APZSHILSSLKa
(b) The length of the side of the triangle opposite vertex BPZSHILSSLKFFFFF
(c) The length of the side of the triangle opposite vertex CPZSHILSSLKFFFFF

2. Click and drag each of the vertices A, B and C[VNL[KPMMLYLU[[`WLZVM[YPHUNSLZ
;VVI[HPUZWLJPHS[YPHUNSLZZ\JOHZHYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLHUPZVZJLSLZ[YPHUNSL
HUK HU LX\PSH[LYHS [YPHUNSL JSPJR VU [OL YLZWLJ[P]L I\[[VUZ PU [OL [LTWSH[L
-VYLHJO[YPHUNSLJVW`HUKJVTWSL[L;HISL
No. A B C a2 b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A b2 a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B c2 a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Table 6.3
3. >OH[KV`V\UV[PJLHIV\[[OLSHZ[JVS\TUZPU;HISL&
4. *SPJRVU[OLI\[[VUº:OVÔV^[VKVHUPTH[PVU»PU[OL[LTWSH[LHUKP[^PSSZOV^
`V\ OV^ [V HKK TVYL LU[YPLZ [V [OL [HISL HZ [OL WVPU[Z A, B and C move
H\[VTH[PJHSS` >OH[ KV `V\ UV[PJL HIV\[ [OL SHZ[ JVS\TUZ VM [OL [HISL PU
[OL[LTWSH[L&
5. /LUJL ^YP[L KVÛ H MVYT\SH YLSH[PUN [OL X\HU[P[PLZ PU [OL SHZ[ JVS\TUZ VM
[OL[HISL;OPZPZJHSSLK[OLCosine Rule5V[PJL[OH[MVYLHJOMYHJ[PVU[OLside
by itself must be opposite the angle
6. -VYLHJOVM[OLMVYT\SHLPU8\LZ[PVUTHRL[OLHUNSL[OLZ\IQLJ[VM[OLMVYT\SH
-YVT[OLPU]LZ[PNH[PVU^LJHUJVUJS\KL[OH[!
b2 + c2 – a2
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A cos A =
2bc
a2 + c2 – b2
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B or cos B =
2ac
a2 + b2 – c2
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C cos C =
2ab
where A, B and CHYL[OL[OYLLPU[LYPVYHUNSLZVM¬ABC opposite the sides whose

lengths are a, b and cYLZWLJ[P]LS`
This is called the Cosine Rule
>L JHU WYV]L [OL JVZPUL Y\SL HZ MVSSV^Z >P[OV\[ SVZZ VM NLULYHSP[` ^L ^PSS Q\Z[
prove a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
;OLYLHYL[OYLLJHZLZ!A is an acute angle, APZHUVI[\ZLHUNSLHUKA is a right

HUNSL>L^PSSZOV^[OLJHZLÔLUAPZHJ\[L

B
c a
h
x b–x C
A
D
b
Fig. 6.11
0U¬BCD,
a2 = h2 + (b – x)2 7`[OHNVYHZ»;OLVYLT
= h2 + b2 – 2bx + x2
= b2 + (h2 + x2) – 2bx
0U¬BAD,
c2 = h2 + x2 7`[OHNVYHZ»;OLVYLT
x
and cos A = ,
c
PL x = c cos A
:\IZ[P[\[PUN and into ,

a2 = b2 + (h2 + x2) – 2bx
= b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A WYV]LU
Thinking
Time
1. 7YV]L[OL*VZPUL9\SLMVY*HZLÔLYLAPZHUVI[\ZLHUNSL
2. 3L[\ZJVUZPKLY*HZLÔLYLAPZHYPNO[HUNSL
(a) >OH[OHWWLUZ[V[OLMVYT\SHMVY[OL*VZPUL9\SLa2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
if A = 90°&
(b) Is this formula always true if A = 90°&,_WSHPU`V\YHUZ^LY
3. *VW`HUKJVTWSL[L[OLMVSSV^PUN!
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;OLVYLTPZHZWLJPHSJHZLVM[OL*VZPUL9\SL

<ZPUN*VZPUL9\SLÔLUNP]LUZPKLZHUKPUJS\KLKHUNSL
Worked
Example 9 0U¬ABC, BC = 8.8 cm, AC = 10.4 cm and ACB = 67°-PUK
B
8.8 cm
67°
A C
10.4 cm
(i) the length of AB, (ii) ABC,

(iii) BAC
Solution:
(i) Using cosine rule,
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
AB2 = 8.82 + 10.42 – 2 × 8.8 × 10.4 × cos 67°
= 114.1[VZM
AB = 114.1
= 10.7 cm[VZM

AT
sin ABC sin ACB TE
NTI
= ON
AC AB
sin ABC sin 67s 0UVYKLYMVY[OLÄUHSHUZ^LY[VIL
= HJJ\YH[L[V[OYLLZPNUPÄJHU[ÄN\YLZ
10.4 10.68
HU`PU[LYTLKPH[L^VYRPUNT\Z[IL
10.4 sin 67s JVYYLJ[[VMV\YZPNUPÄJHU[ÄN\YLZ
sin ABC = PLAB«10.68 cm
10.68
= 0.8963[VZM
ABC = sin–1 0.8963 = 63.68°[VKW
or 180° – 63.68° = 116.32°[VKW
Since AC AB, then B C, hence BJHUUV[IL116.32°

ABC = 63.7°[VKW
(iii) BAC = 180° – 63.68° – 67° Z\TVMH¬

= 49.3°[VKW

QUESTIONS
,_LYJPZL+8\LZ[PVUZ
0U¬PQR, PQ = 10.8 cm, QR = 15.9 cm and PQR = 71°-PUK
P
10.8 cm
71°
Q R
15.9 cm
(i) the length of PR, (ii) QPR, (iii) PRQ
Worked
Example 10 <ZPUN*VZPUL9\SLÔLUNP]LUZPKLZ
0U¬ABC, AB = 12 cm, BC = 8 cm and AC = 9 cm
-PUK[OLZPaLVM[OLZTHSSLZ[HUNSL
C
8 cm 9 cm
B A
12 cm
Solution:
;OLZTHSSLZ[HUNSLPZ[OLHUNSLVWWVZP[L[OLZOVY[LZ[ZPKLPLBAC
Using cosine rule,
b2 c2 a2
cos A =
2bc
9 12 2 8 2
2
=
2 w 9 w 12
161
=
216
161
A = cos1 = 41.8° ([VKW
216
The smallest angle is 41.8°

QUESTIONS
0U¬PQR, PQ = 13 cm, QR = 18 cm and PR = 11 cm P ,_LYJPZL+8\LZ[PVUZ
-PUK[OLZPaLVM[OLSHYNLZ[HUNSL
13 cm 11 cm
Q R
18 cm
Exercise
6D
1. 0U¬ABC, a = 5 cm, b = 7 cm and C = 60°-PUKc 7. 0U [OL ÄN\YL [OL WVPU[ B lies on AC such that
AB = 8 m, BD = 9 m, ABD = 125° and BCD = 55°
2. 0U¬GHI, g = 9 cm, i = 7 cm and H = 30°-PUKh D
3. 0U¬MNO, m = 4.2 cm, n = 5.8 cm and O = 141.4° 125° 9m

Find o 55°
A C
8m B
4. 0U ¬XYZ, x = 7 m, y = 8 m and z = 9 m -PUK [OL Find

\URUVÛHUNSLZ (i) the length of CD, (ii) the length of AD
5. 0U¬ABC, AB = 6.7 cm, BC = 3.8 cm and AC = 5.3 cm 8. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OL JYVZZ ZLJ[PVU VM [OL YVVM VM
-PUK[OLZPaLVM[OLZTHSSLZ[HUNSL HUVSKJV[[HNL0[PZNP]LU[OH[AP = 5 m, PC = 8 m,
APC = 60° and ABC = 45°
6. 0U ¬PQR, PQ = 7.8 cm, QR = 9.1 cm and A
PR = 4.9 cm-PUK[OLZPaLVM[OLSHYNLZ[HUNSL
5m
45° 60°
B C
P 8m
Find
(i) the length of AB, (ii) the length of AC

9. 0U¬ABC, BC = 4 cmM is the midpoint of BC such 12. In the figure, D is a point on CB such that
that AM = 4 cm and AMB = 120°-PUK AD = 2 cm, AC = 4.5 cm, CD = 3.5 cm and
(i) the length of AC, ABD = 50°
A
(ii) the length of AB,
(iii) ACB 4.5 cm
2 cm
50°
10. The figure shows the supports of the roof of C B
3.5 cm D
HI\PSKPUNPUÔPJOBD = 5 m, AD = CD = 12 m,
BQ = 7 m and PDA = 50° Find
B (i) ADB,
7m
P Q (ii) the shortest distance from A to CB,
5m
(iii) the length of BD
50°
A C
12 m D 12 m
13. On a map whose scale is 2 cm to 5 km, a farm is
Find shown as a triangle XYZ .P]LU [OH[ XY = 9 cm,
(i) BAD, YZ = 12 cm and XZ = 8 cmÄUK
(ii) the length of the support PD, (i) the length, in kmÔPJOPZYLWYLZLU[LKI`XZ,
(iii) the length of the support DQ (ii) YXZ,
(iii) the area, in km2ÔPJOPZYLWYLZLU[LKI`¬XYZ
11. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHX\HKYPSH[LYHS^P[O[OLKPTLUZPVUZ
HZZOVÛ 14. In a trapezium ABCD, AB is parallel to DC,
5 cm AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD = 7.5 cm and
AD = 6 cm;OLWVPU[X lies on CD such that BX
A
92° is parallel to AD-PUKBCX and the length of BD
7 cm
6 cm a cm
θ
5 cm
Find
(i) the value of a,
(ii) Ƨ

17. 0U [OL ÄN\YL [OL WVPU[ P lies on AB such that
AP = 5 cm and PB = 3 cm ;OL WVPU[ Q lies on
15. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^Z[^V[YPHUNSLZABC and ADE AC such that AQ = 6 cm and QC = 7 cm
D
A
2 cm
B x cm
6 cm
3 cm 3.5 cm 5 cm
θ Q
A E
6 cm C 5 cm P
3 cm 7 cm
(i) +L[LYTPUL PM ¬ADE is an enlargement of
¬ABC
B C
(ii) Find the value of cos Ƨ 14 cm
(iii) /LUJLÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx
Find the length of PQ
16. 0U ¬ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = 5 cm and CA = 6 cm

BC is produced to R so that CR = 3 cm
p
(i) Express cos BCA in the form , where p and
q
qHYLPU[LNLYZ
(ii) /LUJLÄUK[OLSLUN[OVMAR
1. For any angle A, the sine and cosine of an angle AHYLKLÄULKHZMVSSV^Z!

y x
sin A = and cos A = ,
r r
where (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P on a circle with centre O and
radius rHZZOVÛ
y y
P (x, y)
r
AA y P (x, y) r A
x x
O x Q O
(a) (b)

2. sin A = sin (180° – A) C
cos A = –cos (180° – A)
1 b a
3. (YLHVMƋABC = 2 ab sin C
4. Sine Rule A B
c
0UHU`¬ABC,
a b c
sin A = sin B = sin C
or
sin A sin B sin C
a = b = c .
;OL:PUL9\SLJHUIL\ZLK[VZVS]LH[YPHUNSLPLÄUK[OL\URUVÛZPKLZHUK
HUNSLZPM[OLMVSSV^PUNHYLNP]LU!
% [^VHUNSLZHUK[OLSLUN[OVMVULZPKL"VY
% the lengths of two sides and one non-included angle
5. Cosine Rule
0UHU`¬ABC,
b2 c2 a2
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A cos A =
2bc
a2 c2 b2
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B or cos B =
2ac
a2 b2 c2
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C cos C = .
2ab
;OL*VZPUL9\SLJHUIL\ZLK[VZVS]LH[YPHUNSLPM[OLMVSSV^PUNHYLNP]LU!
% [OLSLUN[OZVMHSS[OYLLZPKLZ"VY
% the lengths of two sides and an included angle

6
1. 0U[OLÄN\YLA is a point on TB such that AB = 7 cm 3. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z ¬ABC with vertices A(3, 5),
and C is a point on BD such that BC = 24 cm B(–3, 2) and C(–3, –3)
T y
A 6 A(3, 5)
7 cm 4
B 24 cm C D B(–3, 2)
2
Given that TBD = 90°ÄUK
(a) AC, x
–4 –2 0 2 4
(b) [OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN
–2
(i) tan ACB
(ii) cos ACD C(–3, –3)
–4
(iii) sin TAC
2. In the figure, PQRS is a straight line and -PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN

QTR = 90°0[PZHSZVNP]LU[OH[QT = 35 cm and (i) cos ABC (ii) sin ABC
TR = 12 cm (iii) tan ACB
T
35 cm 12 cm
P Q R S
(a) Find the length of QR

(b) Express each of the following as a fraction in
P[ZZPTWSLZ[MVYT
(i) sin PQT
(ii) cos PQT
(iii) tan TQR + tan TRQ

4. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OL WVPU[Z A(–3, –4), B(–3, –1) 7. 0U [OL ÄN\YL ABD is a straight line, AB = 7 cm,
and C(9, 4) 3
AC = 11 cm and sin CBD =
y 4
C(9, 4) C
4
11 cm
2
x A D
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 7 cm B
B(–3, –1) –2
Find
–4 (i) sin ACB, giving your answer as a fraction in
A(–3, –4)
its simplest form,
Find (ii) BAC,
(i) the length of BC and of AC, (iii) [OLHYLHVM¬ABC,
(ii) the value of sin ABC and of cos ABC, (iv) the length of BC
(iii) [OLHYLHVM¬ABC,
(iv) the length of the perpendicular from B to AC 8. 0U[OLÄN\YLABCD is a rectangular hoarding and
PQ, BP and BQ are three pieces of wood nailed
H[[OLIHJR[VZ\WWVY[[OLOVHYKPUN
5. Given that 0° < x < 180°ÄUK[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZ
of xMVYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNLX\H[PVUZ Q C
D
(a) sin x = 0.419 (b) cos x = 0.932
(c) tan x = 0.503 (d) cos x = –0.318 4.8 m
P 5.7 m
6. 0U¬PQR, PQ = 12 cm, QR = 35 cm and PR = 37 cm 52°
26°
Q A B
35 cm
12 cm Given that BP = 5.7 m, BQ = 4.8 m, PBQ = 26°
16 cm R 37 cm and CBQ = 52°ÄUK
S P
(i) the width of the hoarding, BC,
(a) Explain why PQRPZHYPNO[HUNSL
(ii) the length of AP,
(b) QR is produced to S such that RS = 16 cm-PUK
(iii) [OL HYLH LUJSVZLK I` [OL [OYLL WPLJLZ VM
(i) the value of cos PRS and of sin PRS, ^VVK¬PBQ,
(ii) RPS (iv) the length of PQ,
(v) BPQ

9. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHWHYRPQRS where PS = 460 m, 11. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z H X\HKYPSH[LYHS PQRS .P]LU
QR = 325 m, PSQ = 38°, QPS = 55° and that PQ = 98 m, RS = 68 m, SQR = 62°,
RQS = 32° PQS = 43° and SRQ = 71°ÄUK
Q 68 m R
325 m S
32° R 71°
55° 38° 62°

P S
460 m 43°
P 98 m Q
(i) Find the length of QS
(ii) Find the length of RS (i) [OLHYLHVM¬SQR,
(iii) >OH[ PZ [OL ZOVY[LZ[ KPZ[HUJL IL[^LLU Q (ii) the length of PS
and PS&
(iv) -PUK[OLHYLHVJJ\WPLKI`[OLWHYR 12. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z H [YPHUN\SHY WHYR ABC where
AB = 470 m, AC = 320 m and BAC = 35°P is a
10. Four children are standing in the field at the lamp post inside the park such that BPC = 118°
points A, B, C and DWSH`PUNHNHTLVMº*H[JO4L» and PCB = 24°
It is given that AB = 168 cm, AD = 210 cm, C
CD = 192 cm, BAC = 42° and ABC = 64° 24°
B 320 m
118°
64°
168 cm 35° P
A B
C 470 m
42°
A Find
192 cm (i) the area of the park,
210 cm (ii) [OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUB and C,
(iii) [OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUP and C
(i) Given that Huixian, who is standing at A,

runs towards Lixin who is standing at C,
ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLAC that Huixian has to run to
YLHJO3P_PU
(ii) Find ADC
(iii) Calculate the area of ABCD, giving your
answer in m2

Challenge
G F
I
H
E
D
A
K
B C
0U[OLÄN\YLABCDEFGH is a regular octagon with sides 8 cm and AHIJK is a regular

WLU[HNVU-PUK
(a) the length of HK and of GK,
(b) [OLHYLHVM¬FGK

Trigonometry can be applied to
Applications of improve navigation. If we have a

fixed reference point, we are able
to indicate the direction of an
Trigonometry object from this point. This is known

as the bearing of an object with
respect to a fixed point.
Seven
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• solve simple practical problems in two and
three dimensions including those involving
angles of elevation and depression and bearings.
Angles of Elevation
7.1 and Depression
Recap
0U)VVR^LOH]LSLHYU[[OH[[YPNVUVTL[Y`JHUIL\ZLK[VÄUK[OLOLPNO[ZVM
buildings and mountains. We have also learnt that a clinometer may be used
[VVI[HPU[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVMHUVIQLJ[HZZOVÛPU-PN
Top of tree
Line of sight
Angle of
A elevation
Distance
Fig. 7.1
0U[OPZZLJ[PVU^L^PSSSLHYUHIV\[HUNSLZVMLSL]H[PVUHUKKLWYLZZPVUHUKOV^
[OL`THÌL\ZLK[VZVS]LZPTWSLWYVISLTZ
Angles of Elevation and Depression

-PNZOV^Z2OHPY\SZ[HUKPUNPUMYVU[VMH]LY[PJHS^HSSBC. APZ[OLWVPU[ÔLYL
his eyes are and ADPZHUPTHNPUHYÒVYPaVU[HSSPULMYVTOPZL`LZ[V[OL^HSS
B
Angle of
A elevation
D
Angle of C
depression
Fig. 7.2
>OLU2OHPY\SSVVRZH[[OL[VWVM[OL^HSSB, the angle between the horizontal
ADHUK[OLSPULVMZPNO[AB, i.e. BAD, is called the angle of elevation.
>OLU2OHPY\SSVVRZH[[OLIV[[VTVM[OL^HSSC, the angle between the horizontal

ADHUK[OLSPULVMZPNO[AC, i.e. CAD, is called the angle of depression.
213 Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry

7YVISLTPU]VS]PUN(UNSLVM,SL]H[PVU
Worked
Example 1 ( ^PUKV^ VM H I\PSKPUN PZ 50 m above the ground.
.P]LU [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM LSL]H[PVU VM [OL ^PUKV^ MYVT
H WVPU[ VU [OL NYV\UK PZ 42° ÄUK [OL KPZ[HUJL VM [OL
WVPU[VU[OLNYV\UKMYVT[OLMVV[VM[OLI\PSKPUN
50 m
42°
?
Solution:
50 m
42°
x
Let x mIL[OLKPZ[HUJLVM[OLWVPU[VU[OLNYV\UKMYVT[OLMVV[VM[OLI\PSKPUN
50
tan 42° =
x
x tan 42° = 50
50
x=
tan 42s
= 55.5[VZM
;OLKPZ[HUJLVM[OLWVPU[VU[OLNYV\UKMYVT[OLMVV[VM[OLI\PSKPUNPZ55.5 m.

QUESTIONS
1. ;OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVMHUVMÄJL[V^LYVM ,_LYJPZL(8\LZ[PVUZ

height 43 mMYVTHWVPU[VUSL]LSNYV\UKPZ34°-PUK[OL
43 m
KPZ[HUJL VM [OL WVPU[ VU [OL NYV\UK MYVT [OL MVV[ VM
the tower. 34°
?
T
2. A lighthouse TLOHZHOLPNO[VM50 m. The angles
VMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OLSPNO[OV\ZLTMYVT
boat A and boat B are 48° and 38°YLZWLJ[P]LS`
-PUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUIVH[ZA and B.
50 m
L A B
Applications of Trigonometry Chapter 7 214

Worked
Example 2 7YVISLTPU]VS]PUN(UNSLVM+LWYLZZPVU
(JSPMMPZ65 mOPNO.P]LU[OH[[OLHUNSLVMKLWYLZZPVU
VMHIVH[MYVT[OL[VWVM[OLJSPMMPZ32°ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJL
IL[^LLU[OLIVH[HUK[OLIHZLVM[OLJSPMM
32°
65 m cliff
boat
?
Solution:
R
S
32°
65 m
32°
P ? Q
Method 1:
RPQ = 32° (alt. s, SR // PQ)
65
tan 32° =
PQ
65
PQ =
tan 32s
= 104 m[VZM
Method 2:
PRQ + 32° = 90° (QRSPZHYPNO[HUNSL
PRQ = 90° – 32°
= 58°
PQ
tan 58° =
65
PQ = 65 tan 58°
= 104 m[VZM
;OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLU[OLIVH[HUK[OLIHZLVM[OLJSPMMPZ 104 m.

