Fundamentals of Physics

Chapter 7 Kinetic Energy & Work

1. Energy
2. Work
3. Work & Kinetic Energy
4. Work Done by a Gravitational Force
5. Work Done by a Spring Force
6. Work Done by a General Variable Force
7. Power

Review & Summary

Questions
Exercises & Problems

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 1

 Energy & Work

Energy comes in many forms:

• Thermal, Chemical, Atomic, Nuclear Energies

• Energy is conserved.
• A new tool to solve problems.

• Descriptions of Energy:
• Potential Energy (Chapter 7)
• Kinetic Energy - motion of a massive object

Kinetic Energy  1
2 m v2

kg m 2
Units : 1 Joule  1
s2

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 2

 WOW!

August 10, 1972, a large meteorite skipped across the atmosphere.

m  4 10 6 kg
v  15 m
s

KE  1
2 m v 2  0  51014 J
KE  0.1 MT  8 WWII atomic bombs

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 3

 “Work”

• Work (W) is energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force acting

on the object.

– Energy transferred to the object is positive work.

– Stepping on the gas causes positive work to be done on a car.
– Energy transferred from the object is negative work.
– Stepping on the brakes causes negative work to be done on a
moving car.

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 4

 Work Done by a Constant Force

The definition of work, when the force is

parallel to the displacement:
(7-1)

SI unit: newton-meter (N·m) = joule, J

Work Done by a Constant Force
 Work Done by a Constant Force

If the force is at an angle to the displacement:

(7-3)
 Work Done by a Constant Force

The work can also be written as the dot

product of the force and the displacement:
 Work Done by a Constant Force

The work done may be positive, zero, or

negative, depending on the angle between the
force and the displacement:
 Work Done by a Constant Force

If there is more than one force acting on an

object, we can find the work done by each
force, and also the work done by the net force:

(7-5)
 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy
Theorem

When positive work is done on an object, its

speed increases; when negative work is done,
its speed decreases.
 Work & Kinetic Energy

Consider a force acting on an object constrained to move in the x-direction:

v 2  v02  2 a x d
Frictionless Wire

v 2  v02  2 a x d
1
2 m v 2  12 m v02  m a x d
1
2 m v 2  12 m v02  Fx d

The force causes a change in kinetic energy; the force does work:

"Work"  Fx d  F cos d
Units: 1 Joule = 1 kg (m / s)2 = (1 kg m / s2) m = 1 N m

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 12

 A force acting on a particle moving along a curve:

F does no work.
Work  FS s
F does not change the velocity. Work  F cos s

Work  F  s
cos  cos900  0

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 13

 “Work”

 
W  F  d  F cos d

 Work (W) is energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force

acting on the object.
– A force does positive work when it has a vector component in the same
direction as the displacement.
– A force does negative work when it has a vector component in the
opposite direction as the displacement.
– A force does zero work when it is perpendicular to the displacement.

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 14

 Example:

vf = ?
s  57 m

v0  3 . 6 m s
m  58 kg
f K  70 N

 
Work  Fnet s Fnet  m g sin 250  f K

m g sin 25
0

 fK s  1
2 m v f  12 m v0
2 2

v f  19 m s

Cutnell p 160

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 15

 Work done by the forces on the box?

 
N F F  210 N

  200

d  3m
mg
 
WF  F  d
WF  F d cos  (210 N )(3 m) cos(200 )  600 J

 
WN  N d
WN  N d cos(900 )  0  Wg

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 16

 Object sliding on a frictionless floor

Work = ?

v0  0
F1  3.00N
F2  4.00N
F3  10.0 N

Fnet x   F1  F2 sin 500  F3 cos 350

Fnet y   F2 cos 500  F3 sin 350
Fnet 2  Fnet x 2  FnetY 2

Since v0  0, d is parallel to Fnet : W  Fnet d

W  15.3 J

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 17

 Work Done by the Gravitational Force

Going down:
 
W  F d
W  m g d cos 00
W  m g d
The work done by the gravity
force increased the kinetic
energy of the object.

