Reference and Plagiarism

What is a reference citation?

A reference citation is the documentation needed to make your paper

acceptable for academic purposes. It gives authoritative sources for your
statements, helps the reader gain access to those sources, and acknowledges the
fact that the information used in a paper did not originate with the writer.
Why reference is important?
The main reason for citing references properly is to avoid intellectual dishonesty
(Bast & Samuels, 2008). Presenting ideas of other scholars without proper
recognition goes against scientific ethics (Gross, 2016).
● To Avoid Plagiarism
● To Provide Evidence
● To Give Details on Source Documents
● To acknowledge and respect for Intellectual Property Rights

What do I need to reference?

● Quote
● Paraphrase
● Summarize
What kind of information I will references?
Reference when you are using words or ideas from:
● books and journal articles
● newspapers and magazines
● pamphlets or brochures
● films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements
● websites or electronic resources
● letters, emails, online discussion forums
● personal interviews
● reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or pictures.
What kind of information I will not references?
● own observations or experiment results, for example, a report on a field
trip
● own experiences, for example, a reflective journal
● own thoughts, comments or conclusions in an assignment
● evaluating or offering your own analysis
● using 'common knowledge' (facts that can be found in numerous places and
are likely to be known by a lot of people) (sun rise from west)

Basic Principles of Reference List Entries

● Author: Who?
● Date: When?
● Title: What?
● Source: Where?

Key Elements for references

● Author(s)
● Date or year of publication
● Title(s)
● Source
o Name of the journal it was published or conference where it was
presented
o Editor(s)
o Volume and edition
o Page numbers
o City and country
o Publisher
o URL for online sources
o DOI
o Retrieval date for online sources with dynamic content subjected to
change
References Format: Author(s)> Date > Title > Source
Citation Format: Author (et al.) > Date

Plagiarism

What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or
without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full
acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in
manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism
may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under the regulations for
examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary offense.
Types of plagiarism:
1. Direct Plagiarism
2. Hired Plagiarism
3. Borrowed Plagiarism
4. Self-Plagiarism
5. patchwork plagiarism
6. Collaboration Plagiarism
 7. Contributing Author Plagiarism
8. Aggregated Plagiarism
9. Outline Plagiarism
10. Bibliography Plagiarism
11. Secondary Source Plagiarism
12. Accidental Plagiarism

Famous Plagiarism Examples

Melania Trump
First lady, Melania Trump's 2016 speech at the Republican National Convention
not only mimicked the overall message but used some of the exact wording of the
speech that Michelle Obama gave in 2008 at the Democratic National Convention.
Joseph Biden
Former Vice President Joe Biden has fallen foul of plagiarism several times
throughout the years. He failed a course when he was in law school because he
plagiarized a paper. According to the New York Times, Biden stated that he had
"used five pages from a published law review article without quotation or
attribution" in an article he wrote for the Fordham Law Review. In 1988, Biden
was forced to withdraw from the presidential race due to plagiarism allegations.
Some of his speeches were taken from speeches made by the Kennedys, Hubert
Humphrey and Britain's Neil Kinnock during his campaign against Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher.
Martin Luther King
It has been claimed that in the 1950's Martin Luther King Jr. plagiarized some of
his doctoral thesis at Boston University, as well as some selections in his
speeches. Portions of his thesis were proven to be taken from a previous
student's dissertation and the works of Paul Tillich, the subject of his thesis.
Whether or not his speeches were plagiarized is less clear cut, as it has been
argued that using the words of scripture and other preachers is a tradition in
preaching.

STEPS TO EFFECTIVE PARAPHRASING

● Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
● Set the original aside and write your paraphrase on a note card.
● Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you
envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or
phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
● Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version
accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
● Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have
borrowed exactly from the source.
● Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can
credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Some examples to compare.

THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they
overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your
final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should
strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking
notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.
A LEGITIMATE PARAPHRASE:
In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted
material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during
note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-
47).
AN ACCEPTABLE SUMMARY:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help
minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A PLAGIARIZED VERSION:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in
too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of
the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit
the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
A note about plagiarism: This example has been classed as plagiarism, in part,
because of its failure to deploy any citation. Plagiarism is a serious offense in the
academic world. However, we acknowledge that plagiarism is a difficult term to
define; that its definition may be contextually sensitive; and that not all instances
of plagiarism are created equal—that is, there are varying “degrees of
egregiousness” for different cases of plagiarism.