QUESTIONS
1. ;OL :PUNHWVYL -S`LY PZ HU PJVUPJ NPHU[ VIZLY]H[PVU ÔLLS I\PS[ VU [VW VM ,_LYJPZL ( 8\LZ[PVUZ

H [LYTPUHS I\PSKPUN;OL KPHTL[LY VM [OL ÔLLS PZ HWWYV_PTH[LS` 150 m and
[OL OPNOLZ[ WVPU[ VM [OL ÔLLS PZ HIV\[ 165 m HIV]L [OL NYV\UK -YVT [OL
WVPU[ A H[ [OL [VW VM ÔLLS 5VYH VIZLY]LZ [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM H
ZWVY[ZJHYC on the ground is 25°.
A
25°
W 150 m 165 m
C B
-PUK
(i) [OL KPZ[HUJL VM [OL ZWVY[Z JHY MYVT H WVPU[ B which is on ground level
directly below A,
(ii) [OLHUNSLVMKLWYLZZPVUVM[OLZWVY[ZJHYMYVT[OLJLU[YLVM[OLÔLLSW.
2. -YVT[OL[VWVMHJSPMM52 mOPNO[OLHUNSLZVMKLWYLZZPVUVM[^VZOPWZA and

BK\LLHZ[VMP[HYL36° and 24°YLZWLJ[P]LS`
24°
cliff 36°
52 m
A B
*HSJ\SH[L[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLU[OL[^VZOPWZ

Exercise
7A
1. 3P_PU Z[HUKPUN H[ P PZ Å`PUN H RP[L H[[HJOLK [V 5. A boat is 65.7 mH^H`MYVT[OLIHZLVM[OLJSPMM
HZ[YPUNVMSLUN[O140 m;OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVM .P]LU [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM [OL IVH[
the kite KMYVTOLYOHUKPZ58°. Assuming that the MYVT [OL [VW VM [OL JSPMM PZ 28.9° ÄUK [OL OLPNO[
Z[YPUN PZ [H\[ ÄUK [OL OLPNO[ VM [OL RP[L HIV]L VM[OLJSPMM
her hand.
K 6. (JHZ[SLOHZHOLPNO[VM218 m. Given that an unusual
bird is 85 mH^H`MYVT[OLMVV[VM[OLJHZ[SLÄUK
[OLHUNSLVMKLWYLZZPVUVM[OLIPYKMYVT[OL[VWVM
140 m ? the castle.
58°
218 m
P Q
85 m
2. Two buildings on level ground are 120 m and
85 m [HSS YLZWLJ[P]LS` .P]LU [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM
LSL]H[PVU VM [OL [VW VM [OL [HSSLY I\PSKPUN MYVT
[OL [VW VM [OL ZOVY[LY I\PSKPUN PZ 33.9° ÄUK [OL
distance between the two buildings.
7. (JSVJR[V^LYOHZHOLPNO[VM45 m;OLHUNSLZVM
LSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OLJSVJR[V^LYMYVT[^V
3. ([HJLY[HPU[PTLPUHKH`HJO\YJOZWPYLPQ, 44 m WVPU[ZVU[OLNYV\UKHYL42° and 37°YLZWLJ[P]LS`
high, casts a shadow RQ, 84 m SVUN-PUK[OLHUNSL
VMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OLZWPYLMYVT[OLWVPU[R.
P 45 m
42° 37°
44 m
?
-PUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLU[OL[^VWVPU[Z
R 8. ( JHZ[SL Z[HUKZ VU [VW VM H TV\U[HPU ([ H WVPU[

84 m Q
on level ground which is 55 m H^H` MYVT [OL
MVV[ VM [OL TV\U[HPU [OL HUNSLZ VM LSL]H[PVU VM
4. A building is 41 m OPNO .P]LU [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM [OL[VWVM[OLJHZ[SLHUK[OL[VWVM[OLTV\U[HPU
KLWYLZZPVU VM H ÄYL O`KYHU[ MYVT [OL [VW VM [OL are 60° and 45° YLZWLJ[P]LS` -PUK [OL OLPNO[ VM
building is 33°ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLU[OLÄYL the castle.
O`KYHU[HUK[OLMVV[VM[OLI\PSKPUN

9. (UV]LYOLHKIYPKNLOHZHOLPNO[VM5.5 m. The angles
VMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OLIYPKNLMYVT[^VWVPU[Z
P and Q on the ground are x° and 23°YLZWLJ[P]LS` 13. ( ÅHNWVSL VM OLPNO[ 12.2 m PZ WSHJLK VU [VW VM
H I\PSKPUN VM OLPNO[ h TL[YLZ -YVT H WVPU[ T
VU SL]LS NYV\UK [OL HUNSL VM LSL]H[PVU VM [OL
IHZL VM [OL ÅHNWVSL B is 26° HUK [OL HUNSL VM
5.5 m LSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OLÅHNWVSL*PZ35°.
x° 23°
P 5.1 m Q C
12.2 m
Given that the distance between P and Q is 5.1 m, B
ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx.
hm
10. ;OL ,PMMLS ;V^LY PU 7HYPZ OHZ H OLPNO[ VM 320 m. 26° 35°
>OLU 2H[L Z[HUKZ H[ [OL WVPU[ A [OL HUNSL VM T
LSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OL[V^LYPZ38°2H[L^HSRZ
xTL[YLZ[VHWVPU[B and observes that the angle -PUK[OL]HS\LVMh.
VMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM[OL[V^LYPZUV^58°.
14. ([V^LY^P[OHOLPNO[VM27 mZ[HUKZH[[OL[VWVM
H JSPMM -YVT [OL [VW VM [OL [V^LY [OL HUNSL VM
KLWYLZZPVUVMHN\HYKOV\ZLPZ56°-YVT[OLMVV[
320 m VM[OL[V^LY[OLHUNSLVMKLWYLZZPVUVM[OLZHTL
guard house is 49°-PUK
38° 58° (i) [OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLU[OLIHZLVM[OLJSPMMHUK
A xm B C
the guard house,
-PUK[OL]HS\LVMx. (ii) [OLOLPNO[VM[OLJSPMM
11. -YVT [OL [VW VM H JSPMM 88 m OPNO [OL HUNSLZ VM
KLWYLZZPVU VM [^V IVH[Z K\L ^LZ[ VM P[ HYL 23°
and 18° YLZWLJ[P]LS` *HSJ\SH[L [OL KPZ[HUJL
between the two boats.
12. ( ZH[LSSP[L KPZO Z[HUKZ H[ [OL [VW VM H JSPMM -YVT
[OL [VW VM [OL ZH[LSSP[L KPZO [OL HUNSL VM
KLWYLZZPVU VM H ZOPW ÔPJO PZ 80 m H^H` MYVT
[OL IHZL VM [OL JSPMM PZ 37° -YVT [OL MVV[ VM
[OL ZH[LSSP[L KPZO [OL HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM [OL
ZHTLZOPWPZ32°-PUK[OLOLPNO[VM[OLZH[LSSP[LKPZO

7.2 Bearings
-PN ZOV^Z [OL WVZP[PVUZ VM MV\Y WVPU[Z A, B, C and D relative to an origin O.
N, E, S and WYLWYLZLU[[OLKPYLJ[PVUZUVY[OLHZ[ZV\[OHUK^LZ[MYVTO YLZWLJ[P]LS`
N
D
35°
70° A
W O E
40.5°
C 25°
B
S
Fig. 7.3
;OLILHYPUNVMAMYVTOPZHUHUNSLTLHZ\YLKMYVT[OLUVY[OH[O, in a clockwise
KPYLJ[PVUHUKPZHS^H`Z^YP[[LUHZH[OYLLKPNP[U\TILY/LUJL[OLILHYPUNVMAMYVT
O is 070°.
;OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTO is equal to 180° – 25°/LUJL[OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTO is 155°.
;OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTO is equal to 270° – 40.5°/LUJL[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTO

is 229.5°.
>OH[PZ[OLILHYPUNVMDMYVTO?
;OL ILHYPUN VM N is taken as 000° or 360° ;OL ILHYPUN VM E MYVT O is 090°.
:PTPSHYS`[OLILHYPUNVM SMYVTO is 180°>OH[PZ[OLILHYPUNVMWMYVTO?
>OLUYLHKPUNJVTWHZZILHYPUNZKPYLJ[PVUZHYL\Z\HSS`TLHZ\YLKMYVTLP[OLY[OLUVY[O
VY[OLZV\[O-VYL_HTWSL070° is written as N70°E and 210° is written as S30°W.
>OLUYLHKPUN[Y\LILHYPUNZKPYLJ[PVUZHYLNP]LUPU[LYTZVM[OLHUNSLZTLHZ\YLK
JSVJR^PZLMYVT[OLUVY[O

Worked
Example 3 -PUKPUN[OL)LHYPUN
-PUK[OLILHYPUNVM
N
A
B 55°
25°
O
(a) AMYVTO, (b) BMYVTO,

(c) OMYVTA, (d) OMYVTB.
Solution:
(a) )LHYPUNVMAMYVTO is 055°
N N
N
θ3 55° θ2
B A
25° 55°
25° P
So roblem
lvin
O θ1 g T
ip
(b) ;OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTOPZNP]LUI`[OLYLÅL_HUNSLƧ1, which is (270° + 25°). -VY(c)MVSSV^[OLZ[LWZHZ

shown.
)LHYPUNVMBMYVTO is 295° Step 1:+YH^[OLUVY[OSPUL
MYVTA.
Step 2:+YH^[OLHUNSL
(c) ;OLILHYPUNVMOMYVTAPZNP]LUI`[OLYLÅL_HUNSLƧ2, which is (180° + 55°). JSVJR^PZLMYVT[OLUVY[O
line to OA.
)LHYPUNVMOMYVTA is 235° Step 3:-PUK[OLHUNSLƧ2.
(d) ;OLILHYPUNVMOMYVTB is given by the obtuse angle Ƨ3, which is (90° + 25°).
)LHYPUNVMOMYVTB is 115°

N QUESTIONS
B
A
1. -PUK[OLILHYPUNVM 30° ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ
(a) AMYVTO, (b) BMYVTO,

40°
(c) OMYVTA, (d) OMYVTB. O
2. -PUK[OLILHYPUNVM N
(a) PMYVTO, (b) QMYVTO,
O
(c) OMYVTP, (d) OMYVTQ. 39° 33°
P
Q

Worked
Example 4 7YVISLTPU]VS]PUN)LHYPUNZ
;OYLLWVPU[ZA, B and C are on level
ground such that BPZK\LUVY[OVMA,
[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTA is 046° and
N
125°
[OL ILHYPUN VM C MYVT B is 125°. B
Given that the distance between A
and B is 200 mÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLVM 200 m C
CMYVTA. 46°
A
Solution:
:PUJL[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTB is 125°,
ABC = 180° – 125° = 55°
i.e. ACB = 180° – 46° – 55° (Z\TVMH¬
= 79°
Using sine rule,

AC 200
=
sin 55s sin 79s
200 sin 55s
AC =
sin 79s
= 167 m[VZM

QUESTIONS
1. ;OYLLWVPU[ZP, Q and R are on level ground such that P is due N ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ
ZV\[O VM Q [OL ILHYPUN VM R MYVT Q is 118° and the bearing
VM R MYVT P is 044°. Given that the distance between Q and Q 118°
R is 150 mÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLVMPMYVTQ. 150 m
R
44°
P
2. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, BHUK*HYLWVPU[ZVMHUHT\ZLTLU[ N

WHYRVUSL]LSNYV\UK^P[OAK\LUVY[OVMB. Given that
BAC = 68°, AB = 250 m and CBD = 115°ÄUK
A
(i) [OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTC, 68°
(ii) [OLSLUN[OVMACHUKVMBC. 250 m C
B
115°
D

Worked
Example 5 7YVISLTPU]VS]PUN)LHYPUNZ
A boat sailed 20 km MYVT H WVPU[ P to an island Q,
VU H ILHYPUN VM 150°. It then sailed another 30 km on
HILHYPUNVM50° to a lighthouse R-PUK[OLKPZ[HUJLHUK
[OLILHYPUNVM[OLSPNO[OV\ZLMYVTP.
N
P 150° R
20 km 30 km
N
50°
Solution: P
So roblem
lvin
PQR = 30° + 50° = 80° g T
ip
;VÄUKKPZ[HUJLPR using cosine

Using cosine rule, Y\SL^LULLK[VÄUKPQRÄYZ[
PR2 = 202 + 302 – 2 × 20 × 30 × cos 80°

= 1092[VZM
PR = 1092
= 33.0 km[VZM
The lighthouse is 33.0 kmH^H`MYVTP.
Using sine rule,

P
So roblem
sin QPR sin 80s lvin
g T
= ip
30 33.05
30 sin 80s ;VÄUK[OLILHYPUNVMRMYVTP,
sin QPR = ^LULLK[VÄUKQPRÄYZ[
33.05
= 0.8940[VZM
QPR = sin–1 0.8940
= 63.39° [VKW
150° – 63.39° = 86.61° [VKW
)LHYPUNVM[OLSPNO[OV\ZLMYVTP is 086.6°

QUESTIONS
;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OYLL [VÛZ VU SL]LS NYV\UK .P]LU [OH[ [OL ILHYPUN VM B MYVT ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ
A is 120°[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTB is 238°, AB = 35 km and BC = 55 kmÄUK

(i) the distance between towns A and C,
(ii) [OLILHYPUNVM[VÛCMYVT[VÛA.
N
120°
A
35 km N
B
238°
55 km
7YVISLTPU]VS]PUN)LHYPUNZ
Worked
Example 6 ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OYLL WVPU[Z
VUSL]LSNYV\UK;OLILHYPUNVM
BMYVTA is 117°[OLILHYPUNVM
A
N
117°
A MYVT C is 326°, AB = 48 m 48 m
and AC = 63 m. Calculate B
(i) [OLSLUN[OVMBC, 63 m
(ii) [OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTC, N
(iii)[OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVTB C
to AC. 326°
Solution:
(i) Ƨ1 = 360° – 326° (ZH[HWVPU[
N
= 34° P
So roblem
117° lvin
g T
i.e. BAC = 180° – 117° – 34° HKQZVUHZ[YSPUL A ip
= 29° 48 m N :PUJL ^L HYL NP]LU [^V ZPKLZ VM

θ1 the triangle (AB and ACPUVYKLY
B [VÄUK[OL[OPYKZPKLBC^LÄYZ[
OH]L[VÄUKBAC.
Using cosine rule, 63 m
N -YVT [OL ILHYPUNZ NP]LU PU [OL
2 2 2
BC = 48 + 63 – 2 × 48 × 63 × cos 29° K X\LZ[PVUOV^JHU^LÄUKBAC?
θ1 θ2
= 983.3[VZM C
BC = 983.3
326°
= 31.4 km[VZM

sin ACB sin 29s P
So roblem
= lvin
g T
48 31.36 ip
48 sin 29s
sin ACB = ;VÄUK[OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTC,
31.36
i.e. Ƨ2, which angles do we need
= 0.7421[VZM [VÄUK&
ACB = sin–1 0.7421
= 47.91°[VKW
Ƨ2 = 47.91° – Ƨ1
= 13.9°[VKW
)LHYPUNVMBMYVTC is 013.9°
(iii) ;OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVT B to AC is BK, where BKPZWLYWLUKPJ\SHY[V AC.

0U¬ABK, P
So roblem
lvin
g T
BK ip
sin BAC =
48
>OH[PZ[OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVT
BK = 48 sin 29° HWVPU[[VHSPUL&
= 23.3 m[VZM

QUESTIONS
A, B, C and DHYLMV\YWVPU[ZVUSL]LSNYV\UK;OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTD is 118° and ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ
[OLILHYPUNVMAMYVT C is 254°.
118°
D N
3.4 km
N C
126° 254°
B
A 2.6 km
Given that AB = 2.6 km, CD = 3.4 km, ABD = 126° and ABCPZHZ[YHPNO[SPULÄUK
(i) [OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTD,
(ii) the distance between B and D,
(iii) the distance between A and D,
(iv) [OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVTB to AD.

Exercise
7B
1. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^Z[OLWVZP[PVUZVMO, A, B, C and D. 3. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^Z[OLWVZP[PVUZVMP, Q and R.

N N
A Q
D
39° 33° 100°
43° R
36°
37°
44° O 28°
P
B
-PUK[OLILHYPUNVM
C
(a) QMYVTP, (b) PMYVTQ,
-PUK[OLILHYPUNVM (c) RMYVTP, (d) PMYVTR,
(a) AMYVTO, (b) BMYVTO, (e) QMYVTR, (f) RMYVTQ.
(c) CMYVTO, (d) DMYVTO.
4. ( WVPU[ Q is 24 km MYVT P HUK VU H ILHYPUN VM
2. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^Z[OLWVZP[PVUZVMP, A, B and C. 072° MYVT P -YVT Q, Vishal walks at a bearing
VM 320° [V H WVPU[ R SVJH[LK KPYLJ[S` UVY[O VM P.
N
-PUK
C
A (a) the distance between P and R,
(b) the distance between Q and R.
47° 35°
P
5. ( WL[YVS RPVZR P is 12 km K\L UVY[O VM HUV[OLY
WL[YVS RPVZR Q ;OL ILHYPUN VM H WVSPJL Z[H[PVU R
15°
MYVT P is 135° HUK [OH[ MYVT Q is 120° -PUK [OL
B distance between P and R.
-PUK[OLILHYPUNVM
(a) AMYVTP, (b) BMYVTP,
(c) CMYVTP, (d) PMYVTA,
(e) PMYVTB, (f) PMYVTC. 6. A, B, C and DHYL[OLMV\YJVYULYZVMHYLJ[HUN\SHY
WSV[ THYRLK V\[ VU SL]LS NYV\UK .P]LU [OH[ [OL
ILHYPUN VM B MYVT A is 040° and that the bearing
VMCMYVTA is 090°ÄUK[OLILHYPUNVM
(a) BMYVTC, (b) AMYVTC,
(c) DMYVTC.

7. P, Q and R HYL [OYLL WVPU[Z VU SL]LS NYV\UK 12. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZMV\YWVPU[ZVUSL]LSNYV\UKA is
.P]LU [OH[ [OL ILHYPUN VM R MYVT P is 135°, K\LUVY[OVMD, BPZK\LLHZ[VMD and DBC = 37°.
PQR = 55° and PRQ = 48°ÄUK[OLILHYPUNVM A
N
(a) PMYVTR, (b) QMYVTR,
(c) PMYVTQ. 34 m 57 m
8. A, B and C HYL [OYLL WVPU[Z VU SL]LS NYV\UK D

B
37°
.P]LU [OH[ [OL ILHYPUN VM B MYVT A is 122°,
CAB = 32° and ABC = 86° ÄUK [OL WVZZPISL 28 m
ILHYPUNZVMCMYVTB.
C
Given that AD = 34 m, AB = 57 m and BC = 28 m,
9. ( I\Z Z[VW PZ 280 m K\L UVY[O VM H [H_P Z[HUK
ÄUK
5VYH^HSRZMYVT[OL[H_PZ[HUKPU[OLKPYLJ[PVU050°.
*HSJ\SH[LOV^MHYZOLOHZ[V^HSRILMVYLZOLPZ (i) [OLILHYPUNVMBMYVTA,
(a) LX\PKPZ[HU[MYVT[OLI\ZZ[VWHUK[OL[H_PZ[HUK (ii) [OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVTC to BD,
(b) HZJSVZLHZWVZZPISL[V[OLI\ZZ[VW (iii) [OLILHYPUNVMDMYVTC.
(c) K\LLHZ[VM[OLI\ZZ[VW
13. A, B and CHYL[OYLLWVPU[ZVUSL]LSNYV\UK;OL
ILHYPUNVMBMYVTA is 068°HUK[OLILHYPUNVMC
10. ( OLSPJVW[LY MSPLZ 30 km MYVT H WVPU[ P to
MYVTA is 144°.
HUV[OLY WVPU[ Q VU H ILHYPUN VM 128°. It then
ÅPLZ HUV[OLY 25 km [V H WVPU[ R VU H ILHYPUN VM N
295°-PUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUP and R.
B
68°
11. 0U[OLÄN\YLP, Q and RHYLWVPU[ZVUSL]LSNYV\UK 370 m
PUHWHYRR is 600 mMYVTQHUKVUHILHYPUNVM A 144°
305°MYVTQ. Q is 950 mMYVTPHUKVUHILHYPUNVM
078°MYVTP.
N N 510 m
R
600 m
Q
78° C
950 m 305°
P Given that AB = 370 m and AC = 510 mÄUK
(i) the distance between B and C,
-PUK
(ii) ACB,
(i) the distance between P and R,
(iii) [OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTB,
(ii) [OLILHYPUNVMRMYVTP.
(iv) [OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVTA to BC.

14. ;^V JY\PZL ZOPWZ P and Q SLH]L [OL WVY[ H[ [OL 15. P, Q and RYLWYLZLU[[OYLLWVY[ZQ is 35 kmMYVT
same time. P sails at 10 km/h VU H ILHYPUN VM PHUKVUHILHYPUNVM032°MYVTP. R is 65 kmMYVT
030° and Q sails at 12 km/h VU H ILHYPUN VM PHUKVUHILHYPUNVM108°MYVTP.
300° -PUK [OLPY KPZ[HUJL HWHY[ HUK [OL ILHYPUN (a) -PUK
VMPMYVTQHM[LY2 hours.
(i) the distance between Q and R,
(ii) [OLILHYPUNVMRMYVTQ.
(ZOPWZL[ZZHPSH[ MYVT P directly to R at an
H]LYHNL ZWLLK VM 30 km/h HUK YLHJOLZ H WVPU[ S
K\LZV\[OVMQ.
(b) -PUK[OL[PTLÔLUP[YLHJOLZS.
7.3 Three-Dimensional
Problems
( WSHUL PZ H ÅH[ Z\YMHJL SPRL [OL ÅVVY VY [OL Z\YMHJL VM H ÔP[LIVHYK 0[ OHZ [^V
KPTLUZPVUZ+¶SLUN[OHUKIYLHK[O
(ZVSPKOHZ[OYLLKPTLUZPVUZ+¶SLUN[OIYLHK[OHUKOLPNO[[OPJRULZZKLW[O
Investigation
Visualising 3D Solids
1. 3VVRH[`V\YZJOVVSKLZRVY[HISL0[OHZHYLJ[HUN\SHY[VWPNUVYL[OLYV\UKLK
JVYULYZPMHU`-PNZOV^ZHWOV[VVMHZJOVVSKLZR]PL^LKMYVT[OL[VW
4LHZ\YL[OLHUNSLZVM[OL[^VJVYULYZVM[OLYLJ[HUN\SHY[VWABC and BCD.
+V`V\NL[90°MVYIV[OHUNSLZ&
B A
C D
Fig. 7.4

2. -PN(a)ZOV^ZHWOV[VVM[OLZHTLKLZR]PL^LKMYVT[OLZPKL4LHZ\YLABC
un
and BCDHNHPU+V`V\NL[90°, smaller than 90°, or larger than 90°? Just For F
B A
;OL MVSSV^PUN ÄN\YLZ ZOV^ [OL
[VW]PL^HUK[OLMYVU[]PL^VMH
structure.
C D B A Top view Front view
C
D
5V[PJL [OH[ [OLYL HYL UV OPKKLU
SPULZ +YH^ [OL ZPKL ]PL^ VM [OL
structure.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7.5
0UV[OLY^VYKZKYH^PUNH+ZVSPKVYVIQLJ[VUHÅH[Z\YMHJLmay make a right

angle look smaller or larger than 90°.
3. -PN(a)ZOV^ZHWSHUL^P[OHML^SPULZKYHÛVUP[
7SHJLHWLUJPSWLYWLUKPJ\SHY[V[OLWSHULPU-PN(a)HZZOVÛPU-PN(b).
<ZLHZL[ZX\HYL[VJOLJRÔL[OLY[OLWLUJPSPZWLYWLUKPJ\SHY[VL]LY`SPULVU
[OLWSHULPU-PN(a).
O A
O O
A A
D
D D
C B C B C B
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 7.6
@V\YWLUJPSPZJHSSLKHnormal[V[OLWSHULZPUJLP[PZWLYWLUKPJ\SHY[VL]LY`SPUL
VU[OLWSHUL
4. 0U-PN(c), NOA looks like it is a 90° angle, but NOB does not look like
a 90° angle. Is NOB = 90°&,_WSHPU`V\YHUZ^LY

5. -PNZOV^ZHJ\IVPK+V[[LKSPULZYLWYLZLU[SPULZ[OH[HYLOPKKLUPL`V\
JHUUV[ZLL[OLTMYVT[OLMYVU[
D C
A B
H G
E
F
Fig. 7.7
There are two methods to determine whether a triangle in the above cuboid is a
YPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSL
4L[OVK!-PUKHYLJ[HUNSL
;VKL[LYTPULÔL[OLY¬EFGHUK¬CGHHYLYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLZ!
(a) ¬EFG SPLZ VU [OL WSHUL EFGH 0Z [OL WSHUL EFGH H YLJ[HUNSL& ,_WSHPU
your answer.
(b) Thus, is EFG = 90°HUK¬EFGHYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSL&,_WSHPU`V\YHUZ^LY
(c) <ZPUN[OLZHTLTL[OVKHZHIV]LKL[LYTPULÔL[OLY¬CGHPZHYPNO[HUNSLK
[YPHUNSL I` PKLU[PM`PUN [OL HWWYVWYPH[L YLJ[HUNSL HUK [OL YPNO[ HUNSL VM
the triangle.
4L[OVK!-PUKHUVYTHS[VHWSHUL P
So roblem
lvin
g T
;VKL[LYTPULÔL[OLY¬CGEHUK¬CHEHYLYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLZ! ip
(a) EFGH PZ H OVYPaVU[HS WSHUL 0Z [OL ]LY[PJHS SPUL CG H UVYTHS [V [OL WSHUL (UVYTHS[VHWSHULPZWLYWLUKPJ\SHY
EFGH&,_WSHPU`V\YHUZ^LY [VL]LY`SPULVU[OLWSHUL
(b) Is the line GEHSPULVU[OLWSHULEFGH?

(c) Thus, is CGE = 90°HUK¬CGEHYPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSL&,_WSHPU`V\YHUZ^LY
(d) <ZPUN[OLZHTLTL[OVKHZHIV]LKL[LYTPULÔL[OLY¬CHE PZHYPNO[HUNSLK
[YPHUNSLI`ZOHKPUN[OLHWWYVWYPH[LWSHULHUKPKLU[PM`PUN[OLJVYYLZWVUKPUN
UVYTHSHUK[OLYPNO[HUNSLVM¬CHE.

