Dictionary of

Automobile
Engineering

All Terms of Automobile

Engineering.
Introduction

This is Dictionary of Automobile

Engineering. It include all the terms
used in the Mechanical Engineering,
Automobile Engineering and
Commonly used terms of General
Engineering.
It will help to find and understand the
meaning of terms used in Different
branches of Automobile.

It helps Students, teachers and

Professional in Research work.
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 Contents
It include the terms related to every branch of
Mechanical.

You can find here terms related to

• Aluminium and Metals

• Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
• Automobile Engineering
• Automotive Aero-dynamics
• Automotive Air-conditioning
• Automotive Chassis
• Automotive Components Laboratory
• Automotive Electrical and Electronics
• Automotive Engines
• Automotive Fuels and Lubricants
• Automotive Pollution and Control
• Automotive Transmission
• Cables and Wires
• Civil Engineering
• Communication Skills Laboratory
• Composite Materials
• Computer Aided Machine Drawing
• Computer Simulation of I.C. Engines
• Design and Drafting
• Design of Jigs, Fixtures and Press Tools
• Electrical-Mechatronics and Robotics
• Electro mechanics
• Electronics and Micro-processors
• Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
• Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
• Fuels and Energy Systems
• Hydraulics
• I.C. Engines
• Information Storage and Retrieval
• Intelligent Systems
• Manufacturing Processes
• Manufacturing Technology Laboratory
• Mechanics
• Mechanics of Machines
• Metrology and Instrumentation
• New Generation and Hybrid Vehicles
• Off Road Vehicles
• Operating System
• Physics and Chemistry
• Principles of Management
• Professional Ethics In Engineering
• Programming Languages
• Robotics
• Software Engineering
• Statistics And Numerical Methods
• Strength of Materials
• Strength of Materials Lab
• Two and Three Wheelers Laboratory
• Vehicle Body Engineering
• Vehicle Design and Data Characteristics
• Vehicle Maintenance
• Vibration, Noise and Harshness Control
And so many

(A): Abbreviation or symbol for Absorption coefficient, Acceleration,

Ampere, Attenuation coefficient, Fine-structure constant, Helmhotz
free energy, Magnetic vector potential.
(AM): Amplitude modulation
(b): Symbol for susceptance in an AC circuit (unit is the siemens;
measured by the negative of the reactive component of the
admittance
(BE): Performs functions of galvanneal furnace; set of torches on
wheels used to shoot flames onto a strip to further heat it.
(C): See gap-frame press. (see Gap-frame Press)
(C): Airspace ICAO Class C
(In): Chemical symbol for Indium
(In): inch
(NMS) : Navigation management system.
(NMS) : Navigation management unit.
(No): -FROST FREEZER Low-temperature refrigerator cabinet in
which no frost or ice collects on freezer surfaces or materials stored
in cabinet.
115V AC Outlet: An electrical socket receiving 115v AC current
produced by a vehicles charging system.
12V DC outlet: An electrical socket receiving 12v DC current
produced and stored by a vehicles charging system.
2 stroke: The fuel/air mixture is drawn in through the carburetor,
ignited and exhausted with one single revolution of the piston inside
the engine. In a 2-cycle engine the fuel/air mixture (as metered by
the carburetor) is forced into the combustion chamber during the
down stroke of the piston. During the upstroke the mixture is
compressed and when the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the
glow plug ignites the compressed gases, forcing the piston down. On
the way down exhaust gases escape through the exhaust port while
the fuel mixture enters the chamber. The entire power cycle takes
place in 2 strokes of the piston.
2.4 ghz: Model airplanes radios use a section of the RADIO
SPECTRUM from 2.4 GHZ to 2.40835 GHZ. The frequencies are
very high, hence the real short radio transmitter and receiver
antennas. The radio transmitters are SMART in that the radios talk to
each other so as to not have any frequency conflicts.
20 Pence Test: A simple, commonly-used test to check the proper
tread depth on a tyre with a twenty pence piece. To learn how to use
the 20 pence test, click here.
3d: a complex form of aerobatic flying, usually with more than one
maneuver being performed simultaneously. 3D airplanes have over-
sized control surfaces, exaggerated control surface deflection and
excess power for maximum performance and sensitivity.
4 stroke: 4 stroke engines take 2 revolutions to do what a 2 stroke
does in one. In a 4-cycle engine the fuel/air mixture (as metered by
the carburetor) is brought into the combustion chamber during the
down stroke of the piston through a valve operated by the
crankshaft. On the upstroke the valve closes and the mixture is
compressed. When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the glow
plug ignites forcing the piston down. On the next upstroke of the
piston a second valve opens and allows the exhaust gases to
escape. The fuel mixture then again enters on the down stroke. The
entire power cycle takes place in 4 strokes of the piston.
4WD: four wheel drive ,A drivetrain that employs two differentials
and a transfer case to provide power to all four wheels of a vehicle.
72 mhz: 72 MHZ model airplane radios occupy 1 MHZ of band up to
73 MHZ. The Channels run from 72.010, spaced 20 KHZ apart to
give us 50 channels for the exclusive use for Radio Controlled Model
airplanes.
A Coatings: Coatings on hot dipped galvanized steels processed to
convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in
appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well
suited for painting.
A Elevation: The top level of the boiler firebox where four oil guns
are located. The oil guns are used to produce steam and maintain
pressure while the boiler is on oil fire.
A.G.C. Systems: (Automatic Gauge Control) Hydraulic or electric
system that supplies the force to the A.G.C. roll force cylinders.
A/a: Air to Air
A/C compressor: An engine-driven pump in the air conditioning
system that increases the pressure of the refrigerant.
A/C drain hose: A hose used to drain condensation from the air
conditioner evaporator.
A/c gw: Aircraft Gross Weight
A/C : Air conditioner Unit
A/F: Air/fuel ratio.
A/G : Aircraft. Air Craft
A/T : Automatic throttle.
A-2 tire : A term used for tire sizes 16.00 and larger in nominal cross
section. Also called earthmover, off-road, or off-the-road tire.
A4R70W : Acronym for Automatic Overdrive Electronic Wide Ratio
Transmission
AA : Acronym for Automobile Association a term used in Great
Britain.
Aaa: Antiaircraft Artillery.
AAA : Acronym for American Automobile Association
AABM : Acronym for Association of American Battery
Manufacturers, Inc.
AAC : Acronym for Auxiliary Air Control Valve
AACA: Arab Air Carriers Organisation .
Aacmi: Autonomous Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation. Also
known as Flight Profile Recorder or FPR system.
Aacs: Attitude & Articulation Control Subsystem.
AADT : Acronym for Annual Average Daily Traffic -- a measure of
traffic flow.
AAE : Acronym for Association of Automotive Employers (Poland).
Aaf: Association Astronautique Francaise.
Aai/apx: Air-to-Air Interrogator.
AAIA : Acronym for Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association.
AAIM : Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitor
AALA : Acronym for American Automobile Labeling Act
Aam: Air-to-Air Missile
AAM : Acronym for Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers.
Aanch: All Afterburner, No Compass Heading. Moving a lot with
nothing being accomplished. “The new Lt is All Afterburner with No
Compass Heading”.
AAP : Acronym for Auxiliary acceleration pump
AAPA: Association of Asia Pacific Airlines.
AAR: Association of American Railroads.
Aar: Air-to-Air Refueling.
A-arm : A Suspension linkage formed in the shape of an A or V
found commonly on the Front suspension. The sides of the two legs
of the A-arm are connected to the Chassis by rubber Bushings and
the peak of the A-arm is attached to the wheel assembly. In this way,
the wheel can freely move up and down. Sometimes there is an
upper A-arm, a lower A-arm, or both upper and lower A-arms. The
British call it a wishbone.
Aas: American Astronautical Society.
AAS : Acronym for Air aspirator system.
AASA: Airline Association of Southern Africa.
AASHTO : Acronym for American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
AAV : Acronym for Anti-Afterburning Valve (Mazda)
Aaw: Anti-air Warfare.
AAWF : Acronym for Annual Average Weekday Flows -- a measure
of traffic flow.
AAWT : Acronym for Annual Average Weekday Traffic -- a measure
of traffic flow.
Ab: Afterburner
AB Screws: Sheet metal screws with pointed ends similar to Type-A
screws and thread dimensions similar to Type-B. Type AB screws
are seldom used in stainless.
ABAS : Aircraft Based Augmenting System.
Abc / non ringed : A acronym for aluminum, brass and chrome or a
composite such as nickel. These engines have an aluminum piston
and a chrome or composite coated brass cylinder sleeve which
allows them to be more efficient for higher performance. They have
no piston ring and rely on a very tight piston/cylinder fit to obtain a
piston/cylinder seal. New ABC engines are normally hard to turn
over by hand. Because of the tight fit, it is very important that the
engine is broken in properly.
"
ABC : Aluminum-Brass-Chrome. Three main components used in
the production of engines that do not have rings. Engines with
aluminum piston, chrome or nickel plated brass sleeve. Engine has
tighter pistons and cylinders are harder to turn over and start; tight fit
makes an engine more fuel efficient, and powerful. ABC engines
require longer running in.
"
Abcc: Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center.
Abl: Allegheny Ballistics Laboratory.
ABL : Advanced Bimetallic Liner. A Specialized form of ABN.
Instead of a single-material plating,single-step, the ABL Plating
process is based on a layered approach made possible by double
OS-developed hard-nickel alloys. First alloy is used as the bottom
(bonding) layer, this fuses the top layer to the brass liner. The other
alloy, developed for superior hardness, forms the top layer. Together,
they create a barrier that protects the liner against excessive heat
and wear.
Ablation: The erosion of a solid body by a high-temperature gas
stream moving with high velocity, e.g. a reentry vehicle's heat shield
which melts or chars under the effects of air friction.
Ablation (glacial): All processes, which include melting, evaporation
(sublimation), wind erosion, and calving (breaking off of ice masses),
that remove snow or ice from a glacier or snowfield. The term also
refers to the amount of snow or ice removed by these processes.
Abma: American Boiler Manufacturers Association.
Abma: Army Ballistic Missile Agency (USA).
ABN : Aluminum-Brass-Nickel. The components used in the
production of non-ringed engines. These engines use an aluminum
piston, and a nickel plated brass sleeve. The engine is harder to turn
over and start due to the tight fit between the piston and cylinder.
This tight fit is what makes the engine more efficient, and powerful.
ABN engines must be run in for best performance.
Abort: To cancel or cut short a mission.
Abort: Directive to cease action/attack/event/mission.
Above ground level (agl) : Elevation of an elevated heliport above
surrounding grade (as opposed to elevation above mean sea level.)
Above ground level (agl). : Distance between the aircraft and the
ground Synonyms: radar altitude;
Abrasion: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles
from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing solids,
fluids or gases. The process of rubbing, grinding or wearing away by
friction.
Abrasion: External damage to the hose assembly caused by
rubbing on a foreign object, wearing away by friction.
Abrasion Resistance: Degree of resistance of a material to
abrasion or wear
Abrasion resistance : The ability of a material to resist surface
wear.
Abrasion Resistant Coating: An abrasion resistant coating is
applied to mechanical parts to resist the abrasion and resulting
wearing away of components due to friction in moving parts. Coating
options vary widely from hard chrome to polymer-based composite
coatings and are applied to materials based on the level of bonding
and dimensional tolerance that can be achieved.
Abrasion Resistant Steels: A family of steel products developed for
those applications involved in sliding and/or impact abrasion.
Abrasion : The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, as with
sandpaper on wood.
Abrasion-Resistant Steels: A family of steel products developed for
those applications involved in sliding and/or impact abrasion.
Abrasive: Material for grinding, polishing, blasting, either in loose
form or bonded to form wheels, bricks, or files, or applied to paper
and cloth by glue or resin. Natural abrasives include emery,
corundum, garnet, sand, flint, etc. Metallic shot and grit are also
used as abrasives in cleaning castings.
Abrasive: Natural – sandstone, emery, corundum, diamonds, or
Artificial – silicon carbide, aluminum oxide – material used for
making grinding wheels, and paper, abrasive and lapping
compounds.
Abrasive Blasting: A process for cleaning or finishing by means of
an abrasive directed at high velocity against the workplace.
Abrasive Disk: 1. A grinding wheel that is mounted on a steel plate,
with the exposed flat side being used for grinding. 2. A disk-shaped,
coated abrasive product.
Abrasive erosion : Erosive wear caused by the relative motion of
solid particles which are entrained in a fluid, moving nearly parallel to
a solid surface.
Abrasive Wear: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic
particles from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to
flowing fluids or gases.
Abrasive Wear: The displacement and / or detachment of metallic
particles from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to
flowing fluids or gases.
Abrasive Wheels: Wheels of a hard abrasive, such as
Carborundum used for grinding.
Abrasive Wheels: Wheels of a hard abrasive, such as
Carborundum used for grinding.
ABS: Antilock braking system. A computer-controlled system that
prevents brakes from locking up and tires from skidding during hard
braking.
Abscission: Shedding by a plant of its parts, such as leaves,
flowers, fruits, or seeds. The process is regulated by the plant
hormone abscisic acid.
Absolute: A measure having as its zero point or base the complete
absence of the entity being measured
Absolute ceiling: The maximum altitude above sea level at which a
heavier-than-air craft can be maintained in level flight.
Absolute humidity: Amount of moisture in the air, indicated in kg/kg
of dry air.
Absolute pressure: Air at standard conditions (70°F air at sea level
with a barometric pressure of 29.92 in Hg) exerts a pressure of
14.696 psi. This is the pressure in a system when the pressure
gauge reads zero. So the absolute pressure of a system is the
gauge pressure in pounds per square inch added to the atmospheric
pressure of 14.696 psi (use 14.7 psi in environmental system work)
and the symbol is "psia".
Absolute pressure: Total pressure measured from an absolute
vacuum. It equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the
atmospheric pressure corresponding to the barometer.
Absolute Pressure: The sum of hydraulic system pressure and
gauge pressure. (see Pressure)
Absolute Pressure: The indicated value of the weight of the earth's
atmosphere. At sea level, this value is approximately 14.65 psi
(pounds per square inch).
Absolute pressure: The indicated value of the weight of the earth's
atmosphere. At sea level this value is approximately 14.65 psi
(pounds per square inch).
Absolute Shaft Encoders: A shaft encoder is an electro-
mechanical device used to measure the rotation angle of mechanical
shafts. Absolute shaft encoders can use mechanical contacts or
optical sensors to measure the rotation angle and return a unique
digital value for each angular position of the shaft. As opposed to
incremental (or relative) shaft encoders, absolute shaft encoders
always retain the absolute position of the shaft, even if the machine
in use exeriences a power shutdown or other operational
interruption.
Absolute Temperature: The temperature reckoned from the
absolute zero temperature.
Absolute temperature scale : A scale of temperature measurement
in which zero degrees is absolute zero.
Absolute velocity: The vector sum of the velocity of a fluid parcel
relative to the earth and the velocity of the parcel due to the earth's
rotation; the east-west component is the only one affected.
Absolute Viscosity: Term used interchangeably with viscosity to
distinguish it from kinematic viscosity and/or commercial viscosity;
occasionally, dynamic viscosity.
Absolute zero: A hypothetical temperature at which there is total
absence of heat. Since heat is a result of energy caused by
molecular motion, there is no motion of molecules with respect to
each other at absolute zero. It is theoretically the coldest possible
temperature.
Absolute zero: The temperature at which all heat action ceases,
-273.16oC (-459.69oF).
Absolute zero: The temperature at which significant molecular
activity stops. Absolute zero is commonly used by scientists who
study what happens to things when they become very cold and is
measured as 0 degrees Kelvin -- equal to -459 degrees Fahrenheit
or -273 degrees Celsius.
Absolute zero temperature: Temperature measured from absolute
zero (-459.67°F, or -273.16°C).
Absolute : Fixed reference, as opposed to moving reference.
Absorbent: A material which, due to an affinity for certain
substances, extracts one or more such substances from a liquid or
gaseous medium with which it contacts and which changes
physically or chemically, or both, during the process. Calcium
chloride is an example of a solid absorbent, while solutions of lithium
chloride, lithium bromide, and ethylene glycols are liquid absorbents.
Absorbent (Wash Oil): An oil that selectively strips heavier
hydrocarbons from a gas, as in coke oven gas; byproduct plants
subsequently remove the hydrocarbons.
Absorber: It means suck ,in automobiles shock absorbers are used
to absorbs the dumping -bumping effect of road to provide comfort to
rider
Absorber : That part of the low side of an absorption system, used
for absorbing vapor refrigerant.
Absorption: The process in which radiant energy is retained by a
substance. A further process always results from absorption, that is,
the irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation into some other
form of energy within and according to the nature of the absorbing
medium. The absorbing medium itself may emit radiation, but only
after an energy conversion has occurred.
Absorption coefficient: A measure of the amount of radiant energy,
incident normal to a planar surface, that is absorbed per unit
distance or unit mass of a substance.
Absorption refrigeration system: One in which the refrigerant, as it
is absorbed in another liquid, maintains the pressure difference
needed for successful operation of the system.
Absorption refrigerator: Refrigerator that creates low temperatures
by using the cooling effect formed when a refrigerant is absorbed by
chemical substance.
Absorption system: A refrigeration system in which the refrigerant
gas evolved in the evaporator is taken up in an absorber and
released in a generator upon the application of heat.
Absorption tower: A tower or column, which effects contact
between a rising gas and a falling liquid, so that part of the gas may
be taken up by the liquid.
Absorption : A process whereby a material extracts one or more
substances present in an atmosphere or mixture of gases or liquids
accompanied by the material's physical and/or chemical changes.
ABTA: Association of British Travel Agents.
Ac Dc Inverters: Power inverters convert direct current to
alternating current for the purpose of operating AC-driven devices
from a DC power source such as a low voltage battery. In the DC
power source, voltage travels continuously from the negative
terminal, through the load, to the positive terminal. A power inverter
increases the voltage from the DC source, then converts it to an
alternating current using oscillator circuits. Because these oscillator
circuits deliver a square wave output, a series of filters, inductors,
and capacitors is commonly used to smooth the square wave into a
smooth sine wave characteristic of AC power.
AC generator: A device that produces AC voltage. The output is
rectified by diodes to produce DC voltage. Also called an alternator.
Ac : Advisory circular
Ac, ac: Alternating Current
Aca: Airspace Coordination Area: A three-dimensional box in the sky
defined by grid and/or land references and an altitude block (AGL).
The intent of an ACA is to allow simultaneous attack of targets near
each other by multiple fire support means, one of which is air. (See
Army Field Manual 6-20).
ACAC: Arab Civil Aviation Commission.
ACARE: Advisory Council for AeronauticsACARE is a
European advisory council for research in aeronautics. For new
aircraft in 2020, it aims to halve CO2 and noise emissions and
reduce NOx emissions by 80% (in relation to 2000 levels).
ACARS: An air/ground communications system used to collect
technical data from the aircraft for analysis, even when in flight.
ACARS : Airline Communication and Reporting System.
ACAS: Airborne Collision-Avoidance System (ICAO).
ACAS : Airborne Collision Avoidance System
Acbt: Air Combat Training; a general term which includes (D)BFM,
(D)ACM, and (D)ACT.
ACC: Airport Consultative Committee (IATA).
Acc: Air Component Commander.
Acc aero club of canada: The umbrella organization of all sport
flying in Canada.
ACC : Area Control Center.
Accelaration : Rate of change of velocity, either scalar or vector,
often with subscripts such as ENU or XYZ to denote the coordinate
frame; time derivative of velocity; time integral of jerk; Symbols: a, A;
Typical Units: ft/s-squared, g; Dimensions: Length / Time-squared;
Accelerate: To speed up. For example, when an airplane takes off it
accelerates down the runway until enough lift is created by the air
flowing over the wings so that it can fly.
Accelerated Corrosion Test: Method designed to approximate, in a
short time, the deteriorating effect obtained under normal long-term
service conditions.
Accelerated Testing: A test performed on materials or assemblies
that is meant to produce failures caused by the same failure
mechanism as expected in field operation but in significantly shorter
time. The failure mechanism is accelerated by changing one or more
of the controlling test parameters.
Accelerated-Life Test: A method designed to approximate, in a
short time, the deteriorating effect obtained under normal long-term
service conditions. (see Artificial Aging)
Acceleration: It mean is speed up .the control for speed is given on
the drivers reach known as accelerator
Acceleration: A change in velocity, including changes of direction
and decreases as well as increases in speed.
Acceleration: Science: in general, any increase in the speed or rate
at which some process occur; in technical
use acceleration and speed are not synonymous. Mechanics: the
vector representing the rate of change in velocity vector over time. It
is expressed in meters (or feet) per second per second, and it
involves an increase or decrease in speed and a change in direction.
Acceleration due to gravity: The rate of increase in velocity of a
body falling freely in a vacuum. Its value varies with latitude and
elevation. The International Standard is 32.174 ft. per second per
second.
Acceleration east : Aircraft acceleration in true east direction;
Symbols: A sub E; Typical Units: ft/s-squared; Dimensions: Length /
Time-squared;
Acceleration maneuver: An offensive or defensive maneuver, flown
in the vertical plane, if possible, designed to increase or reduce
distance from an object. A low Yo-Yo is an acceleration maneuver.
Acceleration north : Aircraft acceleration in true north direction;
Symbols: A sub N; Typical Units: ft/s-squared; Dimensions: Length /
Time-squared;
Acceleration period: In cavitation and liquid impingement erosion,
the stage following the incubation period, during which the erosion
rate increases from near zero to a maximum value.
Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity, as a function of time.
Expressed in m/s.
Acceleration : The time rate of change of velocity; i.e., the
derivative of velocity; with respect to time.
Accelerator: A substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a
catalyst; as used in sand additive resins.
Accelerator: A substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a
catalyst; as used in sand additive resins.
Accelerator pedal linkage: Linkage connected between acc.
Paddle and throttle body of engine. In new ECU controlled vehicles it
is connected through wires and sensors
Accelerator pedal linkage: The linkage between the accelerator
pedal and a vehicles throttle body or carburetor.
Accelerometer: A device that senses changes in speed along its
axis.
Accelerometer : An inertial device for measuring acceleration,
usually in three orthogonal axes (lateral X, longitudinal Y, and vertical
Z); accelerometers usually consist of a mass, spring, and damper;
accelerometers are usually included in inertial sensors, such as
AHRS and INS;
Accept : To allow to proceed, for example with a position update,
usually by an operator; Compare: reject
Acceptable weld: A weld that meets all of the requirements and the
acceptance criteria prescribed by the welding specifications.
Access Control Systems: Access control systems define the wide
range of security solutions used to provide an individual or corporate
authority access control over it's facilities and/or computer systems.
Access control systems can be small home security systems or large
corporate-wide computer systems. Access is granted via an
electronic key, or passcode, or a combination of hardware and
software keys.
Accessible hermetic : An assembly of motor and compressor,
inside a single bolted housing unit.
"
Accident : Occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft
which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft
with the intention of flight and until such time as all such persons
have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious
injury or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.
"
Acclimation (acclimatization): Change that occurs in an organism
to allow it to tolerate a new environment.
Accm: In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite
goes into complete solution with austenite.
ACCM: In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite
goes into complete solution with austenite.
Accordion Reed Steel: Hardened, tempered, polished and blued or
yellow flat steel with dressed edges. Carbon content about 1.00%.
Material has to possess good flatness, uniform hardness and high
elasticity.
Accumulation (glacial): All processes, which include snowfall,
condensation, avalanching, snow transport by wind, and freezing of
liquid water, that add snow or ice to a glacier, floating ice, or snow
cover. The term also includes the amount of snow or other
solid precipitationadded to a glacier or snowfield by these processes.
Accumulator: Storage tank which receives liquid refrigerant from
evaporator and prevents it from flowing into suction line before
vaporizing.
Accumulator: A vessel, normally cylindrical, which is used to store
fluid and gas for future release of the energy in the compressed fluid
and gas. Normally contains a diaphragm or piston between the fluid
(liquid) and gas chambers. Fluid is normally introduced at one end
and the gas at the opposite end.
Accumulator: A vessel, normally cylindrical, which is used to store
fluid and gas for future release of the energy in the compressed fluid
and gas. Normally contains a diaphragm or piston between the fluid
(liquid) and gas chambers. Fluid is normally introduced at one end
and the gas at the opposite end.
Accumulator (Hydraulics): A device in which hydraulic fluid is
stored under pressure in a system to be used as a source of fluid
power.
Accuracy: The ability of the servo system to achieve the desired
output.
Accuracy : Measure of exactness, possibly expressed in percent;
Compare: precision
Ace: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC).
ACE filter: Active cornering enhancement filter. A device used in an
electro-hydraulic suspension system to reduce body roll by adjusting
the system to driving conditions.
Acetone: A filler added to acetylene cylinders, capable of absorbing
25 times its own volume of acetylene.
Acetyl Tributyl Citrate: One of the lubricating oils generally applied
on tin mill products (tin plate, TFS-chrome/chrome oxide coated
steel, and blackplate).
Acetyl Tributyl Citrate: One of the lubricating oils generally applied
on tin Mill Products (tin plate, TFS chrome/chrome oxide coated
steel, and blackplate).
Acft: Aircraft
Acg : ATM/CNS Consulting Group (Euro control)
ACI: Airports Council International.
ACI: Europe Airport Council International - Europe.
Aci : Airport Council International
Acicular Ferrite: A highly substructured non-equiaxed ferrite that
forms upon continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode
of transformation that begins at a temperature slightly higher than
the temperature transformation range for upper bainite. It is
distinguished from bainite in that it has a limited amount of carbon
available; thus, there is only a small amount of carbide present.
Acicular Ferrite: A highly substructured nonequiaxed ferrite formed
upon continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode of
transformation that begins at a temperature slightly higher than the
transformation temperature range for upper bainite. It is
distinguished from bainite in that it has a limited amount of carbon
available; thus, there is only a small amount of carbide present.
Acicular Ferrite Steels: Ultralow-carbon (<0.08%) steels having a
microstructure consisting of either acicular ferrite (low-carbon
bainite) or a mixture of acicular and equiaxed ferrite.
Acid: 1. A chemical substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when
dissolved in water. Compare with base. 2. A term applied to slags,
refractories and minerals containing a high percentage of silica.
Acid: 1) A solution or liquid with a pH less than 7, 2) term applied to
slags, refractors, and minerals containing a high percentage of silica.
Acid attack: Caused by an incomplete flushing after an acid
cleaning process of boilers or similar equipment.
Acid Bottom and Lining: The inner bottom and lining of a melting
furnace, consisting of materials like sand, siliceous rock or silica
brick that give an acid reaction at the operating temperature.
Acid Brittleness : Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid;
hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is
partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness.
Acid cleaning: The process of cleaning the interior surfaces of
steam generating units by filling the unit with dilute acid
accompanied by an inhibitor to prevent corrosion and by
subsequently draining, washing, and neutralizing the acid by a
further wash of alkaline water.
Acid condition in system : Condition in which refrigerant or oil in a
system, is mixed with vapor and fluids that are acidic in nature.
Acid Copper: 1. Copper electrodeposited from an acid solution of a
copper salt, usually copper sulfate. 2. The solution referred to in 1.
Acid embrittlement: A form of hydrogen EMBRITTLEMENT that
may be induced in some metals by an acid.
Acid Embrittlement: A form of hydrogen embrittlement that may be
induced in some metals by acid.
Acid Embrittlement: Embrittlement during pickling due to
absorption of hydrogen.
Acid gas: A gas that that forms an acid when mixed with water. In
petroleum processing, the most common acid gases are hydrogen
sulfide and carbon dioxide.
Acid Number: The mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in
milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical
substance.(see Acidity) (see Strong acid/strong base numbers)
Acid Process: A process of making steel, either bessemer, open-
hearth, or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous
refractory and for which low phosphorous pig iron is required as this
element is not removed.
Acid Process: A process of making steel, either Bessemer, open
hearth or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous
refractory and for which low phosphorus pig iron is required as this
element is not removed.
Acid Rain: Atmospheric precipitation with a pH below 5.6 to 5.7.
Burning of fossil fuels for heat and power is the major factor in the
generation of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which are converted into
nitric and sulfuric acids washed down in the rain. (see Atmospheric
Corrosion)
Acid rain: Acids form when certain atmospheric gases (primarily
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides) come in contact
with water in the atmosphere or on the ground and are chemically
converted to acidic substances. Oxidants play a major role in several
of these acid-forming processes. Carbon dioxide dissolved in rain is
converted to a weak acid (carbonic acid). Other gases, primarily
oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, are converted to strong acids (sulfuric
and nitric acids).
Acid rain : Atmospheric precipitation with an pH below 5.6 to 5.7.
Acid Refractory: Siliceous ceramic materials of a high melting
temperature, such as silica brick, used for metallurgic furnace
linings.(see Basic Refractories)
Acid soak: A method of acid cleaning, in which the acid is pumped
into the boiler and rests there for a period of time.
Acid Steel: Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining
and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as
silica.
Acid Steel: Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining
and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as
silica.
Acid : Literally hitter, but chemically the state of a water solution
containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Acid-Brittleness: Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid;
hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is
partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness.
Acidic: The reaction of a substance with water resulting in an
increase in concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (see acid).
Acidified: The addition of an acid (usually nitric or sulfuric) to a
sample to lower the pH below 2.0. The purpose of the acidification is
to "fix" a sample so it will not change until it is analyzed.
Acidity: Represents the amount of free carbon dioxide, mineral
acids, and salts (especially sulfates of iron and aluminum) which
hydrolyze to give hydrogen ions in the water. The acidity is reported
as millie equivalents per liter of acid, or ppm acidity as calcium
carbonate, or pH, the measure of hydrogen ion concentration.
Acidity: In lubricants, acidity denotes the presence of acid-type
constituents. The concentration of acid is expressed as an acid
number or neutralization number.
Acidity profile: The acid concentration in ice core layers as a
function of depth as determined from electrical measurements. The
magnitudes of some volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere
have been estimated from the acidity of annual layers in ice cores
taken in Greenland. This methodology is sometimes referred to as
"acidity signal" or "acidity record".
Ackermann steering: It is type of steering mechanism whose
maximum center of turning radius is kept on extended center line of
rear wheels
Acls: (I) Air cushion landing system, or (II) automatic carrier landing
system.
Acm: Air Combat Maneuvering; training designed to achieve
proficiency in element formation maneuvering and the coordinated
application of BFM to achieve a simulated kill or effectively defend
against one or more aircraft from a planned starting position.
Acme Thread: A screw thread having a 29° included angle. Used
largely for feed and adjusting screws on machine tools.
Acmi: Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation
Aco: Airspace Control Order. Document that details all approved
airspace requests. The ACO will complement the ATO cycle and
serve as the single planning document for airspace considerations.
Acoustic: A term pertaining to sound, or the science of sound.
Acoustic Emission Acoustic Emission: A measure of integrity of a
material, as determined by sound emission when a material is
stressed. Ideally, emissions can be correlated with defects and/or
incipient failure.
Acquire : To begin reception of useful data
Acquisition fee: Also known as a "bank fee," an "administrative fee"
or an "assignment fee." For a vehicle lease, a fee charged by the
leasing company at the inception of the lease that is intended to
cover a variety of administrative costs, such as obtaining a credit
report, verifying insurance coverage, checking the accuracy and
completeness of the lease documentation, and entering the lease
into its data and accounting systems.
Acrimsat: The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor
(ACRIM) Satellite Mission is a NASA mission to measure Total Solar
Irradiance (TSI) over a five-year period. The instrument, third in a
series of long-term solar-monitoring tools built for NASA by the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, will continue to extend the database first
created by ACRIM I, which was launched in 1980 on the Solar
Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft. ACRIM II followed on the
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in 1991.
See ACRIMSAT Fact Sheet
Across the line: A method of motor starting, which connects the
motor directly to the supply line on starting or running.
Acrylic Displays: Acrylic is a transparent thermoplastic that can be
manufactured to various shapes and thicknesses. Because of its
transparency and plastic properties, acrylic is a popular substitute for
glass. One of the most popular commercial examples of acrylic is
Plexiglas. Acrylic displays are cases and shelving units
manufactured from acrylic and widely used in stores to display
merchandise.
Acrylic Podiums: Acrylic is a transparent thermoplastic that can be
manufactured to various shapes and thicknesses. Because of its
transparency and plastic properties, acrylic is a popular substitute for
glass. One of the most popular commercial examples of acrylic is
Plexiglas. Acrylic is also used to manufacture podiums and lecterns -
the stand used to support books or materials for speakers standing
in front of an audience.
ACS: American Chemical Society.
Acs: Attitude Control System.
Act: Air Combat Tactics; training in the application of BFM and ACM
skills to achieve a tactical air-to-air objective.
Act : active, activated, activation message
Actinide Metals: The group of radioactive elements of atomic
numbers 89 through 103 of the periodic system—namely, actinium,
thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium,
curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium,
nobelium and lawrencium.
Action: Refers to the action of a controller. It defines what is done to
regulate the final control element to effect control.
Action: Directive to initiate a briefed attack sequence or maneuver.
Activate : To begin performing a mission objective, such as flying
along a radial of a radio station; usually refers to a mode of radio
navigation, such flying along that radial after capturing that radial;
See Also: capture criterion; Compare: arm, capture;
Activated alumina: Chemical which is a form of aluminum oxide. It
is used as a drier or desiccant.
Activated carbon: Is a specially processed carbon, used as a filter
drier. Commonly used to clean air.
Activated Rosin Flux: A rosin-base flux containing an additive that
increases wetting by the solder.
Activated sludge: An aerobic biological process for conversion of
soluble organic matter to solid biomass, removable by gravity or
filtration.
Activation: The changing of the passive surface of a metal to a
chemically active state. Contrast with passivation.
Activation: The changing of the passive surface of a metal to a
chemically active state. Contrast with passivation.
Activation Energy: The energy required for initiating a metallurgical
reaction—for example, plastic flow, diffusion, chemical reaction. The
activation energy may be calculated from the slope of the line
obtained by plotting the natural log of the reaction rate versus the
reciprocal of the absolute temperature.
Active: The negative direction of electrode potential. Also used to
describe corrosion and its associated potential range when an
electrode potential is more negative than an adjacent depressed
corrosion rate (passive) range.
Active heating: The use of resistive electric heaters or radioisotope
heaters to keep spacecraft components above their minimum
allowable temperatures.
Active Metal: A metal ready to corrode or being corroded.
Active pedestrian protection system: An electronic system
designed to warn drivers of impending pedestrian traffic.
Active storage pile : A method of stockpiling coal, sometimes called
live storage. The pile is located outside the plant but adjacent to it,
and usually contains four or five days of operating supply. The pile is
not compacted, as it is not stored long enough to be exposed to the
hazard of spontaneous combustion.
Active sun: The Sun during times of frequent solar activity such as
sunspots, flares, and associated phenomena.
Active system (active sensor): A remote-sensing system that
transmits its own radiation to detect an object or area for observation
and receives the reflected or transmitted radiation. Radar is an
example of an active system. Compare with passive system.
Activity: A measure of the chemical potential of a substance, where
the chemical potential is not equal to concentration, that allows
mathematical relations equivalent to those for ideal systems to be
used to correlate changes in an experimentally measured quantity
with changes in chemical potential.
Actual cash value: Also referred to as "ACV." A method of valuing
insured property that is computed by subtracting depreciation (based
on the propertys age and condition) from its replacement cost.
Compare "Replacement cost."
Actuator: The portion of a regulating valve, which converts
mechanical, fluid, thermal, or electrical energy; into mechanical
motion to open or close the valve seats or other such devices.
Actuator: A mechanical device, like a cylinder or hydraulic motor,
used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
Actuator: A device for converting hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy, i.e., a motor or cylinder.
Actuator: A device which transforms an electric signal into a
measured motion using hydraulic, pneumatic or pyrotechnic
(explosive) action.
Actuator: A device for converting hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy, i.e., a motor or cylinder.
Acute Angle: An angle that is less than 90°.
Acute Angle: An angle that is less than 90 degrees.
ACV: See "Actual cash value."
AD : Directive; Maintenance or modification ordered by FAA.
Ada: Air Defense Artillery.
Adaptation: The adjustment of an organism or population to a new
or altered environment through genetic changes brought about by
natural selection.
Adapter: A mechanical device used to align the shaft of an electric
motor (or other rotary device) with the shaft of a hydraulic pump to
maintain radial and parallel shaft alignment.
Adapter: A mechanical device used to align the shaft of an electric
motor (or other rotary device) with the shaft of a hydraulic pump to
maintain radial and parallel shaft alignment. Fittings of various sizes
and material used to change an end fitting from one type to another
type or one size to another ( i.e., male JIC to male pipe adapter is
often attached to a female JIC to create a male end union fitting)
Adapter Bolt (Lube Systems): A part used to connect an injector to
a manifold block.
Adapters: Steel segments that are bolted to the reel mandrel to
increase their diameter so that large (24" I.D.) coils can be run.
Adaptive cruise control: A laser- or radar-sensing cruise control
system that causes a vehicle to automatically slow or stop in order to
avoid front-end collisions.
Adaptive headlights: Adaptive headlights are safety feature which
rotates the head lights according to steering wheel. It increases the
safety at nights or in low lights while corning, sharp turns and over
hills.
Adaptive headlights: Headlights that turn as the driver turns the
steering wheel, for the purpose of improving illumination in the
direction of the turn.
ADB : Aerodrome
AdBlue: A brand name of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) that is
trademarked and overseen by the German Association of the
Automotive Industry, a trade group that represents both German car
manufacturers and automotive suppliers. Read more.
Adc: Air Data Converter
ADC : Air Data Computer
ADCUS : Advise customs
ADD : Architecture Description Document
Addendum (Gears): Distance between the pitch circle and the tooth
crest.
Addition Agent: 1. A substance added to a solution for the purpose
of altering or controlling a process. Examples: wetting agents in acid
pickles; brighteners or antipitting agents in plating solutions;
inhibitors. 2. Any material added to a charge of molten metal in a
bath or ladle to bring the alloy to specification.
Addition Agent: 1) Any material added to a charge of molten metal
in bath or ladle to bring alloy to specifications, 2) reagent added to
plating bath.
Additions: Materials, typically alloy elements, added to molten steel
to produce the chemical specifications for the desired steel grade.
Additive: A substance added in small amount to something, such as
gasoline.
Additive: A chemical compound or compounds added to a lubricant
or hydraulic fluid to impart new properties or enhance inherent
properties.
ADDR : Air data computer
Adf: Automatic Direction Finding; utilizing an automated radio
direction finding (RDF) technique.
ADF: Australian Defence Force
ADF : Automatic Direction Finder
Adg: Accessory Drive Gearbox
Adhesion: The property of a lubricant that causes it to cling or
adhere to a solid surface.
Adhesive: A substance capable of holding materials together by
surface attachment. Adhesive is a general term and includes, among
others, cement, glue, mucilage and paste.
Adhesive Bonding: A materials joining process in which an
adhesive, placed between the faying surface (adherends), solidifies
to produce an adhesive bond.
Adhesive Wear: 1. Wear by transference of material from one
surface to another during relative motion due to a process of solid-
phase welding. Particles that are removed from one surface are
either permanently or temporarily attached to the other surface. 2.
Wear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces
leading to material transfer between the two surfaces or loss from
either surface. (see Abrasive Wear)
Adi: Attitude Director Indicator
ADI : Attitude direction indicator
Adiabatic: Occurring with no addition or loss of heat from the
system under consideration.
Adiabatic change : A change in the volume, pressure, or
temperature of a gas, occurring without a gain of heat or loss of heat.
Adiabatic compression: Compressing a gas without removing or
adding heat.
Adiabatic cooling : A method in which paramagnetic salts are pre-
cooled, and then demagnetized, thereby producing further cooling.
Adiabatic efficiency: The ratio of actual work output of a heat
engine to the ideal output.
Adiabatic expansion: The expansion of a gas, vapor, or liquid
stream from a higher pressure to a lower pressure, with no change in
enthalpy.
Adiabatic process: Adiabatic is a process of thermodynamics, It
occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a system and its
surroundings.
Adiabatic process: A thermo-dynamic process in which no heat is
extracted from or added to the system of the process.
Adiabatic process: A thermodynamic change of state of a system
such that no heat or mass is transferred across the boundaries of the
system. In an adiabatic process, expansion always results in cooling,
and compression in warming.
Adiabatic saturation process: A process to determine absolute or
relative humidity.
Adiabatic warming: See adiabatic process.
ADIRU: Aircraft Technical Log:The ADIRU is a device fitted on board
aircraft and used to provide information on inertial reference (position
and altitude ) and airspeed for the pilot’s electronic flight instrument
system.
Adiz: Air Defense Identification Zone.
ADIZ : Automatic Direction Finder
Adjustable Bed: Bed of a press designed so that the die space
height can be varied conveniently.
Adjustable differential: A means of changing the difference
between the control cut-in and cutout points.
Adjustable or Variable Voltage: A method of bridge crane control
by which the motor supply voltage can be adjusted.
Adjustable pedals: Accelerator and break pedals that can be
moved closer to or further away from the driver's seat.
Adjustable resistor : A resistor whose value can be mechanically
changed, usually by the use of a sliding contact.
Adjustable suspension: Adjustable suspension is a feature in
modern cars, In this they allow the driver to adjust the ground
clearance. Driver can adjust the car's hight according to road by
lifting up the vehicle.
Adjustable suspension: A suspension that offers driver-selectable
damper (and sometimes spring) firmness settings to suit varying
conditions and personal preferences.
Adjusting Assembly (Lube Systems): A device used to control the
length of the piston stroke.
ADLP : Airborne Data Link Processor
Administrator : means the Federal Aviation Administrator or any
person to whom he has delegated his authority in the matter
concerned
ADS : Automatic dependent surveillance
ADS-A : Automatic Dependent Surveillance
ADS-B : Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
ADS-C : Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract
Adsorbent: A material which has the ability to cause molecules of
gases, liquids or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without
changing the adsorbent physically or chemically. In water treatment,
a synthetic resin possessing the ability to attract and to hold charged
particles.
Adsorption: The adhesion of the molecules of gases, dissolved
substances, or liquids in more or less concentrated form, to the
surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact.
Commercial adsorbent materials have enormous internal surfaces.
Adsorption inhibitors : They are materials which caused them to
be adsorbed on to the metal surface due to their polar properties.
Advanced Ceramics: Produced with tightly controlled chemical
compositions through special processing. They exhibit superior
properties and reliability and often perform in severe environments
and emerging applications.
Advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection
radiometer (aster): ASTER is an imaging instrument that will fly on
Terra as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). ASTER will
be used to obtain detailed maps of land surface temperature,
emissivity, reflectance and elevation. See ASTER Web Site.
Advanced very high resolution radiometer (avhrr): A five-channel
scanning instrument that quantitatively measures electromagnetic
radiation, flown on NOAA environmental satellites. AVHRR remotely
determines cloud cover and surface temperature. Visible and
infrared detectors observe vegetation, clouds, lakes, shorelines,
snow, and ice. See TIROS.
Advect: A horizontal movement of a mass of fluid, such as ocean or
air currents. Can also refer to the horizontal transport of something
(e.g., pollution, phytoplankton, ice, or even heat) by such movement.
Advection: The transfer of heat by horizontal movement of air.
Advection: The predominately horizontal large-scale movement of
air that causes changes in temperature or other physical properties.
In oceanography, advection is the horizontal or vertical flow of sea
water as a current.
Adverse yaw: Yaw generated when the ailerons are used. The
lifting wing generates more drag, causing an airplane to yaw (turn)
toward it.
Adverse yaw: The tendency of an aircraft to yaw away from the
applied aileron while at high angles of attack.
Adverse yaw : Yaw generated when the ailerons are used. The
lifting wing generates more drag, causing the plane to yaw toward it.
Advisory control: A mode of control in which the controlling agency
has communications but no radar capability.
Advisory : Automatic Direction Finding
AEA: Association of European Airlines. The prime objective of this
association, which brings together some thirty airlines is to collect,
analyse and interpret information required by members in carrying
out their tasks.
AEA: Association of European AirlinesThe prime objective of this
association, which brings together some thirty airlines is to collect,
analyse and interpret information required by members in carrying
out their tasks.
AEA: Association of European Airlines.
AEA : Association of European Airlines
AECMA : Association of European Aerospace Industries
Aeration: Exposing to the action of air, like blowing air through water
before discharging to a river.
Aeration: Making contact between air and a liquid by spraying liquid
into the air or by agitating the liquid to promote absorption of air. Also
act of fluffing molding sand.
Aeration: Air trapped in the hydraulic fluid. Excessive aeration
causes the fluid to appear milky and components to operate
erratically.
Aeration: Air trapped in the hydraulic fluid. Excessive aeration
causes the fluid to appear milky and components to operate
erratically.
Aeration cell : (see oxygen cell)
Aerators: Any device used to introduce air into another medium. In
fluid flow applications, such as a water faucet, an aerator is created
with a screen to break the fluid stream into a stream of individual
droplets. In landscaping, an aerator is a piece of machinery that uses
tubes or tines to remove dirt from the ground, thereby created air
pockets in the dirt and reducing compaction.
Aerial Bundle: Aerial Bundle Conductor is the term used to describe
conductor bundles such as overhead power lines. The bundle is
made up of multiple individual phase conductors bundled tightly
together with a bare neutral conductor. Aerial bundle conductors are
typically used in low voltage applications - less than 1000 volts. The
tight spacing of the conductors and the absence of air pockets
results in reduced transmission losses.
Aerial work: Includes all aerial survey and photography, spotting,
aerial stock mustering, search and rescue, ambulance, towing
(including glider, target and banner towing) and other aerial wok
including advertising, cloud seeding, fire fighting, parachute dropping
and coastal surveillance, agricultural operations, feral and diseased
animal control, frost protection, power line, rappelling, sling load
operations, trade operations, winching and hoist.
Aero modelers: The people who build and fly R/C aircraft.
Aero modeling: The general term used to describe the hobby of
building and flying model airplanes and aircraft.
Aerobatics: Voluntary maneuvers, initiated by a pilot, other than
those for conventional flight.
Aerobatics: Any maneuver or series of maneuvers that involve
loops rolls spins etc.
Aerobatics : Acrobatic or stunt maneuvers in the air such as loops,
rolls, and others.
Aerobic: A condition in which "free" or dissolved oxygen is present
in water.
Aerobraking: The process of decelerating by converting velocity
into heat through friction with a planetary atmosphere.
Aerodrome: An area set aside for the operation of aircraft.
Aerodynamic: It is the science of interaction between the moving air
and solid bodies or vice versa, racing cars are designed as
aerodynamic
Aerodynamic balance : means that when the control surface
moves in one direction, the part of the surface that’s in front of the
hinge moves in the opposite direction. The airflow over the surface
helps to push the control surface that’s behind the hinge line in the
desired direction.
Aerodynamic center: A point on the wing chord through which
aircraft lift is directed. The aerodynamic center is usually defined as
the point on the longitudinal axis of the airplane where the lift vector
is centered. The distance between the aerodynamic center and the
center of gravity is static margin, and is the major factor affecting the
longitudinal static stability of the aircraft.
Aerodynamic coefficents : means non-dimensional coefficients for
aerodynamic forces and moments
Aerodynamic drag: Aerodynamic drag is a force in which a solid
body interacts with air or vice versa, A Automobile, Air-plan, ships
and all other movies parts should be less effective with drag to
maximize the efficiency.
Aerodynamic drag: For a moving vehicle, the force exerted by the
flowfield of air moving in the opposite direction.
Aerodynamic heating: The heating of a body due to the passage
of air or other gases over the body; caused by friction and
compression processes.
Aerodynamic noise: Also called generated noise, self-generated
noise; is noise of aerodynamic origin in a moving fluid arising from
flow instabilities. In duct systems, aerodynamic noise is caused by
airflow through elbows, dampers, branch wyes, pressure reduction
devices, silencers and other duct components.
Aerodynamics: The branch of fluid mechanics dealing with air
(gaseous) motion, and the reactions of a body moving within that air.
Aerodynamics: A field of fluid dynamics that studies how gases,
including air, flow and how forces act upon objects moving through
air.
Aerofoil (airfoil): A body or structure shaped to obtain an
aerodynamic reaction when travelling through the air.
Aeronautics: The science and art of designing, constructing, and
operating aircraft.
Aeronautics: Concerned with flight within the Earth's atmosphere.
Aeronautics: The science of building and operating vehicles for
flight.
Aeronautics: The study of flight and the science of building and
operating an aircraft.
Aeroplane (airplane): Meaning in modern usage a heavier-than-air
powered craft.
Aerosol: Particles of liquid or solid dispersed as a suspension in
gas.
Aerosol: Particulate material, other than water or ice, in the
atmosphere ranging in size from approximately 10-3 to larger than
102micrometers in radius. Aerosols are important in the atmosphere
as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as
participants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and
scatterers of solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget
of the earth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate
on the surface of the Earth.
Aerospatiale: See Eurocopter.
Aerostat: A lighter-than-air craft.
Aerozine 50: A storable liquid fuel 50% hydrazine, 50% UDMH.
AES : Aircraft Earth station
Aew: Airborne early warning; aircraft equipped to give maximum
advance warning of approaching hostile aircraft.
Af form 1: Toilet Paper
Afac: Airborne Forward Air Controller.
AFB : Air Force Base
AFCAC: African Civil Aviation Commission.
Afcs: Automatic flight control system.
AFCS : Automatic flight control system
AFD : Adaptive flight displays
AFDS : Autopilot flight director system
AFIS : Automated flight information system (AlliedSignal)
AFM : Airplane Flight Manual
AFRAA: African Airlines Association.
A-frame: It is the type of frame of the automobiles chassis ,it is used
in mostly cars having front in depended suspension system
AFS Tests: A number of standard tests determined by American
Foundrymen's Society to evaluate molding and core sands.
AFT : Towards the rear. Used such as: "...with an aft center of
gravity...."
After burning: After burning is a process in which the fuel burns
after the turbine in jet engines, this is used to increase thrus, usually
for supersonic flights, After burning achieved by injecting additional
fuel into the jet pipes after the turbine.
After run oil : A lubricant designed to displace unburned fuel in the
engine after running. The fuel can accelerate corrosion on some
engine parts. By using an after run oil, the fuel is displaced, and a
protective coating lines sensitive engine parts. This is an inexpensive
engine insurance, and promotes long engine life. There are several
good after run oils on the market.
Afterburner: Thrust augmentation feature of a gas turbine engine.
Aftermarket accessory: An accessory or piece of equipment that is
not included in the vehicle as manufactured, but is purchased and
installed at the dealership or other automotive establishments.
Aftk: Available Freight Tonne Kilometres: the measure of a flight’s
freight carrying capacity. Calculated by multiplying the number of
tonne of freight on an aircraft by the distance travelled in kilometres.
Used to measure an airline’s capacity to transport freight.
AFTN: Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network.
AFTN : Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
AGA : Aerodromes and Ground Aids (AIP)
AGATE : Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments
(NASA)
AGC System (Automatic Gauge Control): System for controlling
the thickness of the product being rolled by computer control of the
gap between the rolls with force and/or thickness measurement
feedback loop.
Agcas: Auto Ground Collision Avoidance System
AGDL : Air-Ground Data Link
Age Hardening: A process of aging that increases hardness and
strength and ordinarily decreases ductility. Age hardening usually
follows rapid cooling or cold working.
Age Softening: Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness
that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened
alloys, especially those of aluminum.
Agglomerate: The clustering together of a few or many particles into
a larger solid mass.
Agglomerating Processes: Fine particles of limestone (flux) and
iron ore are difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and
decomposition, so the powdery material usually is processed into
larger pieces. The raw material's properties determine the technique
that is used by mills.
Agglomerating Processes: Fine particles of limestone (flux) and
iron ore are difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and
decomposition, so the powdery material usually is processed into
larger pieces. The raw material's properties determine the technique
that is used by mills. 1) SINTER Baked particles that stick together in
roughly one inch chunks. Normally used for iron ore dust collected
from the blast furnaces. 2) PELLETS Iron ore or limestone particles
are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and hardened by heat. 3)
BRIQUETTES Small lumps are formed by pressing material
together. Hot Iron Briquetting (HBI) is a concentrated iron ore
substitute for scrap for use in electric furnaces.
Agglomeration: In meteorology, the process by
which precipitation particles grow larger by collision or contact
with cloud particles or other precipitation particles.
Aggregate: Composed of mineral fragments.
Aging: A change in the properties of certain metal and alloys, (such
as steel), that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated
temperatures after a hot working heat treatment or cold working
operation. Typical properties impacted are: hardness, yield strength,
tensile strength, ductility, impact value, formability, magnetic
properties, etc. (see Non-aging)
Agitator: A device used to cause motion in confined fluids.
Agitators: A mechanical device used to mix, stir, or shake a mixture
of components. Agitators can be used in small-scale devices such as
washing machines or at much larger scales in industrial mixing
tanks. The agitator motion is typically rotational or oscillatory.
Agl: Above Ground Level.
Agl (or also above ground level): The altitude expressed as feet
above the terrain or the airport elevation
AGL : Above Ground Level. Used in reference to altitude, e.g. 5000
ft AGL. See also MSL.
AGLO : Above Ground Level
AGM: Assistant General Manager
AGM: Annual General Meeting (IATA).
Agm: Air-to-Ground Missile.
AGMA: American Gear Manufacturers Association, www.agma.org.
AGR slant range : Straight-line distance from the aircraft to a point
on the ground;
AGR : Automatic flight control Sys.
Agriculture flying: Operations involving the carriage and/or
spreading of chemicals, seed, fertiliser or other substances for
agricultural purposes, including operations for the purpose of pest
and disease control.
Agung: Active volcano 10,380 ft (3,141 m) high in Bali, Indonesia.
Last eruption was in 1964.
Agusta: See AgustaWestland
Agustawestland: A helicopter manufacturer formed by the merger
of former companiesAgusta (Italy) and Westland (Great Britain)
Ahc: Advanced or Aircraft Handling Characteristics; training
designed to gain proficiency in and to exploit the flight envelope of
the aircraft, consistent with operational and safety constraints.
AHOV : Approach to hover
AHRS : Attitude-heading reference system.
Ai: Air Interdiction/Air Intercept.
AI : Altitude indicator
Aiaa: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (USA).
AIC : Aeronautical Information Circular
AIChE: American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Aidaa: Associazione Italiana di Aeronautica e Astronautica.
Aiding : A process by which one or more sensors provide data to
another sensor to produce results better than any single sensor;
aiding occurs at the data source level or at the physical device level,
depending upon specific implementation of the device and the data
source (choice of implementation is transparent above the data
source); aiding is automatically controlled by software without input
from an operator; a basic control to a data source from navigation,
radio navigation, or other devices Compare: update;
Aiff: Advanced Identification, Friend or Foe
Aileron: The movable surface usually on the trailing edge of
each wing which control movement around the roll axis or to
instigate banking maneuvers.
Aileron: A hinged surface on the wing of an aircraft or spacecraft
used to adjust the craft's angle of flight.
Aileron : A control surface on fixed-wing aircraft, usually mounted
on the aft edge of wings, that controls roll, and is controlled by the
wheel; Symbols: delta sub A; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Ailerons: Movable control surfaces, usually mounted in the trailing-
edge of a wing adjacent to the wingtips, to control an aircraft's rolling
movements.
Ailerons: Are control surfaces that are normally hinged on the rear
spar and form part of the trailing edge of the wing. They control or
affect the roll of an aircraft by working opposite one another—up-
aileron on the right wing and down-aileron on the left wing.
Ailerons: Control surfaces on the trailing edge of each wing that are
used to make the aircraft roll. When flying straight and level, moving
the control stick to the right will raise the aileron on the
right wing and lower the aileron on the leftwing. This will cause
the aircraft to roll to the right.
Ailerons : Hinged control surfaces on usually the wing which can
change the wing`s lifting properties. Often located near the tips.
Used to bank the aircraft. They work in opposite directions (when
one goes up, the other goes down.) One aileron raising forces air to
push that side of the wing down, causing the aircraft to roll in that
direction. So, to roll right the right aileron raises. They control the
airplane around the roll axis.
Aim: Air Intercept Missile
Aim (airmans` information manual) : A primary FAA publication
whose purpose is to instruct airmen about operating in the US
airspace system.
Aim : ATFM Information Message
Aimpoint: The point in the planet's plane that spacecraft aim for to
either fly by or enter orbit.
Aip : Aeronautical Information Publication
AIR: Air-injection reaction emission control system.
Air: A substance containing by volume approximately 7879%
nitrogen; 20.95% oxygen, .94% argon, traces of carbon dioxide,
helium, etc.
Air Acetylene Welding: A fuel gas welding process in which
coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames
obtained from the combustion of acetylene with air, without the
application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
Air bag: It a safety feature provided in vehicle ,it contains mixture of
sodium azide
Air Bend Die: Angle-forming dies in which the metal is formed
without striking the bottom of the die. Metal contact is made at only
three points in the cross-section: the nose of the male die and the
two edges of a v-shape die opening.
Air blast transformer: A transformer cooled by forcing a circulation
of air around its windings.
Air bleeder automatic: A valve that is fit into a hydraulic pipe line to
facilitate automatic release of air trapped in the pipeline. See also
AIR BLEEDER MANUAL.
Air bleeder manual: A valve that is fit into a hydraulic pipe line to
facilitate manually initiated release of air trapped in the pipeline. See
also AIR BLEEDER AUTOMATIC.
Air brake : Braking system employed by air
Air breather: A mechanical device which contains a fine mesh filter
element. Normally attached to the top of a reservoir or tank to allow
air to pass in and out of the reservoir or tank.
Air capacitor: Is a capacitor, which uses air as the dielectric
between the plates.
Air Carbon Arc Cutting: An arc cutting process in which metals to
be cut are melted by the heat of a carbon arc and the molten metal is
removed by a blast of air.
Air carrier : Person who undertakes directly, by lease, or other
arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
Air changes: A method of expressing the amount of air leakage into
or out of a building or room in terms of the number of building
volumes or room volumes exchanged.
Air Classification: The separation of metal powder into particle-size
fractions by means of an air stream of controlled velocity; an
application of the principle of elutriation.
Air cleaner: Air cleaner is a equipment in Automotive vehicles which
is used for air cleaning purpose. This may be in dry cleaning or wet
cleaning.
Air cleaner : A devise used to remove air borne impurities.
Air coil: Coil on some types of heat pumps used either as an
evaporator or a condenser.
Air conditioner refrigerant: The liquid used in air conditioning
systems, which has the property of boiling at ambient air
temperatures.
Air conditioner : They are basically refrigeration devices cooling air
and rooms rather then food compartments.
Air conditioner, unitary: An evaporator, compressor, and
condenser combination; designed in one or more assemblies, the
separate parts designed to be assembled together.
Air conditioning: Air conditioning is a process which deals with
temperature in a limited closed area, Air conditioning means the
filtering the air and maintain its temperature for a particular pressure.
It is used in our car, houses etc.
Air conditioning: The cooling and dehumidification of a vehicles
cabin air.
Air conditioning: The process of treating air to simultaneously
control its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to
meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
Air conditioning filter: A device that removes contaminants from
external air entering the ventilation system.
Air conditioning unit : An assembly of equipment for the treatment
of air so as to control, simultaneously, its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of a
conditioned space.
Air conditioning, comfort: The process of treating air so as to
control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and
distribution to meet the comfort requirements of the occupants of the
conditioned space.
Air cooler: A factory-encased assembly of elements whereby the
temperature of air passing through the device is reduced.
Air cooling: It is the basic method of cooling of engines, it used in
bikes engines. Cooling ribs are provided on the head of engine to
increase the surface area
Air Cooling: Cooling of the heated metal, intermediate in rapidity
between slow furnace cooling and quenching, in which the metal is
permitted to stand in the open air.
Air Core Inductor: An inductor is an electrical component used to
store the energy resulting from current passing through it in a
magnetic field. An inductor is made by wrapping a conducting wire
into a coil around a central core, with each turn of the wire termed a
winding. The number of windings in the coil is directly related to the
inductance. Air core inductors use either non-magnetic coils or no
coil at all instead of a ferromagnetic coil. The use of an air core
ensures a lower peak inductance, but also reduces the energy
losses associated with ferrite inductors. The lack of core losses
allows air core inductors to be operated at high frequencies.
Air Cylinder: An air cylinder is the housing component of what is
also referred to as a piston assembly or pneumatic cylinder. In this
device, compressed gas is injected into the air cylinder, causing a
piston to move as a result of the pressure on the face of the piston.
The piston then delivers a force through the piston rod to the object
being controlled.
Air data computer (adc) : A primary navigation data source. A
navigation sensor based on atmospheric data sensors; usually
measures static pressure, dynamic pressure, and outside air
temperature; sometimes computes other atmospheric data, such as
indicated airspeed, Mach number, calibrated airspeed As a guidance
mode, ADC is least accurate of the listed modes and is used only as
a last resort.
Air data dead reckoning (addr) : Dead reckoning navigation based
on simple instruments as source (barometric altimeter, magnetic
compass, airspeed indicator, known wind conditions); sometimes
called dead reckoning;
Air data : Values computed from pitot, static and temperature
measurements, usually by means of a digital computer; ARINC 575
defines outputs.
Air defense identification zone(adiz) : The area of airspace over
land or water, extending upward from the surface, within which the
ready identification, the location, and the control of aircraft are
required in the interest of national security. 1. Domestic Air Defense
Identification Zone - An ADIZ within the United States along an
international boundary of the United States. 2. Coastal Air Defense
Identification Zone - An ADIZ over the coastal waters of the United
States. 3. Distant Early Warning Identification Zone (DEWIZ) - An
ADIZ over the coastal waters of the State of Alaska. ADIZ locations
and operating and flight plan requirements for civil aircraft operations
are specified in FAR Part 99.
Air diffuser: A circular, square, or rectangular air distribution outlet,
generally located in the ceiling and comprised of deflecting members
discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged
to promote mixing of primary air with secondary room air.
Air Diffuser:
Air diffusion aerators: They are aerators into which air is pumped
into the water through perforated pipes, plates, or any other method.
Air Diffusion Aerators: Air driers are a general class of devices
used to extract moisture from compressed air lines. The purpose of
these devices is to prevent condensation in the air lines and to
deliver dry compressed air for applications where moisture is
problematic. Air driers work by lowering the pressure dew point of
the compressed air to a lower temperature than will be seen by the
air compressor equipment.
Air Driers: Air driers are a general class of devices used to extract
moisture from compressed air lines. The purpose of these devices is
to prevent condensation in the air lines and to deliver dry
compressed air for applications where moisture is problematic. Air
driers work by lowering the pressure dew point of the compressed air
to a lower temperature than will be seen by the air compressor
equipment.
Air Driven Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a
fluid or gas from one place to another. Air driven pumps use a
reservoir of air, usually in a tank, and a hydraulic system to operate
the pump. Air driven pumps come in many different designs and are
used across many different industries. Air driven pumps are positive
displacement pumps, such as a piston and diaphragm pumps.
Air duct : A tube or conduit for conveying air from one place to
another.
Air Entrainment: The presence of air bubbles throughout an oil as a
result of agitation and/or the release of dissolved air because of a
sudden change in environment. Air entrainment is visible, as the oil
becomes opaque and bubbly. (see Foam Test)
Air filter: Device used to refine the air ,it is to separate the dust and
moisture from air
Air filter: A device that filters incoming air fed to the engine.
Air filter restriction indicator: A device that identifies an
impedance to the air filter system.
Air filtration: The removal of solid particulates (such as dust, pollen,
mold and bacteria) from a vehicles cabin air by a filter placed in the
ventilation system.
Air flotation : A process of accelerating sedimentation, by
introducing air into the water, this lowers the density of the water,
and increases the differences in the densities of the water and the
suspended particles. (DAF), Dissolved Air Flotation.
Air flow sensor: Air flow sensor is a device which senses the air
flow in a tube i.e how much air is flowing through the tube, it
measure the mass of air flow in device per unit area. The units are in
kg/s.
Air fuel mixture: It is the mixture of air and fuel to provide to engine
to suction stroke , generally it is provided in petrol engines by the
carburetor
Air Fuel ratio: The ratio of mixing of the air and fuel for intake of fuel
to the engine is called Air Fuel ratio of engine. It may vary with fuel
and engine speed.
Air Furnace: Reverbatory-type furnace in which metal is melted by
heat from fuel burning at one end of the hearth, passing over the
bath toward the stack at the other end. Heat also is reflected from
the roof and side walls.
Air gap: The space between magnetic poles, or between the
rotating and stationary assemblies in a motor or generator.
Air ground ranging (agr) : Straight-line distance from the aircraft to
a point on the ground;
Air Hammer: Air hammers are pneumatic-driven versions of a
hammer device in which compressed air is used to deliver the
hammer blow to the surface of interest. Air hammers often deliver
several thousand blows per second with delivered pressure on the
order of tens of pounds per square inch (psi). Air hammers also
come with a variety of hammer and chisel tips, enabling the tool to
be used for various shaping or cutting operations.
Air handler: The fan blower, heat transfer coil, filter, and housing
parts, of a system.
Air Heaters: Bank of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas
ductwork which preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring
heat from the exhaust gases passing through them to the incoming
air passing around them. Preheating the air reduces boiler fuel
requirements.
Air Heaters: Bank of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas
ductwork which preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring
heat from the exhaust gases passing through them to the incoming
air passing around them. Preheating the air reduces boiler fuel
requirements.
Air infiltration : The leakage of air into a room through cracks in
doors, windows, and other openings.
Air Knife: An air knife is a pneumatic device that delivers a high-
speed sheet of air through a line of exit holes. Air knives are often
used in industrial operations for the purpose of air cleaning a surface
and can be stationary or moving. Depending on the speed and
pressure of the air sheet, air knives can be used for gentle
applications such as hand drying to more aggressive applications
such as air blasting.
Air Lift Hammer: A type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is
raised for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke
can be controlled, ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the
workpiece can be varied.
Air Lift Pumps: This type of pump can lift 20 to 2000 gallons per
minute, up to about 750 feet. The discharge pipe must be placed
deep into the water, from 70% of the height of the pipe above the
water level (for lifts to 20 feet) down to 40 percent for higher lifts.
Air Line Lubricator: An oil reservoir attached to an air line that
provides automatic airborne lubrication to air operated power
consuming equipment by means of venturi action.
Air lock: A compartment separating areas a different environment,
especially different air pressures, that is used for entry to and
departure from a spacecraft.
Air mass: Large body of air, often hundreds or thousands of miles
across, containing air of a similar temperature and humidity.
Sometimes the differences between air masses are hardly
noticeable, but if colliding air masses have very different
temperatures and humidity values, storms can erupt. See front.
Air Oil Separator: A mechanical device that defoams oil, using a
centrifugal oil trap (a defoamer), or any oil condensing device in an
air line.
Air pollution: The existence in the air of substances in
concentrations that are determined unacceptable. Contaminants in
the air we breathe come mainly from manufacturing industries,
electric power plants, automobiles, buses, and trucks.
Air pollution score: A score from zero to ten given by the EPA to
each new vehicle that represents the amount of air pollutants
produced during a laboratory driving simulation of the vehicle.
Air Pressure: The amount of air inside the tyre pressing outward on
each square inch of tyre, which is expressed in pounds per square
inch (psi) or kiloPascals (kPa), the metric designation for air
pressure.
Air pressure: The force created by air pushing on a surface.
Air pressure: The weight of the atmosphere over a particular point,
also called barometric pressure. Average air exerts approximately
14.7 pounds (6.8 kg) of force on every square inch (or 101,325
newtons on every square meter) at sea level.
Air Pressure Meters: Air pressure meters are measurement
devices used to report absolute and/or differential air pressure. The
output of the meters are typically delivered in a number of standard
units including psi, mm HG, inches of H2O, millibars, and bars. Air
pressure meters almost always include two ports - one to measure
the air pressure of interest and one to provide a reference pressure,
whether ambient air pressure or otherwise.
Air Pressure Relief Valve: An air pressure relieve valve is a safety
device used to protect compressed air lines from building up
pressure to failure levels. The relief valve is designed with a seal that
automatically releases when a pre-determined pressure is achieved.
This valve allows an air system to self-regulate any pressure build-
up in the system and is used in nearly all compressed air systems
and pneumatic tools.
Air Pressure Switch: An air pressure switch is an automatic
switching mechanishm often found in compressed air systems and
pneumatic tools. The switch is designed such that when a
predetermined pressure is reached, the switch is displaced and the
electrical circuit is open or closed. This type of switch is utilized in air
compressors to automatically start the compression cycle whenever
the tank pressure drops below the set pressure of the compressor.
Air pump filter: A device that eliminates contaminants from the air
supply fed to the air injection system.
Air purge: The removal of undesired matter by replacement with air.
Air Purge:
Air Quenching: Accelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from
temperatures above the Ac3 temperature.
Air Quenching: Accelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from
temperatures above the Ac3 temperature.
Air Receivers: An air receiver is a component of air compression
systems used to help regulate the impact of the compression
process on the delivered air. The air receiver is essentially a tank
which allows for the free expansion of the compressed air prior to it's
release through the pressure valve and to the delivery system. The
use of an air receiver helps to regulate the process by equalizing the
pressure variation caused by on/off compression cycles.
Air refueling time: Planned lapsed time from ARCT to drop off.
Air refueling track: A flight path designated for air refueling.
Air resistance: It is a frictional force from air exerts against moving
object. The Air resistance is same the speed of moving object, Air
oppose the moving object with friction in the air.
Air route traffic control center(artcc) or center : Facility
established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operating
on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during
the en route phase of flight. When equipment capabilities and
controller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may
be provided to VFR aircraft.
Air saturated: Moist air in which the partial pressure of the water
vapor is equal to the vapor pressure of water at the existing
temperature. This occurs when dry air and saturated water vapor
coexist at the same dry-bulb temperature.
Air Scale: Scale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from
heating in presence of air.
Air Scale: Scale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from
heating in presence of air.
Air Scrubbers: Air scrubbers cover a wide range of devices used to
regulate air quality in a given area. An air scrubber typically uses
multiple filtration processes and cycles to remove dust, pollutants,
allergens, and other micro-particles from the air. Depending on the
design, air scrubbers can also be used to remove potentially harmful
gases from the air prior to returning it to the controlled environment.
Air sensing thermostat: A thermostat unit, in which the sensing
element is located in the refrigerated space.
Air Separator: An air separator is a device used to remove air from
a fluid piping system. The separator is placed inline with the piping
system and can be used to trap and remove bubbles and pockets of
free air, delivering out of the exit a more uniform fluid. Use of an air
separator typicaly improves the efficiency of the system and helps to
extend the life of the system components.
Air spring: An enclosed pocket of air used to absorb shocks or
sudden fluctuations of load is known as Air springs. This type of
springs are used in luxury cars and buses.
Air standard: Air having a temperature of (20°C), a relative humidity
of 36 percent, and under a pressure of 14.70 PSIA. The gas industry
usually considers (16°C) as the temperature of standard air.
Air taxi : An aircraft operator who conducts operations for hire or
compensation in accordance with FAR Part 135 in an aircraft with 30
or fewer passenger seats and a payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or
less. An air taxi operates on an on demand basis and does not meet
the "flight scheduled" qualifications of a commuter.
Air temperature sensor: The air temperature sensor monitors the
temperature of air entering in the engine. The engine computer
needs this information to estimate air density so it can balance air
and fuel mixture.
"
Air traffic clearance : means an authorization by air traffic control,
for the purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft, for an
aircraft to proceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled
airspace
"
Air traffic control (atc) : A service operated by the appropriate
authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air
traffic.
Air traffic control (atc) : A service operated by appropriate
authorities to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air
traffic.
Air traffic control (atc). : Standard aviation term
Air traffic control : means a service operated by appropriate
authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air
traffic
Air traffic : means aircraft operating in the air or on an airport
surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas
Air transportation : means interstate, overseas, or foreign air
transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. Alert Area. An
alert area is established to inform pilots of a specific area wherein a
high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aeronautical
activity is conducted
Air Valve : An air flow control valve is a mechanical device used to
regulate the flow of air through a system. The control valve can be
used to regulate the volume of air moving through the system. It can
also be used to split or divert the air into one or more paths. The
design and specifications of air flow control valves vary widely based
on the application.
Air Velocity Meters: Air velocity meters are measurement devices
used to report the speed of the air connected to the device. Air
velocity meters are typically of two types - vane anemometers or
pressure-based measurement systems. In vane anemometers the
airflow spins a fan wheel and the resulting rotational speed is
converted to an airflow measurement. The airflow measurement can
be volumetric, such as cubic feet per minute (CFM), or can be
converted to an air speed based on the known flow area. In a
pressure-based measurment system, the pressure and temperature
of the airflow is measured by the device and the ideal gas law is
used to convert these parameters to a corresponding air speed.
Air vent: Valve, either manual or automatic, to remove air from the
highest point of a coil or piping assembly.
Air washer: A water spray system or device for cleaning,
humidifying, or dehumidifying the air.
Air waybill (awb or mawb): The document made out by or on
behalf of the shipper which, when used, evidences the contract
between the shipper and carrier(s) forcarriage of goods over routes
of the carrier(s).
Air, ambient: Generally the air surrounding the object.
Air, dry : Air without contained water vapor.
Air, outdoor: Air taken from outdoors and, therefore, not previously
circulated through the system.
Air, re-circulated : Return air passed through the conditioner before
being again supplied to the conditioned space.
Air, return: Air returned from conditioned or refrigerated space.
Airac : Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control
Airbag deactivation: Airbag deactivation means switch the airbag
on or off, This is legal and we can use a separate switch for activate
or deactivate the Airbags.
Airbag deactivation: A system that uses sensors in a vehicle?s
front passenger seat to determine whether to activate that seat?s
front airbag, based on whether it detects the presence of an
individual of sufficient weight.
Airbags: A cushion that deploys and fills with air when a major
impact occurs to reduce a vehicle occupants chances of coming in
contact with the vehicles interior surfaces.
Airblasting: A cleaning operation, as cleaning sand from molds.
Airborne fraction: The portion of CO2 released from all energy
consumption and land use activities that remains in the atmosphere
as opposed to the amounts absorbed by plants and oceans. How the
world's total carbon is partitioned among the oceanic, terrestrial, and
atmospheric pools is determined by complex biogeochemical and
climatological interactions.
Airborne grocer : A device for barrage-jamming of Wurzburgs.
Extremely vulnerable to being homed onto.
Airborne order: A command authorization for tactical flight
(departure time will be specified).
Airborne particulates: Total suspended matter found in the
atmosphere as solid pieces or liquid droplets. Airborne particulates
include windblown dust, emissions from industrial processes, smoke
from the burning of wood and coal, and the exhaust of motor
vehicles.
Airborne sound: Sound which reaches the point of interest by
radiation through the air.
Airbrake: A flight control used to increase drag and reduce speed
while making little change to lift and used during landing, not
generally incorporated on gliders or sailplanes.
Airbrake: A drag-inducing surface which can be deployed in flight,
perhaps for speed reducing or limiting, but see also spoilers.
Air-cooled condenser: Heat of compression is transferred from
condensing coils to surrounding air. This may be done either by
convection or by a fan or blower.
Aircraft: The term aircraft refers to fixed wing and rotary wing
powered aircraft and balloons.
Aircraft: A machine used for flying. Airplanes, helicopters, blimps
and jets are all aircraft.
Aircraft (ac) : A craft that flies in the air; either fixed or rotary wing.
Aircraft axis: There are three axis which are mutually perpendicular
and have a common point of intersection. The aircraft longitudinal
axis is parallel to the fuselage reference line. Aircraft rotation around
this axis is roll or bank. The aircraft vertical axis is perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis through the center of the aircraft. Rotation
around this axis is yaw. The aircraft lateral axis is perpendicular to
both the longitudinal and vertical axes at the point of intersection.
