Lesson 4 Tractors and Their Transmission Systems

AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION
TRACTORS AND THEIR

TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
Cagayan State University

ABE 11 - AB Machinery and Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Richmond S. De Leon, RABE
TRACTORS AND THEIR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRACTORS

Tractors
mechanical device consisting of an engine, and power transmission system
high torque on its wheels for pulling various implements in the

farm
can come with hydraulic lift system for lifting the
implements/attachments

CLASSIFICATION
OF TRACTORS
TWO-WHEEL & FOUR-WHEEL TRACTORS

CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS
walking-type agricultural tractor is often
called as "hand tractor" or "pedestrian
tractor"
self-propelled machine having a single
axle designed primarily to pull and propel
Figure 1. 2-wheel tractor in Wet Operation.
trailed or mounted agricultural
implements and machinery
first introduced to our country around
the 60s by the Japanese
single-axle machine powered by engines
that range from 3-15hp
used for land preparation, planting,
cultivating, harvesting, and mostly for
transport
Figure 2. 2-wheel tractor in Dry Operation
(transport).
see PAES 109:2002

TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS: ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

A. TRACTION TYPE
-provide pulling power "pull type"
-has pneumatic tyres for dry land operation, and cage wheels for wet
operation (Figure 1 and 2)
-usually paired with single-bottom moldboard plow or two-bottom disc plow,
spike tooth harrow, or trailer
see PAES 109:2002


A. TRACTION TYPE
Notice that this tractor only has

one output shaft where the wheels
are attached
see PAES 109:2002


B. ROTARY TYPE
fitted with rotary blades to cut and pulverize the soil
Rotary blades may be attached to a front axle similar to a cage wheel for wet
land operation. It comes with a floating device for deep mud conditions.
Rotary blades may be attached to and powered by the wheel axle itself for
dry land or wet land operation


C. GENERAL PURPOSE
fitted with a drawbar for traction

work and a power-take-off (PTO) for
rotary work
It comes with a moldboard or disc
plow attached to the drawbar.
features a detachable rotary blade
assembly powered by the PTO.
this tractor is of Japanese design
and comes normally with steering
clutches and multiple speed
transmission including reverse.

FOUR-WHEEL TRACTORS
These are double-axle machine powered by an
engine ranging from 15 hp to over 100 hp. The
power is delivered as draft at the drawbar, rotary
at the PTO and lifting at the hydraulic system.
Implements are mounted on the tractor using

the hydraulic-controlled three-point hitch 4-wheel tractor i
system.
It is a slow moving vehicle (up to 30 kph) with
high torque on the driving wheels.
It comes with multiple speed transmission
including reverse to accommodate various
field speeds.

FOUR-WHEEL TRACTORS
The operator is provided with a

seat from where the tractor is
controlled.
The tractor is provided with
various controls for its
operation: throttle lever, clutch
pedal, brake pedals, gear shift
lever, steering wheel, hydraulic
main control lever (draft and
position control), pto

TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The second major component of a tractor. It is responsible in providing for the:
draft power --- throught the wheels

rotary power --- through the Power Take-Off
lifting power --- through the hydraulic lift system

METHODS OF TRANSMITING POWER
A. Direct Coupling
a type of power transmission system in which the engine and the implement
are connected directly, without the use of a belt, chain, or gear. This type of
drive is the most efficient and the most durable
the speed of the engine is the same as the speed of the load
the direction of the rotation is the same for the driver and driven
connection
Diesel engine coupled with a A load connected to a Propeller shaft connecting the
water pump PTO thru a drive shaft engine and the differential

B. Belt and Pulley Transmission
the simplest type of power transmission

system. It consist of a belt that is looped
around two or more pulleys. The power
source (shaft) is connected to one pulley,
and the implement is connected to the Flat belt pulley system in a
milling machine
other pulley. As the engine turns, the belt
turns the pulleys, which in turn turns the
implement.
Speed ratio between engine and load
depends on diameter ratio of the two
pulleys
N1D1=N2D2
An electric motor driving a load
through a V-belt pulley system

B. Belt and Pulley Transmission
Belt drives are relatively inexpensive and easy to maintain. However, they are
not very efficient, and they can slip if the belt becomes too loose.
Engagement of belt in a typical I.C. Engine Compound pulley

C. Chains and Sprockets Transmission
A chain drive is a mechanical system
that uses a chain to transmit power
from one rotating shaft to another.
The chain is looped around two or more
sprockets, which are toothed wheels
that mesh together. As the sprockets
turn, the chain turns, which in turn turns
the other shaft.
Speed ratio between engine and load
depends on the number of teeth ratio of
the two sprockets
N1T1=N2T2 transmission of a two-wheel tractor utilizing a

compound chain drive

D. Gears
Gear drives are the most efficient type of power

transmission system that consist of a pair (or a
series) of gears that mesh together. The engine is
connected to one gear, and the implement is
connected to the other gear. As the engine turns,
the gears turn, which in turn turns the implement.
center-to-center distance between the gear shafts
are dictated by the gear's number of teeth
it is important to note that both gears which are
engaged always rotate in the opposite direction
gear ratio can be determined by the number of
teeth ratio of the gears
N1T1=N2T2
TWO WHEEL TRACTOR TRANSMISSION

FOUR WHEEL TRACTOR TRANSMISSION

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Determine the forward speed VW of the two-wheel tractor (kph) if the

specifications of the transmission devices are as given below:

SAMPLE PROBLEM
2. If it is desired to reduce the forward speed of the two-wheel tractor to 3 kph,
what should be the diameter of D2 if D1 and N1 remain the same?


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AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION

TRACTORS AND THEIR

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

high torque on its wheels for pulling various implements in the

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS: ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

see PAES 109:2002

Cagayan State University

TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS: ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

Notice that this tractor only has

see PAES 109:2002

Cagayan State University

TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS: ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

Cagayan State University

TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS: ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

fitted with a drawbar for traction

Cagayan State University

Implements are mounted on the tractor using

Cagayan State University

The operator is provided with a

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

The second major component of a tractor. It is responsible in providing for the:

draft power --- throught the wheels

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

the simplest type of power transmission

Cagayan State University

Engagement of belt in a typical I.C. Engine Compound pulley

Cagayan State University

N1T1=N2T2 transmission of a two-wheel tractor utilizing a

Cagayan State University

Gear drives are the most efficient type of power

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

1. Determine the forward speed VW of the two-wheel tractor (kph) if the

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

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