Worked
Example 7 ;OYLLKPTLUZPVUHS7YVISLT
;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHW`YHTPK^P[OHYLJ[HUN\SHYIHZLPQRS
HUK]LY[L_V vertically above R.
V
3 cm
S
R
5 cm
P 12 cm Q
Given that PQ = 12 cm, QR = 5 cm and VR = 3 cmÄUK

(i) VQR, (ii) VPR.
Solution:
(i) In ƋVQR,
3 V P
So roblem
tan VQR = lvin
5 g T
ip
3 3 cm
VQR = tan –1 The basic technique used in solving
5
= 31.0°[VKW Q 5 cm R H[OYLLKPTLUZPVUHSWYVISLTPZ[V
YLK\JLP[[VHWYVISLTPUHWSHUL
(ii) In ƋPQR, PQR = 90°.

un
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, Just For F
R
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
= 122 + 52 ;^VZOHWLZHYLHZZOVÛ
5 cm
= 144 + 25
P 12 cm Q
= 169
PR = (a)
169
= 13 cm
0U¬VRP, VRP = 90° (VRPZ[OLUVYTHS[V[OLWSHUL PQRS.

3 V
tan VPR =
13 (b)
3 3 cm
VPR = tan –1 *\[LHJOZOHWLHSVUN[OLKV[[LK
13
P 13 cm R SPULZ HUK \ZL [OL WPLJLZ [V MVYT
= 13.0°[VKW two squares.

QUESTIONS
1. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z H ^LKNL ^P[O H OVYPaVU[HS IHZL ABCD and a vertical ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZ
MHJL PQCB. APQD PZ H YLJ[HUN\SHY ZSVWPUN Z\YMHJL HUK ¬ABP HUK ¬DCQ are
YPNO[HUNSLK[YPHUNSLZPU[OL]LY[PJHSWSHUL
P Q
8 cm
B C
15 cm
A 24 cm D
Given that CQ = BP = 8 cm, DC = AB = 15 cm and AD = BC = PQ = 24 cmÄUK

(i) BAC, (ii) AQC, (iii) CDQ.
2. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z H WOV[V MYHTL ÔPJO JHU IL VWLULK A 18 cm D
about AB. ABCD and ABQPHYLYLJ[HUNSLZ;OLMYHTLPZ 48°
VWLULK[OYV\NO48° as shown.
Given that AB = 24 cm and AP = AD = 18 cmÄUK 24 cm
P
(i) [OLSLUN[OVM[OLZ[YHPNO[SPULCQ,
(ii) CAQ.
B C
;OYLLKPTLUZPVUHS7YVISLT
Worked
Example 8 ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHJ\ILVMSLUN[O10 cm. M and N are the
TPKWVPU[ZVM BF and AEYLZWLJ[P]LS`
H G
E F
10 cm
N M
D C
10 cm
A B
10 cm
-PUK
(i) MEN, (ii) EMN,
(iii) MEF, (iv) HBD.

Solution:
(i) 0U¬MEN, E
10
tan MEN =
5 5 cm
=2
N M
MEN = tan–1 2 10 cm
= 63.4°[VKW
(ii) 0U¬MEN,
5 P
So roblem
tan EMN = lvin
g T
10 ip
1
= In (ii), an alternative method to
2
1 ZVS]LMVYEMN is to use the sum
EMN = tan –1 VMHUNSLZPUH[YPHUNSLPL
2
EMN = 180° – ENM – MEN.
= 26.6°[VKW
(iii) MEF = EMN (alt. s, EF // NM E F

un
MEF = 26.6°
Just For F
5 cm
N 26.6° M
10 cm 0ZP[WVZZPISL[VJVUZ[Y\J[LHJOVM
(iv) In ƋBCD, BCD = 90°.
[OL MVSSV^PUN [OYLLKPTLUZPVUHS
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, H VIQLJ[Z&
2 2 2
DB = BC + DC
= 102 + 102
10 cm
= 100 + 100
= 200 10 cm
D C
(a)
DB = 200 10 cm
= 14.14 cm[VZM A B
0U¬HBD, HDB = 90°.

10
tan HBD =
14.14 (b)
= 0.7072[VZM
HBD = tan–1 0.7072
= 35.3°[VKW
(c)

QUESTIONS
1. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHJ\ILVMSLUN[O16 cm. ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZ
S R
Q
P
6 cm 6 cm 16 cm
H K
M
D C
16 cm
A 16 cm B
Given that PH = QK = 6 cmÄUK
(i) BCK, (ii) SBD, (iii) BDK.
2. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHJ\IVPKÔLYLAB = 12 m, BC = 6 m and CR = 8 m.

S R
Q
P 8m
D C
6m
A 12 m B
-PUK
(i) ABP, (ii) BCQ, (iii) CAR.
Worked
Example 9 (UNSLVM,SL]H[PVUPUH;OYLLKPTLUZPVUHS7YVISLT
;OYLLWVPU[ZA, B and C are on level ground. B is due
UVY[O VM A [OL ILHYPUN VM C MYVT A is 022° and the
ILHYPUNVMCMYVTB is 075°.
T
N
160 m 75°
B
A 22°
C
(i) Given that A and B are 160 mHWHY[ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJL
between B and C.
3
A vertical mast BT stands at B such that tan TAB = .
16
(ii) -PUK[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMT MYVTC.

Solution:
(i) BCA = 75° – 22° L_[VMH¬$Z\TVMPU[VWWZ
= 53° B
160 m
Using sine rule,
BC 160 22° 53°
= A C
sin 22s sin 53s
160 sin 22s
BC =
sin 53s
= 75.0 m[VZM
(ii) 0U¬TAB, T
3
tan TAB =
16
BT 3
= A B
160 16 160 m
3
BT = w 160
16
= 30 m
In ƋTCB, T
30
tan TCB =
75.05 30 m
–1 30 B C
TCB = tan 75.05 m
75.05
= 21.8°[VKW
;OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTC is 21.8°.

QUESTIONS
;OYLL WVPU[Z A, B and C are on level ground. B PZ K\L ZV\[O VM A [OL ILHYPUN VM ,_LYJPZL * 8\LZ[PVUZ

CMYVTB is 032° and CAB = 105°.
N
C
A
105°
120 m
32°
B
(i) Given that A and B are 120 mHWHY[ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUB and C.

A vertical mast CTVMOLPNO[25 m stands at C.
(ii) -PUK[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTB.

(UNSLVM+LWYLZZPVUPUH;OYLLKPTLUZPVUHS7YVISLT
Worked
Example 10 Priya is in a cable car PH[HOLPNO[VM80 m above the
ground. She observes a statue at AHUKMV\U[HPUH[B.
.P]LU[OH[[OLHUNSLZVMKLWYLZZPVUVM[OLZ[H[\LHUK
[OL MV\U[HPU HYL 35° and 40° YLZWLJ[P]LS` HUK [OH[
APB = 55°ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUA and B.
Solution:
P
55°
80 m
40°
35° Q B
P
So roblem
lvin
g T
A ip
0U¬APQ, AQP = 90°. 0U¬ABPPUVYKLY[VÄUKAB, we

80 ÄYZ[OH]L[VÄUKAP and BP.
sin 35° = :PUJL¬APQ HUK¬BPQHYLYPNO[
AP HUNSLK[YPHUNSLZOV^JHU^LÄUK
80 AP and BP?
AP =
sin 35s
= 139.5 m[VZM
0U¬BPQ, BQP = 90°.

80
sin 40° =
BP
80
BP =
sin 40s
= 124.5 m[VZM
Using cosine rule,

AB2 = AP2 + BP2 – 2 × AP × BP cos 55°
= 139.52 + 124.52 – 2 × 139.5 × 124.5 cos 55°
= 15 040 [VZM
AB = 15 040
= 123 m[VZM

QUESTIONS
9\P-LUNPZVU[OL[VWTVMHUVIZLY]H[PVU[V^LYOT;OLOLPNO[VM[OL[V^LYPZ54 m. ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZ
/LVIZLY]LZHJHY[OH[OHZIYVRLUKVÛH[AJH\ZPUNH[YHMÄJQHT[VB. Given that

[OLHUNSLZVMKLWYLZZPVUVMA and B are 42° and 38°YLZWLJ[P]LS`HUK[OH[ATB = 48°,
ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUA and B.

Exercise
7C
1. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z ¬ABC YPNO[HUNSLK H[ B and 3. ( YLJ[HUN\SHY ISVJR VM Z\NHY OHZ H OVYPaVU[HS
S`PUNPUHOVYPaVU[HSWSHULPPZHWVPU[]LY[PJHSS` base EFGH. The corners C and D are vertically
above C. above E and H YLZWLJ[P]LS` 0[ PZ NP]LU [OH[
P DH = 4 cm, GH = 6 cm and FG = 8 cm.
C
11 cm
E F
C A D
4 cm 8 cm
6 cm 7 cm H 6 cm G
B -PUK
Given that AB = 7 cm, BC = 6 cm and AP = 11 cm, (i) DGH,
ÄUK (ii) HF,
(i) AC, (iii) [OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMDMYVTF.
(ii) PC,
(iii) PAC, 4. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z [OYLL WVPU[Z A, B and C on
(iv) [OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMP MYVTB. horizontal ground where ABC is a right angle.
AOC YLWYLZLU[Z H ]LY[PJHS [YPHUN\SHY ^HSS ^P[O P
HZ[OLMVV[VM[OLWLYWLUKPJ\SHYMYVTO to AC.
2. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z H YLJ[HUN\SHY IV_ PU ÔPJO
O
AB = 3 cm, AD = 4 cm, BD = 5 cm and DH = 12 cm.
G F 12 m
H E
A P
C
10 m 15 m
12 cm
B
C Given that APB = 90°, AB = 10 m, BC = 15 m and
5 cm B
D 3 cm OA = 12 mÄUK
4 cm A
(i) BAC,
-PUK
(ii) [OLSLUN[OVMAP,
(i) [OLSLUN[OVMBH, (ii) BDC,
(iii) [OLSLUN[OVMOP,
(iii) HBD.
(iv) [OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMOMYVTB.

5. 0U[OLÄN\YL[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVM[OL[VWVM 7. 0U [OL MPN\YL ABPQ PZ [OL YLJ[HUN\SHY ZSVWPUN
a vertical tower PQMYVTHWVPU[A is 30°. Z\YMHJLVMHKLZR^P[OABCD lying in a horizontal
P WSHULQ and P lie vertically above D and C.
Q P
30°
A Q
45° 75 cm D C
60 m 25°
75°
A 90 cm B
B
Given that Q [OL MVV[ VM [OL [V^LY PZ VU [OL Given that AB = PQ = 90 cm, AQ = BP = 75 cm and
ZHTL OVYPaVU[HS WSHUL HZ A and B, and that PBC = QAD = 25°ÄUK
AB = 60 m, BAQ = 45° and ABQ = 75ÄUK[OL (i) AC, (ii) PAC,
OLPNO[VM[OL[V^LY (iii) CAB.
8. 0U [OL MPN\YL H J\IVPK OHZ H OVYPaVU[HS IHZL

EFGH where HG = 15 cm, GF = 8 cm and
6. OABCD PZ H W`YHTPK ;OL ZX\HYL IHZL ABCD BF = 7 cm. XPZHWVPU[VUAB such that XB = 4 cm.
OHZZPKLZVMSLUN[O20 cm and lies in a horizontal
WSHUL M PZ [OL WVPU[ VM PU[LYZLJ[PVU VM [OL A X 4 cm B
KPHNVUHSZVM[OLIHZLHUKO is vertically above M.
C 7 cm
O D
E F
8 cm
D C
H 15 cm G
32 cm -PUK
20 cm
M (i) CEG, (ii) GXF.
A 20 cm B
9. PPZ[OLJLU[YLVM[OL\WWLYMHJLVM[OLYLJ[HUN\SHY
Given that OA = 32 cmÄUK block with ABCD as its base.
(i) [OLSLUN[OVMAM,
P
(ii) [OLOLPNO[VM[OLW`YHTPK D C
(iii) OAM.
5 cm 16 cm
A 12 cm B
-PUK
(i) PAC, (ii) PAB.

10. P, Q and RHYL[OYLLWVPU[ZVUSL]LSNYV\UK^P[O 12. A, B, C and DHYLMV\YWVPU[ZVUOVYPaVU[HSNYV\UK
QK\LLHZ[VMP and RK\LZV\[OVM P. A vertical BPZK\LZV\[OVMAHUK[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTA
mast PT stands at P HUK [OL HUNSL VM LSL]H[PVU is 090°. N
VM[OL[VWTMYVTQ is 3.5°. Given that PQ = 1000 m
and PR = 750 mÄUK D
(i) [OLILHYPUNVMQMYVTR,
150 m
(ii) [OLOLPNO[VM[OLTHZ[
90 m
(iii) [OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTR.
A 80 m C
11. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZMV\YWVPU[ZO, A, B and C which
SPLVUSL]LSNYV\UKPUHJHTWZP[LOPZK\LUVY[OVM
60 m
A and BPZK\LLHZ[VMO.
C B
(a) Given that AB = 60 m, AC = 80 m and
70 m CD = 150 mÄUK
50 m (i) [OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTB,
(ii) [OLILHYPUNVMDMYVTA.
O 30 m B
A vertical mast stands at A HUK [OL HUNSL VM
28 m KLWYLZZPVUVMCMYVT[OL[VWVM[OLTHZ[PZ8.6°.
(b) -PUK[OLOLPNO[VM[OLTHZ[HUK[OLHUNSLVM
A KLWYLZZPVUVMDMYVT[OL[VWVM[OLTHZ[
(a) Given that OA = 28 m, OB = 30 m, OC = 50 m
and BC = 70 mÄUK
(i) [OLILHYPUNVMAMYVTB,
(ii) COB,
(iii) [OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTO.
( ]LY[PJHS ÅHN WVSL Z[HUKZ H[ [OL WVPU[ B such
[OH[ [OL HUNSLZ VM LSL]H[PVU MYVT O, A and C
are measured.
(b) .P]LU [OH[ [OL NYLH[LZ[ VM [OLZL 3 HUNSLZ VM
elevation is 29° JHSJ\SH[L [OL OLPNO[ VM [OL
ÅHNWVSL

13. ( [YLL VM OLPNO[ 24 m stands vertically at A on 15. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHISVJRVM^VVKPU[OLZOHWLVMH
[OL NYV\UK VM HU PZSHUK ;^V IVH[Z HYL H[ B and cuboid with dimensions 10 cm by 8 cm by 6 cm.
C such that BAC = 94°, ABC = 47° and /\P_PHUJ\[Z[OLISVJRPU[V[^VWPLJLZZ\JO[OH[
AB = 240 m. [OLJ\[[PUN[VVSWHZZLZ[OYV\NO[OLWVPU[ZA, B and
C as shown.
B
24 m
6 cm
A
C
240 m 94° 8 cm
A 10 cm
B 47°
.P]LU[OH[[OL[YPHUN\SHYZ\YMHJLACBVUVULWPLJL
C VM[OLISVJRPZ[VILJVH[LK^P[O]HYUPZOÄUK
(a) -PUK (i) ABC,
(i) the distance between B and C, (ii) [OL HYLH VM [OL Z\YMHJL [OH[ PZ [V IL JVH[LK
(ii) [OLHYLHVM¬ABC, with varnish.
(iii) [OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVTA to BC.
The boat at B sails in a straight line towards C. 16. (TPYHOZ[HUKZH[HWVPU[BK\LLHZ[VMH]LY[PJHS
tower OT HUK VIZLY]LZ [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM
(b) -PUK [OL NYLH[LZ[ HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM [OL
LSL]H[PVU VM [OL [VW VM [OL [V^LY T is 40°. She
IVH[MYVT[OL[VWVM[OL[YLL
walks 70 m K\L UVY[O HUK ÄUKZ [OH[ [OL HUNSL
VMLSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTOLYUL^WVZP[PVUH[C is 25°.
N
T
14. 0U [OL ÄN\YL XYZ is an equilateral triangle with
ZPKLZVMSLUN[OVM6 cmS`PUNPUHOVYPaVU[HSWSHUL
P lies vertically above Z, RPZ[OLTPKWVPU[VMXY 25°
O C
and PX = PY = 10 cm.
P 70 m
40°
B
10 cm
-PUK[OLOLPNO[VM[OL[V^LYHUKOLUJLKPZ[HUJLOB.
Z X
6 cm R
-PUK
(i) PYZ, (ii) PRZ.

17. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHWSV[VMSHUKABCD such that B
PZK\LLHZ[VMAHUK[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVT A is 048°.
C
95 m
D
72 m 58 m
N
A 36 m B
(i) Given that AB = 36 m, BC = 58 m, BD = 72 m

and CD = 95 mÄUK[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVT B.
(]LY[PJHSJVU[YVS[V^LYVMOLPNO[35 m stands at B.
:OPYSL`J`JSLZMYVTC to DHUKYLHJOLZHWVPU[P
ÔLYL [OL HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM P MYVT [OL [VW
VM[OL[V^LYPZ[OLNYLH[LZ[
(ii) -PUK[OLHUNSLVMKLWYLZZPVUVMPMYVT[OL[VW
VM[OL[V^LY
1. Angles of Elevation and Depression
Angle of Elevation
B >OLUHWLYZVUSVVRZH[[OL[VWVM[OL^HSSB,
the angle between the horizontal AD and the
SPULVMZPNO[AB, i.e. BAD, is called the angle
VMLSL]H[PVU
Angle of
A elevation
D Angle of Depression
C >OLUHWLYZVUSVVRZH[[OLIV[[VTVM[OL^HSS
Angle of
C, the angle between the horizontal AD and the
depression
SPULVMZPNO[AC, i.e. CAD, is called the angle
VMKLWYLZZPVU

2. Bearings
N
;OL ILHYPUN VM H WVPU[ A MYVT HUV[OLY
A WVPU[ O PZ HU HUNSL TLHZ\YLK MYVT [OL
50°
230° north, at O, in a clockwise direction and
it always written as a [OYLLKPNP[U\TILY.
N
;OLILHYPUNVMAMYVTO is 050°.
50°
O ;OLILHYPUNVMOMYVTA is 230°.
3. ;OLIHZPJ[LJOUPX\L\ZLKPUZVS]PUNH[OYLLKPTLUZPVUHSWYVISLTPZ[VYLK\JL
P[[VHWYVISLTPUHWSHUL
7
1. ;^VWVPU[ZA and B, 35 mHWHY[VUSL]LSNYV\UK 4. ABC PZ H [YPHUNSL S`PUN VU H OVYPaVU[HS WSHUL
HYLK\LLHZ[VM[OLMVV[VMHJHZ[SL;OLHUNSLZVM with BAC = 90° and AB = 14 cm. T PZ H WVPU[
LSL]H[PVU VM [OL [VW VM [OL JHZ[SL MYVT A and B vertically above A, TC = 23 cm HUK [OL HUNSL VM
are 47° and 29° YLZWLJ[P]LS` -PUK [OL OLPNO[ VM LSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTC is 40°.
the castle.
T
2. ;OL HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM H YHIIP[ MYVT [OL [VW
VM H JSPMM PZ 24° (M[LY [OL YHIIP[ OVWZ H KPZ[HUJL 23 cm
VM80 mOVYPaVU[HSS`[V^HYKZ[OLIHZLVM[OLJSPMM
[OL HUNSL VM KLWYLZZPVU VM [OL YHIIP[ MYVT [OL
40°
[VW VM [OL JSPMM ILJVTLZ 32° -PUK [OL OLPNO[ VM A C
[OLJSPMM
14 cm
3. ;OL JHW[HPU VM H ZOPW VIZLY]LZ [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM B
LSL]H[PVUVMHSPNO[OV\ZLPZ12°. When he sails a -PUK
M\Y[OLYKPZ[HUJLVM200 mH^H`MYVT[OLSPNO[OV\ZL
(i) [OLOLPNO[VMAT,
[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUILJVTLZ10°-PUK[OLOLPNO[
(ii) [OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTB,
VM[OLSPNO[OV\ZL
(iii) [OLSLUN[OVMBC.

5. ABCT PZ H [YPHUN\SHY W`YHTPK ^P[O ¬ABC as its 7. ;OYLLWVPU[ZA, B and C lie on a horizontal ground.
base and BT as its height. It is given that AC = 24 m, T PZ [OL [VW VM H ]LY[PJHS [V^LY Z[HUKPUN VU A.
BT = 12 m, TAB = 35° and ABC = 90°ÄUK ;OLILHYPUNZVMB and CMYVTA are 135° and 225°
YLZWLJ[P]LS`HUK[OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTB is 250°.
T 0M [OL KPZ[HUJL IL[^LLU B and C is 50 m and
[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVUVMTMYVTB is 35°, calculate
[OLOLPNO[VM[OL[V^LYHUK[OLHUNSLVMLSL]H[PVU
12 m
VMTMYVTC.
N
35° B C T
24 m
A
(i) [OLSLUN[OVMAB, A
(ii) [OLSLUN[OVMBC, 35°
(iii) [OLHUNSLVMKLWYLZZPVUVMCMYVTT. B
50 m
6. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z H YVVM PU [OL ZOHWL VM H YPNO[
C
W`YHTPKVUHOVYPaVU[HSYLJ[HUN\SHYIHZLABCD,
where AB = 12 m, BC = 16 m and VA = 26 m.
8. 0U [OL ÄN\YL A, B and C HYL [OYLL WVPU[Z VU H
V
OVYPaVU[HSÄLSKAPZK\L^LZ[VMB[OLILHYPUNVM
B MYVTC is 125°, AB = 430 m and BC = 460 m.
26 m
D C N
P 16 m
X 125°
C
A 12 m B 460 m
(i) Given that X PZ [OL TPKWVPU[ VM AC ÄUK [OL
height, VXVM[OLYVVM
A B
(ii) -PUKAVC. 430 m
(WHZZLYIÙV[PJLZHJYHJRHSVUNVP, where P is
[OLTPKWVPU[VMBC. (a) -PUK
(iii) -PUK[OLSLUN[OVM[OLJYHJR (i) the distance between A and C,
(ii) ACB,
(iii) [OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTA,
(iv) [OLHYLHVM¬ABC.
At a certain instant, a hot air balloon is at a
WVPU[ÔPJOPZKPYLJ[S`HIV]LC.
(b) .P]LU [OH[ [OL HUNSL VM LSL]H[PVU VM [OL OV[
HPY IHSSVVU MYVT B is 5.2° ÄUK [OL HUNSL VM
LSL]H[PVUVM[OLOV[HPYIHSSVVUMYVTA.

9. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OL WVZP[PVUZ VM MV\Y WVPU[Z A, 10. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OL WVZP[PVU VM H WVZ[ VMÄJL P
B, C and D on level ground. B PZ K\L LHZ[ VM A, and three train stations Q, R and S. Q is due north
[OL ILHYPUN VM D MYVT A is 226°, ABC = 54°, VMP[OLILHYPUNVMRMYVTP is 052°, PRS = 134°,
AC = 520 m, AD = 650 m and CD = 900 m. PR = 5.2 km and RS = 4.6 km.
N
N
Q
226°
A B
54°
650 m 520 m R 4.6 km
134° S
C 5.2 km
900 m 52°
D
(a) -PUK P
(i) CAD, (i) Calculate the distance between P and S.