Rotation around this axis is pitch.
Aircraft categories: The categories of aircraft defined in Part 5 of
the CAR - that is, aeroplanes, helicopters, balloons, gyroplanes and
airships.
"
Aircraft enging : means an engine that is used or intended to be
used for propelling aircraft. It includes turbo superchargers,
appurtenances, and accessories necessary for its functioning, but
does not include propellers
"
Aircraft movement: A take-off (aircraft departure) or a landing
(arrival) is recorded as one aircraft movement. A "touch and go"
operations is counted as two movements.
Aircraft Quality: Denotes stock of sufficient quality to be forged into
highly stressed parts for aircraft or other critical applications. Such
materials are of extremely high quality, requiring closely controlled,
restrictive practices in their manufacture in order that they may pass
rigid requirements, such as magnetic particle inspection (Ref:
Aerospace Material Specification 2301).
Aircraft : means a device that is used or intended to be used for
flight in the air
Aircraft : Any contrivance designed for navigation of or flight in the
air.
Airfield: More modern term for aerodrome, and applying more
particularly to one used by military aircraft.
Airflow: The movement of air about a body (aircraft) in motion.
Airflow: The motion of air molecules as they flow around an object,
such as a wing.
Airflow sensor: Airflow sensors are used in intake manifold of the
engines to know the amount of air enters by the pressure of the air in
defined volume
Airfoil: The crosssectional profile of an aircraft's wing or tail planes
used to create lift.
Airfoil: The cross-section shape of a flying surface, but principally a
wing, as seen in side-view (cross section). Airfoils can be flat-
bottomed, semi-symmetrical or symmetrical, depending on the style
of airplane and what it needs to do.
Airfoil: An object with a special shape that is designed to
producelift efficiently when the object is moved through the air. For
example, the cross-section of a wing is an airfoil.
Airfoil (aerofoil): A structure shaped to obtain an aerodynamic
reaction in the air, thus affecting the performance of the aircraft.
Airfoil : The shape of the wing when looking at its profile. Usually a
raindrop type shape.
Airframe: Describes the entire structure of an aircraft.
Airframe: An aircraft's structure, without power plant and systems.
Airframe: Means the mechanical structure of an aircraft, including
the fuselage, wings, stabilizer and flight controls.
Airframe : means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings,
airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating
airfoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their
accessories and controls
Air-fuel ratio: Air-fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio os air and fuel
present in a combustion process. The proper air-fuel ratio helps the
vehicle to give mex efficiency, it change according to engine speed
and load.
Airglow: The visible light that appears at night in the upper
atmosphere.
Air-Hardening Steel: A steel containing sufficient carbon and other
alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other
gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation
range. The term should be restricted to steels that are capable of
being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2
inches or more in diameter.
Air-Lift Hammer: A type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is
raised for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke
can be controlled, ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the
workpiece can be varied.
Air-Lift Hammer: A type of gravity-drop hammer in which the ram is
raised for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke
can be controlled, ram velocity and therefore the energy delivered to
the workpiece can be varied. (see Drop Hammer) (see Gravity
Hammer)
Airline designator: Code designated by IATA to identify an airlines
(eg. QF for Qantas Airways).
Airlines ‘freedoms’: Rights granted to a commercial airline of a
country to enter and land in another country. For example:
Airmass: A widespread body of the atmosphere that gains certain
meteorological or polluted characteristics while set in one location.
The characteristics can change as it moves away.
Air-mass flight path angle : Angle in vertical plane of earth speed
vector and groundspeed vector; occasional definition for flight path
angle; Compare: earth-referenced flight path angle; Symbols:
gamma sub A; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Air-Oil Lubrication: A system of lubrication in which small quantities
of oil are injected into an air line that terminates at a bearing or other
lubrication point. The velocity of the air moves the oil, which remains
in droplet form, along the periphery of the fluid conductor to the point
of need; the clean, dry air, being unheated, helps cool the lubrication
point. Since the lubricant does not return to a reservoir, these
systems are classified as all-loss systems.
Airplane: An aircraft that uses the force of air on its wings (called lift)
to fly.
Airplane (aeroplane): Meaning in modern usage a heavier-than-air
powered craft, as opposed to a balloon or glider.
Airplane : means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than
air, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air
against its wings
Airport: More modern term for aerodrome, and applying more
particularly to one used for civil transport operations.
Airport code/designator: A three letter code used to identify an
airport (eg. SYD for Sydney, JFK for New York John F Kennedy
Airport).
Airport master record: An FAA form (form 5010) that provides FAA
with statistical information about an airport or heliport for its national
airports database.
Airport ramp: The airport ramp or apron is usually the area where
aircraft are parked, loaded or unloaded, refueled or boarded.
Airport traffic control tower(atct) : A terminal facility that uses
air/ground communications, visual signaling, and other devices to
provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport
or on the movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the
airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D airspace area
regardless of flight plan or weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower
may also provide approach control services (radar or non radar).
Airport : An area on land or water that is used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft and includes its buildings
and facilities, if any.
Airport land use commission (aluc): An agency organized within
most California counties, as required by California's Public Utilities
Code, which reviews a proposed heliport's land use compatibility
issues under the guidelines contained in that county's adopted
Airport Land Use Plan.
Airscrew: Now little-used word for propeller; believed to have
originated to provide distinction from ship's propeller.
Air-sensing thermostat: A thermostat unit, in which the sensing
element is located in the refrigerated space.
Airship: A powered lighter-than-air craft.
Airship : means an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be
steered
Airspace determination : A letter issued by the FAA as the end
product of the "airspace study" required by FAR Part 157, Notice of
Landing Area Proposal. Except for unusual cases, an airspace
determination expresses "no objection" to use of airspace needed to
operate to and from a heliport site. Therefore, it is not technically an
"approval." The airspace determination generally carries an 18-
month expiration date from the date of issue but can be extended for
an additional 12 months upon written request.
Airspace study : A study, required under FAR Part 157, conducted
by FAA staff, to determine a proposed landing area's (heliport's)
impact on safe and efficient use of the airspace needed to operate to
and from the site.
Airspeed: The speed of an aircraft through the air, relative to the air
mass in which it is moving.
Airspeed (as, a/s) : See Also: state data, true airspeed, indicated
airspeed, calibrated airspeed; Symbols: V sub A/S; Typical Units: kt,
ft/s; Dimensions: Length / Time;
Airspeed indicator : An onboard instrument which registers velocity
through the air, in miles per hour or in knots.
Airspeed : The speed of an aircraft relative to its surrounding air
mass. See: calibrated airspeed; indicated airspeed; true airspeed.
Airstrip: A natural surface used for the operation of aircraft, often in
an unimproved state.
Airtight Synthetic Rubber: Formulated with virtually impermeable
butyl rubber, this material replaces the inner tube in modern,
tubeless tyres. Check you air pressure monthly, as some air loss
occurs over time.
Airworthiness certificate: The French General Directorate of Civil
Aviation in France issues the airworthiness certificate to an aircraft
meeting the airworthiness requirements. Having limited validity, this
certificate is renewed after each inspection.
Airy : A standard model for computing earth data
Ais: Aircraft Instrumentation System
Ais : Aeronautical Information Service
AISE: Association of Iron and Steel Engineers
AISE: Association of Iron and Steel Engineers (now AIST,
Association for Iron & Steel Technology), www.aist.org.
AISI: American Iron and Steel Institute
AISI: www.steel.org. (see American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI))
AISI Steels: Steels of the American Iron and Steel Institute.
Common and alloy steels have been numbered in a system
essentially the same as the SAE. The AISI system is more elaborate
than the SAE in that all numbers are preceded by letters: A
represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, B acid Bessemer carbon
steel, C basic open-hearth carbon steel, CB either acid Bessemer or
basic open-hearth carbon steel, E electric furnace alloy steel.
AIST Acronym: APB: AIST Process Benchmarker
AIST Acronym: CATC: Computer Applications Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: CMTC: Cokemaking Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: CSRTC: Cold Sheet Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: CTC: Cranes Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: EATC: Electrical Applications Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: ESTC: Electric Steelmaking Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: ETC: Environmental Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: EUTC: Energy and Utilities Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: FAT: Factory Acceptance Test
AIST Acronym: GTC: Galvanizing Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: HSRTC: Hot Sheet Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: I&ST: Iron and Steel Technology
AIST Acronym: IMTC: Ironmaking Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: ISA: International Steel Alliance
AIST Acronym: LHTC: Lubrication and Hydraulics Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: LSRTC: Ladle and Secondary Refining Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: MHTC: Material Handling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: MRPTC: Metallurgy - Processing, Products and
Applications Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: MRTC: Maintenance and Reliability Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: MSCTC: Metallurgy - Steelmaking and Casting
Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: MSTS: The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel
AIST Acronym: OSTC: Oxygen Steelmaking Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: PCMTC: Project and Construction Management
Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: PRTC: Plate Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: PTTC: Pipe and Tube Technology Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: RBRTC: Rod and Bar Rolling Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: RSTC: Refractory Systems Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: RTC: Rolls Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: SAFTC: Specialty Alloy and Foundry Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: SHTC: Safety and Health Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: TETC: Tinplate and Electrogalvanizing Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: TLTC: Packaging, Shipping and Transportation
Methods Technology Committee
AITAL: International Association of Latin American Transport
(Asociacion Internacional de Transporte Aereo Latinoamericano).
Aj: Antijamming
Al: Airborne interception; radar device carried by military aircraft to
aid location and interception of hostile aircraft.
Al: Aft/Left
Al clad: Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion
resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of
structurally stronger aluminum alloy. The coatings are anodic to the
core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during
exposure to corrosive environment.
Albedo: Reflectivity; the ratio of reflected light to incident light. The
fraction of the sunlight that is reflected off a planet.
Albedo: The ratio of the outgoing solar radiation reflected by an
object to the incoming solar radiation incident upon it.
Albedo: The fraction of the total solar radiation incident on a body
that is reflected by it.
Alclad: Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-
resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of
structurally stronger aluminum alloy. The coatings are anodic to the
core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during
exposure to corrosive environment.
Alcohol brine : A water and alcohol solution, which remains as a
liquid below 0°C.
Alfisols: An order of soils with a medium-to-high base supply,
horizons of clay accumulation, and gray-brown surface horizons.
Algae: A minute fresh water plant growth which forms a scum on the
surfaces of re-circulated water apparatus, interfering with fluid flow
and heat transfer. Lower form of plant life, usually green and blue
green algae appear in cooling water systems. They are responsible
for copious amounts of stringy green slime masses.
Algae: A group of simple organisms, mostly aquatic, which contain
chlorophyll and thus provide a means of photosynthesis. They could
be used to absorb carbon dioxide and provide nourishment in a
spaceship.
Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in relative
proportion to the amounts of nutrients available. They are food for
fish and small aquatic animals, and a factor in eutrophication.
Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in relative
proportion to the amounts of nutrients available. They are food for
fish and small aquatic animals.
Algal blooms: Sudden spurts of algal growth due to greatly
increased amounts of phosphorus entering the aquatic ecosystem
from sewage systems and agricultural fertilizers. Excessive growth of
the algae causes destruction of many of the higher links of the food
web. Algae that die and sink to the bottom at the end of the growing
season stimulate massive growth of bacteria the following year,
resulting in depletion of oxygen in the deeper water layers. This may
result in fish kills and replacement with less valuable species who
may be more tolerant of increased phosphorus levels.
Deoxygenation also may cause chemical changes in the mud on the
bottom, producing increased quantities of chemicals and toxic gases.
All these changes further accelerate the eutrophication (aging) of the
aquatic ecosystem.
Algal blooms: Sudden spurts of algal growth due to greatly
increased amounts of phosphorus entering the aquatic ecosystem
from sewage systems and agricultural fertilizers. Excessive growth of
the algae causes destruction of many of the higher links of the food
web. Algae that die and sink to the bottom at the end of the growing
season stimulate massive growth of bacteria the following year,
resulting in depletion of oxygen in the deeper water layers. This may
result in fish kills and replacement with less valuable species who
may be more tolerant of increased phosphorus levels.
Deoxygenation also may cause chemical changes in the mud on the
bottom, producing increased quantities of chemicals and toxic gases.
All these changes further accelerate the eutrophication (aging) of the
aquatic ecosystem.
Algorithm: A mathematical relation between an observed quantity
and a variable used in a step-by-step mathematical process to
calculate a quantity.
Alic: Aircraft launcher interface computer.
Alighnment : A basic control to a data source from controls and
displays to align a device. Also a procedure to align physical
devices, usually navigation sensors, so that they provide the most
accurate results possible; commonly required by INS, AHRS,
barometric altimeter; See Also: bore sighting, calibration,
initialization;
Align: To adjust or set to a line or center.
Alignment: When all wheels on the vehicle are adjusted so that they
are pointed in the optimum direction relative to the road and each
other.
Alignment Key: A guide in the mill base which acts as the main
location reference for both driven and idle forming stands.
Aliphatic: One of three types of hydrocarbons found in fuels or
lubricants. Typically, aliphatics are visualized as linear molecules
with no reactive chemical sites. (see Hydrocarbon)
Alive: A term referring to a circuit in which a current is flowing. Also
referred to as live.
Alkali: A substance having marked basic properties. Applying to
hydroxides of potassium, sodium, lithium, and ammonium. They turn
red litmus to blue. Includes hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals of
barium, strontium, and calcium.
Alkali Metal: A metal in group IA of the periodic system—namely,
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium. They
form strongly alkaline hydroxides, hence the name.
Alkalies: Any of various bases like hydroxides of sodium, potassium
and lithium which neutralize acids.
Alkaline: Having a pH greater than 7.
Alkaline: Substance capable of neutralizing acid, with a pH greater
than 7.0. See pH.
Alkaline boil-out : Employed to remove oil and grease deposits
from heating surfaces.
Alkaline Cleaner: A material blended from alkali hydroxides and
such alkaline salts as borates, carbonates, phosphates or silicates.
The cleaning action may be enhanced by the addition of surface-
active agents and special solvents.
Alkaline Derusting: An electrical process for derusting steel, cast-
iron and other ferrous alloys without using heat.
Alkaline Derusting: An electrical process for derusting steel, cast
iron and other ferrous alloys without using heat.
Alkaline Earth Metal: A metal in group IIA of the periodic system—
namely, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and
radium—so called because the oxides or "earths" of calcium,
stronthium and barium were found by the early chemists to be
alkaline in reaction.
Alkalinity: An expression of the total basic anions (hydroxyl groups)
present in a solution. It also represents, particularly in water analysis,
the bi-carbonate, carbonate, and occasionally, the borate, silicate,
and phosphate salts which will react with water to produce the
hydroxyl groups.
Alkalinity: A pressure- and temperature-independent property of
seawater that determines in part the carbon content of seawater.
Carbonate alkalinity is the sum of the concen- tration of bicarbonate
plus two times the concentration of the carbonate ions. Total
alkalinity is the amount of acid required to bring seawater to a pH at
which all dissolved inorganic carbon becomes freely exchangeable.
The alkalinity of the oceans is determined with potentiometric or
normal titration techniques that detect and measure the presence of
bicarbonate, carbonate, and borate ions.
Alkyd: A type of resin made from a polyhydroxy alcohol combined
chemically with the acids of various oils. They are particularly
adapted for use where hardness and high gloss are required. Used
largely for outside decoration.
Alkyd: A type of resin made from a polyhydroxy alcohol combined
chemically with the acids of various oils. They are particularly
adapted for use where hardness and high gloss are required. Used
largely for outside decoration.
All wheel drive: All wheel drive means the all tires are connected to
engine and every wheel gets power from engine individually.
All wheel drive: It is drive in vehicle in which all wheels are
propelled by engine powers like four wheel drive is also all wheel
drive for a four wheeler
Allen type screw : A screw with a recessed hex shaped head.
Alliance: Agreement between airlines to cooperate on commercial,
operational and technical aspects of their activity, including cross-
participation in capital. SkyTeam brings together 11 member airlines:
Air France, Aéroflot, Aeromexico, Alitalia, China Southern Airlines,
CSA Czech Airlines, Continental, Delta, Korean, KLM and
Northwest.
Alligatoring: 1. Pronounced wide cracking over the entire surface of
a coating having the appearance of alligator hide. 2. The longitudinal
splitting of flat slabs in a plane parallel to the rolled surface. Also
called fish-mouthing.
Allotriomorphic Crystal: A crystal whose lattice structure is normal
but whose external surfaces are not bounded by regular crystal
faces; rather, the external surfaces are impressed by contact with
other crystals or another surface such as mold wall, or are irregularly
shaped because of nonuniform growth. (see Idiomorphic Crystal)
Allotropy: 1. A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is
generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements,
terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of
the predominant constituent element. 2. The existence of a
substance, especially an element, in two or more physical states (for
example, crystals).
Allowance: 1. The specified difference in limiting sizes (minimum
clearance or maximum interference) between mating parts, as
computed arithmetically from the specified dimensions and
tolerances of each part. 2. In a foundry, the specified clearance. The
difference in limiting sizes, such as minimum clearance or maximum
interference between mating parts, as computed arithmetically.(see
Tolerance)
Alloy: A metal that contain one or more element, usually added to
increase strength or give the base metal important properties.
Alloy: A substance having metal properties and being composed of
two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal.
Alloy: A substance that has metallic properties and is comprised of
two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal.
Alloy Cast Iron: Highly alloyed cast irons containing more than 3%
alloy content. Alloy cast irons may be a type of white iron, gray iron
or ductile iron.
Alloy Powder, Alloyed Powder: A metal powder consisting of at
least two constituents that are partially or completely alloyed with
each other.
Alloy Scrap: Scrap which contains one or more alloying metals,
such as nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum. Such scrap must
be very carefully classified according to composition and kept
separate from other kinds of scrap.
Alloy steel: Steel containing specific quantities of alloying elements
(other than carbon) and commonly accepted amounts of
manganese, copper, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus).
Alloy Steel: A steel in which a deliberate addition of one or more
alloying elements, e.g. Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, etc. has been made during
steelmaking to enhance the properties of the steel. The amounts of
each element that must be present in steel before it is classified as
an alloy steel are given in Table 1 in EN 10020:2000. At low levels of
addition, the steels may be classified as low alloy. The same
standard classifies steels which do not meet the minimum
requirements as 'non-alloy' steels.
Alloy Surcharge: The addition to the producer's selling price
included in order to offset raw material cost increases caused by
higher alloy prices.
Alloy Surcharge: The producer's selling price plus a surcharge
added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by
increasing alloy prices.
Alloy wheel: Alloy wheels are styliesh Automobile wheels made of
mixed compounds. They are heavier then spok wheels.
Alloying Element: Any metallic element added during the making of
steel for the purpose of increasing corrosion resistance, hardness or
strength. The metals used most commonly as alloying elements in
stainless steel include chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
Alloying Elements: Chemical elements added for improving the
properties of the finished products. Some alloying elements are
nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum and silicon.
All-season high-performance tyres: Tyres that deliver a measure
of traction on snow and ice without sacrificing dry performance
driving capabilities.
All-season traction: Indicates the tyre’s ability to provide a balance
of traction in wet, dry and winter conditions.
All-season tyres: Tyres that provide a good balance of traction in
rain or snow with good tread life and a comfortable, quiet ride.
All-weather fighter/interceptor : -equipped jet fighter airplane
which can operate at night or in the worst weather.
All-Weld-Metal Test Specimen: A test specimen wherein the
portion being tested is composed wholly of weld metal.
Alo: Air liaison officer.
Alow: Automatic Low Altitude Warning
ALPA: Air Line Pilots Association.
Alpha – Ferrite: Body-centered cubic type of pure iron stable below
1,670°F (910°C).
Alpha Brass: A solid-solution phase of one or more alloying
elements in copper having the same crystal lattice as copper.
Alpha Brass: A copper zinc alloy containing up to 38% of zinc. Used
mainly for cold working.
Alpha Bronze: A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid
solution of tin in copper. Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin.
This alloy is used in coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc.
Alpha Bronze: A copper tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid
solution of tin in copper. Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin.
This alloy is used in coinage,springs,turbine,blades,etc,
Alpha check: Request for bearing and range to described point.
Alpha Ferrite: Body centered cubic type of pure iron stable below
1670F (910C).
Alpha Martensite: A form or stage of martensite of somewhat
arbitrary distinction, probably representing the least developed and
most distorted stage in the transformation of austenite to martensite
at ordinary temperatures.
Alpha Martensite: A form or stage of martensite of somewhat
arbitrary distinction, probably representing the least developed and
most distorted stage in the transformation of austenite to martensite
at ordinary temperatures.
Alpha Process: A shell molding and core-making method in which a
thin resin-bonded shell is baked with a less expensive, highly
permeable material.
Alpha Process: A shell molding and core making method in which a
thin resin bonded shell is baked with a less expensive, highly
permeable material.
Alpha-Iron: The form of iron (also referred to as ferrite) which exists
naturally below 910°C in which the iron atoms are arranged in a
body-centered cubic (bcc) crystalline pattern, i.e., an iron atom at
each corner of a cube and a single one right in the middle of the
cube.
ALS: All Weather Landing System:With this capability, pilots can
control automatically the aircraft's landing, even in conditions of poor
visibility. In 1969, the crew onboard an Air Inter Caravelle were the
first to land using this system at Lyon airport.
ALS : approach light system.
Alsep: Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package.
Alt: Altitude or Altimeter or Alternate
ALT : Altitude
ALTA: Association of Latin American Air Transport.
Alternate airport : means an airport at which an aircraft may land if
a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable
Alternate Immersion Test: A corrosion test in which the specimens
are intermittently exposed to a liquid medium at definite time
intervals.
Alternating Blanking: A method of blanking parts. This method
involves having one part blanked in one direction and another part
blanked in another direction utilizing the unused material from the
previous part. This method is used as a cost-cutting measure.
Alternating current: The flow of electric charge
frequently\alternating in reverses direction
Alternating current (ac): A continuously changing magnitude of
current, produced by a power source (e.g., generator, alternator).
Alternating current (ac) : Electric current in which the direction of
the current alternates or reverses. In a 60 Hertz (cycle) current, the
direction of current flow reverses in 1/120th of a second; most
commonly used current.
Alternating Stress: Stress produced in a material by forces acting
alternating in opposite directions.
Alternating Stress: Stress produced in a material by forces acting
alternating in opposite directions.
Alternator: It is a device which charge the battery of the vehicle ,it
converts the mechanical power of vehicle in to electric power and
store it in to battery
Alternator: A device which converts mechanical energy, into
alternating current.
Altidute gain (kaltint) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the vertical guidance modes; varies control authority of
the altitude integral in vertical guidance, to reduce steady-state
errors in altitude error Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Altimeter: An instrument used to measure the height above a
reference point, such as ground or sea level.
Altimeter: An instrument, most usually an aneroid barometer,
calibrated in meters and/or feet, to indicate an aircraft's height.
Altimeter: A device that measures altitude above the surface of a
planet or moon. Spacecraft altimeters work by timing the round trip
of radio signals bounced off the surface.
Altimeter: An active instrument (see active system) used to
measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level. For example, a
laser altimeter can measure height from a spacecraft to an ice-sheet.
That measurement, coupled with radial orbit knowledge, will enable
determination of the topography.
Altimeter setting : The barometric pressure reading used to adjust
a pressure altimeter for variations in existing atmospheric pressure
or to the standard altimeter setting (29.92 inches of Hg).
Altimeter : An onboard instrument which senses air pressure in
order to gauge altitude.
Altintval : Altitude integral input
Altithermal period: A period of high temperature, particularly the
one from 8000 to 4000 B.P. (before the present era), which was
apparently warmer in summers, as compared with the present, and
with the precipitation zones shifted poleward. Also called
thehypsithermal period.
Altitude: Elevation as measured in relationship to the earth's surface
to sea level.
Altitude: Height
Altitude: The vertical distance between the airplane and the ground.
Altitude: The height of an object, like an airplane, above sea level or
above the earth's surface.
Altitude engine : means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a
rated takeoff power that is producible from sea level to an
established higher altitude
Altitude error scale factor(kzsf) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the vertical guidance modes; varies control
authority of vertical guidance
Altitude error : A basic output from guidance to flight director,
indicating the difference between actual altitude and desired altitude;
Symbols: DELTA h; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length
Altitude integral input (altintval). : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the vertical guidance modes; a reference
altitude for reducing steady-state errors in altitude error Typical
Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Altitude integral limit (intmaglim). : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the vertical guidance modes; limits the
magnitude of altitude integral value Typical Units: ft; Dimensions:
Length;
Altitude : Height, usually with respect to the terrain below (radar
altitude, feet above closest dirt) or fixed earth reference (barometric
altitude, feet above mean sea level); Symbols: h; Typical Units: ft;
Dimensions: Length;
ALTN : Alternate
ALTP : Airline Transport Pilot`s License)
Alum: Is an aluminum sulfate or filter alum. Acts in the range of 5.0
to 8.0 pH.
Alumel: A nickel-base alloy containing about 2.5% Mn, 2% Al, and
1% Si used chiefly as a component of pyrometric thermocouples.
Alumina: Aluminum oxide occasionally found as an impurity in water
in very small amounts.
Alumina: An oxide of aluminum.
Alumina: Aluminum oxide produced fron bauxite by a complicated
chemical process. It is a material that looks like granulated sugar.
Alumina is an intermediate step in the production of aluminum from
bauxite, and is also a valuable chemical on its own.
Aluminized Sheet: This is sheet steel to which a thin, hot-dip,
aluminum-silicon alloy coating has been applied. It is primarily used
in applications that must withstand or reflect heat and resist
corrosion at temperatures that are higher than galvanized coatings
can cope with. The silicon content is usually 5-11% and this
promotes adherence of the coating to the substrate. Although most
aluminized coatings are applied to cold rolled carbon steel, they are
also used on some ferritic stainless steels in order to give car
exhausts life-of-vehicle durability. Aluminized steel is very formable,
and typical applications are vehicle exhaust pipes, ovens, furnaces,
heat exchangers and bakeware. The coating is said to be particularly
good at resisting salt spray and exhaust condensate corrosion.
Aluminizing: Forming of an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on
a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying or diffusion.
Aluminizing: Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a
metal by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion.
Aluminum: A silver-white soft metal, noted for its lightness, high
reflectivity, high thermal conductivity, non-toxicity and corrosion
resistance. It is the most abundant metallic element, comprising
about 1/12th of the earth's crust. It is never found in nature as an
elemental metal, but only in combination with oxygen and other
elements. In ordinary commercial and industrial use, the word
"aluminum" is often understood to mean aluminum alloy, rather than
the pure metal.
Aluminum Bus bars: An aluminum busbar is a component in
electrical power distribution used to carry large currents and
distribute power to multiple components. Busbars can be made from
aluminum or copper and are typically rectangular plates.
Aluminum Killed Steel (Special Killed): Steel deoxidized with
aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so
that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during
solidification.
Aluminum Oxide: A chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen,
which forms immediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air.
Unlike iron oxide, (the rust that forms on steel) aluminum oxide does
not flake off, but forms a protective layer that blocks further oxidation
and so protects the integrity of the metal. It is transparent and does
not alter the appearance of the aluminum surface.
Aluminum Oxide: A chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen,
which forms immediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air.
Unlike iron oxide (the rust that forms on steel) aluminum oxide does
not flake off, but forms a protective layer that blocks further oxidation
and so protects the integrity of the metal. It is transparent and does
not alter the appearance of the aluminum surface.
Aluminum-Base, Aluminum Complex Grease: A grease prepared
from a lubricating oil and an aluminum soap. Such greases are made
with more than one acid, often benzoic and stearic acids, and liquefy
at higher temperatures than simple soaps.
Amalgam: A dental alloy produced by combining mercury with alloy
particles of silver, tin, copper and sometimes zinc.
Ambient: The current condition of temperature, humidity and
atmospheric pressure.
Ambient: Environmental conditions, such as pressure or
temperature.
Ambient: The current condition of temperature, humidity and
atmospheric pressure.
Ambient air temperature: The temperature of the air surrounding
an object.
Ambient air temperature: Temperature of fluid (usually air) which
surrounds object on all sides.
Ambient Air Temperature: Temperature of the surrounding air.
Ambient conditions: The conditions of temperature, pressure, and
humidity, existing around an instrument.
Ambient noise: The normal sound in a room or other location.
Ambient Noise: The noise level in the area surrounding the
machine or component to be tested with machine being tested not
operating.
Ambient noise level (background noise): The noise level in the
area surrounding the machine or component to be tested with
machine being tested not operating.
Ambient Temperature: The temperature of the surrounding
atmosphere.
Ambulance functions: Operations as an aerial ambulance for the
transport of ill or injured persons.
AMC Refractory: Refractory composed of alumina (Al2O3),
magnesia (MgO) and carbon. Used primarily in the working lining
(steel contact areas) of steel ladles.
AMC : Acceptable Means of Compliance
AME: Aircraft Maintenance Engineer
AME : Aviation Medical Examiner (U.S.)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): A non-profit association
of North American producers, suppliers to and users of steel. It's
mission is to promote steel as the material of choice and to enhance
the competitiveness of its members and the North American steel
industry. www.steel.org
American Standard Beam: Common name for an S-shape steel
beam.
American standard pipe thread: A type of screw or thread,
commonly used on pipe fittings to assure a tight seal.
American wire gauge: A device used to determine the standard
sizes of wire conductors.
American wire gauge (awg): A system used in the United States
for measuring the size of solid wires.
Ames research center (arc): Located at Moffett Field, California,
ARC is active in aeronautical research, life sciences, space science,
and technology research. The Center houses the world's largest
wind tunnel and the world's most powerful supercomputer
system. ARC Web Site
AMIE : AIS Met Information Equipment (Swiss Computer Self
Briefing System)
Amine: A chemical use in water treatment as a filming or
neutralizing agent to protect the metal parts.
Amine: A specific type of organic compound containing nitrogen,
used to absorb acids or as an antioxidant. Common amines include
aromatic amines, MEA (monoethanol amine) and DEA (diethanol
amine).
AMLCD : Active-matrix liquid crystal display.
Ammeter: Ammeter is a device for measuring the current.
Ammeter: An instrument for measuring the magnitude of electric
current flow.
Ammeter shunt: A low-resistance conductor, placed in parallel
(shunt) with an ammeter movement, so that most of the current flows
through the shunt, and only a small portion flows through the
ammeter. This extends the useful range of the meter.
Ammo: Ammunition
Ammonia: Chemical combination of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3).
Ammonia is a very efficient refrigerant and identified as R-117.
Amorphous: A solid not having a repetitive three-dimensional
pattern of atoms.
Amorphous: Non crystalline.
Amorphous Solid: A rigid material whose structure lacks crystalline
periodicity; that is, the pattern of its constituent atoms or molecules
does not repeat periodically in three dimensions. (see Metallic
Glass)
Ampacity: A wire's ability to carry current safely, without undue
heating. The term formerly used to describe this characteristic was
current capacity of the wire.
Ampacity: The current carrying capacity expressed in amperes.
Amperage: An electron or current flow of one coulomb per second,
past a given point in a circuit.
Ampere: The unit used for measuring the quantity of an electrical
current flow. One ampere represent a flow of one coulomb per
second.
Ampere: The ampere (SI unit symbol: A; SI dimension symbol: I),
often shortened to amp, is the SI unit of electric current.
Ampere hour -: A term used for rating battery capacity. As stated,
an ampere for an hour; ex5 amperes for 20 hours = 100 amp hour on
a 20 hr rating.
Ampere turns: A term used to measure magnetic force. It
represents the product of amperes, times the number of turns of the
coil, in an electromagnet.
Amperes: It is S.I. Unit of current
Amphibian: An aircraft able to operate from both land and water.
Amphibian : An aircraft that can fly off of water or land. The wheels
retract into the hull or floats, depending upon the type of aircraft. An
amphibian can land on water and then extend the landing gear to
allow it to pull up onto the shore. Many seaplane bases had ramps to
allow the airplanes to pull up onto dry land parking areas.
Amphibian, amphibious: A seaplane or floatplane with retractable
wheels for use on land.
Amplification: The process of obtaining an output signal greater
than the input signal, through auxiliary power controlled by the input
signal. The process of increasing the strength, current, power, or
voltage, of the signal.
Amplifier: An electronic device that receives an input voltage or
current signal and modifies the signal into a driving voltage or current
at a different level.
Amplitude: The maximum instantaneous value of alternating current
or voltage. It can be in either a positive or negative direction. The
greatest distance through which an oscillating body moves from the
mid point.
Amplitude: The magnitude of the displacement of a wave from a
mean value. For a simple harmonic wave, it is the maximum
displacement from the mean. For more complex wave motion,
amplitude is usually taken as one-half of the mean distance (or
difference) between maxima and minima.
Amplitude of sound: The loudness of a sound.
Amraam: Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AMS : Aero Medical Services
AMSL : Above mean sea level
Amux: Aircraft Analog, Discrete and Avionics Multiplex
Anadromous fish: Fish that spend their adult lives in the sea but
swim upriver to freshwater spawning grounds to reproduce. Salmon
are an example of anadromous fish.
Anaerobic : A condition in which "free" or dissolved oxygen is not
present in the water.
Anaglyph: images of the same scene in contrasting colors or from
different viewing angles that look three-dimensional when they are
superimposed
Analog (climate): A large-scale weather pattern of the past that is
similar to a current situation in its essential characteristics.
Analog computer: A computing machine that works on the
principle of measuring, as distinct from counting, in which the
measurements obtained (as voltages, resistances, etc.) are
translated into desired data.
Analog Device: An electronic device that requires or produces an
infinitely variable signal, usually voltage or current, in response to a
state change within the device.
Analog device: An electronic device that requires or produces an
infinitely variable signal, usually voltage or current, in response to a
state change within the device.
Analog Hygrometers: An analog hygrometer measures relative
humidity - the amount of moisture in the air relative to the amount of
moisture the air can hold. The analog feature means that the
hygrometer measures the relative humidity using mechanical
components and reports the relative humidity on a calibrated dial
gauge.
Analog Multimeters: A multimeter is an electrical measurement
device used to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an
electrical circuit. In an analog multimeter, motion of the needle is
directly proportional to the physical quantity being measured over
within a preselected range. The output value is reported using a
needle that moves over a calibrated scale with units for each
measurement type. Multimeters are usually handheld devices though
bench-top units with very high accuracy also exist.
Analog Output Plc: A PLC is a programmable-logic controller - a
computer-based electronic system often used to control other
devices including machines, hardware components, or other control
modules. The PLC system receives input in digital or analog form,
processes the input signal based on needs of the device, then
transmits the signal to control the output device. In an analog output
PLC, the controller outputs voltage or current in order to control
equipment. This type of controller is frequently used in industrial
environments to control motors, actuators, valves, and pumps.
Analog signal: An AC or DC voltage or current signal that
represents continuously variable physical quantities (e.g., voltage,
current, pressure, temperature, or speed).
Analogue instrument: Analogue instruments are related to
information represented variable physical quantity such as spatial
position, currunt, etc.
Analysis: The process of determining the composition of a
substance, by chemical or physical methods.
Analyze: To take something apart so it can be examined and
studied.
Anchor: Anchor typically having metal shank with pair of curved,
barbed flukes at one end. It is attached to a cable or chain and used
for mooring the ship in sea. In Automobiles the anchor is used to
attach the vehicle with another for purpose of towing.
Anchor: A ceramic or metal fitting designed to hold refractories in
place.
Anchor: A restraint applied to eliminate motion and restrain forces.
Anchor: Orbit about a specific point; ground track flown by tanker.
Information call indicates a turning engagement about a specific
location.
Anchor Bolt: An anchor bolt is a specialized bolt used to attach
items to hard surfaces such as concrete, asphalt, brick or stone.
Anchor bolts are made up of a threaded end that is turned into the
surface of interest and a washer and nut used to carry the load on
the bolt. Anchor bolts come in many shapes, sizes, and materials
depending on the application and the load requirements.
And logic gate: A digital circuit in which the output state equals a
binary 1 if and only if all of its inputs are a binary 1 at the same time.
Andalusite: A mineral consisting of alumina and silica.
Anelastic Deformation: Any portion of the total deformation of a
body that occurs as a function of time when load is applied and
which disappears completely after a period of time when the load is
removed.
Anelasticity: The property of solids by virtue of which strain is not a
single-value function of stress in the low-stress range where no
permanent set occurs.
Anemometer: An instrument for measuring the velocity of a fluid.
Anemometer: An Anemometer is used to measure wind speed and
wind pressure. There are several different types of anemometers.
These include cup, windmill, hot wire, laser doppler, and ultrasonic
anemometers.
Anemometer: Instrument used to measure wind speed, usually
measured either from the rotation of wind-driven cups or from wind
pressure through a tube pointed into the wind.
Angel of attack (aoa) : The angle between the chord line of the
wing of an aircraft and the relative wind.
Angel of attack : The difference between pitch and the air-
referenced flight path angle; the angle between the aircraft center
line and the airspeed vector in the vertical plane, positive when the
nose is up; Symbols: alpha; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Angels: Height of aircraft in thousands of feet.
Angle: A very common structural or bar shape with two legs of equal
or unequal length intersecting at 90°.
Angle Iron: An iron or steel structural member that has been cast,
rolled or bent (folded) so that its cross-section is I-shaped.
Angle Iron: An iron or steel structural member that has been
cast,rolled or bent (folded) so that its cross section is l shaped.
Angle of approach: The approach angle will be the degree between
a forward line on a flat or level surface where the front tires make
contact with the ground and another line from that point to the part of
the front bumper that is likely contact with the ground or an obstacle
first.
Angle of approach: The steepest angle of inclined roadway onto
which a vehicle can be driven from a level roadway without the
vehicles forward overhang making contact with the inclined surface.
Angle of attack: the angle of the mean chord line of an aircraft's
wing relative to the general direction of thravel of the aircraft through
the atmosphere. As this angle increases in flight due to changes in
lift or sink or pilot induced controls, the wing can become stalled or
loose its ability to create lift.
Angle of attack: Angle at which the air-stream meets an aerofoil
surface.
Angle of attack: The angle of the wing (when viewed from the end)
in relation to the horizontal airflow when the airplane is flying. The
acute angle at which a moving airfoil meets the airstream.
Angle of attack: The angle between the velocity vector and the
longitudinal axis of a missile or rocket.
Angle of attack: The angle of a wing to the oncoming airflow.
A pilot pullsback on the control stick to raise the elevator. This
causes the aircraft to pitch which increases the angle of attack.
Angle of attack (aoa): The angle between the cord line of the wing
(mean chord line) and the relative wind.
Angle of attack : The angle that the wing penetrates the air. As the
angle of attack increases so does lift, up to a point (and drag).
Angle of Bite: In the rolling of metals, the location where all of the
force is transmitted through the rolls; the maximum attainable angle
between the roll radius at the first contact and the line of roll centers.
Operating angles less than the angle of bite are termed contact
angles or rolling angles.
Angle of departure: The approach angle will be the degree
between a rearward line on a flat or level surface where the front
tires make contact with the ground and another line from that point to
the part of the front bumper that is likely contact with the ground or
an obstacle first.
Angle of departure: The steepest angle of inclined roadway from
which a vehicle can be driven onto a level roadway without the
vehicles rear overhang making contact with the inclined surface.
Angle of incidence: Angle at which an airfoil surface is normally set
in relation to the fore and aft axis of the airframe structure.
Angle of incidence: The angle at which an airfoil is normally fixed in
relation to the longitudinal axis of an aircraft. Said another way The
angle at which the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and engine are
positioned on the blueprint or drawing by the designer. This angle is
measured in relation to a reference or datum line.
Angle of lag or lead: The phase angle difference, between two
sinusoidal wave forms having the same frequency.
Angle of Nip: In rolling, the angle of bite. In roll, jaw or gyratory
crushing, the entrance angle formed by the tangents at the two
points of contact between the working surfaces and the (assumed)
spherical particles to be crushed.
Angle Plate: A precision holding fisture made of cast-iron, steel or
granite. The two principle faces are at right angles and may be
slotted for holding the work or clamping to a table.
Angle Plate: A precision holding fisture made of cast iron,steel or
granite. The two principal faces are at right angles and may be
slotted for holding the work or clamping to a table.
Angle valve: A type of globe valve design, having pipe openings at
right angles to each other. Usually one opening on the horizontal
plane and one on the vertical plane.
Angle-off: The angle formed by the extension of the longitudinal
axes of two aircraft. Angle is measured from defender's 6 o'clock.
Also called track crossing angle.
Angles, Shapes & Section: Hot rolled Structural Sections obtained
by hot rolling of blooms/billets. They include angles, channels,
girders, joist, I beams, H beams etc used in civil/mechanical
construction.
Angstrom: A unit for the measurement of wavelength. Equals one
hundred millionth of a centimeter (0.003937 millionth of an inch).
Angstrom units: A unit of wave length, equal in length to one ten
billionth.
Angstrom Units: (A) A unit of linear measure equal to 10( 10)m, or
0.1 nm; not an accepted Si unit, but still sometimes used for small
distances such as interatomic distances and some wavelengths.
Angtrom (Unit): A unit of linear measure equal to 10-10 m, or 0.1
nm (nanometer), sometimes used to express small distances such
as interatomic distances and some wavelengths.
Angular acceleration : Rate of change of angular velocity, either
scalar or vector, often with subscripts such as XYZ to denote the
coordinate frame; time derivative of angular position; time integral of
angular acceleration; Symbols: alpha; Typical Units: rad/s-squared;
Dimensions: 1/Time-squared;
Angular position : Amount of rotation about an axis, either scalar or
vector, often with subscripts such as XYZ to denote the coordinate
frame; time integral of angular velocity; Synonyms: angle; Symbols:
theta; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Angular Speed (Gears): Rotational speed at the pitch line,
measured in rad/s.
Angular velocity : Rate of change of rotation about an axis, either
scalar or vector, often with subscripts such as XYZ to denote the
coordinate frame; time derivative of angular position; time integral of
angular acceleration; See Also: tachometer; Symbols: omega;
Typical Units: rad/s, rpm; Dimensions: 1/Time;
Angularity: The conformity to or deviation from specified angular
dimensions in the cross-section of a shape.
Anhedral: a negative orientation of two wings relative to the
horizontal plane in which the tips are lower than the roots in normal
flight. See also Dihedral, Polyhedral and Gull Wing.
Anhedral: Angle which the spanwise axis of an airfoil makes to the
fuselage when the wing or tailplane tip is lower than its root
attachment point.
Anhedral: The downward angle of a wing in relation to a horizontal
cross-section line; aka CATHEDRAL. See DIHEDRAL
Anhydrous calcium sulfate: A dry chemical, made of calcium,
sulfur, and oxygen.
Aniline Point: For a petroleum fluid, the lowest temperature at
which the product is completely miscible with an equal volume of
freshly distilled aniline. It serves as a measure of the solvent or
“grease-cutting” power of a hydrocarbon; generally, the lower the
aniline point, the more effective the solvent.
Anion: A negatively charged ion that migrates through the
electrolyte toward the anode under the influence of a potential
gradient.(see Cation) (see Ion)
Anion interchange : The displacement of one negatively charged
particle by another on an anion-exchange material. This principle is
used with water treatment.
Anion : A negatively charged ion such as the chloride ion (Cl-).
Anisotropy: Anistropy is the word used to describe the fact
materials in general, and steels in particular, are characterized by
mechanical properties which differ depending upon the direction in
which they are assessed. Particular use is made of this in cold
reduced formable steels intended for deep drawing applications; the
production process route is such as to enhance this particular
property, which is given a numerical value by a parameter known as
the 'r' value.
Anisotropy: The characteristics of exhibiting different values of a
property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference
system in the material.
Anm : ATFM Notification Message
Anneal: To soften by heating and allowing to cool slowly.
Anneal: A process, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable
temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to
soften metallic materials, such as steel. This process also
simultaneously produces desired changes in microstructure, as in
other properties, such as improvement of mechanical or electrical
properties, increase in stability in dimensions, facilitation of cold
work, etc.(see Batch Anneal) (see Continuous Anneal)
Anneal: To heat a metal to a temperature slightly below its melting
point, then cool it gradually so as to soften it thoroughly. Fully
annealed aluminum is said to be in the ?O? temper.
Anneal Cycle Code: Steel heat specification unique to the
annealing base being charged.
Anneal to Temper: A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked
non-ferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength.
Annealing: 1. Heating and then cooling metals in a controlled
atmosphere to soften them. 2. A process involving heating and
cooling usually applied to induce softening. In box annealing, the
material to be annealed is enclosed in a metal container with, or
without packing material to minimize oxidation. The charge is usually
heated slowly to a temperature just below the transformation range,
but sometimes just above, or within it, and cooled slowly.
Annealing Carbon: Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles
formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged
annealing. Also called temper carbon.
Annealing Carbon: Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles
formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged
annealing. Also called temper carbon.
Annealing Twin: A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization.
Annealing Twin: A twin formed in a metal during an annealing heat
treatment.
Annealing : A process of heat treating metal, to get the desired
properties of softness and ductility, (easy to form).
Annodize: An electrolytic process used to deposit protective or
cosmetic coatings in a variety of colors on metal, primarily used on
aluminum.
Annual : Mandatory inspection of airframe and power plant that
occurs every 12 months.
Annular: Pertaining to, or having the form of a ring.
Annular Area: A ring shaped area often refers to the net effective
area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area of the
rod.
Annular area: A ring shaped area — often refers to the net effective
area of the rod slide of a cylinder piston, i.e. the piston area of the
rod.
Annulus: A ring-like part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which
extruded metal flows from the press.
Annulus: A ring like part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which
extruded metal flows from the press.
Annunciator : Any one of warning, caution, or advisory; Synonyms:
alert;
Annunciators: An annunciator is an electronically-controlled board,
typically using light emitting diodes (LED) to indicate the state of an
electronic component. Annunciators come in many design styles and
are often customized to a specific application. An alarm annunciator
is typically designed to specifically monitor sensors for fault
conditions and safety concerns.
Anode: In electrolysis or electrochemical corrosion, a site where
metal goes into solution as a cation leaving behind an equivalent of
electrons to be transferred to the opposite electron, called the
cathode.
Anode: 1. The electrode of an electrolyte cell at which oxidation
occurs. Electrons flow away from the anode in the external circuit. It
is usually at the electrode that corrosion occurs and metal ions enter
solution. 2. The positive (electron-deficient) electrode in an
electrochemical circuit. Contrast with cathode.
Anode Copper: Special-shaped copper slabs, resulting from the
refinement of blister copper in a reverberatory furnace, used as
anodes in electrolytic refinement.
Anode Effect: The effect produced by polarization of the anode in
electrolysis. It is characterized by a sudden increase in voltage and a
corresponding decrease in amperage due to the anode becoming
virtually separated from the electrolyte by a gas film.
Anode Film: 1. The portion of solution in immediate contact with the
anode, especially if the concentration gradient is steep. 2. The outer
layer of the anode itself.
Anode Furnaces: An anode furnace is a specialized fire-furnace
used to refine blister copper into anode copper. Blister copper is 98%
pure copper created during the smelting process when sulfur is
removed. The anode furnace is used to further refine the blister
copper by removing any remaining oxygen in the copper. The result
is copper that is about 99% pure.
Anodic Cleaning: Electrolytic cleaning in which the work is the
anode. Also called reverse-current cleaning.
Anodic Protection: Polarization to a more oxidizing potential to
achieve a reduced corrosion rate by the promotion of passivity.
Anodic Reaction: Electrode reaction equivalent to a transfer of
positive charge from the electronic to the ionic conductor. An anodic
reaction is an oxidation process. An example common in corrosion is
M(s) – M(aq)2+ + 2e-.
Anodizing: The treatment of a metal surface whereby the metal is
made anodic.
Anodizing: Forming a conversion coating on a metal surface by
anodic oxidation; most frequently applied to aluminum.
Anolyte: The electrolyte adjacent to the anode in an electrolytic cell.
Anomaly: The angular distance between the position of a planet
and its last perihelion, or between that of a satellite and its last
perigee.
Anomaly: The deviation of (usually) temperature or precipitation in a
given region over a specified period from the normal value for the
same region.
ANR : Air Navigation Routes
ANS: Air Navigation Services.
ANS : Active Noise System
Ansi: American National Standard Institute, which is an organization
defining standards for computer language.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
ANSI: American National Standards Institute (a member of the ISO).
Among other things, ANSI standards are used to evaluate load
ratings for ball and roller bearings. www.ansi.org
ANSI Flange: A mechanical device that is used to connect two
pieces of pipe together to form a pressure tight joint. ANSI flanges
are round, use through bolts and/or nuts to attach two matched
flanges together or to a valve or other mechanical device. See ANSI
standards for pressure and temperature ratings.
Ansi flange: American National Standards Institute. A mechanical
device that is used to connect two pieces of pipe together to form a
pressure tight joint. ANSI flanges are round, use through bolts and/or
nuts to attach two matched flanges together or to a valve or other
mechanical device. See ANSI standards for pressure and
temperature ratings.
Ansi-b.31.1 : Power Piping.
Ansi-b.31.5: Refrigeration Piping.
ANSP: Air Navigation Services Provider.
ANSP : Air Navigation Services
Ant: Antenna
ANT : Airspace Navigation Team (Euro control)
Antarctic ice sheet: See ice sheet.
Antenna type: The type of antennas used in vehicle audio systems
and navigation systems: mast, power telescoping, element and
diversity.
Anthropogenic: Made by people or resulting from human activities.
Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as a
result of human activities.
Anthropogenic: Man made. Usually used in the context
of emissions that are produced as the result of human activities.
Anti Condensation Heaters: Anti condensation heaters are a type
of space heater used to maintain temperature in a small enclosure in
order to eliminate moisture and prevent condensation. These
heaters are typically used in electrical components where
condensation would be damaging to the system.
Anti foaming agent: It is a anti deforming agent or chemical added
in coolant to prevent it from making foams on it
Anti friction bearing: A bearing having the ability to resist the
friction, a type of lubrication oil and grease is filled in the balls and
casing of the bearing and covered by the seal
Anti knock value -: A premature explosive combustion, as the
detonation of the fuel air mixture in an internal combustion engine,
produces a characteristic knock. The Anti Knock Value is the
measure of its resistance to the condition which tends to produce
this knock.
Anti knocking: Knocking is a abnormal sound produced in the
diesel engines by slapping of the pistons and wrong grade of fuel
and lubricant used
Anti lock braking system: (abs) anti -lock braking systems ,it is
used in wheels of vehicle for anti skidding
Anti roll bar: the bar given in front suspension system ,it is given to
balance the engine and front tilting due to imbalance forces
Anti Skid Flooring Systems: Anti-skid flooring systems provide a
means to applying a non-slip surface to flooring surfaces, typically in
industrial environments. Anti-skid systems can be epoxy-based
coatings applied directly to the surface with a non-skid additive or the
system can be a installed and removable non-skid matting such as a
textured rubber flooring.
Anti Vibration Mountings: Anti-vibration mountings are typically
used to reduce the transfer of machine vibration into adjacent
surfaces or the air. Reduction of machine vibration is an important
process because excessive vibration can lead to component failure
due to stress and fatigue and high levels of radiated noise from the
vibrating surface. Anti-vibration mountings are typically made of a
resilient compound such as rubber.
Anticipating control : One which, by artificial means, is activated
sooner than it would be without such means, to produce a smaller
differential of the controlled property. Heat and cool anticipators are
commonly used in thermostats.
Anticipators: A small heater element in two-position temperature
controllers which deliberately cause false indications of temperature
in the controller in an at tempt to minimize the override of the
differential and smooth out the temperature variation in the controlled
space.
Anti-corrosive additive : A lubricant additive to reduce corrosion.
Anticyclone: A high pressure area where winds blow clockwise in
the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere. See cyclone, wind.
Anticyclone (high-pressure area): An atmospheric high-pressure
closed circulation with clockwise rotation in the Northern
Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and
undefined at the Equator.
Anti-dive suspension: Anti-dive suspension is a front suspension
arrangement that converts the downward force in the suspension
links caused by braking into a vertical force that tends to lift the body,
thus reducing dive under braking. The system performs to maintain
the under lift of vehicle.
Anti-foam additive: (FOAM INHIBITOR) An additive used to
reduce or prevent foaming.
Antifoam agents: The reduction of carry over by the addition of
polymerized esters, alcohol’s, and amides. The antifoam agent is
absorbed on the steam generating surface resulting in a hydrophobic
condition, causing fewer but larger steam bubbles, which readily
coalesce. These agents also weaken the wall of the bubble formed,
causing them to quickly burst on the water surface.
Antifoulants: Are materials which prevent fouling from depositing on
heat transfer equipment. Materials that prevent deposits forming;
include antioxidants, metal coordinators, and corrosion inhibitors.
Compounds that prevent deposition are surfactants. They act as
detergents or dispersants.
Antifreeze: it is a chemical agent mixed in coolant to prevent it from
freezing in low temperature
Antifreeze: See "Coolant."
Antifreeze: Compounds of glycol’s or alcohol’s, that lower the
freezing point of cooling water systems.
Antifriction Material: A material that exhibits low-friction or self-
lubricating properties.
Anti-knock additives: Some chemical compound added in small
range (less than 1 %) to automotive fuels to improve the anti-knock
rating of the fuel. Like tetraethyl lead (TEL) Pb(C2H 5)4.
Anti-knocking index: A measure of fuels abilities to resist engine
knock started as a number called the octane number.
Antilock brake system high pressure hose: The reinforced hose
or hoses (with metal fittings at either end) that carry high pressure
hydraulic fluid used in an antilock brake system.
Anti-matter: A hypothetical form of matter of which the atoms are
composed of anti-particles, as protons, electrons, etc. assumed to
carry charges opposite to those associated with ordinary matter.
Particles having such properties have been produced in particle
accelerators.
Antimony: A metal add to non-maintenance free or hybrid battery
grids to add strength.
Antimony: Chemical symbol Sb. Silvery white and lusteous, it
exhibits poor heat and electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in
compounds such as antimony trioxide for flame-retardants. Other
applications include storage battery components.
Antioxidant: A substance which when added in small amounts to
petroleum products, will delay or inhibit undesirable changes; such
as the formation of gum, sludge, and acidity, which are brought
about by oxidation.
Antioxidant: An additive to retard oxygen-related deterioration,
especially oxidation of lubricants.. (see Inhibitor)
Anti-oxidant : An additive for the purpose of reducing the rate of
oxidation and subsequent deterioration of the material.
Antipitting Agent: An addition agent for electroplating solutions to
prevent the formation of pits or large pores in the electrodeposit.
Antipodal: Pertaining to, or located on, the opposite side of the
Earth.
Anti-roll bar: Anti-roll bar which stables the vehicle, for avoiding
rolling of car on sides anti-roll bar is used.
Anti-scuffing lubricant: A lubricant that is formulated to avoid
scuffing.
Anti-Seize Compounds (Pipe Dope): Grease-like substances with
graphite, molybdenum disulfide and metallic particles dispersed
throughout, primarily to prevent seizure on threaded joints.
Anti-seizure property: The ability of the bearing material to resist
seizure during momentary lubrication failure.
Anti-skid braking: Anti-skid braking means braking in a car without
skid, a safer braking is anti-skid braking.
Anti-Skid Flooring Systems: Anti skid flooring systems provide a
means to applying a non slip surface to flooring surfaces, typically in
industrial environments. Anti skid systems can be epoxy based
coatings applied directly to the surface with a non skid additive or the
system can be a installed and removable non skid matting such as a
textured rubber flooring.
Anti-theft: Anti- theft is a system which prevents theft of vehicle, it
starts warning sirens and lights if anybody touch the vehicle.
Anti-theft: A device or system of devices that aid in preventing a
vehicle from being stolen.
Anti-theft alarm: Anti-theft alarm, it starts if anybody tries to open or
touch the vehicle.
Anti-theft alarm: A device that uses an auditory signal and/or
telemetric to alert a vehicles owner of an attempted theft.
Anti-theft codes: It is a Electronics device designed to prevent theft.
It is an antitheft automobile device.
Anti-theft codes: A four- to six-digit numerical key necessary to
return functionality to a vehicles audio head unit after it has been
removed or disconnected from the battery.
Anti-theft immobilizer: It is also known as engine immobilizer, It
state the art of anti-theft system. When you insert your key into the
ignition switch or bring a smart key fob into the vehicle, the key
transmits an electronic code to the vehicle. The engine will only start
if the code in the transponder chip inside the key or smart key fob
matches the code in the vehicle's immobilizer.
Anti-theft immobilizer: An electronic device that works together
with a key (that includes a small transmitter) and that prevents the
engine from starting when the key is not present.
Anti-theft remote control: Anti- theft is a system which prevent
theft of vehicle, it start warning sirens and lights if anybody touch the
vehicle.
Anti-theft remote control: An electronic device that unlocks a
vehicles doors and, in some cases, opens its trunk, rolls down its
windows and opens and closes its sunroof.
Anti-two-block device (A-2-B): A device that when activated,
disengages all crane functions which can cause two-blocking.
Anti-wear additive : A lubricant additive to reduce wear.
Anvil: A heavy iron or steel block upon which metal is forged or
hammered. Also the fixed jaw on a micrometer against which parts
are measured.
AO : Aircraft Operator
Aoa: Angle of Attack
Aob: Air Order of Battle.
AOC: An Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) is a permission granted by
CASA under S27 of the Civil Aviation Act to conduct commercial
operations prescribed in CAR 206 by:
AOC: Air Operator’s Certificate.
AOC : Airline Operations Centre
Aocs: Attitude & Orbit Control System.
AOD: Argon Oxygen Decarburization
AOD Process: AOD stands for argon Argon Oxygen
Decarburization, a refining process associated with the production of
stainless steel. Most stainless steel is initially produced in an electric
arc furnace before being transferred to a separate ladle furnace for
refining to achieve the precise metallurgical content required – a
process known as secondary metallurgy or secondary refining. In the
AOD process, a mixture of argon and oxygen is blown through the
molten steel in the ladle furnace, and the oxygen achieves the main
objective of oxidizing unwanted carbon in the steel melt. But
because the vital and expensive chromium contained in all stainless
steels is also prone to oxidation and subsequent loss with the
process slag, the argon is introduced to inhibit this reaction.
AOPA : Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
AOR : Aero of Responsibility
AOWIR : Aircraft Operator What-If Reroute (CFMU/IFPS)
Ap: Autopilot
ap ratchet : A tool with ratchet mechanism used to hold and operate
bits such as taps, drills, reamers, or screw extractors
AP : Auto Pilot
APB: AIST Process Benchmarker. The AIST Process Benchmarker
(APB) is an online analytical tool for tracking performance metrics
between iron, steel and coke-producing companies. This service
allows producer members to compare specific operating parameters
in a multitude of ways. The user-friendly, subscriber-only database
system gives producers the ability to generate many different
reports, charts, tables and even raw data, all of which can be
exported to a variety of standard formats for use in presentations,
status reports and technical papers.
Apcc: Aircraft Pod Control Computer
Aperature: In an extrusion die, the shaped opening through which
the heat-softened metal is forced and which gives the extruded
product its cross-sectional shape. Also called the “orifice”.
Aperiodic : A process that executes based on events rather than a
fixed rate, it is not synchronized to other processes of interest;
Compare: periodic;
Aperture: In an extrusion die, the shaped opening through which the
heat softened metal is forced and which gives the extruded product
its cross sectional shape. Also called the ?orifice?.
Aperture: The diameter of an opening; the diameter of the primary
lens or mirror of a telescope.
Apex: The point towards which a body is moving.
Apex/alamo: Training term used to denote simulated launch of
enemy, all-aspect radar missile.
Aphelion: That point in a solar orbit which is farthest from the Sun.
Aphelion: The point in its orbit when a planet is farthest from the
sun. For more information, see Milutin Milankovitch
Aphid/archer: Training term used to denote simulated launch of
enemy, rear hemisphere heat seeking missiles.
API: American Petroleum Institute.
Api: American Petroleum Institute.
API: American Petroleum Institute, the trade association of the oil
industry. www.api.org
API: Advance Passenger Information.
API Gravity: A gravity scale established by the API, in general use
in the petroleum industry. This unit is defined in terms of specific
gravity at 60°F (SPG 60°F) as follows: Degrees API = 141.5/SPG
60°F - 131.5.
Api gravity : (API DEGREE)A measure of density used in the US
petroleum industry.
API Separator (Lube Systems): A tank with baffles, used to
separate oil from water: the water is removed by the underflow and
the oil by the baffle overflow.
API Standards: The American Petroleum Institue (API) has been
developing standards for the industry since 1924. The API now
maintains over 500 standards of practice covering the entire oil and
gas industry. These standards include recommended practices and
procedures, specifications, regulatory codes, and technical reports
and documentation.
A-pillar: The roof support structure on either side of a vehicle's
windshield. Read more.
APIS: Advance Passenger Information Systems.
Apoapsis: That point in an orbit which is farthest from the primary.
Apogee: That point in a terrestrial orbit which is farthest from the
Earth.
Apogee: On an elliptical orbit path, the point at which a satellite is
farthest from the Earth.
A-pole: The distance from the launching aircraft to the target when
the missile begins active terminal guidance.
Apolune: That point in a lunar orbit which is farthest from the
Moon.
App : Approach (Control)
Apparent (emf): The apparent voltage, as measured by the drop in
pressure due to a current flowing through a resistance.
Apparent Consumption: This is a stastically-derived figure for
national or regional steel consumption during a given period. It is
based on the sum of reported mill shipments of finished steel plus
steel imports into the country/region, minus steel exports. While a
useful indicator, it does not necessarily accurately reflect real steel
demand. This is because stock building or stock depletion in the
supply chain (by distributors and/or steel users) can result in
apparent consumption either exaggerating or under estimating true
steel demand.
Apparent Contraction: The net contraction of a casting dimension
due to true metal contraction, mold wall movement and restraint
during solidification and cooling.
Apparent Density: 1. The weight per unit volume of a powder, in
contrast to the weight per unit volume of the individual particles. 2.
The weight per unit volume of a porous solid, where the unit volume
is determined from external dimensions of the mass. Apparent
density is always less than the true density of the material itself.
Apparent Viscosity: A term characterizing the resistance to flow of
liquids whose viscosities vary with the rate of shear. It can be
evaluated in a capillary-type instrument where it is defined as the
shear stress at the capillary wall divided by the mean rate of shear
as computed from the Poiseuille equation; it is expressed in
fundamental viscosity units at a given rate of shear.
Apparent watts : The product of volts times amperes, in an
alternating current circuit.
Appliance : means any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part,
apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory, including communications
equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or
controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the
aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller
Appr : Approach
Approach (appr) : To fly towards a point; a basic guidance mode,
providing lateral guidance, longitudinal guidance, and vertical
guidance to a point at an operator selected groundspeed and radar
altitude; See Also: waypoint approach, ILS approach, rendezvous
approach;
Approach speed : The recommended speed contained in aircraft
manuals used by pilots when making an approach to landing. This
speed will vary for different segments of an approach as well as for
aircraft weight and configuration.
Approach to hover (ahov) : Hover approach of a rotary wing
aircraft.
Approach : This is the single most demanding phase of flight. A
stabilized approach will result in a successful TOUCHDOWN or
LANDING. It is a matter of controlling the aircraft speed and its rate
of decent thru the downwind, base and final legs to arrive at the
threshold of the runway. Not to fast so that the aircraft Over Shoots
or rolls off end of the runway or bounces so hard on contact with the
runway, that it launches back into the air. Not to slow that the aircraft
Under Shoots and never makes the runway. Traffic pattern shown
below.
Approved : unless used with reference to another person, means
approved by the Administrator
APR: Annual Percentage Rate. The cost of credit (i.e., the interest
rate) expressed as a yearly rate.
Apr : Auxiliary Power Reserve
APRA: Automotives parts rebuilders association.
Apron: Device that the molten slag flows across on its way from the
spout to the doughnut. It is cooled by water spray.
Apron Conveyors: An apron conveyor is a specialized conveyer
system used to carry granular or lumpy material. The conveyer is
made up of a series of individual apron plates that are overlapped
and connected on their underside by hinges. The overlapping aprons
provide strength for heavy duty loads and the lack of gaps helps to
eliminate loss of material for granular loads. The apron construction
also makes it easy to vary the length of the conveyor by adding or
removing apron plates.
Apron : A defined area on an airport or heliport intended to
accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading
passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance.
APS: An advanced silica-based winter rubber compound that helps
provide flexibility where the tread surface makes contact with the
road.
APU: Auxiliary power unit. Usually small engine carried on board an
aircraft to provide an independent power source for such services as
electrics, hydraulics, pneumatics, ventilation, and air conditioning,
both on the ground and in the air if needed.
APU: Auxiliary Power Unit:Often housed in the tail section of the
aircraft, the APU is like a small engine. It is mainly used on the
ground to supply electrical and pneumatic energy the aircraft needs
to power its vital circuits when its main engines are shut down on the
ground. If necessary, it can also be used in flight.
APU: Auxiliary Power Unit.
APU : Auxiliary power unit
Aqua-planing: An extremely dangerous situation where water builds
up in front of the tyres resulting in the tyres losing contact with the
road surface. At this point, the vehicle is skimming on the water
surface and is completely out of control. Also called hydro-planing.
Aqueous: Watery. A substance containing water.
Aqueous Cleaning: A common method of removing lubricants
which consists of three stages: washing, rinsing, and drying.
Aqueous film forming foam (afff) : A type of foam fire-fighting
agent.
Aquifer: A porous, subsurface geological structure carrying or
holding water.
Aquifer: Layer of water-bearing permeable rock, sand, or gravel
capable of providing significant amounts of water.
Ar, a/r: Aerial Refueling
Aragonite: A mineral species of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with a
crystal structure different from that of vaterite and calcite, which are
the other two forms of CaCO3. It is precipitated from ocean surface
waters mainly by organisms (e.g., coral) that use it to make their
shells and skeletons.
Aramid: A synthetic fabric used in some tyres that is (pound-for-
pound) stronger than steel.
Arbor: A shaft or spindle for holding cutting tools; most usually on a
milling machine.
Arbor Press: A machine used for forcing arbors or mandrels into
drilled or bored parts preparatory to turning or grinding. Also used for
forcing bushings, shafts or pins into or out of holes.
Arbor-Type Cutter: A cutter having a hole for mounting on an arbor
and usually having a keyway for a driving key.
Arc: A flash, caused by an electric current ionizing a gas or vapor.
Arc: A luminous discharge of electrical current crossing the gap
between two electrodes.
Arc Blow: The deflection of an electric arc from its normal path
because of magnetic forces.
Arc brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is
obtained from an electric arc.
Arc Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is
obtained from an electric arc. (see Carbon Arc Brazing)
Arc Cutting: A group of cutting processes that melt the metals to be
cut with the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base metal.
See Carbon Arc Cutting, Metal Arc Cutting, Gas Metal Arc Cutting,
Gas Tungsten Arc Cutting, Plasma Arc Cutting and Air Carbon Arc
Cutting. Compare with Oxygen Arc Cutting.
Arc Furnace: A melting unit in which the heat is generated by
striking an arc between graphite electrodes and the metal charge,
which is usually in the form of solid scrap.
Arc Furnace: A steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by
an arc between graphite electrodes and the metal. Both carbon and
alloy steels are produced in electric arc furnaces and scrap,rather
than molten metal,is used as the base material. Furnaces with
capacities up to 200 tonnes are now in use.
Arc furnace : An electric furnace, in which heat is produced by an
arc between two electrodes.
Arc Gouging: An arc cutting process variation used to form a bevel
or groove.
Arc of Approach (Gears): Short distance of sliding contact between
the dedendum of the driving tooth and the addendum of the driven
tooth.
Arc Plasma Cutters: An arc plasma cutter is a specialized tool used
to cut steel and other metals by creating a plasma torch. In an arc
plasma cutter, an inert gas such as ejected from a high-speed nozzle
and an electrical arc is created from the nozzle to the surface. The
arc causes some of the gas to ignite, allowing for the removal of the
material as a result of melting from the plasma.
Arc Seam Weld: A seam weld made by an arc welding process.
Arc Spot Weld: A spot weld made by an arc welding process.
Arc Spraying (ASP): A thermal spraying process using an arc
between two consumable electrodes of surfacing materials as a heat
source and a compressed gas to atomize and propel the surfacing
material to the substrate.
Arc Strike: A discontinuity consisting of any localized remelted
metal, heat-affected metal, or change in the surface profile of any
part of a weld or base metal resulting from an arc.
Arc Welding: A group of welding processes that produce
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc, with or without
the application of pressure, and with or without the use of filler
metal.
Arc Welding Machines: Arc welding machines are comprised of a
power supply and a welding torch for the purpose of arc welding
metal components. These machines can come in 1-phase or 3-
phase units for use in either residential or industrial settings.
Arc welding : A group of welding processes which produce
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc, with or without
the application of pressure, and with or without the use of a filler
metal.
Arc welding : A process where coalescence is obtained by heating
with an electric arc.
Arcair Torch: An electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to
the electrode, used to remove metal and surface defects from
ferrous castings.
Arcair Torch: An electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to
the electrode, used to remove metal and surface defects from
ferrous castings.
Archimedes principal : States that an upward force acting on a
body wholly or partly submerged in a fluid, is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced, and acts through the center of gravity of the fluid
displaced, or the center of buoyancy.
Archimedes Screw Pumps: This pump is at least 2,000 years
old. The Archimedes Screw (also called an Archimedes Snail) was
used for irrigation and powered by horses, people, mules, etc. This
pump is even used today, although rarely! The helix revolves inside a
tube (only the bottom of the tube is shown) and the water rises
accordingly. Whether or not it was actually invented by Archimedes
is certainly debatable, though his overall brilliance is not.
Architectural Finish: An architectural finish is a standard finish
characterized by a uniformly good appearance. This finish is most
often specified for "exposed" surfaces.
Architectural Finish: An architectural finish is a standard finish
characterized by a uniformly good appearance. This finish is most
often specified for ?exposed? surfaces.
ARCID : Aircraft Identification
Arcing: Flying a circular flight path which allows another aircraft the
use of cutoff to gain closure.
Arcing Insulator: An insulator along the third rail that may be giving
off sparks or smoke
ARCOP: Aircraft Radiotelephone Operator Certificate of
Proficiency -radiotelephone certificate often issued to LAMEs to
enable them to taxi aircraft.
Arcp: Air Refueling Control Point; the planned geographic point over
which the receiver(s) arrive in the observation/precontact position
with respect to the assigned tanker.
Arct: Air Refueling Control Time; the planned time that the receiver
and tanker will arrive over the ARCP-
Arctic circle: The parallel of latitude that is approximately 66.5
degrees north of the equator and that circumscribes the northern
frigid zone.
Arctic haze: A persistent winter diffuse layer in the Arctic
atmosphere whose origin may be related to long-range transport of
midlatitude continental anthropogenic pollutants.
Area: The total measurement of the surface of a wing or flying
surface expressed in ft.2 and in models generally expressed as
square inches. Calculated by multiplying the total span of the wing
by the average chord (using the same dimenional units). See also
Wing Loading. In the diagram below you may substitute inches for
feet in the calculations to arrive at the area in square inches.
Area navigation (rnav) : means a method of navigation that permits
aircraft operations on any desired course within the coverage of
station-referenced navigation signals or within the limits of self-
contained system capability
Area navigation low route : means an area navigation route within
the airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface of
the earth to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL
Area navigation route : means an area navigation route within the
airspace extending upward from, and including, 18,000 feet MSL to
flight level 450
Area : The number of square inches (or feet) of the wing. It`s the
wingspan multiplied by the wing`s chord. The area of a tapered wing
is the wingspan multiplied by the average chord.
Arf / artf almost ready to fly: . The fuselage and wings are prebuilt
by the manufacturer. The builder has to supply and install the
receiver, servos and motor.
ARF : Almost Ready to Fly. A prefabricated aircraft.
Argon: Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic
number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble or
inert gas. Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's
atmosphere, at 0.93% (9,300 ppm).
Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD): A secondary refining
process for the controlled oxidation of carbon in a steel melt. In the
AOD process, oxygen, argon and nitrogen are injected into a molten
metal bath through submerged, side-mounted tuyeres.
Argon Oxygen Decarburization (Aod): WHAT A process for further
refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content.
WHY The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than
that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying
element content below 5%). While electric arc furnaces (EAF) are
the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, AOD
is an economical supplement, as operating time is shorter and
temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using
AOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF
for melting purposes. HOW Molten, unrefined steel is transferred
from the EAF into a separate vessel. A mixture of argon and oxygen
is blown from the bottom of the vessel through the melted steel.
Cleaning agents are added to the vessel along with these gases to
eliminate impurities, while the oxygen combines with carbon in the
unrefined steel to reduce the carbon level. The presence of argon
enhances the affinity of carbon for oxygen and thus facilitates the
removal of carbon.
Argon Shroud: A procedure using argon gas to shield molten steel
from oxygen as it is teemed from the ladle.
Argon Stirring: An inert gas introduced through a nozzle to stir
molten steel to promote chemical and temperature homogenization
and float out inclusions.
Argument: Angular distance.
Argument of periapsis: In an orbit, the angular distance between
the point of periapsis and the ascending node.
Ari: Aileron-Rudder Interconnect
Arianespace: A private limited company established for the
purpose of producing, financing and marketing the ESA Ariane
launch vehicle. Comprises European companies concerned in the
rocket's development, CNES and several banks. US agent is
Grumman Aerospace.
ARINC: Aeronautical Radio Inc (US).
ARINC 419 : Digital information transfer characteristics as applied in
ARINC 500-series equipment specifications.
ARINC 547 : Digital specification for ILS reference sensors.
ARINC 561 : Inertial navigation system specifications.
ARINC 568 : Inertial sensor DME reference specification.
ARINC 571 : Inertial sensor attitude-heading reference system
specifications.
ARINC 575 : Digital air-data system specifications.
ARINC 700-series : All-digital equipment specifications for new-
generation transport category aircraft.
ARINC 743 : All-digital specifications for FANS-1 compatibility.
ARINC : Aeronautical Radio, Inc. A nonprofit corporation owned by
member airlines to define form, fit, and function of avionics
equipment and to provide radio communication services.
Arip: Air Refueling Initial Point; the planned point to enter the
refueling track.
Arm: In aircraft weight and balance, as well as load distribution, it is
the distance from the CENTER OF GRAVITY (c/g) to some point.
For computations, arms measured forward from the c/g are positive
(+n) and those measured aft of the c/g are negative (-n).
Arm: Antiradiation Missile.
Arm : To strive for a mission objective, such as flying toward a radial
of a radio station; usually refers to a mode of radio navigation, such
as striving to reach a specific radial of a radio station prior to flying
along that radial; See Also: capture criterion; Compare: activate,
capture;
Arm/armed (safe/hot): Select armament (safe/hot), or armament is
safe/hot.
Armament safety check: Action taken by an aircrew to review
armament selection switches to preclude the inadvertent -
launch/release of armament (Switches Safe).
Armature: the rotating part of an electric motor or generator. The
moving part of a relay or vibrator.
Armature : It is main part of a electro mechanic machine having the
winding on it
Armature : Rotating unit inside a DC generator or starter consisting
of a series of coils of insulating wires bound around a laminate iron
core.
Armature air gap : The air space between the stationary and
rotating parts of a motor or generator, through which magnetic lines
of force pass.
Armature back ampere turns : The magnetic field produced by
current flowing in the armature winding, that opposes and reduces
the number of magnetic lines of force, produced by the field magnets
of a motor or generator.
Armature bar -: Copper bars used in place of wire windings, in
large armatures, generators, or motors.
Armature circuit: The path that the current takes, in flowing through
the windings from one brush to another.
Armature coil: The loop or coil of copper wire, placed on the
armature core, and forming part of the winding.
