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SSRN Id2862445
SSRN Id2862445
Research Design
Introduction
Research design can be considered as the structure of
research it is the “Glue” that holds all of the elements in a research
project together, in short it is a plan of the proposed research work.
Research design is defined by different social scientists in different
terms; some of the definitions are as: according to Jahoda, Deutch &
Cook “A research design is the arrangement of conditions for the
collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine
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relevance to the research purpose with economy and procedure”.
Research design is the plan, structure and strategy and investigation
concaved so as to obtain ensured to search question and control
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variance”. Henry Manheim says that research design not only
anticipates and specifies the seemingly countless decisions
connected with carrying out data collection, processing and analysis
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but it presents a logical basis for these decisions. Zikmund defined
as “a master plan specifying the methods and procedure for collecting
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Research in Social Science: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
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and analyzing the needed information”. The definitions stress
systematic methodology in collecting right information for
interpretations with economy and procedure. In-fact the research
design is the conceptual within which research is conducted:
1. The blueprint for the collection.
2. Measurement and
3. Analysis of data.
Aresearch design should be based more or less on some
methodology the research design should be made once the topic and
problem of research have been selected and formulated, objectives
have been properly outlined, concepts have been properly defined
and the hypothesis have been properly framed. The research design
should be able to provide answers of the following reserve queries:
Origins
Research design emerged as a recognizable field of study in
the 1960s, at first marked by a conference on Design Method at
Imperial college, London in 1962. It led to the founding of the Design
Research Society (DRS) in 1966. John Christopher Jones founded a
postgraduate Design Research laboratory at the University
Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (who initiated the
1962 conference) and L. Bruce Scher founded the postgraduate
Department of Design Research at the Royal College of Art, London
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and became the first professor of Research Design. Some of the
origin of design methods and research design lay in the emergence
after the and world management decision making technique the most
fundamental challenge to conventional ideas on design has been the
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Research in Social Science: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
grouching advocacy of systematic methods of problem and the
development of design solutions. Herbert Simon (1969) established
the foundations for a science of design which would be a body of
intellectually tough, analytic, partly formalizable, partly empirical,
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teachable doctrine about the design process.
Features
1. It is a plan that specifies the sources and type of information
relevant to the research problem.
2. It is a strategy specifying which approach distill be used
gathering and analyzing data.
3. It also includes the time and cost budgets since most studies are
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done under these two constraints.
In brief research design must at least contain-
1. A clear statement of research problem.
2. Procedures and technique to be used for gathering data or
information.
3. The population to be studied.
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4. Methods to be used in processing & analysis data.
Elements of Design
Observation our Measures
These are symbolized by an „O‟ in design notation. An O can
refer to a single measure (e.g. measure of a body weight), a single
instrument with multiple items (e.g. a 10 item self-esteem scale), a
complex multipart instrument (e.g., survey), or a whole battery of tests
or measures given out on one occasion. If you need to distinguish
among specific measures, you can use subscripts with the O, as in
O1, O2 & So on.
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Group:- Each group in a design gives its own line in the design
structure if the design notation has three lines, there are three groups
in the design.
Assignment to Group
Assignment to group is designed by a latter at the beginning
of each time (eg. Group) that describe how the group was assigned.
The major types of assignment are: -
R = Random Assignment
N = Nonequivalent groups
C = Assignment by cutoff
Time
Time moves from left to right elements that are listed on the
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left occur before elements that are listed on the right.
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Theory – Grounded
Good research reflects the theories which are being
investigated where specific theoretical expectations can be
hypothesized these are incorporated into the design.
Situational
Good research designs make known the settings for the
study, this was shown above where a specific need of teacher and
administrators was openly addressed in the design plan. Similarly,
demoralization, intergroup competition and competition might be
accessed throughout the use of the additional comparison group who
are not in direct contact with the original group.
Feasible
Good design can be implemented. The series and timing of
events are cautiously throughout. Possible problems in measurement,
devotion to project database construction and the like, are
predictable.
Redundant
Good research designs have some flexibility built into them
often this flexibility results from the repetition of essential design
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features.
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Exploratory Research
It is the primary stage of research and the purpose of this
research is to achieve new insights into a phenomenon. This research
is one which has the purposes of formulating a problem for more
accurate investigating a problem for more accurate investigation or for
developing a hypothesis. This is applied when there are few or no
earlier research/studies to which references can be made for
information. The focus of this research is on gaming insights and
familiarity with the subject area fair more rigorous investigation later.
Exploratory studies are usually more appropriate in case of problem
about which little research knowledge is available, for instance, there
is little knowledge available about social interaction pattern of
members of a most monastery an enterprising researcher may be
interested in such a problem to obtain insights in the face of little
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knowledge available about it.
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Behavioural Possibility
It introduces the different study of behavioural possibility.
Knowledge of Facilities
By the help of knowledge of facilities source of important
knowledge can be found.
Control Factor
By the help of related factors controlled and un-controlled knowledge
can be found.
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Descriptive Research
It is also known as statistical research, this describes
phenomena as they exist. It is used to identify and obtain information
on characteristic of a particular issue like community, group or people.
In other words, we can say that this type of research describes social
events, social structure, social situations, etc. The observer observe
and describe what did he find? Descriptive research answers the
questions, what, who, where, how and when. It is used to study the
current situation. It is widely used in the physical and natural science.
But it is used more common in the social sciences, as in socio-
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economic survey and job and activity analysis.
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Reference
1. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Method, New Delhi: Rawat
Publication
2. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Methodology, New Delhi: Rawat
Publication
3. Borwankar P.V., (1995), Research Methodology, New Delhi: Seth
Publisher
4. Claire Selltiz and others, (1962), Research Methods in Social
Sciences, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston: Published for
the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
5. Coldwel D. and Herbst F.J., (2004), Business Research, Cape
Town: Juta and Company Ltd
6. Crotty, M., (1998), The foundations of social Research: Meaning
and Perspective in the Research Process, London: Sage
Publication
7. Dawson Catherine, (2002), Practical Research Methods, New
Delhi: UBS Publisher‟s Distributors
8. Gupta Mukul and Gupta Deepa, (2011), Research Methodology,
New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited
9. Khanzode V.V., (1995), Research Methodology: Technique &
Trends, New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation
10. Kothari C.R., (2010), Research Methodology: Methods and
Technique, New Delhi: New Age International Publishers
11. Kumar Ranjit, (2005), Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step
Guide for Beginners, (2nd.ed.), Singapore: Pearson Education.
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Foot Notes
1. Vaus David de., (2001), Research Design in Social Research,
New Delhi: Sage Publication, p.16
2. Claire Selltiz and others, (1962), Research Methods in Social
Sciences, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston: Published for
the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, p. 70,
Also See: Gupta Mukul and Gupta Deepa, (2011), Research
Methodology, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, p. 32
3. Ahuja Ram, (2010), Research Methodology, New Delhi: Rawat
Publication, p. 121
4. Manheim hanry, (1977), Sociological Research: Philosophy and
Methods, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, p. 140
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