(ii) [OLILHYPUNVMCMYVTA, (ii) -PUK[OLILHYPUNVMSMYVTR.
(iii) the distance between B and C, (iii) .P]LU [OH[ [OL ILHYPUN VM R MYVT Q is 122°,
(iv) [OLZOVY[LZ[KPZ[HUJLMYVTA to CD. ÄUK[OLKPZ[HUJLIL[^LLUP and Q.
( ]LY[PJHS [V^LY VM OLPNO[ 80 m stands at A. (UVMÄJLI\PSKPUNVMOLPNO[75 m stands at R.
+L]P ^HSRZ MYVT C to D HUK YLHJOLZ H WVPU[ P (iv) .P]LU [OH[ /\P_PHU ^HSRZ PU H Z[YHPNO[ SPUL
ÔLYL [OL HUNSL VM LSL]H[PVU VM [OL [VW VM [OL along PS JHSJ\SH[L [OL NYLH[LZ[ HUNSL VM
[V^LYMYVTP is the greatest. LSL]H[PVU VM [OL [VW VM [OL I\PSKPUN HZ ZOL
(b) -PUK [OL HUNSL VM LSL]H[PVU VM [OL [VW VM [OL walks along PS.
[V^LYMYVTP. ( WVSPJLTHU PZ Z[HUKPUN H[ H WVPU[ K\L UVY[O VM
PZ\JO[OH[OLPZLX\PKPZ[HU[MYVTIV[OP and R.
(v) -PUK [OL KPZ[HUJL IL[^LLU [OL WVSPJLTHU
and P.

Challenge
1. 0U[OLÄN\YLABCD is horizontal and ABPQPZHYLJ[HUN\SHYWSHUL
Q P
β
D C
α
θ
A B
Given that PCA = PCB = QDC = 90°, PBC = Ơ, APB = ơ and PAC = Ƨ,
L_WYLZZsin ƧPU[LYTZVM[OL[YPNVUVTL[YPJYH[PVZVMƠ and ơ only.
2. 0U[OLÄN\YL¬ABC is on horizontal ground and CT is vertical.

T
h β
α
A B
Given that ACB = 90°, BAC = Ơ, TBC = ơand AC = hTL[YLZL_WYLZZ[OL

SLUN[OVMTBPU[LYTZVMhHUK[OL[YPNVUVTL[YPJYH[PVZVMƠ and ơ.

Geometrical
Properties of Circles
Structures such as bridges and archways are sometimes in the shape
of an arc of a circle. The balcony of an apartment may also take the
shape of an arc. If we are given an arc of a circle, are we able to
determine the centre of the circle?
Eleven
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• apply the symmetry properties of circles:
• equal chords are equidistant from the centre,
• the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre,
• tangents from an external point are equal in length,
• the line joining an external point to the centre of the circle bisects
the angle between the tangents,
• apply the angle properties of circles:
• the angle in a semicircle is a right angle,
• the angle between the tangent and radius of a circle is a
right angle,
• the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference,
• angles in the same segment are equal,
• angles in opposite segments are supplementary.
Symmetric
11.1 Properties of Circles
In this section, we will learn four symmetric properties of circles – two of them on
chords and the other two on tangents.
Perpendicular Bisector of a Chord
Investigation
Circle Symmetric Property 1
Go to http://www.shinglee.com.sg/StudentResources/ and open the geometry
template Circle Symmetric Property 1 as shown below.
There are three conditions:
Condition A: The line l (or OM) passes through the centre O of the circle. INF
OR
MA
TIO N
Condition B: The line l (or OM) is perpendicular to the chord AB.
Condition C: The line l (or OM) bisects the chord AB. ‘Bisect’ means ‘cut into two equal
parts.’
Note that the chord AB must not be the diameter of the circle.
In this investigation, you will learn that any two of the above three conditions will
imply the third one.
Part 1
1. The template shows a circle with centre O and the line OM perpendicular to
the chord AB. Which two of the above three conditions are given?
Fig. 11.1
361 Chapter 11 Geometrical Properties of Circles

2. Click and drag point A or B to change the chord.
Click and drag point R to change the size of the circle.
(a) What do you notice about the length of AM and of MB?
(b) What do you call the point M?
Part 2
3. Click on the 'Next' button. The next page of the template shows a circle with
centre O, and the line OM bisecting the chord AB.
Which two of the three conditions on the previous page are given?
Fig. 11.2
4. Click and drag point A or B to change the chord.

What do you notice about the size of AMO and BMO?
Geometrical Properties of Circles Chapter 11 362

Part 3
5. <ZLHZOLL[VMWHWLY[VKYH^HUKJ\[V\[HJPYJSL;VÄUK[OLJLU[YLVMHJPYJSL
fold the circle into two equal halves, and then fold again into two equal halves
as shown in Fig. 11.3(a).
INF
OR
MA
Fig. 11.3(a) TIO N
Open up the paper as shown in Fig. 11.3(b), where the dotted lines indicate the Can you think of other ways of
lines obtained from the above paper folding. folding to obtain the centre of
the circle?
Fig. 11.3(b)
Mark the centre of the circle as O in Fig. 11.3(b). Why is this the centre of the circle?
6. Using the same circle as in Question 5, fold along a chord AB that is not a diameter
of the circle and then fold it into two equal halves as shown in Fig. 11.3(c).
A B A M B M B
Fig. 11.3(c)
Open up the paper as shown in Fig. 11.3(d), where the dotted lines indicate the
lines obtained from the above paper folding.
l
M
A B
Fig. 11.3(d)
As the paper is folded into two equal halves, the line l bisects the chord AB and
AMB. Since AMB = 180°, l is perpendicular to the chord AB.
(a) >OPJO[^VVM[OL[OYLLJVUKP[PVUZVUWHNLHYLZH[PZÄLK&
(b) Does the line l pass through the centre O of the circle that you have marked
in Question 5?

From the investigation, there are three parts to Circle Symmetric Property 1 (any two
of the three conditions will imply the third one):
(i) If a line l passes through the centre of a circle and is perpendicular to a

chord AB (which is not the diameter) of the circle, then the line l bisects the
chord AB.
(ii) If a line l passes through the centre of a circle and bisects a chord AB (which
is not the diameter) of the circle, then the line l is perpendicular to the
chord AB.
(iii) If a line l bisects the chord AB of a circle and is perpendicular to the chord AB
(i.e. l is the perpendicular bisector of the chord AB), then the line l passes
through the centre of the circle. (This is also true if the chord is a diameter
of the circle.)
Thinking
Time
1. If a line l passes through the centre of a circle and is perpendicular to a chord AB
(which is not the diameter) of the circle, by using congruent triangles, prove that
the line l bisects the chord AB.
2. If a line l passes through the centre of a circle and bisects a chord AB (which is
not the diameter) of the circle, by using congruent triangles, prove that the line l
is perpendicular to the chord AB.

(Application of Circle Symmetric Property 1)
Worked
Example 1 0U [OL ÄN\YL AB and PQ are chords of the circle with
centre O. The point M lies on AB such that OM is
perpendicular to AB and the point N lies on PQ such
that ON is perpendicular to PQ.
Q
N
4 cm
P O
7 cm
M
A 12 cm B
Given that AB = 12 cm, OM = 7 cm and ON = 4 cmÄUK

the length of the chord PQ, giving your answer correct
to 2 decimal places.
P
So roblem
lvin
g T
Solution: ip
OM bisects AB (perpendicular bisector of chord). ;V ÄUK PQ ^L ÄYZ[ [Y` [V YLSH[L
PQ to the information given in
AM = MB the question, i.e. OM, ON, the
12 perpendicular distance of chords
= from the centre and the length of
2
= 6 cm chord AB.
Since OP = OA (radii of circle) and
we have two right-angled triangles
OMA and ONP, can we make use
*VUZPKLY¬OMA. O
VM7`[OHNVYHZ»;OLVYLT[VÄUKPN?
OA2 = AM2 + OM2 (Pythagoras’ Theorem) 7 cm
= 62 + 72
A 6 cm M 6 cm B
= 85
Since OP = OA (radii of circle),

then OP2 = OA2 = 85.
*VUZPKLY¬ONP.
OP2 = ON2 + PN2 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
OA2 = 42 + PN2 (since OA = OP, radii of circle)
85 = 16 + PN2
PN2 = 85 – 16
= 69
i.e. PN = 69 (since length PN > 0)
ON bisects PQ. (perpendicular bisector of chord)
PQ = 2 × PN
= 2 w 69
= 16.61 cm (to 2 d.p.)

QUESTIONS
Y
1. 0U [OL ÄN\YL PQ and XY are chords of the circle with Exercise 11A Questions 1(a)-(c),
2-4, 6-8, 11
centre O. The point M lies on PQ such that OM is
perpendicular to PQ and the point N lies on XY such N 3 cm
Q
that ON is perpendicular to PQ. Given that XY = 26 cm, O 8 cm
OM = 8 cm and ON = 3 cmÄUK[OLSLUN[OVM[OLJOVYK
X M
PQ, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
P
P
2. ;OLÄN\YL ZOV^ZHJPYJSL^P[OJLU[YL O and radius 7 cm.
The chords AB and PQ have lengths 11 cm and 13 cm
respectively, and intersect at right angles at X. Find the O
length of OX.
X
A B
Q
Class
Discussion
Application of Circle Symmetric Property 1
Work in pairs.
1. Construct a circle that passes through the three given points A, B and C.
B
0.5 m
2. The diagram shows the plan of a living room with 1m Balcony
a balcony (not drawn to scale). The living room is 3m
rectangular (6 m by 4 m) and the balcony is an arc of
a circle (see dimensions in diagram). Using a scale
of 2 cm to represent 1 m, draw an accurate scale Living Room
6m
drawing of the living room with the balcony.
Hint: Use the method in Question 1 to draw the arc
of the balcony.
4m

Equal Chords
Investigation
Go to http://www.shinglee.com.sg/StudentResources/ and open the geometry template
Circle Symmetric Property 2 as shown below.
Part 1
1. The template shows a circle with centre O and two equal chords.
AT
TE
NTI
ON
Fig. 11.3
The distance of a point from a
2. Click and drag point A or B to change the lengths of both chords. line is the perpendicular distance
Click and drag point R to change the size of the circle. of the point from the line. This
distance is also the shortest
Click and drag point P until it coincides with the point A. distance from the point to the line.
What do you notice about the distance of both chords from the centre O?
3. Copy and complete the following sentence.
In general, equal chords of a circle are _______________ from the centre of
the circle.

Part 2
4. Click on the 'Next' button. The next page of the template shows two chords
of a circle that are equidistant from its centre O.
Fig. 11.4
5. Click and drag point M to change the distance of both chords from the centre O.
Click and drag point P until both chords coincide.
What do you notice about the lengths of both chords?
In general, chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle are
_______________ in length.
From the investigation, there are two parts to Circle Symmetric Property 2:
(i) Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle.
(ii) Chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal (in length).

Worked
Example 2 (Application of Circle Symmetric Property 2)
The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle of radius
12 cm are 8 cm and 14 cm respectively. Find the distance
between the chords.
Solution:
There are two possible cases about the positions of the two
chords AB and XY (equal chords). Let AB = 8 cm and XY = 14 cm.
Case 1: The chords are on opposite sides of the centre O. 4 cm

0U¬AON, A N B
ON = 12 – 4 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
2 2 2
= 128 12 cm
ON = 128 O
= 11.31 cm (to 4 s.f.) 12 cm
7 cm 7 cm
X M Y
0U¬YOM,
OM2 = 122 – 72 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
= 95
OM = 95
= 9.747 cm (to 4 s.f.)
Distance between the chords = MN

= NO + OM
= 11.31 + 9.747
= 21.1 cm (to 3 s.f.)
Case 2: The chords are on the same side of the centre O.

Distance between the chords = MN
= ON – OM
O
= 11.31 – 9.747
12 cm 12 cm
= 1.56 cm (to 3 s.f.) M
X Y
4 cm
The distance between the chords can either be 21.1 cm A N B
or 1.56 cm.

QUESTIONS
The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle of radius 20 cm are 10 cm and 30 cm Exercise 11A Questions 5(a),(b),
9, 10
respectively. Find the distance between the chords.

Exercise
11A
1. Given that O is the centre of each of the following 5. Given that O is the centre of each of the following
JPYJSLZÄUK[OL]HS\LZVM[OL\URUVÛZ JPYJSLZÄUK[OL]HS\LZVM[OL\URUVÛZ
(a) (a) 12 cm
13 cm O O
b° 5 cm
b°
a cm a cm
a cm
(b) (b)
26 m
cm 22 cm y°
O x cm
O
17 m
d°
16 m
(c) 10 mm
ƒ°
e mm
O 6. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [OL JYVZZ ZLJ[PVU VM H JPYJ\SHY
5 mm water pipe. The shaded region shows the water
12 mm ÅV^PUN[OYV\NO[OLWPWL
2. AB is a chord of a circle, centre O and with

radius 17 cm. Given that AB = 16 cm ÄUK [OL O
perpendicular distance from O to AB.
3 cm
P 9.6 cm Q
3. A chord of length 24 m is at a distance of 5 m
from the centre of a circle. Find the radius of
Given that PQ = 9.6 cm and that the surface of
the circle.
the water is 3 cm below the centre O of the circle,
ÄUK[OLJYVZZZLJ[PVUHSHYLHVM[OL^H[LYWPWL
4. A chord of a circle of radius 8.5 cm is 5 cm from
the centre. Find the length of the chord.
7. The perpendicular bisector of a chord XY cuts
XY at N and the circle at P. Given that XY = 16 cm
and NP = 2 cm, calculate the radius of the circle.

8. The figure shows two concentric circles with 9. The lengths of two parallel chords of a circle of
centre O. The points A and E lie on the radius 5 cm are 6 cm and 8 cm respectively. Find
circumference of the larger circle while the the distance between the chords.
points B and D lie on the circumference of
the smaller circle.
10. Two parallel chords PQ and MN are 3 cm apart
on the same side of a circle where PQ = 7 cm
and MN = 14 cm. Calculate the radius of the circle.
O
9 cm
6 cm
A B 7 cm C D E 11. The radius of a circle is 17 cm. A chord XY lies
9 cm from the centre and divides the circle into
two segments. Find the perimeter of the minor
segment.
Given that ABCDE is a straight line, OB = 9 cm,
AB = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and AC = CEÄUK
(i) the length of OC,
(ii) the length of OE.
Radius of a Circle and Tangent to a Circle

A straight line cutting a circle at two distinct points is called a secant.
In Fig. 11.5(a), AB is a secant.
A B
C D
X
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.5
If a straight line and a circle have only one point of contact, then that line is
called a tangent.
In Fig. 11.5(b), CD is a tangent and X is the point of contact.

Investigation
1. The template shows a circle with centre O and radius OP, which is perpendicular
to the chord at A.
Fig. 11.6
2. Click on the button ‘Click here to show or hide Secant’. It will reveal a secant
that coincides with the chord, i.e. the secant is also perpendicular to the
radius OP. Unlike a chord which is a line segment with two end points,
a secant is a line that cuts the circle at two different points.
3. Click and drag point P to move the radius OP and the secant around the circle.
Click and drag point A until it coincides with with the point P.
(a) What do you notice about the secant? What has it become?
(b) What is the angle between the tangent at the point of contact P and the radius
of the circle?
In general, the tangent at the point of contact is _______________ to the radius
of the circle.

From the investigation, Circle Symmetric Property 3 states that:
The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.
Worked
0U[OLÄN\YLPX is a tangent to the circle, centre O.
X
6.8 cm
4.3 cm
P O
Given that PX = 6.8 cm and OX = 4.3 cmÄUK

(i) OPX,
(ii) the length of OP,
(iii)[OLHYLHVM¬OPX.
Solution:
(i) OXP = 90° (tangent radius)
In ƋOPX,
OX
tan OPX =
PX
4.3
=
6.8
4.3
OPX = tan –1
6.8
= 32.3° (to 1 d.p.)
(ii) In ƋOPX,
AT
OP2 = 6.82 + 4.32 (Pythagoras’ Theorem) TE
NTI
ON
= 64.73
For (ii), trigonometric ratios may
OP = 64.73 IL\ZLK[VÄUK[OLSLUN[OVMOP,
4.3
= 8.05 cm (to 3 s.f.) i.e. sin 32.31° =
OP
before solving
for OP.
1 1
(iii) Area of ƋOPX = w PX w OX (use × base × height)
2 2
1
= w 6.8 w 4.3
2
= 14.62 cm2

QUESTIONS
1. 0U[OLÄN\YLPA is a tangent to the circle, centre O. Exercise 11B Questions 1-3, 5-9,
12
A
10.5 cm 4.5 cm
P O
Given that PA = 10.5 cm and OA = 4.5 cmÄUK

(i) OPA,
(ii) the length of OP,
(iii)[OLHYLHVM¬OPA.
2. 0U[OLÄN\YLAB is a tangent to the circle, centre O.
A
8 cm
x cm
B 5 cm C O
Given that AB = 8 cm, BC = 5 cm and OA = x cmÄUK

(i) the value of x,
(ii) AOB,
(iii) the area bounded by AB, BC and the minor arc AC.

Investigation
1. The template shows a circle with centre O and two tangents from an external
point P touching the circle at A and B respectively. AT
TE
NTI
ON
Although a tangent is a line (i.e.

without any endpoints) and so its
SLUN[O PZ PUÄUP[L [OL SLUN[O VM H
tangent from an external point is
the distance between the external
point and the point of contact with
the circle. In this case, the lengths
of the two tangents are AP and BP.
Fig. 11.7
2. Click and drag point P to change the position of the external point,
but P must remain outside the circle.
(a) What do you notice about the length of AP and of BP?
(b) What do you notice about OPA and OPB?
3. Copy and complete the following sentences.
In general,
(a) tangents from an external point are __________ (in length);
(b) the line from the centre of a circle to an external point __________
the angle between the two tangents.
4. Prove the two results in Question 3.
Hint:-VY8\LZ[PVUOV^HYL¬OAPHUK¬OBP related?

From the investigation, there are two parts to Circle Symmetric Property 4:
(i) Tangents from an external point are equal (in length).

(ii) The line from the centre of a circle to an external point bisects the angle between
the two tangents from the external point.
Worked
0U[OLÄN\YLPA and PB are tangents to the circle with
centre O.
A
8 cm
P O
26°
Given that OA = 8 cm and OPB = 26°ÄUK

(i) AOB,
(ii) the length of AP,
(iii) the area of the quadrilateral APBO.
Solution:
(i) OBP = OAP = 90° (tangent radius)
OPA = OPB = 26° (symmetric properties of tangents to circle)
AOB = 360° – OAP – OBP – APB (sum of a quadrilateral)
= 360° – 90° – 90° – (26° + 26°)
= 128°
(ii) 0U¬OAP,
OA
tan APO =
AP AT
8 TE
NTI
tan 26° = ON
AP
8 In Worked Example 4, PA = PB
AP =
tan 26s (equal tangents).
= 16.4 cm (to 3 s.f.)

1 1
(iii) (YLHVM¬OAP = w AP w OA (use × base × height)
2 2
1
= w 16.40 w 8
2
= 65.61 cm2
Area of quadrilateral APBO = 2 × HYLHVM¬OAP

= 2 × 65.61
= 131 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)

QUESTIONS
1. 0U[OLÄN\YLPA and PB are tangents to the circle with centre O. Exercise 11B Questions 4(a)-(f),
10, 11
B
P 62°
C O
14 cm
Given that OA = 14 cm and BOP = 62°ÄUK

(i) OPB, (ii) OAC,
(iii) the length of BP, (iv) the area of the quadrilateral APBO.
2. 0U [OL ÄN\YL PQ and PT are tangents to the circle, centre O, at the points Q
and T respectively. PT produced meets QO produced at S.
64°
Q T
Given that QPT = 64°ÄUKSQT.

Exercise
11B
1. 0U [OL ÄN\YL BP is a tangent to the circle with 4. Given that PA and PB are tangents to each of
centre O. the following circles with centre O, find the
values of the unknowns.
P (a) B
b cm
33° O 49°
A B a° P
O
14 cm
A
Given that APO = 33°ÄUKPBA. (b)

B
15 cm
2. 0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the circle passing
through the points A and B. TA is a tangent to O 32°
P
c°
the circle at A and TOB is a straight line. d cm
A
O (c)
T B
64° B
fm
10 m
A O 112° P
e°
Given that AOT = 64°ÄUK A

(i) ATB, (ii) TAB.
(d)
3. 0U [OL ÄN\YL AB is a tangent to the circle with B
centre O. D is the midpoint of the chord BC.
g°
C O 35°
P
h°
O
D A
x
A
B
Given that BAC = xÄUKCOD in terms of x.

(e) 7. PQ is a chord of a circle with centre O. Given
B that POQ = 84°ÄUK [OL VI[\ZL HUNSL IL[^LLU
5m 12 m PQ and the tangent at P.
j°
O im P
8. The tangent from a point P touches a circle at N.
Given that the radius of the circle is 5.6 cm and
A
that P is 10.6 cm H^H` MYVT [OL JLU[YL ÄUK [OL
length of the tangent PN.
(f)
B 9. A point T is 9.1 m away from the centre of a circle.
k cm 15 cm
The tangent from T to the point of tangency is
l° 7 cm P
O 8.4 m. Find the diameter of the circle.
A 10. 0U[OLÄN\YLAB and AC are tangents to the circle

at B and C respectively. O is the centre of the
circle and AOD = 122°.
A C
5. 0U[OLÄN\YLPAT is a tangent to the circle, centre O,

at A. C is a point on the circle such that TBC is a O
straight line and ACB = 44°. 122°
B
C
44° D
O B
46° Find BAC.
69° T
P A 11. The tangents from a point T touch a circle,
centre O, at the points A and B. Given that
Given that OBA = 46° and PAC = 69°ÄUK
AOT = 51°ÄUKBAT.
(i) BAT, (ii) PTC.
6. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHJPYJSLJLU[YLO. AC is a tangent

to the circle at A and OBC is a straight line.
12. Two concentric circles have radii 12 cm and
A
25.5 cm respectively. A tangent to the inner circle
18 cm
cuts the outer circle at the points H and K. Find
O the length of HK.
C
B 12 cm
Given that AC = 18 cm and BC = 12 cmÄUK

(i) the radius of the circle,
(ii) AOB,
(iii) the area of the shaded region.

Angle Properties
11.2 of Circles
In this section, we will learn the angle properties of circles.
Angles at Centre and Angles at Circumference

Fig. 11.8(a) shows a circle with centre O.
AOB is an angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the (blue) minor
arc AXB.
APB is an angle subtended at the circumference of the circle by the same
minor arc AXB.
Fig. 11.8(b) shows another circle with centre O.

AOB is an angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the (red) major arc AYB.
AQB is an angle subtended at the circumference of the circle by the same
major arc AYB.
P Y Z
B
O
O O
B B A R
A X A Q
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 11.8
One way to recognise which angle is subtended by which arc is to look at
the shape of the arc. For example, the shape of the blue arc indicating
APB in Fig. 11.8(a) is the same shape as that of the blue minor arc AXB
which subtends the angle; and the shape of the red arc indicating AOB
in Fig. 11.8(b) is the same shape as that of the red major arc AYB which
subtends the angle.
Consider Fig. 11.8(c). Can you identify the angle subtended at the centre of
the circle and the angle subtended at the circumference by the semicircle AZB?

Class
Discussion
Identifying Angles at the Centre and at the Circumference
Work in pairs to identify each of the following by using a different coloured pencil
or pen to draw the angle in each circle.
(a) Angle at centre subtended by the minor arc AQB
(b) Angle at circumference subtended by the minor arc AQB
(c) Angle at centre subtended by the major arc APB
(d) Angle at circumference subtended by the major arc APB
Q
B P
A
P
O O O
B
A A B
P Q Q

Investigation
Circle Angle Property 1
Circle Angle Property 1 as shown below.
1. The template shows a circle with centre O. AOB is an angle at the centre
while APB is an angle at the circumference subtended by the same (minor or
major) arc AB.
Fig. 11.9
2. Click on the action buttons in the template to set AOB to the values below.
You can also move the point R to change the size of the circle, and the point P
to change APB. Copy and complete Table 11.1 below.
AOB 60° 90° 120° 145° 250° 320°

APB
AOB
APB
Table 11.1
3. What is the relationship between AOB and APB?
In general, an angle at the centre of a circle is _______________ that of any
angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.