Armature core: The laminated iron part of the armature, formed
from thin sheets or disks of steel, on which the windings are placed.
Armature current : The current flowing from the armature of a
generator, to the armature of a motor. Not including the current taken
by the shunt field.
Armature demagnetization : The reduction in the effective
magnetic lines of force, produced by the armature current.
Armature reaction: The effect, that the magnetic field produced by
the current flowing in the armature, has on the magnetic field
produced by the field coils.
Armature regulating resistors : Are resistors, designed to regulate
the speed or torque of a loaded motor, by placing a resistance in the
armature or power circuit.
Armature resistance: The resistance of the wire used in the
windings of the armature, measured between the rings or brushes,
or from positive to negative terminals.
Armature slot: The groove or slot in the armature core, into which
the coils or windings are placed.
Armature tester: Any device used for locating faults or defects in
the armature winding.
Armature varnish: Is a liquid put on the field and armature
windings, to improve the insulation of the cotton covering on the
wires.
Armature winding: All of the copper wire placed on the armature,
and through which the current flows.
Armed forces : means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps,
and Coast Guard, including their regular and reserve components
and members serving without component status
Armor Plate: A protective plate used on battleships, tanks,
airplanes, etc. These plates must be very hard, very tough, and thick
enough for the protection required. Armor plate varies from 1/4 to 18
in. in thickness.
Armoured Hose: An armoured hose is a specialized hose in which
a metal jacket is applied to the exterior of the hose to add strength
and durability. The metal jacket is typically a braided jacket of metal
fibers in order to minimize the impact of the armour on hose
flexibility.
Armt: Armament
ARN: Aviation Reference Number - the number given to a pilot or
engineer by CASA which appears on their licence.
ARN : ATS Route Network
Arnolds Fatigue Test: A test for fractures using 850 cyclic stress
reverses per min., recording the number of cycles required to
produce fracture. Named after John Arnold, British Metallurgist)
ARNS : Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services
Aro: International Air Rail Organisation.
ARO : Air Traffic Services Reporting Office (or Airport Reporting
Office)
Aromatics: A group of hydrocarbons of which benzene is the
parent. They are called "aromatics" because many of their
derivatives have sweet or aromatic odorous.
Aromatics: Ring-structured hydrocarbons found in petroleum that
contain unsaturated double bonds. Benzene is the simplest
aromatic. (see Benzene) (see Hydrocarbon)
ARP : Airport Reference Point
ARR : Arrival
Ars: American Rocket Society (USA).
Ars: Air Rescue Service.
Articulated Buses: Extra-long buses with two connected passenger
compartments. The rear body section is connected to the main body
by a joint mechanism that allows the vehicles to bend when in
operation for sharp turns and curves yet maintain a continuous
interior.
Artifact: A feature of artificial character, such as a scratch or a piece
of dust on a metallographic specimen, that can be erroneously
interpreted as a real feature.
Artificial Aging: Aging above room temperature. Compare with
Natural Aging. (see Aging (Heat Treatment))
Artificial Aging: Aging above room temperature. Compare with
Natural Aging. (see Aging)
Artificial Aging: An aging treatment above room temperature.
Artificial gravity: Use of centrifugal force to simulate weight
reaction in a condition of free-fall. May be achieved by spinning the
vehicle to make the centrifugal force of the outer periphery or bodies
within the vehicle to replace the weight reaction experienced at
Earth's surface.
Artificial magnet : Is a manufactured magnet, which is
distinguished from a natural occurring magnet.
As fragged: Fighter, FAC, mission package, or agency will be
performing exactly as stated by the air tasking order.
As Rolled: The condition the material is in when it comes off the
sizing rollers, cooling as it’s being processed. As rolled tends to
result in hard spots and higher as-shipped hardness.
ASA: Air Services Agreement.
ASA : Auto land status annunciator.
ASAP : As soon as possible
ASAS : Airborne Separation Assurance system
Asat: Anti-satellite.
As-Cast Condition: Castings as removed from the mold without
subsequent heat treatment.
ASCB : Avionics standard communication bus (Honeywell)
Ascending: Increasing altitude.
Ascending node: The point at which an orbiting object or
spacecraft, traveling from south to north, crosses the plane of the
equator.
Ascending node: The point in an orbit (longitude) at which a
satellite crosses the equatorial plane from south to north.
Ascent module: That part of a spacecraft that ascends from the
surface of a planet or moon to rendezvous and dock with an orbiting
spacecraft.
ASD: Aluminum Standards and Data, published by the Aluminum
Association.
ASD: Aluminum Standards and Data published by the Aluminum
Association.
ASD: Aeorospace and Defence Industries of Europe.
ASDIC : :, (Allied Submarine Investigation Committee), a ship-borne
sonic detection system first developed in 1917.
ASE: Observation for the national institute of automotive services
excellence a non-profit organizations for the testing and certifications
of vehicle service technicians.
Ase: Aircraft Survivability Equipment. An aircraft's defensive
systems (RWR, jammers, chaff, and flares).
ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations.
ASECNA: Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en
Afrique et à Madagascar.
ASF : Air Safety Foundation (AOPA-USA)
Ash Box: Brick-lined collection point for slag and ash.
Ash Box: Brick lined collection point for slag and ash.
Ash Content: Percentage of non-combustible residue of a
lubricating oil or fuel, as determined by ASTM D 482 or D 874. Ash
reveals the presence of metals, including the calcium, magnesium
and zinc introduced by additives. The heavy metals formerly used
also appeared in the ash.
Ash Tank: Holding tank for ashes. The tank is located outside the
boiler house. The ashes are dumped once or twice a week,
depending on the ash accumulation.
Ash Tank: Holding tank for ashes. The tank is located outside the
boiler house. The ashes are dumped once or twice a week,
depending on the ash accumulation.
Ashrae: The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
ASI: Air speed indicator.
Asip: Aircraft Structural Integrity Program
ASK: Available seat kilometres (ASK) measures an airline’s
passenger carrying capacity. It is the seating capacity multiplied by
the number of kilometres flown. It is used to compare one airline’s
capacity with another.
ASK: Available Seat Kilometres: the measure of a flight’s passenger
carrying capacity. Calculated by multiplying the number of seats on
an aircraft by the distance travelled in kilometres. Used to measure
an airline’s capacity to transport passengers.
Askania: 1. A strip-centering device consisting of two electric eyes
to ensure that the strip will stay centered during recoiling. 2. Device
with an electronic eye which is associated with tracking of strip going
through the side trimmers.
Askania: 1.) A strip centering device consisting of two electric eyes
to ensure that the strip will stay centered during re coiling. 2) Device
with an electronic eye which is associated with tracking of strip going
through the side trimmers.
Asking price: The price for a vehicle asked (before any
negotiations) by the dealer or other seller.
ASL : Above sea level
ASLE: American Society of Lubrication Engineers
ASM: Available seat mile: the measure of a flight’s passenger
carrying capacity. Calculated by multiplying the number of seats on
an aircraft by the distance travelled in miles. Used to measure an
airline’s capacity to transport passengers.
Asm: Air-to-Surface Missile.
ASM : Air Space Management
Asme: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. www.asme.org
Asme appendix section i: Explains matter which is mandatory,
unless specifically referred to in the rules of the code, including
formulas.
Asme boiler code: The boiler code listing standards, specified by
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, for the construction
of boilers.
Asme part peb section i: Requirements for electric boilers.
Asme part pfh section i : Requirements for feed water heaters.
Asme part pft section i: Requirements for fire tube boilers.
Asme part pg section i: General requirements for all methods of
construction.
Asme part pmb section i : Requirements for miniature boilers.
Asme part pvg section : IRequirements for organic fluid vaporizer
generators.
Asme part pw section i: Requirements for boilers fabricated by
welding.
Asme part pwt section i : Requirements for watertube boilers.
Asme section i: Power Boilers.
Asme section ii: Material specifications.
Asme section iii: Nuclear Power Plant Components.
Asme section iv: Heating boilers ASME SECTION IX ASME
SECTION VNondestructive examination.
Asme section vi: Recommended rules for the care and operation of
heating boilers.
Asme section vii: Recommended rules for the care and operation
of power boilers.
Asme section vii appendix : Consists of conversion factors for
converting Imperial units to SI Units.
Asme section vii subsection c1: Rules for routine operation of
power boilers.
Asme section vii subsection c2 : Operating and maintaining boiler
appliances.
Asme section vii subsection c3: Rules for inspection.
Asme section vii subsection c4: Prevention of direct causes of
boiler failure.
Asme section vii subsection c5: Is partial rules for the design of
installations.
Asme section vii subsection c6 : Operation of boiler auxiliaries.
Asme section vii subsection c7 : Control of internal chemical
conditions.
Asme section viii: Pressure vessels.
Asme section x : Fiberglass reinforced plastic pressure vessels.
Asme section xi: Rules for in-service inspection of Nuclear Power
Plant components.
ASO: Agency Services Office.
Asoc: Air Support Operations Center.
ASPA: Association of South Pacific Airlines.
Aspect: Request/comment regarding target aspect information.
Aspect angle: The angle between the longitudinal axis of the target
(projected rearward) and the line-of-sight to the fighter, measured
from the tail of the target. The attackers heading is not a
consideration. (Whenever the attacker is pointed at the bogey, angle-
off and aspect are the same.)
Aspect ratio: is the ratio between the height and the width of any
body, structure, etc. For example ratio of width to the height.
Aspect Ratio: The relationship of a tyre’s sidewall height to its
section width.
Aspect ratio: The square of the span (s) divided by the wing area
(A) and used to measure how long and slender a wing is from tip to
tip. For a rectangular wing, this reduces to the ratio of the span to the
chord length (c). Aspect ratio is a determining factor in
performance and higher numbers yield lower drag and a higher lift to
drag ratio (L/D) resulting in better glide angles. AR = s2 / A = s2 /
(s x c) = s / c.
Aspect ratio: Ratio of the span to the chord of an airfoil. Hence, a
high aspect ratio wing has great span and narrow chord, and vice
versa.
Aspect ratio: The ratio of the span to the chord of an airfoil—a high-
aspect ratio wing has wide span and narrow chord, and vice-versa
for a low-aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio : The ratio of the length to the width, of a rectangular
air grille or duct.
Aspect ratio : The wingspan divided by the chord. Aspect ratio is
important where a wing`s efficiency is concerned. A short aspect
ratio (short wings) is better for maneuvering, since it allows a high
roll rate. Short wings are also stronger than long wings. Gliders use
high-aspect ratio wings (long, skinny wings) because they are more
efficient for soaring flight. Example: 10 ft. wingspan with a 1 ft. chord
has an aspect ratio of 10.
Asperities: Microscopic projections on metal surfaces, invisible to
the naked eye, that create peaks and valleys, even after grinding or
machining. When two surfaces are in sliding contact, these
imperfections cause interference that results in friction; without
proper lubrication, wear, scoring or welding will follow.
ASPH : Asphalt Runway
Asphalt/Bitumen: A soft black or dark brown tacky residual material
containing asphaltenes, compound of sulfur, nitrogen and tar.
Asphalt, derived from petroleum, is solid at normal temperatures; as
an adjective, “asphalt” is often used to describe viscous open gear
compounds or black, tacky greases.
Asphaltenes: Asphaltic materials soluble in aromatic solvents but
insoluble in naphtha.
Asphaltic: Similar in color and tackiness to asphalt.
ASPI: The ASPI Eurozone® index is made up of 120 listed
companies in the Eurozone with the best performance in terms of
sustainability according to D21 criteria.
Aspidistra : Codename for the ground transmitters operating the
DARTBOARD interference system
Aspirating psychrometer : A device which draws sample of air
through it to measure humidity.
Aspiration: Production of movement in a fluid by suction created by
fluid velocity.
Aspis: Advanced Self-Protection Integrated Suite. The electronic
warfare equipment for the Hellenic Air Force.
Aspj: Airborne Self Protection Jammer (AN/ALQ-165)
ASR : means airport surveillance radar.
Assay: A chemical test performed on a mineral sample to determine
the concentration of valuable metal contained.
Assembly: he fitting together of manufactured parts into a complete
machine, structure or component.
Assembly Fit: Refers to two parts designed for mating assembly
and requiring exact dimensions and contours to assure a proper fit.
Assembly Fit: Refers to two parts designed for mating assembly
and requiring exact dimensions and contours to assure a proper fit.
Assignment fee: See "Acquisition fee."
Associate members: Associate members, sponsored by full
SkyTeam members, benefit from all the advantages of SkyTeam a
major alliance, without having to comply with the strategic criteria
required from member carriers. At the present time, there are three
SkyTeam associate members, Air Europa, Copa Airlines and Kenya
Airways.
Association for Iron & Steel Technology (AIST): An international
non-profit association of producers, suppliers and users of steel and
iron. The organization’s goal is the advancement of technical
development, production, processing and applications of iron and
steel.
Association of air medical services (aams) : The industry trade
organization composed primarily of companies dedicated to the
aerial transportation of injured or ill medical patients as well as
human organs.
ASTA: American Society of Travel Agents.
Asteroid: A small, usually irregularly shaped body orbiting the sun,
most often at least partially between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Asteroid belt: A 1/2 AU wide region between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter where most asteroids are found.
ASTM: American society of testing materials.
Astm: American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM: American Standard of Testing and Materials
ASTM: American Standard of Testing and Materials. A non-profit
organization that provides a forum for producers, users, ultimate
consumers, and those having a general interest (representatives of
government and academia) to meet on common ground and write
standards for materials, products, systems, and services.
Www.astm.org
Astm: American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM Standards: A series of documents, approved and published
by ASTM, that include specifications or requirements, practices,
guides, test methods, etc., covering various materials, products,
systems or services. In the steel industry, the steel related ASTM
standards are used by both the producers and users to ensure that a
steel product or service meets all intended requirements. (see
American Society for Testing and Materials)
ASTM Standards: A series of documents, approved and published
by ASTM, that include specifications or requirements, practices,
guides, test methods, etc., covering various materials, products,
systems or services. In the steel industry, the steel related ASTM
standards are used by both the producers and users to ensure that a
steel product or service meets all intended requirements. See
American Society for Testing and Materials.
Astrodome: Transparent dome, usually on dorsal surface of
fuselage, to permit celestial navigation by traditional means.
Astronaut: A person who flies in space, whether as a crew member
or passenger.
Astronautics: The science and technology of space flight.
Astronomical latitude : Latitude measured with respect to vector of
apparent gravity; Compare: geocentric latitude, geodetic latitude;
Symbols: Phi sub A; Typical Units: rad, deg, DMS;
Astronomical unit: The mean distance of Earth from the Sun, i.e.
92,955,807 miles (149,597,870 km).
Astronomical unit (au): The distance from the Earth to the sun. On
average, the sun is 149,599,000 kilometers from Earth.
Astrophysics: Study of the physical and chemical nature of
celestial bodies and their environs.
Asuw: Antisurface Warfare.
ASV : Air to Surface Vessel. An airborne or ship borne radar used to
detect surfaced U-boats and other surface vessels.
ASW: Antsubmarine warfare.
Asw: Antisubmarine Warfare.
As-Welded: The condition of weld metal, welded joints and
weldments after welding, but prior to any subsequent thermal,
mechanical or chemical treatments.
Asymmetrical Tread Design (AD): Different tread patterns featured
on either side of the tread that enhance and optimise performance
for both wet and dry handling. The inside shoulder has more grooves
for water evacuation and massive tread blocks on the outside
shoulder make for maximum handling.
Asynchronous: Not having the same frequency. Out of step, or
phase.
Asynchronous generator: An induction generator.
Asynchronous motor : An induction motor, whose speed is not
synchronous with the frequency of the supply line.
At Grade: Track work constructed at the approximate level of the
adjacent ground surface, rather than the elevated or subway parts of
the system
ATA: Air Transport Association of America.
ATA : Actual Time of Arrival
ATAC: Air Transport Association of Canada.
ATAG: Air Transport Action Group.
ATB: Air Transport Association of America.
ATBC: Acetyl Tributyl Citrate.
ATC: After Top Center.
ATC: Air traffic control.
ATC: Air Traffic Control:Organization in charge of regulating aircraft
flight movements in accordance with air traffic control clearances.
ATC : Air Traffic Control. A service operated by appropriate authority
to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.
ATCO : Air Traffic Control
ATD : Actual Time of Departure
Atda: Agena Target Docking Adapter.
ATDC: After Top Dead Center.
ATE : Actual Time Enroute
ATFM : Air Traffic Flow Management
Athermal Transformation: A reaction that proceeds without benefit
of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required.
Such reactions are diffusionless and can take place with great speed
when the driving force is sufficiently high. For example, many
martensitic transformations occur athermally on cooling, even at
relatively low temperatures, because of the progressively increasing
driving force. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant
temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is
necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of
time.
ATI: Antitrust Immunity:Exemption from prosecution under antitrust
laws. In the transportation industry, airlines with antitrust immunity
are permitted under certain conditions to standardize schedules and
sometimes prices for the public benefit.
ATI and ATR : ARINC form factors.
ATIR : Air Traffic Incident Report ("Near-Miss Report")
ATIS : Automatic Terminal Information Service
ATK: Available Tonne Kilometre.
ATL: Aircraft Technical LogThe ATL is used to record all the
mechanical incidents that have occurred during the flight as well as
all the maintenance carried out. The ATL is kept in the aircraft
cockpit.
Atl (aircraft technical log): The ATL is used to record all the
mechanical incidents that have occurred during the flight as well as
all the maintenance carried out. The ATL is kept in the aircraft
cockpit.
ATM : Air traffic management.
Atmosphere: Is the mixture of gases and water vapor surrounding
the earth.
Atmosphere: A measure of pressure equal to about 14.7 psi.
Atmosphere: The air surrounding the Earth, described as a series
of shells or layers of different characteristics. The atmosphere,
composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen with traces of carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and other gases, acts as a buffer between
Earth and the sun. The layers, troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosphere, and the exosphere, vary around the
globe and in response to seasonal changes.
Atmosphere (an): A standard unit of pressure representing the
pressure exerted by a 29.92-in. column of mercury at sea level at 45
degrees latitude and equal to 1000 g/cm2.
Atmosphere (one): A measure of pressure equal to about 14.7 psi.
Atmosphere (the): The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and
bound to it by the Earth's gravitational attraction. Studies of the
chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes of
this system constitute the field of meteorology.
Atmosphere Valve: A valve that is located in the exhaust line of a
turbine and is designed to open up and get a positive pressure in the
exhaust line.
Atmosphere Valve: A valve that is located in the exhaust line of a
turbine and is designed to open and get a positive pressure in the
exhaust line.
Atmosphere, Furnace: Gases with which metal is in contact during
melting or heat treating.
Atmosphere, Furnace: Gases with which metal is in contact during
melting or heat treating.
Atmosphere, Neutral: Furnace atmosphere which is neither
oxidizing nor reducing can be made up of an inert gas, e.g., argon,
or the products of combustion.
Atmosphere, Neutral: Furnace atmosphere which is neither
oxidizing nor reducing can be made up of an inert gas e.g. argon, or
the products of combustion.
Atmosphere, Oxidizing: Furnace atmosphere which gives off
oxygen under certain conditions or where there is an excess of
oxygen in the product of combustion, or the products of combustion
are oxidizing to the metal being heated.
Atmosphere, Oxidizing: Furnace atmosphere which gives off
oxygen under certain conditions or where there is an excess of
oxygen in the product of combustion, or the products of combustion
are oxidizing to the metal being heated.
Atmosphere, Reducing: Furnace atmosphere which absorbs
oxygen under suitable conditions or in which there is insufficient air
to completely burn the fuel, or the product of combustion is reducing
to the metal being heated.
Atmosphere, Reducing: Furnace atmosphere which absorbs
oxygen under suitable conditions or in which there is insufficient air
to completely burn the fuel, or the product of combustion is reducing
to the metal being heated.
Atmospheric balloon: An instrumented package suspended from a
buoyant gas bag; deployed in a planet's atmosphere to study wind
circulation patterns.
Atmospheric Corrosion: The gradual degradation or alteration of a
material by contact with substances present in the atmosphere, such
as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sulfur and chlorine
compounds.
Atmospheric data : Air Traffic Control
Atmospheric electricity : Is static electricity, produced between
cloud fronts in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric infrared sounder: Advanced sounding instrument
selected to fly on the EOS-PM1 mission (intermediate-sized, sun-
synchronous, morning satellite) in the year 2000. It will retrieve
vertical temperature and moisture profiles in the troposphere and
stratosphere. Designed to achieve temperature retrieval accuracy of
1 degree C with a 1 km vertical resolution, it will fly with two
operational microwave sounders. The three instruments will
constitute an advanced operational sounding system, relative to the
TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) currently flying on
NOAA Polar-orbiting satellites. See Earth Observing System,
TIROS-N/NOAA Satellites.
Atmospheric pressure: Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit
area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that
surface in the earth's atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by the atmosphere on all
things based on the weight of the air.
Atmospheric pressure: The weight of air on surfaces within Earth's
atmosphere, about 14.7 PSI (101 kPa) at sea level. Such pressure is
also supplied artificially in spacecraft and spacesuits.
Atmospheric pressure: The amount of force exerted over a surface
area, caused by the weight of air molecules above it. As elevation
increases, fewer air molecules are present. Therefore, atmospheric
pressure always decreases with increasing height. A column of air, 1
square inch in cross section, measured from sea level to the top of
the atmosphere would weigh approximately 14.7 lb/in2. The
standard value for atmospheric pressure at sea level is:
Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any
specific location. (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds
per square inch (1.01 bar) (101.34 kPa) absolute).
Atmospheric pressure : Pressure exerted by the weight of the
atmosphere; standard atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa or
1.01325 bars or 14.696 psia or 29.921 inches of mercury at sea
level.
Atmospheric probe: A small instrumented craft which separates
from the main spacecraft prior to closest approach to a planet to
study the gaseous atmosphere of the body as it drops through it.
Atmospheric radiation measurements program (arm): U.S.
Department of energy program for the continual, ground-based
measurements of atmospheric and meteorological parameters over
approximately a ten-year period. The program will study radiative
forcing and feedbacks, particularly the role of clouds. The general
program goal is to improve the performance of climate models,
particularly general circulation models of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric response variables: Variables that reflect the
response of the atmosphere to external forcing (e.g., temperature,
pressure, circulation, and precipitation).
Atmospheric Riser: Atmospheric Riser
Atmospheric turbulence: A state of the flow of air in which
apparently random irregularities occur in the air's instantaneous
velocities, often producing major deformations of the flow.
Atmospheric window: The spectral region between 8.5 and 11.0
microns where the atmosphere is essentially transparent
to longwave radiation.
Atmospheric windows: The range of wavelengths at which water
vapor, carbon dioxide, or other atmospheric gases only slightly
absorb radiation. Atmospheric windows allow the Earth's radiation to
escape into space unless clouds absorb the radiation. See
greenhouse effect.
ATN: Aeronautical Telecommunication Network.
ATN : Air Traffic Management
ATNS: Air Traffic and Navigation Services.
Ato: Air Tasking Order (Frag)-Assigns air-to-air and air-to-surface
targets, TOTS, and mission support information.
Atoc: Allied Tactical Operations Center (NATO).
Atoll: A coral island consisting of a ring of coral surrounding a
central lagoon. Atolls are common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Atoll: Rear hemisphere heat-seeking missile.
Atom: The smallest unit of matel that still remains its separate
unique characteristics.
Atom: The smallest complete particle of an element, which can be
obtained, yet which retains all physical and chemical properties of
the element.
Atomic energy commission: CEA in French 'Commissariat à
l'énergie atomique'
Atomic Hydrogen Weld: Arc welding with heat from an arc between
two tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere.
The use of pressure and filler metal is optional.
Atomic Number (Z): A riser that uses atmospheric pressure to aid
feeding. Essentially, a blind riser into which a small core or rod
protrudes; the function of the core or rod is to provide an open
passage so that the molten interior of the riser will not be under a
partial vacuum when metal is withdrawn to feed the casting, but will
always be under atmospheric pressure.
Atomic number : The number of protons found in the nucleus of an
atom, of an element.
Atomic Percent: The number of protons in an atomic nucleus,
which determines the individuality of the atom as a chemical
element.
Atomic weight: The weight of an elementary atom, in relation to the
weight of an atom of hydrogen. A hydrogen atom being taken as
1.00g.
Atomic-Hydrogen Weld: The number of atoms of an element in a
total of 100 representative atoms of a substance.
Atomization: Atomization means the fine spray of any liquid,
Atomization is used in Diesel engine by injector.
Atomization: Arc welding with heat from an arc between two
tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. The
use of pressure and filler material is optional.
Atomize: To reduce or separate in to fine or minute particle.
Atomize: Process of changing a liquid to minute particles or a fine
spray.
Atomizing Steam: The disintegration of a molten metal into particles
by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by other means.
Atomizing Steam: Low pressure steam which is introduced to the
oil gun to help atomize the oil, to assist the burning process, and to
keep the oil gun from plugging.
ATP : Airline Transport Pilot (the "highest" grade of pilot certificate)
ATPL: Air Transport Pilot Licence - issued for aeroplanes and
helicopters. Air Transport Pilots may fly an aeroplane as pilot in
command or co-pilot in any operation. An ATPL is required to
command a large airline type aircraft.
ATPL : Airline Transport Pilot (`s License)
AT-PZEV: Advanced technology-partial zero emission vehicle. An
emissions standard that meets PZEV requirements and has
additional zero-emissions characteristics, such as operation by
natural gas or hybrid vehicle batteries.
ATS: Air Traffic Services.
ATS : Air Traffic Services
ATS/DS: Air Traffic Services Direct Speech.
ATSP: Air Traffic Service Providers.
ATSP : Air Traffic Service Provider
Att: Attitude
Attack axis: An orientation direction usually thought of as an
imaginary line passing through the target on some particular
headingexample, the range run-in heading.
Attack restriction: Ingress, ordnance delivery, or egress restrictions
depending on situation, i.e., threats, weather, terrain, ROE, etc.
Attack/attacking: Indicates air-to-surface attack on a specific
ground target.
Attemperating water impurity: Refers to turbine deposits caused
by impurities in the water used for attemperators. (Chemicals used
with attemperating water should be of the volatile type).
Attemperator: An apparatus for reducing and controlling the
temperature of a superheater vapor or a fluid.
Attemperator: Low pressure steam which is introduced to the oil
gun to help atomize the oil, to assist the burning process, and to
keep the oil gun from plugging.
Attemperator: Header connecting the primary and finishing
superheaters into which feed water is sprayed to control the final
temperature of the steam leaving the boiler.
Attenuation: The sound reduction process in which sound energy is
absorbed or diminished in intensity as the result of energy
conversion from sound to motion or heat.
Attenuation: Header connecting the primary and finishing
superheaters into which feedwater is sprayed to control the final
temperature of the steam leaving the boiler.
Attenuation: Opposite of gain
Attenuation: The decrease of a propagating physical quantity, such
as a radio signal, with increasing distance from the source, or from
some obstruction.
Attenuation: The decrease in the magnitude of current, voltage, or
power of a signal in transmission between points. Attenuation may
be expressed in decibels, and can be caused by interference?s such
as rain, clouds, or radio frequency signals.
Attenuation: Opposite of gain (see gain).
Attenuator: A variable resistive device used to reduce the value of
current or voltage.
Attidude heading reference system(ahrs) : Combines information
from a Magnetic Heading Sensor with self-contained aircraft
acceleration data to provide attitude, heading, position, body inertial
velocity, and body inertial acceleration. Typically a low-accuracy, self-
contained navigation source using strap down accelerometers;
Attitude: The position of the aircraft relative to its centre axis i.e.
nose up, leftwing down, straight and level etc.
Attitude: Orientation of a space vehicle as determined by the
relationship between its axes and some reference plane, e.g. the
horizon.
Attitude & articulation control subsystem: The onboard
computer that manages the tasks involved in spacecraft stabilization
via its interface equipment. For attitude reference, star trackers, star
scanners, solar trackers, sun sensors, and planetary limb trackers
are used.
Attitude control: The system that turns and maintains a spacecraft
in the required direction as indicated by its sensors.
Attitude indicator : A vacuum powered instrument which displays
pitch and roll movement about the lateral and longitudinal axes.
Attitude : The primary aircraft angles in the state vector; pitch, roll,
and yaw;
Attrition: The rubbing of one particle against another in a resin bed;
frictional wear that will affect the site of resin particles.
Attrition: A natural redcution in work force as a result of
resignations, retirements or death. Most unionized companies
cannot unilaterally reduce their employment levels to cut costs, so
management must rely on attrition to provide openings that they, in
turn, do not fill. Because the median ages of work forces at the
integrated mills may be more than 50, an increasing number of
retirments may provide these companies with added flexibility to
improve their competitiveness.
Attritious Wear: A reduction in intensity, usually of a waveform,
measured in decibels or as a percentage of fraction of loss.
Attritor: The intensive grinding or alloying in an attritor. Examples:
milling of carbides and binder metal powders and mechanical
alloying of hard dispersoid particles with softer metal or alloy
powders. (see Mechanical Alloying)
Attritor Grinding: Wear of abrasive grains in grinding such that the
sharp edges gradually become rounded. A grinding wheel that has
undergone such wear usually has a glazed appearance.
ATTS: Hondas Automatic Torque Transfer System, which is a
system that distributes an engines torque output proportionately
between the driven axles (so that the output is most effectively
used).
ATTS unit fluid: Hydraulic fluid used in Hondas Automatic Torque
Transfer System.
Atv: An adjustment on many transmitters that allows you to adjust
the maximum throw of a servo. This is used to avoid binding.
Atv : Adjustable Travel Volume. Used on many radio transmitters to
limit, or extend, maximum throw of a servo. ATV can indicate having
a single adjustment which affects both ends of the servo (known as
AST) or one adjustment for each end of the servo throw (known as
EPA).
Au: Astronomical Unit.
AUC: Air Transport Users Council.
Audio Amplifiers: An audio amplifier is an electronic device that
amplifies, or increases, low power audio signals before delivering
them to the speaker outlet. Amplifiers contain componets to adjust
the frequency and amplitude of the signal and to filter out distortion
and provide a clean and clear output.
Audio Attenuators: An audio attenuator is an electronic component
used to reduce the amplitude of the signal, thereby reducing the
volume of the signal. The attenuator works by using electrical
resistance in the circuit to reduce the signal strenth without affecting
the waveform and resulting clarity of the audio signal.
Audio format: The format of digital compression readable by a
vehicles audio system, such as WMA, MP3, WAV, SACD or AAC.
Audio panel : Electronic device used to switch between radios.
Audio remote control: A wireless device that uses infrared or radio
waves to control a vehicles sound system.
AUF: Australian Ultra-light Federation
Aufkl„rung : Reconnaissance
Auger Conveyor: An auger conveyor, also known as a screw
conveyor, moves solid or liquid material by moving it on the threads
of the auger. The auger is usually located in either a trough or tube
and is oriented at a slight incline or vertically. As the auger rotates,
material clings to the augur surface and is transported up the shaft.
The pitch of the auger - the linear distance is takes to complete one
complete revolution around the shaft - determines how slowly or
quickly the material progresses from one end to the next at a given
shaft speed.
Auger Electron: A technique for chemical analysis of surface layers
that identifies the atoms present in a layer by measuring the
characteristic energies of their Auger electrons.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES): A high-intensity ball mill
whose drum is stationary and whose balls are agitated by rotating
baffles, paddles or rods at right angle to the drum axis.
Aurora: Arcs, rays or swaying curtains of green, yellow or white
lights seen in latitudes of about 70o, such as Aurora Borealis or
Northern Lights, and Aurora Australis or Southern Lights; caused by
streams of electrified particles, emitted by the Sun, trapped in the
Earth's magnetic field.
Ausenitic Grain Size: The size of the grains in steel heated into the
austenitic region.
Ausforming: An electron emitted from an atom with a vacancy in an
inner shell. Auger electrons have a characteristic energy detected as
peaks in the energy spectra of the secondary electrons generated.
Austempered Ductile Iron: Hot deformation of metastable austenite
within controlled ranges of temperature and time that avoids
formation of non-martensitic transformation products.
Austempering: A moderately alloyed ductile iron that is
austempered for high-strength with appreciable ductility. (see
Austempering)
Austenite: Heat treatment involving quenching a steel object from a
temperature above the transformation range in a medium maintained
at a temperature above the Martensitic range sufficiently fast to
avoid the formation of high temperature transformation products, and
then holding it at that temperature until transformation is complete.
Austenitic: Phase in certain steels, characterized as a solid
solution, usually of carbon or iron carbide, in the hamma form of iron.
Such steels are known as austenitic. Austenite is stable only above
1333 (degrees) F. in a plain carbon steel, but the presence of certain
alloying elements, such as nickel and manganese, stabilizes the
austenitec form, even at normal temperatures.
Austenitic Grain Size: High-temperature solid form of steel with
face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Austenitic Manganese Steel: Size attained by the grains in steel
when heated to the austenitic region.
Austenitic Steel: Steel which, because of the presence of alloying
elements, such as manganese, nickel, chromium, etc., shows
stability of Austenite at normal temperatures.
Austenitic Steels: A wear-resistant material containing about 1.2%
C and 12% Mn. Used primarily in the fields of earthmoving, mining,
quarrying, railroading, ore processing, lumbering, and in the
manufacture of cement and clay products. (see Hadfield Manganese
Steel)
Austenitizing: Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the
transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the
transformation range (complete austenitizing).
Austenizing: These are steels which contain sufficient austenite
stabilizing elements, such as Mn, Ni and N, so that the
microstructure of the steel is austenitic at room temperature. Such
steels cannot be quench or air hardened, but will work harden
rapidly; they are non-magnetic. Important examples of austenitic
steels are 18/8 (18% Cr, 8% Ni) stainless steel and Hadfield's
Manganese (14% Mn) steel.
Austentite: A solid solution of one or more elements in face
centered cubic iron.
Australian national : A standard model for computing earth data
Authenticate: To request or provide a response for a coded
challenge.
Authority: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Auto dimming rearview mirror: See "Electrochromatic rearview
mirror."
Auto shift lock/starter safety switch: A device that prevents the
starter from functioning unless the shifter is in the park or neutral
position, and prevents the shifter from being moved unless the brake
pedal is depressed.
Auto Stamping Plant: A facility that presses a steel blank into the
desired form of a car door or hood, for example, with a powerful die
(pattern). The steel used must be ductile (malleable) enough to bend
into shape without breaking.
Autocad Software: AutoCAD software is a computer aided design
(CAD) package developed and maintained by AutoDesk, Inc.
AutoCAD enables the user to create 2D and 3D drawings and
models, provide dimensions, and export model information to
formats consistent with engineering analysis software and
manufacturing processes. AutoCAD also supports customization
through an Application Programming Interface (API) that is written in
C++ and allows the user to create custom modeling functions.
Autoclaves: An autoclave is any device used to create a
customized environment, changing pressure and/or temperature, for
the purpose of accomplishing a task. Autoclaves are used in the
places like the medical industry to sterilize equipment and in the
materials industry to assist in the curing of composite material
components.
Auto-delay headlights: A feature that keeps the headlights on for a
period after a vehicle is shut off to provide the occupants with light as
they walk away from the vehicle.
Autofrettage: Pre stressing a hollow metal cylinder by the use of
momentary internal pressure exceeding the yield strength.
Autogenous Mills: An autogenous mill is a type of mill used to
break and and grind rocks. The rocks are placed in a large cylinder,
or drum, and the mill is rotated so that the rocks continously tumble
and fall to the bottom of the drum. As this process is repeated, the
rocks are broken and eventually ground due to the impact load of the
falling rocks.
Autogenous Weld: Forming austenite by heating a steel object
above the transformation range.
Autogyro: An aircraft with an unpowered rotary wing, which
autorotates as the machine is propelled through the air by a
conventional power plant. "Autogiro" is the trade name for autogyros
developed by Juan de la Cierva.
Autogyro : An aircraft equipped with a rotating wing, or rotor, to
sustain itself in the air, and a propeller to move forward.
Autogyro : An aircraft that derives lift from a rotor that rotates
without engine power but solely by the aerodynamic forces induced
by the rotor's motion along its flight path.
Autoignition Temperature: A fusion weld made without the addition
of filler metal.
Auto-leveling suspension: A suspension that adjusts the height of
the vehicle so that its rear stays even with the front when cargo is
carried; some systems offer multiple height settings for off-road,
normal and high-speed operation.
Automated flight service station : An FAA facility providing pilots
with a number of aviation-related services including weather briefing
and filing of flight plans.
Automated Gantry Systems: An Automated Gantry System is a
computer controlled positioning system integrated for supporting a
robot, cutting head, welder, crane, or other device overhead of the
work area.
Automated manual transmission: Automated manual transmission
also known as AMT, It is a automatic gear shifter program, shelf
shifting gear transmission. It is a electronics control system.
Automated manual transmission: Also referred to as "DSG,"
"direct shift gearbox," "SMG" and "sequential manual gearbox." A
conventional clutch-type manual transmission that employs
electronic, pneumatic and/or hydraulic actuators in place of a
conventional clutch pedal, and a purely mechanical shift lever. The
driver may select either fully automatic shift mode or driver-controlled
shift mode.
Automatic: Self-acting. Operating by its own mechanism, when
activated by some triggering signal.
Automatic: Describes the status of the operation when the O2 pulpit
has control and the boiler logic has control.
Automatic control: The process of using the differences, between
the actual value, and desired value, of any variable, to take
corrective action, without human intervention.
Automatic controller : A device that measures the value of a
measured variable, and operates to correct or limit the deviation from
a selected reference. Both measuring and control applications.
Automatic Crane: The minimum combustion temperature for a
vapor-air mixture without an open flame. It permits evaluation of the
fire hazards of vapors.
Automatic defrost: System of removing ice and frost from
evaporators automatically.
Automatic direction finding(adf) : A basic guidance mode,
providing lateral guidance to a radio station. Equipment that
determines bearing to a radio station;
Automatic door unlock: Automatic door unlock is also known as
electric door, central locking system. In the cars door controlled by a
remote device which is fixed with car keys.
Automatic door unlock: A device that automatically unlocks a
vehicles doors after a collision.
Automatic expansion valve (aev) -: A type of metering device that
senses low-side pressure and modulates in order to maintain low-
side pressure constant.
Automatic extraction unit turbine: Bleeds off part of the main
steam flow at one, two, or three points. Valved partitions between
selected stages control the extracted steam pressure at the desired
level. When extracted steam flowing through the unit does not
produce enough shaft power to meet the demand, more steam flows
through the turbine to exhaust. Located between steam supply and
process steam headers.
Automatic flight control system(afcs) : An automated system for
controlling the primary flight controls, often with built-in functions for
guidance and flight director, and sometimes radio navigation; many
flight control systems include basic instruments similar to a AHRS;
many flight control systems accept flight director inputs so that its
radio navigation, guidance, and flight director can be bypassed
Automatic frost control: Control which automatically cycles
refrigerating system to remove frost formation on evaporator.
Automatic Gauge Control: A crane which when activated operates
through a preset cycle or cycles.
Automatic Gauge Control: Using hydraulic roll force systems,
steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet's
gauge (thickness) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour
through the cold mill. Using feedback or feed forward systems, a
computer's gap sensor adjusts the distance between the reduction
rolls of the mill 50 60 times per second. These adjustments prevent
the processing of any off gauge steel sheet.
Automatic governing system: A system which correlates steam
flow, pressure, shaft speed, and shaft output, for any one turbine
unit.
Automatic ice cube maker: Refrigerating mechanism designed to
automatically produce ice cubes in quantity.
Automatic Particle Counters: Using hydraulic roll force systems,
steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet’s
gauge (thickness) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour
through the cold mill. Using feedback or feed-forward systems, a
computer's gap sensor adjusts the distance between the reduction
rolls of the mill 50-60 times per second. These adjustments prevent
the processing of any off-gauge steel sheet.
Automatic pilot (autopilot): A gyroscopically stabilized system
maintaining an aircraft in level flight at predetermined heading and
altitude.
Automatic Press: Electronic devices that measure the
contamination level of fluid by the counting of the particles in the
fluid, more commonly by light blockage or light scattering. Typically,
the particles are measured in several size ranges and the near
instantaneous results are provided in the number of particles per unit
volume of the fluid.
Automatic reset (integration) : Is a type of control, in which the
controller output, changes at a rate proportional to the deviation or
error. The output will continue to change as long as any deviation or
error exists.
Automatic Stop: A press in which the work is fed mechanically
through the press in synchronism with the press action. An
automation press is an automatic press that, in addition, is provided
with built-in electrical and pneumatic control equipment.
Automatic Stop: A device which may be attached to any of several
parts of a machine tool to stop the operation of the machine at any
predetermined point.
Automatic terminal informationservice (atis) : The continuous
broadcast of recorded non control information in selected terminal
areas. Its purpose is to improve controller effectiveness and to
relieve frequency congestion by automating the repetitive
transmission of essential but routine information; e.g., "Los Angeles
information Alfa. One three zero Coordinated Universal Time.
Weather measured ceiling two thousand overcast, visibility three,
haze, smoke, temperature seven one, dew point five seven, wind
two five zero at five, altimeter two niner six. ILS Runway Two Five
Left approach in use, Runway Two Five Right closed, advise you
have Alfa."
Automatic transaxle: A transaxle is a combination of a transmission
and an axle. An automatic transaxle starts out as a normal automatic
transmission, which bolts to the engine's flywheel via a torque
converter and a flex plate.
Automatic transaxle: A combination transmission and
differential/drive axle assembly.
Automatic transaxle pressure filter: Automatic transaxle pressure
filter is the external filter on an automatic transmission system.
Automatic transaxle pressure filter: The external filter on an
automatic transmission.
Automatic transmission: In automatic transmission gear shifting is
done automatically. It changes the gears automatically according to
speed and load on vehicle.
Automatic transmission: A transmission that uses a torque
converter, planetary gearset and clutches or bands to automatically
change a vehicles gears.
Automatic transmission bands: In an automatic transmission,
adjustable circular straps lined with a friction material that are
actuated to tighten around and stop the rotation of a drum as part of
the shifting process.
Automatic transmission cooler hoses: Flexible tubes that carry
transmission fluid to and from a heat exchanger or oil cooler.
Automatic transmission filter: A component in most automatic
transmissions that is fitted over the fluid intake, usually in the pan,
that prevents debris and other contaminants from circulating
throughout the transmissions inner workings and potentially causing
unnecessary wear or damage. Some transmissions use a reusable
metal or nylon mesh-type screen in place of a disposable filter.
Automatic transmission fluid: The fluid used for lubricating and
cooling an automatic transmission.
Automatic Welding: A device which may be attached to any of
several parts of a machine tool to stop the operation of the machine
at any predetermined point.
Automation: The employment of devices, which automatically
control one or more functions.
Automation Engineering: Automation describes the use of
computer systems and control hardware such as sensors and
programmable logic controllers in order to automate a process,
thereby reducing or removing the need for human operators.
Automation has become very common and is found to some extent
in almost every industry. Automation engineering is the act of
designing, implementing and testing automation controls for specific
systems. Depending on the industry, automation engineering may
require the use of specific components and procedures in order to
meet regulatory requirements.
Automobile: Vehicles which runs on their own power and use to
transport the passengers and goods on the ground.
Automobile Engineering: Automobile Engineering is the branch of
engineering in which we study about automobiles for working and all
other related systems like design and environmental study. Mobile
stands for the movable objects and auto for self power so an
automobile moves by self generated powers by means of any fuel.
Autonomous: Aircrew is operating without benefit of GCI/AWACS
control.
Autonomous intercept: Intercepts initiated by aircrew when no
target information is being received from command and control
sources.
Autopilot: A system or device that controls a vehicle's flight at a
preset course and altitude.
Autopilot : A method of an automatic flight control system which
controls primary flight controls to meet specific mission
requirments,I.E. maintain a heading or altitude; Synonyms: flight
control system;
Autoradiograph: Welding with equipment that performs the welding
operation without adjustment of the controls by a welding operator.
The equipment may or may not load and unload the workpieces.
Contrast with Machine Welding.
Autoradiograph: A radiograph recorded photographically by
radiation spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced
in, or added to the material. This technique identifies the location of
the radioisotopes.
Autoreclosers: An autorecloser is a component used in electrical
power generation. The autorecloser is a specialized type of circuit
breaker that has the ability to reclose itself after a fault causes the
circuit breaker to trip. Unlike in household wiring where a fault would
indicate a problem, autoreclosers are used in the monitoring of
overhead power lines, where small faults can be transient in nature
and insufficient to warrant shutdown of the entire system.
Autorotation: Automatic rotation of a rotary wing due to forward, or
downward, movement of an autogyro
Autorotation: A helicopter maneuver to land in the case of engine
failure; the momentum of the rotor blades can be just enough to slow
the helicopter down just before landing.
Autorotation : means a rotorcraft flight condition in which the lifting
rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is in
motion
Autorotation : The act of rotor rotation without engine power but
solely by the aerodynamic forces induced by the rotor's motion along
its flight path.
Autotransformer : A transformer in which both primary and
secondary coils, have turns in common. The step up or step down of
voltage, is accomplished by taps in common windings.
Autotroph: An organism needing only carbon dioxide or carbonates
as a source of carbon and a simple inorganic nitrogen compound for
metabolic synthesis. An autotroph can subsist in an exclusively
inorganic environment since they manufacture their own organic
compounds from inorganic raw materials taken from the surrounding
media.
Aux: Auxiliary
Aux fuel : Auxiliary fuel tanks.
Auxiliary Air: A controller for auxiliary air dampers on boilers. For
proper combustion on oil fire.
Auxiliary Anode: A radiograph recorded photographically by
radiation spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced
in or added to the material. This technique identifies the location of
the radioisotopes.
Auxiliary contacts: A set of contacts that perform a secondary
function, usually in relation to the operation of a set of primary
contacts.
Auxiliary Electrode: In electroplating, a supplementary anode
positioned so as to raise the current density on a certain area of the
cathode and thus obtain better distribution of plating.
Auxiliary features: Factory-installed, optional parts that supplement
similar existing systems, such as a transmission cooler, engine
cooler or a secondary gas tank, that are typically available on trucks
and SUVs.
Auxiliary Hoist: A secondary rope system usually of lighter load
capacity than that provided by the main rope system.
Auxiliary hoist line (whipline): An electrode commonly used in
polarization studies to pass current to or from a test electrode. It is
usually made from a noncorroding material.
Auxiliary Hydraulic system: A supplemental hoisting unit, usually
designed to handle lighter loads at a higher speed than the main
host.
Auxiliary Hydraulic System: Hydraulic system that supplies the
force to run the various hydraulic cylinders associated with the
finishing mill which are not taken care of by the A.G.C. or C.V.C
hydraulic system.
Auxiliary input (Audio): A method of connecting a peripheral media
player to a vehicles entertainment system, either wired (for example,
through an RCA jack, a USB port or a 1/8" TRS plug), or wirelessly
(for example, through Bluetooth, A2DP or infrared).
Auxiliary lighting: A halogen lamp or light-emitting diode (LED) that
is used to illuminate a specific region or part of a vehicle (such as the
glove box or footwell) and is not located in the vehicles headliner.
Auxiliary Oil Pump: Hydraulic system that supplies the force to run
the various hydraulic cylinders associated with the finishing mill
which are not taken care of by the AGC or CVC hydraulic systems.
Auxiliary Oil Pump: A steam or electric pump that maintains oil
pressure on the controls and the bearings of a turbo blower when it
is not up to maximum speed.
Auxiliary Operations: A steam or electric pump that maintains oil
pressure on the controls and the bearings of a turbo blower when it
is not up to maximum speed.
Auxiliary Pump: Additional processing steps performed on forgings
to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not
obtained in the regular processing operation.
Auxiliary Pump: Pump on the auxiliary system which supplies the
pressure for the system.
Auxiliary roter : means a rotor that serves either to counteract the
effect of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the
rotorcraft about one or more of its three principal axes. Balloon
means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven, and that
sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne
heater
Auxilliary Air: Pump on the auxiliary system which supplies the
pressure for the system.
Auxilliary Operations: Additional processing steps performed on
forgings to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes,
not obtained in the regular processing operation.
Available freight tonne kilometre: See AFTK.
Available seat kilometre: See ASK.
Available seat mile: See ASM.
Averaging filter : A filter for combining multiple data sources,
usually of the same type, by adding with weighted averages; a
simple average of the data sources; Compare: complementary filter,
Kalman filter;
Avgas : Aviation Gasoline (piston aircraft fuel)
Aviation: The operation of aircraft. There are three types of
aviation:general, commercial and military.
Avm : Avionics monitor
Avnet: A joint ATA/API/IATA Project to develop EDI messages
recommended for use for transactions between airlines and
companies providing the supply or distribution of aviation fuel and
related products and services.
Avogadro's averaging element: A thermostat sensing element
which will respond to the average duct temperature.
Avogadro's hypothesis: States that equal volumes of different
gases, at the same temperature and pressure, will contain equal
numbers of molecules.
Avtr: Airborne Videotape Recorder
Awacs: Airborne warning and control system; an advanced AEW
aircraft, with additional facilities for deployment and control of
defence, interception, and counter-strike forces.
Awacs: Airborne Warning and Control System.
Awacs : Airborne Warning And Control System. An electronically
very souped-up Boeing 707. (Pronounced "AY-wax.")
Awareness aids: Electronic devices designed to keep a driver
awake and alert while driving a vehicle.
AWB: See Air Waybill.
AWD: All wheel drive
AWD: All-wheel drive. A drivetrain that employs a front, rear and
center differential to provide power to all four wheels of a vehicle.
AWG: American wire gauge system.
AWG (American Wire Gauge): A controller for auxiliary air dampers
on boilers. For proper combustion on oil fire.
Awy : Airway
Axial Compressors: An axial compressor is a vaned-type
compressor in which stationary and rotating blade rows are used to
move a fluid in an axial direction aligned with the shaft of rotation. In
an axial compressor, the fluid is decelerated as it moves through the
blade rows, resulting in a large increase in pressure at the
compressor exit. Axial compressors may contain one or more stages
of stationary and rotating blade rows depending on the operating
conditions, the desired pressure rise, and the required performance
characteristics such as efficiency.
Axial fan: Consists of a propeller or disc type of wheel within a
cylinder that discharges air parallel to the axis of the wheel.
Axial Fan: An axial fan is essentially single-stage compressor
resulting in a low pressure rise across the blade rows as the air is
moved parallel to the shaft. Axial fans are characterized by the
amount of air they move, the rotational speed at which they spin, and
the fan static pressure rise. Fan designs are described by a fan
characteristic curve which defines the fan performance at a given
speed in terms of volume flow and pressure rise.
Axial flow compressor: Uses rotor blades shaped like airfoils, to
bite into the air, speed it up, and push it into the subsequent
stationary blade passages. These passages are shaped to form
diffusers, that slow up the incoming air, and make it pressurize itself
by catching up with the air ahead of it.
Axial Flow Pumps: An axial flow pump is a pump in which a blade
row is installed inside an axial pipe for the purpose of moving an
incompressible fluid through the pipe, parallel to the pump shaft. The
pump will include one or more blade rows designed to increase the
pressure of the fluid and move it through the pipe. The performance
of the pump will be dictated by the rotational speed of the pump, the
frictional losses through the blade rows, and the pressure rise
achieved.
Axial Impellers: An axial impeller is the rotating component in an
axial flow pump. Also known as the rotor, the impeller contains
multiple blades to convert the mechanical energy of the shaft into
fluid acceleration and pressure rise as the fluid moves through the
pump.
Axial load: A force with its resultant passing through the centriod of
a particular section and being perpendicular to the plane of the
section.
Axial Load Bearing: A system of conventional designations of
standard wire diameters. For example, “10-gauge” denotes wire of
0.135-inch diameter. In the AWG system, higher numbers designate
smaller diameters and lower numbers designate larger diameters.
Axial movement: Compression or elongation along the longitudinal
axis.
Axial Piston Motors: An axial piston motor is one type of hydraulic
motor in which hydraulic pressure is converted into motor rotation
and torque. In an axial piston motor, hydraulic pressure is used to
drive a series of pistons. A gearbox is then used to transfer the axial
piston motion into the rotational motion that drives the motor.
Axial Piston Pumps: An axial piston pump is one type of hydraulic
pump in which pressure is used to pump a fluid from one location to
another. In an axial piston pump, a shaft is attached to a cam plate
that may or may not be directly attached to the pistons. As the shaft
rotates, the cam plate causes the pistons to move towards or away
from the valve plate, thereby pumping fluid as a result of the
displacement of the piston. A piston pump is also referred to as a
positive displacment pump.
Axial Rolls: A bearing that supports an axial thrust (a load exerted
in line with the length or the axis of a shaft).
Axil Rolls: In ring rolling, vertically displaceable frame opposite from
but on the same centerline as the main roll and rolling mandrel. The
axial rolls control the ring height during the rolling process.
Axis: The vertical axis around which the cranes upperworks
(superstructure) rotates.
Axis: A straight line, through the center of gravity, around which
an aircraft rotates. For example, an aircraft rolls around
itslongitudinal axis which is a straight line that runs through the
center of the aircraft from the nose to the tail.
Axis of Rotation (center of rotation): In ring rolling, vertically
displaceable frame opposite from but on the same centerline as the
main roll and rolling mandrel. The axial rolls control the ring height
during the rolling process.
Axis : The line around which a body rotates.
Axle: It is the part of vehicle used to mount the wheel hub and tire
assembly there are two types of axles dead axle and live axle
Axle breather: A axle breather is a breather, which is used for
energy concentrate in a localized and oscillatory fashion, vent hose
to take hot gasses .
Axle drive fluid: The liquid used for lubricating gears inside the
axle.
Axle ratio: A small pinion gear end of drive expressed ratio and the
driveshaft revolution per minute [ 4.1 times every single rotation]
Axle ratio: The number of revolutions a vehicles driveshaft makes
for each revolution of the vehicles drive axle(s).
Axle Weigh Bridges: An axle weigh bridge is a large measurement
device used to weight complete vehicles such as trucks and tractor
trailers. Weight bridges are usually mounted over a concrete slab,
though they can also be mounted over an open pit with support at
the edges of the bridge. The weight measurement is accomplished
by a collection of load cells distributed under the bridge according to
the type and maximum weight of the vehicles to be weighed.
Axle, Fixed: The line, real or imaginary, passing through the center
of an object about which it could rotate; a point of reference.
Axle, Rotating: A shaft which is fixed in the end truck and about
which the wheel revolves.
Azeotrope: Having constant maximum and minimum boiling points.
Azeotropic mixture : Example of azeotropic mixturerefrigerant R-
502 is mixture consisting of 48.8 percent refrigerant R-22 and 51.2%
R-115. The refrigerants do not combine chemically, yet azeotropic
mixture provides refrigerant characteristics desired.
Azimuth: The angular position of an object measured in the
observer's horizontal plane, usually from north through east. Bearing
or direction in the horizontal plane. As one of the coordinates
expressing celestial location, it is sometimes used in tracking
spacecraft.
Azimuth: The direction, in degrees referenced to true north, that an
antenna must be pointed to receive a satellite signal (compass
direction). The angular distance is measured in a clockwise direction.
Azimuth : An angle in the horizontal plane, usually measured with
respect to body coordinates
B & S : Abbreviation for Bore and Stroke which describes the width
of a cylinder hole and the distance that the piston moves each time
B & S gage : Abbreviation for Brown and Sharpe. A standard
measure of wire diameter.
B & S gauge : Abbreviation for Brown and Sharpe. A standard
measure of wire diameter.
B Elevation: The bottom level of the boiler firebox where two oil
guns are located. The oil guns are used if the boiler needs extra
steam while on oil fire.
B+ : An acronym for Battery positive voltage used to designate
positive voltage at aor near the battery level.
B-10 Bearing Life: A shaft which is fixed in the wheel and which
rotates on bearings fixed in the end truck.
BA: The B-10 bearing life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum
expected life, in hours, of 90% of a group of bearings which are
operated at a given speed and loading.
Ba: Batch Anneal
BA : An abbreviation for British Association which is a term used to
describe a series of fine, small diameter threads for electrical and
precision equipment.
Babbitt: A nonferrous bearing alloy originated by Isaac Babbitt in
1839. Currently, the term includes several tin-base alloys consisting
mainly of various amounts of copper, antimony, tin and lead. Lead-
base Babbitt metals are also used.
Babbitt: An antifriction metal alloy used for bearing inserts;made of
tin,antimony,lead and copper.
Babbitt : An Alloy of tin, copper, and antimony having good
antifriction properties. Used as a facing for bearings.
Babbitt Metal: (see Batch anneal)
Babbitt's metal : A bearing alloy originally patented by Isaac
Babbitt, composed of 50 parts tin, five antimony, and one copper.
Addition of lead greatly extends range of service. Composition varies
widely, with tin 5-90%, copper 1.5-6%, antimony 7-10%, lead 5-
48.5%.
Bablw : Bundesamt fìr Betriebe der Luftwaffe
Babo's law : The vapor pressure of a liquid is lowered when a non-
volatile substance is dissolved in it, by an amount proportional to the
concentration of the solution.
Baby : A small incandescent spotlight used in film and television
production.
Baby seat : A specially designed seating device (which is not
generally standard equipment) to hold safely very young children
(usually under the weight of 10 kilograms).
Babysitter : Colloquial term for a co-signer or co-buyer on an
automobile purchase contract.
BAC : Acronym for Blood Alcohol Content. Acronym for bypass air
control system. Acronym for Bypass air control valve
BAC level :
Back : A large vat used in various industries, such as dyeing, soap-
making, and brewing. Also spelled beck
Back ampere-turns : That part of the armature ampere-turns which
produces a direct demagnetizing effect on the main poles. Also
called demagnetizing ampere-turn
Back annealing : Controlling the softening of a fully work hardened
metal so as to produce the desired degree of temper by partial
recrystallization.
Back axle : The rear axle.
Back band : The outside member of a door or window casing.
Back connected: A condition where pipe connections are on
normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment. (Gasket
mounted units are back connected.)
Back coupling : Any form of coupling which permits the transfer of
energy from the output circuit of an amplifier to its input circuit.
Back Draft: A soft alloy of tin, copper and antimony used for plain
bearings.
Back Draft: Reverse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern
from a mold or a core from a corebox.
Back Draft: A highly pressurized flow of oxygen or air in a loosed
vessel or root or container due to the internal pressure or substance
Back edging : A method of cutting a tile or brick by chipping away
the biscuit below the glazed face, the front itself being scribed
Back EMF : The EMF which arises in an inductance (because of
rate of change of current), in an electric motor (because of flux
cutting) or in a primary cell (because of polarization), or in a
secondary cell (when being charged). Also called counter EMF
Back emission : Emission of electrons from the anode.
Back End: Reverse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern
from a mold or a core from a corebox.
Back end : When the dealer sends a vehicle purchase contract to
the bank for financing, the dealer is given an extra bonus (the back
end) from the bank for choosing this bank.
Back firing: The burning of unburnt or partially burnt fuel into
silencer. This Unburnt fuel may be due to incorrect timing and pre
ignition
Back focus : The distance between the rear surface of a lens and
the image of an object at infinity.
Back gear : A speed-reducing gear fitted to the headstock of a belt-
driven metal-turning lathe. It consists of a simple layshaft, which may
be brought into gear with the coned pulley and mandrel when
required.
Back Gears: 1. Usually refers to the entry end of process lines. 2.
The outside lap of the produced coil, or the inside lap of the
consumed coil.
Back Gears: Back gear is mounted on lathe machine at backside of
headstock to provide a continuous power to lathe to increase the
turning power
Back Gouging: Gears fitted to a machine to increase the number of
spindle speeds obtainable with a cone or step pulley belt drive.
Back lighting : Lighting illuminating the subject from behind,
opposite the camera, often to provide rim light or halo effects.
Back lobe : Lobe of polar diagram for antenna, microphone, etc.
which points in the reverse direction to that required.
Back observation : An observation made with instrument on station
just left. Also called back sight
Back panel : The panel of the body shell set underneath the trunk
lid. It is sometimes referred to as the rear valance if the area below
the trunk lid consists of only a single panel that extends down to the
bottom of the body; in many designs, however, the rear valance is a
separate horizontal panel that extends from the rear bumper area
downward. The British term is rear panel
Back pressure: Pressure in low side of refrigerating system; also
called suction pressure or low-side pressure.
Back Pressure: When some Bessel or container is filled with extra
pressure of substance than the substance tends to flow backward
bemuse of over pressure of substance
Back pressure: The level of pressure on the return or downstream
side of a device or system.
Back pressure : 1. The Resistance to the flow of Exhaust gases
through the Exhaust system. By rerouting the exhaust gases for
noise suppression, a Muffler causes back pressure, but a straight
pipe alone causes only minimal back pressure. Some engines
require back pressure, so that removing the Exhaust system will
cause internal damage. 2. Pressure against which a fluid or gas is
flowing, resulting from friction in lines, restrictions in pipes, valves,
pressure in vessel to which fluid is flowing, hydrostatic head, or other
impediment that causes resistance to fluid flow.
Back projection : 1. Projection of a picture, from film, transparency,
or video, on to a translucent screen to be viewed from the opposite
side.2. A form of motion picture composite photography in which the
projected picture forms the background to action taking place in front
of it, both being photographed together.
Back Rake: The removal of weld metal and base metal from the
other side of a partially welded joint to facilitate complete fusion and
complete joint penetration upon subsequent welding from that side.
Back Rake: It is a shelf provide in car truck or any vehicle ate back
side to kept some luggage or things but in some case it provide as a
safety guards in trucks
Back rake : In a lathe tool, the inclination of the top surface or face
to a plane parallel to the base of the tool.
Back scatter : The deflection of radiation or particles by scattering
through angles greater than 90° with reference to the original
direction of travel.
Back seating: Fluid opening/closing such as a gauge opening or to
seal the joint where the valve stem goes through the valve body.
Back seating : Fluid opening or closing such as a gauge opening to
seat the joint where the valve stem goes through the valve body.
Back up : To go in reverse.
Back up alarm : An annoying loud beeping which is repeatedly
sounded when a vehicle (usually a large truck) is placed in reverse.
It is designed to warn pedestrians behind the vehicle. The British
term is reversing warning signal
Back Up Balance: Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the
back up rolls up in place.
Back up light : A white light which is located at the rear of the
vehicle and is illuminated when the transmission is placed in reverse.
The British term is reversing light
Back Up Ring: Back up ring is generously used as a sealing
purpose. It is highly strength materials that hold the back pressure of
substance these rings are commonly used in seals and reciprocating
shafts
Back Up Roll: Its is a preventive rolls which control the flow of work
and increase the working of rolling mills
Back work ratio: Is the fraction of the gas turbine work used to drive
the compressor.
Backbone : The major long-distance, multi-channel link in a
telecommunication network, from which smaller links branch off
Backbone frame : A vehicle Frame, having the cross-section of a
rectangular box that runs along the center of the vehicle and
occupies the space between the seats. This box generally divides at
the front, running along each side of the Gearbox and engine up to a
crossmember to which the Front suspension pieces are attached. At
the rear a similar triangular frame encloses the final-drive housing
and provides attaching points for the Rear suspension. Lightness
combined with high Torsional rigidity are features of this frame
design, made famous by Colin Chapman with the Lotus Elan.
Backbone network : A high-capacity computer network that links
together other networks of lower capacity. Fiber optic cables are
often used to form these links.
Back-emf cells : Cells connected into an electric circuit in such a
way that their emf opposes the flow of current in the circuit.
Backer (Back Up Plate): Fill the back flowed materials aging in the
vessel by some external force is called the backfilled process
Backer (Backup Plate): The angular surface ground back from the
cutting edge of cutting tools. On lathe cutting tools. The rake is
positive if the face slopes down from the cutting edge toward the
shank, and negative if the face slopes upward toward the shank.
Backfill : Materials used to replace previously excavated material.
Backfire: In backfire an explosion either at wrong time i the cylinder,
or of unburnt or only partly burnt mixture in the exhaust system,
causing a loud bang. Backfiring is used in supersonic speed jet
engines to increase the thrust.
Backfire: A “tool” or reinforcing part, which presses against the outer
surface of an extrusion die, supporting it against the pressure of the
extruding metal. The backer has an opening larger than the die
aperture, allowing the extruded product to emerge without marring its
soft surface.
Backfire : Passage of unburned fuel mixture into the Exhaust
system where it is ignited and causes an Explosion (backfire)
prematurely. Sometimes Ignition takes place in the Intake manifold
by a flame from a Cylinder because the Intake valve leaks. Burning
of the fuel mixture in the Intake manifold may be caused by faulty
Timing, crossed plug wires, leaky Intake valve, etc.
Backfiring : Repeated backfires in the exhaust or the cylinders.
Backfitting : Making changes to nuclear (and other) plants already
designed or built, e.g., to cater to changes in safety criteria.
Back-flap hinge : A hinge in two square leaves, screwed to the face
of a door which is too thin to permit the use of a butt hinge.
Backflow: When some vessel or container is filled with extra
pressure of substance than the substance tends to flow backward
because of over pressure of substance
Backflow Preventer: A preventer is that which control the flow of
substance and reduce the pressure of substance or liquid and the
back flow preventer is used for prevent the back flow of substance
Backflushing : Pushing fluid in a direction opposite of normal flow.
This is done for cleaning the engine's cooling system.
Background : Extraneous signals arising from any cause which
might be confused with the required measurements, e.g., in electrical
measurements of nuclear phenomena and of radioactivity, it would
include counts emanating from amplifier noise, cosmic rays and
insulator leakage.
Background job : A task having a low priority within a
multiprogramming system.
Background noise: Sound other than the wanted signal. In room
acoustics, the irreducible noise level measured in the absence of any
building occupants.
Background Noise: The noise which is coming from behind the
main voice or volume is called background noise
Background noise : Extraneous noise contaminating sound
measurements and which cannot be separated from wanted signals.
For example residual output from microphones, pickups, lines giving
a signal-to-noise ratio. Also called ground noise
Background radiation : Radiation coming from sources other than
that being observed.
Background video : (BGV) A technique for overlaying video on
previously recorded depth multiplex audio. Also called video on
sound (VOS).
Backhand welding : Welding in the direction opposite to the
direction that the gas flame is pointing. Also called backward
welding.
Backheating : Excess heating of a cathode due to bombardment by
high-energy electrons returning to the cathode. In magnetrons, it
may be sufficient to keep the cathode at operating temperature
without external heating.
Backhoe Loaders: A backhoe loader is a type of construction
equipment often used in excavating and grading land. A backhoe
loader has a central control cabinet with either a large shovel or
bucket attachment on the front and an excavating scoop, or digger,
on the back end. Backhoe loaders are often equipped with hydraulic
supports at the back end of the vehicle in order to provide stability
during digging or dumping operations.
Backing: The bulk of the sand in the flask. The sand compacted on
top of the facing sand that covers the pattern.
Backing : Some material placed on the root side of a weld to aid
control of penetration. Light-absorbent layer on the rear surface of
photographic film or plate to reduce unwanted exposure A
meterological term describing the changing of a wind in a counter-
clockwise direction.
Backing Board (Backing Plate): The momentary recession of the
flame into the welding tip or cutting tip followed by immediate
reappearance or complete extinction of the flame. (see Flashback)
Backing Board (Backing Plate): A second bottom board on which
molds are opened.
Backing boards : Wedge-shaped wooden boards between which
an unbound book is held in the lyingpress, while the joints are being
formed for attaching the case.
Backing pad : A rubber disc which is secured to a spindle which in
turn is attached to a drill or other tool which rotates the spindle. An
abrasive disc or polishing disc is secured to the backing pad.
Backing plate : The part of a drum brake to which the wheel
cylinder(s) and the brake shoes are attached. A pressed steel plate
upon which the brake shoes, wheel cylinder, and anchor pin are
mounted.
Backing ring: Backing in a form of a ring, generally used in welding
of piping.
Backing Sand: A second bottom board on which molds are
opened.
Backing Sand: The sand is used for heating the main sand which is
used in mould for backing sand mould
Backing-up : Printing on the second side of a sheet. Backing a
letterpress printing plate to required height.
Back-kick : The violent reversal of an internal-combustion engine
during starting due to a Backfire
Backlash: Backlash is a defect with excessive play in a mechanical
system such as gear or linkages, due to looseness of fasteners.
Backlash: Describes the play in the meshing of two gears. Too
much backlash and the gears could slip or break the teeth, too little
backlash could cause excess wear and tear.
Backlash : Property of most regenerative and oscillator circuits, by
which oscillation is maintained with a smaller positive feedback than
is required for inception.
Backlash (Gears): 1. In grinding, the material (paper, cloth or fiber)
that serves as the base for coated abrasives. 2. In welding, a
material placed under or behind a joint to enhance the quality of the
weld at the root. It may be a metal backing ring or strip; a pass of
weld metal; or a nonmetal such as carbon, granular flux or a
protective gas. 3. In plain bearings, that part of the bearing to which
the bearing alloy is attached, normally by a metallurgical bond.
Backlash (Gears): Loose motion or play between the non-driving
surfaces of adjacent gear teeth, arising from necessary clearance,
wear or incorrect adjustment.
Backlash : Term describing the amount of play between gears, or
gear mesh. If too loose, the gear can slip, or strip the teeth. Too tight,
and excessive wear is caused.
Backlight : The rear window of a vehicle. Most people call it a rear
window and erroneously think of backlight as the taillight.
Backlight compensation : (BLC) The opening of the iris to correctly
expose a backlit subject which would otherwise be a silhouette
Backlight defogging system : Heated rear window
Backlight heater : Heated rear window
Backlocking : Holding a signal lever partially restored until
completion of a predetermined sequence of operation.
Backmatter : The items which follow the main text of a book, i.e.,
appendices, notes, glossary, bibliography, index. The UK term is end
matter
Backoff: Loose motion or play between the nondriving surfaces of
adjacent gear teeth, arising from necessary clearance, wear or
incorrect adjustment.
Backplate : British term for Brake backing plate
Back-porch effect : The prolonging of the collector current in a
transistor for a brief time after the input signal (particularly if large)
has decreased to zero.
Back-pressure turbine : A steam turbine from which the whole of
the exhaust steam, at a suitable pressure, is taken for heating
purposes.
Backpressure variable transducer : (BVT) a system combining a
ported EGR valve and a backpressure variable Transducer to control
emissions of NOx
Backrest : The back (upright) part of the seat against which your
back reclines.
Backscatter: Process by which up to 25% of radiant energy from
the sun is reflected or scattered away from the surface by clouds.
Backscattering: Reflecting light back in the direction of the source.
Back-seat : 1. An air conditioning term which means to rotate a
service valve counterclockwise all the way down until the valve is
back-seated. When referring to a stem type service valve, the term
has a more specific meaning-in the back-seated position, the valve
outlet to the system is open and the service port in the valve is
closed (its normal operating position). 2. The seating behind the front
passenger and/or driver
Back-seat driver : A person who is not physically in control of the
vehicle, but who gives driving instruction to the driver, usually in an
obnoxious manner.
Backspacing : Process which maintains synchronization when
video recording is stopped and started. The tape being rolled back
for roughly one second at the end of a recorded segment then
switched into play to compare and synchronize the control track
pulses with the incoming synchronization pulses before recording
begins again.
Back-step welding : Welding small sections of a joint in a direction
opposite the direction that the weld as a whole is progressing.
Backstop : The structure of a relay which limits the travel of the
armature away from the pole-piece or core.
Back-to-back : Parallel connection of valves, with the anode of one
connected to the cathode of the other, or transistors in parallel in
opposite directions, to allow control of AC current without
rectification.
Back-up: An item kept available to replace an item which fails to
perform satisfactorily. a
Backup assistance: Backup assistance defines as a how to backup
and transfer our contact using, step by step instruction will walk
during backup.
Backup assistance: A device or system of devices (usually a park
distance sensor or a back-up camera) designed to aid a drivers
control of a vehicle in reverse.
Backup Balance: Removal of part of coil from entry end of unit; may
be necessitated by a defect in coil or by a wreck in the mill, etc.
Backoff weight is the part of the coil that is removed and not
finished/produced.
Backup bottle: A vessel, normally cylindrical, which is used to store
gas for future release of the energy in the compressed gas to an
accumulator.
Back-up ring: A fabric or plastic device that is used with an o-ring or
other gasket to present extrusion of the o-ring or gasket into an
adjacent space or crevice.
Backup Roll: Special sleeve bearings of the Morgoil design, with
very large projected areas to reduce unit pressure. These large-
diameter oil-film bearings support backup rolls in rolling mills by
means of a hydrodynamic film.
Backup Roll Bearings (Morgan or Mesta Design): Cylinders that
supply the force used to hold the backup rolls up in place.
Back-voltage : Voltage which opposes the current when the current
in an inductive circuit changes and the magnetic field cuts the
conductors.
Backward busying : Applying busy condition at the incoming end of
a trunk or junction (usually during testing or fault-clearance) to
indicate at outgoing end that circuit must not be used.
Backward diode : One with characteristic of reverse shape to
normal. Also called AU diode or back diode
Backward Extrusion: 1. Roll used as a support roll mainly for plater
rolls. 2. Two rolls, one on top and one on bottom of the two work rolls
which apply pressure and reduce the flexing of the work rolls.
Backward Extrusion: The extrusion of materials is in the opposite
direction of poring face is called as backward extrusion
Backward hold : A method of interlocking the links of a switching
chain by originating a locking condition in the final link and extending
it successively backwards to each of the preceding links
Backward shift : Movement of the brushes of a commutating
machine around the commutator, from the neutral position, and in a
direction opposite to that of the rotation of the commutator, so that
the brushes short-circuit zero emf conductors when the load current,
through armature reaction, results in a rotation of the neutral axis of
the air-gap flux. Shifting the brushes in this way reduces sparking on
the commutator. Also called backward lead
Backward signaling : Signaling from the called to the calling end of
a circuit.
Backwardation: Market condition where the spot, or current price
for a metal is higher than the three month delivery price. This usually
indicates immediate demand is perceived to be stronger than long
term demand. Not considered to be a normal market state (See
Contango).
Backward-wave tube : General term for a family of microwave
traveling-wave tubes in which energy on a slow-wave circuit or
structure, linked closely to the electron beam, flows in the opposite
direction to the electrons. They can be used as stable, low-noise
amplifiers or as oscillators, as the latter, they can be easily tuned
over a wide frequency range by altering he beam voltage.
Backwash: The counter-current flow of water through a resin bed
(that is, in at the bottom of the exchange unit, out at the top) to clean
and regenerate the bed after exhaustion (water treatment). Also, the
process whereby a filtering mechanism is cleaned by reversing the
flow through the filter.
Backwater : Water, containing fine fibers, loading and other
additives, removed in the forming section of a paper or board-making
machine. It is generally re-used within the system or clarified in a
saveall to recover suspended matter
Backyard mechanic : A person, whether qualified or not, who
repairs his own vehicle or those of others and works in his own
property.
Bacteria: Microscopic unicellular living organisms.
Bacteria: Bacteria is the smallest form of any substance and plants
Bactericide: Forcing metal to flow in a direction opposite to the
motion of a punch or die.
Badge : An emblem with a manufacturer's name and/or logo on a
plate to identify a model or component.
Badge engineering : When a manufacturer sells two identical
vehicles but the model names are different, he is badge engineering.
For example, General Motors may sell a vehicle as a Chevrolet or a
Pontiac where the only difference is the model name, logo, and more
or less chrome or other minor alterations.
Badging : The act of a manufacturer in Badge engineering
Baffle: A plate or shield used to correct the flow of a liquid or gas.
Baffle: Plate or vane used to direct or control movement of fluid or
air within confined area.
