Discussion of Results

1) It presents there is an indication for resistance against the antibiotic

2) It demonstrated if antibiotic is not presented, bacteria won’t be
killed and theirs is no clear zone in the agar plate, it allows us to
compare the effect of different antibiotics.

3) If the Clear Area is bigger, the more efficiency of the antibiotic for
killing Bacteria. If there is a small or no clear area, it showed that
the bacteria has resistant to that kind of antibiotic, in this
experiment, Penicillin G and Oxacillin cannot kill the bacteria which
is bacillus subtils.

Research of each antibiotics

Chloramphenicol Inhibit microbial protein synthesis by binding to the 50 S

subunit and 70 S ribosome and inhibit the action of peptidyl transferase,
preventing peptide bond formation.

Novobiocin acts by inhibiting the bacterial gyrase activity which interferes

with the metabolic processes in bacteria

Fusidic Acid inhibits protein synthesis by binding EF-GGDP, which results

in the inhibition of both peptide translocation and ribosome disassembly.

Penicillin G kills susceptible bacteria by specifically inhibiting the trans

peptides catalyses the final step in cell wall biosynthesis, the cross-linking
of peptidoglycan.

Tetracyclines reversibly inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to

the ribosomal complex, preventing the association of aminoacyl-tRNA
with the bacterial ribosome.

Oxacillin destroy the outer protein layer thereby killing the

bacteria( bactericidal). It also blocks the third and last stage of synthesis
the outer layer ( cell wall ) of bacteria that’s kills and prevents the growth
of bacterial growth.

Streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit it of bacteria ribosome and leads

initially to mistranslation, and ultimately to a complete inhibition of
translation.

Erythromycin diffuses through the bacterial cell membrane and reversible

binds to the 50SD subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which prevents
bacterial protein synthesis.

Source

1. Title : Chloramphenicol
Author :the infections Disease Epidemiology Section, office of Public
Health, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
date : 02/04/2023 7:29pm

2.Title: Immunomodulating properties of the antibiotic Novobiocin in

Human Monocytes
Author: Anja Lührmann, Jürgen Thölke, Ingrid Behn, Jens Schumann, Gisa
Tiegs, and Sunna Hauschildt
Date: 02/04/2023 7:54pm

3. Title: Fusidic Acid: A Bacterial Elongation Factor Inhibitor for the Oral
Treatment of Acute and Chronic Staphylococcal Infections
Date: 03/04/2023 2:10pm
Author: Prabhavathi Fernandes

4. Title: The mechanism of action of penicillin. Penicillin acylates the

active site of Bacillus stearothermophilus D-alanine carboxypeptidase
Author: R R Yocum, J R Rasmussen, J L Strominger
Date: 03/04/2023 2:17pm

5. Title: Tetracycline Therapy: Update

Author: George M. Eliopoulos, George M. Eliopoulos, Marilyn C. Roberts
Date: 03/04/2023 2:21pm
6. https://www.apollopharmacy.in/salt/OXACILLIN
Date: 03/04/2023 2:27pm

7. Title: Potential roles for DNA replication and repair functions in cell
killing by streptomycin
Author: M. Zafri Humayun and Vasudevan Ayyappan
date: 03/04/2023 2:32pm

8. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Erythromycin
Date: 03/04/2023 2:34pm

Research of Bacillus subtils

Bacillus Subtils is a rod-shaped organism and Gram-positive. It’s cell wall

is a rigid structure outside the cell which composed of peptidoglycan, a
polymer of sugar and amino acids.

Source

1.Title: Cell wall peptidoglycan architecture in Bacillus subtilis

Author: Emma J. Hayhurst, Lekshmi Kailas, Jamie K. Hobbs, and Simon J.
Foster
Date: 03/04/2023 4:53pm

2. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_subtilis
Date: 03/04/2023 4:55pm