From the investigation, Circle Angle Property 1 states that:
An angle at the centre of a circle is twice that of any angle at the

circumference subtended by the same arc.
To prove Circle Angle Property 1, we have to consider 4 cases.

The following proof applies to Case 1 and Case 2.
Case 1 and Case 2:

Fig. 11.10 shows Case 1 (angles subtended by minor arc AB) and Case 2 (angles
subtended by major arc AB). The proofs for both cases are actually the same.
Join P to O and produce PO to cut the circle at X.
Let APX = a and BPX = b.

Case 1 Case 2
P P B
b
ab A a
O
O
B
A X X
Fig. 11.10
Since OA = OP (radii),
¬AOP is an isosceles triangle.
Then OAP = OPA (base ZVMPZVZ¬

=a
AOX = OAP + OPA (ext. VM¬
= 2a
:PTPSHYS`¬BOP is an isosceles triangle,
OBP = OPB = b and BOX = 2b.
AOB = AOX + BOX
= 2a + 2b
= 2(a + b)
= 2 × (APX + BPX)
= 2 × APB (proven)
The Thinking Time on the next page considers the next 2 cases.

Thinking
Time
Fig. 11.11 shows Case 3 and Case 4 (two special cases of angles subtended by
minor arc AB). In each case, prove Circle Angle Property 1.
Case 3 Case 4
P
P
O
O
B B
A A
Fig. 11.11
Worked
Example 5 (Application of Circle Angle Property 1)
A, B, C and D are four points on
a circle with centre O. Given that
AOD is a diameter of the circle
A
37°
O
and CAD = 37°ÄUK B
(i) COD,
(ii) ABC. D
C
Solution:
(i) COD = 2 × CAD ( at centre = 2 at 䉺ce)
= 2 × 37°
= 74°
(ii) Reflex AOC = 180° + 74°

= 254°
254s
ABC = ( at centre = 2 at 䉺ce)
2
= 127°

QUESTIONS
1. P, Q, R and S are four points on a circle with centre O. Exercise 11C Questions 1(a)-(h),
9, 10
Given that POS is a diameter of the circle and OPR = 28°ÄUK
P
28°
O Q
R
S
(i) SOR, (ii) PQR.
2. Given that O is the centre of the circle and ABO = 35° ÄUK [OL HUNSLZ
marked x and y.
C
O
y
x
35°
A B
3. 0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the circle and A and B lie on the circumference
such that ABN is a straight line.
O
C
73°
A B N
Given that C lies on the circumference such that NBC = 73°ÄUK[OLVI[\ZL

angle AOC.

Angle in a Semicircle
Investigation
1. The template shows a circle with centre O. AOB is an angle at the centre
while APB is an angle at the circumference.
Fig. 11.12
2. Click on the action button in the template to set AOB = 180°. You can also move
the point R to change the size of the circle, and the point P to change APB.
(a) What is APB equal to?
(b) What is the special name given to the sector APB when AOB = 180°?
In general, an angle in a semicircle is always equal to _______________.
4. Prove the angle property in Question 3.
An angle in a semicircle is always equal to 90°.

6
Worked (Application of Circle Angle Property 2)
A, B, C and D are four points on a circle with centre O.
Example
Given that AOB is a diameter of the circle, DC is parallel
to AB and DCA = 29°ÄUK[OLHUNSLZTHYRLKx, y and z.
C
D 29° B
x
z y
O
A
Solution:
ACB = 90° (rt. in a semicircle)
CAB = 29° (alt. s, AB // DC)
x = 180° – 90° – 29° (Z\TVMH¬

= 61°
y = 2 × ACD ( at centre = 2 at 䉺ce)

= 2 × 29°
= 58°
ADO = DAO (base VMPZVZ¬

1
= (180s 58s)
2
= 61°
z = ADO – CAB
= 61° – 29°
= 32°

QUESTIONS
P, Q, R and S are four points on a circle with centre O. Q Exercise 11C Questions 2(a)-(d),
R 11-13
Given that POS is a diameter of the circle, PQ is parallel
X
to OR and ROS = 50°ÄUK 50°
P S
(i) OPR, O
(ii) QOR,
(iii) PXQ.

Thinking
Time
Do you know how the centre of a circle can be determined? Follow the instructions
given and discover the answer yourself.
1. Place a rectangular sheet of paper under a circle such that one of its corners
touches the circle, say at the point A.
B A
2. Join the two points, P and Q, as shown.
B Q A
3. Move the same sheet of paper such that another of its corners touches the circle,
say at the point B. Join the two points R and S as shown.
B/Q R A
S P
The result would show that the point of intersection of PQ and RS gives the centre
of the circle. Explain why this is true.

Angles in Same or Opposite Segments
Fig. 11.13(a) shows a circle with a chord AB that divides the circle into
two segments.
The larger segment APQB is called the major segment (shaded blue) while the
smaller segment AXYB is called the minor segment (shaded green). APB and
AQB are angles subtended at the circumference of the circle by the same
minor arc AB. Since APB and AQB lie in the same (major) segment, they are
called angles in the same segment. AXB and AYB are angles subtended at the
circumference of the circle by the same major arc AB. Since AXB and AYB
lie in the same (minor) segment, they are called angles in the same segment.
Q Q
P
B B
A Y A
X X
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.13
Fig. 11.13(b) shows a circle with a chord AB that divides the circle into
two segments. The segment AQB and the segment AXB are called
opposite segments (not different segments). AQB and AXB are angles AT
TE
NTI
ON
subtended at the circumference of the circle by the minor arc AB and by
the major arc AB respectively. Since AQB and AXB lie in opposite Opposite segments must be
segments, they are called angles in opposite segments. formed by the same chord.
Class
Discussion
Angles in Same or Opposite Segments
Work in pairs. F
E
;OLÄN\YLVU[OLYPNO[ZOV^ZHJPYJSL^P[OMV\YHUNSLZSHILSSLK z
w, x, y and z. Work in pairs to identify which pairs of the
y D
four angles are in the same segment and which pairs of the A w
four angles are in opposite segments. For each case, specify x
the chord that forms the segment(s). In particular, are w C
and y angles in opposite segments? Explain your answer. B

Investigation
1. The template shows a circle with centre O. APB and AQB are angles in the
same (minor or major) segment.
Fig. 11.14
2. Click and drag point A or B to change the size of APB and of AQB.
Click and drag point P or Q to change the position of APB and of AQB. AT
TE
NTI
ON
What do you notice about APB and AQB?
3. Copy and complete the following sentence. To adjust APB and AQB
until they are in the same minor
In general, angles in the same segment are _______________. segment, click and drag point A or
B until arc APQB is a minor arc.
4. Prove the angle property in Question 3. You can also click on the button ‘Show
Hint’ in the template.
Angles in the same segment are equal.

Worked
Example 7 (Application of Circle Angle Property 3)
0U [OL ÄN\YL P, Q, R and S are
points on the circumference of
a circle. Given that PR and QS
Q
intersect at the point X, RPS = 20° 52° R

X
and PRQ = 52°ÄUK
20°
(i) SQR, P S
(ii) QSP,
(iii) PXQ.
Solution:
(i) SQR = RPS (s in same segment)
= 20°
(ii) QSP = PRQ (s in same segment)

= 52°
(iii) PXQ = SQR + PRQ (ext. = sum of int. opp. s)

= 20° + 52°
= 72°

QUESTIONS
1. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circumference C Exercise 11C Questions 3(a), (b),
4, 5, 14, 15, 23
of a circle. Given that AC and BD intersect at the point X,
25°
BAC = 44° and ACD = 25°ÄUK D
X
(i) CDX, (ii) ABX,
44°
(iii) CXB. A B
2. Given that OPZ[OLJLU[YLVM[OLJPYJSLÄUK[OLHUNSLZTHYRLKx and y.
25°
O
y
x

3. 0U[OLÄN\YLAB is a diameter of the circle with centre O. APQ and RBQ are
straight lines. Find BPR.
Q
25°
P B
45° O R
Investigation
Go to http://www.shinglee.com.sg/StudentResources/ and open the geometry
template Circle Angle Property 4 as shown below.
1. The template shows a circle with centre O. APB and AQB are angles in opposite
(minor or major) segments.
Fig. 11.15

2. Click and drag the point A or B to change the size of APB and of AQB.
Click and drag the point R to change the size of the circle.
Click and drag the point P or Q to change the position of APB and of AQB.
What do you notice about APB and AQB?
In general, angles in opposite segments are supplementary, i.e. they add up
to _________.
4. Prove the angle property in Question 3. You can also click on the button
‘Show Hint’ in the template.
Angles in opposite segments are supplementary, i.e. they add up to 180°.
8
Worked (Application of Circle Angle Property 4)
0U[OLÄN\YL P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference
Example of the circle. PST and QRT are straight lines, PQR = 74°
and QRS = 102°.
P S T
102°
R
74°
Find
(i) QPS,
(ii) RTS,
(iii) RST.
Solution:
(i) QPS = 180° – 102° (s in opp. segments)
= 78°
(ii) RTS = 180° – 74° – 78° (Z\TVMH¬

= 28°
(iii) RST = 102° – 28° (ext. = sum of int. opp. s)

= 74°

QUESTIONS
Exercise 11C Questions 6(a)-(d),

1. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circumference of a circle. PAB,
7, 8, 16, 17, 24
QCB, PDC and QDA are straight lines.
21°
C
D
x°
P 31°
A B
Given that BPC = 31°, AQB = 21° and PBQ = x°ÄUK
(i) BAD in terms of x, (ii) BCD in terms of x,
(iii) the value of x, (iv) PAD.
2. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circumference of the circle and
BC = CD.
B
C
68°
A
D
Given that BAD = 68°ÄUKBAC.

Worked
Example 9 (Application of Circle Properties)
In the figure, O is the centre of the smaller circle
passing through the points P, S, R and T. The points P, Q,
R and O lie on the larger circle.
Q 42° S
O
T
Given that PQR = 42°ÄUKPSR.
Solution:
POR = 180° – 42° (s in opp. segments)
= 138°
Reflex POR = 360° – 138° (s at a point)

= 222°
222s
PSR = ( at centre = 2 at 䉺ce)
2
= 111°

QUESTIONS
0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the smaller circle passing through the points A, D, C Exercise 11C Questions 18-20
and K. The points A, B, C and O lie on the larger circle.
B D 114°
O
K
C
Given that ADC = 114°ÄUKABC.

Worked
Example 10 (Application of Circle Properties)
0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circle.
PAB and PDC are straight lines.
C
P
A
B
(i) :OV^[OH[¬PADPZZPTPSHY[V¬PCB.
(ii) Given also that PA = 12 cm, AD = 7 cm and
PC = 28 cmÄUK[OLSLUN[OVMBC.
Solution:
(i) Let BCD = x. C
28 cm
Then BAD = 180° – x (s in opp. segments) D x
i.e. PAD = 180° – (180°– x) 7 cm
P x 180˚ – x
=x
12 cm A
B
0U¬PADHUK¬PCB,
P is a common angle.
PAD = PCB
¬PADPZZPTPSHY[V¬PCB. (2 pairs of corr. s equal)
P
(ii) Using similar triangles,
BC PC
=
DA PA 12 cm
BC 28
=
7 12
A 28 cm
28 7 cm D
BC = w7
12
1
= 16 cm
3
B C

QUESTIONS
Exercise 11C Questions 21, 22, 25

In the figure, A, P, B and Q are points on the circle. P
The chords AB and PQ intersect at right angles at X.
A B
(i) :OV^[OH[¬AXQPZZPTPSHY[V¬PXB. X
(ii) Given also that AX = 5 cm, QX = 10.5 cm and PX = 3.4 cm,
ÄUK[OLSLUN[OVMBX.
Q

Exercise
11C
1. Given that O is the centre of each of the following 2. Given that O is the centre of each of the following
JPYJSLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OL\URUVÛZ JPYJSLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OL\URUVÛZ
(a) (b) (a) (b)
40°
O O 40° a° b°
b°
60° O O
a°
(c) (d) (c) (d)

c° d°
230° 30°
O O
40° c°
O O
d°
(e) (f) 3. Find the value of each of the unknowns.

40° (a) (b)
O y°
O
110° f° O 100°
e°
x° 50° 68°
(g) (h)
g°
4. 0U[OLÄN\YLTPQ = 100°and PSQ = 20°.
70° O
h° 21° P
O 98°
100° Q
20°
T S R
Find PQT.

5. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circle 8. 0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the circle.
such that AD produced meets BC produced at X.
Q
A
D P R
O
65°
S
B C X
T
Given that CDX = 65°ÄUKABC. Find the sum of PQR, PRS and PTS.
6. Find the values of the unknowns.

(a) (b)
x°
54° 9. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle,
110° AOC = 144° and APC = 145°.
70° D
y°
P B
A 145°
144° C
(c) (d) O
x° y°
65°
41° 40°
O
27° Find BAD.
10. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle,

7. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circle ABC = 43° and ACB = 28°.
such that AD produced meets BC produced at X. A
A
43° 28°
B C
D O
80°
30° X
B C
Find
Given that ABC = 80° and AXB = 30°ÄUK (i) OBA, (ii) OCA.
(i) BAD, (ii) XCD.

11. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle, 15. In the figure, ADB = 54°, ACD = 58° and
SWR = 26°. WS is parallel to PR. CBP = 80°.
D
S
54° C
58°
W 26° R
O
80°
A B P
P
Find APD.
Find
(i) PWR, (ii) SPW.
16. 0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the circle.
B
12. Given that O PZ [OL JLU[YL VM [OL JPYJSL ÄUK [OL
value of x.
C
20° O
A E
D
O x°
Given that CD = DEÄUKBAD.
17. 0U[OLÄN\YLAB is a diameter of the circle.

13. In the figure, BAD = 90°, BC = 6 cm and
CD = 8 cm. D C
A
35°
D A B
O
B
6 cm
8 cm
C Given that CAB = 35°ÄUKADC.
Find the area of the circle.

18. 0U [OL ÄN\YL [^V JPYJSLZ PU[LYZLJ[ H[ [OL WVPU[Z
G and H. GF is a diameter of the circle GHF and
14. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, Q, B and X are points on the circle. GFH = 35°. ED is a chord in the larger circle and
AB is a diameter of the circle. EHF is a straight line.
A D
24°
G
O Q
35°
X B P 35°
E F
Given that BAP = 24° and BPA = 35°ÄUKBQX. H
Find
(i) EDG, (ii) DEF.

19. 0U[OLÄN\YL[^VJPYJSLZPU[LYZLJ[H[[OLWVPU[ZQ 22. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, C and D are points on the circle.
and R. O is the centre of the circle SQR, RSQ = 110° PAB and PDQC are straight lines. QB is parallel
and PSR is a chord in the larger circle. to DA.
B
R
S 110° A
O
C Q D P
P Q
(i) :OV^[OH[¬PADPZZPTPSHY[V¬PBQ.
Find QPS. (ii) 5HTLHUV[OLY[YPHUNSL[OH[PZZPTPSHY[V¬PAD.
Explain your answer.
20. 0U[OLÄN\YLWVPU[ZP, A, B and X lie on the larger
circle and Q, B, A and Y lie on the smaller circle.
PAQ and XAY are straight lines, BAX = 58°,
PBX = 26° and ABY = 23°.
23. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, E and C are points on the circle.
AE is the diameter of the circle and AD is the height
A Y Q
P VM¬ABC.
A
58° 23°
X 18°
26°
B
Find B D C
(i) AQB, (ii) AYQ. E
Given that CAD = 18°ÄUKBAE.
21. 0U [OL ÄN\YL O is the centre of the larger circle
passing through the points A, C and D with DOA 24. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, Q, C, P, B and R are points on the
as a diameter. P is the centre of the smaller circle circle. AP, BQ and CR are the angle bisectors of A,
through points O, B and A, with OPA as a diameter. B and C respectively.
A
R Q
O P
D A
B
C B C
(a) :OV^[OH[¬ABOPZZPTPSHY[V¬ACD. P
(b) Given also that AP = 4 cm and OB = 4.5 cm, Given that A = 50°, B = 70° and C = 60°ÄUK
ÄUK[OLSLUN[OVM P, Q and R.
(i) OC, (ii) CD.

25. 0U[OLÄN\YLAOB is a diameter of the circle, centre O. C
C is a point on the circumference such that CK is
perpendicular to AB. 10 cm
12 cm
(i) :OV^[OH[¬ACKPZZPTPSHY[V¬CBK. A
OK
B
(ii) Given also that AK = 12 cm and CK = 10 cm,
ÄUK[OLYHKP\ZVM[OLJPYJSL
Symmetric Properties of Circle
Property 1: Property 3:
Perpendicular bisector of chord Tangent perpendicular to radius
O
O
A M B
P Q
The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a A
circle passes through the centre of the circle, The tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to
i.e. AM = MB OM AB the radius of a circle, i.e. PQ OA
Equal chords Equal tangents
B A
N
A
O
P O
P Q
M
Chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle B
are equal in length, i.e. PQ = AB OM = ON Tangents from an external point are equal in length.
The line from the centre of a circle to an external point
bisects the angle between the two tangents from the
external point, i.e. PA = PB.

Angle Properties of Circle
Angle at centre = 2 × Angle at circumference Right angle in semicircle
P P
O
A B
O
B
A
An angle at the centre of a circle is twice that of any An angle is a semicircle is always equal to 90°,
angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc, i.e. AOB is a diameter APB = 90°
i.e. AOB = 2 × APB
Angles in same segment are equal Angles in opposite segments are supplementary
Q
A
P R
B
D
A B
Angles in the same segment are equal, C
i.e. APB = AQB = ARB Angles in opposite segments are supplementary,

i.e. DAB + DCB = 180°

11
1. Given that PAT is a tangent to each of the (f)
following circles with centre O ÄUK [OL ]HS\LZ x°
of the unknowns.
y° O
(a)
28°
x°
O
T A P
y°
25° 2. Given that PA and PB are tangents to each of
T A P
the following circles with centre O, find the
(b) x° values of the unknowns.
(a) B
O
y°
24°
O P
32° x° 20°
T A P y°
(c) A
y° x° (b) y°
B
O
O 22° P
x°
33°
T A P
(d) A
(c) B
x° O
O x° y° 48° P
64° y°
T A P
(e) A
32° (d) B
O
y° O 150° y°
x° P
T A P x°

(e) 4. Given that O is the centre of each of the following
B JPYJSLZÄUK[OL]HS\LZVM[OL\URUVÛZ
3 cm x cm (a) (b)
O 50° P x°
x°
y° O 108°
y°
49°
A 78°
(f)
B
(c) (d)
x°
x° y°
O 72° P 36° 72° O
x°
O y°
y°
66°
A
(e)
3. Given that O is the centre of each of the following x°
JPYJSLZÄUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OL\URUVÛZ y°
(a) (b) 88°
12°
30°
x° O 124° x° O
y° 58°
y°
(f)
(c) (d)
x°
y° y°
O O 48° y°
15° 10°
x°
230° x°
(g)
(e) 92°
y°
80°
105°
O x°
x° 58°
y°
18°
(f) (h)
y°
O
42° 26° x°
x° 4x°
y°

5. 0U[OLÄN\YLP, Q, R and S are points on the circle. 9. ;OLÄN\YLZOV^ZHJPYJSL^P[OAB as a diameter.
D
C
P Q F
x° 70°
A B
E
y° R
S
Given that ADE = DCA and CBA = 70°ÄUK
Express PQR in terms of x and y.
(i) FEB, (ii) EFC.
6. 0U[OLÄN\YLA, B, E and F are points on the circle.

10. 0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the circle. FEC and
AB is the diameter of the circle. ABCD and CEF are
AOBC are two straight lines. BE is parallel to OF,
straight lines, BEC = 40° and FCD = 150°.
OB = BC = 2 cm and CBE = y°.
F
F
E
150° E
40° 2 cm
A y°
B C D A C
O B
Find EBF.
Find
(i) the length of BE,
7. In the figure, Q, A and C are points on the
(ii) FAO in terms of y.
circle, centre O. BOQ and BCA are straight lines,
OAC = 66° and OBC = 32°.
11. 0U [OL ÄN\YL AB and PQ are parallel chords in
Q a circle, centre O. H and K are the midpoints of
AB and PQ respectively.
O
32° 66°
B C A O
A H B
Find
4 cm
(i) CQA, (ii) QCA. P K Q
Given that AB = 26 cm, PQ = 22 cm and HK = 4 cm,

8. Find the value of x and of yPU[OLMVSSV^PUNÄN\YL
ÄUK
(i) the length of OH,
x° (ii) the radius of the circle.
O
95°
130°
138° y°

12. PA is a diameter of a circle and PT is a tangent. 15. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z [^V JPYJSLZ ABCD and CDPQ
S is a point on the circle such that SPT = 46°. intersecting at C and D.
(i) Find PAS. D
A P
(ii) Hence, find PRS, where R is any other
64°
point on the minor arc PS of the circle.
13. L, M and N are three points on a circle. The

C
tangents at L and M intersect at P. Given that
B Q
LPM = 58°ÄUKLNM.
54°
14. 0U[OLÄN\YLO is the centre of the circle passing R

through the points A, B, C and D. The points C, D,
Given that ADP, ABR and PQR are straight lines,
P and Q lie on the circumference of another circle.
PAR = 64° and ARP = 54°ÄUK
ADP and BCQ are straight lines and AOC = 156°.
(i) APR, (ii) BCQ.
A D
156° P 16. 0U[OLÄN\YLCAD and CBE are straight lines.
O D
A
B C Q
Find
C E
(i) PDC, (ii) PQC. B
Given that CA is a diameter of the circle ABC,

determine if ADE is a right angle.
Challenge
;OLÄN\YLZOV^Z[OLWSHUVMHJPYJ\SHYOHSSVMHQL^LSSLY`L_OPIP[PVUC is a hidden
video camera which scans an angle of 45°. How many more such video cameras
must be installed on the walls of the hall so that they will cover the entire hall?
Indicate the position where each video camera must be mounted.
45°
C
How many video cameras are required if each one can scan an angle of
(a) 35°? (b) 60°? (c) 90°? (d) 100°?