Going up:
 
W  F d
W  m g d cos1800
W  m g d

The work done by the gravity force

reduced the kinetic energy of the object.

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 18

 Work Done Lifting & Lowering an Object

To raise an object to a new location, an applied force, F, must act to overcome the gravity
force, Fg.
Consider a case where an object is at rest before and after the move.

Work- Energy Theorem:

Kf - Ki = Wa + Wg
But Kf = Ki = 0:
0 = Wa + Wg
Wa = - Wg

The work done by the applied force is the

negative of the work done by the
gravitational force.

Raising Lowering

Wa  m g d Wa   m g d The work done by the lifter.

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 19

 Pull with constant force F.

 
   F  ma
F F F
2 F  mg  ma  0
F  1
2 mg


F

Is less energy expended or less work done when

using a pulley (or other such device)?

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 20

 Pull with constant force F.

  
F F F  
F  ma
2 F  mg  ma  0
F  1
2 mg

d
2d

W  ( F )( 2d ) W  ( 2 F )( d )
W  mgd W  mgd

Same amount of work!

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 21

 An object accelerated downwards

  v0  0
F  ma
a = g/4
 g
drops d T  mg  M a  M   
Work by cord ?  4 T
Work by gravity? T  34 M g 
 aa
WT    34 M g  d
Final velocity
d
Wg   M g d Wnet   14 M g d
Mg

K  K 0  Wnet
Work Energy Theorem: 1
2 M v2  0  1
4 M gd
v   1
2 gd

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 22

 Work Done by a Spring Force

Relaxed
 
Hooke’s Law: F  k d
where k = spring constant (N/m)

Stretching The force varies linearly with displacement.

Compressing

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 23

 Work Done by a Spring Force

 
Hooke’s Law: F  k d

Relaxed Work done by the spring force:


xf
WS  F ( x ) dx
xi

WS   k 
xf xf
x dx   1 2 k x 2 xi
xi

Stretching WS  1
2 k xi2  1
2 k x 2f

WS   12 k x 2 ( xi  0)

Wa   WS

Compressing

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 24

 Work Done by a Variable Force

The force needed to stretch a spring an amount

x is F = kx.
Therefore, the work
done in stretching
the spring is
 A block is dropped on a relaxed spring

m = 250 g Wg  m g d
k = 2.5 N/cm
d = 12 cm
WS   1 2 k d 2
Wg ? W s ? Wnet  Wg  WS
v?
Wnet  K f  Ki
mgd  1
2 k d2  0  1
2 mv 2
v
k 2
d v    d  2gd
 m
v0 v  35
. ms

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 26

 Work – Kinetic Energy Theorem with a Variable Force

 
xf xf
WS  F ( x ) dx  m a x dx
xi xi

dv dx
a x dx  dx  dv  v dv
dt dt


xf vf
W  m v dv  1
2 mv 2 v
xi i

W  KE f  KEi

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 27

 Work Done by a Variable Force

If the force is constant, we can interpret the

work done graphically:
 Work Done by a Variable Force

If the force takes on several successive constant

values:
 Work Done by a Variable Force

We can then approximate a continuously varying

force by a succession of constant values.
 Work Done by a Variable Force

The force needed to stretch a spring an amount

x is F = kx.
Therefore, the work
done in stretching
the spring is

(7-8)
 Power

Power = time rate at which Work is done due to a Force.

dW
P 
dt

SI Units: 1 Watt = 1 Joule / s = 1 N m / s

English Units: horsepower

1 hp = 550 ft lbs / s = 746 Watts

For a constant force: P 

 
d F d  
 F v

dt

Work = Power x Time

1 kW hr = 3.6 x 106 J

2009 Physics 2111 Fundamentals of Physics Chapter 7 32

Power
 Power

If an object is moving at a constant speed in the

face of friction, gravity, air resistance, and so
forth, the power exerted by the driving force can
be written:

(7-13)