Baffle: A separator found in a reservoir, tank or other chamber to
divert fluid flow in specific direction(s) for de-aeration of moving fluid.
Baffle : An obstruction (e.g., plate or vane) used to slow down or
divert the flow of gases, liquids, sound, etc. They are found in the
Fuel tank, Crankcase, Muffler, and Radiator. 2. Extended surface
surrounding a diaphragm of a sound source (loudspeaker) so that an
acoustic short-circuit is prevented.
Baffle loudspeaker : An open-diaphragm loudspeaker, in which the
radiation of sound power is enhanced by surrounding it with a large
plane baffle, generally of wood.
Baffle plate : A metal plate that acts as a Baffle. 2. A plate used to
prevent the movement of a fluid in the direction which it would
normally follow, and to direct it into the desired path.
Bag drop : A location where your supplies have been cached. In
randonneuring events of 1200 km, you can pre-arrange to have a
bag of extra clothes and other supplies waiting for you at a
prescribed control (i.e., checkpoint). Also called a drop.
Bag Dump Stations: Bag dump station is a automatically dust
controller which control the flow of dust particle in the air it reverse
back the dust particle into the container
Bag Fillers : It a machine which is used for packing of bags. The
material automatically poured in the bags by bag filler
Bag Filling Equipment: The equipment which is used on bag filling
machine
Bag Handling Conveyors: The conveyer is used to transfer or
handle the filled bag. From machine to storage area
Bag house: It’s a type of air pollution controller which remove the
hazard particle from air released by some chemical or commercial
process
Bag house -: A chamber containing bags for filtering solids out of
gases.
Bag molding : Use of a flexible membrane ( the bag) to exert
pressure, usually about one atmosphere, on a thermosetting
composite Laminate or sandwich component while it is curing at
ambient temperature in an open mold. Pressure can be generated
either by evacuating the inside of the bag (vacuum bag molding) or
by pressurizing its outer surface (pressure bag molding).
Bag pump : A form of bellows pump, in which the valved disk taking
the place of the bucket is connected to the base of the barrel by an
elastic bag, distended at intervals by rings.
Baggage incident ratio: AEA (Association of European Airlines)
figures giving the number of pieces of baggage missing at the final
destination (in other words that fail to arrive at the same time as their
owner yet arrive later) for every 1,000 passengers boarding
throughout the airline’s network.
Baggage ticket: Baggage ticket or tag attached to the passenger's
baggage at the time of check-in, used by airlines to route baggage to
the passenger's final destination. Air France is developing the
"intelligent" baggage tag using RFID technology, allowing to
permanently track baggage.
Bagger : A motorcycle equipped with saddlebags and other touring
amenities.
Bagging Machines: It a machine which is used for packing of bags.
The material automatically poured in the bags by bag filler
Baghouse: Additive used with water-soluble cutting fluids to inhibit
bacterial growth and unpleasant odors.
Bail : The spring-wire loop used to secure the cover on most Master
cylinder reservoirs.
Bailey bridge : A temporary bridge made by assembling portable
prefabricated panels. A nose is projected over rollers across the
stream, being followed by the bridge proper, with roadway. Also used
over pontoons.
Baily furnace : An electric-resistance furnace in which the
resistance material is crushed coke placed between carbon
electrodes; used for heating ingots and bars in rolling mills, for
annealing, etc.
Bainite: A term for the dust capture system used in steelworks and
foundries. Such installations usually comprise a dust separation and
filtering arrangement involving an array of cloth filter bags, and are a
very efficient way of preventing the emission of particles to the
environment.
Bainite : A microstructural product formed in steels when cooled
from the austenite state at rates or transformation temperatures
intermediate between those which form pearlite martensite, i.e.,
between about 800 and 500° K. It is an acicular structure of
supersaturated ferrite containing particles of carbide, the dispersions
of the latter depending on the formation temperature. Its hardness is
intermediate between that of pearlite and martensite and exhibits
mechanical properties similar to those of tempered martensite in a
steel of the same carbon content.
Bainitic Hardening: An acicular aggregate of ferrite and carbide
particles formed when austenite is transformed on cooling at
temperatures in the intermediate (200-450°C) range, i.e., above the
martensite and below the pearlite range.
Baize : A lightweight woollen felt used to cover pool tables and
bulletin boards.
Bake: A cold rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive
body panel applications. Because of the steel's special processing, it
has good stamping and strength characteristics and after paint is
baken on, improved dent resistance.
Bake: To cook something is called backing. Cook in open and make
the material hard by heating
Bake : A process of drying or curing paint by using heat.
Bake Hardenable Steel: Quench-hardening treatment resulting
principally in the formation of bainite.
Bake Hardenable Steel: It’s steel used for making automobile
bodies. Because it having the properties of highly strength and highly
formability. Both is required for a car outer panel
Baked Core: Heat in an oven to a low controlled temperature to
remove gases or to harden a binder.
Baked Core: To produce the core a desired property which is
required for process bake the core at some temperature
Baked core : A dry sand core baked in the oven to render it hard
and to fix its shape.
Baked images : The technique of heating a printing plate (mainly
lithographic) to harden the printing image and thus increase the
image's resistance to wear, hence lengthening the run expectancy
on the press.
Baked Strength: A core which has been heated through sufficient
time and temperature to produce the desired physical properties
attainable from its oxidizing or thermal-setting binders.
Baked Strength: Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength
of a mold sand mixture when baked at a temperature above 231 B0F
(111 B0C) and then cooled to room temperature.
Bakelite: A brand name of the union carbide company for phenol
formaldehyde resin plastic.
Bakelite : The trademark for a synthetic thermosetting plastic Resin
used in electrical parts because it is a good insulator. The name
comes from its inventor, L. H. Baekeland, 1863-1944.
Bake-out : Preliminary heating of components of a vacuum device
to release absorbed gases.
Baking finish : Paint that requires baking in order to dry
Baking temperature : The temperature at which a varnish or paint
must be baked to develop desired final properties of strength and
hardness.
BAL RES : (Ballast resistor) A Resistor constructed of a special type
wire, the properties of which tend to increase or decrease the
Voltage in direct proportion to the heat of the wire.
Balance: Used to describe the state of an aircraft or control surface
about its center of gravity in which weight or mass is configured to
produce a particular level of stability.
Balance : The action of applying weights or drilling holes in
something to establish even weight distribution so that vibration is
reduced.Said to be obtained in bridge measurements when the
various impedances forming the arms of the bridge have been
adjusted, so that no current flows through the detector.
Balance bar : The heavy beam by which a canal-lock gate may be
swung on its Pintle, and which partially balances the outer end of the
gate.
Balance box : A box, filled with heavy material, used to
counterbalance the weight of the jib and load of a crane of the
cantilever type.
Balance control : A switching device on a stereo radio which
adjusts the amount of sound coming from the left and right speakers
or from the front and rear speakers.
Balance disc : A disc-shaped device in a centrifugal pump which is
attached to the pump shaft. The disc lifts when a force is applied to
the underside of the disc allowing pressure to leak past until the axial
forces are balanced.
Balance gate : A flood gate which revolves about a vertical shaft
near its center, and which may be made either self-opening or self-
closing as the current sets in or out by giving a preponderating area
to one leaf of the gate.
Balance patch : A factory installed patch used to bring a new tire
within quality control balance tolerances before distribution and sale.
It is placed inside the Tire casing and looks much like a nail hole
repair patch.
Balance pipe : A tube which joins two or more carburetors to even
out the flow difference.
Balance shaft: Balance shaft is used for reducing vibrations
especially in single and twin cylinder engines, It is a additional
rotating shaft in the crankcase loaded with counter weights.
Balance shaft : Balance shaft defined as which offset vibration in
engine design, that balance shafts not inherently balanced also
called eccentric weighted shaft.
Balance shaft : A shaft in the engine that is designed so that as it
rotates it reduced and cancels at any vibrations.
Balance shaft : An engine will normally vibrate because of the up-
and-down motion of the Pistons which turn a Crankshaft in one
direction. A balance shaft rotates (often in the opposite direction) so
that its vibration cancels some of the vibration of the engine.
Sometimes an engine will have two balance shafts turning in
opposite directions located on either side of the Crankshaft.
Balance shaft belt: Balance shaft belt reduce the amount of
vibration from rotating belt.
Balance shaft belt: A cogged belt that drives a shaft (usually in
synchronization with the engines crankshaft) for the purpose of
smoothing out vibrations.
Balance weight : 1. Small weights threaded on radial arms on the
movement of an indicating instrument, so adjusted that the pointer
gives the same indication whatever the orientation of the instrument.
2. A weight used to counterbalance some part of a machine, e.g.,
weights applied to a crankshaft to minimize or neutralize the inertia
forces due to reciprocating and rotating masses of the engine.
Balance/Imbalance: The state in which a tyre and wheel spin with
all their weight distributed equally. To correct an imbalance, a trained
mechanic will add weights on the interior or exterior of the wheel.
Balance-crane : A crane with two arms, one having counterpoise
arrangements to balance the load taken by the other.
Balanced amplifier : One in which there are two identical signal-
handling branches operating in phase opposition, with input and
output connections balanced to ground.
Balanced circuit : For AC and DC, a circuit which is balanced to
ground potential, i.e., the two conductors are at equal and opposite
potentials with reference to ground at every instant.
Balanced control surface: A movable control surface, such as an
aileron or rudder, which uses added physical extension or weights
forward of the hinge-point to reduce forces which cause flutter.
Balanced crankshaft : A crankshaft with extended reinforcements
to form counterbalancing or act as a vibration damper.
Balanced current : A term used, in connection with polyphase
circuits, to denote currents which are equal to all the phases. Also
applied to DC three-wire systems.
Balanced draft : A system of air-supply to a boiler furnace, in which
one fan forces air through the grate, while a second, situated in the
uptake, exhausts the flue gases. The pressure in the furnace is thus
kept atmospheric, i.e., is balanced.
Balanced draught : A system of air-supply to a boiler furnace, in
which one fan forces air through the grate, while a second, situated
in the uptake, exhausts the flue gases. The pressure in the furnace
is thus kept atmospheric, i.e., is balanced.
Balanced engine : An engine in which all the reciprocating parts
such as pistons and connecting rods are adjusted to exactly the
same weight.
Balanced forces: Opposing forces that
are pushing or pulling against each other an equal amount. For
example, if you and a friendpull on a rope, in the opposite direction
with the sameforce, neither of you will move. This is because
the forcesare balanced.
Balanced laminate : Symmetrical laminated material in which the
sequence of laminae above the center plane is the mirror image of
that below it.
Balanced line : A line in which the impedances to ground of the two
conductors are, or are made to be, equal. Also called balanced
system
Balanced load : A load connected to a polyphase system, or to a
single-phase or DC three-wire system, in such a way that the
currents taken from each phase, or from each side of the system,
are equal and at equal power factors.
Balanced mixer : A mixer, which may be made of discrete
components or formed in stripline or waveguide, in which the local
oscillator breakthrough in the output is minimized and certain
harmonics suppressed. The contribution of local oscillator noise to
the receiver's overall performance is also reduced by such a mixer.
Balanced modulator : A modulator in which the carrier and
modulating signal are combined in such a way that the output
contains the two sidebands but not the carrier. Used in color
television to modulate subcarriers, and in suppressed-carrier
communication systems.
Balanced network : A network arranged for insertion into a
Balanced circuit and therefore symmetrical electrically about the mid-
points of its input and output pairs of terminals.
Balanced pedal : In an organ console, the foot-operated plate,
pivoted so that it stays in any position, for remote control of the
shutter of the chambers in which ranks of organ pipes are situated; it
also serves for bringing in all the stops in a graded series.
Balanced protective system : A form of protective system for
electric transmission lines and now widely used domestically in
which the current entering the line or apparatus is balanced against
that leaving it. Any fault, such as a short circuit to ground, upsets this
balance and energizes a relay which trips the faulty circuit. Also
called differential protective system or colloquially, ground leak relay
or ground trip.
Balanced Steel: Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength
of a mold sand mixture when baked at a temperature above 231°F
(111°C) and then cooled to room temperature.
Balanced Steel: Steels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to
produce an intermediate structure between a rimmed and killed
steel, Sometimes referred to as semi killed steels, they possess
uniform properties throughout the ingot and amongst their
applications are boiler plate and structural sections.
Balanced terminator : A two-terminal load in which both terminals
present the same impedance to ground.
Balanced voltage : A term used, in connection with polyphase
circuits, to denote voltage which are equal to all the phases. Also
applied to DC three-wire systems.
Balanced weave : A weave in which the length of free yarn between
the intersections is the same as the warp and weft directions and on
both sides of the fabric
Balanced-armature pick-up : A pick-up in which the reproducing
needle is held by a screw in a magnetic arm, which is pivoted so that
its motion diverts magnetic flux from one arm of a magnetic circuit to
another, thereby inducing emf in coils on these arms.
Balanced-pair cable : A cable with two conductors forming a loop
circuit, the wires being electrically balanced to each other and
ground (shield), e.g., an open-wire antenna feeder.
Balancer : A device used on polyphase or three-wire systems to
equalize the voltages between the phases or the sides of the
system, when unbalanced loads are being delivered.
Balancer transformer : An autotransformer connected across the
outer conductors of an ac three-wire system, the neutral wire being
connected to an intermediate tapping.
Balancing: Balancing is a process of adjustment of incorrect and
uneven weight distribution in object or structure.
Balancing : Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact
Specifications and Tolerances. This process may help to improve
engine performance, smoothness, and reliability. Sometimes called
Blueprinting
Balancing antenna : Auxiliary reception antenna which responds to
interfering but not to the wanted signals. The interfering signals thus
picked up are balanced against those picked up by the main
antenna, leaving signals more free from interference.
Balancing machine : A machine for testing the extent to which a
revolving part is out of balance, and to determine the weight and
position of the masses to be added, or removed, to obtain balance.
Bald tire : A tire on which the tread is all worn away. A Slick also has
no tread, but this is done deliberately for racing purposes.
Balk : The material between two excavations. Also called baulk.
Balk ring : A friction-regulated Pawl or plunger used to make the
engagement of gears easier. British spelling is baulk ring
Ball : A sphere usually made of metal when used in automotive
applications.
Ball and nut steering: A special version of the worm-and -nut
steering in which ball bearing circulate between the nut and worm to
reduce friction. Turning the steering wheel rotates the worm gear,
which causes the ball nut rack to move up and down. Teeth on the
outer edge of the ball nut rack mesh with the sector gear so that as
the rack moves, it swivels the sector gear and pitman arm. The ball
bearing in the grooves reduce friction.
Ball And Roller Bearings: Ball and roller bearings are types of
roller-element bearings used to carry a load with very little frictional
resistance between two components. This is accomplished by
placing rolling elements - the balls or rollers - between the two
elements. Ball bearings use spherical balls between the bearing
surfaces and are capable of carrrying load in both the radial and
axial directions. Roller bearings use cylindrical roller elements and,
as a result, are still strong in the radial direction but less so for axial
loads.
Ball bearing: Ball bearings are the type of bearings, in this type the
metal balls are used for reducing friction.
Ball Bearing: Steels in which the deoxidization is controlled to
produce an intermediate structure between a rimmed and killed
steel, sometimes referred to as semi-killed steels, they possess
uniform properties throughout the ingot and amongst their
applications are boiler plate and structural sections.
Ball Bearing: Bearing having no. Of balls in between two cylinder
shaped plates which is used for smooth running of any assembly
Ball bearing : An antifriction bearing consisting of an inner and outer
Hardened steel Race (or Cage) separated by a series of hardened
steel balls.
Ball bearing puller : A tool for removing a ball bearing from a shaft
or from a housing.
Ball Bearing Slewing Rings: The ring use to hold the balls of ball
bearing
Ball Burnishing: A roller bearing whose rolling elements are balls.
Ball Burnishing: It is a surface finishing process, which increase
surface accuracy. It consist of balls that are used in the holes for
surface finishing
Ball cage : A circular frame which holds the balls in place in a ball
bearing.
Ball Check Valve: A ball check valve is a valve that permits one-
way of fluid flow. A spherical ball is used to block flow through the
valve. If the flow is opposite the direction of the valve, the ball is
forced into a tapered constriction of the valve body, and flow is not
permitted. Conversely, flow in the direction of the valve forces the
ball out of the constriction and allows fluid to pass through the valve.
Ball check valve : Valve assembly which permits flow of fluid in one
direction only.
Ball end hexagon screwdriver : A tool that looks like an Allen
wrench except it has a small ball at the very end. This arrangement
allows it to work at various angles
Ball joint : A flexible Joint using a ball and Socket type of
construction, used in Steering linkage setups, Steering knuckle pivot
supports, etc. Their flexibility helps to compensate for the changes in
the wheel and steering when turning or hitting a bump on the road.
There are usually upper and lower ball joints attached to the upper
and lower A-arms. Some have a grease nipple to allow periodic
lubrication.
Ball joint rocker arm : A Rocker arm used by GM that is mounted
upon a ball-shaped device on the end of a Stud instead of being
mounted around a shaft.
Ball joint separator : A tool for forcing out ball or tapered joints.
One style is shaped like a two-prong fork with a wedge-shaped jaw
which is struck with a hammer to separate the joint.
Ball joint steering knuckle : A Steering knuckle that pivots on Ball
joints instead of on a Kingpin.
Ball joints: Ball joints are common used in Automotive steering
system for giving flexibility to linkages, they changes their angles
over rolling on a ball. They are used for fastening purpose
Ball joints: Movable joints in the steering linkage and suspension
system of a vehicle that permit rotating movement in any direction
between the parts that are joined.
Ball link: Connections that allow for adjusting controls using a ball
on one end, and a link that "snaps" onto the ball on the other.
Ball link : Connection using a ball, and a link which rotates on the
ball. Used to connect the servo to a control surface or lever.
Ball Mill: A method of obtaining a high luster on small parts by
rotating them in a wooden-lined barrel with water, burnishing soap
and stainless steel shot.
Ball Milling: A machine consisting of a rotating hollow cylinder partly
filled with metal balls (usually hardened steel or white cast iron) or
sometimes pebbles; used to pulverize crushed ores or other
substances such as pigments or ceramics.
Ball Mills: It’s a roller type of grinding machine, which is mainly used
for grinding or surface finishing of balls. Thousand of balls are grind
by mill.
Ball peen hammer : A hammer with two ends on the head. One is
round and the other is flat. They are best used for hammering and
shaping metal. Also spelled ball pien
Ball pien hammer : A hammer with two ends on the head. One is
round and the other is flat. They are best used for hammering and
shaping metal. Also spelled ball peen
Ball Piston Pumps: It’s a simple pump having one rotor and round
the rotor a separate cylinder for each ball.
Ball pivot: Ball pivot meant to computes a triangle mesh
independently triangle.
Ball race : 1. The inner or outer steel ring forming one of the ball
tracks of a ball bearing. 2. Commonly, the complete ball bearing
Ball Sizing: A method of grinding and mixing material, with or
without liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical mill partially filled with
grinding media such as balls or pebbles.
Ball sizing : Forcing a suitable ball through a hole to finish size it,
usually part of a Broach with a series of spherical lands of increasing
size arranged along it.
Ball socket : A recessed spherical well for receiving the ball in a Ball
joint
Ball Transfer Tables: The table is having the no of balls on it. The
table is mainly used for manually transfer the product by rolling on
balls
Ball Transfer Units: The ball is placed in a single vertical cylinder
and fix it on the table for transferring the product the unit of these
cylinder and ball on table is called ball transfer unit
Ball Valve: The ball valve is a one-way valve, which control the flow
of substance by open and closed pressure on ball.
Ball valve: A valve that may be used to divert the flow of fluid in a
passage. Most normally configured in a two way pattern which is
either open or closed.
Ball valve : A check valve in which a ball in a tube is used to control
the flow of liquid.
Ball Vibrator: The ball vibrator provide the pneumatic power through
rotational force of balls
Ball-and-socket head : Camera mounting allowing universal
movement in rotation and tilt before fixing by clamping usually fitted
to the top of tripod.
Ball-and-socket joint : A joint between two rods, permitting
considerable relative angular movement in any plane. A ball formed
on the end of one rod is embraced by a spherical cup on the other.
Used in light control systems (e.g., in connecting a pair of bell-cranks
which operate in planes at right angles) and in the steering
mechanism of motor vehicles, in which both ball and cups are of
case-hardened metals. Heavier examples allow a large base plate to
be placed under a supporting column in a jack-up pontoon or
modified as bridge bearings to allow some articulation.
Ballast : 1. Any liquid or solid weight (gravel or stone) placed in a
ship to change the trim, increase the draft, or to regulate the
stability.2. A layer of broken stone, gravel, or other material
deposited above the formation level of road or railway; it serves as
foundation for road-metal or permanent-way respectively. 3. Sandy
gravel used as a coarse aggregate in making concrete.
Ballast gas: Are the nonflammable portion of the gas, such as
carbon dioxide.
Ballast ignition system : An ignition system which uses a Ballast
resistor connected in series with the coil primary winding and which
is bypassed when the starter is engaged so that the spark is more
efficient under cold weather starting.
Ballast lamp : Normal incandescent lamp used as a ballast resistor,
current limiter, alarm, or to stabilize a discharge lamp.
Ballast resistance : A term used in railway signaling to denote the
resistance between the two tracks rails across the Ballast on which
the track is laid. If allowed to fall too low, it will have the effect of
shunting the signal from a trains's wheels.
Ballast resistor: A variable resistor used to control the primary
ignition current through the coil.
Ballast resistor : 1. A resistor inserted into a circuit to swamp or
compensate changes, e.g., those arising through temperature
fluctuations. One similarly used to swamp the negative resistance of
an arc or gas discharge. Also called ballast tube. 2. A Resistor
constructed of a special type wire, the properties of which tend to
increase or decrease the Voltage in direct proportion to the heat of
the wire.
Ballast tank : Tanks at the bottom or sides of a ship which are filled
with seawater for ballasting purpose.
Ballast/Transformer: It’s a type of transformer which is provide in a
fluorescent lighting system to regulate the current to lamp and to
provide sufficient voltage to lamp
Ballasting : The addition of Liquid or Dry weight inside the tire to act
as a counterbalance, to increase traction, reduce wheel spin, and
dampen out bounce.
Ball-ended magnet : A permanent magnet, consisting of a steel
wire with a steel ball attached to each end; this gives a close
approximation to a unit pole.
Baller Stick: Sizing and finishing a hole by forcing a ball of suitable
size, finish and hardness through the hole or by using a burnishing
bar or broach consisting of a series of spherical lands of gradually
increasing size coaxially arranged. (see Ball Burnishing) (see Ball
Broaching)
Baller Stick: It’s a stick, which is used for uniformed shaped cutting
or pouring. It is mainly used by ice-cream vendor for pouring the ice-
cream
Balling : A process that occurs in the cementite constituent of steels
on prolonged annealing at 650°C - 700°C.
Balling Drum: Octagon-shaped wooden stick approximately 5 feet
long. This stick is used in the baller area, to change burr mashers, to
start a coil with a large I.D., etc.
Balling Drum: It is a rotating drum which is used for mixer of
material for ballast furnace
Ballistic circuit breaker : A very high-speed circuit breaker, in
which the pressure produced by the fusing of an enclosed wire
causes interruption of the circuit.
Ballistic galvanometer : A galvanometer with a long swing period;
the deflection measures the electric charge in a current pulse or the
time integral of a voltage pulse.
Ballistic method : A method of high-grade testing used in electrical
engineering, a Ballistic galvanometer being used.
Ballistic missile: A weapon which, in the terminal and unpowered
stage of its flight, becomes a free-falling body subject to ballistic
reactions.
Ballistic pendulum : A heavy block suspended by strings so that its
swings are restricted to one plane. If a bullet is fired into the block,
the velocity of the bullet may be calculated from a measurement of
the angle of swing of the pendulum.
Ballistics: The science that deals with the motion, behavior,
appearance or modification of missiles acted upon by propellants,
rifling, wind, gravity, temperature or other modifying conditions of
force.
Ballistics : The study of the dynamics of the path taken by an object
moving under the influence of a gravitational field.
Ballonet : An air compartment in the envelope of an aerostat, used
to adjust changes of volume in the filler gas.
Balloon: An unpowered lighter-than-air craft, its direction of flight
imposed by ambient airstreams.
Balloon : A general term for aircraft supported by buoyancy and not
driven mechanically.
Balloon barrage : An anti-aircraft device consisting of suitably
disposed tethered balloons
Balloon former : On rotary presses, an additional former mounted
above the others, from which folded webs are gathered to make up
the sections of multi-sectioned newspapers or magazines.
Balloon Framing: Its is the designing style of wood house building
that used\s some vertical and horizontal walls
Balloon tire : A type of low pressure tire which was first introduced
in the 1920s. Its width and height were the same which gave it a
rounded shape. This style was used on bicycles as well as
automobiles.
Ballooning of yarn : The shape taken up by yarns on the spinning
or doubling machines.
Ballot : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 model automobiles
with required application are Classic cars.
Ballotini : Small, solid glass spheres or beads used as a filler for
plastics and to increase reflectivity in paints and printing inks.
Ball-pane hammer : A fitter's hammer, the head of which has a flat
face at one end, and a smaller hemi-spherical face or pane at the
other; used chiefly in riveting. Also called Ball pien hammer
Ballute: An aerodynamic braking device which is both balloon and
parachute.
BALPA : Acronym for British Airline Pilots Association
Balt sel : Barometric altitude select
Bambi : Trucker slang for a deer (dead or alive) as in "There's a
Bambi on the side at the 43 yardstick."
Bamboo Grain Structure: A rotating drum that is used for adding
moisture to the sinter mix in the blast furnace. Also, it enhances a
balling action where the smaller sized materials adhere to larger
materials.
Bamboo Grain Structure: A structure in wire or sheet in which the
boundaries of the grains tend to be aligned normal to the long axis
and to extend completely through the thickness.
Banana plug : A single conductor plug which has a spring metal tip,
in the shape of a banana. The corresponding socket or jack is
termed a banana jack
Banbury mixer : Type of machine used for compounding rubber
with vulcanizing ingredients and carbon black.
Band: A hardened, tempered, bright polished high-carbon cold rolled
spring steel strip, produced especially for use in the manufacture of
band saws for sawing wood, non-ferrous metals and plastics.
Usually carries some nickel and with a Rockwell value of
approximately C40/45.
Band: In radio, a continuous sequence of broadcasting frequencies
within given limits. In radiometry, a relatively narrow region of the
electromagnetic spectrum to which a remote sensor responds; a
multispectral sensor makes measurements in a number of spectral
bands. In spectroscopy, spectral regions where atmospheric gases
absorb (and emit) radiation, e.g., the 15 µm carbon dioxide
absorption band, the 6.3 µm water vapor absorption band, and the
9.6 µm ozone absorption band.
Band : Bands are like a metal belt which is in the shape of a circle
where the two ends are close, but do not meet. They wrap around
parts inside the Transmission called drums. The drums house the
gears and Clutches and Freewheel until a certain gear needs to be
applied. When first gear needs to be applied, the drum for first gear
is locked up by the application of the band. By locking up the drum,
the gears now drive the wheels rather than Freewheel inside the
drum.
Band brake : A flexible band wrapped partially around the periphery
of a wheel or drum. One end is anchored, and the braking force is
applied to the other.
Band chain : Steel tape. More accurate than ordinary chain.
Band clutch : A Friction clutch in which a fabric-lined steel band is
contracted on to the periphery of the driving member by engaging
gear.
Band conveyor : An endless band passing over, and driven by,
horizontal pulleys, thus forming a moving track which is used to
convey loose material or small articles. Also called belt conveyor or
conveyor belt
Band Dispenser: Device that holds that roll of steel banding.
Band edge energy : The energy of the edge of the conduction band
or valence band in a solid, measured with respect to some
convenient reference or else used as the reference level for other
energy states.
Band gap : The range of energies which correspond with those
values which are forbidden for delocalized states, according to the
Band theory of solids. Localized states such as those associated
with ionized dopants, impurity atoms, or crystal imperfections exist in
the gap. The generation of pairs of electrons and holes requires
quanta of at least the energy of the band gap. Direct recombination
likewise furnishes quanta with energies at least equal to the band
gap
Band ignitor tube : A valve of mercury pool type in which the
control electrode is a metal band outside the glass envelope. Also
called capacitron
Band Mark: A structure in wire or sheet in which the boundaries of
the grains tend to be aligned normal to the long axis and to extend
completely through the thickness.
Band saw: Band saw is a material cutting tool, which consists of a
blade with teeth on it. It cut the material in two pieces from one.
Band Saw Steel (Wood): An indentation in carbon steel or strip
caused by external pressure on the packaging band around cut
lengths or coils; it may occur in handling, transit or storage.
Band Saw Steel (Wood): A hardened tempered bright polished high
carbon cold rolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in
the manufacture of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous metals,
and plastics. Usually carries some nickel and with a Rockwell value
of approximately C40/45.
Band spectrum : Molecular optical spectrum consisting of
numerous very closely spaced lines which are spread through a
limited band of frequencies.
Band theory of solids :
Band Wareroom: Wareroom is a storage room (warehouse) where
hot bands are kept. (Hot coils)
Banded At Zero Technology: Michelin BAZ Technology uses spiral-
wrapped nylon strips applied in the tread area atop the steel belts at
zero degrees. BAZ Technology opposes centripetal forces that can
cause tyre distortion at high speeds1. BAZ Technology optimises
high-speed handling and durability.
Banded Structure: Refers to metal strap band that is 1/2 in. wide.
This band is used to wrap a coil, either around the circumference
(belly band) or through the coil eye (eye band).
Banded Structure: Appearance of a metal showing parallel bands
in the direction of rolling or working.
Bander: Appearance of a metal showing parallel bands in the
direction of rolling or working.
Bander: Machine located at each delivery reel to automatically place
circumference bands around completed coils.
Banding: Tool used to tighten a steel band around a coil.
Banding: The internal picture or internal view of a metal with black
and white parallel.
Banding : 1. A structural feature of wrought metallic materials
revealed by etching, resulting from microstructural segregates and
constitutional differences within the grain structure becoming drawn
out in the direction of working. 2. Defect in videotape recording
heads causing visible horizontal bands in the picture.
Banding Tool: Machine located at each delivery reel to
automatically place circumference bands around completed coils.
Banding Tool: Bending tool is used to bend some metal. It consists
of a jaw and screw on it. The rod kept in the jaw and to bend it
tighten the screw
Band-pass filter : Filter which freely passes currents having
frequencies within specified nominal limits, and highly attenuates
currents with frequencies outside these limits.
Band-pass filter (bpf). : A filter that allows frequencies between two
cutoff frequencies to pass while attenuating frequencies outside the
cutoff frequencies; a band-pass filter can be constructed as the
composition of a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter;
Bands: Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements or phases
aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working.(see
Banded Structure) (see Ferrite-Pearlite Banding) (see Segregation
Banding)
Bandsaw: Hot rolled steel strip, usually produced for rerolling into
thinner sheet or strip. (see Hot Bands) (see Band Steel)
Bandsaw : A narrow endless strip of saw-blading running over and
driven by pulleys, as a belt; the strip passes a work table placed
normal to the straight part of the blade. The workpiece is forced
against the blade and intricate shapes can be cut. Also used for
cutting animal carcases in butchery.
Band-spreading : 1. Use of a relatively small tuning capacitor in
parallel with the main tuning capacitor of a radio receiver, so that fine
tuning control can be done with the smaller; useful when the
frequency band is crowded. 2. Mechanical means, like reduction
gearing, to achieve the same result.
Band-stop filter : Filter which attenuates signals having frequencies
within a certain range or band, while freely passing those outside this
range. Also called band-rejection filter
Bandwidth: The total range of frequency required to pass a specific
modulated signal without distortion or loss of data. The ideal
bandwidth allows the signal to pass under conditions of maximum
AM or FM adjustment. (Too narrow a bandwidth will result in loss of
data during modulation peaks. Too wide a bandwidth will pass
excessive noise along with the signal.) In FM, radio frequency signal
bandwidth is determined by the frequency deviation of the signal.
Bandwidth : 1. The range of audio frequencies that an audio
component (radio) can handle.2. The width, or spread, of the range
of frequencies used for a given purpose, e.g., the width of individual
channels allotted to speech or to television transmissions.
Bang-Bang Valve: A power saw, the blade of which is a continuous,
narrow, steel band having teeth on one edge and passing over two
large pulley wheels.
Banger : 1. A colloquial term used to express the Cylinders in an
engine. Often used with a number such as Six banger. 2. A British
colloquial term for Beater (an older, cheaper, well-worn car which is
still usable).
Banger racing : A competition of speed on small racing tracks
where older cars are driven as fast as they can go and where
bumping other racing cars is permitted
Banjo : 1. Besides being a musical instrument, this is a Fitting
which is shaped like a banjo. It has round end that is doughnut
shaped with a tube coming out from one side. It is usually used to
transfer fluid from the center hole of the round end and out the lateral
tube.
Banjo axle : The commonest form of rear-axle casing in which the
provision of the differential casing in the center produces a
resemblance to a banjo with two necks.
Banjo fitting : A type of hydraulic fitting, shaped like a banjo,
through which a hollow bolt passes, allowing fluid transfer from a
hydraulic line to a hydraulic component.
Banjo rear axle housing : A rear axle housing from which the
Differential unit may be removed while the housing remains in place
on the vehicle. The housing is solid from side to side. Compare Split
rear axle housing
Bank : A number of similar pieces of equipment grouped in line and
connected, e.g., a bank of engine cylinders, coke ovens, or
transformers.
Bank angle : The angle between the horizontal plane and the right
wing in the lateral plane, positive when the right wing is down;
Synonyms: roll; Symbols: phi, Phi; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Banked boiler : A boiler furnace in which the rate of combustion is
purposely reduced to a very low rate for a period during which the
demand for steam has ceased by e.g., covering the fire with slack or
fine coal or banking up. Also called banked fire.
Banking : 1. The slope of a track from the wall to the Apron,
generally measured in the corners. 2. Angular displacement of the
wings of an aircraft about the longitudinal axis, to assist turning. In
other words, tipping the plane so that one wing drops while the other
rises.
Banquette : 1. A raised footway inside a bridge parapet. 2. A ledge
on the face of a cutting.
Bar: A shear for cutting bars to lengths for shipping.
Bar: Bar is called as a rod some length having hard material
Bar: A unit of pressure equal to one million dynes per square
centimeter, or 0.99 atmospheres.
Bar: The measure of pressure in the metric system. One (1) bar =
14.5 psig.
Bar : 1. A unit of pressure. One bar equals 100 kilopascals (10 5Pa)
or 750.07mm of mercury at 0°C and latitude 45° or about 14.5 psi. 2.
A pivoted bar, parallel to a running rail, which being depressed by
the wheels of a train, is capable of holding points or giving
information about a train's position
Bar clamp : A tool with a stationary head and a sliding foot for
clamping purposes.
Bar Code: It’s a code which is print on a manufactured items which
includes pries manufacturing date and weights. Its in the form of
some bars and some niddle
Bar Code Generator: The bar ode generator is a program which
generate the bar code for a manufacturing items which after used for
selling and other purpose
Bar Code Reader: To scan the bar code a scanner is used which
san the bar code and the details of the items is shown on your
screen having the detail of items like pries date and weight
Bar Code Scanner: To scan the bar code a scanner is used which
san the bar code and the details of the items is shown on your
screen having the detail of items like pries date and weight
Bar Code System: Bar code system is combination of hardware and
software used to build a bar code. It consist computer, bar code
scanner or reader
Bar Coding: It’s a code which is print on a manufactured items
which includes pries manufacturing date and weights. Its in the form
of some bars and some niddle
Bar Cutters: It is used to cut the bar (Road) in two or more pieces. It
consists of one rotary blade and table for rode placement.
Bar end shifter : A bicycle gear shifter that is inserted into each of
the ends of a handlebar.
Bar ends : Short handlebar Add-on extensions which are attached
to the ends of a Mountain bike handlebar to add another riding
position.
Bar Folder: Conventional hydraulic or pneumatic valves operated by
solenoids with either two or three distinct positions.
Bar generator : Source of pulse signals, giving a bar pattern for
testing TV cathode-ray tubes.
Bar lathe : A small lathe of which the bed consists of a single bar of
circular, triangular, or rectangular section.
Bar magnet : A straight bar-shaped permanent magnet, with a Pole
at each end.
Bar mill : A rolling mill with grooved rolls, for producing round,
square, or other forms of bar iron of small section.
Bar Shear: A machine in which a folding bar or wing is used to bend
a metal sheet whose edge is clamped between the upper folding leaf
and the lower stationary jaw into a narrow, sharp, close and accurate
fold along the edge. It is also capable of making rounded folds such
as those used in wiring. A universal folder is more versatile in that it
is limited to width only by the dimensions of the sheet.
Bar suspension : A method of mounting the motor on an electrically
propelled vehicle. One side of the motor is supported on the driving
axle and the other side by a spring-suspended bar lying transversely
across the truck. Also called yoke suspension.
Bar winding : An armature winding for an electric machine whose
conductors are formed of copper bars.
Barach : The author and compiler of this dictionary at Motorera.com
Bar-and-yoke : Method of magnetic testing in which the sample is in
the form of a bar, clamped into a yoke of relatively large cross-
section, which forms a low reluctance return path for the flux.
Barathea : Woven fabric used for coats and suits and made from
silk, worsted, or man-made fibers. Characteristic surface appearance
arising from the twill or broken-rib weave used in its manufacture.
Barb: The portion of a fitting inserted into a hose, usually comprised
of two or more radial serrations or ridges designed to form a
redundant seal between the hose and fitting.
Barba's law : Law concerned with the plastic deformation of metal
test pieces when strained to fracture in a tensile test; it states that
test pieces of identical size deform in a similar manner
Barbershop : Trucker slang for a low overpass where a large truck
might clip its top if the truck's clearance is higher than the height of
the overpass.
Bare : 1. Something slightly smaller than the specified dimension. 2.
A unit without the attaching hardware
Bare conductor : A conductor not continuously covered with
insulation, but supported intermittently by insulators, e.g., bus-bars
and overhead lines.
Bare Electrode: 1. A section hot rolled from a billet to a form, such
as round, hexagonal, octagonal, square or rectangular, with sharp or
rounded corners or edges and a cross-sectional area of less than
105 cm2 (16 in.2) 2. A solid section that is long in relationship to its
cross-sectional dimensions, having a completely symmetrical cross-
section and a width or greatest distance between parallel faces of
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) or more. 3. An obsolete unit of pressure equal to
100 kPa.
Bare electrodes : Electrodes used in welding that are not coated
with a basic slag-forming substance.
Bare pavement : A road condition where the pavement is visible
and substantially free of snow and ice following plowing, scraping, or
other means
Bare shell : The shell of a car body in which all parts have been
removed including doors, hood, and trunk lid.
Bare Spot: A filler metal electrode consisting of a single metal or
alloy that has been produced into a wire, strip or bar form and that
has had no coating or covering applied to it other than that which
was incidental to its manufacture or preservation.
Bare Spot: A location on the strip where coating did not adhere.
Barge : A flat-bottomed boat for carrying cargo or bunker oil, usually
pulled by tugs.
Barge carriers : Ships designed to carry barges.
Barium/Barium Complex Grease: A location on the strip where
coating did not adhere.
Bark: A grease thickened with either barium soap or a complex
barium soap.
Bark: Outer most part of tree. Or the shell of a tree is called bark
Barkhause-Kurz oscillator : Oscillator with a triode valve having its
grid more positive than the anode. Electrons oscillate about the grid
before reaching the anode. Output frequency depends on the transit
time of electrons through the tube.
Barkhausen Effect: Surface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer,
resulting from heating in an oxidizing environment. In the case of
steel, such bark always suffers from decarburization.
Barkhausen effect : The phenomenon of discontinuous changes in
the magnetization of a magnetic material while the magnetizing field
is smoothly varied. It is the consequence of sudden changes in the
domain structure as domain walls overcome various pinning defects
and to a lesser extent as domain orientations discontinuously rotate
away from preferred crystal areas H. G. Barkhausen (in 1919)
detected voltage pulses induced in coils surrounding a magnetic
sample as it was magnetized. Analogous ultrasonic emissions are
also associated with the magnetization of magnetostrictive materials.
The character of Barkhausen emissions is strongly dependent on
microstructure and stress.
Barlow lens : A plano-convex lens between the objective and eye-
piece of a telescope to increase the magnification by increasing the
effective focal length.
Barn : Unit of effective cross-sectional area of nucleus equal to 10
-28 m². So called because it was pointed out that although one barn
is a very small unit of area, to an elementary particle the size of an
atom which could capture it is "as big as a barn door."
Barn door : Pair of adjustable flaps on a studio lamp for controlling
the light.
Barn door ailerons : Larger, built up ailerons rather than an aileron
from a simple strip of solid wood like some kits have.
Barney : A soft cover to reduce noise from a film camera.
Barnstormer : A pilot who, in the early years of aviation, gave
airplane rides to people and performed aerobatics for a fee.
BARO : 1. Acronym for Barometric Pressure 2. Acronym for
Barometric pressure sensor.
Baroclinic model: A model of atmospheric circulation that, in
contrast with barotropic models, does not constrain constant-
pressure surfaces to coincide with constant-density surfaces.
Barograph : A recording Barometer, usually of the aneroid type, in
which variations of atmospheric pressure cause movement of a pen
which traces a line on a clockwork driven revolving drum.
Barometer: Instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. It may
be calibrated in pounds per square inch, in inches of mercury in a
column in millimeters or kPa.
Barometer: To check the atmospheric pressure a device is used
called barometer
Barometer: An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
A standard mercury barometer has a glass column about 30 inches
long, closed at one end, with a mercury-filled reservoir. Mercury in
the tube adjusts until the weight of the mercury column balances the
atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir. High atmospheric
pressure forces the mercury higher in the column. Low pressure
allows the mercury to drop to a lower level in the column. An aneroid
barometer uses a small, flexible metal box called an aneroid cell.
The box is tightly sealed after some of the air is removed, so that
small changes in external air pressure cause the cell to expand or
contract.
Barometer : An instrument used for the measurement of
atmospheric pressure. The Mercury barometer is preferable if the
highest accuracy of readings is important, but where compactness
has to be considered, the Aneroid barometer is often used.
Barometric absolute pressure sensor : A sensor that provides
ambient atmospheric pressure information.2. Sends a variable
voltage signal to the computer which varies in accord with
atmospheric pressure, allowing adjustment of the spark advance,
EGR flow, and air/fuel ratio as a function of altitude.
Barometric altitdude select(balt sel) : A basic guidance mode,
providing vertical guidance to an operator selected barometric
altitude;
Barometric altitude : Height with respect to fixed earth reference
(above mean sea level); Synonyms: pressure altitude; Symbols: h
sub b; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Barometric and manifold absolute pressure sensor : A housing
containing both BP and MAP sensors.
Barometric corrections : Necessary corrections to the readings of
a mercury barometer for index error, temperature, latitude, and
height.
Barometric error : The error in the time of swing of a pendulum due
to change of air pressure. Though small, it is sometimes avoided in
clocks by causing the pendulum to swing in an atmosphere of
constant (low) pressure.
Barometric pressure: The measure of atmospheric pressure, in
inches of mercury (Hg) that reflects and weather conditions.
Barometric pressure : The pressure of the atmosphere as read by
a barometer. Expressed in millibars (See Bar), the height of a
column of mercury, or (SI) in hectopascals (SI units).
Barometric pressure sensor : (BARO or BP) A sensor found in the
engine management system which detects the ambient barometric
pressure so that precise fuel mixture can be maintained at different
altitudes.
Barometric Pressure Transmitters: A Barometric Pressure
Transmitter is used to determine pressure of a gas or liquid. There
are many types of technologies employed for pressure sensing.
Technologies that use a piezoresistor are most widespread in use. In
a piezoresitive pressure transmitter, a thin layer of semiconductor
exhibits differential resistivity due to the change in mechanical strain
caused by pressure change. Other barometric pressure transmitters
correlate changes in capacitance; or electromagnetic or piezoelectric
properties.
Barometric pressure : Height with respect to fixed earth reference
(barometric altitude, feet above mean sea level); Synonyms:
pressure; Symbols: p sub a; Typical Units: in HG, mbar; Dimensions:
Mass /Time-squared * Length;
Barometric tendency : The rate of change of atmospheric pressure
with time. The change of pressure during the previous three hours.
Barostat : A device which maintains constant atmospheric pressure
in a closed volume, e.g., the input and output pressure of fuel
metering device of a gas turbine to compensate for atmospheric
pressure variation with altitude.
Barrage balloon : A small captive kite balloon, the cable of which is
intended to destroy low-flying aircraft.
Barred code : Any dialed code that automatic exchange apparatus
is printed to reject by connecting the caller no further than number
unobtainable tone.
Barrel: Barrel is the main tubular section of a carburetor including
the air intake and choke tube.
Barrel : 1. A hollow, usually cylindrical, machine part, often
revolving, sometimes with wall apertures. 2. The Air horn in the
Carburetor. In particular, it is that part where the Throttle valve is
located. If a Carburetor has four openings with a throttle valve in
each, it is called a four-barrel carburetor.
Barrel (Drum): The sequence of abrupt changes in magnetic
induction occurring when the magnetizing force acting on a
ferromagnetic specimen is varied.
Barrel cam : A cylindrical cam with circumferential or end track.
Barrel Cleaning: A standard container size, depending on context,
e.g.,: a 400-lb open top container (gear lubes and greases are sold
by the pound), a 55-gal liquid container (most liquid lubricants) or a
42-gal charge (standard for crude oils).
Barrel distortion : Curvilinear distortion of an optical or electronic
image in which horizontal and vertical straight lines appear barrel-
shaped, bowed outwards. Also called positive distortion.
Barrel etcher : A device usually used to oxidize and thereby strip
away hardened photoresist materials during semiconductor
processing. In it a batch of wafers is exposed to a low-pressure
oxygen plasma.
Barrel Finishing: Mechanical or electrolytic cleaning of metal in
rotating equipment.
Barrel hopper : A machine for unscrambling, orienting and feeding
small components during a manufacturing process, in which a
revolving barrel tumbles the components on to a sloping, vibrating
feeding blade.
Barrel Nut : An internally threaded screw with a slotted head.
Barrel Plating: Improving the surface finish of workpieces by
processing them in rotating equipment along with abrasive particles
that may be suspended in a liquid. The barrel is normally loaded
about 60% full with a mixture of parts, media, compound and water.
Barrel plating : Electroplating of many small items by placing them
in a perforated barrel revolving in a vat filled with an appropriate
plating solution. The barrel is made the Cathode in the cell and the
articles tumble against each other during rotation, continually
touching at different places, and so become uniformly coated with
the electrodeposit.
Barrel roll: An aerobatic maneuver that involves the airplane
following the twist of a large imaginary corkscrew (horizontal)
through the air.
Barrel shape : A drum defect caused by excessive wear at the
center of the friction surface.
Barrel tappet : A hollow rocker arm shaped like a barrel.
Barrel temperatures : Temperatures at which an extrusion or
injection molding barrel is kept, usually rising to a peak at the nozzle.
The range is determined by the polymer type and its melt viscosity.
Barrel wear : A type of brake drum wear in which the center of the
friction surface is worn more than the edges
Barreling: Plating articles in a rotating container, usually a
perforated cylinder that operates at least partially submerged in a
solution.
Barrel-shape: A brake drum having a frictional surface that is larger
in the center then at the open end or the rear of the drum.
Barrel-type crankcase : A gasoline-engine crankcase so
constructed that the crankshaft must be removed from one end; in
more normal construction the crankcase is split.
Barretter : Iron-wire resistor mounted in a glass bulb containing
hydrogen, and having a temperature variation so arranged that the
change of resistance ensures that the current in the circuit in which it
is connected remains substantially constant over a wide range of
voltage. Also called ballast tube
Barricade : A temporary structure designed to warn vehicles that the
road or a portion of the road is no longer usable.
Barrier : In transformers, the solid insulating material which provides
the main insulation, apart from the oil. 2. The refractory material
intended to localize or direct any arc which may arise on the
operation of a circuit breaker.
Barrier cream : A special cream which is applied to your hands
before working on a greasy engine. When the job is over, you can
wash your hands and easily remove the grease stains. Also called
invisible glove or silicon glove
Barrier effect : The effect produced by coating metal to shield it
from corrosion.
Barrier layer : 1. In semiconductor junctions, the depletion layer .2.
In an optical fiber cable, an intermediate layer of glass between the
low refractive index core and the high refractive index cladding.
Barrier paint : A primer which is used on bare metal to prevent
corrosion.
Barring gear : An arrangement for moving heavy electrical plant,
using manpower. Rotating machines and transformers are equipped
with wheels and movement is possible by inserting crowbars at
suitable points and levering the equipment.
Barring motor : A small motor which can be temporarily connected,
by a gear or clutch, to a large machine to turn it slowly for adjustment
or inspection.
Bars: Convexity of the surfaces of cylindrical or conical bodies, often
produced unintentionally during upsetting or as a natural
consequence during compression testing. (see Compression Test)
Barstock: Long steel products that are rolled from billets. Merchant
bar and reinforcing bar (rebar) are two common categories of bars.
Merchants include rounds, flats, angles, squares and channels that
are used by fabricators to manufacture a wide variety of products
such as furniture, stair railings and farm equipment. Rebar is used to
strengthen concrete structures.
Bar-type current transformer : A Current transformer in which the
primary consists of a single conductor that passes centrally through
the iron core upon which the secondary is wound.
Bar-wound armature : An armature with large sectioned conductors
which are insulated and fixed in position and connected, in contrast
with former-wound conductors which are sufficiently thin to be
inserted, after shaping in a suitable jig.
Barycenter: The common center of mass about which two or more
bodies revolve.
BAS : Acronym for Belt Alternator Starter -- a Hybrid vehicle system
from GM
Basal sliding (basal slip): The movement or speed of movement of
a glacier on its bed.
Base: An alkaline substance.
Base: Tin Mill term; Thickness divided by 0.00011. Also weight in
pounds of one Base Box of Tin plate. In finished inventory base
weight is specified instead of decimal thickness.
Base: A substance that forms a salt when it reacts with acid. A base
is a substance that removes hydrogen ions (protons) from an acid
and combines with them in a chemical reaction.
Base : 1. The lowest supporting part of an upright member. 2. The
bottom layer or coating in a series of paint coats.
Base and clear system : Paint finish which is made up of a colored
base coat (usually a metallic finish) and clear lacquer coat.
Base Box: (see Bar)
Base Box: Unit of area of 112 sheets of tin mil products (tin plate, tin
free steel or black plate) 14 by 20 inches, or 31,360 square inches.
Tin Plate is sold, and carried in finished inventory, on a weight per
unit area rather than on a thickness basis.
Base circle : As applied to the Camshaft the lowest spot on the
cam, the area of the cam directly opposite the lobe or nose. No lift is
produced by the base circle. Also called Cam heel .
Base Circle (Gears): Unit of area of 112 sheets of tin mill products
(tin plate, tin free steel or black plate) 14 by 20 inches, or 31,360
square inches. Tin plate is sold, and carried in finished inventory, on
a weight per unit area rather than on a thickness basis.
Base coat : The first coat in a paint system. It is either the undercoat
or primer or a colored coat which is covered by clear lacquer.
Base coat/clear coat system: Base coat is the first coat on body in
paint system, Either an undercoat or primer.
Base gasket : The Gasket directly below the Cylinder and between
the Cylinder and Crankcase. Also called cylinder gasket.
Base idle : The idle speed determined by the throttle lever setting on
the carburetor or throttle body while the idle speed control (ISC)
motor, or any other computer-controlled idle speed control device, is
fully retracted and disconnected.
Base interest rate : The interest paid on the usage of the vehicle
during a lease. It is the cost of a lease before factoring in discounts,
fees, and penalties and is not directly comparable to the APR for a
loan. Lowering the base interest rate is one of the methods
manufacturers use to subsidize leases. The phrase money factor
measures the same cost and can be converted into a base interest
rate. For example, to convert a money factor of 0.00276 into an
approximate base interest rate would multiply the money factor by
24. The result would be 0.0662 or 6.6%.
Base load antenna: A short "whip" antenna about 6 inches (15 cm.)
long used instead of the long dangly antenna that comes with the
receiver.
Base load antenna : A rigid, short antenna mounted to the aircraft.
Used to replace the longer receiver antenna.
Base material : Any material (metal or plastic) which needs to be
coated.
Base metal: The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy.
(Copper is the base metal in brass)
Base Metal: Dirt or other impurities in the steel strip.
Base Metal: An inexpensive metal which is commonly available as a
resource called as base metal
Base metal : 1. Metal that is under a coating or that needs to be
coated. 2. Metal to be welded, cut, or brazed.
Base Metal Contamination: The circle from which the involute tooth
profile is derived.
Base Metal Contamination: (1) The metal present in the largest
proportion in an alloy; (2) the metal to be brazed, cut or welded; (3)
after welding the part of the metal that was not melted during the
process.
Base model : The least expensive vehicle with the least amount of
features as standard equipment. It has the smallest engine and often
Manual transmission as well as few power equipment. Base models
constitute only a small percentage of the cars sold. Sometimes
called a stripper or stripped down unit.
Base or Deck Mounted (Hoist): 1. The metal present in the largest
proportion in an alloy; 2. The metal to be brazed, cut or welded; 3.
After welding the part of the metal that was not melted during the
process.
Base Plate: A type of mounting where the hoist is mounted to the
top side of a horizontal supporting surface.
Base Plate: A plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached
and to which a flask is subsequently attached to form the mold
container.
Base price: The MSRP of a vehicle before options, destination fee,
any dealer advertising fee and other costs.
Base Type: A plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached
and to which a flask is subsequently attached to form the mold
container.
Base Type: Highly strength, solid flat piece of metal which is used
as a base for some part is called as base plate
Base Weight: Type of base used for cooling; i.e., water or fan. Tin
mill term; thickness divided by 0.00011. Also weight in pounds of one
base box of tin plate. In finished inventory, base weight is specified
instead of decimal thickness.
Baseline : A fore-and-aft reference line at the upper surface of the
flat plate keel at the centerline for flush shell plated vessels. Vertical
dimensions are measured from a horizontal plane through the
baseline, often called the molded baseline.
Baseplate : A strong metal plate which is the main support for
something.
Basher : A small studio lamp placed close to or on the camera
mounting.
BASI: Bureau of Air Safety Investigation
Basic Bearing Number: 1. A chemical substance that yields
hydroxyl ions (OH) when dissolved in water. Compare with acid. 2.
The surface on which a single-point tool rests when held in a tool
post. 3. In forging, see anvil. (see Heel)
Basic Bottom and Lining: For purposes of identification, antifriction
bearings are assigned numbers, referred to as basic bearing
numbers. In most cases, they have four digits: the first indicates the
TYPE of bearing, the second the bearing SERIES and the third and
fourth the BORE SIZE of the bearing. Some manufacturers replace
the first digit with letters of the alphabet to identify their bearings,
others use numbers and letters.
Basic Dynamic Capacity: The inner bottom and lining of a melting
furnace, consisting of materials such as crushed burned dolomite,
magnesite, magnesite bricks or basic slag that give a basic reaction
at the operating temperature.
Basic Geometric Commands : Common auto cad command for
making some geometrical shapes like line, circle, arc, rectangle etc.
Basic ignition setting : The ignition setting on a non-running engine
according to the specifications. After the engine is running, the timing
can be set more accurately.
Basic ignition timing : The ignition timing on a non-running engine
according to the specifications. After the engine is running, the timing
can be set more accurately.
Basic loading : The limiting mechanical load, per unit length, on an
overhead line conductor.
Basic operating weight (bow) : Empty weight typically equipped +
unusable fuel and trapped liquids + 2 pilots (400 lbs.) + supplies.
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF): The radial load that 90% of identical
bearings will bear for 1,000,000 revolutions before the first evidence
of fatigue; also known as basic load rating.
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF): The oxygen furnace is used to
make steel from rich carbon molten pig iron.
Basic Oxygen Process: It is a steelmaking process. In this steel is
made from rich carbon molten pig iron.
Basic Oxygen Process (BOP): A pear-shaped furnace, lined with
refractory bricks, which refines molten pig iron from the blast furnace
and scrap into steel. Scrap is charged into the furnace vessel,
followed by the hot metal from the blast furnace. A lance is lowered
from above, through which blows a high-pressure stream of oxygen
to cause chemical reactions that separate impurities into fumes or
slag.
Basic price : The price of a vehicle without including any optional
accessories, taxes, delivery charges, etc.
Basic process : A steel-making process, either Bessemer, open-
hearth, or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a basic
refractory, a slag rich in lime being formed, enabling phosphorus to
be removed.
Basic Refractories: A process in which molten steel is produced in
a furnace by blowing oxygen into molten iron, scrap and flux
materials. The furnace is known as Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF).
Basic six : The group of instruments essential for the flight handling
of an aircraft and consisting of the airspeed indicator, vertical speed
indicator, altimeter, heading indicator, gyro horizon, and turn and
bank indicator.
Basic slag : Furnace slag rich in phosphorus (as calcium
phosphate) which, with silicate and lime, is produced in steel making,
and ground and sold for agricultural fertilizer.
Basic speed : The speed which an electric motor develops at rated
voltage with rated load applied
Basic Static Capacity: Refractories whose major constituent is
lime, magnesia or both and which may react chemically with acid
refractories, acid slags or acid fluxes at high temperatures. Basic
refractories are used for furnace linings. Compare with acid
refractory.(see Acid Refractory)
Basic Steel: The static load endured by a bearing before the most
heavily loaded ball or roller experiences sufficient stress to cause a
permanent deformation of the element or race equal to 0.0001 in. of
the ball or roller diameter.
Basic Steel: Steel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining
and under a slag containing an excess of a basic substance such as
magnesia or lime.
Basic steel : Steel which has reacted with a basic lining or additive
to produce a phosphorus-rich slag and a low-phosphorus steel.
Basic T : A layout of flight instruments standardized for aircraft
instrument panels in which four of the essential instrument panels in
which four of the essential instruments are arranged in the form of a
T. The pitch and roll attitude display is located at the junction of the T
flanked by airspeed on the left and attitude on the right. The vertical
bar portion of the T is taken up by directional information.
Basic timing : The ignition timing on a non-running engine
according to the specifications. After the engine is running, the timing
can be set more accurately.
Basic weight : The weight of the structure (wing, body, tail unit, and
landing gear) of an aircraft, plus the propulsion system and the
airframe services and equipment (mechanical systems, avionics, fuel
tanks, and pipes). Includes residual oil and undrainable fuel but no
operational equipment or payload.
Basic/Bumper to bumper warranty: A vehicle warranty that covers
everything except items that are subject to wear and tear or
replacement in the ordinary course of vehicle ownership, such as oil
and air filters, wiper blades and brake pads. Tires and batteries are
often excluded, but usually have their own warranty provided by the
manufacturers of those items. Emissions equipment is required by
Federal law to be covered for two years or 24,000 miles.
Basicity: The ability of a substance to boost the pH after neutralizing
all the acid species.
Basin: A large, >200 km, circular depression from the explosive
impact of an asteroid or similar sized body on a planet surface,
usually rimmed by mountains.
Basket case : An old car which probably does not run. Often many
engine and transmission parts have been removed and are either
missing or stored in the trunk or a basket
Basket coil : Coil with criss-cross layers, so designed to minimize
self-capacitance.
Basket Screen: Steel melted in a furnace that has a basic bottom
and lining, and under a slag that is dominantly basic.
Basket Screen: A first stage in line water filter for water delivered
from the New Blowing Room Pump Room to the Blast Furnace. The
strainer contains an electric driven rotary sieve that catches
particulates and prevents them from entering the water system.
Bass boost : Amplifier circuit adjustment which regulates the
attenuation of the lowest frequencies in the audio scale, usually to
offset the progressive loss toward low frequencies.
Bass compensation : Differential attenuation introduced into a
sound-reproducing system when the loudness of the reproduction is
reduced below normal, to compensate for the diminishing sensitivity
of the ear toward the lowest frequencies reproduced.
Bass frequency : A frequency close to the lower limit in an audio-
frequency signal or a channel for such, e.g., below 250 Hz.
Bastard: A first stage in-line water filter for water delivered from the
pump room to the blast furnace. The strainer contains an electric-
driven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from
entering the water system.
Bastard: Threads,parts,tools and sizes that are not standard, such
as, Bastard Nuts Bastard Plus bastaard fittings and so forth. The
term also refers to a standard coarse cut file.
Bastard : Something that is irregular, in between, or unusual.
Bastard file : A file (a tool) which has a coarse cut (as opposed to a
finishing file). It is one cut finer than a coarse file. Files are classed
as coarse, second cut, and smooth, from coarsest to finest. Thus, a
bastard file is a cut in between a coarse and a second cut. The word
bastard functions here in its meaning as irregular or neither coarse
nor second cut.
Bastard thread : A screw-thread which does not conform to any
recognized standard dimensions.
Bastard title : The fly page before the full title page of a book. Often
wrongly called a half-title
Bat : 1. A lump or collection of something.2. Acronym for Battery
Batch: Oven used to bake a number of cores at one time.
Batch: Amount or quantity of core or mold sand or other material
prepared at one time.
Batch : 1. A number of things which are produced as a group.2. A
mixture of natural and synthetic rubber with other material such as
fillers, chemicals, and vulcanizing agents in the production of tires.2.
The mixture of raw materials from which glass is produced in the
furnace. A proportion of cullet is either added to the mixture, or
placed in the furnace previous to the charge. Also called charge.
Batch Anneal: Threads, parts, tools and sizes that are not standard,
such as “bastard nuts”, “bastard plus”, “bastard fittings”, etc. The
term also refers to a standard coarse cut file.
Batch Anneal: The process by which a large, stationary stack of
steel coils (4 coils high) is subjected to a long heat treating cycle.
This process enables the cold rolled sheet to fully recrystallize into
the softest possible product conforming to customer specifications.
Controlling the recrystallization process makes a fine grained
microstructure easy to obtain, and minimizes the tendencies for
retention of directional properties of the rolled steel which could
produce undesirable shapes in the stamping of a cylindrical part
such as a can. Also see Anneal and Continuous Anneal.
Batch Furnace: The process by which a large, stationary stack of
steel coils is subjected to a long heat-treating cycle. This process
enables the cold rolled sheet to fully recrystallize into the softest
possible product conforming to customer specifications. Controlling
the recrystallization process makes a fine-grained micro-structure
easy to obtain, and minimizes the tendencies for retention of
directional properties of the rolled steel which could produce
undesirable shapes in the stamping of a cylindrical part such as a
can. (see Anneal)(see Continuous Anneal)
Batch furnace : A furnace in which the charge is placed and heated
to the requisite temperature. The furnace may be maintained at the
operating temperature, or heated and cooled with the charge.
Distinguished from Continuous furnace
Batch mill : Cylindrical grinding mill into which a quantity of material
for precise grinding treatment is charged and worked until finished.
Batch number : A number which may be added to a serial number
to identify when the product was manufactured. In this way, when a
problem occurs to some products of the same batch, action can be
taken to correct or replace others from the same batch.
Batch operation: The utilization of ion-exchange resins to treat a
solution in a container wherein the removal of ions is accomplished
by agitation of the solution and subsequent decanting of the treated
liquid.
Batch Oven: A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time.
Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large pans such as heavy
forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long
cycles.
Batch Oven: This is also a type of furnace. Where various thermal
processes are processing like aging, drying, curing.
Batch process : Any process or manufacture in which operations
are completely carried out on specific quantities or a limited number
of articles, as contrasted to continuous or mass-production. In
semiconductor manufacture, one in which several wafers are treated
simultaneously as distinct from stages in which wafers are
processed singly.
Batch Weighing: Batch Weighing is an industrial process that is
used to distribute bulk loose material into discrete amounts for
packaging. It typically consists of a computer controlled bin and
hopper system which carefully meters feedrates and a scale for
accurately determining weight.
Batching: Amount or quantity of core or mold sand or other material
prepared at one time.
Batching Plants: A batching plant is an installation of equipment for
mixing bulk components. It typically refers to a remote installation set
up for the purpose of mixing concrete on site.
Bath: Immersion in a liquid bath (such as molten lead or fused salts)
held at an assigned temperature. When a lead bath is used, the
process is known as lead annealing.
Bath: Molten metal on the hearth of a furnace, in a crucible, or in a
ladle.
Bath : 1. A tub into which something is immersed. 2. A liquid
solution used for cleaning, plating, or maintaining a specified
temperature.
Bath Annealing: The grouping together of parts to achieve an
economic use of the process.
Bath Annealing: Is immersion is a liquid bath (such as molten lead
or fused salts) held at an assigned temperature when a lead bath is
used, the process is known as lead annealing.
Bath lubrication : A method of lubrication in which the part to be
lubricated, such as a chain or gearwheel, dips into an oil-bath.
Bathtub : Bodywork resembling an upside-down bathtub used on
the rear of some Triumph motorcycles. It was introduced in 1957 and
dropped in the early 1960s. It was also used on Nash cars of the
50's.
Bathtub combustion chamber : The volume in the cylinder above
the piston that is shaped like an inverted bathtub with the valves in
the bottom of the tub. Since all the valves can be arranged in a
single row, the valve-operating camshaft and/or rocker gear are
simple to design and operate. The long, oval shape of the bathtub
controls excessive turbulence, and the flat areas where the piston
comes right up to the head surface supply the squish needed to swirl
the mixture. The wide cylinders and short piston strokes in modern
engines make it possible to use large valves with bathtub heads for
efficient gas flow.
Bathymetry: The science of measuring ocean depths to determine
the topography of the sea floor.
Batten: Molten metal on the hearth of a furnace, in a crucible or in a
ladle.
Batter level : A form of clinometer for finding the slope of cuttings
and embankments
Battery: Battery is storage of direct current. It get charged and use
that energy when its require.
Battery: A device with two or more connected cells that produce a
direct current by converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
Battery : An Electrochemical device for producing electricity by
converting chemical energy. The typical automotive lead-acid battery
supplies the source of power for Cranking the engine and also
provides the necessary electrical energy for the Ignition system. In
addition, it can (for a limited time) furnish Current when the electrical
demands of the vehicle exceed the Alternator or Generator output.
Also called the storage battery
Battery acid : Electrolyte (usually sulfuric acid) in each of the battery
cells.
Battery acid tester : A hydrometer for checking the strength of the
acid mixture in each cell of a battery. Fluid is sucked into the
instrument by squeezing and releasing the bulb. The scale measures
the acid.
Battery booster : A motor-generator set used for giving an extra
voltage, to enable a battery to be charged from a circuit of a voltage
equal to the normal voltage of the battery.
Battery brush : A specially designed brush set which cleans the
outside terminals of the battery post as well as the inside of the
battery cable so that good contact is made.
Battery bunker: The battery bunker is a high fired ceramic container
designed to contain the ignition and combustion of a lithium battery
fire/mishap.
Battery cap : Small caps which seal each battery cell.
Battery capacity : The amp-hour capacity.
Battery case : The box made of polypropylene holding several
chambers (cells) which have lead plates and filled with electrolyte.
Battery cell : Individual compartments in a battery which is filled
with electrolyte. Six-volt batteries have three cells, 12-volt batteries
have six cells.
Battery charge : The condition or state of the amount of electricity in
a battery.
Battery charge indicator : An instrument which shows the state of
charge in a battery.
Battery charger : An electric device which is plugged into an
electrical outlet (e.g., 110 volt AC) and connected to the two
terminals of the battery to restore the state of charge in the battery.
One of leads coming from the charger is red and the other is black.
The red lead is clamped on the positive post of the battery while the
other is clamped on the frame of the vehicle.
Battery charging : The process of renewing the Battery by passing
an electric Current through the battery in a reverse direction.
Battery charging station : With the advent of electric cars, there
needs to be places where their batteries can be recharged
periodically -- thus is born the battery charging station. Also called a
charging point.
Battery clamp : A hold down device which secures the battery from
moving around.
Battery coil ignition : High-tension supply for spark plugs in
automobiles, in which the interruption of a primary current from a
battery induces a high secondary emf in another winding on the
same magnetic circuit, the high tension being distributed in
synchronism with the contact-breaker in the primary circuit.
Battery compartment : A place in the vehicle where the battery is
located. In cars and trucks it may be found under the hood (usually
toward the front), under one of the seats, or in the trunk. In
motorcycles it is found in the middle of the bike, under the seat.
Battery connector : A plug on battery-powered vehicles to connect
the batteries to the Charging station
Battery Council International : A group which makes decisions
related to battery composition and disposal.
Battery cover : The top of the Battery case. It has several holes
(covered with caps) for access to the battery cells.
Battery cut-out : An automatic switch for disconnecting a battery
during its charge, if the voltage of the charging circuit falls below that
of the battery.
Battery discharge controller : A device on a vehicle which is driven
by an electrical motor. It triggers a warning indicator when the battery
power drops below a certain level.
Battery discharge indicator : An instrument on a vehicle which is
driven by an electrical motor which indicates the percentage of the
maximum charge of the battery.
Battery disconnect: A device that automatically disconnects a
vehicles battery after a collision.
Battery earth : British term for Battery strap or Ground strap
Battery fill line : A horizontal line on the side of a translucent battery
case which indicates the level to which you fill it with electrolyte.
Usually there are two lines indicating a minimum level and maximum
level.
Battery filler : A device with a long hollow tube with a rubber bulb at
one end. It is used for inserting into a container of Battery acid and
sucking up the acid, then inserting into the battery cell to fill it.
However, motorcycle batteries arrive from the manufacturer with no
electrolyte (battery acid). Battery acid comes in a large plastic
container with a rubber hose to which a metering clamp is attached.
The container is usually placed on a higher shelf so that it is fed into
the battery by gravity and regulated by the metering clamp.
Battery ignition : Any system where the battery supplies the initial
voltage to power the starter motor and fire the spark plugs.
Battery ignition system: Battery ignition system is
Battery is dead : The battery does not have enough electrical power
to start the car.
Battery is flat : The battery does not have enough electrical power
to start the car.
Battery load tester : An instrument which is applied to the terminals
of a Battery. When first installed, the battery voltage appears on the
dial. By pressing a switch, the voltage is channeled through a series
of resistors. While a battery may indicates 12 volts or more without a
load, it may not meet the amperage for which it is rated when under
load.
Battery master switch : A control which cuts power from the battery
to the other components of the vehicle. Used to disable a vehicle so
that thieves have a harder time stealing the vehicle.
Battery positive voltage : (B+) A term used to designate positive
voltage at or near the battery level.
Battery post : The terminal on a battery to which the cable is
attached. Older automobile batteries used a round post which stood
up from the top of the battery. To avoid confusion, the positive post
has a larger diameter than the negative. On newer batteries the post
may or may not be abandoned in favor of a terminal on the side of
the battery. On motorcycle batteries, the posts are usually flat with a
hole for bolting the cables to them.
Battery regulating switch : A switch to regulate the number of cells
connected in a series in a battery.
Battery spear : A special form of spike used to connect a voltmeter
to the plates of the accumulator cells for battery-testing under load.
The voltmeter incorporates a low resistance in shunt which simulates
a heavy load on the battery, thus testing its work capability. The
heavy current passed for this purpose necessitates special heavy
duty battery connectors.
Battery strap : 1. A wire cable or braided wire strap to transfer
electricity. It can be found between the engine block and the Chassis
because the engine is isolated from the Chassis by rubber mounts.
Also called ground strap.
Battery System (Backup Crane): A wooden bar or strip fastened to
bottom or follow board for rigidity or to prevent distortion during
ramming of the mold.
Battery terminal : 1. A Battery post on the top of the battery or a
lug with a hole on the side of the battery.
Battery tester : 1. A voltage meter or hydrometer for checking the
state of charge of a battery.2. An instrument for checking the
condition of the battery cells
Battery traction : An electric-traction system in which the current is
obtained from batteries (accumulators) on the vehicles.
Battery tray : A metal or plastic on which the battery sits.
Battery types: Lithium polymer, Lithium Ion, A123 (LIFE), Lithium
Manganese, NICAD, and NIMH
Baudelot cooler: Heat exchanger in which water flows by gravity
over the outside of the tubes or plates.
Baudelot cooler : Heat exchanger in which water flows by gravity
over the outside of the tubes or plates.
Baudot code : Code in which five equal-length bits represent one
character; sometimes used for teleprinters where one start and one
stop element are added to each group of five bits.
Baulk ring : British spelling for Balk ring
Bauxite: Batteries used to guard against inadvertent load release
due to loss of primary power to magnet system.
Bauxite: The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding
essentially to the formula Al2O3xH2O.
Bay : 1. Unit of racks designed to accommodate numbers of
standard-sized panels, e.g., repeaters or logical units. 2. Unit of
horizontally extended antenna, e.g., between masts.
Bayer Process: A rock consisting of hydrous aluminum oxide with
various impurities; the principal ore of aluminum, and raw material
for mullite and high-alumina refractories.
Bayonet cap : (BC) A cylindrical base of an electric bulb, usually
with two pins projecting on either side, which engage in J-shaped
slots to lock the bulb securely in its socket.
Bayonet fitting : An engineering fastening similar to a Bayonet cap
Bayonet socket : A socket for receiving a Bayonet cap. It has two
slots on either side (usually J-shaped) to accommodate the bulb's
pins.
BAZL : Bundesamt fìr Zivilluftfahrt (Swiss CAA)
Bazooka: A process for extracting alumina from bauxite ore before
the electrolytic reduction. The bauxite is digested in a solution of
sodium hydroxide, which converts the alumina to soluble aluminate.
After the "red mud" residue has been filtered out, aluminum
hydroxide is precipitated, filtered out and calcined to alumina.
Bazooka: Performs functions of Galvanneal Furnace; set of torches
on wheels used to shoot flames onto a strip to further heat it.
BBJ : Boeing Business Jet
BC : Bus controller
BCD : Binary coded decimal.
BDC: Bottom dead center.
BDY : Boundary
Bea (bureau d’enquêtes et d’analyses): French Authority in charge
of investigations into airline safety.
Beach Marks: Chemical symbol for Beryllium.
Beacon : A device, usually based on the ground, that aids in
determining position or direction;
Beacon : See Heliport Beacon
Bead: Bead is a part of any tire which is shaped to fit in the rim, It is
of steel wires wrapped and reinforced by the plies of the tires.
Bead: The section of the tyre that sits on the wheel. Inside, there is a
round hoop of steel wires, wrapped or reinforced by body ply cords,
that clamps the tyre firmly against the wheel rim.
Bead: See preferred term surfacing weld.
Bead Chafer: A key component of the tyre that is the contact point
between the tyre and the wheel, designed to withstand the forces
that the wheel puts on the tyre during mounting as well as the
dynamic forces of driving and braking.
Bead Filler: Responsible for transferring propulsion and braking
torque from the wheel rim to the road surface contact area.
Bead Tension Structure: Two sidewall plies wrapped around each
bead wire in opposite directions providing lateral stability but also
flex to absorb road irregularities.
Bead Weld: Macroscopic progression marks on a fatigue fracture or
stress-corrosion cracking surface that indicate successive positions
of the advancing crack front. The classic appearance is of irregular
elliptical or semielliplical rings radiating outward from one or more
origins. Beach marks (also known as clamshell marks or arrest
marks) are typically found on service fractures where the part is
loaded randomly, intermittently, or with periodic variations in mean
stress or alternating stress. See also striation.
Beaded Flange: 1. Half-round cavity in a mold, or half-round
projection or molding on a casting, 2. A single deposit of weld metal
produced by fusion.
Beading: A flange reinforced by a low ridge, used mostly around a
hole.
Beading: Raising a ridge on sheet metal.
Beam: Capability of a gear tooth to withstand repeated bending that
occurs whenever it is under load.