D1 Revision Exercise
1. 0U[OLÄN\YLPQ = PR and PST = PTS. 3. ( ZJHSL TVKLS VM H ^HYLOV\ZL PZ 45 cm OPNO
ÔLYLHZ[OLHJ[\HS^HYLOV\ZLOHZHOLPNO[VM30 m.
P
(i) -PUK[OLZJHSLVM[OLTVKLS
(ii) .P]LU [OH[ [OL MSVVY HYLH VM [OL TVKLS PZ
810 cm 2 MPUK [OL HJ[\HS MSVVY HYLH VM [OL
OV\ZLPUm2.
(iii)0M [OL ]VS\TL VM VUL VM [OL YVVTZ PU [OL
TVKLS PZ 162 cm3 MPUK [OL ]VS\TL VM [OL
JVYYLZWVUKPUNYVVTPU[OLHJ[\HSOV\ZLPUm3.
Q S T R
+L[LYTPULPM¬PQSPZJVUNY\LU[[V¬PRT. 4. PA and PBHYL[HUNLU[Z[V[OLJPYJSL^P[OJLU[YLO.
2. 0U [OL ÄN\YL AR SQ HUK [OL Z[YHPNO[ SPUL BPC C
A
HYL WHYHSSLS BSA PZ H Z[YHPNO[ SPUL HUK PZ WHYHSSLS
[VPQR. O
A R
18°
2 cm 48°
P B
S Q
.P]LU[OH[APB = 48° and OBC = 18°ÄUK

4 cm (i) BAC (ii) ABC.
5. ABCD and EHYLWVPU[ZVUHJPYJSL

B P C
15 cm D
E
(a) :OV^[OH[¬ASQPZJVUNY\LU[[V¬QRA. 118°
(b) 5HTLH[YPHUNSLZPTPSHY[V¬ABC.
A
(c) .P]LU[OH[AS = 2 cmSB = 4 cm and C
26°
BC = 15 cmÄUK[OLSLUN[OVMSQ.
(d) 5HTL[^V[YPHUNSLZZPTPSHY[V¬PCQ.
B
(e) .P]LU [OH[ [OL HYLH VM ¬ABC PZ 36 cm2 ÄUK
[OLHYLHVM .P]LU[OH[AB = AEABE = 26° and AED = 118°
(i) ¬PCQ ÄUK
(ii) ¬BPQ (i) BAE (ii) BCD.
(iii) X\HKYPSH[LYHSASQR.
407 Revision Exercise D1

6. 0U [OL MPN\YL AB PZ H KPHTL[LY VM [OL JPYJSL 8. ;OL ÄN\YL ZOV^Z H ^H_ JHUKSL PU [OL ZOHWL VM
^P[OJLU[YLO. BEFPZH[HUNLU[[V[OLJPYJSLH[B H YPNO[ JPYJ\SHY JVUL ^P[O IHZL YHKP\Z 5 cm and
BAE = 20° and AFB = 40°. OLPNO[ 12 cm 0[ [HRLZ 1 OV\Y 40 TPU\[LZ [V
1
I\YUJVTWSL[LS`(M[LY12 TPU\[LZVMI\YUPUN[OL
A 2
JHUKSL PZ YLK\JLK [V H MY\Z[Y\T ^P[O H OLPNO[ VM
w h cm.
20° z
O
x
y
D 40°
F 12 cm
B u vE
h cm
-PUK[OLHUNSLZuvw xy and z.
5 cm 5 cm
7. 0U [OL ÄN\YL TPQ and TSR HYL Z[YHPNO[ SPULZ HUK
-PUK
SR = QR.
(i) [OL [V[HS Z\YMHJL HYLH VM [OL JVUL ILMVYL
R I\YUPUNZ[HY[Z
(ii) [OL]HS\LVMh
S (iii) [OL[V[HSZ\YMHJLHYLHVM[OLMY\Z[Y\T
a b
T
P Q
.P]LU[OH[QTR = a and QPR = bL_WYLZZLHJO

VM[OLMVSSV^PUNPU[LYTZVMa and b.
(i) RQS (ii) PRS
(iii) PST (iv) QRS
(v) PSQ
Revision Exercise D1 408

1. 0U [OL MPN\YL ¬PQR PZ HU LX\PSH[LYHS [YPHUNSL 4. 0U[OLÄN\YLBC = 8 cmCX = 4.8 cmAC = 8.5 cm
^P[OZPKLZVMSLUN[O16 cm. AB and CHYLWVPU[Z and YZ = 15 cm. BCPZWHYHSSLS[VYZ.
VU PQ QR and PR YLZWLJ[P]LS` Z\JO [OH[
PA = QB = RC = 4 cm. A
P 8.5 cm
8 cm
B C
A 4.8 cm
X
C
Y Z
15 cm
Q B R
-PUK
(i) :OV^[OH[¬APCPZJVUNY\LU[[V¬BQA. (i) [OLSLUN[OVMXYHUKVMCZ
(ii) 5HTL [OL [OPYK [YPHUNSL ÔPJO PZ JVUNY\LU[ (ii) [OL YH[PV VM [OL HYLH VM ¬AYZ [V [OL HYLH VM
[V ¬APC HUK ¬BQA HUK ZOV^ [OH[ ¬ABC PZ [YHWLaP\TBCZY.
HULX\PSH[LYHS[YPHUNSL
5. 0U [OL ÄN\YL EB PZ [OL [HUNLU[ [V [OL JPYJSL ^P[O
2. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z [^V [YPHUNSLZ ABX and PQX. JLU[YLO at B.
AB PZ WHYHSSLS [V QP AB = 4 cm AX = 3.6 cm
BX = 4.2 cm and QP = 7.2 cm.
C
4 cm O
A B
3.6 cm 4.2 cm
B 50° A
X
E
.P]LU[OH[ABE = 50°ÄUK
(i) AOB
Q P (ii) ACB.
7.2 cm
-PUK 6. 0U[OLÄN\YLPA and PBHYL[HUNLU[Z[V[OLJPYJSL
(i) [OLSLUN[OVMPXHUKVMQX JLU[YLO.
(ii) [OLYH[PVVM[OLHYLHVM¬ABX[V[OH[VM¬PQX.
A
3. ;OLZ\YMHJLHYLHVM[^VJ\WZHYLPU[OLYH[PV9 : 64.
0M [OL ZTHSSLY J\W OHZ H OLPNO[ VM 25 cm and P 56° O
H]VS\TLVM2400 cm3ÄUK 14 cm
(i) [OLOLPNO[VM[OLSHYNLYJ\W B
(ii) [OLL_HJ[]VS\TLVM[OLSHYNLYJ\W
.P]LU [OH[ [OL YHKP\Z VM [OL JPYJSL PZ 14 cm and
APB = 56°ÄUK[OLHYLHVM[OLZOHKLKYLNPVU
409 Revision Exercise D2

7. ;OL[HUNLU[Z[VHJPYJSLH[PQ and RPU[LYZLJ[H[A
B and CHZZOVÛ
C
R
Q
56°
42°
A B
P
.P]LU[OH[BAC = 42° and PQB = 56°ÄUK

(i) ACB
(ii) PQR
(iii) RPQ.
8. ;OL MPN\YL ZOV^Z HU LTW[` PU]LY[LK W`YHTPK

^P[O H ZX\HYL IHZL VM SLUN[O 12 cm HUK OLPNO[
18 cm ( WPWL JHU ÄSS [OL W`YHTPK ^P[O ^H[LY PU
4TPU\[LZ
12 cm
12 cm
18 cm
(i) -PUK [OL OLPNO[ VM ^H[LY PU [OL W`YHTPK HM[LY
30ZLJVUKZ
(ii) *HSJ\SH[L [OL YH[PV VM [OL Z\YMHJL HYLH PU
JVU[HJ[ ^P[O [OL ^H[LY [V [OH[ VM [OL Z\YMHJL
HYLH ÔPJO PZ UV[ PU JVU[HJ[ ^P[O [OL ^H[LY
HM[LY30ZLJVUKZ
Revision Exercise D2 410

NEW SYLLABUS

Authors • Dr Joseph Yeo PhD, MEd, PGDE (Dist), BSc (Hons)
• Teh Keng Seng BSc, Dip Ed
• Loh Cheng Yee BSc, Dip Ed
• Ivy Chow MEd, PGDE, BSc
SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD
120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07
Kewalram Hillview Singapore 669594
Tel: 67601388 Fax: 67625684
email: info@shinglee.com.sg
http://www.shinglee.com.sg
©SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.
First Published 1982

Reprinted 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986
Second Edition 1987
Reprinted 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
Third Edition 1994
Reprinted 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
Fourth Edition 1998
Reprinted 1999, 2000
Fifth Edition 2001
Reprinted 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Sixth Edition 2008
Reprinted 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Seventh Edition 2016
ISBN 978 981 237 996 2
Acknowledgements
All licensed images purchased under standard license agreement with www.shutterstock.com
MINISTRY OF
BY E
D
DU
E
OV
CA
APPR
TION
20
fo
us 0
-2
r
e fr
o m 2016
Printed in Singapore
PREFACE
New Syllabus Mathematics (NSM)
is a series of textbooks specially designed to provide
valuable learning experiences to engage the hearts and
minds of students sitting for the GCE O-level examination in
Mathematics. Included in the textbooks are Investigation,
Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Writing,
Performance Task and Problems in Real-World Contexts
to support the teaching and learning of Mathematics.
Every chapter begins with a chapter opener which motivates

students in learning the topic. Interesting stories about
Mathematicians, real-life examples and applications are used
to arouse students’ interest and curiosity so that they can
appreciate the beauty of Mathematics in their surroundings.
The use of ICT helps students to visualise and manipulate

mathematical objects more easily, thus making the learning
of Mathematics more interactive. Ready-to-use interactive
ICT templates are available at http://www.shinglee.com.sg/
StudentResources/
Preface iii
KEY FEATURES
CHAPTER OPENER
Each chapter begins with a chapter opener to arouse students’ interest and curiosity in learning the topic.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learning objectives help students to be more aware of what they are about to study so that they can monitor their
own progress.
RECAP
Relevant prerequisites will be revisited at the beginning of the chapter or at appropriate junctures so that students can
build upon their prior knowledge, thus creating meaningful links to their existing schema.
WORKED EXAMPLE
This shows students how to apply what they have learnt to solve related problems and how to present their working
clearly. A suitable heading is included in brackets to distinguish between the different Worked Examples.
PRACTISE NOW
At the end of each Worked Example, a similar question will be provided for immediate practice. Where appropriate,
this includes further questions of progressive difficulty.
SIMILAR QUESTIONS
A list of similar questions in the Exercise is given here to help teachers choose questions that their students can do
on their own.
EXERCISE
The questions are classified into three levels of difficulty – Basic, Intermediate and Advanced.
SUMMARY
At the end of each chapter, a succinct summary of the key concepts is provided to help students consolidate what
they have learnt.
REVIEW EXERCISE
This is included at the end of each chapter for the consolidation of learning of concepts.
CHALLENGE YOURSELF
Optional problems are included at the end of each chapter to challenge and stretch high-ability students to their
fullest potential.
REVISION EXERCISE
This is included after every few chapters to help students assess their learning.
iv Preface
Learning experiences have been infused into Investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time,
Journal Writing and Performance Task.
Investigation
Activities are included to guide Class
students to investigate and discover
important mathematical concepts
Discussion
Questions are provided for students to discuss
so that they can construct their
in class, with the teacher acting as the facilitator.
own knowledge meaningfully.
The questions will assist students to learn new
knowledge, think mathematically, and enhance
their reasoning and oral communication skills.
Thinking Time Journal Writing

Key questions are also included at Opportunities are provided for students to
appropriate junctures to check if reflect on their learning and to communicate
students have grasped various concepts mathematically. It can also be used as a
and to create opportunities for them to formative assessment to provide feedback to
further develop their thinking. students to improve on their learning.
Performance Task
Mini projects are designed to
develop research and presentation
skills in the students.
MARGINAL NOTES
P INF
AT
TE So roblem OR
NTI lvin MA
ON g T TIO N
ip
This contains important This guides students This includes information

information that students on how to approach a that may be of interest
should know. problem. to students.
Internet
r Fun Resources
RE
CAL
Just Fo
L
This contains puzzles, This guides students to

This contains certain
fascinating facts and search on the Internet for
mathematical concepts
interesting stories valuable information or
or rules that students
about Mathematics as interesting online games
have learnt previously.
enrichment for students. for their independent and
self-directed learning.
Preface v
Matrices In the movie The Matrix, the matrix code is a way of representing
the activity of the virtual reality environment known as the Matrix.
The downward-flowing green characters in the matrix code include
mirror images of half-width kana characters, and Latin letters and
numerals. In Mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
which can be used to represent information in the real world. In this
chapter, we will learn about matrices and some of their applications.
Four
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• display information in the form of a matrix of any order,
• interpret the data in a given matrix,
• add and subtract two matrices of the same order,
• multiply a matrix by a scalar,
• multiply two matrices,
• solve problems involving addition, subtraction and
multiplication of matrices.
4.1 Introduction
Matrix Notations
Class
Discussion
Defining a Matrix
Table 4.1 shows the number of pens of three different brands in two stationery shops
owned by the same boss during a stock-take.
Brand A Brand B Brand C

Shop 1 16 7 69
Shop 2 58 64 76
AT
Table 4.1 TE
NTI
ON
These pieces of information can be represented using a matrix, which is a rectangular ‘Matrix’ is pronounced as
array of numbers. ‘may-trix’, not ‘mat-trix’. The
plural of ‘matrix’ is ‘matrices’.
3 columns
 16 7 69 
2 rows   AT
TE
 58 64 76  NTI
ON
1. How many rows and columns does the above matrix have? In a matrix, the rows are always
horizontal and the columns
vertical. In real life, we sometimes
2. The numbers in the matrix are called the elements of the matrix. The elements in use the term ‘row’ differently,
the first row of the above matrix represent the number of pens of each of the e.g. we ask people to queue up in
two (vertical) rows, when in fact
three brands in Shop 1. What do the elements in the second row represent? we mean ‘columns’.
3. The elements in the first column of the above matrix represent the number of
pens of Brand A in each of the two shops. What do the elements in the second
column, and in the third column represent?
AT
TE
NTI
ON
Since this matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns, we say that the order of this matrix is
2 by 3 (also written as 2  3), or this is a 2  3 matrix. When stating the order of a
matrix, we always write the
number of rows first.
4. Represent the information in Table 4.1 using a 3  2 matrix.
129 Chapter 4 Matrices

PRACTISE NOW SIMILAR
QUESTIONS
1. Write down the order of each of the following matrices. Exercise 4A Questions 1, 3, 7
 2 3 10 −8   14 
   −3 2   
(a)
 −1 0 7 1 4 
(b)   7
 (c) 
   1.7 5   76 
2
(
(d) −3 4 9 0 ) (e)
( 7 ) (f) (0)
2. The table below shows the number of students in a class and the sports that they
like best (i.e. they can only choose one sport).
Soccer Basketball Swimming Other Sports

Boys 14 3 5 2
1 8 3 4
Girls
(i) Represent the data in the table by using a matrix M.
(ii) How many boys like swimming best?
(iii) Find the sum of the elements in the first column of M. What does this sum
represent?
(iv) How do you use the elements of M to find the number of girls in the class?
What is the answer?
To summarise, an m  n matrix, or a matrix of order m  n, refers to a matrix with

m rows and n columns.
A matrix with one row, such as ( −3 4 9 0 ) is called a row matrix.
 14 
 
A matrix with one column, such as  7  is called a column matrix.
 76 
A n  n matrix refers to a matrix with the same number of rows and columns,
 
e.g.  −3 2  . It is called a square matrix.
 1.7 5 
If every element in a matrix is 0, the matrix is called a zero matrix (or a null matrix),
 0   0 0 
and is usually denoted by 0, e.g. ( 0 ) ,  , and ( 0 0 0 ) .
 0   0 0 
Matrices Chapter 4 130

Thinking
Time
1. Write down a 3  3 square matrix.
2. Write down a 1  2 zero matrix and a 2  3 zero matrix.
3. Is (0) equal to 0? Explain.
Equal Matrices
Two matrices A and B are equal if and only if AT
TE
NTI
ON
(a) both matrices have the same order, and
(b) their corresponding elements are equal. The corresponding elements of
two matrices refer to the elements
 1 2   1 2  in the same position of both
For example, if A =   and B =   , then A = B. matrices.
 3 4   3 4 
Thinking
Time
 2   2 0 
1. Are   and   equal? Explain.
 3   3 0 
 0 0 0 
 0 0   
2. Are   and  0 0 0  equal? Explain.
 0 0   0 0 0 
 1 2   1 3 
3. Are   and   equal? Explain.
 3 4   2 4 

Worked
1
(Problem involving Equal Matrices)
 20 b   4a a + 3 
Example If A = 
 c 16 
,B= 
 d−4 d 
 and A = B, find
the values of a, b, c and d.
Solution:
 20 b   4a a + 3 
A = B, so   =  .
 c 16   d−4 d 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have

20 = 4a, ------- (1)
b = a + 3, ------- (2)
c = d – 4, ------- (3) and
16 = d. ------- (4)
From (1),
20
∴ a =
4
=5
From (2),
b = 5 + 3
=8
Substitute d = 16 (4) into c = d – 4 (3)

∴ c = 16 – 4
= 12
∴ a = 5, b = 8, c = 12 and d = 16

QUESTIONS
 8a 5   16 a + b  Exercise 4A Questions 2, 4-6

If X =   ,Y=   and X = Y, find the values of a, b, c and d.
 c −9   d + 3 3d 

Exercise
4A
1. Write down the order of each of the following 3. The table below shows the number of students in a
matrices. class and the type of fruits that they like best among
 −1 3  the fruits given (i.e. they can only choose one type
  of fruit among the fruits given).
 0 2 
(a)
 5 6 
Apple Orange Banana Durian
 1  Boys 4 0 5 6
 7 6
(b) −8 
 2  8 7 5 3
Girls

 −8 −1 7 
(i) Represent the data in the table by using
 
 3 0 4.3 
(c) a matrix F.
 5 −9 12 
(ii) Which is the type of fruit that is liked best by an
 5  equal number of boys and girls?
(d)
  (iii) Find the sum of the elements in the first row
 0 
of F. What does this sum represent?
( −13 )
(e) (iv) How do you use the elements of F to find the
number of students who like durian best?
 0 0 
(f)   What is the answer?
 0 0 
4. Which of the following pairs of matrices are equal?
2. Which of the following pairs of matrices are equal? If they are not equal, state the reason.
If they are not equal, state the reason.
 6 
 −4   −4  P= 
(a)  , Q = (0)
A=   −3 
(a) ,B=  
 5   5 
 0   0 
 7 8   7 −8  (b) X =  ,Y=  
C=   0   0 
(b) ,D=  
 −8 2   8 2 
 −2 
P= 
(c)
 7 
,Q= ( −2 7 )
 0 6   6 
X= 
(d)  , Y=  
 0 −3   −3 

5. State which of the following matrices are equal.
 5 
A = ( 5 7 ) B=  
 7 
7. The table below shows the total number of goals
scored in each of the soccer matches between
4 teams in a tournament. Each of the 4 teams plays
 7 
C = ( 7 5 ) D=  
 5 
against one another only once.
Team A Team B Team C Team D

 3 7   −4 5 
E=   F=   Team A 0 3 1 7
 5 −4   7 3 
Team B 3 0 4 2
 3 5   3 7  Team C 1 4 0 5
G=   H=  
 7 −4   5 −4  7 2 5 0
Team D
 7 
I=  
 5 
J= ( 3 2 7 ) (i) Represent the data in the table using a
matrix S.
 3  (ii) What is the total number of goals scored in the
   3 5  match between Team C and Team D?
K=  2  L=  
 7   7 −4  (iii) What do the zeros in S represent?
(iv) Find the sum of the elements in the second
 7  row of S. What does this sum represent?
 
M =  2  N= ( 3 2 7 ) (v) Can you explain why the elements in S are
 3  symmetrical about the diagonal of zeros?
 −4 5 
O = ( 7 5 ) P= 
 7 3 

 5 
Q=  
 7 
6. Find the values of the unknowns in each of the

following.
 2 3   2a b 
(a)   = 
 5 k   c 7 
 3 5 b   a 5 13 
(b)   = 
 7 −3 c   d − a 6 
 2 x 18   14 2 k 
(c)  3 y 36  =  15 6 h 
   
(d) ( 2x − 3 y + 4 )=( 7 6 )
 1 
 x x+4   3 h 
(e)  2 =
  k − 9 27 

 5 3 y 
 2x − 5 y − 4  
0 0 
(f)  =  
 z+3 5k   0 0 

Addition and
4.2 Subtraction of
Matrices
Class
Discussion
Addition of Matrices
Let us return to the context of the matrix for Table 4.1 in the class discussion on
 16 7 69 
page 129: M =  
 58 64 76 
Suppose the boss of the stationery shops receives a new stock of 100 pens of each
brand. How should he distribute them? Should he give equal number of pens of each
brand to each of the two shops, or more pens to the shops with less stock?
Suppose he decides to distribute the pens according to this matrix:

 70 80 50 
N=  
 30 20 50 
1. How do you add the two matrices, M and N, to give the final stock of the pens
of each brand in each shop?
   
M + N =  16 7 69  +  70 80 50 
 58 64 76   30 20 50 
 16 + 70 7 + 80 69 + ___ 
=  
 58 + ___ ______ ______ 
 86 ____ ____ 
=  
 ____ ____ ____ 
Hence when we add two matrices, we get a new matrix whose elements are the
sum of the corresponding elements of the two matrices.
2. Can you add two matrices of different orders, e.g.
 16 7 69   70 80 
  + ?
 58 64 76   30 20 
Explain.
3. How about adding the following two matrices?
 16 7 69   70 80 0 
  + 
 58 64 76   30 20 0 
Explain.

In general, if two matrices A and B have the same order, then A + B is obtained by
adding the corresponding elements of A and B, e.g.
 p q   w x   p+w q+x 
if A =   and B =   , then A + B =  .
 r s   y z   r + y s + z 
Class
Discussion
Subtraction of Matrices
The final stock for the two stationery shops for the previous class discussion is now
 86 87 119 
represented by the matrix X =  .
 88 84 126 
After one month, the boss finds that the stock of pens left is given by
 30 24 98 
Y=  .
 61 67 117 
1. How do you subtract matrix Y from matrix X to give the quantity of the pens of
each brand that were sold?
 119   30 98 
X − Y =  86 87
−
24
 88 84 126   61 67 117 
 86 − 30 87 − 24 119 − ___ 

=  
 88 − ___ ______ _______ 
 56 ____ ____ 

=  
 ____ ____ ____ 
Hence when we subtract one matrix from another, we get a new matrix whose
elements are the difference of the corresponding elements of the two matrices.
2. Do you think you can find the difference of two matrices if their orders are
different?
In general, if two matrices A and B have the same order, then A – B is obtained by
subtracting the corresponding elements of B from A, e.g.
 p q   w x   p−w q−x 
     
if A =  r s  and B =  y z  , then A – B =  r − y s− z .
 t u   a b   t − a u − b 

Worked
2
(Simple Addition and Subtraction of Matrices)
 6 3   4 −2   −9 0 
Example If A = 
 5 8 
,B= 
 0 7 
,C= 
 10 −1 

 −1 3 
 
and D =  6 −2  , evaluate each of the following if
 0 8 
possible. If it is not possible, explain why.
(a) A + B (b) A – B + C (c) C – D
Solution:
 6 3   4 −2 
(a) A + B =   + 
 5 8   0 7 
 10 1 
=   P
 5 15  So roblem
lvin
g T
ip
 6 3   4 −2    −9 0 
(b) A – B + C =    −  +  For (b), we can also evaluate
  5 8   0 7    10 −1  A – B + C straightaway, e.g. the
first element is equal to
 2 5   −9 0  6 – 4 + (–9) = –7.
=   + 
 5 1   10 −1 
 −7 5 
=  
 15 0 
(c) C – D is not possible because C and D have different orders.

QUESTIONS
 5 8   0 −3   −7 0   −7  Exercise 4B Questions 1-6

1. If P =  ,Q=  ,R=   and S =  ,
 12 6   −4 7   6 0   6 
evaluate each of the following if possible. If it is not possible, explain why.
(a) P + Q (b) P – Q + R (c) R – S
2. The marks of a Mathematics test and a Science test for three students are shown
in matrix P. The total possible score for each test is 50 marks.
Raj Ethan Farhan
 49 28 39  Mathematics
P= 
 47 45 21  Science
In the second test for Mathematics and for Science, Raj scores 46 marks for
Mathematics and 42 marks for Science, Ethan scores 40 marks for
Mathematics and 38 marks for Science, and Farhan scores 31 marks for
Mathematics and 35 marks for Science.
(i) Express the marks for the second test by using the matrix Q with the same
order as P.
(ii) Find the matrix P + Q.
(iii) Explain what the numbers in the matrix in (ii) represent.

Thinking
Time
1. Is matrix addition commutative, i.e. A + B = B + A?
2. Is matrix addition associative, i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)?
3. Is matrix subtraction commutative, i.e. A − B = B − A?
4. Is matrix subtraction associative, i.e. (A − B) − C = A − (B − C)?
Exercise
4B
1. Evaluate each of the following if possible. If it is 2. Evaluate each of the following if possible. If it is
not possible, explain why. not possible, explain why.
   
