REVIEW

1. Differentiate DNA and RNA

RNA structure differs from DNA structure in three
ways.

1. RNA is single stranded – whereas DNA is double

stranded.
2. The sugar in RNA is ribose; DNA has deoxyribose.
3. Both DNA and RNA contain four nitrogenous
bases, but instead of thymine, RNA contains a similar
base called uracil (U).
 2. Differentiate Protein synthesis and
DNA replication

Protein synthesis makes proteins,

while DNA replication makes DNA. DNA
replication occurs in the nucleus and
produces two identical sets
of DNA. Protein synthesis produces
mRNA, which is then translated by tRNA
molecules carrying amino acids to
produce a polypeptide or protein.
3. This is the enzyme that unzip the
DNA before replication.

helicase
4. What are the 3 molecules that
form a nucleotide?

- 1 Sugar
- 1 Phosphate group
- 1 Nitrogenous base
 5. What is Transcription?

is the process by which the information in

a strand of DNA is copied into a new
molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). The
new formed mRNA copies of the gene
then serve as blueprints for protein
synthesis during the process of
translation.
6. This enzyme unzip the DNA
to proceed in transcription.

RNA polymerase
DNA strand: GGA TAC AGT GCG

DNA strand: CCT ATG TCA CGC

DNA strand: GGA TAC AGT AAT

mRNA: CCU AUG UCA UUA

 7. What is Translation?

is the process by which a protein is

synthesized from the information
contained in a molecule of messenger
RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a
structure called the ribosome, which is a
factory for the synthesis of proteins.
 Amino acid

tRNA

anticodon

codon
English naturalist Charles Darwin developed the
idea of natural selection after a five-year
voyage to study plants, animals, and fossils in
South America and on islands in the Pacific. In
1859, he brought the idea of natural selection to
the attention of the world in his best-selling
book.
1831 – Darwin was 22 years old
studying at University of Cambridge, UK.
He was invited in an expedition.

1831-1836 – HMS Beagle was the ship

Darwin used for the expedition which
lasted for 5 years. He started exploring
South America.
Mylodon Sloth

Darwin observed similarities

between Mylodon and Sloth.
He also observed differences between
tortoises

Galapagos island in
Ecuador
Humid areas - Drier areas -
Tortoise with Tortoise with
short neck long neck
Upon Darwin’s return, he
spent time observing
many species.
 X X
X

THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS’ THEORY

Natural selection is the process through which
populations of living organisms adapt and
change. Individuals in a population are naturally
variable, meaning that they are all different in
some ways.
In a habitat, there are
red bugs and blue bugs.
The birds prefer the taste
of the red bugs, so soon
there are many blue
bugs and few red bugs.
The blue bugs reproduce
and make more blue
bugs and eventually
there are no more red
bugs.
 Alfred Russel Wallace

- He wrote a letter to
Darwin saying that he
also came up with
the same conclusion
that evolution was
produced by natural
selection.
In an ecosystem, some giraffes have long necks
and others have short ones. If something caused
low-lying shrubs to die out, the giraffes with short
necks would not get enough food.
Bacteria have become
resistant to antibiotics
and this can happen
very quickly, since
bacteria can produce
several generations
within one day. The
strongest bacteria are
the last to die and the
antibiotics sometimes do
not kill all of them.
This variation means that some individuals have
traits better suited to the environment than
others.

Individuals with adaptive traits—traits that give

them some advantage—are more likely to survive
and reproduce.
The evolution of plants and animals came
from the ultimate ancestors of primordial
organisms. The evolution of plants relied on
the evolution of animals. Plants grow and
multiply rapidly due to carbon dioxide
provided from animals.
Animals and plants change their
morphological appearance because of the
type of environment which they live in.

The developmental process by which all

organisms develop from earlier forms of life
is called evolution.
 Evidence 1: Fossils
When Charles Darwin first
proposed the idea that all
new species descend from
one ancestor, he
performed an exhaustive
amount of research to
provide as much evidence
as possible. Fossils are
traces of organisms that
lived in the past and were
preserved by natural
process or catastrophic
events.
Fossils document the existence of now-extinct
species, showing that different organisms
have lived on Earth during different periods of
the planet's history. They can also help
scientists reconstruct the evolutionary histories
of present-day species.
They can be remains
of organisms which
include bones, shells,
teeth and feces
embedded in rocks,
resin, and ice.
 Evidence 2: Comparative Anatomy

Another hint of
evolutionary concept is
from the comparative
anatomy. Structures
from different species
which have similar
internal framework,
position, and
embryonic
development are
homologous.
Homologous structures is an example
of an organ with similar underlying
anatomical features found in
different animals. It may have the
same origin but different functions.
Analogous structures
have similar functions
but different origin. It
is similar because
they evolved to do
the same job, not
because they were
inherited from a
common ancestor.
Convergent evolution
- creates analogous
structures that have
similar form or function
but were not entirely
related.
 Evidence 3: Genetic Information

Another evidence of
evolution is provided by
the biochemical analysis
and amino acid
sequence of the
organisms’ DNA. The
greater the similarity in
amino acid sequence,
the closer the
relationship of the
organisms.
Species that are
closely related exhibit
similar embryonic
development
although in the adult
stage the organisms
are quite different.
According to some scientists, we do share a
common ape ancestor with chimpanzees.
But humans and chimpanzees evolved differently
from that same ancestor.
In the 1800s, after Darwin
first published his book "On
the Origin of Species,"
British economist Herbert
Spencer used the term
"survival of the fittest" in
relation to Darwin's idea of
natural selection as he
compared Darwin's theory
to an economic principle
in one of his books.
Herbert Spencer first used the phrase, after
reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of
Species, in his Principles of Biology (1864), in
which he drew parallels between his own
economic theories and Darwin's biological
ones: "This survival of the fittest, which I have
here sought to express in mechanical terms, is
that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural
selection', or the preservation of favored races
in the struggle for life."
Evolution and "survival of the fittest" are not
the same thing. Evolution refers to the
cumulative changes in a population or species
through time. "Survival of the fittest" is a popular
term that refers to the process of natural
selection, a mechanism that
drives evolutionary change.
Why do you think fossil records,
comparative anatomy and genetic
information become the evidence of
evolution?