Beam And Sling: Tackle used in conjunction with a crane for turning
over the cope or drag of a mold prior to assembly.
Beam Diameter: Raising a ridge or projection on sheet metal.
Beam Divergence: The portion of the laser beam that contains 86
percent of the energy.
Beam Strength (Gears): The angle away from the source at which
a laser beam increases in diameter; usually measured in
milliradians.
Beam width : The included angel of a weather radar interrogation
signal.
Beamwidth: The measure of the 'width' of an antenna pattern,
measured in degrees of arc. Generally an antenna with low gain has
a wide pattern, receiving signals well from a number of different
directions.
Bearing: An antifriction bearing which is provided with seals and a
high-stability oxidation-resistant grease to permit operation of the
bearing without relubrication for not less than the specified B-10 life.
Bearing: The combination of antenna azimuth and elevation
required to point (aim) an antenna at a spacecraft. The bearing for
geostationary (i.e., GOES) satellites is constant. The bearing for
polar-orbiting satellites varies continuously.
Bearing (brg). : Direction on a compass; Synonyms: direction;
Symbols: B; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Bearing Bush: Bearing Bushes support a cylindrical shaft in a
housing. They permit axial rotation while constraining lateral motion.
The simplest bearing bushing is a cylindrical sleeve. The inner
surface of the bearing bushing is in sliding contact relative to the
outer surface of the shaft. Bearing bushings can incorporate low
friction materials and coatings, as well as lubrication, to reduce
friction, improve efficiency and extend service life.
Bearing Chock: An important member of the structural steel family.
There are three varieties — the standard H, I, and the wide flange
used for the weight supporting purposes.
Bearing Crush: The housing that provides the mounting surfaces
for the rolling bearings that support the roll shaft.
Bearing Guides: A bearing guide is a mechanical device used to
provide a smooth, controlled surface to guide the movement of
another component such as a tool bit. The guide is often a set of
concentric cylindrical shells with ball or roller element bearings
between the two surfaces. An example of a bearing guide is the
small guide often used with router bits in woodworking.
Bearing Housings: A Bearing Housing is a structural component
designed to support a bearing. Bearing housings typically feature a
recess designed for a close tolerance or press fit of the bearing. A
common type of bearing housing is referred to as a pillow block. This
is used to mount a bearing offset to a structural support, such as a
beam.
Bearing Life: The height by which half of the bearing exceeds the
half diameter of the bore into which it is assembled.
Bearing Load: The L-10 life of an antifriction bearing is the minimum
expected life, hours, of 90% of a group of bearings which are
operating — at a given speed and loading. The average expected
life of the bearings is approximately five times the L-10 life.
Bearing Load: A compressive load supported by a member, usually
a tube or collar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet,
axle, or shaft.
Bearing Quality: A compressive load supported by a member,
usually a tube or collar, along a line where contact is made with a
pin, rivet, axle or shaft.
Bearing Slide: Bearing slides are mechanical devices used to
enable and restrict the linear translation of an object. The slide
mechanism uses bearings, typically ball bearings or roller element
bearings, to allow a smooth, low friction translation. A common
example of bearing slides are the sliding mechanisms used on
cabinet drawers.
Bearing Strength: Alloy steels intended for antifriction bearing
components, generally produced with chemistry ranges, which are
designed for case-hardening. Test requirements include inclusion
ratings, decarb, hardness, and macroetch.
Bearing Strength: The maximum bearing load at failure divided by
the effective bearing area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the iffective
area is calculated as the product of the diameter of the hole and the
thickness of the bearing member.
Bearing Stress: The maximum bearing load at failure divided by the
effective bearing area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the effective area
is calculated as the product of the diameter of the hole and the
thickness of the bearing member.
Bearing Test: The shear load on a mechanical joint (such as a
pinned or riveted joint) divided by the effective bearing area. The
effective bearing area of a riveted joint, for example, is the sum of
the diameters of all rivets times the thickness of the loaded member.
Bearing, air: A bearing using air as a lubricant.
Bearing, aligning: A bearing with an external spherical seat surface
that provides a compensation for shaft or housing deflection or
misalignment.
Bearing, annular: Usually a rolling bearing of short cylindrical form
supporting a shaft carrying a radial load.
Bearing, anti-friction : A bearing containing a solid lubricant.
Bearing, axial load: (see bearing, thrust)
Bearing, babbitt : A bearing metal of non-ferrous material,
containing several tin-based alloys, mainly copper, antimony, tin and
lead.
Bearing, ball: A rolling element bearing in which the rolling elements
are spherical.
Bearing, big end: A bearing at the larger (crankshaft) end of a
connecting rod in an engine.
Bearing, bimetal: A bearing consisting of two layers.
Bearing, bottom end : (see bearing, big end)
Bearing, bush: A plain bearing in which the lining is closely fitted
into the housing in the form of a bush, usually surfaced with a
bearing alloy.
Bearing, circular step: A flat circular hydrostatic bearing with a
central circular recess.
Bearing, fixed pad : An axial or radial load bearing equipped with
fixed pads, the surface of which a are contoured to promote
hydrodynamic lubrication.
Bearing, floating: A bearing designed or mounted to permit axial
displacement between shaft and housing.
Bearing, floating ring : A type of journal bearing that includes a thin
ring between the journal and the bearing. The ring floats and rotates
at a fraction of the journal rotational speed.
Bearing, fluid: (see hydrostatic bearing)
Bearing, full journal : A journal bearing that surrounds the journal
by a full 360°.
Bearing, gas: A journal or thrust bearing lubricated with gas.
Bearing, half journal : A bearing extending 180° around a journal.
Bearing, journal: A machine part in which a rotating shaft revolves
or slides.
Bearing, kingsbury trust : The predominant thrust bearing used in
hydroelectric generators is the Kingsbury thrust bearing. It consist of
a annular arrangement of babbit covered, pie shaped, stationary,
shoes. The shoes form a circle around the rotating shaft. A
cylindrical thrust block with a highly polished end is pressed onto the
shaft and held to the shaft with half moon collars. The polished end
of the shaft rests on the surfaces of the babbitted, stationary shoes.
The shoes are mounted on spherical studs that allows them to tilt. As
the hydraulic turbine spins the shaft, the collar turns on the shoes.
Bearing, Lifetime Lubricated: A method of determining the
response to stress (load) of sheet products that are subjected to
riveting, bolting or a similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the
test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to
measure the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole
created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that pierces the
sheet perpendicular to the surface.
Bearing, magnetic : A type of bearing in which the force that
separates the relatively moving surfaces is produced be a magnetic
field.
Bearing, main : A bearing supporting the main power-transmitting
shaft.
Bearing, mitchell: (see tilting pad bearing).
Bearing, needle : A bearing in which the relatively moving parts are
separated by long thin rollers that have a length-to-diameter ratio
exceeding 5.0.
Bearing, noncontact -: A bearing in which no solid contact occurs
between relatively moving surfaces.
Bearing, pedestal: A bearing that is supported on a column or
pedestal rather than on the main body of the machine.
Bearing, pivot: An axial load bearing, radial-load-type bearing which
supports the end of a shaft or pivot.
Bearing, porous : Made from porous material, such as compressed
metal powders, the pores acting either as reservoirs for holding or
passages for supplied lubricant.
Bearing, roller: A bearing in which the relatively moving parts are
separated by rollers.
Bearing, rubbing : A bearing in which the relatively moving parts
slide without deliberate lubrication.
Bearing, self-aligning: A roller-element bearing with one spherical
raceway that automatically provides compensation for shaft or
housing deflection or misalignment.
Bearing, self-lubricating : A bearing independent of external
lubrication. These bearings may be sealed for life after packing with
grease or may contain self-lubricating material.
Bearing, sleeve : A cylindrical plain bearing used to provide radial
location for a shat, which moves axially. Sleeve bearings consist of
one or more layers of bearing alloys, bonded to a steel backing.
Bearing, slide: A bearing used or positioning a slide or for axial
alignment of a long rotating shaft.
Bearing, step : A plane surface bearing that supports the lower end
of a vertical shaft.
Bearing, thrust: A bearing in which the load acts in the direction of
the axis of rotation.
Bearing, tilting pad : A pad bearing in which the pads are free to
take up a position at an angle to the opposing surface according to
the hydrodynamic pressure distribution over its surface.
Bearing, trunnion: A bearing used as a pivot to swivel or turn an
assembly.
Bec battery eliminating circuits : The purpose of the BEC which is
built into the ESC is to power the radio and the servos
Bed: A mass of ion-exchange resin particles contained in a column.
Bed: Method whereby drag may be rammed in the pit or flask
without necessity of rolling over. Process used in production of heavy
castings.
Bed: One of the principal parts of a machine tool having accurately
machined ways or bearing surfaces for supporting and aligning other
parts of the machine. Stationary platen of a press to which the lower
die assembly is attached.
Bed depth : The height of the resinous material in the column after
the ion exchanger has been properly conditioned for effective
operation.
Bed dimensions: The physical dimensions of a trucks bed,
consisting of width, height and depth.
Bed expansion : The effect produced during backwashing when the
resin particles become separated and rise in the column. The
expansion of the bed due to the increase in the space between resin
particles may be controlled by regulating backwash flow (typical with
water treatment).
Bed extender: A device that may be added to a pickup truck's bed
when the tailgate is open, that sits on top of the tailgate, and that
forms an enclosure that permits items that extend past the bed and
onto the tailgate to be carried without risk of falling out.
Bed features: Factory-installed, optional accessories that add
functionality or longevity to a trucks bed, such as a bed extender,
tonneau cover or bed liner, that are typically available on trucks and
SUVs.
Bed In: Method whereby drag may be rammed in the pit or flask
without necessity of rolling over. Process used in production of heavy
castings.
Bed length measurement: The inside length of a pickup truck's
cargo box or "bed," measured from the front wall to the face of the
closed tailgate.
Bed liner: A heavy-duty plastic liner or spray-on coating that
protects the inner painted surface of a pickup truck's cargo box.
Bed type: Type of truck bed: long, short, flare-side, step-side, dually
and flat beds for trucks, and dump beds and tanks for SUVs.
Bedding: Resting an irregularly shaped core on a bed of sand for
drying.
Bedding: Sinking a pattern down into the sand to the desired
position and ramming the sand around it.
Bedding a Core: One of the principle parts of a machine tool having
accurately machined ways or bearing surfaces for supporting and
aligning other parts of the machine. Stationary platen of a press to
which the lower die assembly is attached.
Bedding A Core: Resting an irregularly shaped core on a bed of
sand for drying.
Bed-In: Machine element designed to support or position loads and,
properly lubricated, to reduce friction between them. There are two
basic designs, rolling element bearings and plain (sliding) types.
Bef : Before
Beilby Layer: Sinking a pattern down into the sand to the desired
position and ramming the sand around it.
Bell & hiller: A control system commonly used for r/c helicopters
that allow the pitch of the blades to change depending on where they
are in their rotation with the aid of paddles to take a substantial load
off the control system. Bell is the control system that involves the
swash plate and linkages to adjust the pitch and Hiller is the part that
uses a fly bar or paddle to make the cyclic more responsive.
Bell housing: Bell housing is a circular tube between crankcase and
gearbox containing the flywheel and clutch or torque converter in
case of automatic transmission system.
Bell housing : Bell-shape housing attached between the engine and
the transmission.
Bell Mouth: A layer of metal disturbed by mechanical working, wear
or mechanical polishing presumed to be without regular crystalline
structure (amorphous); originally applied to grain boundaries.
Bell Mouth: The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually
made at the entrance end because of misalignment or spring of the
cutting tool.
Bell helicopter : A U.S.-based helicopter manufacturer, a division of
Textron (Bell Helicopter Textron).
Bellcrank: the primary component of a two-wire control system,
Bellcrank: the primary component of a two-wire control
systemCONTROL LINES one, two, or three lines of stranded wire or
solid stainless steel that are connected between the Control Handle
and a Control Line model.
Bellows seal : A type of mechanical seal that utilizes a bellows for
providing secondary sealing.
Bellows : Corrugated cylindrical container which moves as
pressures change, or provides a seal during movement of parts.
Belly Roll: The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually made
at the entrance end because of misalignment or spring of the cutting
tool.
Belly Roll: Roll used on the line to steady plate.
Belt: Belt is a piece of rubber used for transfer power one pulley to
another pulley.
Belt: A rubber-coated layer of cords that is located between the
body plies and the tread. Cords are most commonly made from steel
but may also be made from fibre-glass, rayon, nylon, polyester or
other fabrics.
Belt Conveyors: A belt conveyor is a common way to transport
material in a factory or industrial environment. A wide belt is
stretched between two or more pulleys and serves as the conveying
surface. Rotational movement of the pulleys creates linear belt
movement. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley, while the
unpowered pulleys are known as idlers.
Belt drive: Belt drive transmitted the power by moventment of
countinusely flexible belt.
Belt Driven Actuation: Belt driven actuation describes the use of a
linear actuator driven by a belt. The use of belt allows for equal force
applied in both the push and pull directions. The belt is driven by
servo or stepper motors to enable small, precise movement of the
belt and actuator.
Belt Furnace: Roll used on the line to steady plate.
Belt Ground: A continuous-type furnace that uses a mesh·type or
cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace.
Belt Scrapers: A belt scraper is a component used in conveyor belt
systems to clean or remove material from the conveyor belt. Belt
scraper blades are often rubber in order to avoid damaging the belt
and replaced when they are no longer scraping the belt properly.
Belt tension: While Belt rotates with pulley then tensile force acts on
belt That the belt tension.
Belt tension adjuster: This is kind of lever by which distance
between pullies can be increased and decreased, By this we also
adjust tension on belt.
Belt tensionar: A device is used applies a force to maintain tension
and to create tension,
Belt Tensioning Winches: A Belt Tensioning Winch is used to
maintain proper tension on a conveyor system in response to
variable loading. They adjust belt tension by repositioning an idler
pulley relative to the drive pulley using a winching system.
Belt Wrapper: A dull surface achieved by mechanically scratching
the surface with abrasives.
Belt Wrapper: Line equipment used in the Tin Mill for starting coils
on prime or reject reels. The belt wrapper ensures a proper start.
Beltline: Belt line is the way in which it roles.
Beltline: The horizontal line defined by the lower edges of a vehicles
windscreen, rear and side windows and pillars.
Bench Blower: A small core blowing machine, utilizing a removable
sand magazine and blow heat.
Bench Grinder: Line equipment used in the tin mill for starting coils
on prime or reject reels. The belt wrapper ensures a proper start.
Bench Grinder: A small grinding machine for shaping and
sharpening the cutting edges of tools.
Bench Lathe: A small grinding machine for shaping and sharpening
the cutting edges of tools.
Bench Molding: A small lathe mounted on a bench or table.
Bench Rammer: Casting sand molds by hand tamping loose or
production patterns at a bench without the assistance of air or
hydraulic action.
Bench Rammer: A short rammer used by bench molders.
Bench Test: A short rammer used by bench molders.
Bench Work: Work done primarily at a bench with hand tools.
Occasionlly suplemented by small power driven tools.
Bench-Blower: A modified service test in which the service
conditions are approximated in the laboratory.
Benchwork: A small core-blowing machine, utilizing a removable
sand magazine and blow heat.
Bend Allowance: Work done primarily at a bench with hand tools.
Occasionally supplemented by small power-driven tools.
Bend Die: The length of the arc of the neutral axis between the
tangent points of a bend.
Bend or Twist (Defect): A wheel-shaped die with a groove in the
outer circumference that conforms to half the pipe circumference. It
will most often have a straight section used as half of the clamp set
for holding the pipe against the die. This type of die is used in rotary
draw or compression bending to generate the bend radius.
Bend radius: Distortion similar to warpage generally caused during
forging or trimming operations. When the distortion is along the
length of the part, it is termed bend; when across the width, it is
termed twist. When bend or twist exceeds tolerance, it is considered
a defect. Corrective action consists of hand straightening, machine
straightening or cold restriking.
Bend Radius: The inside radius of a bent section,
Bend radius: The radius of the bent section of the hose measured
to the innermost surface of the curved portion. Referred as minimum
bend radius.
Bend Tangent: The inside radius of a bent section.
Bend Test: Various tests which is used to ascertain the toughness
and ductility of a metal product, in which the material is bent around
its axis and/ or around an outside radius. A complete test might
specify such a bend to be both with and against the direction of
grain. For testing, samples should be edge filed to remove burrs and
any edgewise cracks resulting from slitting or shearing. If a vice is to
be employed, then you must line the jaws with some soft metal, to
permit a flow of the metal in the piece being tested.
Bend Tests: A tangent point at which a bending arc ceases or
changes.
Bending: flexure is called bending
Bending: Upper limit of normal stress of a beam at which fracture or
excessive plastic deformation occurs.
Bending Angle: Various tests used to assess the ductility of steel
when subjected to bending. Tests may include determination of the
minimum radius or diameter required to make a satisfactory bend
and the number of repeated bends that the material can withstand
without failure when it is bent through a given angle and over a
definite radius.
Bending Angle: A 'V shaped' piece of angle iron attached to the
rear of the coil car in the Strip Steel, which is used to help the
operator put bends into the front end of a coil.
Bending Brake: A 'v-shaped' piece of angle iron attached to the rear
of the coil car in the strip steel, which is used to help the operator put
bends into the front-end of a coil.
Bending Dies: A form of open-frame single-action press that is
comparatively wide between the housings, with a bed designed for
holding long, narrow forming edges or dies. Used for bending and
forming strip, plate and sheet (into boxes, panels, roof decks and so
on). Also known as press brake.
Bending moment: The algebraic sum of the couples or the
moments of the external forces, or both, to the left or right of any
section on a member subjected to bending by couples or transverse
forces, or both.
Bending Rolls: Dies used in presses for bending sheet metal or
wire parts into various shapes. The work is done by the punch
pushing the stock into cavities or depressions of similar shape in the
die or by auxiliary attachments operated by the descending punch.
Bending Strength: Various types of machinery equipped with two or
more rolls to form curved sheet and sections.
Bending Strength: Upper limit of normal stress of a beam at which
fracture or excessive plastic deformation occurs.
Bendix drive: A bendix drive is a mechanism used in starter motors
of internal combustion engines.
Bendix : Avionics mfgr.
Beneficiation: A preliminary forging operation to give the piece
approximately the correct shape for subsequent forming.
Bent Axis Pumps: In this pump, the pistons are at an angle to the
drive shaft and Thrust Plate. The piston block shaft is connected to
the drive shaft by a universal joint, not shown. The drive shaft, thrust
plate, piston block shaft, and piston block all revolve.
Benthic organism (benthos): A form of aquatic plant or animal life
that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, or ocean.
Benthic region: The bottom layer of a body of water.
Bentonite: A colloidal clay derived from volcanic ash and employed
as a binder in connection with synthetic sands, or added to ordinary
natural (clay bonded) sands where extra strength is required.
Bentonite Thickener: Concentration or other preparation of ore for
smelting.
Benzene: (C6H6) An aromatic hydrocarbon which is a colourless,
volatile, flammable liquid. It is present in small proportion in some
crude oil and made commercially from petroleum by the catalytic
reforming of naphthenic in petroleum. Also made from coal in the
manufacture of coke. Used as a solvent in the manufacture of
detergents, synthetic fibres, petrochemicals, and as a component of
high-octane gasoline.
Benzene: Clay, composed mainly of silicon dioxide and aluminum
oxide, used to thicken greases. Such greases have no dropping
points because the bentonite does not melt.
Berm: A platform of wave-deposited sediment that is flat or slopes
slightly landward.
Berm heliport : See mound heliport.
Bernoulli, daniel: Daniel Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician. He
was born on February 8, 1700 in Groningen, Netherlands. As a
university student he studied philosophy and logic. His favorite
subjects were mathematics and mechanics. From 1725 to 1733 he
worked as a mathematician with his brother, Nikolaus, at the St.
Petersburg Academy of Sciences in Russia. He then worked as a
professor at the University of Basel in Switzerland until his death on
March 17, 1782.
Bernoulli's principle: Daniel Bernoulli explained that the
faster molecules within a fluid move, the less pressure they exert on
objects around them. This applies to all fluids, including water, air
and gases. For example, the water in a pond will exert
morepressure on the pond's bottom than a flowing stream with the
same amount of water will exert on the streambed.
Bernoulli's theorem: In stream of liquid, the sum of elevation head,
pressure head and velocity remains constant along any line of flow
provided no work is done by or upon liquid in course of its flow, and
decreases in proportion to energy lost in flow.
Bernoulli's Theorem: The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (C6H6)
used in petrochemical processes and as a solvent. It must be used
with caution because of its toxicity. For safety considerations,
laboratories have substituted other solvents like toluene in its place.
Beryllium Copper: Theory developed by Daniel Bernoulli, 18th
century Swiss scientist, one implication of which is that any rise in
hydraulic fluid velocity is accompanied by a drop in static pressure
and vice versa.
Beryllium Copper: An alloy of copper and 2 3% beryllium with
optionally fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this
series show remarkable age hardening properties and an ultimate
hardness of about 400 Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such
hardness and good electrical conductivity, beryllium copper is used
in electrical switches, springs, etc.
Bessel 1841 : A standard model for computing earth data
Bessemer Process: An alloy of copper and 2-3% beryllium with
optionally fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this
series show remarkable age-hardening properties and an ultimate
hardness of about 400 Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such
hardness and good electrical conductivity, beryllium-copper is used
in electrical switches, springs, etc.
Bessemer Process: A process for making steel by blowing air
through molten pig iron contained in a refractory lined vessel so that
the impurities are thus removed by oxidation.
Beta: A steelmaking process in which air is blown through the
molten iron so that the impurities are thus removed by oxidation. Sir
Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) was an English inventor who patented
the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of
steel from molten pig iron.
Beta Ratio: The amount, expressed as a ratio, of particles in a fluid
stream upstream of a filter, after the fluid posses through a filter,
divided by the amount of particles downstream, for a particular size
particle.
Beta ratio ( ): The amount, expressed as a ratio, of particles in a
fluid stream upstream of a filter, divided by the amount of particles
downstream, for a particular size particle. See PARTICLE COUNT.
Bevel: Gears, conical in form, that operate on intersecting axes,
usually at right angles.
Bevel Gear Unit: A Bevel Gear Unit transfers input shaft rotation to
an output shaft oriented at an angle to the input, typically 90
degrees. Power transfer is accomplished by bevel gears inside a
gear box.
Bevel Geared Motors: A Beveled Geared Motor refers to an electric
motor where the output shaft is oriented 90 degrees to the motor
shaft. This is accomplished with the use of bevel gears for power
transfer. They are used in applications where space limitations
prevent the use of an inline motor shaft.
Bevel Gears: In titanium, this body-centered cubic crystal structure
exists at higher temperatures.
Bevel Helical Gearbox: Bevel helical gearboxes are most often
found in the power transmission industry. In this gearbox, the face of
the gear on which the teeth sit is conical and the two axes of rotation
intersect. The gear teeth are also not aligned with the axis of
rotation, tracing a helical path. As a result of these two
characteristics, the bevel helical gearbox allows the gears to mesh
even when the shafts are not aligned. The shaft angle at which the
gears can operate depends on the bevel and gear tooth angles.
Bevel Helical Gearmotors: A Bevel Helical Gearmotor is an
integrated motor and gearbox that can outputs rotation at an angle to
the rotation of the motor shaft. Power is transmitted via a set of
helical bevel gears, which makes these motors quieter in operation
than a similar motor with straight bevel gearing.
Beverage cooler: A refrigerated storage area intended to cool
beverages using a vehicles air conditioning system or a separate
phase-cooling system.
BFR : Biennial Flight Review (USA)
BFU : Bìro fìr Flugunfalluntersuchungen
Bharat stage: Bharat stage emission standards which are emission
standards instituted by the government of India to regulate the output
of air pollution from standards and the timeline for implementation
are set by the central pollution control board under the ministry of
Environment & Forests and climate change.
BHN: Angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of tube
and a plane perpendicular to the surface. Standard pipe bevel is
30°.
BHN: Brinell Hardness Number
BHP: Brake horse power
BI: Also By-coil. Tin mill term. Customers buy "by coil" or "bi-coil"
rather than cut sheets.
Bi: Chemical symbol for Bismuth
Bi Coil: Also BY COIL. Tin Mill term. Customers buy by coil or bi coil
rather than cut sheets.
BIAS : An offset applied to a measurement for error correction;
Synonyms: offset
Bias-Ply: A type of tyre with crossed layers of ply cord running
diagonally to the centre line of the tread.
Biaxial Stress: Chemical symbol for Bismuth.
Bicarbonate: An ion or salt of carbonic acid, containing hydrogen,
carbon, and oxygen (HC03), such as sodium bicarbonate, NaHC03.
Bicarbonate alkalinity : The presence in a solution of hydroxyl
(OH-) ions resulting from the hydrolysis of carbonates or
bicarbonates. When these salts react with water, a strong base and
a weak acid are produced, and the solution is alkaline.
Bi-Coil: Brinell hardness number, measurement of material
hardness.
BIE: See Brakes in Emergency
Bifluoride Feeder: A state of stress in which only one of the
principal stresses is zero, the other two usually being in tension.
Bifluoride Feeder: A machine in the Tin Mill that automatically puts
bifluoride into the plater bath.
Big bang theory: The theory that the universe was once clustered
and at the 'beginning' it exploded out, as shown by the fact that
objects are still moving out from the center.
Big ben : North Sea patrols undertaken by Bomber Command to try
to detect the guidance system of the German V2 rockets.
Big Winch: A machine in the tin mill that automatically puts
bifluoride into the plater bath.
Big Winch: The tool used to spot (or position) the rail cars for
unloading. It is located on the north end of the unloading area.
Big wing : A plan espoused by DRS Bader during the Battle of
Britain. A tactic to use five or more fighter squadrons together. The
plan was not workable until after the Battle but its proposal was
divisive and damaging to the unity of Fighter Command.
Bi-level purge valve: In an evaporative emissions system, a valve
that limits the flow of vapor from the charcoal canister to the intake
during idling.
Bill of Lading: The tool used to spot (or position) the rail cars for
unloading. It is located on the north end of the unloading area.
Billet: This is a document used in seaborne trading to indicate the
ownership, quantity, condition and destination of goods, and to act
as a receipt for them. A bill of lading (B/L) is issued by the carrier
(ship's master or ship's owner's office) to the owner or person
organizing the movement of the goods (the shipper), and provides
proof that they have been loaded. The value of a B/L as a statement
of condition is more debatable, for the reality and economics of
loading a vessel may make it impractical for a carrier to verify the
precise condition of every item of cargo – if for no other reason than
packaging may prevent this. However, if on arrival the quantity
and/or condition of the goods is not as stated on the B/L, it is the
carrier who is liable for any discrepancy, even though the bill may
have been prepared by the shipper. Normally, the recipient of the
goods has to show the B/L to take delivery at the destination.
Billet: A compressed cylinder of Fluropolymer resin from which raw
tubing is extruded. Or a solid piece of material from which a fitting is
manufactured.
Billet Container: The part of the extrusion press into which the billet
to be extruded is placed.
Bimetal: A semi-finished steel product with a square cross-section
up to 150 mm x 150 mm. This product is either rolled or continuously
cast and is further processed by rolling to produce finished long
products. The range of semi-finished products above 150 mm x 150
mm are called blooms.
Bimetal Circuit Breaker: A Bimetal Circuit Breaker is a circuit
protection device that is appropriate for low voltage applications. The
active element of the breaker is a strip of 2 different metals bonded
together, known as a bimetal strip. Under normal operation, the strip
spans a distance between two contactors, completing the circuit.
When the circuit is thermally overloaded, the strip bends as a result
of the difference in the linear thermal expansion coefficients between
the two metals in the bimetal strip. When this happens, contact is
broken and the circuit is open, preventing damage to the circuit.
Bimetal strip : Temperature regulating or indicating device which
works on principle that two dissimilar metals with unequal expansion
rates, welded together, will bend as temperatures change.
Bimetallic couple : A joint or union of two dissimilar metals.
Bin Vibrators: A Bin Vibrator is a device that is used to apply a
controlled vibration to a bin, hopper, chute, or other similar bulk
material transfer system. The vibration breaks the friction between
granules and also prevents the material from sticking to the walls of
the bin. This prevents blockages and allows material to flow more
freely through the bin.
Bin Weighing Systems: A Bin Weighing System is any system
used to accurately measure weight of bulk materials. Typically, bin
weighing systems are non-contact and can be mounted to an
existing hopper or bin. This makes them adaptable to a wide variety
of industrial situations.
Binary Alloy: Casting, usually centrifugal, made of two different
metals, fused together.
Binary Alloy: An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor
impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc.
Binary number system: A number system used in digital equipment
that has a base of 2. The digits 0 and 1 are the only digits used in
forming numbers in this system
Binary star: Two stars revolving around a common center of
gravity.
Binary System: An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor
impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc.
Binder: A metal used as a binder. An example would be cobalt in
cemented carbides.
Binder Metal: The complete series of compositions produced by
mixing a pair of components in all proportions.
Binding : What occurs when the friction at a joint is stronger than
the linkage.
Binding : Electronically connecting a 2.4 transmitter to a 2.4
receiver
Binding : Mechanical When a servo motor or control rod is stalled or
moves poorly due to mechanical tensions.
Bind-n-fly (bnf): a trademark name for a range of Horizon
Hobby distributed aircraft (namely ParkZone & E-flite) whereby the
model is sold in RTF form but lacks the transmitter.
Bioassay: A measurement of the effects of a substance on living
organisms.
Biocide: A chemical used to control the population of troublesome
microbes.
Biocide: A substance added to a granular material to give it
workability and green or dry strength.
Biodegradable: An additive used in lubricants. The additive kills
bacteria that grows on oil products found in recirculated lubricant
systems.
Biodegradation: Decomposition of material by microorganisms.
Biodiesel blend: Also referred to as "biodiesel." A fuel that is a
mixture of petroleum-based diesel and plant-based diesel.
Biodiversity: The totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a
region or the world.
Biogenic: Produced by natural processes. Usually used in the
context of emissions that are produced by plants and animals.
Biogeochemical cycle: The chemical interactions among the
atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Biogeochemical cycles: Movements through the Earth system of
key chemical constituents essential to life, such as carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, and phosphorus.
Biological productivity: The amount of organic matter, carbon, or
energy content that is accumulated during a given time period.
Biomass: Capable of decaying through the action of living
organisms.
Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin. For
example, trees and plants are biomass.
Biomass: The total dry organic matter or stored energy content of
living organisms that is present at a specific time in a defined unit
(community, ecosystem, crop, etc.) of the Earth's surface.
Biome: Well-defined terrestrial environment (e.g., desert, tundra, or
tropical forest). The complex of living organisms found in an
ecological region.
Bioreductant: Renewable energy source. Biomass is biological
material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most
often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically
called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can
either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly
after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
Biosphere: Part of the Earth system in which life can exist, between
the outer portion of the geosphere and the inner portion of the
atmosphere.
Biota: The plant and animal life of a region or area.
Biota: The animal and plant (fauna and flora) life of a given area.
Biotoxic: A terminology that defines charcoal role as power fuel and
iron reductant in steelmaking operations. The charcoal from planted
forests is a natural renewable resource: a ton of pig iron produced
from this raw material prevents the emission of three tons of CO2, as
compared to the same volume produced with metallurgic coke.
Biplane: A fixed-wing aircraft with two sets of wings mounted,
generally, one above the other.
Biplane: An airplane with two sets of wings. The first airplane ever
built had two sets of wings, one on top of the other.
Bipolar Electrode: Toxic to the environment.
Bipolar Field: An electrode in an electrolytic cell that is not
mechanically connected to the power supply, but is so placed in the
electrolyte, between the anode and cathode, that the part nearer the
anode becomes cathodic and the part nearer the cathodic becomes
anodic. Also called intermediate electrode.
Bi-propellant: A rocket propellant consisting of two unmixed or
uncombined chemicals (fuel and oxidizer) fed separately into the
combustion chamber.
Bis: British Interplanetary Society.
BIS : Built-in simulation
Bismuth: A longitudinal magnetic field that creates two magnetic
poles within a piece of material. Compare with circular field.
Bismuth: Chemical symbol Bi. A soft, course cystalline heavy metal
with a silvery white color and pinkish tinge; usually produced as a by
product of copper,leaad and other metals. Has a thermal conductivity
lower than all other metals except mercury. Used as alloying agent
but leading use is in pharmaceuticals.
Bit: A basic unit of computer information; abbreviation of binary
digit.
Bit, Tool (Cutter): Chemical symbol Bi. A soft, coarse crystalline
heavy metal with a silvery white color and pinkish tinge; usually
produced as a byproduct of copper, lead and other metals. Has a
thermal conductivity lower than all other metals except mercury.
Used as an alloying agent, but leading use is in pharmaceuticals.
Bit, Tool (Cutter): A hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped
accordidng to the operation to be performed and the material to be
machined.
Bite Angle: A hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped according
to the operation to be performed and the material to be machined.
Bite : Built-in test equipment.
Bitumen: Dark, naturally occurring solid or semisolid substances
composed mainly of a mixture of hydrocarbons with little oxygen,
nitrogen, or sulfur.
Black Annealing: The point at which the steel touches the pass.
Black Annealing: A process of box annealing or pot annealing
ferrous alloy sheet, strip or wire after hot working and pickling.
Black box: Black box is an electronic device used to record data on
the flight and cockpit conversations, which is subsequently analyzed
to determine the causes of an incident or accident.
Black hole: An object whose gravity is so strong that the escape
velocity exceeds the speed of light.
Black Iron: A process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous
alloy sheet, strip or wire after hot working and pickling.
Black Iron: Uncoated steel product.
Black liquor : The liquid material remaining from pulpwood cooking
in the soda or sulfate papermaking process.
Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel Strip (Scaleless
Blue): Uncoated steel product.
Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel Strip (Scaleless Blue): A flat
cold rolled usually .70/.80 medium high carbon steel strip, blue black
in color, which has been quenched in oil and drawn to desired
hardness. While it looks and acts much like blue tempered spring
steel and carries a Rockwell hardness of C44/47, it has not been
polished and is lower in carbon content. Used for less exacting
requirements than clock spring steel, such as snaps, lock springs,
hold down springs, trap springs, etc. It will take a more severe bend
before fracture than will clock spring, but it does not have the same
degree of spring back.
Black Oils: A flat cold rolled, usually 0.70/0.80 medium high carbon
steel strip, blue-black in color, which has been quenched in oil and
drawn to desired hardness. While it looks and acts much like blue
tempered spring steel and carries a Rockwell hardness of C44/47, it
has not been polished and is lower in carbon content. Used for less
exacting requirements than clock spring steel, such as snaps, lock
springs, hold down springs, trap springs, etc. It will take a more
severe bend before fracture than a clock spring, but it does not have
the same degree of spring-back.
Black Oxide: Dark-colored lubricants containing asphaltic materials,
with medium flash points and medium to high viscosity, used in
heavy-duty applications requiring adhesiveness under exposed
conditions.
Black Oxide: A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in
hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions.
Black Plate: A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in
hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions.
Black Plate: A light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so
called because of its dark oxide coloring prior to pickling. It is
manufactured by two different processes. (1) Form sheet bar on
single stand sheet mills or sheet mills in tandem. This method is now
almost obsolete. (2) On modern, high speed continuous tandem cold
reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pickled wide strip into ribbon
wound coils to finished gage. Sizes range from 12 to 32 in width, and
in thicknesses from 55 lbs. to 275 lbs. base box weight. It is used
either as is for stampings, or may be enameled or painted or tin or
terne coated.
Black powder: A mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and
charcoal, used in explosives and as an early propellant for rockets.
Black thursday : August 15th 1940. The day on which the Luftwaffe
took at least 90 losses.
Blackbody: An ideal emitter which radiates energy at the maximum
possible rate per unit area at each wavelength for any given
temperature. A blackbody also absorbs all the radiant energy
incident on it; i.e., no energy is reflected or transmitted.
Blackening Scab: 1. Any steel that has not been coated — usually
has gone through Tandem mill (cold rolled). Also defines a product,
uncoated material in tin plate gauges. 2. 128 lb. (0.0141 in) and
lighter tin mill product which has not received any additional metallic
coating during production. 3. A low carbon cold reduced steel
intended for use in the uncoated state or for coating with tin and
chromium.
Blackening Scab: A form of casting defect related to an improper
coating rather than to the sand.
Blackhawk : Any of several versions of the Sikorsky UH-60 (or S-
60) helicopter - a helicopter used by many U.S. and foreign military
agencies. Variants include the Seahawk, Jayhawk, Firehawk, etc.
Blacking: Irregular-shaped surface cavities in a casting containing
carbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the blacking from the
mold surface.
Blacking Hole: A form of casting defect related to an improper
coating rather than to the sand.
Blacking Hole: Irregular shaped surface cavities in a casting
containing carbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the
blacking from the mold surface.
Blackout (physiological): A temporary loss of vision and/or
consciousness when a person is subjected to high accelerations.
Blackout (radio): A temporary loss of radio communications which
occurs between a spacecraft reentering the atmosphere and ground
stations due to an ionized sheath of plasma which develops around
the vehicle.
Bladder: A separator or diaphragm usually found in a chamber to
facilitate separation of two (2) fluids or gases.
Bladder: A separator or diaphragm, usually found in a chamber to
facilitate separation of two (2) fluids of gases. See ACCUMULATOR.
Blade balancer : Usually called a "prop balancer" for aircraft. Used
to ensure that the propeller and spinner are equally balanced side-
to-side to avoid vibration problems.
Blade clearance (steam turbine): Reaction turbinethe gap between
blade and casing. Impulse turbinethe gap between the stationary
and moving blades.
Bladensburg: Term used to refer to the Bladensburg Metrobus
facility, which serves as a major maintenance/repair, washing, and
storage facility. It is located along Bladensburg Road near New York
Avenue.
Blank: Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing
nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in
place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective
coating to the ferrous alloy.
Blank: Solid metal disk or plate inserted into a line to prevent the
flow of gases or liquids through the line.
Blank Carburizing: Carbonaceous materials, such as graphite or
powdered carbon, usually mixed with a binder and frequently carried
in suspension in water or other liquid used as a thin facing applied to
surfaces of molds or cores to improve casting finish.
Blank Carburizing: Simulating the carburizing operation without
introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert
material in place of the carburizing agent or by applying a suitable
protective coating to the ferrous alloy.
Blank Nitriding: Simulating the carburizing operation without
introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert
material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable
protective coating to the ferrous alloy.
Blankholder: Steel sheet of high dimensional precision, in simple or
complex form, sometimes multi-thickness, constituting principally
automobile body parts.
Blanking: (1) The part of a drawing or forming die that holds the
workpiece against the draw ring to control metal flow. (2) The part of
a drawing or forming die that restrains the movement of the
workpiece to avoid wrinkling or tearing of the metal.
Blast Cleaning (Blasting): An early step in preparing flat-rolled
steel for use by an end-user. A blank is a section of sheet that has
the same outer dimensions as a specified part (such as a car door or
hood) but that has not yet been stamped. Steel processors may offer
blanking for their customers to reduce their labor and transportation
costs; excess steel can be trimmed prior to shipment.
Blast Cleaning (Blasting): A process for cleaning or finishing metal
objects by use of an air jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive
particles (grit, sand, or shot) against the surfaces of the workpiece at
high velocity.
Blast freezer: Low-temperature evaporator which uses a fan to
force air rapidly over the evaporator surface.
Blast Furnace: Measured in terms of tonnes of hot metal produced,
per cubic meter of blast furnace volume, per day (T/cubic met/day).
Blast Furnace Coke: A process for cleaning or finishing metal
objects by use of an air jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive
particles (grit, sand or shot) against the surfaces of the workpiece at
high velocity.
Blast Furnace Gas: By product gas created by the iron making
process which is used as fuel for the boilers.
Blast furnace gas : Is the waste product from furnaces used to
smelt iron ores.
Blast Furnace Productivity: The term is used to refer to such Met
Coke which are used for iron making in BF. BF coke fulfills 3 main
functions in the blast furnace operation: a) It acts as a fuel providing
heat for all reactions, b) it acts as a reductant providing carbon
dioxide gas and carbon for readuction of iron ore, and c) It provides
the required permeability for movement of gases through the bed of
iron ore, coke and limestone inside the blast furnace.
Blast Gate Valve: Blast gate valves are mechanical devices used to
restrict or shut-off the flow of a fluid or gas in a pressurized piping
system. Blast gate valves are commonly used in dust collection
systems to prevent the backflow of dust particles when the vacuum
suction is stopped. Blast gate valves are also found in other high
pressure applications such as furnaces, boilers, and incinerators.
Blasting (Blast Cleaning): A process for cleaning or finishing metal
objects by use of an air blast or centrifugal wheel that throws
abrasive particles against the surface of the work pieces. Small,
irregular particles of steel or iron are used as the abrasive in grit
blasting, and steel or iron balls in shot blasting.
Bleed air: Hot air, at high pressure, taken usually from the bypass
section of a gas turbine engine, for heating, de-icing and other useful
work.
Bleed air : High pressure air ducted from engine to pressurize cabin
and other uses.
Bleed hole: The hole or opening provided in to wheel cylinders of
the hydraulic braking system to escape the trapped air into system.
The process or action of removing air is called brake bleeding.
Bleed Off: To divert a specific, controllable portion of pump delivery
directly to reservoir.
Bleeder: A defect wherein a casting lacks completeness due to
moltn metal draining or leaking out of some part of the mold cavity
after pouraing has stopped.
Bleeder valve : A valve designed to slowly relief a liquid or gas form
system.
Bleeding: Bleeding is a process of brakes, it also known as brake
bleeding. This process removes the trapped air from hydraulics
pipes or from brake lining.
Bleeding: Slowly reducing the pressure of liquid or gas from a
system or cylinder by slightly opening a valve.
Bleeding: The tendency of a liquid component to separate from a
liquid-solid or liquid-semisolid mixture, as oil may separate from a
grease.
Bleeding: Surface exudation
Bleeding (Grease): A furnace used in the integrated metallurgical
process in which iron ore in the form of sinter is melted down under a
hot air flow (enriched with oxygen), using coal in the form of coke as
a heating and reducing agent in the chemical process. As a result, a
liquid hot metal is produced, also called pig iron.
Bleed-off: To divert a specific, controllable portion of pump delivery
directly to reservoir.
Bleedoff rate: The rate at which water is continuously removed from
a system.
Bleedoff : The continuous removal of water from a re-circulating
water system.
Blended Sand: A coating defect consisting of the migration of an
ingredient to the surface of a coating, or a migration, which stains in
an adjacent area. The term blooming is also a form of bleeding —
usually associated with lubricants rather than pigments.
Blending: A mixture of sands of different grain size and clay content
that provides suitable characteristics for foundry use.
Blind Bole: A hole made in a workpiece that does not pass through
it.
Blind Riser: The process of combining fluid and/or solid
components into a finished mixture, particularly with liquid lubricants.
Though compounding is similar, the purpose of compounding is to
obtain properties not usually attainable with blending.
Blind spot: The area behind and to the side of a vehicle that is hard
to see in either the side or rear view mirrors. Read more.
Blind spot detection: An electronic system that warns you when
there are other cars or motorcycles in your blind spot. Read more.
Blister: High-carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought iron.
The bar, originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when
removed from the cementation (carburizing) furnace.
Blister: 1) Coating defect consisting of the formation of bubbles in a
coating, which appear as hemispherical elevations. The blisters are
hollow, and are usually caused by entrapped air or solvent. 2) A
raised spot on the surface on the surface of metal due to expansion
of gas which causes a subsurface metal separation such as
inclusions and small laminations.
Blister: A raised area on the surface or a separation between the
layers of reinforcement creating a void or air-filled space in a
vulcanized article.
Blister Copper: A riser that does not extend through the top of the
mold.
Blister Steel: A partially refined form of copper, having a blistered
surface after smelting due to the gases generated during
solidification.
Blister Steel: High carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought
iron. The bar, originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when
removed from the cementation (carburizing) furnace.
Blitzkrieg : A tactic of aerial artillery in support of fast-moving armor.
The term was inaccurately applied to the bombing of London and
other British cities in 1940-41
Blizzard: A severe weather condition characterized by low
temperatures and strong winds (greater than 35 mph) bearing a
great amount of snow, either falling or blowing. When these
conditions persist after snow has stopped falling, it is called a ground
blizzard.
Block: The part of engine which contains crankshaft, Piston and
cylinders. It is made by cast iron or aluminum and it is the foundation
of entire engine.
Block: A fixed assembly of sheaves, bearings, pins and frame,
located on the trolley cross members, and which supports the load
block and its load by means of the ropes.
Block and Finish: 1. Coating defect consisting of the formation of
bubbles in a coating, which appear as hemispherical elevations. The
blisters are hollow, and are usually caused by entrapped air or
solvent. 2. A raised spot on the surface on the surface of metal due
to expansion of gas which causes a subsurface metal separation
such as inclusions and small laminations.
Block Brazing: The forging operation in which a pan to be forged is
blocked and finished in one heat through the use of tooling having
both a block impression and a finish impression in the same die
block.
Block heater: An electric heater installed into a freeze plug hole in
an engine block that preheats engine coolant in order to help start a
vehicle under extremely cold weather conditions.
Block Off: 1) Wooden separators which are used at both the bottom
of a lift and between IPM's (bundles) of a lift. 2) The act of placing
4x4s between the lifts in the piler's box.
Block time: The time from the moment an aircraft leaves its parking
position (“off-blockstime”) to taxi to the runway for take-off until it
comes to a complete standstill at its final parking position at the
destination airport (“on blocks”).
Block, Load: An obsolete brazing process in which the joint was
heated using hot blocks.
Block, Upper: The assembly of hook, swivel, bearings, sheaves,
pins and frame suspended from the hoisting ropes. In a “short type”
block, the hook and the sheaves are mounted on the same member,
called the swivel. In a “long type” block, the hook and the sheaves
are mounted on separate members. (The supporting member for the
sheaves is called the sheave pin and the supporting member for the
hook is called the trunnion.
Block/Brick Grease: A preliminary forging operation that roughly
distributes metal preparatory for finish.
Blocked Chute Detector: A Blocked Chute Detector is a device that
is used to determine the presence of a blockage and subsequently
issue a stop command to the conveyor system. While simple
systems might use a mechanical flap, sophisticated blocked chute
detectors use microwave transmitters and receivers to detect
blockages via changes absorption and/or reflection of microwaves in
the presence of solids.
Blocker: A forging that approximates the general shape of the final
part with relatively generous finish allowance and radii. Such
forgings are sometimes specified to reduce die costs where only a
small number of forgings are described and the cost of machining
each part to its final shape is not excessive.
Blocker: Preform die or impression, used when part cannot be
made in a single operation.
Blocker Dies: A grease of moderate dropping point, NLGI grade 5
or 6, firm to the touch at normal temperatures, that can be handled in
block or stick form. The penetrating powers of such greases are
measured at 77°F; grade 6 grease has a penetration range of 85–
115.
Blocker-type Forging: Forging dies having generous contours,
large radii, draft angles of 7° or more and liberal finish allowances.
See also finish allowance.
Blocking: Perform die or impression, used when part cannot be
made in a single operation.
Blonde : An automatic camera which provided continuous record of
signals within a specified band, as received by a cathode ray tube.
Bloom: A shear used to cut a rolled ingot into shorter bloom lengths
or to cut off the ends of a bloom.
Bloom: (1) Ancient Definition: iron produced in a solid condition
directly by the reduction of ore in a primitive furnace. The carbon
content is variable but usually low. Also known as bloomery iron. The
earliest iron making process, but still used in underdeveloped
countries. (2) Modern Definition: a semi finished hot rolled steel
product, rectangular in section, usually produced on a blooming mill
but sometimes made by forging.
Bloom Shear: A coating defect consisting of the adhesion of two
adjoining coatings or materials. Usually this term refers to the
coating on one side of coated plate being tacky or sticky and
adhering to the adjacent sheet.
Bloomery: A semifinished steel form whose rectangular cross-
section is more than eight inches. This large cast steel shape is
broken down in the mill to produce the familiar I-beams, H-beams
and sheet piling. Blooms are also part of the high-quality bar
manufacturing process: Reduction of a bloom to a much smaller
cross-section can improve the quality of the metal.
Bloomery: A primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to
iron.
Blooming Mill: A primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to
iron.
Blooming Mill: A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets slabs,
sheet bar etc.,
Blow: Any kind of leakage and loss of compression pass the piston
rings. Often accompanied by oil from the crankshaft passing threw
into the combustion chamber.
Blow Back: A coating defect consisting of a lower coating film
weight on the bottom of the coated sheet caused by high velocity air
in the oven. Blow back usually occurs with high solids coatings which
have little solvent to evaporate and set the film.
Blow Down: Process that rids boiler feed water of solids and
maintains the proper chemical balance of the feed water. Blow down
can also be used to rid drum(s) of excess water.
Blowback: Rolling of an ingot into a slab shape prior to surface
conditioning and hot rolling.
Blowdown: A coating defect consisting of a lower coating film
weight on the bottom of the coated sheet caused by high velocity air
in the oven. Blowback usually occurs with high solids coatings which
have little solvent to evaporate and "set" the film.
Blowdown Tanks: A Blowdown Tank is a tank incorporated into a
boiler system to safely discharge blowdown. Blowdown refers to
boiler water which has an elevated level of dissolved solids. Over
time, makeup feedwater is introduced to the boiler to maintain an
appropriate water level as water vapor leaves the system through
steam leaks, etc. This is the source of additional dissolved solids into
the system. These dissolved solids must be periodically removed
from the boiler system as they adversely effect efficiency and service
life of the boiler. A Blowdown Tank allows the blowdown to be safely
brought down to appropriate pressure and temperature before
disposal.
Blowdown : In connection with boilers or cooling towers, the
process of discharging a significant portion of the aqueous solution
in order to remove accumulated salts, deposits and other impurities.
Blower: An electric motor is used to force the air to move through
the evaporator in air conditioning system.
Blowhole: Process that rids boiler feed water of solids and
maintains the proper chemical balance of the feed water. Blowdown
can also be used to rid drum(s) of excess water.
Blowhole 2: A cavity which was produced during the solidification of
metal by evolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in pockets.
Blown flaps: Aerodynamic surface over which bleed air is
discharged at high speed to prevent breakaway of the normal airflow.
Blown Oils: An internal cavity in steel produced by gases during the
solidification of the metal.
Blowpit: An area below the tracks that blows air up to the train in an
effort to keep it free of dust and other particles
Blue Annealing: Natural fatty oils, of animal or vegetable origin, are
artificially oxidized and thickened by blowing air through them. They
are used primarily for compounding petroleum oils, to give them a
strong affinity for metal surfaces.
Blue Annealing: Heating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace
to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in
air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on
the surface is incidental.
Blue Brittleness: Heating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open
furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then
cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish
oxide on the surface is incidental.
Blue Dust: Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging,
when certain ferrous alloys are worked between 300 and 700°F. This
phenomenon may be observed at the working temperature or
subsequently at lower temperatures.
Blue Print: A pen or ink line drawing reproduced (printed) on
sensitized paper by direct exposure.
Blue smoke: Blue smoke from the exhaust means to oil burning with
fuel, This is happens when vehicle's engine is wear out mostly. Blue
smoke is not good for heath and also not good for vehicles health.
Blue Vitriol Copper Sulfate: Blue Dust is the name given to
naturally occurring, extremely friable, high grade Haematite Iron Ore
powder.
Blue Vitriol Copper Sulfate: A layout solution which turns a copper
color when applied to a clean,polished metal surface.
Bluing: A layout solution which turns a copper color when applied to
a clean, polished metal surface.
Bluing: Subjecting the scale free surface of a ferrous alloy to the
action of air, steam, or other agents at a suitable temperature, thus
forming a thin blue film of oxide and improving the appearance and
resistance to corrosion. NOTE: This term is ordinarily applied to
sheet, strip, or finished parts, It is used also to denote the heating of
springs after fabrication in order to improve their properties.
Blush: Subjecting the scale-free surface of a ferrous alloy to the
action of air, steam, or other agents at a suitable temperature, thus
forming a thin blue film of oxide and improving the appearance and
resistance to corrosion. Note: This term is ordinarily applied to sheet,
strip or finished parts. It is used also to denote the heating of springs
after fabrication in order to improve their properties.
Blush: A coating defect consisting of the whitening of a cured film
which results in a translucent or opaque appearance with
accompanying loss of gloss. Blushing usually occurs during the
pasteurization or steam processing of films which are undercured or
water sensitive.
Board Hammer: A coating defect consisting of the whitening of a
cured film which results in a translucent or opaque appearance with
accompanying loss of gloss. Blushing usually occurs during the
pasteurization or steam processing of films which are undercured or
water sensitive.
Boarding pass: Pass issued to the passenger at check-in. This
document indicates the date, flight time, seat number and
passenger's check-in number.
BOCC: Bus Operations Communication Center
Body: The outer panels that shroud the mechanical and electrical
workings of a vehicle.
Body Centered: Having the equivalent lattice points at the corners
of the unit cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered, or
space centered.
Body coordinates : Coordinates referenced to the body of the
aircraft; See Also: XYZ; Compare: earth coordinates, stability
coordinates
Body crumple zone: Body crumple zone is the vehicles feature
designed for the safety purpose in automobiles. It's for safety during
accidents or vehicle strikes somewhere body absorb the striking
forces for and crush the body to reduce the force.
Body water drains: Drain holes in strategic locations that provide
an escape route for water that would otherwise remain trapped
within a vehicles body.
Body : The aircraft, usually referring to a coordinate system;
Body-over-frame construction: Body over frame construction is a
construction of modern automobile vehicles, In this type the upper
body is welded with frame and drivetrain.
Boeing vertol : See Boeing
Boeing : The Boeing Company, with headquarters in Seattle,
Washington, U.S., one of the nation`s largest exporters. The
company is a major U.S. government contractor, with capabilities in
space systems, helicopters, military airplanes, missile systems,
information and electronic systems and software products.
Boeing : A manufacturer of military helicopters (as well as many
other commercial, military and space vehicles).
Bogie: A short end truck which is rigidly connected to one girder. A
flexible end tie is used between the girders to permit equalization of
the wheel loads by torsional deflection of the girders and flexing of
the end tie.
Bogie, Equalizing: A type of forging hammer in which the upper die
and ram are attached to "boards" that are raised to the striking
position by power-driven rollers and let fall by gravity. See also
gravity hammer.
Bogie, Fixed: A short end truck which is flexibly connected to one
girder (or connecting member) by means of a pin upon which the
truck can oscillate to equalize the loading on the two truck wheels.
This construction uses a very rigid end tie between the girders.
Boil: A short end truck attached to the end of one girder (or to a
connecting member if more than one bogie is used per girder). This
type of end truck is used when more than four wheels are required
on a crane due to the design of the runway.
Boil: Agitation of a bath of metal caused by the liberation of a gas
beneath its surface. May be deliberately induced by the addition of
oxidizing material to a bath containing excess carbon. In the later
case it is called a carbon boil and CO or CO2 are liberated.
Boiler: Tubes which form part of the heating surface of a boiler, as
distinct from superheater tubes. The tubes may contain water and be
surrounded by the furnace gases as in a water tube boiler, or they
may act as flues and be surrounded by water as in smoke tube
boiler.
Boiler Feed Pumps: A boiler feed pump controls the volume of
water fed into a boiler system. A boiler loses water at a certain rate
to evaporation from steam leaks, etc. The feed pump adds water to
the system to maintain an appropriate water level. Feed pumps can
either be intermittent (float switch activated) or continuous in
operation.
Boiler feed water : The total water fed to a boiler producing steam.
This water is the mixture of return steam condensate and makeup
water.
Boiler horsepower : The work required to evaporate 34.5 lb of
water per hour into steam from and at 100°C.
Boiler lay-up : Storing and protecting the boiler when not in use.
Boiler Safety Valves: A Boiler safety valve relieves pressure from a
steam boiler system if the pressure inside the tank reaches a critical
level. This prevents catastrophic failure of the boiler.
Boiler Tubes: Boiler tubes carry hot water or steam from a boiler
and function as a heat exchanger, transferring heat from the closed
boiler system to area to be heated.
Boiler Tubes (Smoke Tubes): Agitation of a bath of metal caused
by the liberation of a gas beneath its surface. May be deliberately
induced by the addition of oxidizing material to a bath containing
excess carbon. In the later case, it is called a carbon boil and CO or
CO2 are liberated.
Boiler : Closed container in which a liquid may be heated and
vaporized.
Boilerplate: A metal replica of the flight model (e.g. of a spacecraft)
but usually heavier and cruder for test purposes.
Boiling out : The boiling of high alkaline water in boiler pressure
parts for the removal of oil, greases, prior to normal operation or
after major repairs.
Boiling point : The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid equals the absolute external pressure at the liquid-vapor
interface.
Boiling temperature : Temperature at which a fluid changes from a
liquid to a gas.
Bol: Beginning Of Life.
Bolster: Bolster is a support to anything and provide cushion to
anything.
Bolster (Die Block): A closed vessel in which water, which is
transformed into steam at a given pressure and temperature under
controlled conditions.
Bolster (Die Block): A tool or reinforcing part which supports the
backer which, in turn, supports an extruding die against the pressure
of extrusion.
Bolstering: Upholstered foam supports integrated into a seat that
help keep the driver or passenger in an optimal position.
Bolt Circle: The diameter of an imaginary circle drawn through the
centre of each lug nut hole and then measured from two holes that
are directly across from each other. The measurement is used in
selecting the proper wheel for replacement.
Bolt Kit: A set of bolts or screws that ore selected to suit a particular
application, i.e. pre selected length, threads and strength to match
the mounted component.
Bolt kit: A set of bolts or screws that are selected to suit a particular
application, i.e. preselected length, threads and strength to match
the mounted component.
Bomb: Resistance of oils and greases to oxidation when subjected
to accelerated oxidation in a sealed unit filled with pure oxygen
under pressure and at elevated temperatures. As the lubricant
absorbs oxygen, the pressure drops to indicate oxidation resistance.
ASTM test D 2272, the Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test, rotates the
container during the test.
Bomb Oxidation Stability: A "tool" or reinforcing part which
supports the backer, which, in turn, supports an extruding die against
the pressure of extrusion.
Bond: In lubrication terminology, a closed container used for
conducting tests under elevated pressures.
Bonderized Coating: The material that holds the abrasive grains
together to form a grinding wheel.
Bonderized Coating: A thin film of phosphate pretreatment applied
to a steel surface (bare or zinc coated) to enhance paintability.
Bonderizing: A thin film of phosphate pretreatment applied to a
steel surface (bare or zinc coated) to enhance paintability.
Bonderizing: The coating of steel with a film composed largely of
zinc phosphate in order to develop a better bonding surface for paint
or lacquer.
Bonding: Bonding means to fix, joint or kind of connection between
two things for better performance.
Bonding Clay (Bonderise): Any clay suitable for use as a bonding
material.
Bonnet: The coving part of engine used to cover it. In cars it is also
known as the hood.
Bonnet (Lube Systems): Treating cold rolled or galvanized steel
surfaces with phosphate to improve paint-adherence.
Booking: The allotment in advance of space or weight capacity of
goods.
Boom Angle: An accessory that measures the angle of the boom to
the horizontal.
Boom Angle Indicator: Upper portion of packing gland assembly
that serves as a viewer for movement of indicator.
Boom strike: A devastating event when a landing is hard enough
that the momentum of the rotor blades bends them down to the point
that one of them makes contact with the boom. This generally
destroys the blade, boom, control wire, and tail drive system.
Boost: An increase in air pressure above atmospheric, measured in
pounds per square inch (psi).
Boost: The extra power given to a rocket or space vehicle during
liftoff, climb or flight, as with a booster rocket.
Boost charging: Boost charging is a process of fast battery
charging, Bye boost charging battery charged near about 75% in a
short period. It may decrease the battery life too.
Booster: The first stage of a missile or rocket.
Boot: It is the rubber covering on any joint to protect it from external
disturbances.
Boots : Inflatable device on leading edge of wings and tail. Used to
remove ice.
Boozer : RAF airborne device which warned that the aircraft
carrying it was being monitored by Wìrzburg
Bore: Bore is a Hole inside metal, It is make by boring process.
Bore: The diameter, in inches, of the cylinders in the vehicles
engine.
Bore: The angle above or below the horizontal axis of the base
boom section.
Bore: An internal cylindrical passageway, as a tube, hose, or pipe.
The internal diameter of a tube, hose, or pipe.
Bore : Inside diameter of a cylinder.
Boreal: Northern; from the Greek name for the Goddess of the North
Wind. A boreal forest is the set of forest ecosystems than can
survive in the north.
Boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (boreas): A global change
project to study and understand the interaction between the boreal
forest biome and the atmosphere.
Borescope: To enlarge and finish the surface of a cylindrical hole by
the action of a rotating boring bar (cutting tool) or by the action of a
stationary tool pressed (fed) against the surface as the part is
rotated.
Boresight angle : The angle between the center line of a sensor
and aircraft center line, either by design or by misalignment;
Boresighting : A basic control to a data source from controls and
displays to bore sight a device; Also, a procedure to align the center
line of physical devices, usually update sensors, so that they provide
the most accurate results possible; a basic control to a data source
from controls and displays; commonly required by FLIR, MMR; bore
sight procedures commonly result in correction factors to be
downloaded from the host processor to the device; during bore
sighting, the device is usually not available; See Also: alignment,
calibration, initialization;
Boriding: An optical device used for inspecting under low
magnification the inside surface of tubes.
Boring: A cutting tool in which the tool bit, the boring bar and in
some cases, the tool holders are incorporated.
Boring Bar (Cuffer Bar): Thermochemical treatment involving the
enrichment of the surface layer of an object with borides. This
surface-hardening process is performed below the Ac1 temperature.
Also referred to as boronizing.
Boring Bar (Cuffer Bar): A combination tool holder and shank.
Boring holes in the sky : Having fun flying an R/C airplane, without
any pre-determined flight pattern.
Boring Mills: A Boring Mill is a machine tool that is designed
primarily for boring. Boring describes a process that is used to open
up machined hole to a finished size with a single point cutting tool.
Boring Mills are typically used to produce highly accurate diameters
on machined components and are especially appropriate for large
diametric features.
Boring Tool: A combination tool holder and shank.
Boron ( Chemical Symbol B): Element N. 5 of the periodic system.
Atomic weight 10.82. It is gray in color, ignites at about 1112
(degrees) F. and burns with a brilliant green flame, but its melting
point in a non oxidizing atmosphere is about 4000 (degrees) F.
Boron is used in steel in minute quantities for one purpose only to
increase the hardenability as in case hardening and to increase
strength and hardness penetration.
Boron (Chemical Symbol B): Enlarging a hole by removing metal
with a single- or occasionally a multiple-point cutting tool moving
parallel to the axis of rotation of the work or tool.
Boron Steels: Element N.5 of the periodic system. Atomic weight
10.82. It is gray in color, ignites at about 1,112°F, and burns with a
brilliant green flame, but its melting point in a non-oxidizing
atmosphere is about 4,000°F. Boron is used in steel in minute
quantities for one purpose only – to increase the hardenability as in
case hardening and to increase strength and hardness penetration.
Boron Steels: The addition of boron in the range 0.0005 0.005% to
certain steels increases the hardenability. A range of boron steels is
now listed in the current BS 970 and are widely used for the
production of cold headed fastenings.
Bort: Steels that contain additions of boron, generally between
0.002-0.003%, which is added to increase the hardenability of the
steel.
Bosh: (I) Natural diamond of a quality not suitable for gem use. (2)
Industrial diamond.
Boss: The section of a blast furnace beneath the hearth and the
stack, where iron ore is reduced to iron metal.
Boss: A projection or an enlarged section of a casting through which
a hole may be machine.
Bottle Top Mold: A relatively short protrusion or projection from the
surface of a forging or casting, often cylindrical in shape. Usually
intended for drilling and tapping for attaching pans.
Bottle Top Mold: Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the
manufacture of capped steel, the metal in the constriction being
covered with a cap fitting into the bottle neck, which stops rimming
action by trapping escaping gases.
Bottom Board: Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the
manufacture of capped steel, the metal in the constriction being
covered with a cap fitting into the bottleneck, which stops rimming
action by trapping escaping gases.
Bottom dead center: Bottom dead center (BDC) is the bottom of IC
engine cylinder. This is the limit of piston downward stroke.
Bottom Die: In casting, a flat base for holding the flask in making
sand molds.
Bottom Die: The stationary half die.
Bottom Drill: The stationary half-die.
Bottom Pipe: A flat-ended twist drill used to convert a cone at the
bottom of a drilled hole into a cylinder.
Bottom Pouring: An oxide-lined fold or cavity at the butt-end of a
slab, bloom, or billet; formed by folding the end of an ingot over on
itself during primary rolling. Bottom pipe is not pipe in that it is not a
shrinkage cavity and in that sense, the term is a misnomer. Bottom
pipe is similar to extrusion pipe. It is normally discarded when the
slab, bloom or billet is cropped following primary reduction.
Bottom Roll: The process of pouring ingots using a refractory
runner system to fill them from the bottom of the ingot molds.
Bottom Roll: Submerged roll in the pot used to keep the strip
submerged in the pot.
Bottom Up: Submerged roll in the pot used to keep the strip
submerged in the pot.
Bottom Up: Reversing the wrap of a coil putting the top surface on
the bottom.
Bottoming Tap: Reversing the wrap of a coil putting the top surface
on the bottom.
Bottoming Tap: A tap with a chamfer of 1 to 1.5 threads in length.
Bottoms (Residuum): A tap with a chamfer of 1 to 1.5 threads in
length.
Boundary layer: Thin stratum of air nearest to an aircraft's external
surface structure.
Boundary Lubrication: The liquid that collects at the bottom of the
distillation column, consisting of high-boiling residual liquids like
heavy fuels and asphaltic materials.
Bourdon tube : Thin-walled tube of elastic metal flattened and bent
into circular shape, which tends to straighten as pressure inside is
increased. Used in pressure gauges.
Bow: The lateral deviation from straightness
Bow shock wave: The compressed wave that forms in front of a
spacecraft or satellite as it moves rapidly through Earth's
atmosphere; more generally, any such wave that forms between an
object and a fluid medium.
Bowing: A condition of lubrication in which the friction between two
surfaces in relative motion is determined by the properties of the
surfaces and by properties of the lubricant other than viscosity. This
occurs when the lubricant film is not thick enough to separate the
two surfaces.
Box: Interanl (female) threaded end.
Box Annealing: Deviation from flatness.
Box Annealing: A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a closed
metal container, with or without packing materials, in order to
minimize the effects of oxidation. The charge is normally heated
slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but
occasionally above or within it, and then is slowly cooled.
Box kite: Form of kite devised by Australian Lawrence Hargrave,
used by many early constructors to provide rigid biplane structures.
Box Section: A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a suitable
closed metal container, with or without packing material, in order to
minimize oxidation. The charge is usually heated slowly to a
temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above
or within it, and is then cooled slowly.
Boxer Engine: Boxer engine also known as flat engine used in high
speed cars or where low ground clearance and lover profile cars. It is
like boxing pistons in cylinder so it’s known as boxer engine too.
Boyles' law : If the temperature on a gas is constant, the volume is
inversely proportional to the pressure. By formulaVP = V1P1
BPF : Band-pass filter
B-pillar: The second pillar of the car known as the B pillar. Driver
and co driver seat belt is mounted in this pillar. It is the part of body
structure of a car.
B-pillar: The vertical roof support structure located between the front
and rear doors on a typical vehicle. Read more.
Bracing wire : A solid steel wire used to support the structure of an
airplane`s wings or fuselage.
Braid: The woven portion of a hose used as reinforcement to
increase pressure and hoop strength. Materials used can be
polyester, cotton, or metal wire. A hose may have one or two braids
applied outside or between layers of hose material.
Braid angle: The angle developed at the intersection of a braid
strand and a line parallel to the axis of a hose.
Brake: System used to stop the vehicle is known as the braking
systems a paddle is provided to perform this operation
Brake: A brake for bridge or trolley used by the operator, during
normal operation, to apply a retarding force.
Brake binding: Brakes binding is problem in car brake system it is
happen during braking. In this problem the brakes bind with the
brake drum and jam the wheel or wheel get stuck.
Brake booster: The device like a cylinder used to improve the
efficiency of hydraulic braking system. It is used to reduce the
human effort by taking the help of engine vacuum for pressing the
brake paddle.
Brake booster: A vacuum-based device that amplifies the foot
pressure applied to power brakes.
Brake booster bellcrank pivot: The linkage pivot points behind
some brake boosters.
Brake calliper: Brake calliper is the hydraulic assembly that contain
the brake pads and applies them against the brake rotor to slow or
stop the car.
Brake chamber: Brake chamber is the part of Air brake system in
which the air press the diaphragm for applying brakes.
Brake cylinder: Brake cylinder is the circular part which carries fluid
and piston assembly for transferring the paddle force to wheels.
Brake dip : When we apply the brakes and whole passengers feels
the force on moving forward, same with car is known as brake dip.
Brake disc: Brake disc is a round shape metal plate which is used
for grabbing through brake pads while Appling brakes.
Brake dragging: Brakes that do not completely release after
application.
Brake drum: Brake drum is a cylindrical drum mounted on hub and
carries the whole weight of tire. It revolves with wheel and braking
operation happens inside the drum.
Brake drying: A system that dries the brake pads through light
friction just before a full stop is initiated, by using the ABS pump to
bring the brake pads close to the rotors without significantly
engaging them.
Brake fade: Brake fade is a condition in which repeated server
brake application causes the braking surface to lose their frictional
ability, resulting in impaired braking efficiency.
Brake fluid: Brake fluid is a liquid, used in brake lining of hydraulics
brakes. It is non compress able.
Brake fluid: The fluid used in the hydraulic brake system.
Brake fluid reservoir: Brake fluid reservoir is a tank where brake
fluid is stored.
Brake horse power: Brake horsepower (BHP), the measurement of
useable horsepower delivered at the crankshaft. Usually computed
by placing the engine on chassis dynamometer.
Brake horsepower : means the power delivered at the propeller
shaft (main drive or main output) of an aircraft engine
Brake lines, hoses & connections: Tubes and their connections
that carry brake fluid between the various components in a vehicles
brake system.
Brake lining: Brake linings carry brake fluid and transfer the force
according to brake paddle pressed.
Brake linings: High-friction, heat-resistant material that is attached
to the brake shoes in a rear drum brake system.
Brake master cylinder: Brake master cylinder is a arrangement of
piston and sleeve, it distribute the brake fluid to all wheels equally.
Brake master cylinder: A device that stores brake fluid and
hydraulically forces it through the brake lines to the brakes when the
brake pedal is depressed.
Brake pad: Brake pad is other name for brake liner, used to
increase friction for better braking effect.
Brake pads: High-friction material attached to a metal backing plate.
Brake pedal: Brake pedal is a switch for a brake system, it is
controlled by a driver with his hand or foot.
Brake pedal: A device used to control a vehicles brakes.
Brake pedal spring: A spring attached to the pedal assembly that
provides some resistance during pedal depression and also assists
in returning the pedal to an upright position.
Brake Press Bending: The rectangular cross section of girders,
trucks or other members enclosed on four sides.
Brake Press Bending: An operation which produces various degree
bends when fabricating parts from steel.
Brake pull: Brake pull is a bad thing, which pulls the vehicle one
side while Appling brakes. This is due to lesser gap between shoes
and drum, in one wheel.
Brake relining: Brake relining is a process in which weared lining
replaced with new one.
Brake shoe: Brake shoe is platform for brake lining It keeps the
lining rigid over high friction.
Brake Slide: An operation which produces various degree bends
when fabricating parts from steel.
Brake Valve: The method of landing bars from the roll line onto the
cooling bed (bar rolling).
Brake valve: A device used in the exhaust line of a hydraulic motor
to (1) prevent overspeeding when an overrunning load is applied to
the motor shaft and (2) prevent excessive pressure buildup when
decelerating or stopping a load.
Brake, Bridge Crane Control: A device that permits a machine
component driven by a hydraulic rotary motor to revolve unimpeded
during operation but restrains the motor return line fluid to slow the
machine when it is desired to stop.
Brake, Countertorque: A method of bridge crane controlling speed
by removing energy from the moving body or by imparting energy in
the opposite direction.
Brake, Drag: A method of bridge crane control by which the power
to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the direction opposite to
the rotation of the motor using the motor as a generator, with the
energy being dissipated by resistance. Sometimes known as
“plugging”.
Brake, Dynamic: A friction brake that provides a continuous
retarding force having no external bridge crane control.
Brake, Eddy Current: A method of bridge crane controlling speed
by block, load the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel bearing,
sheaves, sprockets. pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope
or load chain. This shall include any appurtenances reeved in the
hoisting rope or load chain.
Brake, Emergency: A method of bridge crane controlling or
reducing speed by means of a bridge crane electrical induction load
brake.
Brake, Holding: A method of decelerating a drive when power is not
available. The braking effort may be established as a result of action
by the operator, or automatically when power to the drive is
interrupted.
Brake, Hydraulic: A friction brake for a hoist that is automatically
applied and prevents motion when power to the brake is off.
Brake, Mechanical: An automatic type of friction brake used for
bridge crane controlling loads in a lowering direction. This
unidirectional device requires torque from the motor or hand chain
wheel to lower a load but does not impose any additional load on the
motor or hand chain wheel when lifting a load.
Brake, Mechanical Load: A method of bridge crane controlling or
reducing speed by means of displacement of a liquid.
Brake, Parking: A method of bridge crane controlling or reducing
speed by friction.
Brake, Pneumatic: A brake for bridge and trolley that may be
automatically or manually applied to impede horizontal motion by
restraining wheel rotation.
Brake, Regenerative: A method of bridge crane controlling or
powering a drive or brake by means of compressed gas.
Brake, Service: A method of bridge crane controlling speed in which
the electrical energy generated by the motor is fed back into the
power system.
Brakes in Emergency: When the breaking mechanism on a rail car
indicates that the brakes on the car need to be serviced, the train
automatically brakes in a safe position/location on a track so that the
brakes do not fail. Brakes in Emergency (BIE) is the actual
application of the emergency braking system. When there is a BIE,
the train cannot move.
Braking assist: A system that monitors the swiftness of a driver's
brake pedal application and applies additional braking force if it
determines a that panic stop is occurring.
Braking Torque: A technique practiced by drag racers and road
testers to improve their off-the-line acceleration; applying the brake
and throttle at the same time, increasing the engine rpm until
releasing the brake.
Braking uneven: When the Space between brake shoe and drum is
not same in all wheels then uneven braking happens.
Brale: A conical 120° diamond indenter with a conical tip (a 0.2 mm
tip radius is typical) used in certain types of Rockwell and scratch
hardness tests.
Brale: A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a Rockwell
hardness tester for hard metals.
Brale Indenter: A device, other than a motor, used for retarding or
stopping motion by friction or power means.
Branch circuit: Wiring between the last over current device and the
branch circuit outlets.
Branch Circuit: A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a
Rockwell hardness tester for hard metals.
Branded title: A permanent designation on a vehicles title,
registration or permit documents that indicates that a vehicle has
incurred damage the repair of which is not possible or would cost
more than the vehicle is worth, or that the vehicle has been sold for
scrap. While branding designations vary by state, typical branding
titles include rebuilt, salvage, irreparable and theft recovery.
Brass: The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device
protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
Brass: An alloy that is 70% copper,30% zinc. One of the most widely
used of the copper zinc alloys; malleable and ductile; excellent cold
working but poor hot working and machining properties; excellent for
soft soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding,
but fair for resistance or carbon arc welding. Used for drawn
cartridges, tubes, eyelets machine items and snap fasteners.