(a)  3 4  +  4 6   3   −1   6 
 8 −5   3 0  (a)   +  − 
 4   5   7 
   
(b)  7  +  5   4 −1   3 2   −6 4 
 −8   −9  (b)   +  − 
 3 2   −5 4   2 1 
(c) ( 2 8 −3 )+( −4 7 0 )
(c) ( 1 3 )−( 3 4 )+( −2 6 )
 5 
(d)   + ( 5 −2 )  3 1 5   2 −1 0   7 5 8 
 −2  (d)
  −  + 
 −7 8 −2   5 −2 6   −2 4 −9 
 2 −3 8   5 6 7 
(e)   −   2   5 
 10 5 4   −3 0 12       2 
 12   8   3
(e)  +  6  −  −8 
 −5   0   
   
(f)  −8.3  −  1.7 
 4   0   4 −3   −3 2   4 5 
     
 8 9   4 
(f)  2 5  −  7 −1  +  0 −6 
 −8 9   6 −3   2 8 
(g)   + 
 −7 6   8 
 2 5   −5 0   −8 6 0 
 8 9   4 0  (g)   +  − 
(h)   +   −3 6   8 9   2 8 0 
 −7 6   8 0 
( 5 ) − ( −6 ) + ( 3 )
(h)

3. The marks of a Mathematics test and an English
test for three students are shown in matrix P. The
6. The stocks for Chinese, Malay and Tamil textbooks
total possible score for each test is 50 marks.
for Secondary 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in a school bookshop
Nora Shirley Amirah on 1st December and 1st January are shown in
 41 38 29  Mathematics matrix A and matrix B respectively.
P= 
 39 33 36  English
Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 Sec 5
 240 210 195 304 195  Chinese
In the second test for Mathematics and for  
English, Nora scores 42 marks for Mathematics A =  95 120 116 102 100  Malay
and 33 marks for English, Shirley scores 35 marks  100 94 132 132 110  Tamil

for Mathematics and 40 marks for English, and
Amirah scores 38 marks for Mathematics and 37 Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 Sec 5
 24 13 5 11 27  Chinese
marks for English.  
B= 12 18 9 17 13  Malay
(i) Express the marks for the second test by using
 10 14 12 21 8  Tamil
the matrix Q with the same order as P.
(ii) Find the matrix P + Q. Between 1st December and 1st January, no new
(iii) Explain what the numbers in the matrix in (ii) stocks of these books arrived at the bookshop.
represent. (i) Find the matrix A – B.
(ii) Explain what the numbers in the matrix in (i)
 5 −5   1 3  represent.
4. If A =  ,B=   and
 −4 9   −2 4 
 0 2 
C =   , find the value of each of the
 −1 4 
following.
(i) A + B (ii)
B+A
B + C (iv)
(iii) C+B
A + (B + C) (vi)
(v) (A + B) + C
 3 1   4 −1 
5. If A =  ,B=   and
 4 −2   3 −4 
 0 1 
C=   , evaluate
 −1 0 
(i) A – B, (ii)
B – A,
B – C, (iv)
(iii) A – (B – C),
(A – B) – C.
(v)

4.3 Matrix
Multiplication
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Class
Discussion
Multiplying a Matrix by a Scalar
In the previous class discussion on page 136, the number of pens sold after one
 56 63 21 
month is represented by the matrix P = X – Y =  .
 27 17 9 
Suppose the boss decides to order two times the number of pens sold in the previous
month.
1. How do you multiply matrix P by a constant number to give the quantity of the
pens of each brand ordered by the boss for each shop?
 56 63 21 
2P = 2 
 27 17 9 
 2 × 56 2 × 63 2 × ___ 
=  
 2 × ___ ______ ______ 
 112 ____ ____ 

=  
 ____ ____ ____ 
We call the constant number 2 a ‘scalar’ as compared to a matrix (2) or a
 
vector  2  .
 0 
2. Does the order of a matrix matter if it is multiplied by a scalar?
In general, if a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar k, every element in A is multiplied

by k, e.g.
 p q   kp kq 
if A =   , then kA =  .
 r s   kr ks 

Worked
3
(Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication of Matrices)
 5 −3   −2 7 
Example (a) If A = 
 1 6 
 and B = 
 −4 0 
,
evaluate 2A + 3B.
(b) Find the value of a and of b in the following:
−2 ( a b )+( −5 8 )=( 7 3 ).
Solution:
 5 −3   −2 7 
(a) 2A + 3B = 2   + 3 
 1 6   −4 0 
 10 −6   −6 21 
=   + 
 2 12   −12 0 
 4 15 
=  
 −10 12 
(b) −2 ( ) + ( −5 8 ) = (
a b 7 3 )

( −2 a −2b ) + ( −5 8 ) = ( 7 3 )

( −2 a − 5 −2b + 8 ) = ( 7 3 )
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
–2a – 5 = 7 and –2b + 8 = 3
–2a = 7 + 5 –2b = 3 – 8
= 12 = –5
12 −5
a = b =
−2 −2
1
= –6 = 2
2
1
∴ a = –6, b = 2
2

QUESTIONS
 2 −1   4  Exercise 4C Questions 1-4, 10

7
   
1. If A =  −3 6  and B =  0 −9  , evaluate
 5 8   −10 11 
(i) 3A + 2B,
(ii) 4B – 3A.
2. Find the value of x and of y in the following.

 x   4   6 
(a) −2   +  = 3 
 y   2   −2 
 3 x   0 4   2 5 
2
(b)  +  = 3 
 0 y   6 −2   2 14 

Worked
Example 4 (Problem involving Addition, Subtraction and Scalar
Multiplication of Matrices)
The number of ships arriving at a harbour every weekday
from Monday to Friday is given in the matrix A, and for
Saturday and Sunday in the matrix B.
Passenger Cargo
Ships Ships
 8 3  Dock 1
A= 
 7 5  Dock 2
Passenger Cargo
Ships Ships
 11 2  Dock 1
B= 
 12 1  Dock 2
(i) Find the total number of ships of each type arriving

at each of the docks from Monday to Friday,
expressing your results in matrix form.
(ii) Evaluate the matrix 5A + 2B.
(iii) Explain what the elements of the matrix in (ii)
represent.
Solution:
(i) Total number of ships of each type arriving at each of the docks from Monday to
Friday is given in the matrix 5A.
 
5A = 5  8 3 
 7 5 
 40 15 
=  
 35 25 
 40 15   11 2 
(ii) 5A + 2B =   + 2 
 35 25   12 1 
 40 15   22 4 
=   + 
 35 25   24 2 
 62 19 
=  
 59 27 
(iii) The elements of 5A + 2B represent the number of each type of ships arriving at
each of the docks from Monday to Sunday.

QUESTIONS
A chartered bus carries passengers daily from Monday to Friday. The number of Exercise 4C Question 5
adults and children it carries each morning and afternoon is given in the matrix D.
Adults Children
 15 25  Morning
D= 
 21 8  Afternoon
(i) Find the total number of adults and children carried by the bus from Monday to
Friday in the mornings and afternoons, expressing your results in matrix form.
(ii) The bus carries a total of 14 adults and 10 children every Saturday morning, and
18 adults and 7 children every Saturday afternoon. Represent this information
using the matrix E.
(iii) Evaluate the matrix 5D + E and explain what this matrix represents.
Multiplication of a Matrix by another Matrix

Unlike matrix addition and subtraction, multiplication of a matrix by another
matrix is not a direct extension of ordinary multiplication.
Class
Discussion
Multiplying a Matrix with another Matrix
In the class discussion on page 136, the number of pens sold is represented by the
matrix:
A B C
 56 63 21  Shop 1
P= 
 27 17 9  Shop 2
Suppose the selling price of each pen of brands A, B and C is $1.50, $2 and $1.80
 1.5  A
 
respectively, and this is represented by the matrix Q =  2  B .
 1.8  C

1. What is the total amount collected from the sales of pens from each shop? Show
your working and represent your answer in the matrix form as follows:
A B C   A
1.5  ( 56 × 1.5) + ( 63 × 2 ) + ( 21 × __ )  Shop 1
Shop 1  56 63 21 
2

   B =  
Shop 2  27 17 9   ( 27 × __ ) + ( __ × __ ) + ( __ × __ )  Shop 2
 1.8  C
 ____  Shop 1
P Q
=  
 ____  Shop 2
R
Order of matrix: 2  3 31 21
2. Look at the orders of P, Q and the product R. Can you explain the relationship
between the orders?
3. By looking at their orders, state the conditions for multiplication of two matrices
to be possible.
In general, for any two matrices A and B, the product A  B (or simply AB) is only
possible if
number of columns of A = number of rows of B.
In other words,
A  B = C
mn np mp
must be
equal
Thinking
Time
Justify if the following two matrices can be multiplied together by checking their
orders. If it is possible, write down the order of the product.
 4 −9   4 −9 
 2 −3 5       2 −3 5 
(a)    −5 10  (b)  −5 10   −7 0 8 
 −7 0 8   21 6   21 6   

(c) ( 2 3 )  7 8   7 8 
 (d)
−9 4    ( 2 −3 )
 −9 4 
 7   7 

(e)  8

 ( −7 2 3 ) (f) ( −7 2 3 ) 
 8


 −5   −5 

In the previous class discussion on page 143, suppose the boss decides to increase
the selling price of each brand of pens by 40¢($0.40) as shown below:
Old New
A B C Price Price
 1.5 1.9 
Shop 1  56 63 21 
2
 
2.4  =  a b 
  
Shop 2  27 17 9   c d 
 1.8 2.2 
P Q R
Order: 23 32 22
equal
Fig. 4.1
Since the orders of the two matrices P and Q are 2 by 3 and 3 by 2 respectively, the
order of the product R must be 2 by 2, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
To obtain a (element in first row, first column of R) we multiply the corresponding
elements in the first row of P and the first column of Q as shown in Fig. 4.2, before
adding the three products to obtain 247.8.
 1.5 1.9 
 56 63 21     56(1.5) + 63( 2 ) + 21(1.8 ) b 
   2 2.4  =  
 27 17 9   1.8 2.2   c d 
 247.8 b 
=  
 c d 
Fig. 4.2
To obtain b (element in first row, second column of R), we multiply the

corresponding elements in the first row of P and the second column of Q as shown
in Fig. 4.3, before adding the three products to give 303.8.
 1.5 1.9 
     247.8 56(1.9 ) + 63( 2.4 ) + 21( 2.2 ) 
56 63 21 2 2.4

27 17 9
   =  

   1.8 2.2   c d
 247.8 303.8 
=  
 c d 
Fig. 4.3
Since Q has no third column, then we move on to the second row of P.

In other words, we start with the first row of the first matrix P and we must finish all
the multiplication along all the columns of the second matrix Q, before proceeding
to the second row of the second matrix P.
To obtain c (element in second row, first column of R), we multiply the

corresponding elements in the second row of P and the first column of Q as shown
in Fig. 4.4, before adding the three products to obtain 90.7.
 1.5 1.9 
     247.8 303.8 
 56 63 21   2 2.4  =  
 27 17 9     ( 27 )(1.5) + (17 )( 2 ) + ( 9 )(1.8 ) d 
1.8 2.2
 
 247.8 303.8 
=  90.7 d

 
Fig. 4.4
To obtain d (element in second row, second column of R), we multiply the

corresponding elements in the second row of P and the second column of Q as
shown in Fig. 4.5, before adding the three products to obtain 111.9.
 1.5 1.9 
     247.8 303.8 
56 63 21
   2 2.4  =  

 27 17 9   1.8 2.2   90.7 ( 27 )(1.9 ) + (17 )( 2.4 ) + ( 9 )( 2.2 ) 
 
 247.8 303.8 
=  
 90.7 111.9 
Fig. 4.5
 247.8 303.8 
Therefore, we obtain the product R, i.e. PQ = R =   .
 90.7 111.9 

Worked
5
(Multiplication of Two Matrices)
Evaluate the following matrix products where possible. If
Example not possible, explain why not.
 −2 5  9 2 
(a)    
 1 −6   1 −2 
 2 
(b) ( 1 −4 2 ) 
 6


 1 
 − 2 
 −2   3 −1 
(c)    
 1   1 −4 
Solution:
AT
TE
 −2 5  9 2   (− 2 )( 9 ) + (5)(1) (− 2 )( 2 ) + (5)( − 2 ) 
NTI
ON
(a)     =  
 1 −6   1 −2   (1)( 9 ) + ( − 6 )(1) (1)( 2 ) + ( − 6 )( − 2 )  (a) Product exists as number of
columns of first matrix
 −13 −14  = number of rows of second
=   matrix
 3 14  = 2
(b) Product exists as number of

 2  columns of first matrix
(b) ( 1 −4 2 ) 
 6
 = 

 1
 (1)( 2 ) + ( − 4 )( 6 ) + ( 2 )  − 2  
= number of rows of second
matrix
 1  =3
 − 2 
= ( −23 )
 −2 
(c) The order of   is 2  1.
 1 
 −2 
Number of columns of   = 1
 1 
 3 −1 
Number of rows of   = 2
 1 −4 
   
Since number of columns of  2  ≠ number of rows of  3 −1  , then matrix
 1   1 −4 
multiplication is not possible.

QUESTIONS
Evaluate all the matrix multiplication in Thinking Time Questions 1(a) – (f) on Exercise 4C Questions 6(a)-(h),
page 144, if it is possible. 7-9, 11

Thinking
Time
In general, is AB = BA for any two matrices A and B?
Exercise
4C
2. Simplify each of the following.
   
1. Simplify each of the following. (a) 2  −1  + 3 4 
 5   −3 
(
2 1 −2 3
(a) )
 −2 
(b) 2 (3 1 5 ) − 4( −1 3 2 )
4
(b) 
 1   1 3   −3 −1 
5
(c)  − 2 
 6   −4 6   4 2 
1 
(c)  4   0 4 1   −1 3 0 
2
 −8  3
(d)  − 4 
 5 0 −1   −2 1 −1 
1 
(d)  6 15 
3  21 −24   4 4   1 2   1 4 
3. If A =   ,B=  and C =  ,
 −1 0.5 3   2 7   −1 3   3 −5 
−2 
(e) 
 −0.8 2 1.2  find the following.
 1 5  (i) A + B (ii) A + 2B
  (iii) A – B – C (iv) 2A – 2C + 3B
(f) 5  −4 3 
 −1 2 
 1 
 6 1 
 2  4. Find the values of the unknowns in each of the
 1  following.
3 0 2
(g) 
3
   2   2   0 
 5 −4 − 2  a
 
(a)  + b  = 
   2   −2   8 
 2x   x   18 
3
(b)  + 3  = 
 y   3 y   36 
 1 2   3 5   a b 
2
(c)  −  = 
 3 4   c 6   7 d 
     9 12 6 
(d) 2  5 3 2  +  a b c  =  
 1 6 3   −2 −4 5   d e f 

 2 
5. The monthly fee, in dollars, charged by three  3 8 0 5 
 
   −3 
childcare centres is given in the matrix C. (g)  −1 0 7 6 
 4 9 −2 1   0 

 680  Childcare Centre X  5
 
C =  720  Childcare Centre Y 1
 635  Childcare Centre Z
(
(h)   1 2 3 4
2
)
(i) Find the annual fees, in dollars, charged by
each of the 3 childcare centres, giving your  1 5   q   50 
answers in matrix form. 7. If  3 p    =  , find the value of p
   7   35 
(ii) During the June and December holidays, and of q.
all the 3 childcare centres offer some special
programmes for an additional cost given in  2 0   1 0 
the matrices J and D respectively. 8. If A =   and B =  ,
 1 5   2 k 
 150  Childcare Centre X find
  (i) AB, (ii) BA,
J =  120  Childcare Centre Y
 200  Childcare Centre Z the value of k if AB = BA.
(iii)

 180  Childcare Centre X
 8 −3   1 0 
  9. If A = 
D =  150  Childcare Centre Y  and I =  ,
 7 5   0 1 
 200  Childcare Centre Z
evaluate the following.
Evaluate the matrix 12C + J + D and explain (i) AI (ii) IA
what this matrix represents.  1 0 
Is AI = A = IA? For information, I =   is
(iii)
Mrs Yeo wants to enroll her son in one of the  0 1 
childcare centres, and she is interested in the called an identity matrix.
June special programmes only. Which
childcare centre charges the lowest fees?
6. Evaluate the following matrix products if possible.

If not possible, explain why not.
 1 0   0 1   0 0 
 4 3   −2  10. If A =   ,B=   ,C=   and
(a)
    0 0   0 0   1 0 
 −1 5   6 
 0 0 
D=   , find an expression in terms of A, B,
 −3 1   6 5   0 1 
(b)
  
 0 8  8 7   7 6 
C and D for the matrix  .
 4 3 
 6 
(c)
 
 7 
( −1 3 )
11. (i) Give an example of two 2  2 matrices A and
(d) −1 3( )  6 
 
 7 
B such that AB ≠ BA.
(ii) Give an example of two 2  2 matrices A and
 1  2 3  B such that AB = BA.
(e)
  
 8   −11 20   
(iii) For a 2  2 matrix A =  a b  , is
 c d 
 −1 2 
  2 3   a 2 b2 
(f)  8 5   −1 4  A2 = 
2 2
 , where A2 = A × A? Why?
 3 −7     c d 

4.4 Applications of
Matrices
Worked
6
(Application of Matrices in Calculating Costs)
A bakery produces 3 different types of bread:
Example white bread (W), wholemeal bread (M) and multi-grain
bread (G). Delivery is made to 2 distribution outlets in
the following way:
Outlet A receives 60 loaves of W,

50 loaves of M and 30 loaves of G.
Outlet B receives 40 loaves of W,
70 loaves of M, and 20 loaves of G.
The costs of one loaf of W, M and G are $2.10, $2.70 and

$2.90 respectively.
 2.1 
 60 50 30   
It is given that P =   and Q =  2.7  .
 40 70 20   2.9 
(a) (i) Evaluate PQ.
(ii) Explain what the answer in (i) represents.
(b) In a particular month, Outlets A and B receive 27
and 25 such deliveries respectively. Form two
matrices so that their product will give the total cost
of the bread delivered to the 2 outlets. Find the
product.
Solution:
 2.1 
 60 50 30     348 
(a) (i) PQ =    2.7  =  
 40 70 20   2.9   331 
 
PQ gives the costs of the bread delivered to Outlets A and B respectively.
(ii) AT
TE
NTI
ON
 348 
(b) ( 27 25 )   = ( 17 671 ) For (b), an alternative method is
 331   
( 348 331 )  27 

∴ The total cost of bread delivered to the 2 outlets is $17 671.  25 
= ( 17 671 ).

QUESTIONS
1. Huixian and Lixin take a multiple choice test. The matrices X and Y show the Exercise 4D Questions 1-8
results of the test and the marks awarded respectively.

No Marks
Correct attempt Incorrect
 2  Correct
 16 0 4  Huixian  
X =  
 Lixin Y =  0  No attempt
 12 5 3  
 −1  Incorrect
(i) How many questions are there in the test?

(ii) Evaluate XY.
(iii) Explain what your answer to (ii) represents.
2. An otah factory produces four types of seafood otahs, namely fish (F), prawn (P),
squid (S) and mixed seafood otah (M), for distribution to its five outlets across
Singapore.
Tampines outlet receives 70 of F, 120 of P, 90 of S and 80 of M,

Bedok outlet receives 120 of F, 150 of S and 140 of M,
City Hall outlet receives 150 of P, 85 of S and 60 of M,
Toa Payoh outlet receives 200 of F, 140 of P and 70 of S,
Jurong East outlet receives 80 of F, 110 of P and 95 of M.

(i) The cost of each stick of F, P, S and M is 35¢, 40¢, 45¢ and 38¢ respectively.
Write down two matrices such that the elements of their product under
matrix multiplication give the total cost of otah delivered to each outlet.
Evaluate this product.
(ii) During the month of December, Tampines outlet received 45 such
deliveries, Bedok outlet 42 deliveries, City Hall outlet 38 deliveries,
Toa Payoh outlet 55 deliveries and Jurong East outlet 52 deliveries.
Write down two matrices such that the elements of their product give the
total number of sticks of each type of otah delivered by the factory.
Obtain this product and hence, find the total number of otah supplied by
the factory to these outlets.
(iii) With the information provided in (i) and (ii), write down two matrices so
that the product will give the total revenue derived by the otah factory in the
month of December.

Investigation
Encoding and Decoding Messages
Matrices can be used to encode messages.
Suppose you are a secret agent working on a top-secret mission. You need to report to
your boss about a secret room that you have found, but you are afraid your enemies
will interpret your message. So you have to send your message in code. The message
is:
SECRET ROOM IN BASEMENT
Part A:
A simple method of encoding a message is to use the encoding key shown in Fig. 4.6.
AèD
BèE
CèF
⋮
WèZ
XèA
YèB
ZèC
Fig. 4.6
Usually, we write the encoded message in blocks of 4 letters.
The first 3 blocks are: VHFU HWUR RPLQ
1. Find the remaining parts of the encoding message.
If your enemies intercept this encoded message, they can break it easily by using
frequency analysis. In English, the 3 most frequent letters used are E, followed by T
and then A.
2. Which letter occurs the most often in the above encoded message? Does it
correspond to E, T or A in the original message?
Your enemies will try H → E (i.e. I → F, J → G, etc.) and decode the entire message.
If it does not make sense, they will try H → T (i.e. I → U, J → V, etc.), and so forth,
until the decoded message makes sense. Therefore there is a need for a more secure
coding system.

Part B:
First, represent each letter by a number, as shown in Fig. 4.7:
Aè1
Bè2
Cè3
⋮
Z è 26
Fig. 4.7
So the first 2 letters of the message is: S → 19 and E → 5.

 3 1 
The matrix encoding key is  .
 5 2 
 3 1   19   62 
To encode the first 2 letters,    =  .
 5 2  5   105 
62, when divided by 26, leaves a remainder of 10, which represents J. Another way
is to subtract 26 continuously from 62 until you reach a number between 1 and 26
inclusive, e.g. 62 – 26 = 36; 36 – 26 = 10.
3. What letter does 105 represent?
You can encode all the letters at one go. The following shows the encoding of the
first 6 letters. You must fill the second matrix column by column, not row by row.
 3 1   19 3 5   62 27 35   10 1 9 
   =   è  
 5 2   5 18 20   105 51 65   1 25 13 
 J A I 
è  

 A Y M 
INF
OR
MA
TIO N
So, SECRET is encoded as JAAYIM.
Although it is harder to decode
4. Can you use frequency analysis to break the code? For example, what letter(s) matrix encoding, we can still
in the original message does the letter A in the encoded message represent? analyse the frequency of blocks
of 2 letters using a computer
5. Encode the rest of the message using the above matrix encoding key. software in order to try to break
the code.
Then write down the entire encoded message in blocks of 4 letters.

Part C:
Suppose your boss replies using the same coding system:
JMGF QDOU QPFW
Internet
Resources
 2 −1 
The matrix decoding key for the above encoding is  .
 −5 3  In the field of cryptography,
the method of encoding and
 3 1   2 −1   1 0  decoding a message is called a
Notice that    =   = I, the 2 by 2 identity matrix (see cipher. The cipher used in part
 5 2   −5 3   0 1 
B and C of this investigation is
Exercise 4C Question 9). called the ‘Hill cipher’. Search
on the Internet for more examples
 2 −1   3 1  of different types of ciphers, e.g.
  is called the inverse matrix of  . RSA cipher and examine how
 −5 3   5 2  they are used, their limitations
and their real-world applications.
6. Decode the above message.
Hint: If you get a negative number, e.g. –11, you add 26 continuously until you reach
a number between 1 and 26 inclusive, e.g. –11 + 26 = 15 → O.
Journal
Writing
We can use matrices to rotate a point on the Cartesian plane.
For example, Fig. 4.8 shows a point P(2, 3). We want to rotate P 90° anti-clockwise
about the origin to give the image Pʹ.
y
P(2, 3)
3
P'(−3, 2)
2
90°
x
−3 0 2
Fig. 4.8
A 90° anti-clockwise rotation about the origin O can be represented by the matrix
 0 −1 
 .
 1 0 
 0 −1   2   −3 
By matrix multiplication,    =  .
 1 0  3   2 
∴ The coordinates of the image of P under the rotation is (–3, 2).

