Electrical Circuits I

Lecture 1

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Dept. of EEE, BUET
Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two
fundamental theories upon which all branches of electrical
engineering are built

The basic electric circuit theory course is the most important

course for an electrical engineering student, and always an
excellent starting point for a beginning student in electrical
engineering education
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (5th Edition)
Gordon J Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku

Introduction to Electric Circuits

Richard C. Dorf, James A. Svoboda

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis
J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms

Electric Circuits
James W. Nilsson, Susan Riedel

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
Introductory Circuit Analysis
Robert L Boylestad

Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice (5th

Edition)
Allan Robbins and Wilhelm C. Miller

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 An electric circuit is an
interconnection of electrical
elements.
Each component of the circuit is
known as an element

Charge and Current

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which

matter consists, measured in coulombs (C)

The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither

be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic
sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
This motion of charges creates
electric current.

It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of

positive charges. That is, opposite to the flow of negative charges

This convention was introduced by

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790),
the American scientist and inventor.
Although we now know that current
in metallic conductors is due to
negatively charged electrons, we will
follow the universally accepted
convention that current is the net
flow of positive charges..

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
Electric current is the time rate of change of
charge, measured in amperes (A).

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775–1836), a French

mathematician and physicist defined the electric
current and developed a way to measure it in the
1820s. The unit of electric current, the ampere,
was named after him.

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of

electric charge.

In alternating current (AC), the flow of electric

charge periodically reverses direction.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Voltage or potential difference
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
=1 newton-meter/coulomb

Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745–1827), an

Italian physicist, invented the electric battery and
the capacitor. The unit of voltage or potential
difference, the volt, was named in his honor.

Current and voltage are the two basic

variables in electric circuits.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Power and Energy
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
James Watt(1736–1819), was a Scottish
inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who
introduced Watt steam engine in 1781

The power in the Eq. is a time-varying quantity and is called the

instantaneous power
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Power and Energy
law of conservation of energy
It is important to note that our electrical networks satisfy the
principle of conservation of energy.
Because of the relationship between energy and power, it can be
implied that power is also conserved in an electrical network

This result was formally stated in 1952 by B. D. H. Tellegen and is

known as Tellegen’s theorem—the sum of the powers absorbed
by all elements in an electrical network is zero

Another statement of this theorem is that the power supplied in a

network is exactly equal to the power absorbed.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Sign Convention
Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in
determining the sign of power.
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters
through the positive terminal of an element and p=vi. If the current
enters through the negative terminal, p=-vi.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Power and Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

Circuit Elements
An element is the basic building block of a circuit.

There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive

elements and active elements. An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive element is not.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Circuit Elements
Active elements

There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent

sources.

An ideal independent
source is an active
element that provides a
specified voltage or
current that is
completely independent
of other circuit elements.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Circuit Elements
The control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or
current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can
be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types
of dependent sources, namely:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Circuit Elements
There are linear elements and nonlinear elements.

linear elements satisfy the principle of superposition and principle

of homogeneity
principle of superposition if I1 is the current for V1
I2 is the current for V2
I1 + I2 is the current for V1 + V2

principle of homogeneity if I1 is the current for V1

kI1 is the current for kV1

There are unilateral and bilateral elements

In bilateral element, the voltage current relationship is same for
current flowing in either direction.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
Practice Problem 1.7: Compute the power absorbed or supplied
by each component of the circuit in the Figure

P1 =-5x9 =-45 watts, Supplied power

P2 =2x9 =18 watts, Absorbed power

P3=0.6x5x4=12watts,Absorbed power

P4= 5x3=15 watts, Absorbed power

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by element 2 in the
Figure

Find Ix in the network in the

Figure

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET, licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0
 Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 19
licensed under the creative commons attribution cc by 4.0