Brass Plating: Brass Plating is a process in which brass alloy is
deposited on the surface of another metal via electroplating. A
voltage potential is applied to a brass anode and a suitable metal
cathode submerged in an electrolytic solution. Metal ions from the
brass anode dissolve in the electrolytic solution and plate the
cathode.
Brass Rigid Waveguides: A Brass Rigid Waveguide is typically
used to guide microwaves for telecommunication applications. Brass
is chosen for its low bulk resistivity and relative affordability.
Brass Screws: Brass Screws are used as fasteners in corrosive
environments as an alternative to steel screws.
Brass : A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 40% zinc and some
smaller amounts of other metals.
Brasses: A non-ferrous alloy consisting of varying proportions of tin,
zinc and copper; lead is added to attain higher machining speed.
Brasses may or may not be lined with babbitt metal. (see Bronze)
Brasses: Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying
element. Brass is harder and mechanically stronger than either of its
alloying elements copper or zinc. It is formable and ductile; develops
high tensile strength with cold working and is not heat treatable.
Brayton cycle : (also referred to as the Joule Cycle)A rotating
machine in which compression and expansion take place. Gas
turbine are such an example.
Braze: A weld produced by heating an assembly to suitable
temperatures and by using a filler metal having a liquid us above
450°C. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted facing
surface of the joint by capillary action.
Braze: A family of welding procedures where metals are joined by
filler metal that has a melting temperature below the solidus of the
parent metal, but above 840°F (450°C).
Braze Welding: Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principle
alloying element. Brass is harder and mechanically stronger than
either of its alloying elements copper or zinc. It is formable and
ductile; develops high tensile strength with cold working and is not
heat treatable.
Brazed Tube: Brazing Alloys, also known as fillers, are used to join
materials together during the brazing process. Selection of an
appropriate brazing alloy depends on its wetting properties with
respect to the base metals being joined, its melting point, and its
structural properties. Brazing alloys are available in a variety of
forms including rod, wire, and paste.
Brazing: It is metal joining process by film of brass
Brazing: Brazing filler metal in sheet form or flat rolled metal clad
with brazing filler metal on one or both sides.
Brazing: A process of joining metals using a non-ferrous filler metal
having a melting point lower than the “parent metals” to be joined,
typically over +800° F.
Brazing Filler Metal: A weld produced by heating an assembly to
suitable temperatures and by using a filler metal having a liquidus
above 450°C (840°F) and below the solidus of the base metal. The
filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted faying surfaces of
the joint by capillary action.
Brazing Filler Metal: (1) The metal that fills the capillary gap and
has a liquidus above 450°C (840°F) but below the solidus of the
base materials. (2) A nonferrous filler metal used in brazing and
braze welding.
Brazing Fluxes: Brazing Flux is used to suppress oxidation of the
brazing filler when it is heated to its flow temperature. This is critical
for proper adhesion for the filler to the base metal.
Brazing Sheet: A non-ferrous filler metal used in brazing and braze
welding.
Brazing, block : A brazing process in which the heat required is
obtained from heated blocks applied to the parts to be joined.
Break Test (for Tempered Steel): Brazing and soldering are
techniques for joining metals in the solid state by means of a fusible
filler metal with a melting point well below that of the base metal.
Break Test (For Tempered Steel): A method of testing hardened
and tempered high carbon spring steel strip wherein the specimen is
held and bent across the grain in a vice like calibrated testing
machine. Pressure is applied until the metal fractures at which point
a reading is taken and compared with a standard chart of brake
limitations for various thickness ranges.
Breakage: A method of testing hardened and tempered high-carbon
spring steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the
grain in a vice-like calibrated testing machine. Pressure is applied
until the metal fractures, at which point a reading is taken and
compared with a standard chart of brake limitations for various
thickness ranges.
Breakage: Cracks or separation of the steel.
Breakaway: A term used to describe a loss of traction when
negotiating a curve or when accelerating from a standing start. The
tyres slide against, instead of grip, the road surface.
Breakaway Force: Cracks or separation of the steel which occur
during the forming operation.
Breakdown: The external force that is required to separate the
vacuum pad or vacuum lifting device from the load when applied
perpendicular to the attachment surface.
Breaker: Breaker is the points in distributer for break the electric
connections between sparkplug and distributer.
Breaker: (1) An initial rolling or drawing operation or a series of such
operations for the purpose of reducing a casting or extruded shape
prior to the finish reduction to desired size. (2) A preliminary press-
forging operation.
Breaker points: A breaker point is an electric switch which is used
for disconnecting the current flowing in High tension cables (HT
cable), used in distributer of internal combustion engine.
Breaking Stress: Uncoiler rolls through which the strip passes;
composed of a mandrel and leveling rolls which unwind the strip
prior to processing through the Pickler. Breaker rolls assist in
breaking up the Hot Mill surface scale.
Breakout: Same as fracture stress (1).
Breakout: An accident caused by the failure of the walls of the
hearth of the furnace resulting in liquid iron or slag (or both) flowing
uncontrolled out of the blast furnace.
Breakover angle: The maximum angle at which a vehicle can
traverse a sharp ridge without making contact or hanging up
between axles.
Breaks: An accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth
of the blast furnace, resulting in liquid iron or slag (or both) flowing
uncontrolled out of the blast furnace. A Caster breakout involves the
solidification from liquid steel to a cast product where the outer skin
tears creating a casting failure in the mold or a segment.
Breaks: Creases or ridges usually in "un tempered" or in aged
material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the
origin of the breaks, they may be tenned cross breaks, coil breaks,
edge breaks or sticker breaks.
Breakthrough: A device which permits air to move in and out of a
container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.
Breakthrough : The first appearance in the solution flowing from an
ion-exchange unit of unabsorbed ions similar to those which are
depleting the activity of the resin bed. Breakthrough is an indication
that regeneration of the resin is necessary.
Breather: Creases or ridges usually in "untempered" or in aged
material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the
origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an
edge break, or a sticker break.
Breather: In extrusion: the part of an extrusion ?bridge die? that
supports a void forming mandrel. During extrusion, the metal divides
and flows around the bridge, reuniting as it is extruded through the
die orifice. The resulting weld line can be detected upon microscopic
examination, but the extrusion appears functionally and visually
seamless.
Breather: A device which permits air to move in and out of a
container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.
Breda: Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie; the name of an Italian
manufacturer of rail cars
Brewster's Angle: An air filtering device placed on top of a reservoir
to allow it to “breathe” as the oil level rises and falls. All incoming air
is thereby filtered to keep out airborne contaminants.
BRG : Bearing
BRIAR : A ground transmitter operating in the 300-600 MHz band
used to jam enemy Wìrzburg ground receivers.
Bridge: The crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane
runway.
Bridge (Crane) Travel: The angle at which a surface does not
reflect a beam of linearly polarized light.
Bridge Conductors: Crane movement in a direction parallel to the
crane runway
Bridge Crane Control Actuator: The electrical conductors located
along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.
Bridge Crane Control Braking Means: A manual means at the
operating station by which hoist bridge crane controls are energized.
Bridge Crane Control Voltage: A method of bridge crane
controlling speed by removing energy from the moving body or by
imparting energy in the opposite direction.
Bridge Crane Control, Multi-speed: The voltage impressed on the
bridge crane control devices.
Bridge Crane Control, Single Speed: A drive bridge crane control
system providing more than one speed operation in either direction
using multi-speed squirrel cage motors.
Bridge Crane Control, Variable Speed: A drive bridge crane
control system providing one speed operation in either direction.
Bridge Crane Controller: A bridge crane controller that, when
released, will return automatically to a neutral (off) positioning, static,
hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.) that governs the flow of power to or from
a motor or other equipment in response to signals from a master
switch, push-button station, remote Bridge Crane Control, automatic
program Bridge Crane Control, or other similar device.
Bridge Crane Controller, Manual: A drive bridge crane control
system providing more than one speed operation in either direction
using wound-rotor motors.
Bridge Crane Controller, Spring Return: A bridge crane controller
having all of its basic functions performed by devices which are
operated by hand.
Bridge Die Bridge Die: A device for regulating in a pre-determined
way the power delivered to the motor or other equipment.
Bridge Girder: A two-section extrusion die capable of producing
tubing or intricate hollow shapes without the use of a separate
mandrel. Metal separates into two streams as it is extruded past a
bridge section that is attached to the main die section and holds a
stub mandrel in the die opening. The metal then is rewelded by
extrusion pressure before it enters the die opening.
Bridge Rail: Crane member on which carriers or trolleys travel,
horizontally mounted between and supported by the end trucks.
Building Structure. The structural members of a building which
support the building loads and on which the loads of crane or
monorail equipment, and the material to be moved, will be
imposed. (see Crane girder)
Bridge Rectifiers: A bridge rectifier converts AC current to pulsating
DC current using an arrangement of diodes. In the case of a single
phase wave, the bridge rectifier consists of 4 diodes. Polyphase
waves can also be rectified with a bridge rectifier.
Bridge Travel: The rail supported by the bridge girders on which the
trolley travels.
Bridging: That part of an overhead crane consisting of girders,
trucks, end ties, walkway and drive mechanism which carries the
trolley and travels in a direction parallel to the runway.
Bridle: A set of rolls used to maintain tension on the strip as it goes
through the line.
Bridle Rolls: (1) Premature solidification of metal across a mold
section before the metal below or beyond solidifies. (2) Solidification
of slag within a cupola at or just above the tuyeres. (3) Welding or
mechanical locking of the charge in a downfeed melting or smelting
furnace. (4) In powder metallurgy, the formation of arched cavities in
a powder mass. (5) In soldering, an unintended solder connection
between two or more conductors, either securely or by mere contact.
Also called a crossed joint or solder short.
Bridle Rolls: A series of neoprene or steel rolls.
Bridle Snubber: A series of neoprene or steel rolls.
Bridle Snubber: The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the
strip. Also is used to steer the strip through the bridle.
Bridle Unit: The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the strip.
Also is used to steer the strip through the bridle.
Bridle Unit: A three roll cluster used to control line tension at
strategic locations on the line.
Bridling: A three-roll cluster used to control line tension at strategic
locations on the line.
Bridling: The cold working of dead soft annealed strip metal
immediately prior to a forming, bending, or drawing operation. A
process designed to prevent the formulation of Luder's lines. Caution
Bridled metal should be used promptly and not permitted to (of itself)
return to its pre bridled condition.
Bright Annealed Wire: The cold working of dead soft annealed strip
metal immediately prior to a forming, bending or drawing operation.
A process designed to prevent the formation of Luder's lines.
Caution: bridled metal should be used promptly and not permitted to
(of itself) return to its prebridled condition.
Bright Annealed Wire: Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in
controlled non oxidizing atmosphere so that surface oxidation is
reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
Bright Annealing: Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in a
controlled non-oxidizing atmosphere so that surface oxidation is
reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
Bright Annealing: An annealing heat treatment carried out using
either a specially controlled atmosphere or a vacuum, thus
preventing oxidation and so keeping the surface of the steel being
heat-treated bright and shiny.
Bright Annealing: A process carried out usually in a controlled
furnace atmosphere, so surface does not oxidize, remaining bright.
Bright Annealing 2: The process of annealing in a protective
atmosphere so as to prevent discoloration of the bright surface
desired.
Bright Bars: Bright cold-rolled, highly reflective finish retained by
final annealing in a controlled-atmosphere furnace.
Bright Basic Wire: These are cold drawn/ ground/ peeled plain bars
produced from hot rolled plain bars/wire rods. (Does not fall under
the purview of MOS but under D/o IP&P).
Bright Basic Wire: Bright steel wire, slightly softer than Bright
Bessemer Wire. Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets,
electric welded chain, etc.
Bright Bessemer Wire: Bright steel wire, slightly softer than bright
Bessemer wire. Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets,
electric welded chain, etc.
Bright Bessemer Wire: Stiff bright wire of hard temper. Normally
wire is drawn down to size without annealing.
Bright Dip: Stiff bright wire of hard temper. Normally, wire is drawn
down to size without annealing.
Bright Dipping: A solution that produces, through chemical action, a
bright surface on an immersed metal.
Bright Dipping: Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment
with a mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror
shiny (specular) highly reflective surface. It is almost always followed
by anodizing to protect the surface and provide some choice of color.
Bright Drawing: Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment
with a mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror-
shiny (specular) highly reflective surface. It is almost always followed
by anodizing to protect the surface and provide some choice of
color.
Bright Drawing: The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a
die to impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright scale free
surface and improved mechanical properties. The product is termed
bright steel.
Bright Finish: The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die
to impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright scale-free surface
and improved mechanical properties. The product is termed bright
steel.
Bright Nitriding: A very reflective finish achieved on tinplate or
stainless steel by rolling between highly polished rolls with a minimal
reduction in gauge.
Bright Plate: Nitriding in a protective mediwn to prevent
discoloration of the bright surface. Compare with blank nitriding.
Bright Stock (for Lubricating Oils): An electrodeposil that is
lustrous in the as-plated condition.
Brightener: Describes high-viscosity lubricating oils that are refined
to make them clear products of good color. Bright stocks are made
from residuals or bottoms, solvent dewaxed and deasphalted; they
may be used for blending.
Brightness temperature: A measure of the intensity of radiation
thermally emitted by an object, given in units of temperature because
there is a proportional correlation between the intensity of the
radiation emitted and physical temperature of the radiating body.
Brine: A quench in which brine (salt waterchlorides, carbonates and
cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the
efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching
process.
Brine : A saltwater solution for quenching or cooling when heat
treating steel.
Brine -: Water saturated with a chemical such as salt.
Brine Pumps: A Brine Pump refers to a pump used to remove water
in a boiler tank. It often works in conjunction with a feed pump,
where the feed pump supplies fresh water to the boiler tank while the
brine pump removes an equal amount of water from the tank. The
brine pump is located in an area of the tank so that it draws from
water with elevated dissolved solids; the goal being to purge
dissolved solids from the boiler system.
Brine Quenching: An agent or combination of agents added to an
electroplating bath to produce a lustrous deposit.
Brinell Hardness Number: A saltwater solution for quenching or
cooling when heat treating steel.
Brinell Hardness Number: A common standard method of
measuring the hardness of materials. The smooth surface of the
metal is subjected to indentation by a hardened steel ball under
pressure. The diameter of the indentation, in the material surface, is
then measured by a microscope and the hardness value is read from
a chart or determined by a prescribed formula.
Brinell Hardness Test: Method of determining the hardness of
materials; involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter
into the material surface at a known pressure (10 mm ball, 500 kg
load for aluminum alloys). The Brinell hardness number results from
calculations involving the load and the spherical area of the ball
impression. Direct reading testing are generally used for routine
inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function.
Brinell Hardness Testing: The value of hardness of a metal on an
arbitrary scale representing kg/mm2, determined by measuring the
diameter of the impression made by a ball of given diameter applied
under a known load. Values are expressed in Brinell Hardness
Numbers, BHN.
Brinell Testing Machine: A Brinell Testing Machine is used to
measure the hardness of a material. It uses a round ball to indent the
surface of the material with a constant force. The depth of the
indentation is correlated to a Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) which
is a comparative measure of material hardness. The typical Brinell
test uses a 10mm steel ball and 29kN of force. For soft materials,
less force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide indenter
is used.
Brinelling: A type of mechanical failure used to describe a dent in
metal such as what occurs when a shock load is applied to a
bearing.
Brinelling: Method of determining the hardness of materials;
involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the
material surface at a known pressure (10-mm ball, 500-kg load for
aluminum alloys). The Brinell hardness number results from
calculations involving the load and the spherical area of the ball
impression. Direct-reading testing are generally used for routine
inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function.
Brinnel Hardness: (1) Indentation of the surface of a solid body by
repeated local impact or impacts or static overload. Brinelling may
occur especially in a rollingelement bearing. (2) Damage to a solid
bearing surface characterized by one or more plastically formed
indentations brought about by overload. See also false brinelling.
Brite: The hardness of a metal or part, as represented by the
number obtained from the ratio between the load applied on the
spherical area of the impression made by a steel ball forced into the
surface of the material tested.
Brite: 1) Regular galvanize coating (not minimized spangle or JP). 2)
Rolls that have no grit; smooth finish on surface of steel.
British thermal unit: The amount of heat required to raise 1 pound
of water 1F at sea level.
British thermal unit, (btu): The Btu is defined as the heat required
to raise the temperature of a pound of water from 59° to 60°F.
Brittle Crack Propagation: 1. Regular galvanize coating (not
minimized spangle or JP). 2. Rolls that have no grit; smooth finish on
surface of steel.
Brittle Fracture: A very sudden propagation of a crack with the
absorption of no energy except that stored elastically in the body.
Microscopic examination may reveal some deformation even though
it is not noticeable to the unaided eye. Contrast with ductile crack
propagalion.
Brittle Fracture: Fracture with little or no plastic deformation.
Brittle Inter Metallic Layer: An iron zinc alloy layer formed between
the steel substrate and the free zinc of galvanized coatings.
Brittle Intermetallic Layer: Separation of a solid accompanied by
little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture
occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy
than for ductile fracture. Brittle tensile fractures have a bright,
granular appearance and exhibit little or no necking. A chevron
pattern may be present on the fracture surface pointing toward the
origin of the crack especially in brittle fractures in flat plate-like
components. Examples of brittle fracture include transgranular
cracking (cleavage and quasi-cleavage fracture) and intergranular
cracking (decohesive rupture).
Brittleness: An iron-zinc alloy layer formed between the steel
substrate and the free zinc of hot dipped galvanized coatings.
Brittleness : The tendency of a material to fracture without first
undergoing significant plastic deformation.
BRNAV : Basic RNAV (RNP-5 compliant)
Broach: The tendency of a material to fracture without first
undergoing significant plastic deformation.Contrast with ductility.
Broach: A long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which,when
forced through a hole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or
size.
Broaching: A long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which, when
forced through a hole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or
size.
Broadleaf: The leaves of trees associated with deciduous forests.
Broken Surface: Smoothing machined holes or outside surfaces of
castings by drawing pushing on or more broaches (special cutting
tools) through the roughed out hole.
Bromine Number: Surface fracturing, generally most pronounced at
sharp corners, and minute cracks on the surface of a drawn product
to the direction of drawing.
Bronze: See iodine number. (see Iodine Number)
Bronze: An alloy containing 90% copper and 10% tin. Used for
screws, wire, hardware, wear plates, bushings and springs; it is
somewhat stronger than copper and brass and has equal or better
ductility.
Bronze : A copper-rich copper tin alloy with or without small
proportions of other elements.
Bronzing: A non-ferrous alloy of copper and a metal other than zinc
or nickel. The family of bronzes includes: copper-tin, aluminum (for
high tensile strength), phosphor (for corrosion resistance and low
friction), leaded phosphor (for machinability) and silicon. ASTM
distinguishes five grades of bronze casting alloys.
Brownfield: (1) Applying a chemical finish to copper or copper-alloy
surfaces to alter the color. (2) Plating a copper-tin alloy on various
materials.
Bruise: Brownfield developments are construction projects which
take place on land which has had prior industrial, commercial, retail
or residential use. In the steel industry, brownfield often applies to
sites selected within urban areas for new distribution facilities or
additional steel capacity. Such capacity is often located adjacent to,
or within the perimeter of an existing steelworks. (see Greenfield)
Bruise: A mark transferred to the strip surface from a defective
process roll. Similar to dent or punchmark.
Brush Anodizing: A mark transferred to the strip surface from a
defective process roll. Similar to dent or punchmark.
Brush guard: A metallic, tubular attachment to the front bumper of a
vehicle that shields and protects the vehicle from plant life when
driven off-road.
Brush Plating: An anodizing process similar to brush plating.
Brushed Finish: Plating with a concentrated solution or gel held in
or fed to an absorbing medium, pad or brush carrying the anode
(usually insoluble). The brush is moved back and forth over the area
of the cathode to be plated.
Brushless Ac Motor: A brushless AC motor is also known as an
induction motor because the motor rotor is driven by electomagnetic
induction rather than by mechanical contact. In a brushless motor,
the alternating current is used to create a magnetic flux around the
motor stator. This magnetic flux then induces the motor of the rotor
unit. The absence of brushes reduces the mechanical friction in the
motor an greatly increases the motor efficiency.
Brushless motor: A type of electric motor used in R/C electric
aircraft. Brushless motors are much more powerful than traditional
brushed motors, and are fast becoming the norm. They can be in-
runner or out-runner motors.
Brushless Servo System: A brushless servo system combines a
servo drive, brushless DC motor, and a motor feedback system in
order to drive and control mechanisms such as automation devices,
rotary machines, or robotics. The integration of the motor feedback
allows the servo system to account for unexpected disturbances and
to improve the overall accuracy of the system.
BS&W: Finish generally produced by polishing; most common are
no. 3 finish (approx. 100 grit) and a finer no. 4 finish (approx. 120 to
150 grit). Brushed finish appearance can also be simulated by final
gauge rolling with ground rolls; reproducibility from lot to lot and even
from beginning of rolling to end of rolling has proven to be difficult to
attain to date.
BSE : Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (or: mad cow disease)
BSEC: Brake specific energy consumption
BSO: An acronym for the material that settles to the bottom of a
storage tank, namely bottoms, sediment and water. Laboratories
sometimes quantify and report this information when examining oil in
service.
Bsp: Billing Settlement Plan. BSP is a system designed to facilitate
and simplify the selling, reporting and remitting procedures of IATA
Accredited Passenger Sales Agents, as well as improve financial
control and cash flow for BSP Airlines.
BSU : Beam steering unit.
BTC: (see Butyl Stearate (BSO))
BTC: Buttress threaded and coupled
BTE: Brake thermal efficiency
BTU: Buttress threaded and coupled.
Btu : British Thermal Unit. Is the measure of heat energy.
Bucking: Bunking is an engine miss or hesitation, or transmission
slip then engagement that causes the car to lurch repeatedly as it
accelerates.
Buckles: British thermal unit: the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
Buckling: Appears like a series of waves and are created during
rolling as a result of mechanical misalignment or cross-section
irregularities in supply coil.
Buddy box: A system of learning to fly where the instructors
transmitter is wired to the students transmitter via a trainer cord. A
dual control system where the instructor can take control if the
student gets into difficulties.
Buddy or trainer box : Two similar transmitters that are wired
together with a "trainer chord." This is most useful when learning to
fly -- it`s the same as having dual controls. The instructor can take
control by using the "trainer switch" on his transmitter.
Buff: (1) A mode of failure generally characterized by an unstable
lateral material deflection due to compressive action on the structural
clement involved. (2) In metal forming, a bulge, bend, kink or other
wavy condition of the workpiece caused by compressive stresses.
See also compressive stress.
Buff: To polish A smooth finish of high luster with a cloth or fabric
wheel to which a compund has been added.
Buffer: A solution that prevents drastic changes in pH values when
moderate amounts of acid or alkali are added.
Buffer factor (revelle factor): The ratio of the instantaneous
fractional change in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) exerted by
seawater to the fractional change in total CO2 dissolved in the ocean
waters. The buffer factor relates the partial pressure of CO2 in the
ocean to the total ocean CO2 concentration at constant
temperature, alkalinity and salinity. The Revelle factor is a useful
parameter for examining the distribution of CO2 between the
atmosphere and the ocean, and measures in part the amount of
CO2 that can be dissolved in the mixed surface layer.
Buffer Solution: To polish a smooth finish of high luster with a cloth
or fabric wheel to which a compound has been added.
Buffer : A substance used in solution, which accepts hydrogen ions
or hydroxyl ions, added to the solution as acids or alkali’s, minimizing
a change in pH.
Buffet: Irregular, often violent, oscillations of an aircraft's structure,
caused by turbulent airflow or conditions of compressibility.
Build Up Coil: A coil made by putting together two or more coils to
make one max coil or one shippable coil.
Builder: (1) A substance that by its addition or presence tends to
minimize the physical and chemical effects of one or more of the
substances in a mixture. Properties often buffered include pH,
oxidation potential and flame or plasma temperatures. (2) A
substance whose purpose is to maintain a constant hydrogenion
concentration in water solutions even where acids or alkalis are
added. Each buffer has a characteristic limited range of pH over
which it is effective.
Building Automation: Building Automation refers to the use of a
central computerized control to monitor and regulate the operation of
equipment inside a factory, plant, or commercial building.
Buildup: A coil made by putting together by welding the end of one
coil to the beginning of second or more coils to make one larger coil.
Buildup Coil: Any substance that increases the effectiveness of a
cleaner, e.g., water-softening agents, buffer agents, alkalies.
Built Up Plate: (1) A weld surfacing variation in which surfacing
metal is deposited to achieve the required dimensions. See also
buttering. (2) Excessive electrodeposition that occurs on high-
current-density areas such as comers or edges.
Built-in simulation (bis) : Function in avionics software that
simulates sensors, aircraft, and pilot, to exercise avionics software
(including navigation, radio navigation, guidance and flight director);
BIS is often used by a development team to check basic operation
following installation of new software or patches; BIS is seldom used
by aircraft flight crews or maintenance
Built-up Edge: A pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope
pattern mounted on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be
attached to the other side or to a separate mounting.
Builtup Plate: A pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope
pattern mounted on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be
attached to the other side or to a separate mounting. See Matchplate
Bulb: The name given to the temperature-sensing device located in
the fluid for which control or indication is provided. The bulb may be
liquid-filled, gas filled, or gas-and-liquid filled. Changes in
temperature produce pressure changes within the bulb which are
transmitted to the controller.
Bulb Flats: (1) Chip material adhering to the tool face adjacent to
the cutting edge during cutting. (2) Material from the workpiece,
especially in machining, that is stationary with respect to the tool.
Bulge: A local distortion or swelling outward caused by internal
pressure on a tube wall or boiler shell due to overheating.
Bulging: Bulb flats, or Dutch profiles, are long, hot rolled flats with a
rounded bulb along one edge/side, which gives the flat section
strength. The main application is for stiffening plates in shipbuilding,
but they are also used in bridge construction. Bulb flats provide good
resistance to buckling and can offer a better strength-to-weight ratio
than stiffeners such as steel bars and asymmetric angles. The
rounded profile of bulb flats offers and a good surface for paints to
adhere to – an important factor in highly corrosive environments
such as the ocean.
Bulk Appearance (Grease): (1) Expanding the walls of a cup, shell
or tube with an internally expanded segmented punch or a punch
composed of air, liquids or semiliquids such as waxes, rubber and
other elastomers. (2) The process of increasing the diameter of a
cylindrical shell (usually to a spherical shape) or of expanding the
outer walls of any shell or box shape whose walls were previously
straight.
Bulk Bag Dischargers: Bulk bag dischargers are specialized
industrial machines used to handle bagged bulk material during
production and distribution operations. The design of these
machines vary widely dependent on the type and quantity of material
being filled. Bulk bag dischargers are used to load, unload, tie, and
remove bulk bags, among other operations. Dischargers are also
referred to as unloaders and usually include a frame support and
hoist mechanism, such as a crane, to allow for the support and
movement of the bag.
Bulk Bag Filler: Bulk bag fillers are specialized industrial machines
used to package material into bags during production and
distribution operations. The design of these machines vary widely
dependent on the type and quantity of material being filled. Bulk bag
fillers often include the ability to easily install and support the bag,
the ability to weight the contents of the bag, and the ability to densely
pack and seal the bag and prepare it for distribution.
Bulk Density: Visual appearance when the undisturbed surface is
viewed in an opaque container. Bulk appearance should be
characterized in the following terms: bleeding (free oil shows on
surface or in cracks of a cracked grease), cracked (showing surface
cracks of appreciable magnitude), grainy (a surface with small
granules or lumps of constituent thickener particles), rough (many
small irregularities on the surface), smooth (surface relatively free of
irregularities).
Bulk Density: The ratio of the weight of a material to its over all
volume (including any inherent porosity).
Bulk Forming: The ratio of the weight of a material to its overall
volume (including any inherent porosity).
Bulk Material Handling Equipment: Bulk material handling
equipment encompasses a number of technologies used for
movement, transport, and storage of bulk materials, including
conveyors, bins, hoppers, pumps, and process control technologies.
Bulk Material Handling Systems: A bulk material handling system
integrates bins, conveyors, and process controls to efficiently and
safely sort, move and/or process bulk materials.
Bulk Modulus: Forming processes, such as extrusion Forging,
rolling and drawing, in which the input material is in billet rod or slab
fonn and a considerable increase in surface-to-volume ratio in the
formed part occurs under the action of largely compressive loading.
Compare with sheet forming.
Bulk Sample: The resistance to compressibility of a fluid or
elastomer; the reciprocal of its compressibility.
Bulk Storage Tanks: A bulk storage tank is used to hold bulk
materials. They not only have to be structurally sound, but also
chemically inert to the material being stored inside.
Bulk Transfer Food Hoses: Bulk Transfer Food Hoses are used for
the transfer of liquid foodstuffs. They are constructed of tasteless,
odorless materials and can be subject to approval by regulatory
bodies such as the USA FDA.
Bulkhead Door: The train door on the end of the car that is used for
emergency passage from car to car
Bull Block: A large and representative sample of mineralized rock
from an ore body whose mineral content is being assessed for
commercial exploitation.
Bull Gear: A machine with a power-driven revolving drum for cold
drawing wire through a drawing die as the wire winds around the
drum.
Bull Gear: The large crank gear of a shaper.
Bulldozer: The microstructure of malleable or ductile cast iron when
graphite nodules are surrounded by a ferrite layer in a pearlitic
matrix.
Bulldozers: A Bulldozer is a tractor equipped with a large plate used
to push rubble, dirt, or other materials. Generally, bulldozers use
tracked wheels for improved traction.
Bullet Terminals: Bullet terminals are a method for connecting two
wires together. The male end is shaped like a bullet and snaps into a
corresponding female receiving end.
Bulletproof: In metal or object, bullet is not able to pass is known as
bullet proof.
Bullion: Slow-acting horizontal mechanical press with a large bed
used for bending and straightening. The work is done between dies
and can be performed hot or cold. The machine is closely allied to a
forging machine.
Bull's-eye Structure: The large crank gear of a shaper.
Bump: Bump is kind of jerk that we feel usually in vehicles during
traveling on off-roads and uneven roads.
Bumped: Airline jargon for a passenger being offloaded from a
flight. Most commonly due to a flight being oversold, although
‘bumped’ can also mean being ‘upgraded’ or ‘downgraded’ where a
seat in your booked class is not available.
Bumped cowling: An engine FAIRING, generally circular, with welts
or compound shapes in its surface to accommodate cylinder heads.
Bumper (Buffer): (1) A semirefined alloy containing sufficient
precious metal to make recovery profitable. (2) Refined gold or silver,
uncoined.
Bumpers: A supplemental device designed to protect a vehicles
frame and/or body from collision damage.
Bumping: An energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a
moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel, or
when two moving cranes or trolleys come into contact.
Bumpy Tiles: Tiles with raised domes that are located along the
edge of the platform to provide a tactile method of alerting
passengers that they are near the edge
Buna-N/S: (1) Fonning a dish in metal by means of many repeated
blows. (2) Forming a head. (3) Setting the seams on sheet metal
parts. (4) Ramming sand in a flask by repeated jarring and jolting.
Bundle: Buna-N and Buna-S are types of synthetic rubber. Buna-N
is a copolymer of butadiene and acetonitrile; Buna-S is a copolymer
of butadiene and styrene.
Bungee launch: A method of launching R/C aircraft with a
stretched elastic cord.
Burn: Sand adhering to the surface of the casting that is extremely
difficult to remove.
Burn: 1) Process of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen, 2)
to permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause either
incipient melting or intergranular oxidation.
Burn: Combustion action in rockets. Propulsion in space is
achieved through a sequence of burns.
Burn On Sand: Sand adhering to the surface of the casting that is
extremely difficult to remove.
Burn Out: Firing a mold at a high temperature to remove pattern
material residue.
Burner Ignition Units: A Burner Ignition Unit generates a spark
which is used to ignite atomized fuel in an oil or gas burner system.
Burner Nozzles: A burner nozzle is used to atomize combustible
fluid, such as heating oil, prior to ignition. Nozzles are designed to
control the droplet size, rate and spray pattern.
Burning: 1. Process of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen,
2. To permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause
either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation.
Burning: Heating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable
for the desired heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious
oxidation or other detrimental action begins.
Burnishing: (1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating
to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See also
overheating. (2) During subcritical annealing, particularly in
continuous annealing, production of a severely decarburized and
grain-coarsened surface layer that results from excessively
prolonged heating to an excessively high temperature. (3) In
grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to
change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. (4) In sliding
contacts, the oxidation of a surface due to local heating in an
oxidizing environment.
Burnishing: Smoothing surfaces through friction between the
material and material such as hardened metal media.
Burnoff: Developing a smooth finish on a metal by tumbling or
rubbing with a polished hand tool.
Burn-on-Sand: Specific number of sheets which equals one unit of
production. Number is determined by multiplying
sheets/packages/bundle. For example, an order calls for 112
sheets/package, according to the maximum height allowed for a lift.
Therefore, multiplying 15 packages x 112 sheets 3D = 1680
sheets/bundle.
Burnout: Burnout is a kind of stunt of bikes and cars. In this rear
wheels rotates at high speed but vehicle is in static condition. Mostly
it is done by superbikes.
Burnt: A definition applying to material which has been permanently
damaged by over heating.
Burnt Rubber: (1) Unintentional removal of an autocatalytic deposit
from a nonconducting substrate during subsequent electroplating
operations owing to the application of excessive current or a poor
contact area. (2) Removal of volatile lubricants such as metallic
stearates from metal powder compacts by heating immediately prior
to sintering.
Burnt Rubber: Small or large black spots that generally show up on
surface and are generally caused by pickling steel too hot.
Burnthrough: Small or large black spots that generally show up on
surface and are generally caused by pickling steel too hot.
Burnthrough: In shell molding, resin burned out too soon.
Burr: Devices used to remove build up on edge of strip after the
slitting process.
Burr: The very subtle ridge on the edge of strip steel left by cutting
operations such as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blanking. For
example, as a steel processor trims the sides of the sheet steel
parallel or cuts a sheet of steel into strips, its edges will bend with
the direction of the cut.
Burr Mashers: In shell molding, resin burned out too soon.
Burr Mashers: Devices used to remove build up on edge of strip
after the slitting process.
Burst: Internal pressure at which a tube will yield often tested
hydrostatically
Burst Pressure: Built-up edge or roughness on the bottom of the
strip resulting from slitting or shearing.
Burst Pressure: The level of pressure at which a component, pipe,
tube, hose or other fluid passage will burst during application of
internal pressure. Normally 2.5 4.0 times working pressure.
Burst pressure: The level of pressure at which a component, pipe,
tube, hose or other fluid passage will burst during application of
internal pressure. Normally 4.0 times working pressure. See also
WORKING PRESSURE and PROOF PRESSURE.
Bus: A major part of the structural subsystem of a spacecraft which
provides a place to attach components internally and externally, and
to house delicate modules requiring a measure of thermal and
mechanical stability. The bus also establishes the basic geometry of
the spacecraft.
Bus: The basic frame of a satellite system that includes the
propulsion and stabilization systems but not the instruments or data
systems.
Bus bar: A heavy, rigid metallic conductor which carries a large
current and makes a common connection between several circuits.
Bus bars are usually uninsulated and located where the electrical
service enters a building; that is, in the main distribution cabinet.
Bus Conductor: The internal pressure that will cause a piece of
tubing to fail by exceeding the plastic limit and tensile strength of the
material from which the tube is fabricated.
Bus contoller (bc). : Term defining role of device on a MIL-STD-
1553 bus as being master; Compare: remote terminal;
Busbars: A busbar is used to distribute current to multiple devices in
a electrical system. For example, in a household circuit panel, the
busbar distributes incoming power to each individual circuit.
Busheling: A rigid electric conductor of any cross section (i.e.,
aluminum bus conductor).
Busheling: A widely traded form of steel scrap consisting of sheet
clips and stampings from metal production. Bushel baskets were
used to collect the material through World War II, giving rise to the
term.
Bushing: Steel scrap consisting of sheet clips and stampings from
metal production. This term arose from the practice of collecting the
material in bushel baskets through World War II.
Business flying: Flying by the aircraft owner, his/her employees or
the hirer of the aircraft for business or professional reasons, but not
directly for hire or reward.
Bust Coil: A sleeve or a lining for a bearing or a drill jig to guard
against wear.
Bust Coil: Coils removed from the off gauge reel. The BUST (build
up side trimmer) coil contains defects (gauge variation and quality
defects) and off spec widths.
Buster: Coils removed from the off-gauge reel. The BUST (build up
side trimmer) coil contains defects (gauge variation and quality
defects) and off-spec widths.
Bustle Pipe: A pair of shaped dies used to combine preliminary
forging operations, such as edging and blocking, or to loosen scale.
Butcher Saw Steel: Large refractory lined pipe which encircles a
blast furnace and supplies hot air (blast).
Butcher Saw Steel: A hardened, tempered, and polished high
carbon spring steel strip material (carbon content is generally higher
than that of a material used for wood band saw applications) with a
Rockwell value of roughly C47/49.
Butler Finish: A hardened, tempered and polished high-carbon
spring steel strip material (carbon content is generally higher than
that of a material used for wood band saw applications) with a
Rockwell value of roughly C47/49.
Butt: Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other
and welding them.
Butt End: A semilustrous metal finish composed of fine, uniformly
distributed parallel lines, usually produced with a soft abrasive
buffing wheel; similar in appearance to the traditional hand-rubbed
finish on silver.
Butt End: The residual portion of an extrusion billet that is not forced
through the die at the end of the extrusion cycle.
Butt Joint: The residual portion of an extrusion billet that is not
forced through the die at the end of the extrusion cycle.
Butt Weld: The standard steel pipe used in plumbing. Heated skelp
is passed continuously through welding rolls, which form the tube
and squeeze the hot edges together to make a solid weld.
Butt Weld Pipe: A joint between two members lying or aligned
approximately in the same plane.
Butt Weld Pipe: Weld made to join two strip ends set against each
other.
Butt Welded Tube: The standard steel pipe used in plumbing.
Heated skelp is passed continuously through welding rolls, which
form the tube and squeeze the hot edges together to make a solid
weld.
Butt Welding: Weld made to join two strip ends set against each
other.
Butt Welding: Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the
other and welding them.
Butterfly throttle : A circular mid pivoted plate provided in engine to
control air and fuel mixture .and in diesel engine to control air. It is
connected to acc. Paddle through linkages
Butterfly Valve: An unfinished or incomplete ingot.
Butterfly Valves: A butterfly valve is a flow control device that uses
a circular plate to regulate flow through the valve. When the valve is
completely closed, the axis of the plate is parallel to the direction of
flow through the valve, and no flow is possible. Conversely, when the
valve is completely open, the plate is positioned perpendicular to the
direction of flow and the fluid can move freely past either side of the
plate.
Buttering: Rotating disc-type valve which moves 90° from the
closed position to the fully open position. Normally used to stop or
control the flow through a line, the butterfly regulates BOP steam
and power house steam on main plant service line.
Button: A form of surfacing in which one or more layers of weld
metal are deposited on the groove face of one member (for example,
a high-alloy weld deposit on steel base metal that is to be welded to
a dissimilar base metal). The buttering provides a suitable transition
weld deposit for subsequent completion of the butt weld (joint).
Buttweld Fittings: A Buttweld Fitting is any type of fitting designed
to be joined using a butt welding technique, which is typically used
for end to end joining of pipe, plate, and other geometries.
Butyl Rubber: Synthetic rubber used to create today’s tyres. It is
virtually impenetrable to water and air.
Butyl Rubber: Butyl Rubber is a type of synthetic rubber. It has
excellent impermeability and is used for air bladders, inner tubes,
and water barriers,
Butyl Rubber Sheeting: Butyl Rubber Sheeting is synthetic rubber
of uniform thickness. Its impermeable to air, water, and many
commonly encountered gases or fluids.
Butyl Stearate: (BSO)A lubricant applied on electrolytic chromium
coated steel
Butyl Stearate (BSO): (1) A globule of metal remaining in an
assaying crucible or cupel after fusion has been completed. (2) That
part of a weld that tears out in destructive testing of a spot, seam or
projection welded specimen.
Buyout amount: See "Payoff Amount."
By coil: A lubricant applied on electrolytic chromium coated steel.
By Coil: Selling term which refers to product sold in the form of a
coil vs. cut plate. Bi Coil is also used in production to refer to coils vs.
cut plate
Bypass: Passage at one side of, or around, a regular passage.
Bypass: A secondary passage for fluid flow.
Bypass feeder : A closed tank that is installed in a system in
"bypass," that is, in a side stream taken off the system and leading
back to the system rather than directly in-line.
Bypass Filters: A bypass filter is a secondary filter that is used to
augment the primary full-flow filter. The bypass filter takes a
percentage of the output flow diverted from the primary filter and
further removes smaller particulates that have passed through the
coarser, primary filter before returning the fluid to the main circulation
channel. This process is often referred to as polishing.
Bypass Level Gauges: A bypass level gauge is used to determine
the fill level of a tank in lieu of a sight glass. The gauge is contained
in a column that is mounted outside of the fluid container. A float with
a permanent magnet contained inside the column rises with fluid
level in the gauge and can activate switches, transmitters, etc.
Bypass : A pipe or duct, usually controlled by valve or damper, for
conveying a fluid around an element of a system.
C of c: Certificate of conformance or certificate of compliance; a
document typically signed and dated pertaining to a particular lot or
purchase order of item(s) describing any sdtandards, specifications,
tests, materials, and/or performance attributes of which the
referenced item(s) have or will meet.
C&C : Acronym for Cab and chassis
C(-office) : Crew Office (AIS/MET)
C.V.C. (Continuous Variable Crown): Chemical symbol for
Carbon.
C/r : Counter-rotating propellers.
C-3 : Acronym for Computer command control system
C3 plants: Plants (e.g., soybean, wheat, and cotton) whose carbon-
fixation products have three carbon atoms per molecule. Compared
with C4 plants, C3 plants show a greater increase
in photosynthesis with a doubling of CO2 concentration and less
decrease in stomatal conductance, which results in an increase in
leaf-level water-use efficiency.
C3I : Acronym for Computer controlled coil ignition
C3M Technology: A manufacturing process that permits the precise
placement of different tyre components and multiple rubber tread
compounds.
C4 plants: Plants (e.g., maize and sorghum) whose carbon fixation
products have four carbon atoms per molecule. Compared with C3
plants, C4 plants show little photosynthetic response to increased
CO2 concentrations above 340 ppm but show a decrease in
stomatal conductance, which results in an increase in
photosynthetic water-use efficiency.
C-4 system : Acronym for computer-controlled catalytic converter
CA: Hydraulic system that supplies the force to all the cylinders
associated with work roll balance and bending and back-up roll
balance (also supplies force for work roll shifting).
Ca: (see Continuous Anneal)
Ca: Chemical symbol for calcium
CA : 1. An API classification for Diesel engine oil widely used in the
late 1940s and '50s that operated in mild to moderate duty with high
quality fuels; occasionally has included gasoline engines in mild
service. Oils designed for this service provide protection from
bearing corrosion and ring-belt deposits in some naturally aspirated
diesel engines when using fuels of such quality that they impose no
unusual requirements for wear and deposits protection. It was
replaced by CB designated oil in 1949.
Ca glue : Cyanoacrylate A form of "super glue" commonly used in
model building.
Ca : Abbreviation for cyanoacrylate. An instant type glue that is
available in various viscosities (Thin, Medium, Thick, and Gel).
These glues are ideal for the assembly of wood airplanes and other
materials. NOTE: Most CA glues will attack foam.
CAA: Civil Aviation Administration (U.K.).
CAA : 1. Acronym for Clean Air Act. 2. Acronym for Civil Aviation
Authority
Caa : Civil Aviation Authority (of a country)
CAAA : Acronym for Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
CAAM : Acronym for China Association of Automobile
Manufacturers.
CAAP: Civil Aviation Advisory Publication
Cab: The compartment of a rail car where the operator works and
where the rail car's controls are located
Cab: Operator’s compartment used for occasional cab operation of,
normally, a floor- or remote-operated crane or carrier.
Cab: Civil Aeronautics Board (U.S.A.).
CAB : 1. Acronym for Civil Aeronautics Board 2. Acronym for
Controller, Anti-lock brake
Cab : 1. A taxi or car for hire. 2. The closed part of a truck (or even
a car) where the Driver sits.
Cab & chassis : The front of a tractor trailer unit
Cab Aside Engine : (CAE) A truck where the driver's cab sits to one
side of the engine as seen on refuse trucks and some construction
equipment.
Cab chassis : A truck Chassis which includes the driver
compartment.
Cab Forward : A truck that is similar to a cabover in that the cab is
positioned ahead of the engine. Most commonly seen on refuse
trucks and some construction equipment.
Cab Plus : A type of pickup truck (by Mazda) which has a second
row of seating; but unlike a Crew cab (which has four full size doors)
it has a half-door that can be opened only after the main door is
opened. The seating is usually a little more cramped than in a Crew
cab. Also called Club Cab, Extended Cab, King Cab, Xtracab,
Access Cab, Supercab
Cab : Civilian Aviation Board.
Cab, Normal: A crane Bridge Crane Controlled by an operator in a
cab located on the bridge or trolley.
Cab, Skeleton: Operator’s compartment used for Bridge Crane
Controlling a cab-operated crane.
Cabane strut: Wing strut attached to the fuselage.
Cabbage : Trucker slang for a long steep incline in Eastern Oregon
as in "I jammed the brakes pullin' off of Cabbage"
Cab-Behind Engine : (CB) (CBE) Conventional style of a large truck
which has a hood and an engine in front of the cab.
Cab-forward design : A car design in which the front end is short
and the footwells extended to the front axle. This design gave more
passenger space and pushed the windshield further from the
passengers
Cabin: Enclosed compartment for crew and/or passengers in an
aircraft.
Cabin : A passenger compartment of an enclosed vehicle.
Cabin altitude : The normal pressure altitude maintained in the
cabin of a pressurized aircraft.
Cabin blower : An engine-driven pump, usually of displacement
type, for maintaining an aircraft cockpit or cabin above atmospheric
pressure. Also called cabin supercharger.
Cabin differential pressure : The pressure in excess of that of the
surrounding atmosphere which is needed to maintain comfortable
conditions at high altitude. For an aircraft flying at 9000m this
differential would be about 60 kNm-2.
Cabin lighting: Halogen lamps and/or light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
located in a vehicles headliner that illuminate a vehicles interior
space in its entirety.
Cabin pressurizing : A mechanism used to maintain air pressure in
an airplane`s sealed cabin at a level suitable for passengers.
Cabinets: Cabinet is called as a box. Where we can put some things
by arranging them at proper place In cabinet. Like computer cabinet
is an almira for process, motherboard and other hardware.
Cable : A cord generally made of strands of thin wire. Electrical
cables are covered with a protective non-conducting material.
Control cables are housed within an outer sleeve.
Cable : SHIELDEDSpecial cable used with equipment that
generates a low voltage output. Used to minimize the effects of
frequency "noise" on the output signal.
Cable activated : A device which is controlled by a cable. As a lever
or pedal is engaged, the device is correspondingly moved. The
longer the cable the less efficient is the system. Cables tend to
stretch and fray with use
Cable And Wire Marker: Cable and wire marker is used for mark
the different cable according to its root. Or connection.
Cable Boxes: Where the all cables is joint together or from where
cables is transferred for different location mainly the cable box is hub
for cables
Cable brake : A braking device which is activated by a cable
Cable buoy : A buoy attached to an anchor and serving to mark its
position.
Cable clamp : 1. A device for securing a cable end to the point
where it connects. 2. A device which secures the outer sheath of a
cable
Cable Coolant Hoses: The hose is providing cooling to wire. The
coolant hose made from rubber and fiber and than wire is placed in it
absorb the heat of wire
Cable Couplers: Coupler is used to join the two wire/cable.
Cable crimp : A small aluminum or plastic cap installed on the ends
of bicycle brake and shift inner cables to keep them from fraying;
also known as a cable end. The outer cable sheath end is protected
from fraying by a Ferrule
Cable cutter : A tool for severing a cable.
Cable Cutters: Cable cutter is used to cut the cable in two pieces for
wiring purpose
Cable ducts : Earthenware, steel, plastic, or concrete pipes
containing cables.
Cable end : A small aluminum or plastic cap installed on the ends of
bicycle brake and shift inner cables to keep them from fraying; also
known as a cable crimp. The outer cable sheath end is protected
from fraying by a Ferrule
Cable form : The normal scheme of cabling between units of
apparatus. The bulk of the cable is made up on a board, using nails
at the appropriate corners, each wire of the specified color
identification being stretched over its individual route with adequate
skinner. When the cable is bound with twine and waxed, it is fitted to
the apparatus on the racks and the skinners connected, by
soldering, to the tag blocks.
Cable Glands: It is also a cable connector/coupler which is used for
connect the cable but in this one dome is there for protect the edge
of cable.
Cable grip : A flexible cone of wire which is put on the end of a
cable. When the cone is pulled, it tightens and bites into the sheath
of the cable, and can be used to pull the cable into a duct.
Cable guide : A tube which is secured in place to channel the cable
which runs through it
Cable Heat Shrink: It’s a tube made with plastic and have the
property of high shrinkage. Used as a cover for cable/wire for sealing
purpose
Cable Jointing Kit: Basically it’s a cable hub. Where the cables are
joined together. It’s a seal packed kit.
Cable lock : A thick cable with a lock at one end and which can be
wrapped around a bicycle frame and a post to protect the bike from
being stolen.
Cable logging : A system of transporting logs from stump to landing
by means of steel cables and winch. This method is usually
preferred on steep slopes, wet areas, and erodible soils where
tractor logging cannot be carried out effectively.
Cable Lugs: Cable lugs made of aluminum or copper. Which is used
with cable end for where earthling is required.
Cable Markers: it is a big in diameter and used where high load of
current is there. The wire is having good strength because it having
the steel wires in its cover.
Cable operated : An item which is controlled by a cable
Cable railway : Means of transport whereby carriages are pulled up
an incline by an endless overground or underground cable.
Cable-angle indicator : An indicator showing the vertical angle
between the longitudinal axis of a glider and its towing cable, also its
yaw and roll attitude relative to the towing aircraft.
Cablecar : A tram pulled by a moving underground cable, in the
same manner as the Cable railway.
Cable-laid rope : A rope formed of several strands laid together so
that the twist of the rope is in the opposite direction to the twist of the
strands.
Cables Fibre Optic Cable: Fibre Optic Cable is thin flexible cable
made of an engineered glass. Data is transmitted through the cable
via light pulses. The Optical Fibres act as wave guides; light inside
the fiber is subject to total internal reflection. Fibre Optic Cable is
used for long distance and high speed data transmission as signals
as subject to less loss and higher transmission rates than what is
attainable with conductive wires.
Cables Flameproof Insulated Cable: Flameproof insulated cable is
cable that uses a flameproof insulator, such as PTFE or inorganic
flame retardant minerals like magnesium oxide.
Cables High Temperature Cable: High Temperature Cable is
designed for applications where service temperature exceeds 150
deg C. Insulators are typically PTFE. Conductors are nickel or nickel
coated copper. Applications include ovens, furnaces, motors and
high intensity lighting.
Cables Hv Cable: HV (High Voltage) Cable is used for high voltage
power transmission. Special considerations are made in the design
of the insulator to isolate the high voltage conductor. Insulator
materials must not breakdown due to voltage stress and also control
leakage current. HV cable also often utilizes a conductive layer
between the insulator and outer jacket connected to ground to
equalize stress in the insulator.
Cables Mining Cable: Mining Cable is conductive cable designed
for the harsh conditions associated with mining. Both the conductor
and insulator are designed from maximum flexibility and
performance over a wide temperature range. The jacketing material
is abrasion resistant and chemically inert.
Cables Overhead Line Cable: Overhead Line Cable is an non
insulated conductive cable suitable for overhead power transmission.
Cable is suspended overhead by towers and electrically isolated
from the tower structure by insulators. The majority of overhead line
cable is aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR)construction.
ACSR cable uses outer aluminum conductor strands wrapped
around a center steel strand for strength.
Cables Pilc Insulated Cable: PILC (Paper Insulated, Lead Covered
) Cable is used in power transmission. Conductors are wrapped in oil
impregnated paper which is surrounded by a lead jacket. This cable
construction was common for underground power transmission but
has largely been replaced by polymer insulated cabling in the last
half century.
Cables Ptfe Cables: PTFE Cable uses PTFE, well known by the
trade name Teflon?, as the insulating jacket material. PTFE cable is
appropriate for high temperature applications, and is chemically
inert, but is susceptible to puncture and slice damage.
Cable-stayed bridge : A bridge type for medium spans in which the
decking is suspended by diagonal cables attached directly to the
supporting tower. Can be of fan or harp design. The decking is
always in compression and is self-supporting during construction.
Cable-way : A construction consisting of cables slung over and
between two or more towers, so that skips suspended from the
cables may be moved often over long distances. It is used for
transport of ore etc. Also called blondin.
Cab-Operated Crane: Chemical symbol for Calcium.
Cabotage: Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers
between two points in the same country by an airline belonging to
another county.
Cabotage: The right of an airline of one country to carry domestic
traffic within the territory of another carrier.
Cabover : A truck or tractor design in which the cab sits over the
engine on the chassis. The cabover is identified by the windshield
being located directly over the front bumper and the driver is directly
over the steering axle. Also called flat-faced, butt-nosed, or Cab-
over-engine
Cab-Over-Engine : (COE) A truck or tractor design in which the cab
sits over the engine on the chassis. The cabover is identified by the
windshield being located directly over the front bumper and the
driver is directly over the steering axle. Also called flat-faced or butt-
nosed.
Cabriolet : Similar to the sport coupé, it has a provision for
converting to an open-type body (i.e., Convertible). A Rumble seat is
a common on older vehicles, but not mandatory feature. Mercedes-
Benz distinguishes the cabriolet from the roadster in that the former
has a soft-top which folds up while the roadster has a hard-top which
is stored in the trunk. Also called a Drophead coupé.
CAC : Acronym for Charge Air Cooler
CACIS : Acronym for Continuous AC Ignition System
CAD: The operator’s compartment on a crane.
CAD : Acronym for computer aided design
Cad Cam Design: CAD CAM Design is the process of using
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) software's for component and process design. Although it is
applicable to a number of industries, it is commonly used in
reference to CNC machine components.
Cad Conversion: CAD conversion is an engineering service that
provides the input, transfer and export of 2D and 3D modeling data
used in computer aided drafting and design. Services may include
the scanning of a product and conversion to a CAD model, the
transfer of old paper drawings to computer models, the translation of
CAD information from one software package to another, or the
transfer of information from the CAD system to engineering analysis
programs and fabrication processes.
CAD/CAM Machining: CAD/CAM Machining is a term used to refer
to any machining process that makes use of digital design software
(CAD)and tool path planning software (CAM) to program a CNC
machine.
CAD/CAM Software: CAD/CAM Software is used for component
design and manufacture. CAD is an acronym for Computer-Aided
Design and can refer to any number of software tools used to
produce detailed digital drawings and models of components. CAM
is an acronym for Computer-Aided Manufacturing and typically refers
to software used to graphically design tool paths for a CNC
(Computed Numerically Controlled) Machine. While CAD and CAM
are historically discrete software tools, modern software often
integrates the two functions into a single interface, referred to as
integrated CAD/CAM, or simply CAD/CAM.
Cadastral survey : Land survey, boundary delineation.
Caddy : An euphemistic name for Cadillac
Cadence : The speed your bicycle pedals turn. Professional bicycle
riders have cadence of over 100 rpm
Cadence braking : A braking method in which the driver rapidly
depresses and releases the brake pedal to bring a vehicle to an
emergency stop
Cadillac :
Cadmium: Computer Assisted Design. The use of computer
programs to generate, analyze and modify designs. Extrusion dies
and their supporting tools, for example, may be designed with the aid
of computers.
Cadmium: Chemical symbol Cd. Cadium is produced primarily as a
by product of zinc refining, but also is recovered during the
benefication and refining of some lead ores and complex copper zinc
ores. Cadmium is bluish white soft metal that can be cut with a knife.
The principal use of cadmium, which was discovered in Germany in
1817, has been in nickel cadmium batteries for personal, portable
communications, electronic and electrical equipment. Other
applications include pigments, coatings and plating, stabilizers for
plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers and solar cells.
Cadmium cell : A reference voltage standard, giving 1.0186 V at
20°C. Also called Weston standard cadmium cell.
Cadmium copper : A variety of copper containing 0.7 to 1.0%
cadmium. Used for trolley, telephone, and telegraph wires because it
gives high strength in cold-drawn condition combined with good
conductivity.
Cadmium photocell : A photoconductive cell using cadmium
disulfide or cadmium selenide as the photosensitive semiconductor.
Sensitive to longer wavelengths and infrared. It has a rapid response
to changes in light intensity.
Cadmium red line : Spectrum line formerly chosen as a
reproducible standard of length, wavelength 643.8496 nm.
Cadmium-plated : Something that is covered with a coating of
cadmium. It is usually used to protect aluminum and steel nuts and
bolts
CAE : 1. Acronym for Computer Aided Engineering 2. Acronym for
Cab Aside Engine seen on refuse trucks and some construction
equipment.
Caesium : British spelling for Cesium
CAF: Construcciones Y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles is the name of a
Madrid (Spain)-based manufacturer of rail cars
CAFE : Acronym for Corporate Average Fuel Economy. Under
CAFE, which was enacted in 1975, a motor vehicle manufacturer
must place its U.S. automobile and light truck fleet sales in one of
two vehicle fleets, either domestic or import, for fuel economy
averaging purposes.
Café chop : Converting a stock motorcycle into a café racer is
known as doing a café chop on a bike
Café racer : 1. Motorcycle modified to resemble racing motorcycles
from the 1950s and 60s. They are called café racers because their
owners supposedly raced from café to café in London, where the
bikes first appeared in the 1960s. 2. An early Sportbike motorcycle
which originated in Europe. They had a low Windshield and the rider
was bent forward to optimize the flow of air. Its name came from
those who raced from one restaurant (café) to another.
Cage : 1. On a front Derailleur of a Bicycle, it is a pair of parallel
plates that push the Chain from side to side; on a rear Derailleur, it is
a set of plates in which Pulleys are mounted to hold and guide the
Chain from Cog to cog. 2. Any enclosure.
Cage pedal : A bicycle pedal that is surrounded by a cage. It is
found on all terrain bikes.
Cage rotor : A form of rotor, used for induction motors, having on it
a Cage winding. Also called squirrel-cage rotor.
Cage winding : A type of winding used for rotors of some types of
induction motors, and for the starting or damping windings of
synchronous machines. It consists of a number of bars of copper or
other conducting materials, passing along slots in the core and
welded to rings at each end. Also called squirrel-cage winding.
Cailletet's process : A method for the liquefaction of gases based
on the free expansion of a gas from a higher to a lower pressure.
CAJAD : Acronym for Canadian Association of Japanese
Automobile Dealers
Cake: Chemical symbol Cd. Cadmium is produced primarily as a
byproduct of zinc refining, but also is recovered during the
benefication and refining of some lead ores and complex copper-zinc
ores. Cadmium is a bluish-white soft metal that can be cut with a
knife. The principle use of cadmium, which was discovered in
Germany in 1817, has been in nickel-cadmium batteries for
personal, portable communications, electronic and electrical
equipment. Other applications include pigments, coatings and
plating, stabilizers for plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers
and solar cells.
Cake: A copper ingot rectangular in cross section intended for
rolling.
Cake : The rectangular casting of copper or its alloys before rolling
into sheet or strip.
Cal : Abbreviation for Calorie
CAL : Acronym for Computer Aided Lighting
Cal/osha : California Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Calandria : Closed vessel penetrated by pipes so that liquids in
each do not mix. In evaporating plant the tubes carry the heating
fluid and in certain types of nuclear reactor, e.g., CANDU reactors,
the sealed vessel is called a calandria
Calcareous coating or deposit : A layer consisting of a mixture of
calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide deposited on surfaces
being cathodically protected against corrosion, because of increased
pH adjustment to the protected surface.
Calcination: (1) A copper or copper alloy casting rectangular in
cross section, used for rolling into sheet or strip. (2) A coalesced
mass of unpressed metal powder.
Calcination : A process in which a material is heated to a high
temperature without fusing, so that hydrates, carbonates, or other
compounds are decomposed and the volatile material is expelled.
Calcine, Calcines: Heating ores, concentrates, precipitates or
residues to decompose carbonates, hydrates or other compounds.
Calcined Bauxite: Refractory material, often fire clay, that has been
heated to eliminate volatile constituents and to produce desired
physical changes.
Calcium: A scale forming element found in boiler feed water.
Calcium: In the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer and
degasifier when added to steel. Recent developments have found
that carbon and alloy steels modified with small amounts of calcium
show improved machinability and longer tool life. Transverse ductility
and toughness are also enhanced.
Calcium (Ca): Bauxite fired to high temperatures.
Calcium chloride: A substance used to obtain calcium chloride
brine.
Calcium chloride : 1. A chemical (salt) which is added to water in a
Liquid ballast. 2. A soluble compound produced from calcium
carbonate and hydrogen chloride generally used in cold
temperatures (18° - -10°C) to deice roads or to pre-wet salt before
applying to roads.
Calcium Grease/Cup Grease: Aluminum-killed steel, while in the
ladle prior to being cast, often has calcium, in the form of calcium
silicide, injected into the liquid bath. The addition of calcium lowers
the level of the remaining oxygen and sulfur contents of the steel and
modifies the residual inclusion composition and shape. This has the
effect of improving the cleanliness, castability, machinability and of
reducing the anisotropy of toughness and ductility of the steel.
Calcium magnesium acetate : A compound produced from
limestone and acetic acid used for anti-icing and deicing of roads. It
is less corrosive than salt, but more expensive.
Calcium Silicide: An alloy of Calcium, silicon, and iron containing
28 35% Ca, 60 65% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and
degasser for steel and cast iron; sometimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium Silicon: Oils thickened with calcium soap.
Calcium Silicon: An alloy of calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28
35% Ca, 60 65% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and
degasser for steel and cast iron; sometimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium sulfate: Chemical compound (CaSO4) which is used at a
drying agent or desiccant in liquid line dryers.
Calcium Sulfate: Chemical formula is CAS04
Calcium sulfate : Chemical compound (CaSO4), which is used as a
drying agent or desiccant in liquid line driers
Calcium Sulfonate Grease: An alloy of calcium, silicon and iron
containing 28-35% Ca, 60-65% Si, and 6% Fe, max. Used as a
deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; somtimes called
calcium silicide.
Calcium tungstate screen : A fluorescent screen used in a
cathode-ray tube; it gives a blue and ultraviolet luminescence.
Calcium Wired Injection: A calcium neutralized grease thickened
with sulfonic acid and fatty acids. Sulfonate greases have inherent
rust inhibition
Calcium Wired Injection: Wire feeding of steel clad calcium wire
into molten bath to provide favorable kinetics for inclusion
modification.
Calcrete: A surficial gravel and sand conglomerate cemented by
calcium carbonate.
Calendering : A thin layer of rubber inside the Tire casing which
covers the carcass cords to protect them from moisture and to
protect the tube from chafing by the cord body. In tubeless tires,
calendering consists of a layer of air proof Butyl rubber.
Caliber : The internal diameter or bore of a pipe, esp. the barrel of a
fire-arm
Calibrate : As applied to test instruments it is the procedure of
adjusting the dial Needle to the correct zero or load setting to
determine accurate measurements
Calibrated airspeed : (CAS) In automobiles, speed is calculated by
the rotation of the driving axle. In an airplane, however, speed is
determined by the amount of air rushing past the plane. In a turn, air
will rush past faster on one side than the other. Calibrated airspeed
makes adjustment for this factor (called position error) and for any
error in the instrument. Also called rectified airspeed
Calibrated airspeed (cas) : The indicated airspeed of an aircraft,
corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is
equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
Calibrated airspeed : Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed
in standard atmosphere at sea level.
Calibration: A process of dividing and numbering the scale of an
instrument; also of correcting or determining the error of an existing
scale, or of evaluating one quantity in terms of readings of another.
Calibration: AFTER some time machines and equipment measuring
equipment are showing some extra reading because of continuous
uses so after some time calibration is done to set the value of
equipment to zero or defaults
Calibration: Setting a measuring instrument before measuring for
accurate results.
Calibration: Act of comparing an instrument's measuring accuracy
to a known standard.
Calibration : Marking the measuring units on an instrument or
checking their accuracy
Calibration assembly : A memory module that plugs into an on-
board computer and contains instructions for engine operation
Calibration oil : Oil which is used in a tester for checking injection
nozzles, meeting SAE J967D specifications
Calibration : A basic control to a data source from controls and
displays for calibrating a device; Also, a procedure to adjust physical
devices so that they provide the most accurate results possible;
calibration procedures commonly result in correction factors to be
downloaded from the host processor to the device; during
calibration, the device is usually not available; See Also: alignment,
boresighting, initialization;
Caliche: An opaque, reddish-brown-to-white calcareous material,
which occurs in layers near the surface of stony soils in arid and
semiarid areas. Also called hardpan.
California Air Resources Board : (CARB) The state agency that
regulates the air quality in California. Air quality regulations
established by CARB are often stricter than those set by the federal
government.
California Low-Emission Vehicle Program : State requirement for
automakers to produce vehicles with fewer emissions than current
EPA standards. The five categories of California Low-Emission
Vehicle Program standards from least to most stringent are TLEV,
LEV, ULEV, SULEV, and ZEV.
California Pilot Program : Federal program, administered by the
EPA under the Clean Air Act, which sets lower emission standards
(relative to cars in the general U.S. market) for a set number of new
passenger cars and light trucks sold in California. The program
specified that at the beginning of 1996, there would be the sale of
150,000 clean vehicles in the state. Beginning in 1999, this was to
increase to 300,000 annually. California must mandate availability of
any fuel necessary to operate clean fuel vehicles.
California Power Exchange : A State-chartered, non-profit
corporation which provides day-ahead and hour-ahead markets for
energy and ancillary services in accordance with the power
exchange tariff. The power exchange is a scheduling coordinator
and is independent of both the independent system operator and all
other market participants.
California wheel : A name given to a spoked wheel produced by
particular manufacturer. Although the wheel is popular in the East
and Midwest of United States, it is not common in California or other
Western states.
Caliper: A special caliper used to measure both the “choral
thickness” and the depth of a gear tooth.
Caliper : Caliper is a disc brake component which forms the cylinder
and contains the piston and brake pads. It provides braking
producing a clamping action on a rotating disc.
Caliper : The clamping device on Disc brakes which straddles the
rotating disc and by hydraulic action it presses the pads against the
disc to stop or slow the vehicle
Caliper configuration: A description of the number of hydraulic
pistons used in a vehicles brake caliper and their arrangement in
relation to each other.
Caliper Disc Brake: in disc brake rotating disc is stop by putting
pressure on disc by pads and a caliper is used to puss the pad to
disc.
Caliper mounting bracket : The component that connects a brake
caliper to the steering knuckle, hub carrier, or rear axle
Caliper type: The type of brake caliper: monoblock, sliding or dual
sliding.
Caliper, Gear Tooth: Wire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into a
molten bath to provide favorable kinetics for inclusion modification.
Calk : To fill seams in a wood deck with oakum or hammer the
adjoining edges of metal together to stop leaks. Also spelled caulk
Calliper : Alternate spelling for Caliper
Cal-look : A style modification of small vehicles which first started in
California. Most of the chrome is removed and the vehicle is painted
a bright color like yellow, light blue, and red.
Call-out : The mobilization of plow operators to initiate snow and ice
control activities
Calomel Electrode: A device used to measure inside or outside
dimensions.
Calorescence : The absorption of radiation of a certain wavelength
by a body, and its re-emission as radiation of shorter wavelength.
The effect is familiar in the emission of visible rays by a body which
has been heated to redness by focusing infrared heat rays onto it.
Calorie: It is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.
Calorie: it is a unit of energy. Symbol is for calorie is Cal
Calorie: The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one
gram of water at 15 degrees centigrade one degree centigrade.
Compare with British Thermal Unit.
Calorie : Two different calorie units are used by scientists. The
calorie used by medical science is a small heat unit. It equals the
heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one
degree Celsius. The calorie used by engineering science is a large
heat unit. It is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of water one degree C. In the SI system
it is recommended that the Joule unit of energy be used in place of
the calorie
Calorific value: Calorific value is the total amount of heat produced
by amount of fuel burned in environment.
Calorific value : A measure of heating value of fuel. Amount of heat
produced by the complete combustion of a unit weight of fuel.
Usually expressed in calories per gram or BTU's per pound, the
latter being numerically 1.8 times the former.
Calorifiers: An vessel used for transfer heat to water in a vessel by
indirect means, the source of heat being contained in a pipe
Calorimeter: Device used to measure quantities of heat or
determine specific heats.
Calorimeter: Calorimeter is an measuring device basically used for
measure the chemical or physical change in a reaction
Calorimeter : An instrument to measure amount of heat given off by
a substance when burned
Calorizing: (1) An electrode widely used as a reference electrode of
known potential in electrometric measurement of acidity and
alkalinity, corrosion studies, voltammetry and measurement of the
potentials of other electrodes. (2) A secondary reference electrode of
the composition.
Calvin cycle: The incorporation of CO2 into glucose by enzymatic
reactions.
Cam: It is lobed device used to guide the valves in a engine head
Cam: A mechanical forming press in which one or more of the slides
are operated by cams; usually a double-action press in which the
blankholder slide is operated by cams through which the dwell is
obtained.
CAM: A device for converting regular rotary motion to irregular rotary
or reciprocating motion. Sometimes the effect of off-center lathe
operations.
CAM : Acronym for Computer Aided Manufacturing
Cam : 1. A designed bump on a shaft or Disc which causes a
rocking motion in an adjacent part.2. A metal Disc with irregularly
shaped lobes used in the Camshaft to activate the opening and
closing of the valves and in the Distributor, to force the points to
open.
Cam bolt : A bolt fitted with an eccentric that will cause parts to
change position when the bolt is turned.
Cam chain : A Timing chain which controls the overhead camshaft.
Cam face : The surface of a cam lobe
Cam follower : The unit that contacts the end of the Valve stem and
the Camshaft. The follower rides on the Camshaft and when the
Cam lobes move it upward, it opens the valve. Also called Valve lifter
or tappet.
Cam grind : 1. A type of brake shoe arcing that produces a lining
thinner at its ends than at its center.2. The intake and exhaust timing
of a particular cam profile.
Cam Grinder: Grinder is used to finish the surface of a rough
surface and cam grinder is specifically used to grind the surface of
cam shaft for more smoothness of surface
Cam heel : The lowest point of a cam opposite the lobe. Also called
Base circle
Cam lobes : The bumps on a camshaft that contact and activate
such devices as the Lifters, which operate the valves, and the
Rubbing block, which causes the points to open and close, as the
cam spins with the Distributor shaft.
Cam lubricator : A device, often in the form of a wick, for lubricating
the contact breaker cam in the distributor
Cam plants (crassulacean acid metabolism): Plants (e.g, cactus
and other succulents) that, unlike the C3 plants and C4 plants,
temporarily separate the processes of carbon dioxide uptake and
fixation when grown under arid conditions. They take up gaseous
carbon dioxide at night when the stomata are open and water loss is
minimal. During the day when the stomata are closed, the stored
CO2 is released and chemically processed. When CAM plants are
not under water stress, they then follow C3 photosynthesis.
Cam Press: Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel
surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1,000°C (1,472 to
1,832°F).
Cam profile : The shape of each lobe on a Camshaft. These shapes
determine when the valves open or close.
Cam pulley holder : A tool for securing the camshaft when other
adjustments are being made.
Cam roller : Rotating wheel acting as a cam follower
Cam-and-lever steering : A steering system in which a conical peg
mounted on a lever engages in a helically cut groove on a cylindrical
drum. Also called cam-and-peg steering
Cam-and-roller steering : A steering system in which a tapered
disc or a set of discs or rollers engage with a helically cut, tapered
groove on a cylindrical drum
Camaro : A series of Pony cars from the Chevrolet division of
General Motors produced from 1967 to 2002. It is often misspelled
as Camero because of a mispronunciation. It should be pronounced
ka-MAH-roh, not ka-MERR-oh. The 1967-69 SS/RS V-8 and Z-28
models are Milestone cars.
Camber: Angle between vertical axis of wheel and vertical
axis of vehicle, camber improves cornering.
Camber: A wheel’s inward or outward tilt from vertical, measured in
degrees. The camber angle is adjusted to keep the outside tyres flat
on the ground during a turn.
Camber: Camber is the deviation from edge straightness. Maximum
allowable tolerance of this deviation of a side edge from a straight
line are defined in ASTM Standards.
Camber: The measurement of the greatest distance between the
chord line and the mean camber line.
Camber: The curvature, convex or concave, of an airfoil surface.
Camber: The convex or concave curvature of an airfoil.
Camber: The curve of an airfoil.
Camber : 1. The rise of a deck of a ship, Athwartship
Camber Or Bow: Bow is an musical instrument which move or slide
on other musical instrument to get sound or music
Camber Thrust: The side or lateral force generated when a tyre
rolls with camber, which can add to or subtract from the side force
that a tyre generates.
Camber thrust : The side force generated when a tire rolls with
Camber. Camber thrust can add to or subtract from the side force a
tire generates.
Camber Tolerances: Computer-aided manufacturing; using data
extracted from a part CAD drawing to control a machine that
produces the part.
Camber Tolerances: It is an minimum or maximum deviation in the
edge of metal sheet after manufacturing
Camber : If you draw a line through the center of the airfoil that`s
exactly half-way between the top and bottom surface, you get the
mean airfoil line. Depending upon the airfoil, it can be straight or
curved. This curve is called the "camber" of the airfoil. If it has a lot
of curve, the airfoil is said to be "highly-cambered".
Camberchanging: The ability to change the shape of the airfoil (and
wing) in flight to produce more or less lift or more drag such as in the
use of flaps.
Cambered axle : An axle that has a slight arch which curves upward
at the center so that the wheels can tilt outward at the top. In this
way it is better than an axle which might sag under load.
Camel : A padded fender to keep a vessel away from a pier or quay
to prevent damage to the hull or pier
Camel Grand Touring Prototype : (GTP) An International
Motorsports Association's (IMSA) premier racing category until 1993
when it was replaced by the controlled cars World Sports Car
Championship. GTP cars were the most powerful and the fastest on
most road racing circuits in North America at that time. Over the
years, many automakers fielded factory teams in this series including
Ford, Toyota, Jaguar, Nissan, and Porsche.
Camelback : A brand name for a hydration pack that fits on the back
of a cyclist or hiker. It is filled with water and has a tube placed within
reach for supplying water for the user.
Camera : Trucker slang for Police radar unit as in "There's a local
yokal with a camera just ahead."
Camera Shutter Steel: 1. Camber is the deviation of a side edge
from a straight edge. Measurement is taken by placing a straight
edge on the concave side of a sheet and measuring the distance
between the sheet edge and the straight edge in the center of the
arc. Camber is caused by one side being elongated more than the
other. 2. The hook or dogleg near the ends of a coil. 3. The slight
upward vertical curve given to girders to compensate partially for
deflection due to hook load and weight of the Crane.
Camera Shutter Steel: It is a type of rolled steel having high
hardness toughness and having bright polishing
Cam-ground piston : A Piston with a Skirt that is ground slightly
egg-shaped or oval-shaped. The widest diameter of the skirt is at
right angles to the piston-pin axis. When it is heated, it becomes
round. The design allows for a closer fit in the Cylinder so that there
is a reduction of Blowby gas, cylinder scuffing, and Piston slap.
Campaign: Hardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and
extra precision-rolled steel. Carbon content 1.25, Chromium 0.15.