1. Find the image of Q(5, 4) if Q is rotated 90° anti-clockwise about O.
2. Using the point P(2, 3), try to find the matrices for the following transformations.
(i) 90° clockwise rotation about O,
(ii) 180° rotation about O,
(iii) reflection in the x-axis,
(iv) reflection in the y-axis.
Hint: For reflection in the x-axis and the y-axis, will one of the coordinates
remain unchanged after transformation?
3. When plotted on a Cartesian plane, a point can be rotated, reflected or translated.
This is known as transformation of a point. Search on the Internet to find
(i) a matrix to rotate a point through any angle about the origin,
(ii) a matrix to reflect a point in a line that does not pass through the origin.
In animations, a point in a three-dimensional (3D) field may need to be
translated to another point. Search on the Internet to find
(iii) a matrix to transform a point in 3D graphics for movie-making.
Then write a short article to explain how we can use transformation matrices for
movie-making.
Exercise
4D
1. In a soccer tournament, 4 teams play against one 2. The price of tickets to a musical at Marina Bay
another twice. The matrices P and Q show the Sands Theatre is as follows:
results of the matches and the points awarded
VIP Reserve: $130 A Reserve: $115
respectively.
B Reserve: $90 C Reserve: $75
Win Draw Lose The number of tickets sold for three nightly
 5 1 6  Team A performances are as follows:
 
8 4 0 Team B
P= 
 2 3 7  Team C VIP A B C
 3 4 5  Team D
Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve
Friday 220 430 555 355
Points
 3  Win Saturday 245 485 520 310
 
Q =  1  Draw Sunday 280 430 515 375

 0  Lose

Write down two matrices only such that the
(i) How many matches does each team play
elements of their product will give the total amount
during the tournament?
of ticket sales for the three nightly performances.
(ii) Evaluate PQ.
Hence, calculate the total amount collected for
(iii) Explain what your answer to (ii) represents. the three nightly performances.

3. A pie company operates three outlets selling (ii) During the month of January, Albert Drink
sardine, mushroom, chicken, vegetable and apple Stall operates on 26 days, Best Drink Stall
pies. The table below shows the number of pies operates on 29 days and Chandra Drink Stall
sold in a day in each of the three outlets. The prices operates on 30 days. Assuming that each of
for each type of pie are also included. the stalls sell the same number of cups of
drinks during each of the days, use matrix
Outlet Outlet Outlet multiplication to find the total amount
Prices
A B C
collected by all three stalls during the month
Sardine 85 65 38 $2.80 of January.
Mushroom 74 84 42 $2.40
Chicken 80 70 56 $2.60 5. During the Family Day for a multi-national
company, the organiser ordered T-shirts of various
Vegetable 60 52 40 $3.00
sizes for its employees. The table below gives the
Apple 82 94 56 $2.50 orders of the T-shirts of the various sizes.
(i) Write down two matrices only such that the Extra
Size Large Medium Small
product will give the total takings of each -large
outlet and hence, calculate the takings for the Men 220 240 180 85
day, for each of the outlets. 50 60 210 135
Women
(ii) Hence, calculate the total takings for the pie 10 40 200 250
Children
company.
The cost of an extra-large, large, medium and
4. The table below shows the number of cups of small T-shirt is $15, $13.50, $12 and $10
tea, tea with milk, coffee, and coffee with milk, respectively. Evaluate the product.
sold during breakfast hours by 3 drinks stalls in a (i) Write down two matrices only such that the
neighbourbood. elements of their product under matrix
multiplication give the total cost of the T-shirts
Tea Coffee ordered for the men, women and children
Tea with Coffee with
respectively. Evaluate the product.
milk milk
(ii)
Evaluate the matrix product
Albert 22 32 42 28  
Drink Stall  220 240 180 85  1
 
  1 
Best  50 60 210 135 
18 26 36 32
Drink Stall  10 40 200 250   1 
 1 

Chandra 27 24 52 25 and explain what the elements in the product
Drink Stall represent.
(i) If the price is $0.90 for a cup of tea, $1.00 for (iii)
Evaluate the matrix product
a cup of tea with milk, $1.10 for a cup of  220 240 180 85 
 
coffee and $1.20 for a cup of coffee with milk,
form two matrices only such that the product
( )
1 1 1  50 60 210 135 
 10 40 200 250 
will give the total amount of money collected  
by the three different stalls from the sales of and explain what the elements in the product
these drinks during the breakfast hours. represent.
(iv) Write down two matrices such that the
elements of their product under matrix
multiplication will give the total cost of the
T-shirts ordered. Hence, find the total cost.

6. A hamper company packs four different gift hampers. The table below gives the
contents of each type of hamper.
Abalone Groundnuts Chocolate Candy Biscuits

Type
(Cans) (Packets) (Boxes) (Boxes) (Packets)
Happiness 2 6 5 4 5
Prosperity 3 8 2 3 2
Bumper 4 9 3 6 3
Harvest
Good 3 5 6 3 4
Fortune

The cost price of each item is as follows.
A can of abalone $30

A packet of groundnuts $1.80
A box of chocolates $4.80
A box of candy $3.50
A packet of biscuits $2.40
(i) Write down two matrices only such that the product of the elements under
matrix multiplication will give the cost price of each type of hamper.
The company receives an order for 85 Happiness hampers, 90 Prosperity

(ii)
hampers, 80 Bumper Harvest hampers and 120 Good Fortune hampers.
Form two matrices so that the elements of the product of these matrices will
give the total cost price of the hampers ordered. Evaluate this product.
The company intends to make a profit of 30% on each Happiness hamper,

(iii)
25% on each Prosperity hamper, 20% on each Bumper Harvest hamper and
15% on each Good Fortune hamper. Form two matrices such that the
elements of their product will give the selling price of each of the hampers.

7. Four components P, Q, R and S are produced by a toy company. Each company
undergoes three different manufacturing processes: cutting, grinding and
polishing. The number of minutes required for each manufacturing process for
each component, the cost (in cents per minute) of each manufacturing process,
and the number of components needed to meet an order are given in the
following table.
Manufacturing Number of
Cutting Grinding Polishing
Process components
Number of 4 5 6 60
minutes for P
Number of 3 6 7 80
minutes for Q
Number of 5 8 6 90
minutes for R
Number of 6 4 5 80
minutes for S
Cost in cents 12 15 24 –
per minute
(i) Write down two matrices such that the elements of their product give the
costs for components P, Q, R and S respectively. Calculate their product.
(ii) Using the result in (i), find the total cost of the order.
8. A small catering firm provides three types of economy buffet lunch. The table
below shows the ingredients for one set of each type of buffet lunch. Each set of
buffet lunch is for 20 people.
Type of Amount of ingredients needed for one set (kg)

buffet lunch Mutton Chicken Fish Vegetable Rice
Mutton 1.2 0 1.4 2.6 5.2
and fish
Chicken 0 1.6 1.6 2.8 4.7
and fish
Mutton 1.4 1.8 0 3 4.4
and chicken
(i) Using matrix multiplication, find a matrix whose elements give the total
amount of mutton, chicken, fish, vegetable and rice needed for providing
280 ‘mutton and fish’ lunch, 320 ‘chicken and fish’ lunch, and 360 ‘mutton
and chicken’ lunch.
(ii) The costs of 1 kg of mutton, chicken, fish, vegetable and rice are $12.50,
$5.20, $7.80, $1.40 and $1.10 respectively. Using the result obtained in (i),
find the total cost incurred in (i) by matrix multiplication.

1. Two matrices A and B are equal if and only if
(a) both matrices have the same order, and
(b) their corresponding elements are equal.
2. If two matrices A and B have the same order, then A + B and A – B are obtained
by adding the corresponding elements of A and B, or subtracting the
corresponding elements of B from A, respectively, e.g.
 p q   w x 
if A =   and B =  y z  , then
 r s   
 p+w q+x   p−w q−x 

A + B =  r + y s + z  and A – B =


 r − y s − z
.


3. If a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar k, every element in A is multiplied by k,

e.g.
 p q r   kp kq kr 
if A =   , then kA =  .
 s t u   ks kt ku 
4. For any two matrices A and B, the product AB is only possible if
number of columns of A = number of rows of B.
In other words,
A  B = C
mn np mp
must be
equal
 p q   w x 
For example, if A =   and B =   , then
 r s   y z 
 p q   w x   pw + qy px + qz 
AB =     =  .
 r s   y z   rw + sy rx + sz 

4
1. Evaluate each of the following.
 1 
 3 2   5 4   6 3 
 −2 3   2 
(a)
  +  − 
 4 −1   3 2   1 −2  (f)  −1 −2   1 

 1 2 
 2 3 −4   3 1 5   1 0 0 
(b)
  +  + 
 6 −1 3   −3 2 7   0 1 1   0 2 
  
 2 3   4 5   −3 4  (g)  3 1   2 
       −1 1   1 
 4 −7  −  −2 7
(c)  +  −1 7 
 5 −3   6 −1   −6 2 
 0 −2 
  
 3   4   5  (h)  −1 1   2 1 
(d)
  −  +   3 −1   0 −4 
 5   7   −3 
 1 
(e) 1 3 ( )−( 3 2 )+( 6 5 )  2 1 3  
(i)   2 
 −1 −1 4   −1
(f) ( 1 0 7 )+( 3 −2 4 )−( 7 3 −5 )  
 3 −2 
 
 2 −1   
 , B =  5 a  and
(j) ( 1 3 2 )  1 4 
2. Given that A =   −1 2 
 1 3   c 4   
 b 6 
C =   , find the values of a, b, c and d 4. Find the values of the unknowns in each of the
 4 d 
when following.
 1 
(i) 2A + B = C, (ii) 3A – 2B = 4C.  1 3 2    5 
(a)   a  =  b 
 0 1 −2   2   
3. Evaluate each of the following matrix products  
if it exists.  x   2 1  2   3 
(b)  y  =    + 
 

 1 
(a)  
 3 
( 3 1 ) (b) ( )
2 3  3 
   3 0  5   2 
 1   0 1   a −4   2 3   0 −3 
 3   (c)
   =  + 
1   −2 0   b 0   0 1   6 2 c 
(c) (
 
1 2 3  2  ) 
(d) 

(
2  3 0 1 )
 1   3 
 
 7 9 
(e)  
 3 −5 
( 2 6 )


5. Three Roti Prata stalls serve two different types of 7. The table below shows the number of coins
Roti Prata and three different types of curry. The collected by four drinks machines in a big
table shows the number of each type of food shopping centre.
served during a busy morning and prices of each
type of food. 10 cents 20 cents 50 cents $1
Machine A 480 460 620 430

Plain Egg Mutton Chicken Fish
Prata Prata Curry Curry Curry Machine B 350 450 385 540
Stall A 450 240 120 80 60 420 520 420 620
Machine C
Stall B 250 140 80 60 20 380 452 250 486
Machine D
Stall C 280 120 50 30 24
Using matrix multiplication twice, find the total
Cost of $1.00 $1.50 $6.50 $5.50 $4.80 amount collected by the four machines.
each item
Write down two matrices P and Q such that PQ 8. Six S-League teams took part in a competition and
will give the total amount collected from the three the results are shown in the table below.
different stalls. Evaluate this product. Played Won Drawn Lost
Lions 18 11 2 5
6. A drinks factory delivers Coke, Sprite, Root Beer
and Pepsi to three different coffee shops. Balestier 20 7 2 11
Clementi 19 4 5 10
Shop A receives 12 cartons of Coke,
8 cartons of Sprite, 12 cartons of Rovers 18 7 4 7
Root Beer and 15 cartons of Pepsi. Geylang 22 12 1 9
Shop B receives 15 cartons of Coke, 16 Wellington 19 9 2 8

cartons of Root Beer and 14 cartons
of Pepsi. A win gains 3 points, a draw 1 point, and a loss
0 point.
Shop C receives 20 cartons of Sprite,
25 cartons of Root Beer and 16 (i) Write down two matrices such that the
cartons of Pepsi. elements of their product will display the total
number of points gained by each team and
(i) The cost per carton is $8.40 for Coke, $7.80 hence, calculate the total number of points
for Sprite, $8.80 for Root Beer and $8.20 for gained by each team.
Pepsi. Write down two matrices only such
(ii)
The organiser of the competition has an award
that the elements of their product under matrix
system for all the teams taking part in the
multiplication give the total cost of drinks
competition. A game played is awarded $300,
delivered to each shop. Evaluate this product.
a win $500, a draw $200, and a loss will result
(ii) In the first quarter of the year, shop A received in a deduction of $300. Set up two matrices
22 deliveries, shop B received 18 deliveries such that the elements of their product will
and shop C received 25 deliveries. Use matrix give the total amount awarded to each of the
multiplication to find the total amount of six teams. Hence, calculate the total amount
money the factory collected from the three awarded to each team.
shops during this period.

Challenge
1. In each of the following cases, find the matrix A 4. A square matrix X is an idempotent matrix if
which satisfies the given relationship. XX = X.
 1 0 
 3   −4  For example, the 2 by 2 matrix   is an
(a) A +  =    0 0 
 4   3  idempotent matrix because
 0 6   4 8   1 0  1 0   1 0 
(b) 2A –   = 3     =  .
 9 −7   −3 5   0 0  0 0   0 0 

Can you come up with another example of a 2  2
2. (i) Find a 2  2 matrix X such that idempotent matrix? What about an example of a
 5 9   1 0  3  3 idempotent matrix?
 X =  .
 1 2   0 1 
5. In the chapter opener, the ‘matrix code’ is described
(ii) Find a 2  2 matrix Y such that
as a representation of the virtual reality known as the
   
Y  5 9  =  1 0  . Matrix. In the movie itself, the creator of the Matrix
 1 2   0 1  is known as the ‘Architect’.
(iii) Is X = Y? What is so special about the matrices
Suppose now that you are the ‘Architect’ of a
X and Y?
simplified virtual reality with 10 people, defined
by 3 different traits – height (cm), mass (kg) and
3. (a) In algebra, a  b = 0 implies a = 0 or b = 0.
intelligence quotient (IQ). As the ‘Architect’, you
 3 0  0 0  have programmed your virtual reality using a
In matrices,    = 0, where
 0 0  3 0  10  3 matrix X, shown below.
 0 0 
0 =   is the 2  2 zero matrix, but Height Mass IQ
 0 0   160 60 120  Person 1
 
 3 0   0 0       
  ≠ 0 and   ≠ 0. X=  
 0 0   3 0     
 
     
In other words, for two matrices A and B,  172 79 100  Person 10
 
AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. Give
another example of two 2  2 matrices X and Now, you wish to change the quantities of some of
Y where XY = 0, but X ≠ 0 and Y ≠ 0. these traits to form a new virtual reality, defined
by matrix Y. Explain clearly how you can make
In algebra, ab = ac implies that
(b)
the following changes by using the matrix
ab – ac = 0 operations which you have learnt, i.e. by adding,
a(b – c) = 0 subtracting, or multiplying another matrix (or a
a = 0 or b = c. scalar) to X.
In matrices, if A, B and C are 2  2 matrices (i) You wish to concurrently make all the
such that AB = AC, investigate whether this will 10 people in the virtual reality taller by 5 cm
imply that either A = 0 or B = C. and lighter by 1.2 kg. Other traits remain
constant.
(ii) You wish to increase the IQ of all 10 people in
the virtual reality by 5%. Other traits remain
constant.

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NEW SYLLABUS

MATHEMATICS 7th Edition

Consultant • Dr Yeap Ban Har

Consultant • Dr Yeap Ban Har

©SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD

First Published 1982

ISBN 978 981 237 932 0

Every chapter begins with a chapter opener which motivates

The use of ICT helps students to visualise and manipulate

173 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

If A is an acute angle, then x, y and rHYLWVZP[P]L

(a) ∠A is acute (b) ∠A is obtuse

However, xPZUV^ULNH[P]LI\[y and rHYLZ[PSSWVZP[P]L

<ZL`V\YJHSJ\SH[VY[VÄUK[OL]HS\LVMsin 150° and of cos 150°

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 174

A 180° – A sin A sin (180° – A) cos A cos (180° – A)

sin A = sin (180° – A)

175 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

Since 180° – APZHUHJ\[LHUNSL^LJHU\ZL[OLKLÄUP[PVUZMVYHJ\[LHUNSLZ!

Comparing  and ,

9LSH[PVUZOPW IL[^LLU;YPNVUVTL[YPJ 9H[PVZ VM (J\[L

(b) cos 44° = –cos (180° – 44°)

PRACTISE NOW 1 SIMILAR

2. Given that sin 172° = 0.139 and cos 40° = 0.766^OLUJVYYLJ[LK[VZPNUPÄJHU[

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 176

(b) cos DAC = –cos (180° – DAC)

177 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

The scale for the xH_PZ HUK [OL

A(–4, 1) C(8, 1) K(10, 1)

(a) Find the length of BC

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 178

x = sin–1 0.45 = 26.7°[VKW

(b) Since cos x is negative, xPZHUVI[\ZLHUNSL

PRACTISE NOW 3 SIMILAR

179 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

-PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN 10. 0U[OLÄN\YLSRQ is a straight line, PQR = 90°,

5. 0U[OLÄN\YLQRS is a straight line, PQR = 90°, 8 cm

(c) 0.875, (d) 0.3456.

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 180

A(14, 2) 14. Given that 0° < x < 180°ÄUK[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZVM

6.2 Area of Triangle

181 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

0U-PN(a), consider ƋBCD 0U-PN(b)JVUZPKLY¬BCD

By considering sin A and sin BPUHZPTPSHY^H`^LJHUZOV^[OH[!

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 182

PRACTISE NOW 4 SIMILAR

Given that the area of ƋABC is 145 cm2ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx

183 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

1. In ƋPQR, PQ = 2x cm, PR = x cm and QPR = 104° ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ

Given that the area of ƋPQR is 12.5 cm2ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx

2. In ƋXYZ, XY = 5 cm, YZ = 6 cm and the area of ƋXYZ is 12 cm2-PUKXYZ

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 184

1. -PUK[OLHYLHVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNÄN\YLZ (f) T S

3. In ƋPQR, P = 72°, q = 152 cm and r = 125 cm

185 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

10. In ƋPQR, PRQ = 55°, 3QR = 4PR and the area of

7. In ƋABC, AB = 5x cm, AC = 4x cm and BAC = 68°

Find the length of QR

12. 0UX\HKYPSH[LYHSABCD, AB = 3.2 cm, BC = 5.1 cm,

Further Trigonometry Chapter 6 186

187 Chapter 6 Further Trigonometry

where A, B and CHYL[OL[OYLLPU[LYPVYHUNSLZVM¬ABC opposite the sides whose

This is called the Sine Rule

If A is an acute angle, then x, y and rHYLWVZP[P]L

However, xPZUV^ULNH[P]LI\[y and rHYLZ[PSSWVZP[P]L

<ZL`V\YJHSJ\SH[VY[VÄUK[OL]HS\LVMsin 150° and of cos 150°

Since 180° – APZHUHJ\[LHUNSL^LJHU\ZL[OLKLÄUP[PVUZMVYHJ\[LHUNSLZ!

Comparing and ,

9LSH[PVUZOPW IL[^LLU;YPNVUVTL[YPJ 9H[PVZ VM (J\[L

2. Given that sin 172° = 0.139 and cos 40° = 0.766^OLUJVYYLJ[LK[VZPNUPÄJHU[

(b) cos DAC = –cos (180° – DAC)

The scale for the xH_PZ HUK [OL

(a) Find the length of BC

x = sin–1 0.45 = 26.7°[VKW

(b) Since cos x is negative, xPZHUVI[\ZLHUNSL

-PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN 10. 0U[OLÄN\YLSRQ is a straight line, PQR = 90°,

5. 0U[OLÄN\YLQRS is a straight line, PQR = 90°, 8 cm

A(14, 2) 14. Given that 0° < x < 180°ÄUK[OLWVZZPISL]HS\LZVM

0U-PN(a), consider ƋBCD 0U-PN(b)JVUZPKLY¬BCD

By considering sin A and sin BPUHZPTPSHY^H`^LJHUZOV^[OH[!

Given that the area of ƋABC is 145 cm2ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx

1. In ƋPQR, PQ = 2x cm, PR = x cm and QPR = 104° ,_LYJPZL)8\LZ[PVUZ

Given that the area of ƋPQR is 12.5 cm2ÄUK[OL]HS\LVMx

2. In ƋXYZ, XY = 5 cm, YZ = 6 cm and the area of ƋXYZ is 12 cm2-PUKXYZ

1. -PUK[OLHYLHVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUNÄN\YLZ (f) T S

3. In ƋPQR, P = 72°, q = 152 cm and r = 125 cm

10. In ƋPQR, PRQ = 55°, 3QR = 4PR and the area of

7. In ƋABC, AB = 5x cm, AC = 4x cm and BAC = 68°

Find the length of QR

This is called the Sine Rule

0U¬ABC, B = 58.3°, C = 39.4° and BC = 12.5 cm-PUK ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZHJ

<ZPUN:PUL9\SL^OLUNP]LU2 sides and 1UVUPUJS\KLK

(i) C, (ii) A,

Since c b, then C B, hence CJHUUV[IL142.78°

1. 0U¬PQR, Q = 42°, PR = 12 cm and PQ = 10.2 cm-PUK ,_LYJPZL*8\LZ[PVUZHJ

(i) R, (ii) P, (iii) the length of QR

2. 0U¬ABC, BAC = 96.8°, AC = 12.4 cm and BC = 15.6 cm-PUK

(i) ABC, (ii) BCA, (iii) the length of AB

ACB = sin–1 0.9337 = 69.02° [VKW

When ACB = 69.02°, BAC = 180° – 55° – 69.02°

Case 1: when ACB = 69.02° and BAC = 55.98°

If sides b, c and BPLZPKLZHUKHUVUPUJS\KLKHUNSLHYLNP]LU[HRLUV[L

When b < c[^V[YPHUNSLZJHUILJVUZ[Y\J[LK

When b < c sin BUV[YPHUNSLJHUILJVUZ[Y\J[LK

1. -VYLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN[YPHUNSLZÄUK[OL\URUV^U 4. For each of the following triangles ABCÄUK[OL

(b) F (a) A = 92.0°, b = 6.93 cm and a = 15.3 cm

38.7° 62° 5. 0U¬PQR, P = 101°, PQ = 13.4 cm and

No. A B C a2 b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A b2 a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B c2 a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

This is called the Cosine Rule

;OLYLHYL[OYLLJHZLZ!A is an acute angle, APZHUVI[\ZLHUNSLHUKA is a right

:\IZ[P[\[PUN and into ,

(i) the length of AB, (ii) ABC,

Since AC AB, then B C, hence BJHUUV[IL116.32°

(iii) BAC = 180° – 63.68° – 67° Z\TVMH¬

The smallest angle is 41.8°

0U¬PQR, PQ = 13 cm, QR = 18 cm and PR = 11 cm P ,_LYJPZL+8\LZ[PVUZ

3. 0U¬MNO, m = 4.2 cm, n = 5.8 cm and O = 141.4° 125° 9m

4. 0U ¬XYZ, x = 7 m, y = 8 m and z = 9 m -PUK [OL Find

16. 0U ¬ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = 5 cm and CA = 6 cm

2. In the figure, PQRS is a straight line and -PUK[OL]HS\LVMLHJOVM[OLMVSSV^PUN

(a) Find the length of QR

Find (ii) BAC,