Campaigning : Racing a particular vehicle for an entire season.
Camper : A structure which fits into a truck bed for camping
purposes. It usually has beds and possibly cooking and washing
facilities. Also called a Truck camper or slide-in camper.
Camping trailer : A trailer containing camping equipment.
Camry : A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota
Camshaft: A shaft which revolve and carry cams. It is used to oprate
the valves.
Camshaft : A shaft with Cam lobes (bumps) which is driven by
gears, a belt, or a Chain from the Crankshaft. The lobes push on the
Valve lifters to cause the valves to open and close. The camshaft
turns at half the speed of the Crankshaft.
Camshaft bearing : Usually a plain bearing which supports the
camshaft
Camshaft drive : A connection between the crankshaft and
camshaft by means of gears, chain, drive belt, shaft, or eccentric
shaft to maintain the ratio of 12.
Camshaft drive belt : A Timing belt
Camshaft drive sprocket : A sprocket attached to a crankshaft
(either at one end or somewhere in the middle) which drives the
camshaft with the use of a chain
Camshaft end play : The amount of lateral movement of the
camshaft once it is installed
Camshaft gear : A gear that is used to drive the Camshaft.
Camshaft housing : That part of the engine which encloses the
camshaft and often other parts of the valve train.
Camshaft journal : That part of the camshaft that runs in one of its
bearings
Camshaft position sensor : (CMP) A sensor that signals to the
(ECU) the rotational position of the camshaft. This enables the
computer to more precisely time the fuel injection and ignition
system for faster starting of the engine.
Camshaft pulley : The pulley on the end of the camshaft for the
camshaft drive belt
Camshaft sensor : 1. A sensor that signals to the (ECU) the
rotational position of the camshaft. This enables the computer to
more precisely time the fuel injection and ignition system for faster
starting of the engine.2. A trigger device found on some
distributorless ignition systems that synchronizes when the proper
ignition coil should be fired.
Camshaft sprocket : The sprocket on the camshaft which (through
a chain) is driven by the Camshaft drive sprocket
Camshaft timing : The relationship between the opening and
closing of the valves and the movement of the pistons must be
coordinated. The camshaft which operates the valves must therefore
turn in relation to the crankshaft by means of a timing belt or timing
chain
Camshaft timing belt : The rubber belt that transfers power from
the crankshaft to the camshaft to operate it. The belt must be
installed so it maintains the relationship between the camshaft and
crankshaft so the valves for each cylinder open and close at the right
time for proper engine operation, a factor called camshaft timing
Camshaft timing chain : The metal chain that transfers power from
the crankshaft to the camshaft to operate it. The chain must be
installed so it maintains the relationship between the camshaft and
crankshaft so the valves for each cylinder open and close at the right
time for proper engine operation, a factor called camshaft timing
Can: Can measurements are expressed in inches and sixteenths of
inches in a kind of shorthand. The standard 12-oz. beverage can, for
example, is described as 211 by 413, which translates to a 211/16
inches in diameter by 4-13/16 inched in height. When a two-piece
can is described as 211/209/413, this means 2-11/16 inches in
diameter, necked in at the top to a 2-9/16 inches by a 4-13/16 inches
in height.
Can: It’s a aluminum vessel used for packed drink and other eatable
things mainly use and throw purpose
Can : 1. A tube in a canned motor pump which insulates the motor
winding. 2. A container for liquid or other substances.
Can Dimensions: A life of anything. The length of a process unit’s
lining life.
Can Dimensions: It’s in cylindrical shape. Dimension of can is
based on its use. Dimension is contain the Height, Upper die, Lower
die, and thickness of sheet
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement : (FTA) Implemented in
January 1989 to eliminate all tariffs on U.S. and Canadian goods by
January 1998 and to reduce or eliminate many non-tariff barriers.
Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council : (CARS) A
not-for-profit organization established to serve the human resource
and training needs of the Canadian car and truck repair and service
industry.
Canadian cross border shopping : Cross border shopping
describes the purchasing by Canadian consumers of products in the
United States. Of particular interest is the decision by these buyers
to obtain their products in the U.S., even though similar products are
available in the Canadian market.
Canadian Deuterium Uranium Reactor : (CANDU) Uses heavy
water or deuterium oxide (D2O), rather than light water (H2O), as the
coolant and moderator. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that has
a different neutron absorption spectrum from that of ordinary
hydrogen. In a deuterium-moderated-reactor, fuel made from natural
uranium (0.71 U-235) can sustain a chain reaction.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act : (CEPA) act where the
goal is pollution prevention and protection of Canadians from toxic
substances.
Canadian Gas Association : (CGA) A trade organization
representing all segments of the gas industry in Canada. Founded in
1907, it specifically represents distributors, transmission companies,
producers, pipeline contractors, manufacturers and allied service
organizations. CGA set up a standards writing, inspection and
product certification program in the mid 1950's at a time when
natural gas was being extended to Eastern Canada and the West
Coast. CGA has been accredited by the National Standards Council
of Canada to prepare National Standards of Canada in the area of
equipment for use with natural gas and propane.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) : The organization that
sets safety standards for electric motors and other electrical
equipment used in Canada
Canard: Describes an aircraft which flies tail first, with its main lift
surface at the aft end of its structure.
Canard: An arrangement in which the horizontal stabilizer and
elevators of an aircraft are mounted in front of the main wing(s).
Canard: a tail configuration (two small horizontal surfaces on either
side of the aircraft) mounted toward the front of the aircraft, rather
than at the rear.
Canard : The horizontal surface forward of the wing used to control
pitch. It`s found on very few aircraft. Also the word used to describe
aircraft that have a main wing and a horizontal control surface in the
nose...also called, "tail first" aircraft.
Candela : (cd) A basic unit of luminous intensity. If, in a given
direction, a source emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540
x 1012 Hz, and the radiant intensity in that direction is 1/683 watt per
Steradian, then the luminous intensity of the source is 1 candela.
Candle power : A measurement of the light producing ability of a
light Bulb.
Candlestick barriers : Plastic poles used to channel traffic.
Normally used in long-term traffic control in lieu of orange drums in
tight construction areas
CANDU : Acronym for Canadian Deuterium Uranium Reactor
Candy apple paint : A bright color (usually red) paint (often with
metal flakes) with a transparent clear coat
Candy paint : A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal
flakes) with a transparent clear coat
Candy store : An automobile dealership with lots of vehicle
inventory.
Canister: It is also in cylindrical shape. It is used in can as a
protective layer.
Canister : A small metal box or can. Usually refers to a container in
an emission control system that contains charcoal to trap fuel vapors
from the fuel system
Canister air filter : A Centrifugal force air filter
Canister purge shut-off valve : (CPSOV) a vacuum-operated valve
that shuts off canister purge when the air injection diverter valve
dumps air downstream
Canister purge solenoid : An electrical solenoid that opens the
canister purge valve between the fuel vapor canister line and the
intake manifold when energized
Canister purge valve : Valve used to regulate the flow of vapors
from the evaporative canister to the engine
Canned motor pump : A glandless pump with a special type of
submersible or canned motor, whose stator winding is insulated from
the fluid pumped by a tube
Cannibalize : The action of removing good parts from one vehicle in
order to put them into another vehicle.
Canning: A sheathing of soft metal that encloses a sintered metal
billet for the purpose of hot working (hot isostatic pressing, hot
extrusion) without undue oxidation.
Canning: To prevent the food from external environment generally
kept in vessel or jars, this process is called canning of foods
Canning : The insertion of the catalyst element into the converter
shell of a catalytic converter
Cannon Plug: Cannon plug is also a jointer which is used to transfer
heat from one to another place it’s a high load having plugs having
male and female part
Cannular combustion chamber : A gas turbine combustion system
with individual flame tubes inside an annular casing.
Canonical assembly : Term used in statistical thermodynamics to
designate a single assembly of a large number of systems
Canopy: The roof-type structure above Metrorail station entrances
or above bus stations/terminals used to protect the entryway or
customers from inclement weather
Canopy: The glazing surrounding the cockpit for pilot visibility.
Canopy: The layer formed naturally by the leaves and branches of
trees and plants.
Canopy: The branches and leaves of woody plants that are formed
some distance above the ground.
Canopy : 1. The fabric (nylon, silk, or cotton) body of a parachute,
which provides high air drag. Usually hemispherical, but may be
lobed or rectangular in shape. 2. The transparent cover of a cockpit.
CANP : Acronym for canister purge solenoid that opens the fuel
vapor canister to the intake manifold when energized
Cant : Slope of rail or road curve whereby outer radius is
superelevated, to counteract centrifugal thrust of traffic
Cant angle : Angle of nacelle mounting; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Cant beam : Beams supporting the deck plating in the overhanging
portion of the stern.
Cant frame : A frame connected at the upper end to the cant beams
Canted deck : The flight deck of an aircraft carrier prolonged
diagonally from one side of the ship, so that aircraft may fly off and
land on without interference to or from aircraft parked at the bows.
The British term is Angled deck
Cantilever: (1) A dished distortion in a flat or nearly flat sheet metal
surface, sometimes referred to as oil canning. (2) Enclosing a highly
reactive metal within a relatively inert material for the purpose of hot
working without undue oxidation of the active metal.
Cantilever: Cantilever is a type of beam or plate, which hold from
center or one side and hanging from other side.
Cantilever: A beam, or other structure, supported at one end only,
and without external bracing.
Cantilever : An arm that projects from a source and supports
cables.
Cantilever brake : 1. A bicycle Rim brake with pivoting arms
mounted on Fork blades or Seatstays at or below rim level. The two
brake arms are connected by a straddle cable with the brake cable
attached to the midpoint of the straddle cable.2. A type of ATB brake
characterized by having the two brake arms connected by a straddle
cable with the brake cable attached to the midpoint of the straddle
cable. This type of brake was used on ATB bicycles (as well as
tandems, touring, and cyclocross bicycles) before the invention of
the V-Brake
Cantilever bridge : A bridge formed of self-supporting projecting
arms built outward from the piers and meeting in the middle of the
span, where they are connected together.
Cantilever deck : A bridge where the deck slab is fixed above the
main beams or trusses and is cantilevered beyond the outer beams
or trusses.
Cantilever load : A load which tends to impose a radial force
(perpendicular to the shaft axis) on an electric motor or gearmotor
output shaft
Cantilever spring : 1. A leaf spring which is mounted upside down
and attached to the vehicle at its mid-point. This system is no longer
in use in modern vehicles.
Cantrail : The Roof rail
Canvas top : The convertible top.
Canyon : A nuclear energy term for a long narrow space often partly
underground with heavy shielding for essential processing of wastes
from reactors.
CAO: Civil Aviation Order
Cap : 1. A protective round cover which is secured to something.2.
Cleaner air package system for reducing the amount of unburned
Hydrocarbons in the automobile Exhaust.
Cap nut : A threaded nut that is closed (blind) at one end often with
a dome or acorn-shaped top. It is used to protect the projecting
threads or to protect a person from being hurt by the sharp edge of
projecting threads. Also called box nut or dome nut.
Cap reduction: Capital reduction. In a vehicle lease, any trade-in
amount, cash down payment or rebate amount that reduces the cost
of the vehicle being leased (its "capitalized cost").
Cap screw : A screw with a hexagon head, slotted head, square
head, or socket head
Cap Sheet: To cover the sheet by some insulated material to make
the sheet water resistance and water insulated
Cap wrench :
Capable of being fueled : A vehicle is capable of being fueled by a
particular fuel(s) if that vehicle has the engine components in place
to make operation possible on the fuel(s). The vehicle does not
necessarily have to run on the fuel(s) in order for that vehicle to be
considered capable of being fueled by the fuel(s). For example, a
vehicle that is equipped to operate on either gasoline or natural gas
but normally operates on gasoline is considered to be capable of
being fueled by gasoline and natural gas.
Capacitance (c) : 1. The property which opposes any change in
Voltage in an electrical circuit. The property of a nonconductor by
which it stores electrical energy when separated surfaces of the
nonconductor are maintained at a difference of Potential.
Capacitance is measured by the ratio of the charge induced to the
potential difference and is proportional to the area of the conducting
plates and the dielectric constant of the nonconducting material, and
inversely proportional to the separation of the plates (mks unit farad).
Capacitance bridge : An ac bridge network for the measurement of
capacitance.
Capacitance coupling : Interstage coupling through a series
capacitance or by a capacitor in a common branch of a circuit.
Capacitance grading : Grading of the properties of a dielectric, so
that the variation of stress from conductor to sheath is reduced. The
inner dielectric has the higher permitivity. Ideally, the grading is
continuous and the permittivity varies as the reciprocal of the
distance from the center.
Capacitance integrator : Resistance-capacitance circuit whose
output voltage is approximately equal to the time integral of the input
voltage.
Capacitance : The property of an electric current that permits the
storage of electrical energy in an electrostatic field and the release of
that energy at a later time.
Capacitative load : Terminating impedance which is markedly
capacitative, taking an ac leading in phase on the source emf, e.g.,
electrostatic loudspeaker.
Capacitative reactance : Impedance associated with a capacitor.
Has a magnitude in ohms equal to the reciprocal of the product of
the capacitance (in farads) and the angular frequency of the supply
(in rads s-1). Also introduces a 90° phase angle such that the current
through the device leads the applied voltage.
Capacitive discharge : (CD) A type of Ignition system. It can be
either all-electronic or Breaker point controlled. The primary power is
drawn from the engine's Battery and put into the CD power supply,
where it is changed from 12 volts Direct current to about 300 volts of
pulsating Direct current that is stored in a Capacitor (Condenser).
The release of this energy through the Coil is governed by a silicon-
controlled Rectifier (SCR). When the SCR switch is closed, the
Voltage stored in the Capacitor is supplied to the Coil, which acts as
a voltage step-up Transformer boosting firing voltage to around
30,000 volts to fire the plugs.
Capacitive Level Sensors: Its used to prevent the overflow in
vessel. The sensor read the max level and close the valve
Capacitive Proximity Switches: It is a type of sensor which is used
as a preventive device in any machine or equipment
Capacitive reactance : The opposition or resistance to an
alternating current as a result of capacitance; expressed in ohms
Capacitor : A device which gives Capacitance, usually consisting
of conducting plates or foil separated by layers of a dielectric. A
Potential difference applied across the plates induces a separation of
charge centers in the dielectric, thus storing electrical energy.
Capacitor modulator : Capacitor microphone, or similar
Transducer, which, by variation in capacitance, modulates an
oscillation either in amplitude or frequency
Capacitor motor : Single-phase induction motor with an auxiliary
starting winding connected in series with a condenser (capacitor) for
better starting characteristics.
Capacitor start : Starting unit for electric motor using series
capacitance to advance phase of current
Capacitor, (condenser): A device that can store an electric charge
when voltage is applied.
Capacitor-resistance law : (C-R law) Law relating to exponential
rise or decay of charge on capacitor in series with a resistor, and, by
extension, to signal distortion on long submarine cables.
Capacitor-start motor : Motor which has a capacitor in the starting
circuit
Capacity: The maximum rated load (in tons) which a cranes
designed to handle.
Capacity: Normal ability to produce steel in a given period. This
rating should include maintenance requirements, but because such
service is scheduled to match the machinery?s needs (not the
calendar?s), a mill might run at more than 100% of capacity one
month and then fall well below rated capacity as maintenance is
performed. Engineered capacity. The theorectical volume of a mill,
given its constraints of raw material supply and normal working
speed ?True? Capacity. Volume at full utilization, allowing for the
maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material
constraints. (Bottlenecks of supply and distribution can change over
time ? capacity will expand or reduce.)
Capacity : 1. The ability to contain or hold something. 2. Maximum
production attainable under normal conditions. With regard to normal
conditions, the company's operating practices are to be followed with
respect to the use of production facilities, overtime, workshifts,
holidays, etc
Capacity (Crane): Term used to describe an object's length from the
edge of the last support structure to the tip of the object. For
example, the overhand piece of a rolling bar (bar rolling).
Capacity plan : A plan outlining the spaces available for fuel, Cargo,
ballast, fresh water, etc, with guides on weight and volume for
spaces at various drafts and displacements
Capacity : The adsorption activity possessed in varying degrees by
ion-exchange materials. This quality may be expressed as kilograms
per cubic foot, gram-milliequivalents per gram, pound-equivalents
per pound, gram-milliequivalents per milliliter, and so on, where the
numerators of these ratios represent the weight of the ions adsorbed
and the denominators represent the weight or volume of the
adsorbent.
Cape Chisel: This chisel is having long cutting tip compare to
general chisel. It is used to cut keys and guides way.
Cape chisel : A metal cutting chisel shaped to cut or work in
channels or grooves
Capesize, Panamax, Handymax: Normal ability to produce steel in
a given time period. This rating should include maintenance
requirements, but because such service is scheduled to match the
needs of the machinery (not those of the calendar), a mill might run
at more than 100% of capacity one month and then fall well below
rated capacity as maintenance is performed.
Capillarity : A phenomenon associated with surface tension, which
occurs in fine bore tubes or channels.
Capillary: The name given to the thin tube attached to the bulb
which transmits the bulb pressure changes to the controller or
indicator. The cross sectional area of the capillary is extremely small
compared to the cross section of the bulb so that the capillary, which
is usually outside of the controlled fluid, will introduce the smallest
possible error in the signal being transmitted from the bulb.
Capillary : A tube with a very small bore used for temperature
gauges
Capillary Action: These are cargo vessel size categories. Capesize
refers to dry bulk carriers that are too big to pass through the Suez
or Panama canals. Consequently, they have to go round the
Southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) or South America (Cape
Horn). They are usually around 80,000-160,000 deadweight tons but
can be larger, and typical cargoes are iron ore and coal. Needless to
say, they require deep berths or trans-shipment facilities on arrival.
Panamax cargo ships are the largest that can go through the
Panama Canal, and are usually about 65,000 dwt. Handymax
vessels typically carry dry bulk cargoes like steel, are in the 35,000-
60,000 dwt range, and are equipped with on-board cranes.
Capillary action : The property of a liquid to move into small spaces
if it has the ability to wet these surfaces
Capillary Attraction: The tendency of a liquid in contact with a small
bore (capillary) tube to rise above the level of the surrounding liquid.
Capillary tube: The capillary tube is a metering device made from a
thin tube approximately 0.5 to 6 meter long and from 0.025 to 0.090
inches in diameter which feeds liquid directly to the evaporator.
Usually limited to systems of 1 ton or less, it performs all of the
functions of the thermal expansion valve when properly sized.
Capillary tube : A tube usually gas-filled, with a precisely calibrated
length and inside diameter, used to connect the remote bulb or coil
to the expansion valve or thermostat. A tube with a very small bore
used for temperature gauges. Also called Pressure sensing line
Capital expenditures : Expenditures to acquire or add to capital
assets that will yield benefits over several accounting periods.
Included are cost of procuring, construction, installing new durable
plants, machinery and equipment where for replacement, addition or
for lease or rent to other companies including subsidies.
Capitalized cost: Often called the "cap cost." The negotiated price
of a vehicle to be leased, and one of the components used to
determine the monthly lease payment.
Capitalized cost : The total price of the vehicle, in effect, its
purchase price. In theory, the cap cost should equal the amount you
would pay for the vehicle if you were purchasing the vehicle. When a
lease is made, the dealer sells that vehicle to the leasing company
(for the cap cost), which then leases the vehicle to you.
Capitalized cost reduction : A fancy name for a cash down
payment, money you pay up front that is applied to the final
purchase price of a lease. A large cap cost reduction will, of course
reduce the monthly payments, but it will also negate one of the big
advantages of leasing. However, if you own your present car, you
may be able to use it, as a trade-in, to satisfy the cap cost reduction
to start the lease. Remember, you must pay sales tax on any cap
cost reduction you make. Another source of capital cost reduction
may be dealer or manufacturer participation. Dealers and
manufacturers will sometimes lower the cap cost or offer a rebate
that reduces the cap cost. A dealer or manufacturer cap cost
reduction does lower your total out-of-pocket dollars, unlike a cap
cost reduction that you must pay.
Capped Steel: (1) The phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid into
interconnected small voids, pores and channels in a solid, resulting
from surface tension. (2) The force by which liquid, in contact with a
solid, is distributed between closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint
to be brazed or soldered.
Capped Steel: it is also called deoxidized steel. When all oxygen is
removed during melting process of steel than capped steel is made
Capping: Semi-killed steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered
with a cap fitting into the neck of the mold. The cap causes the top
metal to solidify. Pressure is built-up in the sealed-in molten metal
and results in a surface condition much like that of rimmed steel.
Capping : Installing a new tread on a tire carcass
Caps : Complete Aircraft Parachute System
Capstan : 1. A stump with a vertical axis used for handling mooring
and other lines. 2. A vertical drum or spindle on which rope is wound,
it is rotated by manpower or by hydraulic or electric motor.
Capstan lathe : A lathe in which the tools required for successive
operations are mounted radially in a tool-holder resembling a
capstan; by revolving this, each tool in turn may be brought into
position in exact location.
Capstan nut : A nut which is tightened in the same way as a
Capstan-head screw
Capstan screw : A screw or bolt with a round head and one or more
holes through it into which a bar may be inserted for securing or
removing it
Capstan winch : A winch, generally mounted on or just behind the
front bumper, usually run from an engagable extension to the engine
crankshaft. The active component is usually a slowly revolving drum,
about 15 cm in diameter, round which a rope may be wound to effect
a winching operation. Has the advantage of being powered by the
engine at idling speed and being a very low-stress unit that may be
used all day without overheating or high electrical load.
Capstan-head screw : A screw having a cylindrical head provided
with radial holes in its circumference. It is tightened by a tommy bar
inserted in these holes.
Capstat : A wax-type thermostat at the base of the jet of a SU
carburetor, which expands and reduces fuel flow when the
underhood temperature rises.
Captive : Something that is permanently located in the desired
position
Captive balloon : A balloon anchored or towed by a line. Usually
the term refers only to spherical balloons. Special shapes (e.g., for
stability) are called kite balloons
Captive finance company: An automobile lender that is a
subsidiary of an automobile manufacturer and whose principal
business includes financing the sales and/or leases of that
manufacturers vehicles.
Captive finance company : A Leasing or finance company which is
affiliated with an automobile manufacturer or distributor.
Captive import : An imported motor vehicle or part manufactured by
another automaker usually for sale under the brand name of the
importer
Captive nut : A nut which fits into a cage and is welded in place.
This is done where the nut is not easily accessible.
Captive refinery MTBE plants : MTBE production facilities primarily
located within refineries. These integrated refinery units produce
MTBE from Fluid Cat Cracker isobutylene with production dedicated
to internal gasoline blending requirements.
Captive refinery oxygenate plants : Oxygenate production facilities
located within or adjacent to a refinery complex.
Captive screw : A screw where the threads are a larger diameter
than the shoulder
Capture : Any process in which an atomic or nuclear system
acquires an additional particle. In a nuclear radiative capture process
there is an emission of electromagnetic radiation only, e.g., the
emission of gamma rays subsequent to the capture of a neutron by a
nucleus.
Capture iteration : A test case to determine if an armed objective
has been captured; In avionics, an aircraft might have an objective to
fly to a radial of a radio station, then to fly along it. While enroute, the
objective is armed, meaning that the crew and software are
attempting to reach the radial. The radial is captured and the
objective is met when the capture criteria are met. In this case, the
capture criterion might be bearing to the radio station is within 5deg
of 270deg. An objective can have multiple criteria. Capture criterion
are often used with radio navigation to determine a transition from
armed to active.
Capture : To attain an objective, such as reaching a radial of a radio
station; See Also: capture criterion; Compare: activate, arm;
CAR: Civil Aviation Regulations
Car : 1. A wheeled vehicle such as an automobile, a section of a
train, or a streetcar. The word is an abbreviation of Carriage -- a
device to carry people or goods. 2. In an airship, the part intended
for the carrying of the load (crew, passengers, goods, engines, etc.).
It may be suspended below, or may be inside the hull of envelope.
Car accident : A collision between two or more vehicles (or between
a vehicle and a stationary object), whether the vehicles are cars or
trucks. Some are minor like a Fender bender while others are
Totalled.
Car alarm : A chime, bell, siren, or horn that sounds when a problem
exists (e.g., door ajar, seat belt undone, lights on after engine is off,
key left in ignition switch, unauthorized entry)
Car banger : A British term for a person or organization which fakes
a Car accident in order to defraud an insurance company
Car banging : The act of faking a Car accident in order to defraud
an insurance company
Car blind : A curtain or pull-down covering for the backlight (i.e.,
rear window) to obscure the bright headlights of a following vehicle.
Some are also used for side windows for privacy. It is generally
illegal to use them on the driver's side window or the windshield.
Car burglar : A person who steals object from a car, but does not
steal the car itself.
Car cap : A waterproof cover which encloses just the Greenhouse
(i.e., the roof, windshield, side glass, and Backlight)
Car care product : One of several items for taking care of the
outward finish of the car (i.e., cleaners, polish, wax, preservers) as
well as the interior pieces (e.g., dash cleaners, upholstery cleaners
and sealers)
Car cover : A cover which encloses the entire vehicle to protect the
finish from the elements.
Car crash : A Car accident
Car insurance : An insurance policy (mandatory in most states and
all of Canada) to cover possible damage to the vehicle or property or
passengers, etc. Sometimes basic insurance is abbreviated PL&PD
(public liability and property damage). Also called motor insurance
Car jacker : A person who steals a car at gunpoint.
Car jacking : A process of stealing a car while the driver is still in it.
The car may be stopped at a traffic light when a car jacker appears
with a gun and demands that the driver get out, then he drives away
with the car. If it happens to you, give him the car -- your life is worth
more than the vehicle.
Car key : An unlocking device for the ignition switch, doors, trunk,
gas cap, etc.
Car lot : A place where vehicles are sold by an independent dealer
Car park : A parking area usually located within a building.
Car phone : A telephone that is installed in a vehicle, but has
recently been replaced by personal cell phones.
Car polish : A product which enhances the shine of the paintwork of
a vehicle
Car radio : A radio receiver which is installed (usually in the dash) in
a vehicle
Car sponge : A large sponge for washing the exterior of a vehicle
Car stands : Pedestal-type supports for holding up a car once the
car has been raised.
Car stereo : A listening device in an automobile which usually has
an AM/FM radio and often a cassette player, CD player, and/or CD
changer. It also includes at least a pair of speakers.
Car tax : A government imposed tax which is added to the price of a
new car. Some governments charge a road-use tax and call it a car
tax
Car test : A test of a vehicle's roadworthiness, reliability, and
performance.
Car theft : Unauthorized removal (i.e., stealing) of a car or the items
in or on a car.
Car thief : A person who steals a car. If someone steals just the
objects from a car, he is a Car burglar.
Car tire : An automotive tire which is used exclusively on a
passenger car, not a light truck, etc.
Car wash : 1. A place where you can get your car cleaned. Some
are automatic (you drive through and large brushes clean the car)
while others provide a bay with spray wands and brushes for you to
do the labor.2. A product like soap which is added to water for the
purpose of cleaning a vehicle.
Car wax : A polish which may be in a paste or a cream and used in
protecting the finish of a car.
Caravan : 1. A group of vehicles (belonging to one organization)
which follows after one another. 2. A British term for camping trailer
or a mobile home.
Caravanning : A British term for traveling with a camping trailer
Carb : An abbreviation for Carburetor.
CARB : Acronym for California Air Resource Board -- The state
agency that regulates the air quality in California. Air quality
regulations established by CARB are often stricter than those set by
the federal government.
Carb kit : A collection of gaskets, O-rings, jets, etc. to rebuild a
carburetor
Carbide: Lathe cutting tools to which carbide tip inserts have been
brazed to provide cutting action on harder materials than the high-
speed cutters are capable of.
Carbide: Carbide is a compound of carbon and having less
electronegative elements
Carbide : A binary compound of metals with carbon. Carbides of
group IV to VI metals (e.g., silicon, iron, tungsten) are exceptionally
hard and refractory. In group I and II, calcium carbide (ethynide) is
the most useful.
Carbide Bit: Bit is used to drill holes in metal. Carbide bit is a type of
bit having carbon on the cutting edge
Carbide blade : A snowplow blade composed of a carbon
compound that generally wears longer and requires less frequent
changes than steel blades
Carbide Boring Tools: Tools are used to drill of bore holes in metal.
Carbide boring tool is a type of bit having carbon on the cutting edge
Carbide End Mills: It is also a cutting tool having cutting edge on
the face at some length
Carbide Precipitation: Partial or complete separation of a powder
metallurgy compact into two or more portions by cracks that originate
near the edges of the punch faces and that proceed diagonally into
the compact.
Carbide precipitation : Carbon that breaks loose from its bond
within the stainless solution when material is heated between 427° -
760°C. Under severe corrosive conditions, it can result in extra
oxidation and surface corrosion.
Carbide Tool Bits: In 300 series stainless steel, Chromium reacts
with Carbon in the temperature range of 800° to 1500°F causing
"sensitization". This reaction is generally considered to be
detrimental to corrosion resistance because of the Chromium
content decrease in the grain area adjacent to the grain boundaries.
Carbide Tool Bits: Bit is used to cut the material. Lathe machine is
best example of cutting bit where bit is stable position and work is in
rotating motion
Carbide tools : Cutting and forming tools used for hard materials or
at high temperatures. They are made of carbides of tungsten,
tantalium, and other metals held in a matrix of cobalt, nickel, etc.,
and are very hard with good compressive strength.
Carbohydrate: an organic compound present in the cells of all living
organisms and a major organic nutrient for human beings; consists
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and makes up sugar, starch, and
cellulose.
Carbon: This is a chemical element and shown by C. Graphite and
diamond having high carbon
Carbon : 1. The hard or soft, black deposits found in the
Combustion chamber, on the plugs, under the rings, on and under
the Valve heads, etc. Although it is not a metal, it is a good
Conductor of electricity. 2. An element which forms various kinds of
steel when combined with iron. In steel, it is the changing carbon
content which changes the physical properties of the steel. Adds
strength to stainless steel, but also lowers corrosion resistance. The
more carbon there is, the more chromium must be added, because
carbon offsets 17 times its own weight in chromium to form carbides,
thus reducing the chromium available for resisting corrosion.
Carbon (C): A compound of iron (or other element) and carbon in
steel, forming a very hard, non-metallic substance (Fe3C). Fe3C is
also called cementite.
Carbon arc : An arc between carbon electrodes, usually limited to
pure carbon rather than flame carbon electrodes
Carbon Arc Cutting: An essential alloying addition in steel. As the
carbon content of steel increases, so does the strength and
hardness. To optimize the ductility and toughness for a given
strength level the steel would be quenched and tempered. The
majority of carbon would then be in the form of fine carbides. Carbon
besides increasing the strength and hardness also increases
hardenability (q.v.). In general, the higher the carbon content, the
greater the care required in welding. (see Carbon Equivalent)
Carbon Arc Welding: An arc cutting process in which metals are
severed by melting them with the heat of an arc between a carbon
electrode and the base metal.
Carbon Black: This is a reinforcing filler which, when incorporated
into the tyre rubber compound, gives it a high resistance to wear.
Carbon black : A by-product of the petroleum industry used as a
pigment and to give body in the manufacture of rubber products,
both natural and synthetic. Carbon is the black residue from burning
petroleum.
Carbon brush : A block of carbon to which a copper wire (or braided
cable) is attached at one end and the other end rubs against a
commutator, collector ring, or slip ring to transmit electricity
Carbon budget: The balance of the exchanges (incomes and
losses) of carbon between the carbon reservoirs or between one
specific loop (e.g., atmosphere - biosphere) of the carbon cycle. An
examination of the carbon budget of a pool or reservoir can provide
information about whether the pool or reservoir is functioning as a
source or sink for CO2.
Carbon build-up : A deposit of burned oil which collects in the
combustion chamber on the top of the piston and the head. Too
much carbon build-up can lead to an inefficient engine and sticky
valves.
Carbon contact : In a switch, an auxiliary contact designed to break
contact after and to make contact before the main contact to prevent
burning of the latter; it is of carbon and designed to be easily
removable.
Carbon cycle: All parts (reservoirs) and fluxes of carbon. The cycle
is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon
interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the
atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater
systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). The annual
movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs,
occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and
biological processes. The ocean contains the largest pool of carbon
near the surface of the Earth, but most of that pool is not involved
with rapid exchange with the atmosphere.
Carbon cycle: All parts (reservoirs) and fluxes of carbon; usually
thought of as a series of the four main reservoirs of carbon
interconnected by pathways of exchange. The four reservoirs,
regions of the Earth in which carbon behaves in a systematic
manner, are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes
fresh water systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels).
Each of these global reservoirs may be subdivided into smaller pools
ranging in size from individual communities or ecosystems to the
total of all living organisms (biota). Carbon exchanges from reservoir
to reservoir by various chemical, physical, geological, and biological
processes.
Carbon dating : Dating method which uses the fact that
atmospheric carbon dioxide contains a constant proportion of
radioactive C14, formed by cosmic radiation. Living organisms
absorb this isotope in the same proportion. After death it decays with
a half-life of 5.57x10³ years. The proportion of C12 to the residual
C14 indicates the period elapsed since death. Also called
radiocarbon dating
Carbon density: The amount of carbon per unit area for a
given ecosystem or vegetation type, based on climatic conditions,
topography, vegetative-cover type and amount, soils, and maturity of
the vegetative stands.
Carbon deposits : The residue of carbon from burning fuel, which
can clog grooves in pistons, combustion chambers, and valves, and
cause engine hesitation and other operational problems
Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a dry chemical mixture
that is excellent fire retardant and used to make dry ice. Also is
produced as an end product of catalyzed exhaust emission.
Carbon dioxide: A naturally occurring "greenhouse gas" that is also
a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels and that consists of two
oxygen atoms bonded to a single carbon atom.
Carbon dioxide: Compound of carbon and oxygen (CO2) which is
sometimes used as a refrigerant. Refrigerant number is R-744.
Carbon dioxide: A minor but very important component of the
atmosphere, carbon dioxide traps infrared radiation. Atmospheric
CO2 has increased about 25 percent since the early 1800s, with an
estimated increase of 10 percent since 1958 (burning fossil fuels is
the leading cause of increased CO2, deforestation the second major
cause). The increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance
the greenhouse effect, blocking heat from escaping into space and
contributing to the warming of Earth's lower atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide : (CO2) A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas which
is a product of breathing and the combustion process. Sometimes
used as refrigerant. (Identified as Refrigerant #R-744)
carbon dioxide (CO2) laser: An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a
carbon electrode and the work. No shielding is used. Pressure and
filler metal may or may not be used.
Carbon dioxide equivalent : The amount of carbon dioxide by
weight emitted into the atmosphere that would produce the same
estimated radiative forcing as a given weight of another radiatively
active gas.
Carbon dioxide fertilization: Enhancement of plant growth or of
the net primary production by CO2 enrichment that could occur in
natural or agricultural systems as a result of an increase in the
atmospheric concentration of CO2.
Carbon dioxide laser : Laser in which the active gaseous medium
is a mixture of carbon dioxide and other gases. It is excited by glow-
discharge and operates at a wavelength of 10.6 μm. Carbon dioxide
lasers are capable of pulsed output with peak power up to 100 MW
or continuous output up to 60 kW.
Carbon Dioxide Process (Silicate Process, Schmidt Philip
Process): A gas laser that uses CO2 as the lasing medium, along
with nitrogen and helium, to increase the laser's effectiveness;
operates at a wavelength of 10.6 micrometers (1 x 10-6 meters).
Carbon dioxide reference gas: A mixture of a known quantity of
CO2-in air or CO2-in-N2 used to calibrate carbon dioxide analyzers.
Carbon Edges: A process for hardening molds or cores in which
carbon dioxide gas is blown through dry clay-free silica sand to
precipitate silica in the form of a gel from the sodium silicate binder.
Carbon Electrode: Carbonaceous deposits in a wavy pattern along
the edges of a steel sheet or strip; also known as snaky edges.
Carbon Equivalent: A nonfiller material electrode used in arc
welding or cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may
be coated with copper or other coatings.
Carbon Equivalent: Referring to the rating of weld ability, this is a
value that takes into account the equivalent additive effects of
carbon and other alloying elements on a particular characteristic of a
steel. For rating of weld ability, a formula commonly used is: CE 3D
C + (Mn/6) + [(Cr + Mo + V)/5] + [(Ni + Cu)/15].
Carbon Fiber Angles: The material is composite of carbon and fiber
and agles Is made by it at different places, angles are in the shape of
L
Carbon Fiber Rods: Carbon fiber is also used in the shape of rods.
Carbon fiber rods are highly strength and stiffness
Carbon Fiber Sheet: The sheet is also made by carbon fiber, and
used for car body making. Because of its any shape made property.
But currently it’s a very costly so its used in car body for only concept
or prototype
Carbon Fiber Tubing: Tubes are used of carbon fiber because of its
high strength and high stiffness
Carbon fibre: Carbon fibre is a hard metal which is made of thin,
strong crystalline filaments of carbon and used as a strengthening
material.
Carbon fibre : 1. Threadlike strands of pure Carbon that are strong
and flexible. Carbon fiber can be bound in a plastic Resin matrix to
form a strong Composite. It is light-weight and stronger than steel.
Can also be spelled carbon fibre. 2. A high-tech material favored in
many motorcycle and bicycle applications because it is extremely
strong, light and expensive. The distinctive look of carbon fiber has
become trendy.
Carbon Filter: A key parameter (CEV) in assessing the weldability
of a steel. The higher the value, the greater the care needed,
especially with regard to pre- and post-heat treatment.
Cev=C+Mn+Cr+Mo+V+Ni+Cu 6 5 15.
Carbon Filter: Carbon filters are used to remove the impurities of
substance
Carbon filter : An air filter using activated carbon as a cleansing
agent
Carbon filter : Air filter using activated carbon as air cleansing
agent.
Carbon flux: The rate of exchange of carbon between pools
(reservoirs).
Carbon footprint: Carbon footprint is a measurement of a vehicles
total consumption of nature resources weighed against the earth’s
ability to regenerate those resources.
Carbon footprint: A measure of a vehicles total consumption of
natural resources weighed against the Earths ability to regenerate
those resources.
Carbon fouling : The situation that occurs when the two electrical
terminals of the spark plug are coated with carbon causing a
reduction in efficiency leading to intermittent firing or complete
failure.
Carbon Free: Metals and alloys which are practically free from
carbon.
Carbon gland : A type of gland used to prevent leakage along a
shaft. It consists of carbon rings cut into segments and pressed into
contact with the shaft by an encircling helical spring or Garter spring
Carbon intensity : The amount of carbon by weight emitted per unit
of energy consumed. A common measure of carbon intensity is
weight of carbon per British thermal unit (Btu) of energy. When there
is only one fossil fuel under consideration, the carbon intensity and
the emissions coefficient are identical. When there are several fuels,
carbon intensity is based on their combined emissions coefficients
weighted by their energy consumption levels.
Carbon isotope ratio: Ratio of carbon-12 to either of the other, less
common, carbon isotopes, carbon-13 or carbon-14.
Carbon knock : When there is a build-up of carbon in the
combustion chamber, uncontrolled ignition will take place causing a
knocking noise
Carbon Leakage: A unit containing a media of activated carbon to
remove organic impurities and residual chlorine from the water.
Carbon microphone : A microphone in which a normally DC
energizing current is modulated by changes in the resistance of a
cavity filled by granulated carbon which is compressed by the
movement of the diaphragm. The diameter of the cavity is frequently
very much less than that of the diaphragm, and it is then known as a
carbon button
Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a deadly colorless,
odorless gas that is formed when fuel is not burned completely.
Carbon monoxide: A "greenhouse gas" that is a byproduct of the
combustion of fossil fuels and that consists of a single carbon atom
bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Carbon monoxide : (CO) A deadly, colorless, odorless, and
tasteless gas found in the engine Exhaust. Toxic even in relatively
small concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of
Hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
carbon pile: An electrical test instrument used to provide an
electrical load for testing batteries and the charging circuit.
Carbon pile voltage transformer : Variable electrical resistor made
from disks or plates of carbon arranged to form a pile.
Carbon pin : A thin cylinder of carbon located in the distributor cap
to transfer high tension electricity from the coil to the rotor to the high
tension leads going to the spark plugs.
Carbon pool: The reservoir containing carbon as a principal
element in the geochemical cycle.
Carbon Potential: This is the shift of industrial activity from one
country or region to another because of the penalties associated with
excessive carbon emissions, resulting in no net reduction in global
emissions. It is a phenomenon more associated with basic industries
like steel, cement and chemicals than with the equally or more
polluting power generation sector (because of limitations on
electricity transmission distances). The "leakage" might occur
because a polluting company decides to move its activities to
somewhere with weaker environmental regulation. Equally, it could
happen because the cost of environmental compliance results in a
polluter in one country reducing or closing activity, but another
company or companies in a less regulated part of the world starting,
or increasing activity to fill the supply gap. In the case of steelmaking
in advanced industrial economies like Europe, the likelihood of
carbon leakage by companies moving elsewhere is further enhanced
by the inherently more favorable economics of basic steel production
in certain other countries anyway, irrespective of environmental
considerations.
Carbon Potential: A measure of the capacity of an environment
containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed
conditions, the carbon concentration in a steel.
Carbon Range: In steel specifications, the carbon range is the
difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon
acceptable.
Carbon Refractory: A manufactured refractory comprised
substantially of calcined petroleum coke.
Carbon Refractory Petroleum- Coke-base: A measure of the
ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or
maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel.
Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will
depend on such factors as temperature, time and steel composition.
Carbon Residue: A manufactured refractory comprised substantially
or entirely of carbon (including graphite).
Carbon resistor : Negative temperature coefficient, non-inductive
resistor formed of powdered carbon with ceramic binding material.
Used for low-temperature measurements because of the large
increase in resistance as temperature decreases.
Carbon Restoration: The residue remaining after the evaporation
and pyrolysis of a sample of oil under specified conditions. Tests that
determine carbon residue are the Ramsbottom and Conradson
methods, ASTM D 524 and D 189, respectively.
Carbon Restoration: Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer
during previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially
the original carbon level.
Carbon rings : To minimize steam leakage, gland sealing
arrangement features an angle-type, carbon ring design with a
packing case that is an integral part of the turbine case. Inconel
springs hold the rings in place.
Carbon Sand: Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from
previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the
original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing.
Carbon Sand: A molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon
(graphite) granules.
Carbon sequestration: The uptake and storage of carbon. Trees
and plants, for example, absorb carbon dioxide, release the oxygen
and store the carbon. Fossil fuels were at one time biomass and
continue to store the carbon until burned.
Carbon Sequestration : 1. The absorption and storage of CO2
from the atmosphere by the roots and leaves of plants; the carbon
builds up as organic matter in the soil. 2. The fixation of atmospheric
carbon dioxide in a carbon sink through biological or physical
processes.
Carbon sink: A pool (reservoir) that absorbs or takes up released
carbon from another part of the carbon cycle. For example, if the net
exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere is toward the
atmosphere, the biosphere is the source, and the atmosphere is the
sink.
Carbon source: A pool (reservoir) that releases carbon to another
part of the carbon cycle.
Carbon Steel: A molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon
(graphite) granules.
Carbon steel : A steel whose properties are determined principally
by the amount of carbon present and contains no other deliberate
alloying ingredient except those necessary to ensure deoxidation
and physical quality.
Carbon tetrachloride : A liquid often used in fire extinguishers. The
fumes are toxic -- avoid inhaling.
Carbon tetrachloride : Colorless nonflammable and very toxic liquid
used as a solvent. It should never be allowed to touch skin and
fumes must not be inhaled.
Carbon tracking : A trace of carbon found inside the distributor cap
which leads away some electricity, thus causing the engine to
misfire.
Carbon tracks : Fine lines from burned carbon (such as from oil
film) that may be found in a distributor cap. Carbon tracks may cause
engine misfire
Carbonaceous exchanger: Ion-exchange materials of limited
capacity prepared by the sulfonation of coal, lignite, peat, and so on.
Carbon-arc lamp : Obsolete light source from the arc between
carbon electrodes.
Carbon-arc welding : Arc welding carried out by means of an arc
between a carbon electrode and the material to be welded.
Carbonate: Carbonate is a acid used in chemical reactions. It is the
combination of carbonate group
Carbonate hardness: That hardness caused in water by
bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium, and magnesium.
Carbonate Hardness: The measurement of acidded water which
was happen by the presence of carbon in the water
Carbonate : An ion or salt of carbonic acid, containing carbon and
oxygen such as calcium carbonate. (CaC03)
Carbonate-polymer treatment : A treatment method using
synthetic polymers, generally used with high hardness (60-70) ppm
and high alkalinity.
Carbonates: chemical compounds derived from carbonic acid or
carbon dioxide
Carbon-based resources: The recoverable fossil fuel (coal, gas,
crude oils, oil shale, and tar sands) and biomass that can be used in
fuel production and consumption.
Carbon-Ceramic Refractory: A type of steel generally having only a
slight quantity of elements other than carbon, silicon, manganese,
sulfur and phosphorus, so it has no significant quantity of any
alloying element.
Carbon-core leads : High tension wire going from the distributor to
the coil or the spark plugs. Each wire has a core of carbon or
graphite rather than copper wire to conduct the electricity. Carbon-
core wire is not recommended for most small engines such as
motorcycle engines.
Carbon-dioxide welding : Metal arc welding using CO2 as the
shielding gas.
Carboned up : Covered with a thick deposit of carbon. In Britain it is
called coked up
Carbonitriding: A manufactured refractory comprised of carbon
(including graphite) and one or more ceramic materials such as
fireclay and silicon carbide.
Carbonitriding: A case-hardening process in which a suitable
ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation
temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to
cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the
surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The heat-
treating process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the
desired properties in the workpiece.
Carbonitriding : A process of case hardening
Carbonitriding.: It is a surface modifications technique which Is
used to increase the hardness of the material by adding carbon,
Carbonization: A process of case hardening a ferrous material in a
gaseous atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen.
Carbonization : The steeping of wool in a dilute solution of sulfuric
acid, or its treatment by hydrochloric acid gas (dry process). This
converts any cellulosic impurities into carbon dust and thereby
facilitates their removal.
Carbonize : Building up of Carbon on objects such as Spark plugs,
Pistons, Heads, etc.
Carbonized filament : Thoriated tungsten filament coated with
tungsten carbide to reduce loss of thorium from the surface.
Carbonizing: Conversion of an organic substance into elemental
carbon. (Should not be confused with carburization).
Carbonizing: This is the technique to convert raw carbon to a pure
carbon.it is widely used in making coal gases from raw coal
Carbonizing : Another term for Carburizing or reducing
Carbonyl emission: Carbonyl emission is a toxic air partial which
are gaining scientific and regulatory toxic substance, This gases are
due to vehicles exhaust, It depends on the weather and road
conditions.
Carbonyl Powder: The process of adding carbon to the outer
surface of steel to improve its quality by heat treating it in contact
with carbonaceous material.
Carbonyl powders : Metal powders produced by reacting carbon
monoxide with the metal to form the gaseous carbonyl. This is then
decomposed by heat to yield powder of high purity.
Carborundum: Metal powders prepared by the thermal
decomposition of a metal carbonyl compound such as nickel
tetracarbonyl or iron pentacarbonyl. See also thermal
decomposition. (see Thermal Decomposition)
Carborundum: A trade name for an abrasive compounded of silicon
and carbon (silicon carbide).
Carborundum : Trade name for Silicon carbide abrasives.
Carboxylic : A term describing a specific acidic group (COOH) that
contributes cat ion-exchange ability to some resins.
Carboy : Large, narrow-necked container, usually of balloon shape,
having a capacity of 201 or more.
Carbs : Abbreviation for Carburetors.
Carburation : British term for Carburetion
Carburetion: Carburetion is a process happens in carburetor, In this
process the fuel and air is mixed in proper ratio.
Carburetion : The mixture of vaporized fuel and air in the proper
proportions for combustion in an engine
Carburetor: Carburetor is a device of petrol engine used to control
air/fuel ratio, acceleration.
Carburetor: A device used on older internal combustion gasoline
engines that is mounted on the engines intake manifold and supplies
fuel to the engine.
Carburetor : (Carb) Optionally spelled carburetter or carburettor. A
device that Vaporizes fuel and mixes it with air in proper quantities
and proportions to suit the varying needs of the engine. A Filter
screens the air which is drawn into the carburetor. Here the Gasoline
mixes with the air and this fuel vapor enters the Combustion
chamber through the Intake valve where it is compressed and
burned.
Carburetor adapter : An adapter that is used to fit or place one type
of Carburetor on an Intake manifold that may not be originally
designed for it. Also used to adapt four-barrel Carburetors to two-
barrel manifolds.
Carburetor barrel : The tube-like part of the vehicle through which
air flows and is mixed with Vaporized fuel. The Choke butterfly valve
is located at the top of the Carburetor barrel, and the Throttle valve is
located at the bottom. Midway through, the barrel narrows, and this
part is called the Venturi. Carburetors can have one, two, or four
barrels.
Carburetor base : The lower part of the carburetor in which the
throttle plate is located
Carburetor circuit : A series of passageways and units designed to
perform a specific function idle circuit, full power circuit, etc.
Carburetor cleaner : A petroleum solvent for cleaning the
carburetor
Carburetor engine : A combustion engine which uses a carburetor
instead of fuel injection.
Carburetor fuel bowl : A small fuel storage area in the carburetor,
located at the carburetor fuel inlet. Also called the Float bowl
because it contains the carburetor float
Carburetor fuel bowl vent : A vent on the Float bowl. It typically is
connected to a Carbon canister, which absorbs vapors when the
engine is off, and it also may be vented to the atmosphere when the
engine is running.
Carburetor fuel filter : A filter made of pleated paper or sintered
bronze that is mounted into the body of the carburetor at the float
bowl fuel inlet. It is held in place by the fuel hose/pipe fittings. On
some cars, a small In-line filter is screwed directly into the
carburetor's fuel inlet. Also called an integral fuel filter.
Carburetor fuel inlet : A threaded fitting on the side of the
carburetor to which tubing from the Fuel pump is connected. Fuel
enters the carburetor at this point.
Carburetor icing :
Carburetor kit : A collection of gaskets, O-rings, jets, etc. to rebuild
a carburetor. Also called a carb kit.
Carburetor : The part of the engine, which controls the speed or
throttle setting and lean/rich mixture via setting of the needle valve.
Carburetter : British spelling for Carburetor.
Carburization : The process of creating carbon steel by increasing
the carbon content of steel to reach the desired degree of hardness
Carburizing: A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some
heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing
flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a
carburizing flame.
Carburizing : 1. A carburizing flame in welding terms is an oxygen-
fuel gas flame with a slight excess of the fuel gas.2. A method of
Case-hardening low carbon steel in which the metal component is
heated above its ferrite-austenite transition in a suitable
carbonaceous atmosphere. Carbon diffuses into the surface and
establishes a concentration gradient. The steel can subsequently be
hardened by quenching either directly or after re-heating to refine the
grain structure. It is usually lightly tempered afterwards, producing a
hard case over a tough core.
Carburizing Flame: A trade name for an abrasive compounded of
silicon and carbon (silicon carbide).
Carburizing Furnaces: Carburizing furnace is used for metal
forming process where carbon is deposited to other material to
increase the hardness of the material.
Carcass: The supporting structure of the tyre consisting of plies
anchored to the bead on one side and running in a radius to the
other side and anchoring to the bead. Also called casing.
Carcass: The fabric, cord, and/or metal reinforcing section of a hose
as distinguished from the hose tube or cover.
Carcass : The primary structure of a tire body with its cords, plies,
and rim wires, etc. apart from the tread itself. Structurally the carcass
should hold air and provide strength to the tire, but would not wear
well without the tread.
Carcass Ply: Made up of thin textile fibre cables bonded into the
rubber. These cables are largely responsible for determining the
strength of the tyre.
Carcinogens : Chemicals and other substances known to cause
cancer.
Card : The graduated dial or face of a magnetic compass to which
the card and needle are firmly connected.
Card ii : CNS Applications Research
Card Key Reader: This is an inbuilt sensor mounted device, which
read the specific card and act as a lock. The card data is feed in the
device so that the device can read the card,
Cardan joint : A type of Universal joint named after the Italian
Cardan who developed the concept in the 16th century. In the 17th
century, Robert Hooke of England developed and patented the
conventional universal joint. Sometimes it is called the Cardan
universal or the Hooke universal. It has two Yokes at right angles to
each other
Cardan mount : Type of gimbal mount used for compasses and
gyroscopes.
Cardan shaft : A shaft with universal joints at each end
Cardboard Drum: To introduce carbon: 1. While steel is molten by
adding carbonaceous material, coke, coal, electrode scrap, etc. 2.
While steel is in the solid state by heating it in contact with
carbonaceous matter below its melting point.
Cardboard Drum: This is a drum in cylindrical shape basically made
from cardboard. This is used where light material is kept by some
period.it is environment friendly.
Cardinal planes : In a lens, planes perpendicular to the principal
axis, and passing through the cardinal points of the lens.
Cardioid : A heart-shaped curve with polar equation r=2a (1+cosθ).
An epicycloid in which the rolling circle equals the fixed circle.
Cardioid directivity : Special shape of a directivity. It is produced by
superimposing the fields of a monopole and a dipole, and has the
shape of a cardioid.
Car-floor contact : A contact attached to the false floor of an
electrically controlled lift; it is usually arranged to prevent operation
of the lift by anyone outside the car while a passenger is in the lift.
Cargo (cgo): Also referred to as "goods", means any property
carried or to be carried on an aircraft, other than mail or other
property carried under terms of an international postal convention,
baggage or property of the carrier; provided that baggage moving
under an air waybill or a shipment record is cargo.
Cargo area : The space within a station wagon or van for carrying
goods or the bed of a pickup truck for carrying goods
Cargo area features: Built-in amenities that serve a specific
purpose in the cargo areas of a vehicle.
Cargo battens : Strips of wood fitted inside the frames to keep
cargo away from hull steelwork. Also called sparring
Cargo Body Style Auto Carrier : A truck cargo body typified by the
multi-decked auto carrier trailer and/or power unit.
Cargo Body Style Bottom Dump : Dry bulk truck bodies which
empty by means of gravity alone through the bottom.
Cargo Body Style Dump : A truck body with a hydraulic, electric, or
mechanical lifting mechanism that tilts to unload cargo. Dump
includes side dumps, walking dumps, flatbed dumps, and dump
trucks with snow plows or blades.
Cargo Body Style Flatbed : A cargo truck body style typified by a
flat cargo area. Includes angle beds, rollback beds, and ramp hoists,
which are flatbeds that tilt down to the ground so vehicles can be
driven onto the bed.
Cargo Body Style Flatbed with Equipment : This cargo truck body
style is typified by flatbeds with permanent cranes, loaders, pumps,
winches, or other significantly heavy and large apurtenances.
Cargo Body Style Flatbed with Sides : A cargo truck body style
typified by flatbeds with sides to hold and protect cargo.
Cargo Body Style Garbage : A cargo body style typified by garbage
trucks that often have hydraulic packing mechanisms or hydraulic
arms for lifting dumpsters. Included are roll-offs, vehicles used for
transporting refuse containers. Roll-offs have rails or a flat bed and a
hoist for loading and unloading the refuse container.
Cargo Body Style Livestock Carrier : A cargo truck body style
typically with slotted or slatted sides. Trailers may have a double
deck. Livestock trailers sometimes have "possum belly"
compartments in the bottom for holding smaller animals.
Cargo Body Style Low Boy : Gooseneck flatbed trucks slung very
low to the ground. Often the gooseneck is detachable so that
equipment can be loaded from the front. Sometimes ramps are at
the rear. Typically about 12" off the ground.
Cargo Body Style Open Top Van : A totally enclosed cargo area
but without a permanent, fixed, solid top.
Cargo Body Style Pole Logging : Pole trailers with a set of axles
with a cradle to hold logs and a long, sometimes adjustable pole
attached to the rear of a power unit. Others are framed with support
stakes. Some have double decks. Most will have cradle-like features
called bunks to hold the logs in place.
Cargo Body Style Refrigerated Van : A cargo body style with a
totally enclosed box with a refrigeration unit.
Cargo Body Style Tank Dry : A truck used exclusively for hauling
dry bulk material. Cargo is emptied pneumatically. Also called air can
trailer
Cargo Body Style Tank Liquid or Gas : A cargo body truck style
characterized by tankers which can carry only liquids or gases in
bulk.
Cargo Body Style Van : A totally enclosed cargo area truck.
Included are beverage vans, or bay vans, and sealed shipping
containers mounted on a special bodiless chassis.
Cargo box : A type of container mounted on the roof of a vehicle
Cargo door type: The type of cargo door: liftgate, vertical split-hinge
or horizontal split-hinge.
Cargo hauler: A vehicle that is well-adapted for hauling cargo.
Cargo net : A type of Bungee net usually found in the Trunk of a car
to secure packages from moving around; but also found behind or
beside a seat.
Cargo port : Opening in a ship's side for loading and unloading
cargo.
Cargo shifting : Movements or changing positions of cargo from
one place to another which can easily endanger the seaworthiness
of the ship
Cargo tie downs: Hooks, straps or eyelets that function as anchors
for cargo nets and ropes used to secure objects.
Cargo trailer : A trailer with sides.
Cargo Weight : The combined weight of all loads, gear, and
supplies on a vehicle.
Carina : A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota
Carnot cycle: The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot
cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic
processes. The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient
heat engine cycle allowed by physical laws
Carnot cycle : An ideal heat engine cycle of maximum thermal
efficiency. It consists of isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion,
isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression to the initial
state.
Carnot's theorem : Theorem stating that no heat engine can be
more efficient than a reversible engine working between the same
temperatures. It follows that the efficiency of a reversible engine is
independent of the working substance and depends only on the
temperatures between which it is working.
Carpet : Airborne jammer of German ground radar 300-600
Megacycle band. Later American developments allowed a more
precise use.
Carpeting : The action of covering the passenger compartment floor
(and sometimes the trunk floor) with a form-fitting rug or carpet
Carrene : Refrigerant in Group One (R-11). Chemical combination of
carbon, chlorine, and fluorine
Carriage: Also referred to as "transportation", means carriage of
cargo by air.
Carriage : A railroad vehicle for passengers.
Carriage bolt : A bolt that has a smooth dome head (like a
mushroom) so that no Screwdriver or wrench can remove it from the
dome-side, a square neck under the head, and a unified thread
pitch. The square neck is designed to keep the bolt from turning as a
nut is tightened.
Carriageway : A British term for that part of the road on which
vehicles travel in one direction.
Carrier: The main frequency of a radio signal generated by a
transmitter prior to application of modulation.
Carrier: An industry term for ‘airline’.
Carrier : 1. A thin substance that helps another substance to reach
its goal. For example, a spray grease may have a carrier which
transports the grease to its destination. Then the carrier dries up
leaving the grease behind.2. The frequencies chosen for sending
many signals simultaneously along a single communication channel
Carrier (Trolley): Cardboard insert placed on the reel around which
the coil is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the
center of the coil.
Carrier bearing : The bearings upon which the Differential case is
mounted.
Carrier Head: An assembly with wheels which will run on monorail
track or crane girders and which will support a load.
Carrier mobility : The mean drift velocity of the charge carriers in a
material per unit electric field.
Carrier noise : Noise which has been introduced into the carrier of a
transmitter before modulation.
Carrier power : Power radiated by a transmitter in absence of
modulation.
Carrier wave : An unmodulated radio wave produced by a
transmitter on which information is carried by amplitude or frequency
modulation
Carriers : In a crystal of semiconductor material thermal agitation
will cause a number of electrons to dissociate from their parent
atoms; in moving about the crystal they act as carriers of negative
charge. Other electrons will move from neighboring atoms to fill the
space left behind, thus causing the holes where no electrons exist in
the lattice to be transferred from one atom to another. As these holes
move around they can be considered as carriers of positive charge.
Carrosserie : French term for Coachwork.
Carrozzeria : Italian term for Coachwork.
Carrying Capacity: At a given air pressure, how much weight each
tyre is designed to carry. For each tyre size, there is a load inflation
table to ensure that the inflation pressure used is sufficient for the
vehicle axle load.
Carrying capacity: The steady-state density of a given species that
a particular habitat can support.
Carrying capacity : The maximum load that a tire is allowed to carry
with a particular wheel and rim. Also called load capacity.
Carry-on baggage: One single item of hand baggage is authorized
in the cabin. Overall dimensions (height x width x length) shall not
exceed 115 cm. The airline has the right to request passengers with
larger items check their baggage in the hold.
Carryover: The part or something is transferred from previous one is
called as carryover. Or something is taken from previous version is a
carryover
Carryover : The moisture and entrained solids forming the film of
steam bubbles, as a result of foaming in a boiler. This condition is
caused by a faulty boiler water condition. See also foaming.
Carrythrough: Describes the structural component of the airframe in
which the loads generated by the two wings are borne within the
fuselage.
Cars: Car is an automotive vehicle, which Is current four wheel or
three wheels and door according to need and runs on a engine.
Engine is driven by petrol, diesel or electricity.
CARS : Acronym for Canadian Automotive Repair and Service
Council
Cart spring : A leaf spring used in small trailers.
Cartage company : A company that provides local pick-up and
delivery within a town, city, or municipality.
Cartography: The science of mapmaking.
Cartography : The preparation and drawing of maps which show,
generally, a considerable extent of the Earth's surface.
Cartridge: The replaceable element of a fluid filter. The pumping unit
from a vane pump, composed of rotor, ring, vanes and one or both
side plates.
Cartridge bottom bracket : A Bottom bracket with protective seals
to keep water and grime from penetrating to the bearings. Also
called sealed bottom bracket
Cartridge Brass: This is made with brass and used in Guns as a
bullet, or shell. Cartridge without a bullet mounted on a head is
called a shell.
Cartridge brass : Copper-zinc alloy containing approximately 30%
zinc. Possesses high ductility; capable of being heavily cold-worked.
Widely used for cold pressings, cartridges, tubes, etc.
Cartridge Heater: This is a heating element with electrical resistivity
and used in heating process
Cartridge starter : A device for starting aero-engines in which a
slow-burning cartridge is used to operate a piston or turbine unit
which is geared to the engine shaft.
Cartridge valve: A valve that is inserted into a standard size cavity
in a manifold block and is held in place with either self-contained
screw threads or a cover secured with bolts. May be slip-in or screw-
in types. Perform directional, pressure or flow control functions.
Carvac : A small, hand-held vacuum cleaner which is either battery-
operated or which is plugged into the accessory outlet or cigarette
lighter socket.
Cas: Chinese Academy of Sciences.
CAS : 1. Acronym for cleaner air system 2. Acronym for crank angle
sensor
CAS : Calibrated airspeed
CASA : Calibrated Air Speed
Cascade: Cascade is term used in chemical industry to define the
series of process.
Cascade : The arrangement of stages in an enrichment or
reprocessing plant in which the products of one stage are fed either
forward to the next closely similar or identical stage or backward to a
previous stage, eventually resulting in two more or less pure
products at each end of the cascade. The classic examples are
gaseous or centrifugal enrichment plants. An ideal cascade is the
arrangement of stages in series and in parallel which gives the
highest yield for a given number of units (e.g., centrifuges) and a
given separation factor.
Cascade -: A series of stages in which the output of one stage is
the input of the next stage.
Cascade generator : High-voltage generator using a series of
voltage-multiplying stages, esp. when designed for X-ray tubes or
low-energy accelerators.
cascade particle : Particle formed by a cosmic ray in a Cascade
shower
Cascade shower : Manifestations of cosmic rays in which high-
energy mesons, protons, and electrons create high-energy photons,
which produce further electrons and positrons, thus increasing the
number of particles until the energy is dissipated. Also called air
shower.
Cascade Systems: To define the series of process a system is used
called as cascade system In this process are joint in manner that the
series of recitation is maintained
Cascade systems : Arrangement in which two or more refrigerating
systems are used in series; uses evaporator of one machine to cool
condenser of other machine. Produces ultra-low temps
Cascade systems : Arrangement in which two or more refrigerating
systems are used in series; uses evaporator of one machine to cool
condenser of other machine. Produces ultra-low temperatures.
Cascades : Fixed airfoil blades which turn the airflow around a bend
in a duct, e.g., in wind tunnels or engine intakes.
Cascading of insulators : Flashover of a string of suspension
insulators; initiated by the voltage across one unit exceeding its safe
value and flashing over, thereby imposing additional stress across
the other units, and resulting in a complete flashover of the string.
Case: The process of hardening steel surfaces by changing the
structure of a thin layer on its surface. Methods include carburizing,
cyaniding, nitriding and induction or flame hardening.
Case : 1. That part near the surface of a ferrous alloy which has
been so altered as to allow case-hardening. 2. One of the two clam-
shell-like halves in the bottom end of the engine surrounded by a
metal shell
CASE : Acronym for Cranking Angle Sensing Error
Case Crushing: The CAS-OB process (Composition Adjustment by
Sealed argon bubbling-Oxygen Blowing) benefits are high and
predictable recoveries of the added alloying materials, low aluminum
consumption, low content of total oxygen after treatment, decrease
in tapping temperature at the BOF, reduced reblows at the BOF, and
a more stable casting speed caused by better accuracy to hit the
arrival time and temperature at the casters. One of the major costs
for the CAS-OB process is the refractory for the bell.
Case Drain Line: The drain pipe for remove slag or unused material
from chemical reaction or chemical case
Case drain line: The line or passage from the internal cavity of a
pump or other component that will carry fluid leakage from the
device to a low pressure reservoir or tank.
Case harden : The action of hardening the surface of iron or steel
so that the outer portion or case is made substantially harder than
the inner portion or core. Typical processes used for case hardening
are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction
hardening, and flame hardening.
Case-harden: Case-harden is a process of heating a pieces of steel
to harden its surface while the inside remains relatively soft.
Casehardened : A piece of steel that has had the outer surface
hardened while the inner portion remains relatively soft.
Case-Hardening: A term used to denote longitudinal gouges arising
from fracture in case-hardened gears.
Casehardening : The action of adding carbon to the surface of a
mild steel object and heat treating to produce a hard surface.
Cases : The two clam-shell-like halves in the bottom end of the
engine surrounded by a metal shell
Cash and carry : Kerosene, fuel oil, or bottled gas (tank or Propane)
purchased with cash, by check, or by credit card and taken home by
the purchaser. The purchaser provides the container or pays extra
for the container.
Cash rebates: Rebates provided by the manufacturer directly to the
customer at the time the vehicle is purchased to lower the final price
of the vehicle. Consumers usually may elect to either receive this
amount in cash or to credit the rebate as part of the vehicles down
payment.
Cash register : Trucker slang for Toll booth as in "I'm comin' up on a
cash register at highway 88"
Casing: The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been
suitably altered in composition and can be made substantially harder
than the interior or core by heat treatment.
Casing: Insert the stepped rods having different diameter at some
length inserted in predrilled hole to hold something or support
something
Casing : 1. The outside shell of something such as the shell of an
alternator or starter motor. 2. The Tire casing
Casing factor : That portion of the load supported by Tire casing
stiffness instead of air pressure.
Casing head gasoline : A term used to describe the lighter parts of
petroleum products, which were obtained from natural gasoline by
condensing natural gas from an oil well
Casm: Cost Per Available Seat Mile: used to compare costs
between airlines with the lower the CASM, the lower the cost of
transporting a passenger.
CAS-OB: A two-wheel assembly used with load bars to form a
carrier or end truck.
CASS Test: Casing is the structural retainer for the walls of oil and
gas wells, and accounts for 75% (by weight) of OCTG shipments.
Casing is used to prevent contamination of both the surrounding
water table and the well itself. Casing lasts the life of a well and is
not usually removed when a well is closed.
Cassette : 1. A cartridge containing magnetic tape that can be
inserted into a player for listening or viewing (e.g., an audio cassette
or video cassette).2. A type of bicycle gear cluster that slides on a
freehub rather than threads on it. The freehub body is attached to
the rear hub.
Cassette cogs : The individual cogs that make up a bicycle
cassette.
Cassette compartment : A storage place for audio cassettes
Cassette hub : More recent type of rear hub designed to accept the
cassette type of gear cluster. The cassette hub has the rotating,
ratcheting freehub body attached to the hub for the cassette to slide
onto and be secured by a lockring.
Cassette player : A unit which plays (but does not record) audio
cassettes and is often linked with a stereo unit in an automobile
Cassette size : The size of a bicycle cassette is described by the
number of teeth on the smallest cog and the number of teeth on the
largest cog. An example of a common size for road racing would be
12 x 21.
Cast: Chinese Academy of Space Technology.
Cast : 1. A model or result made by pouring metal into a mold. 2. To
shape molten metal by pouring it into a mold.
Cast holes : Holes made in cast objects by the use of cores, in
order to reduce the time necessary for machining, and to avoid metal
wastage.
Cast iron : 1. An Alloy of iron and more than 2% Carbon. It is used
for engine Blocks and Transmission and Differential cases because it
is relatively cheap and easy to Mold into complex shapes. 2. Any
iron-carbon alloy in which the carbon content exceeds the solubility
of carbon in austenite at the eutectic temperature. Widely used in
engineering on account of their high fluidity and excellent casting
characteristics. Carbon content usually in the range of 2-2.3%. Some
kinds are brittle and others difficult to machine.
Cast Iron Fittings: The fitting component is made from cast iron.
Cast iron fitting is used in plumbing as T- unit, L-unit and other
Cast Rolling Phase: Abbreviation for copper-accelerated salt-spray
test.
Cast silicon : Crystalline silicon obtained by pouring pure molten
silicon into a vertical mold and adjusting the temperature gradient
along the mold volume during cooling to obtain slow, vertically
advancing crystallization of the silicon. The polycrystalline ingot thus
formed is composed of large, relatively parallel, interlocking crystals.
The cast ingots are sawed into wafers for further fabrication into
photovoltaic cells. Cast silicon wafers and ribbon silicon sheets
fabricated into cells are usually referred to as polycrystalline
photovoltaic cells.
Cast spoke assembly : That part of the vehicle consisting of the
brake drum and wheel spider, having 3, 5 or 6 spokes.
Cast spoke wheel : 1. A type of dual mounting wheels where two
demountable rims are mounted directly on the spoke wheel and
drum assembly held apart by a spacer band and locked in place by
clamps and nuts which attach to studs in the spoke face. 2. A wheel
with five or six spokes originating from a center hub. The spoked
portion, usually made of cast steel, is bolted to a multiple-piece steel
rim
Cast Steel: Cast steel is the alloy with carbon having the carbon
content of 1.7%. Having the properties better than cast iron. Any
complicated shapes are made in one part.
Cast steel : Shapes that have been formed directly from liquid by
casting into a mold. Formerly applied to wrought objects produced by
working steel made by the crucible process to distinguish from that
made by cementation of wrought-iron, but both of these methods are
long obsolete.
Cast Structure: The direct connection of casting and rolling, a
patented process phase of ISP/AST Technology.
Cast welded rail joint : A joint between the ends of two adjacent
rails made in position using the thermite process in which aluminum
powder and sodium peroxide are ignited causing the rails to weld
together.
Cast Welds: The metallographic structure of a casting evidenced by
shape and orientation of grains and by segregation of impurities.
Castability: The metallic product obtained by reducing iron ore with
carbon at a temperature sufficiently high to render the metal fluid and
casting it in a mold.
Castable: (1) A complex combination of liquid-metal properties and
solidification characteristics that promotes accurate and sound final
castings. (2) The relative ease with which a molten metal flows
through a mold or casting die.
Castellate : Formed to resemble a castle battlement e.g., a
castellated nut
Castellated nut : A nut with several lugs protruding from one end
making it look like the turrets on the top of the wall of a castle. This
nut is used on a shaft with a hole drilled in it. It is secured to the shaft
by passing a Cotter pin through an opening in the nut and through
the shaft hole.
Caster: Angle between pivot line and vertical of wheel,
Improves stability and driving ease.
Large angles make hard steering and diminish response,
Racing cars use large angles to improve camber gain in cornering.
Caster: The angle between a line drawn vertically through a wheel’s
centre line and the axis around which the wheel is steered; improves
a car’s directional stability and on-centre feel.
Caster : A wheel Alignment adjustment that positions the wheels like
the casters on a chair or shopping cart, so the tires follow naturally in
a forward straight line. In a truck or older car, the top of the Kingpin is
either forward (Negative) or toward the rear of the vehicle (Positive).
On a turn, the wheels will tend to straighten out when the Steering
wheel is released. If the car has independent front suspension, the
upper ball joint is set forward or rearward in relation to the lower ball
joint. Caster is measured in degrees.
Caster action : The self-centering action which causes a caster
wheel to move into a straight-ahead position.
Caster angle : The inclination or angle that a wheel makes when
measuring the distance between the vertical post and the offset of
the wheel placement.
Caster offset : The distance on the ground between where the
vertical post would touch the ground if it were extended and the point
where the wheel touches the ground. Also called caster trail
Caster trail : The distance on the ground between where the vertical
post would touch the ground if it were extended and the point where
the wheel touches the ground. Also called caster offset
Caster wobble : A condition generally produced in the front wheels
when they are attached to the ends of a Beam axle. It is particularly
noticeable on rough roads and the Shimmy at the Steering wheel
makes it difficult to control the vehicle. You have probably seen this
condition in a shopping cart that has caster wheels that wiggle or
fluctuate back and forth and will not roll in a straight line.
CASTER : To swivel or rotate slightly.
Castigated Nut (Castle Nut): A combination of refractory grain and
suitable bonding agent that, after the addition of a proper liquid
(usually water), is poured or pumped into place to form a refractory
shape or structure which becomes rigid because of chemical action.
Castigated Nut (Castle Nut): This a joining device called as Nut. In
this slot is cut on the extended head of nut, used in deep hole
threads having rods so that nut can loose by T from top most
grooves
Casting: The weight of a casting or castings divided by the total
weight of metal poured into the mold, expressed as a percent.
Casting : 1. A process technology that delivers a liquid molten
metal into a purpose-built mold. After cooling, the solid metal surface
has the shape of the mold cavity.2. A metallic article cast in the
shape required, as distinct from one shaped by working.
Casting copper : Metal of lower purity than Best selected copper.
Generally contains about 99.4% of copper.
Casting Defect: A nut with grooves cut entirely across the top face.
Casting Drawing: Casting is made from cast iron and generally In
one part. And casting drawing is made to build a specific part from
cast iron by casting process
Casting ladle : A steel ladle, lined with refractory material, in which
molten metal is carried from the furnace to the mold in which the
casting is to be made.
Casting Layout: To check the overall dimensions of casting a
casting layout is made,
Casting number : The number cast into a block, head, or other
component when the part is cast. Casting numbers can be helpful
when identifying an engine or its parts, but they are not completely
accurate, because castings are sometimes machined differently
Casting Powder: Any imperfection in a casting that does not satisfy
one or more of the required design or quality specifications. This
term is often used in a limited sense for those flaws formed by
improper casting solidification.
Casting Shrinkage: A powder applied to the inside of a mold before
teeming to prevent the metal from sticking to the mold.
Casting Strains: The amount of dimensional change per unit length
of the casting as it solidifies in the mold or die and cools to room
temperature after removal from the mold or die. There are three
distinct types of casting shrinkage. Liquid shrinkage refers to the
reduction in volume of liquid metal as it cools to the liquidus.
Solidification shrinkage is the reduction in volume of metal from the
beginning to the end of solidification. Solid shrinkage involves the
reduction in volume of metal from the solidus to room temperature.
Casting Stresses: Strains in a casting caused by casting stresses
that develop as the casting cools.
Casting wheel : Large wheel on which ingot molds are arranged
peripherally and filled from stream of molten metal issuing from
furnace or pouring ladle.
Casting Yield: Residual stresses set up when the shape of a casting
impedes contraction of the solidified casting during cooling.
Casting Yield: The weight of casting divided by total poured metal
for casting is called as casting yield
Castings : Metallic forms which are produced by pouring molten
metal into a shaped container or mold.
Cast-Iron: The process of using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW),
plasma welding, laser welding, or electron beam welding to apply
weld heat to melt the edges of the material and allow them to flow
together to form a joint.
Castle nut : A Castellated nut -- a six-sided nut in the top of which
six radial slots are cut. Two of these line up with a hole drilled in the
bolt or screw, a split pin can be inserted to prevent turning. Also
called hex slotted nut
Castle section : A panel with humps or ribs which strengthen the
panel. They are called castle because from the end they look like the
turrets of a castle
Castor : British spelling of Caster.
Castor Wheel : Mechanical wheel made in different-2 material
according to use. But made in plastic. Used as cooler, fridge or TV
stand wheel
Cat: Capsule Ariane Technologique.
Cat : An abbreviation for Catalytic converter
Cat Cracker : A large refinery vessel for processing reduced crudes
or other feed-stocks in the presence of a Catalyst, as opposed to the
older method of thermal cracking, which employs heat and pressure
only. Catalytic cracking is generally preferred since it produces less
gas and other highly volatile byproducts. It produces a motor fuel of
higher octane than the thermal process.
Cat E : Category E damage to an aircraft; equivalent to a total loss
or write off.
CAT I : Instrument Landing Category I (similar: CAT II, CAT III)
CAT : Commercial Air Traffic
Catadioptric : An optical system using a combination of refracting
and reflecting surfaces designed to reduce aberrations in a
telescope.
Catadromous fish: Fish that live in freshwater and swim
downstream from rivers to spawn in the sea. An example is
freshwater eels.
Catalan process : Reduction of haematite to wrought-iron by
smelting with charcoal.
Catalysis: Pouring molten metal into a mold, or the metal object
(i.e., ingot) produced by such pouring.
Catalyst: Catalyst is a substance which increases the chemical
rates of reaction without losing its properties. Mostly it is used in
automotive catalytic converter.
Catalyst: Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical
reaction of two or more reactants due to the participation of an
additional substance called a catalyst.Unlike other reagents in the
chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction.
Catalyst: A material or agent that promotes or produces a chemical
action but does not itself participate in the chemical action.
Catalyst : 1. A substance that changes the rate of a chemical
reaction without itself being used up. Catalysts are used in many
processes in the chemical and petroleum industries. Emission
control catalysts are used to promote reactions that change exhaust
pollutants from internal combustion engines into harmless
substances. After the reaction it can potentially be recovered from
the reaction mixture chemically unchanged.2. A special agent which
is added to a plastic body filler or resin or paint to speed up the
hardening process.
Catalyst bed : A layer of catalyst-coated material such as pellets or
ceramic in a catalytic converter through which the gases pass.
Catalyst charge : A catalyst-coated material such as pellets or
ceramic in a catalytic converter.
Catalyst coated membrane : (CCM) Term used to describe a
membrane (in a PEM fuel cell) whose surfaces are coated with a
catalyst layer to form the reaction zone of the electrode.
Catalyst coating : A Catalytic layer
Catalyst container : A housing of a catalytic converter. Also called a
converter shell
Catalyst contamination : A reduction of efficiency because of
impurity deposits
Catalyst degradation : A reduction of efficiency because of
impurities or overheating. Also called catalyst deterioration
Catalyst deterioration : A reduction of efficiency because of
impurities or overheating. Also called catalyst degradation
Catalyst indicator : A light on the instrument panel which glows
when a prescribed distance has passed in order to remind the driver
to have the catalytic converter replaced.
Catalyst loading : The amount of catalyst incorporated in the fuel
cell per unit area.
Catalyst substrate : A base material which carries the Catalytic
layer or coating. Also called catalyst support
Catalyst support : A base material which carries the Catalytic layer
or coating. Also called catalyst substrate
Catalytic activity : The rate a catalytic converter purifies the
exhaust system
Catalytic converter: A vehicle emissions control device that
converts toxic pollutants to less toxic by catalyzing a redox reaction,
Used in internal combustion engines to control pollution Reburn the
fuel properly converting the toxic pollutants to less toxic.
Catalytic converter: A canister in the exhaust system, usually
situated before the muffler, containing a substance that reacts
chemically with the exhaust in order to reduce harmful emissions.
Catalytic converter : A pollution-control device found on the
Exhaust system of all cars since its introduction in 1974 which acts
like an Afterburner to reburn unburned gas in the Tail pipe. It looks
like a small Muffler and is usually made of stainless steel. It contains
Platinum, rhodium, or palladium which is a catalyst for the chemical
reaction needed to burn off any unburned Hydrocarbons and Carbon
monoxide by turning them into water vapor, carbon dioxide and other
less toxic gases.2. A device containing a Catalyst for converting
automobile exhaust into mostly harmless products.
Catalytic converter heat shield: A metal panel, which may be
insulated, that is used to prevent the catalytic converter heat from
harming surrounding areas.
Catalytic cracking : The refining process of breaking down the
larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into
simpler and lighter molecules. Catalytic cracking is accomplished by
the use of a catalytic agent and is an effective process for increasing
the yield of gasoline from crude oil. Catalytic cracking processes
fresh feeds and recycled feeds.
Catalytic decomposition engine: A mono-propellant engine in
which a liquid fuel decomposes into hot gas in the presence of a
catalyst. The fuel is most commonly hydrazine.
Catalytic efficiency : The effectiveness of a catalyst in purifying
exhaust gases
Catalytic Fines : Hard, abrasive crystalline particles of alumina,
silica, and/or alumina silica that can be carried over from the fluidic
catalytic cracking process of residual fuel stocks. Particle size can
range from sub-micron to greater than sixty (60) microns in size.
These particles become more common in the higher viscosity marine
bunker fuels.
Catalytic hydrocracking : A refining process that uses hydrogen
and Catalysts with relatively low temperatures and high pressures for
converting middle boiling or residual material to high octane
gasoline, reformer charge stock, jet fuel, and /or high grade fuel oil.
The process uses one or more Catalysts, depending on product
output, and can handle high sulfur feedstocks without prior
desulfurization.
Catalytic hydrotreating : A refining process for treating petroleum
fractions from atmospheric or vacuum distillation units (e.g.,
naphthas, middle distillates, reformer feeds, residual fuel oil, and
heavy gas oil) and other petroleum (e.g., cat cracked naphtha, coker
naphtha, gas oil, etc.) in the presence of Catalysts and substantial
quantities of hydrogen. Hydrotreating includes desulfurization,
removal of substances (e.g., nitrogen compounds) that deactivate
Catalysts, conversion of Olefins to paraffins to reduce gum formation
in gasoline, and other processes to upgrade the quality of the
fractions.
Catalytic layer : A thin layer of catalyst such as platinum and
supported by a ceramic or metal carrier material
"
Catalytic reforming : A refining process using controlled heat and
pressure with Catalysts to rearrange certain hydrocarbon molecules,
thereby converting paraffinic and naphthenic type hydrocarbons
(e.g., low octane gasoline boiling range fractions) into petrochemical
feedstocks and higher octane stocks suitable for blending into
finished gasoline. Catalytic reforming is reported in two categories.
They are: • Low Pressure. A processing unit operating at less than
225 PSIG measured at the outlet separator. • High pressure. A
processing unit operating at either equal to or greater than 225 PSIG
measured at the outlet separator.
"
Catamaran : A double hulled vessel
Cataphoretic painting : A process of applying the first coat of paint
to the body of a vehicle by positively charging the paint particles and
then dunking the metal into the paint. A current is turned on so that
the positively charged paint is attracted to the negative metal panel.
Also called cathodic electropainting
Catapult : An accelerating device for launching an aircraft in a short
distance. It may be fixed or rotatable to face the wind. It is usually
used on ships which have no landing deck, having been superseded
on aircraft carriers by the Accelerator. During World War II, fighters
were carried on (catapult armed merchant ships) for defense against
long-range bombers. Land catapults have been tried but have been
superseded by RATOG and STOL aircraft.
Catastrophic Failure: A substance which by its presence alters the
rate of reaction and itself remains unchanged at the end of the
reaction.
Catback : A performance exhaust system upgrade which consists of
new pipes from the catalytic converter to the Tail pipe which
increases horsepower. These new pipes are larger, thus, more
exhaust can exit the system. The faster the exhaust can exit, the
more horsepower you gain.
Catch basin : An opening in the road surface with grated lid to allow
water into a storm drainage system.
Catch net : A mesh construction that is electricaly grounded and
placed below high-voltage transmission lines that cross over a road
or railway. In the event that the lines break, they will fall into the net.
Catch pit : A small pit constructed at the entrance to a length of
sewer or drain pipe to catch and retain matter which would not easily
pass through the pipes. Also called catch basin.
Catch plate : A disk on the spindle nose of a lathe, driving a carrier
locked to the work.
Catch points : A section of a railroad track which is activated when
a train is supposed to be going uphill, but starts to slide back. The
catch points prevent the train from rolling back any farther.
Catcher : The element in a velocity-modulated ultrahigh frequency
or microwave beam tube which abstracts, or catches, the energy in a
bunched electron stream as it passes through it.
Catcher foil : Aluminum sheet used for measuring power levels in
nuclear reactor by absorption of fission fragments.
Catching diode : Diode used to clamp a voltage or current at a
predetermined value. When it becomes forward-biased it prevents
the applied potential from increasing any further.
Catchment area : The area from which water runs off to any given
river valley or collecting reservoir. Also called Catchment basin
Catchment basin : The area from which water runs off to any given
river valley or collecting reservoir. Also called Catchment area
Catch-water drain : A drain to catch water on a hillside, with open
joints or multiple perforations to take in water in as many places as
possible.
Category a : with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means
multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation
features specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and
landing operations under a critical engine failure concept which
assures adequate designated surface area and adequate
performance capability for continued safe flight in the event of engine
failure
Category b : with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means
single- engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all
Category A standards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed
stay-up ability in the event of engine failure and unscheduled landing
is assumed
Category i (cat i) : An ILS facility providing operation down to a 200
foot decision height and an RVR of not less than 2,400 feet.
Category ii (cat ii) : An ILS facility providing operation down to a
100-foot decision height and an RVR of not less than 1,200 feet.
Category ii operations : with respect to the operation of aircraft,
means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a
Category II ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the
Administrator or other appropriate authority
Category iii operations : with respect to the operation of aircraft,
means an ILS approach to, and landing on, the runway of an airport
using a Category III ILS instrument approach procedure issued by
the Administrator or other appropriate authority with respect to the
operation of aircraft, means an ILS approach to, and landing on, the
runway of an airport using a Category III ILS instrument approach
procedure issued by the Administrator or other appropriate authority.
Category IIIa operations, an ILS approach and landing with no
decision height (DH), or a DH below 100 feet (30 meters), and
controlling runway visual range not less than 700 feet (200 meters).
Category IIIb operations, an ILS approach and landing with no DH,
or with a DH below 50 feet (15 meters), and controlling runway visual
range less than 700 feet (200 meters), but not less than 150 feet (50
meters). Category IIIc operations, an ILS approach and landing with
no DH and no runway visual range limitation
Category iiia (cat iiia) : An ILS facility providing operation with no
decision height to and along the surface of the runway with external
visual reference during the final phase of landing and with an RVR of
not less than 7000 feet.
Category iiib (cat iiib) : An ILS facility providing operation with no
decision height limit to and along the surface of the runway without
reliance on external visual reference and, subsequently, taxiing with
an external RVR of not less than 150 feet.
Category iiic (cat iiic) : An ILS facility providing operation with no
decision height limit to and along the surface of the runway and
taxiways without reliance on external visual reference.
Category : 1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings,
privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a broad classification of
aircraft. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-
than-air; and (2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft,
means a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or operating
limitations. Examples include: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic,
limited, restricted, and provisional
Catenary construction : A method of construction used for
overhead contact wires of traction systems. A\ wire is suspended, in
the form of catenary, between two supports, and the contact wire is
supported from this by droppers of different lengths, arranged so that
the contact wire is horizontal.
Catering: Airline catering which includes composing the meals,
preparing them and making up the meal trays served to passengers
on board the aircraft.
Cathead: Sudden failure of a component or assembly that frequently
results in extensive secondary damage to adjacent components or
assemblies.
Cathead: This is a wooden beam used in ship. Its work is to support
the ship's anchor
Cathead : 1. A lathe accessory consisting of a turned sleeve having
four or more radial screws at each end; used for clamping on to
rough work of small diameter and running in the Steady while
centering. Also called spider .2. The sheave assembly on the top of
crane jib.
Cathedral: Early word to describe anhedral, or negative dihedral.
Cathetometer : An optical instrument for measuring vertical
distances not exceeding a few decimeters. A small telescope, held
horizontally can move up and down a vertical pillar. The difference in
position of the telescope when the images of the two points whose
separation is being measured are lined up with the cross-wires of the
telescope, is obtained from the difference in vernier readings on a
scale marked on the pillar. Also called reading microscope and
reading telescope
Cathode: The portion of solution in immediate contact with the
cathode during electrolysis.
Cathode : 1. In an electronic tube or valve, an electrode through
which a primary stream of electrons enters the inter-electrode space.
During conduction, the cathode is negative with respect to the
anode. Such a cathode may be cold, electron emission being due to
electric fields, photo-emission, or impact by other particles, or
thermionic, where the cathode is heated by some means. 2. In a
light-emitting diode, the electrode to which forward current flows
within the device.
Cathode coating : A low-work function surface layer applied to a
thermionic or photocathode in order to enhance electron emission or
to control spectral characteristics. The cathode coating impedance is
between the base metal and this layer.
Cathode Copper: A collar or sleeve which fits loosely over a shaft to
which it is clamped by setscrews.
Cathode copper : The product of electrolytic refining, after which
the cathodes are melted, oxidized, poled, and cast into wire-bars,
cakes, billets, etc.
Cathode efficiency : Ratio of emission current to energy supplied to
cathode. Also called emission efficiency
Cathode FiIm: Copper deposited at the cathode in electrolytic
refining.
Cathode follower : A valve circuit in which the input is connected
between the grid and ground, and the output is taken from between
the cathode and ground, the anode being grounded to signal
frequencies. It has a high input impedance, low output impedance,
and unity voltage gain.
Cathode glow : Glow near the surface of a cathode, its color
depends on the gas or vapor in the tube.
Cathode luminous sensitivity : Ratio of cathode current of
photoelectric cell to luminous intensity.
Cathode modulation : Modulation produced by signal applied to
cathode of valve through which carrier wave passes.
Cathode poisoning : Reduction of thermionic emission from a
cathode as a result of minute traces of adsorbed impurities.
Cathode protection : A method of preventing corrosion by making
the metal a cathode in a conducting medium by means of a direct
electrical current that is galvanic.
Cathode ray : A stream of negatively charged particles (electrons)
emitted normally from the surface of a cathode in a vacuum or low-
pressure gas. The velocity of the electrons is proportional to the
square root of the accelerating potential, being 6x105ms-1 for one
volt. They can be deflected and formed into beams by the application
of electric or magnetic fields, or a combination of both, and are
widely used in oscilloscopes and TV (in cathode-ray tubes), electron
microscopes and electron-beam welding, and electron-beam tubes
for high frequency amplifiers and oscillators.
Cathode ray tube : A sealed tube on which graphs or pictures are
displayed like a TV screen
Cathode spot : Area on a cathode where electrons are emitted into
an arc, the current density being much higher than with simple
thermionic emission
Cathode : In electrolysis or electrochemical corrosion, a site on a
surface where actions in solution are neutralized by electrons to
become elements that either plate out on the surface or react with
water to produce a secondary reaction.
Cathode-ray oscillograph : An oscillograph in which a permanent
(photographic or other) record of a transient or time-varying
phenomenon is produced by means of an electron beam in a
cathode-ray tube. Deprecated term for Cathode-ray oscilloscope
Cathode-ray oscilloscope : (CRT) Device for displaying electronic
signals by modulating a beam of electrons before it impinges on a
Fluorescent screen
Cathodic chalk : A coating of magnesium and calcium compounds
formed on a steel surface during Cathodic protection in sea water
Cathodic Cleaning: Primary non-ferrous metal casting to be rolled
or forged into other shapes; usually copper or nickel.
Cathodic Corrosion: Electrolytic cleaning in which the work is the
cathode.
Cathodic electropainting : A process of applying the first coat of
paint to the body of a car by positively charging the paint particles
and then dunking the metal into the paint. A current is turned on so
that the positively charged paint is attracted to the negative metal
panel. Also called cataphoretic painting
Cathodic etching : Erosion of a cathode by a glow discharge
through positive-ion bombardment, in order to show microstructure
Cathodic Inhibitor: Corrosion caused by a reaction of an
amphoteric metal with the alkaline products of electrolysis.
Cathodic Inhibitors : This a anti corrosion solution which is applied
to material to reduce the corrosion
Cathodic Pickling: A chemical substance that prevents or slows a
cathodic or reduction reaction.
Cathodic Polarization: Electrolytic pickling in which the work is the
cathode.
Cathodic Protection: The change of the electrode potential in the
active (negative) direction due to current flow. See also
polarization. (see Polarization)
Cathodic Protection: This is a protection technique used to prevent
material from corrosion. In this material or part is made as anode
Cathodic protection : 1. The action of protecting metal from
electrochemical corrosion by using it as the cathode of a cell with a
Sacrificial anode.2. In ships and offshore structures, corrosion can
be prevented by passing sufficient direct current through the sea
water to make the metal hull a cathode.
Cathodic protection : Reduction of corrosion rate by shifting the
corrosion potential of the electrode towards less oxidizing potential
by applying an external electromotive force.
Cathodic Sodium Dichromate: Reducing the corrosion of a metal
by making the particular surface a cathode of an electrochemical
cell.
Cathodoluminescence : The emission of light, with a possible
afterglow, from a material when irradiated by an electron beam, such
as occurs in the phosphor of a cathode-ray tube
Cathodophone : Microphone utilizing the silent discharge between
a heated oxide-coated filament in air and another electrode. The
discharge is modulated directly by the motion of the air particles in a
passing sound wave. Also called ionophone
Catholyte: A common treatment applied to passivate the surface of
electroytic tin plate against the formation of tin oxides.
Cation: The electrolyte adjacent to the cathode of an electrolytic
cell.
Cation: Having positive charge cation is known as ion
Cation : Ion in an electrolyte which carries a positive charge and
which migrates toward the cathode under the influence of a potential
gradient in electrolysis. It is the deposition of the cation in a primary
cell which determines the positive terminal.
Cation : A positively charged ion that migrates through the
electrolyte toward the cathode under the influence of a potential
gradient.
Cationexchange Softeners: To made soft water form hard water
softeners are used it extract the calcium and magnesium from water
and made it soft for further uses
Cation-exchange softeners : Ion exchange units are known
primarily as water softeners. But they can also remove nitrates,
sulfates, and various toxic metals from water. ion exchangers. PDF
Cationic: An group of ions having a positive charge moving toward
the negative electrode
Cationic : The condition of a polymer, colloid, or large particle
having exchangeable anions on its surface and an opposite, positive
charge on the substrata.
Catolyte : That portion of the electrolyte of an electrolytic cell which
is in the immediate neighborhood of the cathode. Also called
catholyte
Catoptric element : A component of an optical system that uses
reflection, not refraction, in the formation of an image
Cattle guard : A series of pipes or bars spaced a few inches apart
and placed across the road to discourage animals from entering or
leaving a particular area. Similar to a Texas gate except a Texas gate
always uses round pipes not flat bars.
Catwalk: A narrow, often elevated walkway, as on the sides of a
bridge
Catwalk : An obsolete term for the section between the fender and
the hood. On modern cars, this section does not exist at all. But on
older cars (like the 1937 Cadillac), the fender was spaced a little way
apart from the hood. The headlights were mounted toward the front
of the catwalk or above it.
Cauchy's dispersion formula : μ= A + (B/λ2) + (C/λ21) + …An
empirical expression for the relation between the refractive index μ of
a medium and the wavelength λ of light; A, B, and C are the
constants for a given medium.
Caulk : To fill seams in a wood deck with oakum or hammer the
adjoining edges of metal together to stop leaks. Also spelled calk
Caulking : The process of closing the spaces between overlapping
riveted plates or other joints by hammering the exposed edge of one
plate into intimate contact with the other. A filler material is also used
esp. for closing (e.g., deck planking). Also called calking
Caulking tool : A tool, similar in form to a cold chisel but having a
blunt edge, for deforming the metal rather than cutting it.
Causality : The principle that an event cannot precede its cause.
Caustic: Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium
hydroxide (NaOH).
Caustic Cracking: A positively charged ion that migrates through
the electrolyte toward the cathode under the influence of a potential
gradient. See also anion and ion. (see Anion) (see Ion)
Caustic cracking -: A form of stress-corrosion cracking most
frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromium-nickel
alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at
temperature of 200 to 250°C.
Caustic curve : A curve to which rays of light are tangential after
reflection or refraction at another curve
Caustic Dip: A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently
encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromium-nickel alloys that are
exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200
to 250°C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement.
Caustic embrittlement: An obsolete term replaced by caustic
cracking.
Caustic Embrittlement: A strong alkaline solution into which metal
is immersed for etching, for neutralizing acid or for removing organic
materials such as greases or paints.
Caustic embrittlement : The intergranular corrosion of steel in hot
alkaline solutions, e.g., in boilers
Caustic etching : The removal of metal by dipping aluminum parts
in caustic soda
Caustic Quenching: An obsolete historical term denoting a form of
stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon
steels or iron-chromium-nickel alloys that are exposed to
concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250°C
(400 to 480°F).
Caustic soda : A common water treatment chemical, sodium
hydroxide.
Caution : A period in racing in which track conditions are too
hazardous for racing due to an accident or debris on the racing
surface. The cars remain in their racing positions behind the pace
car until it is determined that it is safe to resume the race.
Caution : A signal which alerts the operator to an impending
dangerous condition requiring attention, but not necessarily
immediate action (from MIL-STD-1472D); an annunciator that is
more critical than an advisory but less critical than a warning;
Caved : Dented inward as in when the car hit me, it caved in the
door.
Cavitation: A process of creating a cavity or void area. Cavitations
is usually used in the automotive field to describe what happens in
the cooling system when water boils, creating a bubble in the
system, and then cools below 212F, which causes the bubbles to
collapse. When this event occurs, water rushes back into left by the
bubble. The force of this moving water can cause noise as well as
damage to cooling system parts such as water pumps.
Cavitation: The process of filling the empty space by a solid object.
Cavitation: A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream
which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.
Cavitation : A condition in which a partial Vacuum forms around the
blades or Impeller wheels of a Pump, reducing the pump's output
because part of the pump blades lose contact with the liquid. It can
be a problem in fuel and water pumps, fluid couplings, and torque
converters. When severe, it can result in the erosion of the pump
blades and other internal surfaces.
Cavitation -: The formation and collapse, within a liquid, of cavities
or bubbles that contain vapor or gas or both. In general, cavitation
originates from decreases in static pressure in the liquid. In order to
erode a solid surface by cavitation, it is necessary for the cavitation
bubbles to collapse on or close to that surface.
Cavitation (Hydraulics): An alkaline solution used to neutralize the
acid in the discharge water from the scrubbers when it goes to the
sewer.
Cavitation Corrosion: When the absolute pressure in a pump
intake line is reduced below the vapor pressure of the fluid, the fluid
may vaporize, or “boil”, or the dissolved air in the fluid may separate.
In either case, as the bubbles go through the pump, they collapse or
implode and damage the metal of the pump.
Cavitation Damage: A process involving conjoint corrosion and
cavitation.
Cavitation Damage: Some damage In the cavity due to having
vapor fluids that strike to the cavity while in process
Cavitation Erosion: The degradation of a solid body resulting from
its exposure to cavitation. This may include loss of material, surface
deformation or changes in properties or appearance.
Cavitation Erosion: This corrosion is due to vapor contact to
cavitation.
Cavitation erosion : Progressive loss of original material from a
solid surface due to continuing exposure to cavitation.
Cavitations : The process of filling the empty space by a solid
object.
Cavity: Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due
to continuing exposure to cavitation from a solid surface due to
continuing exposure to cavitation.
Cavity: Cavity is a female hole where a male part will be filled for
joining purpose. The male is called as dowel.
Cavity : 1. An empty space in a body structure, either in a box
section or a double-skinned area. 2. A holder and contact for fuses
Cavity sealant : A product made of oil, wax, and rust inhibitors
which is painted or sprayed into a cavity to prevent rust and
corrosion.
CAVOK : Ceiling and Visibility ok (good VFR weather)
CAVU : Ceiling And Visibility Unlimited. Perfect flying weather -- no
major clouds, no major haze.
Cb: The mold or die impression that gives a casting its external
shape.
CB : Cumulonimbus
CBA : Cost-Benefit Analysis
C-band: A range of microwave radio frequencies in the
neighborhood of 4 to 8 GHz, used for spacecraft communications on
Mercury and Gemini flights (~5 Ghz).
Ccd: Charged Coupled Device.
CCLIM : Course cut limit
Ccpm cyclic-collective-pitch-mixing: CCPM mounts the servo's
pushrods directly to the swash plate at 120 degree increments, like
an equilateral triangle. With these three servo's the swash plate can
be tilted in any direction, and when they all move in the same
direction the swash plate can be raised and lowered. All the mixing is
done electronically by the transmitter, which means you must have a
CCPM compatible transmitter.
CCT Diagram: Chemical symbol for Columbium.
CCTC: See continuous cooling transformation diagram. (see
Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram)
CCV: See "Crankcase ventilation filter."
CDA : Continuous Descent Approach
CDC: Continuous Casting Technology Committee
CDI : Course Deviation Indicator
CDL: Route Profit Centre:The Air France network is divided into six
different geographic sectors: France, Europe, Africa & Middle East,
Americas, Asia and Caribbean & Indian Ocean.
CDM : Collaborative Decision-Making
CDR : Conditional Route (FUA)
Cds: Command & Data Subsystem.
CDTI : Cockpit Display of Traffic Information
CDU : Control-display unit.
Ce: (see Cathhodic Sodium Dichromate)
CEAC : Conf©rence Europ©enne de l`Aviation Civile (see ECAC)
Ceiling: Normal maximum operating altitude of an aircraft.
Ceiling : The heights above the earth`s surface of the lowest layer of
clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as "broken,"
"overcast," or "obscuration," and not classified as "thin" or "partial".
Or, in reference to aircraft performance, the maximum altitude an
aircraft is able to reach and maintain.
Celestial sphere: The apparent sphere of sky that surrounds the
Earth; used as a convention for specifying the location of a celestial
object.
Cell: A electric charged body used to transfer the electrons stored in
it
cell: A group of negative and positive plates capable of producing
2.1 V.
Cell: Chemical symbol for Cerium.
Cells: In aluminum production, the electrolytic reduction cell
commonly called a “pot”, in which alumina dissolved in molten
cryolite is reduced to metallic aluminum. A series of cells connected
electrically is called a "pot line."
Cellular Manufacturing: Plastic tanks that contain anodes and
plater solution. The strip goes through the cells during the coating
process.
Celsius: A manufacturing philosophy that puts related processes
together to make a finished component in a continuous flow, as
opposed to a series of batch operations.
Celsius: Temperature scale proposed by Swedish astronomer
Anders Celsius in 1742. A mixture of ice and water is zero on the
scale; boiling water is designated as 100 degrees. A degree is
defined as one hundredth of the difference between the two
reference points, resulting in the original term, "centigrade" (100th
part). To convert celsius to Fahrenheit: multiply the celsius
temperature by 1.8 and add 32 degrees. F = 9/5 C + 32 To convert
Fahrenheit to celsius: subtract 32 degrees from the Fahrenheit
temperature and divide the quantity by 1.8. C = (F -32) / 1.8.
Celsius Temperature: Celsius is centigrade it’s a unit of measuring
the temperature in degree unit.
Celsius Temperature Scale: Temperature scale is device from
where we get the temperature in degree, on that scale degree is
printed.
Celsius temperature scale : A thermometric scale in which the
freezing point of water is called 0°C and its boiling point 100°C at
normal atmospheric pressure.
CEMA: This is the term used for conversion of units, from Celsius to
Fahrenheit
Cement Copper: International thermometric scale.
Cementation: Impure copper recovered by chemical deposition
when iron (most often shredded steel scrap) is brought into
prolonged comact with a dilute copper sulfate solution.
Cemented Camide: 1. Introduction of one or more elements into the
outer layer of a metal object by means of diffusion at high
temperature. 2. An obsolete process used to convert wrought iron to
blister steel by carburizing. Wrought iron bars were packed in sealed
chests with charcoal and heated at about 2000°F (1100°C) for six to
eight days. Cementation was the predominant method of
manufacturing steels, particularly high-carbon tool steels, prior to the
introduction of the Bessemer and open-hearth methods.
Cementite: A solid and coherent mass made by pressing and
sintering a mixture of powders of one or more metallic carbides, such
as tungsten carbide, and a much smaller amount of a metal, such as
cobalt. To serve as a binder.
Centane number: A measure of ignition quality of a fuel or
petroleum with reference to normal centane high-ignition quality fuel
with an arbitrary number of 100.
Center: A pointed hand tool made of hardened steel and shaped
somewhat like a pencil.
Center Buckle: This is the name given to the compound of iron and
carbon, Fe3C (iron carbide) which is a microstructural constituent
found in many steels. It is very hard and brittle.
Center Buckle: The uniter which hold in center of ballet or rod is
called as center buckle
Center console trim: Wood, composite, leather or metal
adornments intended to supplement the aesthetic elements of a
vehicles center console.
Center Drill: A condition in the band of steel where the center (in the
direction of rolling) is longer than the edges and has a wave or
buckle.
Center Drill: drill is used to drill hole in metal of wood. Center drilled
having tip(cutting edge) on both side
Center Gage: Center gage is used to check the angle of cutting
edge,
Center Gauge: A combined countersink and drill used to prepare
work for mounting centers.
Center Head: A small flat gauge having 60° angles that is used for
grinding and setting the thread cutting tools in a lathe. It may also be
used to check the pitch of threads and the points of center.
Center Head: It’s a measuring device, which is used to check the
center of cutting material. A scale is mounted In the center and
clamp on the other end
Center line : Standard aviation term
Center of gravity: A hypothetical point at which all of the mass of an
object acts as if it were concentrated. For a vehicle, the lower the
center of gravity the less likely the vehicle will be to roll over when it
is destabilized.
Center of gravity: The point on a aircraft about which its mass is
balanced.
Center of gravity: (CQ), the point on an aircraft's structure where
the total combined weight forces act.
Center of gravity: The force of gravity acts on every individual part
of an object, like an airplane. However, engineers often treat
theforce of gravity on all the parts of an object as a singleforce acting
on a point in the object called the center of gravity.
Center of gravity / cg : The point through which the total weight of
the aircraft is considered to act as the balance point. The airplane's
point of fore-aft balance.
Center of pressure : An imaginary point on the chord of an airfoil
where the total of all aerodynamic forces are assumed to act.
Center of rotation: The point of rotation of any device Like a tyre .
Center : An Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). See Air
Route Traffic Control Center.
Center, Dead: The distance between the theoretical or calculated
centers of two adjoining bends. Also used for diametric
measurement between the centerlines of two tangent points of a
bend (i.e., 180-degree bend for which the center-to-center distance
will be equal to twice the centerline radius).
Center, Half Male: A center that does not rotate; commonly found
on the tailstock of a lathe. Also, an expression for the exact center of
an object.
Center, Live: A dead center that has a portion of the 60° cone cut
away.
Center, Punch: A center that revolves with the work. Generally this
is the headstock center; however, the ball bearing type tailstock
center is also called a live center.
Centering Arms: A point or axis around which anything revolves or
rotates. In the lathe, one of the parts upon which the work to be
turned is placed. The center in the headstock is referred to as the
“live” center and the one mounted in the tailstock as the "dead"
center.
Centering Arms: The arm is used to locate the material to the
position for cutting process
Centering Marks: Marks are placed for accurate centering of job to
machine
Centerless Grinding: In ring rolling, externally mounted rolls,
adjusted to the outside diameter of the ring during rolling. Maintains
and guides the ring in a centerline position to achieve alignment.
Centerline: An imaginary line down the centre of the vehicle.
Alignment tracking is measured from this line.
Centerline (Gears): An operation whereby the surface of a bar is
ground without using a lathe.
Centerline Diameter: Line that intersects the geometrical centers of
the pinion and gear.
Centerline Radius: The distance from the centerline axis of the tube
or pipe across to the other centerline of a 180-degree return bend.
Center-pod configuration : A type of airplane whose fairly short
fuselage is not connected to the tail surfaces.
Center-section: The central panel, or section, of an aircraft's wing.
Center-to-Center: Part of a combination square set that is used to
find the center of or to bisect a round or square workpiece.
Centipoise: The distance from the center of curvature to the
centerline (axis) of the pipe, expressed as a number multiplied by the
pipe or tube size. For example, the bend radius of a 5 x D bend for a
2-inch nominal pipe size (NPS) pipe or a 2-inch tube is 10 inches.
Also called CLR.
Centistoke: A unit of absolute viscosity: one centipoise equals 0.01
poise. At the same temperature, centipoises equals centistokes
multiplied by specific gravity (cp = cSt x sp.grav.).
Central Control: See Rail Operations Central Control
Central locking system: Central locking system is a safety device
used in automotive car doors preventing from theft. It is based on
electronics system controlled by a remote to lock or unlock the
vehicle.
Centralized Lubrication: A unit of kinematic viscosity, abbreviated
as cSt: one centistoke equals 0.01 stoke. At the same temperature,
centistokes equals centipoises divided by specific gravity (cSt =
cp/sp.grav.).
Centre of gravity: Centre of gravity is a hypothetical point at which
all of the mass of an object acts as if it were concentrated. For a
vehicle, the lower the centre of gravity the less likely the vehicle will
be to roll over when it is destabilized.
Centrifugal Casting: A system of non-recirculating lubrication that
supplies a metered amount of lubricant from a central location to
individual lubrication points.
Centrifugal clutch: Centrifugal clutch is a automatic clutch system,
It works on centrifugal force principal. It is used in automatic
transmission vehicles.
Centrifugal Compressor: The energy is transferred by impeller
which is driven by centrifugal motor,
Centrifugal compressor : Pump which compresses gaseous fluids
by centrifugal force.
Centrifugal Fans: The fan rotate from a centrifugal motor is called
as centrifugal fan.
Centrifugal Force: The sideways acceleration, measured in Gs, of
an object in curvilinear motion. As a car traverses a curve,
centrifugal force acts on it and tries to pull it outwards. To counteract
this, the tyres develop an equal and opposite force acting against the
road. Also called lateral force.
Centrifugal force: On a centrifugal pump, it is that force which
throws water from a spinning impeller.
Centrifugal Force: The force which is result of a centrifugal
movement of impeller
Centrifugal force: The imaginary pulling force applies to the
propellers and helicopter blades while they're spinning.
Centrifugal force: A force which is directed away from the center of
rotation.
Centrifugal force : is actually not a force but the experience of an
inertial force experienced in a rotating reference frame acting away
from the center of the rotation. It is equal in magnitude but opposite
to the centripetal force required to constrain the body to move in a
circular motion. s actually not a force but the experience of an
inertial.
Centrifugal force : The force created by a body`s tendency to follow
a straight path working against a force which causes it to move in a
curve, the resultant force which pulls away from a central axis of
rotation.
Centrifugal Mills: To mill or mix material centrifugal mill is used, a
grinder or juicer is an example of centrifugal mills
Centrifugal Polishing: To polish the surface of rough material by
centrifugal flow of polishing material to rough surface
Centrifugal pump: Centrifugal pump is a sub-class of dynamic
axisymmetric work-absorbing turbo machinery. Centrifugal pump is
used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy
of the fluid flow. The rotating energy comes from the engine or
electrical motor.
Centrifugal pump: Pump which produces fluid velocity and converts
it to pressure head.
Centrifugal Pump: The process of filling molds by (1) pouring metal
into a sand or permanent mold that is revolving about either its
horizontal or its vertical axis or (2) pouring metal into a mold that is
subsequently revolved before solidification of the metal is complete.
See also centrifuge casting. (see Centrifuge Casting)
Centrifugal Pump: The pump is used to Increase the pressure of
fluid or feed the fluid with high speed. Centrifugal pump is having
one centrifugal pump, impeller etc.
Centrifugal pump : A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a
rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing, having an inlet and a
discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates pressure in the
liquid by the velocity derived from centrifugal force.
Centrifuge: A casting technique in which mold cavities are spaced
synunetrically about a vertical axial common downgate. The entire
assembly is rotated about that axis during pouring and solidification.
Centrifuge Casting: A pump with a rotating element, shaft and
impeller and a stationary casing. In this pump, fluid is propelled at
high velocity as centrifugal force at the periphery of the impeller
blades discharges pressurized fluid into the system.
Centripetal force: is the force that causes an object to move in a
circle, acting towards the centre of the circle. In the case of a satellite
the centripetal force is gravity, in the case of an object at the end of a
rope, the centripetal force is the tension of the rope.
Centripetal Force: The force makes a path from center to its
periphery. Direction is fixed and motion is toward the center
Centripetal force: A force which is directed towards the center of
rotation.
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
Ceo: Close Earth Orbit.
CEP : Circular error probability
Ceramic: Cutting tools made from sintered, hotpressed or hot
isostatically pressed alumina-base or silicon nitride-base ceramic
materials.
Ceramic Insulation: This is high temperature insulation. Insulation
material is wool so that its called ceramic insulation
Ceramic Tools: An instrument that employs centrifugal or rotating
force to separate substances of different densities, useful for
precipitating solids from a liquid or separating liquids of different
densities.
Ceramic Tools: Tools are used by fine arts student or clay modeler
made by wood or ceramic.
Cermet: A broad term for products such as pottery and bricks from
heat-resistant non-metallic, inorganic materials such as clay, bauxite,
alumina, silica, magnesia, silicon carbide and the like.
Certificated airport : An airport operating under FAR Part 139. The
FAA issues airport operating certificates to all airports serving
scheduled or unscheduled air carrier aircraft designed for more than
30 passenger seats. Certificated airports must meet minimum safety
standards in accordance with FAR Part 139.
Certification sales region: A geographic area (usually identified by
the states of which it consists) in which a specific vehicle is certified
by the EPA to be sold to the public.
Certified Emissions Reductions (CER): A powder metallurgy
product consisting of ceramic particles bonded with a metal.
Certified pre-owned vehicle: A used vehicle offered for sale by a
franchised dealer for that vehicle make and who follows the
manufacturers requirements for "certifying" the vehicle (including
inspection and service) and which, upon sale, is accompanied by a
manufacturer-backed warranty.
CESC : Cescom Maintenance Program.
Cesium: Certified Emissions Reductions are carbon credits, each
with a value of one tonne of greenhouse gas emissions which are
allocated under the UN Clean Development Mechanism. CERs are
valid in a number of voluntary emissions trading schemes. They can
also be used in Europe's Emissions Trading System (ETS), but only
to account for a certain percentage of a plant's emissions.
Cetane Index: Chemical Cs. A silver-white metal refined from
pollucite ore, usually as a co-product in the processing of titanium,
beryllium or lithium minerals. Cesium ignites when exposed to air;
has a 28.5°F melting point; used in making specialized energy
converters and electric generators.
Cetane number: A measurement of the performance characteristics
of diesel fuel in cold weather.
Cetane Number: The theoretical cetane number calculated
according to ASTM D 976, using API gravity and mid-boiling point.
Ceti: Communication with Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence.
CF–Cremona Furnace (or Cremona Box): A number that
expresses the ignition quality of a diesel fuel, equal to the percent by
volume of cetane (C16H34) blended with methyl naphthalene that
has the same ignition performance as the test fuel. A CFR test
engine is used to determine this number.
CFI: Chief Flying Instructor
CFI : Certified Flight Instructor.
CFII : Certified Flight Instructor IFR (USA)
CFIT : Controlled Flight Into Terrain
CFMU : Central Flow Management Unit of Euro control
CFR: An ASTM test engine developed by the Cooperative Fuel
Research Committee to measure the cetane numbers of diesel fuels
and octane numbers of gasolines.
CFR Engine: A typical gas-heated furnace with a mandrel to
accumulate material from the casting line and feed it to the finishing
mill. It is used as a decoupler between casting and finishing and it is
a patented component inside ISP technology.
C-Frame Press: Selling term which refers to product sold in the form
of a coil vs. cut plate.
C-frame press: A type of stamping press whose frame is shaped
like the letter "C" from the side view, with the front (or operator side)
completely open. Can be either an open-back inclinable, or an open-
back straight press. Also called gap-frame press.
CG Iron: Contracts settled on a cost and freight (CFR) basis require
the seller, in addition to paying for the goods, to arrange and meet
the cost of transporting them to the agreed port of destination. Risk
passes to the buyer as goods cross the ship's rail. Additionally, it
might be specified that the seller provide appropriate marine
insurance. (The terms cost and freight (C&F) and cost, insurance
and freight (CIF) were replaced some years ago).
CG : Center of Gravity. For air crafting purposes, this is usually
considered -- the point at which the airplane balances fore to aft.
This point is critical in regards to how the airplane reacts in the air. A
tail-heavy plane will be very snappy but generally very unstable and
susceptible to more frequent stalls. If the airplane is nose heavy, it
will tend to track better and be less sensitive to control inputs, but,
will generally drop its nose when the throttle is reduced to idle. This
makes the plane more difficult to land since it takes more effort to
hold the nose up. A nose heavy airplane will have to come in faster
to land safely.
Cgo: See Cargo.
CH : Center of Gravity
Chaff: Metallic foil ejected by a reentry module to enhance its radar
image.
Chain drive: it is the type of power transfer given into bikes and
rikshaws. It is the combination of chains and gear.
Chain Gearing (Chain Drive): See compacted graphite cast
iron. (see Compacted Graphite Cast Iron)
Chain home : An early form of radar using linked radar stations on
the east and south coasts of Britain to warn of approaching aircraft.
Chain Lubrication: Power transmission by means of an endless
chain running around chain wheels (chain pulley) and/or sprocket
wheels.
Chain Marker: A distance of 100 feet indicated by a survey marker
along the tracks identifying the distance in multiples of 100 feet to
the middle of the Metro Center platform
Chain Quality Wire Rods: A dip or splash system that uses a chain
to distribute lubricant to bearings, similar, in a way, to an oil ring; or
any system designed to lubricate a conveyor chain.
Chain reaction: Wire rods for the manufacture of wire intended to
be used to produce electric-resistance welded chain. Good butt-
welding and uniformity of internal soundness are essential for this
product.
Chain Sprockets: This is teethed wheel. Common use of sprockets
is at cycle chain gear.
Chain, Load: Chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a
reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take
place. In a chain reaction, positive feedbackleads to a self-
amplifying chain of events.
Chain, Welded Link: The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
Chamber: A compartment within a hydraulic unit. May contain
elements to aid in operation or control of a unit. E.g., spring
chamber, drain chamber, etc.
Chamfer: (1) The angle between a reference surface and the bevel.
(2) On a milling contour, the angle between a beveled surface and
the axis of the cutter.
Chamfer: This term is used in mechanical industry. Chamfer is like a
flat face, which is, provide on the edge of any component according
to requirement.
Chamfer Angle: A chain consisting of a series of interwoven links
fanned and welded.
Chamfering: 1. A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp
corner. 2. A relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner.
Chandelle : A very steep climbing turn where the airplane makes a
180ø change of direction.
Change Of State: This is a chemical industry used terms mainly
used to define the change in the form of substance like solid to liquid
or liquid to vapor
Change of state : Change from one phase, such as solid, liquid or
gas, to another.
Change of state : Condition in which a substance changes from a
solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas caused by the addition of heat. Or
the reverse, in which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, or
a liquid to a solid, caused by the removal of heat.
Channel mixing: When two or more channels are made to operate
together with one transmitter stick movement e.g. rudder can be
mixed with aileron, so that the rudder automatically deflects when
the ailerons are moved.
Channel number : Refers to the radio frequency and crystal number
that is being used in a 72 MHz system.
Channel : The frequency number used by the transmitter to send
signals to the receiver. If radios transmit on the same frequency, or
channel, glitching will occur in the active receiver on that channel.
This is due to conflicting signals sent by the two radios. Flying sites
should have a frequency control system to ensure that only one
radio operates on any given channel at one time. This is usually a
board with some type of marker for each channel. If the marker is not
available, someone else is using that channel. Do not use your radio
unless you are sure you are the only one on the frequency.
Channeling: Cleavage and furrowing of the bed due to faulty
operational procedure, in which the solution being treated follows the
path of least resistance, runs through these furrows, and fails to
contact active groups in other parts of the bed, (water treatment).
Channeling: This is the myth or belief that the spirit has taken the
body of any person for wisdom.
Channeling (Grease): Making a sloping surface on the edge of a
member. Also called beveling.
Channeling (Liquids): A term describing the usually desirable
tendency of a grease to form a channel by working down in a
bearing, leaving shoulders of unworked grease that serve both
reservoirs and seals.
Channeling Point (Gears): The undesired formation of troughs or
channels in flow-type lubricants due to thickening during cold
weather. Since such behavior occurs near the pour point of the
lubricant, lubrication may be marginal until the lubricant warms up
from being worked (see channeling point).
Channels: A federal test that measures the tendency of lubricants at
low temperatures to form plastic structures of sufficient strength to
resist flow under gravitational forces only. This test is specified and
required for MIL 2105-type gear oils.
Channels: The number of servos that can be operated
independently by a given receiver transmitter combination.
Chaplet: A common steel shape consisting of two parallel flanges at
right angles to the web. It is produced both in bar sizes (less than 3
inches) and in structural sizes (3 inches and over).
Charcoal canister: Charcoal canister is a device that captures raw
fuel vapours from the vehicle fuel tank and carburettor bowl before
they can escape into air.
Charcoal canister: A device that captures raw fuel vapors
(hydrocarbons) from the vehicles fuel tank and carburetor bowl
before they can escape into the air.
Charcoal Tin Plate: Tin plate is used in chemical industry, as base
material. This is cheap for use.
Charge: A small metal insert or spacer used in molds to provide
core support during the casting process.
Charge: Two types of electric charges are there one is positive and
other is negative. This is the physical property of ion that it having
the negative or positive charge.
Charge (supercharge): -To replenish a hydraulic system above
atmospheric pressure. -To fill an accumulator with fluid under
pressure (see precharge pressure).
Charge jack : The plug receptacle of the switch harness into which
the charger is plugged to charge the airborne battery. An expanded
scale voltmeter (ESV) can also be plugged into it to check battery
voltage between flights. It is advisable to mount the charge jack in an
accessible area of the fuselage so an ESV can be used without
removing the wing.
Charge pressure: The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced
into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).
Charge : Amount of refrigerant placed in a refrigerating unit.
Charged coupled device: An imaging device consisting of a large-
scale integrated circuit which has a two-dimensional array of
hundreds of thousands of charge-isolated wells, each representing a
pixel.
Charger : Device used to recharge batteries and usually supplied
with the radio if NiCad batteries are included.
Charging assembly: A system of valves and passages that allow
addition or deletion of gas to the gas chamber of an accumulator
without discharging any existing gas.
Charging Board: Board is used to transfer power to other part.
Mainly used to transfer electrical energy to charge other equipment.
Charging board : Specially designed panel or cabinet fitted with
gauges, valves and refrigerant cylinders used for charging refrigerant
and oil into refrigerating mechanisms.
charging circuit: Electrical components and connection necessary
to keep a battery fully charged.
Charging related stuff: When charging Lithium type batteries use a
Charging bag or a Battery Bunker. West Mountain radio equipment
has a Computer Battery Analyzer that will chart your available and
useful capacity of all batteries used in R.C. It is a good idea to load
test your on-board radio receiver battery before the first and every
third flight to ensure an adequate capacity to safely operate the radio
receiver and the servos.
Charging Whistle: The whistle is used with charging board when
the charging is complete so the whistle is whistled to give the notice
of full charging.
Charpy (Charpy Impact Test): To load a furnace with scrap and flux
prior to melting, or to load a soaking pit with ingots for reheating.
Charpy Impact Test: The impact test is done to test the strength of
material when the sudden impact or load put on material.
Charter: Carriage of cargo or passengers on non-scheduled
operations by the aircraft operator or his/her employees for hire or
reward, but excluding Regular Public Transport Operations
(scheduled services).
Chase (Machining): A test used to determine the degree of
toughness of a steel. A standard Charpy test specimen is 10mm
square in cross-section, 55mm long and has a V-notch machined in
it at mid-length. The specimen is supported in a machine in which it
is fractured by a swinging pendulum. The energy absorbed in
fracturing the specimen in Joules (J) is read from a scale on the
instrument, and is a measure of the toughness of the steel being
tested. (See EN 10045-1: 1990). Charpy tests are usually conducted
over a range of temperatures in order to determine the ductile-brittle
transition temperature of a steel.
Chasing Threads: To make a series of cuts each except for the first
following in the path of the cut preceding it, as in chasing a thread.
Chasing Threads: To clean the teeth of threaded bolt by tapping
tool is called as chasing
Chassis: The framework of a vehicle without its body panels.
Chassis number: it the unique identification number of the chassis
or vehicles. It is given by the vehicle manufacturers. It is in the forms
of alphanumerical.
Chastise : Codename for the Dambusters` raid. 16-17 May 1943
Chateaugay:
Chatter: (Defect). Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right
angles to the edge of the strip forming a pattern at close and regular
intervals, caused by roll vibrations.
Chatter: Chatter is a type of talking or informal chatting. And also a
series of high low pitch of sound
Chatter Mark: Cutting threads in a lathe or screw machine.
Chatter Marks: This is mark on the rough surface of any material,
the series of the marks in the shape of sharp peeks.
Chattering: A surface defect consisting of alternating ridges and
valleys at right angles to the direction of extrusion.
Chattering: Chatter is a type of talking or informal chatting. And also
a series of high low pitch of sound
Check: In hydraulic and lubrication systems, a valve permitting flow
in only one direction.
Check engine light : A dashboard warning lights that is controlled
by the vehicle computer, also called the malfunction indicator light or
MIL.
Check Valve: This is two way valve in the shape of T. use to flow the
fluids in one direction and at same time flow is closed for other
direction
Check valve: A valve that allows fluid flow in one direction, yet stops
flow in the opposite direction.
Check Valve (Hydraulics): A coating defect consisting of the
washboard appearance of the cured film with variations of color or
opacity. “Gear marks” is another synonym when the defect is caused
by the gear lash of the coating machine. Chattering occurs when the
coating machine permits the uneven application of the coating.
Check valve : Device which permits fluid flow in one direction.
Check Weigh Scales: Scale which is used on the screen of the
weighing machine t show the weight of the part.
Checked Edges: The intermediate section of a flask that is used
between the cope and the drag when molding a shape that requires
more than one parting plane.
Checkerwork: Sawtooth edges seen after hot rolling and/or cold
rolling.
Check-in desk: Desk where the customer is greeted by an agent,
who prints out his boarding pass and checks in any baggage. On the
majority of routes, Air France also offers customers the freedom to
check in online in the comfort of their homes, by logging on to the
local website.
Checking: An arrangement of preformed refractory shapes in which
waste heat is stored and recovered.
Checking: The terms related to inspect, test something
Checks: A coating defect consisting of the cracking of the cured film
into small segments, with hairline cracks separating the segments.
The similar defects of mud cracking or alligatoring are the same as
checking, but they are larger. Crazing is a synonymous term.
Chelate: It’s a chemical compound, which is used to compound
material.
Chelate : Is a molecule, similar to an ion exchanger, capable to
withdraw ions from their water solutions into soluble complexes.
Chelation: (1) Numerous, fine cracks in a coating or at the surface
of a metal part. Checks may appear during processing or during
service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or
thermal cycling. Also called check marks or heat checks. (2) Minute
cracks in the surface of a casting caused by unequal expansion or
contraction during cooling. (3) Cracks in a die impression comer,
generally due to forging strains or pressure, localized at some
relatively sharp corner. Die blocks too hard for the depth of the die
impression have a tendency to check or develop cracks in
impression corners. (4) A series of small cracks resulting from
thermal fatigue of hot forging dies.
Chemical Analysis: Chemical analysis is the process of
investigating the chemical composition of material or solution. A
chemical analysis of a compound will be done to determine the
individual components, their concentrations, and the properties of
the compound. For example, the owner of a pool may perform a
chemical analysis to determine if chlorine needs to be added.
Likewise, scientists may perform a chemical analysis on a lake or
river to determine levels of pollutants and determine the health of the
ecosystem and the safety of the water.
Chemical capatibility: The relative degree to which a material may
contact another without corrosion, degradation, or adverse change of
properties.
Chemical Cleaning: The reaction of a metal with another substance
called a “chelator” to form a very stable, soluble metal complex that
may resist subsequent waste treatment processes designed to
remove the metal ion from the solution. Chelators in cleaner
formulations prevent soap scum formation by combining with hard-
water metals like calcium and magnesium.
Chemical cleaning -: Using a solvent solution to remove mill scale
and corrosion products.
Chemical Content or Analysis: The process of removing oxide or
scale by acid pickling or other means, followed by water rinsing.
Chemical cleaning is almost always followed up by a supplementary
coating operation.
Chemical Deposition: A breakdown of elements present by percent
of weight in metals or alloys. Although the ladle analysis is certified
at the time of melting, additional analyses may be performed
throughout the steel producing process.
Chemical Feed Pump: A chemical feed pump is a specialized pump
designed to accurately and safely delivery chemicals in a piping
system. These pumps are characterized by properties such as
chemical resistant coatings that are resistive to acids and corrosion.
These pumps may also include volume flow control and metering
capabilities for the accurate delivery of specific quantities of
chemicals.
Chemical feedline : The line which feeds the boiler treatment
chemicals into the boiler.
Chemical Flux Cutting: The precipitation or plating-out of a metal
from solutions of its salts through the introduction of another metal or
reagent to the solution.
Chemical Machining: An oxygen-cutting process in which metals
are severed using a chemical flux to facilitate cutting.
Chemical Milling: Removing metal stock by controlled selective
chemical dissolution.
Chemical Milling: Removing metal stock by controlled selective
chemical etching.
Chemical Polishing: The machining process in which metal is
formed into intricate shapes by masking certain portions and then
etching away the unwanted material.
Chemical Polishing: Improving the specular reflectivity of a metal
surface by chemical treatment.
Chemical Precipitated Powder: A process that produces a
polished surface by the action of a chemical-etching solution. The
etching solution is compounded so that peaks in the topography of
the surface are dissolved preferentially.
Chemical precipitation: When the chemicals react with the
dissolved minerals in the water to produce a relative insoluble
reaction product. A typical example of this takes place with the lime-
soda softening process.
Chemical refrigeration : System of cooling using a disposable
refrigerant. Also called an expendable refrigerant system.
Chemical resistance: The ability of a particular polymer, rubber
compound, or metal to exhibit minimal physical and/or chemical
property changes when in contact with one of more chemicals for a
specified length of time, at specific concentrations, pressure, and
temperature.
Chemical Resistant Tubing: Tubing refers to sections of long,
hollow, flexible cylinders used to move substances, usually fluids or
gases. Chemical resistance is most often achieved in tubing by way
of material selection, with polyvinylcholride (PVC), silicon rubber, and
other plastic polymers being used most often. The chemical
resistance of tubing is not the same for all chemicals and is
dependent on other factors such as the concentration of the
chemicals, temperature, and pressure.
Chemical stability : Resistance to chemical change which ion-
exchange resins must possess despite contact with aggressive
solutions.
Chemical Transfer Pumps: Chemical transfer pumps are used to
move hazardous chemicals or waste solutions from one place to
another. Depending on the specific application, the pump will make
use of chemical or acid resistant components and coatings in order
to ensure long life of the pump. The pump can be any type of pump,
including positive displacment and fluid dynamic pumps, depending
on the size and requirements of the pumping application.
Chemical Treatment: A metal powder that is produced as a fine
precipitate by chemical displacement.
Chemical Treatment: 1) (Chem. Treat) A customer specified rust
inhibitor applied to the coated product. 2) A passivating chemical
treatment normally applied to the steel surface to control oxide
formation and growth.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): 1. (Chem. Treat) A passivating
chemical treatment normally applied to the galvanize surface to
control oxide (white rust) formation and growth. 2. A customer-
specified rust inhibitor applied to the coated product.
Chemical Wear: A coating process, similar to gas carburizing and
carbonitriding, whereby a reactant atmosphere gas is fed into a
processing chamber where it decomposes at the surface of the
workpiece, liberating one material for either absorption by, or
accumulation on, the workpiece. A second material is liberated in
gas form and is removed from the processing chamber, along with
excess atmosphere gas.
Chemically Brightened: See corrosive wear. (see Corrosive Wear)
Chemically Brightened: A chemical addition made to the plating
bath that results in a coating with a bright appearance as opposed to
the mechanically brightened surface appearance .
Chemistries: The chemical composition of steel indicating the
amount of carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous and a host of
other elements.
Chemistry: A chemical addition made to the plating bath that results
in a coating with a bright appearance as opposed to the
mechanically brightened surface appearance.
Chernozem (tchernozem): A major group of dark-colored zonal
soils with a rich and deep humus horizon occurring in temperate-to-
cool, subhumid climates.
Chevron Pattern: The chemical constituents of a heat of steel.
Chf : Swiss Francs (Bankers` code)
Chicken stick: A wooden/plastic stick with a rubber coating on one
half that is used to flick over the prop.
Chicken stick : A hand-held stick used to flip start a aircraft airplane
engine.
Chief flying instructor: Individual who is appointed by a flying
school and CASA to supervise the flying training given by the school.
Chief pilot: Individual who is appointed by an operator and CASA to
be in charge of all flight operations for that operator.
Chief purser: Supervises the cabin crew on board wide-bodies. He
or she is generally assisted by pursers.
Child seat: An additional seat and harness specifically designed for
the safety of small children and designed to work with a vehicles
built-in restraint system.
Child seat anchors: Built-in attachment points that accept child
safety seats built to ISOFIX international standards, commonly
referred to in the USA as the LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for
Children) system.
Childproof safety feature(s): The option(s) to disable a vehicles
windows, door locks and/or passenger air bag in order to prevent
injury to children.
Chill: A fractographic pattern of radial marks (shear ledges) that look
like nested letters "V"; sometimes called a herringbone pattern.
Chevron patterns are typically found on brittle fracture surfaces in
parts whose widths are considerably greater than their thicknesses.
The points of the chevrons can be traced back to the fracture origin.
Chill: A metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling
and equalize rate of solidification throughout the casting.
Chill factor: Calculated number based on temperature and wind
velocity.
Chilled Iron: A metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local
chilling and equalize rate of solidification throughout the casting.
Chilled-water system : A re-circulating water system using water
chilled in a refrigeration machine as a source for cooling.
Chiller/heaters : A unit that supplies either chilled water for cooling
or hot water for heating, (HVAC).
Chinese-script Eutectic: Cast iron that is poured into a metal mold
or against a mold insert so as to cause the rapid solidification that
often tends to produce a white iron structure in the casting.
Chip Breaker: A configuration of eutectic constituents, found
particularly in some cast alloys of aluminum containing iron and
silicon and in magnesium alloys containing silicon, that resembles
the characters in Chinese script.
Chip Breaker: Asmall groove ground back of the cutting edge on the
top of a cutting tool to keep the chips short.
Chipping: A small groove ground back of the cutting edge on the
top of a cutting tool to keep the chips short.
Chipping: A method for removing seams and other surface defects
with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the
finished product. Chipping is often employed also to remove metal
that is excessive but not defective. Removal of defects by gas cutting
is known as deseaming or scarfing.
Chisel: A method for removing seams and other surface defects
with a chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into
the finished product. Chipping is also often employed to remove
metal that is excessive but not defective. Removal of defects by gas
cutting is known as deseaming or scarfing.
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking: A hydraulic coil opener used
for preparing the front end of a coil before loading it into the feeder.
Chloride : An ion, compound, or salt of chlorine, such as sodium
chloride (NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl2).
Chlorinated Paraffin: Cracking due to the combination of tensile
stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides.
Chlorination: An additive used for severe or difficult metal cutting or
metal working operations.
Chlorination -: A process in which chlorine gas or other chlorine
compounds are added to the water for the purpose of disinfecting.
Chlorofluorocarbon (cfc): A family of compounds of chlorine,
fluorine, and carbon, entirely of industrial origin. CFCs include
refrigerants, propellants for spray cans (this usage is banned in the
U.S., although some other countries permit it) and for blowing
plastic-foam insulation, styrofoam packaging, and solvents for
cleaning electronic circuit boards. The compounds' lifetimes vary
over a wide range, exceeding 100 years in some cases.
Chlorofluorocarbons: A family of inert nontoxic and easily liquified
chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, and
insulation or as solvents or aerosol propellants. Because they are
not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, they drift into the upper
atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone.
Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is a green compound found in leaves and
green stems of plants. The intense green color of chlorophyll is due
to its strong absorbencies in the red and blue regions of the
spectrum, and because of these absorbencies the light it reflects and
transmits appears green. It is capable of channeling the energy of
sunlight into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.
In this process the energy absorbed by chlorophyll transforms
carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen.
Chloroplast: An organelle in the cells of green plants. It contains
chlorophyll and functions in photosynthesis and protein synthesis.
Choke: The valve system designed to operate manually in cased of
engine not starting normally. It is the part of carburetor and supply
the rich fuel mixture to the engine.
Choke: A restriction, the length of which is large with respect to its
cross sectional dimension.
Choke linkage: Choke linkage is on a petrol engine, the assembly
of parts that controls a valve that limits incoming cold air until the
engine reaches operation temperature and is able to more efficiently
vaporize fuel.
Choke linkage: On a carbureted engine, the assembly of parts that
controls a valve that limits incoming cold air until the engine reaches
operating temperature and is able to more efficiently vaporize fuel.
Choke tube: Choke tube is major part of carburettor and works in
ideal condition of engine. This is the small tube used to flow the fuel
mixture into cylinder.
Choke tube : Throttling device used to maintain correct pressure
difference between high-side and low-side in refrigerating
mechanism. Capillary tubes are sometimes called choke tubes.
Choking: Choking is process in which a valve presents in
carburettor of internal combustion engine, Its purpose is to restrict
the flow of air for better combustion take place.
Cholorella: A genus of unicellular green algae, proposed for
converting carbon dioxide into oxygen for use in spacecraft.
Chop: (1) Roasting ore in contact with chlorine or a chloride salt to
produce chlorides. (2) Removing dissolved gases and entrapped
oxides by passing chlorine gas through molten metal such as
aluminum and magnesium.
Chop: A die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface
and spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface.
Chord: A die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface
and spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface.
Chord: The measurement of a wing from leading to trailing edge at a
described point on the wing or tailplane.
Chord: The distance measured from the leading-to trailing-edge of
an airfoil.
Chord line: The straight line drawn from the leading to trailing edges
of an airfoil.
Chord line: A line from the front of an airfoil (the leading edge) to
thetrailing edge.
Chord line : A line drawn from the leading edge of the wing to the
trailing edge.
Chord : The "depth" of the wing, its distance from leading edge to
trailing edge. One of the components used to determine wing area.
May vary from root to tip.
Chord : The width of the wing measured in a straight line from the
leading edge to the trailing edge.
Chordal thermocouple : A thermocouple installed in furnace tubes,
designed to measure the effectiveness of water treatment within the
boiler.
Chordwise: Used to describe the orientation of a measurement
along a wing or tailplane in this case from leading to trailing edge.
Chromadizing: The straight distance measured between the
centerline points of any two points of a bend.
Chromadizing (Chromodizing, Chromatizing): Forming an acid
surface to improve paint adhesion on aluminum or aluminum alloys,
mainly aircraft skins, by treatment with a solution of chromic acid.
Chromate Treatment: Improving paint adhesion on aluminum or
aluminum alloys, mainly aircraft skins, by treatment with a solution of
chromic acid. Also called chromidizing or chromatizing. Not to be
confused with chromating or chromizing.
Chromating: A treatment of metal in a solution of a hexavalent
chromium compound to produce a conversion coating consisting of
trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds.
Chromatography: Performing a chromate treatment.
Chromel: A powerful method for analyzing fluids and determining
their components by selective adsorption or size exclusion, using
liquid or gas as the eluent. In the adsorptive procedure, the
substance flows slowly through a column of adsorbent; as different
substances pass at different speeds, they separate from each other
and can sometimes be isolated and identified. In other cases, the
chromatogram (a trace of the signal from the detector) is utilized to
fingerprint a lubricant. Liquid chromatography is used for lubricants
because of their low volatility. Paper chromatography, an adsorptive
method, is often used to examine or establish the sludge or
dispersive characteristics of a lubricant. Gel permeation
chromatography, a size exclusion method, separates polymeric
(oxidized oil/sludge) material from a lubricant base stock by
molecular weight.
Chromite: 1. A 90Ni-10Cr alloy used in thermocouples. 2. A series
of nickel-chromium alloys, some with iron, used for heat-resistant
applications.
Chromium: Steel usually made by the electric furnace process in
which chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements. The
stainless steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are the better known
of the chromium-nickel types.
Chromium Carbide: A mineral containing oxides of chromium, iron,
aluminum and magnesium.
Chromium Nickel Steel: One of a number of compounds of
chromium and carbon, with or without limited amounts of other
metallic elements when occurring in steel, appearing as separated
phase in chromium steels and stainless steels.
Chromium Nickel Steel: Steel usually made by the electric furnace
process in which chromium and nickel participate as alloying
elements. The stainless steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are
the better known of the chromium nickel types.
Chromizing: An alloying element added to alloy steel (in amounts
up to around 1.50%) to increase hardenability. Chromium content of
4% or more congers special ability to resist corrosion so that steels
containing more than 4 pct chromium are called "stainless steel".
Chromizing: A surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally
carried out in pack, vapor, or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by
the inward diffusion of chromium into the base metal.
Chromosphere: A reddish layer in the Sun's atmosphere, the
transition between the photosphere and the corona.
Chuck: A chuck whose jaws are so arranged that they are all moved
together at the same rate by a special wrench.
Chuck: A device on a machine tool to hold the workpiece or a
cutting tool.
Chuck, Independent Jaw: A surface treatment at elevated
temperature, generally carried out in pack, vapor or salt baths, in
which an alloy is formed by the inward diffusion of chromium into the
base metal.
Chuck, Universal : A chuck whose jaws are so arranged that they
are all moved together at the same rate by a special wrench.
Chuck, Universal (Self-centering Chuck, Concentric Chuck): A
chuck, each of whose jaws (usually four) is adjusted with a screw
action independently of the other jaws.
Cia : CFMU Internet Application
Ciam committee international aero models: A division of the FAI
which deals strictly with aero model aerobatics
Cigarette Knife Steel: Hardened, tempered and bright polished,
1.25 Carbon content Chromium .15. Accurate flatness necessary
and a high hardness with Rockwell C 51 to 53. Usual sizes are 4 3/4
wide and 6 wide x .004 to .010.
CILO : Capacity Increase Lower airspace
CIP: A device on a machine tool to hold the workpiece or a cutting
tool.
Cir: Command instrument rating
Circle Grid: Circle grid analysis (CGA) Also known as circle grid
strain analysis, CGA is a method of measuring the strain levels of
sheet metal after a part is formed by stamping or drawing. A grid of
circles of specific diameter is etched to the surface of the sheet
metal. The forming process deforms the circles, stretching the
diameters in one direction (the major strain) and compressing the
diameters in the other direction (the minor strain). The difference
between the major and minor diameters from the original diameter is
the amount of strain.
Circle Grid Analysis: The acronym for cold isostatic pressing.
Circle Grinding: A regular pattern of circles, often 2.5 mm (0.1 in.)
in diameter, marked on a sheet metal bIank.
Circle Shear: Preferred terms are either cylindrical grinding or
internal grinding.
Circle Shear: A shearing machine with two rotary disk cutters
mounted on parallel shafts driven in unison and equipped with an
attachment for cutting circles where the desired piece of material is
inside the circle. It cannot be employed to cut circles where the
desired material is outside the circle.
Circle-grid Analysis: A shearing machine with two rotary disk
cutters mounted on parallel shafts driven in unison and equipped
with an attachment for cutting circles where the desired piece of
material is inside the circle. It cannot be employed to cut circles
where the desired material is outside the circle.
Circlip: circlip or C clip is type of fastener consisting of a semi-
flexible having open ends used to snap into a machined groove on a
dowel pin or other part. It gives the freedom for rotation to locked
part but prevent lateral movement. It is used for internal and external
parts locking. it is fitted by special type of pliers known as circlip
pliers.
Circored: The analysis of deformed circles to determine the severity
with which a sheet metal blank has been deformed.
Circored(R): WHAT A gas based process developed by Lurgi
Metallurgie in Germany to produce DRI or HBI (see Direct Reduced
Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron). HOW The two stage method yields
fines with a 93% iron content. Iron ore fines pass first through a
circulating fluidized bed reactor, and subsequently through a
bubbling fluidized bed reactor.
Circuit: An electrical arrangement requiring a source of voltage, a
closed loop of wiring, an electric load and some means for opening
and closing it.
Circuit: Another name for TRAFFIC PATTERN
Circuit: A combination of passages, components and devices that
form a working set of logic for a particular application.
Circuit Breaker: A device to open and close a circuit by non-
automatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on a
predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when
properly applied within its rating.
Circuit breaker -: A switch-type mechanism that opens
automatically when it senses an overload (excess current).
Circular Connectors: A circular connector is a type of electrical
plug designed to delivery one or multiple signals. Circular connectors
are comprised of a male and female part, with the male component
containing metal pins or prongs and the female component
containing the receiving holes for the connectors. The connector is
often notched to ensure the plugs can only be connected in the
proper orientation.
Circular error probability (CEP) : A probability that a percentage of
two-dimension measurements will lie within a circle of given radius,
with the circle centered at truth or mean of the measurements;
Compare: radial error probability, spherical error probability; CEP
specifies test cases for measurement errors of sensors of two
dimensions, such as velocity east and north.
Circular Field: The magnetic field that (a) surrounds a nonmagnetic
conductor of electricity, (b) is completely contained within a magnetic
conductor of electricity, or (c) both exists within and surrounds a
magnetic conductor. Generally applied to the magnetic field within
any magnetic conductor resulting from a current being passed
through the part or through a section of the part. Compare with
bipolar field. Field. (see Bipolar Field)
Circular Pitch (Gears): Distance measured on the pitch circle
between a point on the face of one tooth and the same point on the
adjacent tooth; equal to pi divided by the diametral pitch.
Circulating Oil System: A lubrication system in which the fluid that
has passed through a bearing or a group of bearings is recirculated
by a pump. System components may include settling tanks, filters,
pumps, heat exchangers, etc. Pressure is usually controlled by a
pressure control valve.
Circumferences: Bands wrapped around the outside of the coil.
Circumferences: Bands wrapped around the outside of the coil.
Circumscribing Circle: The smallest circle that will completely
enclose the cross-section of an extruded shape.
Circumscribing Circle: The smallest circle that will completely
enclose the cross section of an extruded shape.
Circus : A fighter sweep over enemy territory, particularly airfields to
draw the fighters into battle.
Cirrus: A type of cloud composed of ice crystals and shaped in the
form of hairlike filaments. It is formed at an altitude of approximately
29,000 feet.
Cislunar: Relating to the space between the Earth and the orbit of
the Moon.
City fuel economy: City fuel economy is the average number of
miles a vehicle is able to travel using one gallon according to EPA
simulated laboratory tests of city driving condition.
City fuel economy: The average number of miles a vehicle is able
to travel using one gallon of fuel according to EPA simulated
laboratory tests of city driving conditions.
City pair: Term used for cities of departure and destination, eg
Sydney to London.
CIV : Civil
Civil aircraft : means aircraft other than public aircraft. "Class": (1)
As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and
limitations of airmen, means a classification of aircraft within a
category having similar operating characteristics. Examples include:
single engine; multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter;
airship; and free balloon; and (2) As used with respect to the
certification of aircraft, means a broad grouping of aircraft having
similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing. Examples
include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; and seaplane
Clad Brazing Sheet: A metal sheet on which one or both sides are
clad with brazing filler metal.
Clad Metal: A composite metal containing two or more layers that
have been bonded together. The bonding may have been
accomplished by co-rolling, co-extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding,
casting, heavy chemical deposition or heavy electroplating.
Clad Metal: A composite metal containing two or three layers that
have been bonded together. The bonding may have been
accomplished by co rolling, welding, heavy chemical deposition or
heavy electroplating.
Cladding: Method of applying a stainless steel coating to carbon
steel or lower-alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content
below 5%). To increase corrosion resistance at lower initial cost than
exclusive use of stainless steel. By (1) welding stainless steel onto
carbon steel, (2) pouring melted stainless steel around a solid
carbon steel slab in a mold, or (3) placing a slab carbon steel
between two plates of stainless steel and bonding them by rolling at
high temperature on a plate mill.
Clamp: A type of suspension fitting used to support tracks from an
overhead structure fastened to the structure by means of pressure
rather than welding or direct bolting.
Clamp Meters: A clamp meter is an electrical measurement device
designed to allow for the safe measurement of electrical current
around a conductor. A spring level is used to open a set of jaws,
allowing the jaws to be placed around the conductor of interest. The
current through the conductor creates a magnetic field which can be
measured by the winding in the jaws of the clamp meter. The current
is then read on a meter in the handle of the device.
Clamshell Marks: See beach marks. (see Beach Marks)
Clarification Tank: A water-filled settling tank used to remove
particulate from the water off the scrubbers at the blast furnace.
Clarification Tank: A water filled settling tank used to remove
particulate from the water off the scrubbers at the Blast Furnace.
Clarifier: An apparatus or device that eliminates color or cloudiness
from a fluid, mechanically or chemically separating out foreign
material by gravity separation, centrifugal action, filtration, simple
heating or chemical treatment.
Clarifiers: A unit that removes solids for clarification of the raw river
water. It is aided by injecting polyelectrolyte and ferric for
coagulation, caustic for stabilization of pH, and chlorine for removal
of bacteria. Sludge is discharged and clear effluent sent on through
the water plant.
Clarke 1866 : A standard model for computing earth data
Clarke 1880 : A standard model for computing earth data
Clarke belt: A belt 22,245 miles (35,800 kilometers) directly above
the equator where a satellite orbits the Earth at the same speed the
Earth is rotating. Science fiction writer and scientist Arthur C. Clarke
wrote about this belt in 1945, hence the name.
Class 1 Surface : A class of cold rolled steel processed to meet
requirements for controlled surface texture, flatness, and temper
requirements. Produced for exposed applications.
Class 1 Surface Quality: A class of cold rolled steel processed to
meet requirements for controlled surface texture, flatness, and
temper requirements. Produced for exposed applications.
Class a fire : A fire involving solid combustible materials such as
wood, paper and cloth as its fuel
Class a rotorcraft-load combination : one in which the external
load cannot move freely, cannot be jettisoned, and does not extend
below the landing gear
Class b airspace: Generally, the airspace from the surface to
10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's busiest airports in terms of
IFR operations or passenger enplanements. The configuration of
each Class B airspace is individually tailored. An ATC clearance is
required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft so
cleared receive separation services within the airspace.
Class b fire : A fire that has combustible liquids as its fuel.
Class b rotorcraft-load combination : one in which the external
load is jettison able and is lifted free of land or water during the
rotorcraft operation
Class c airspace : Generally, that airspace from the surface to
4,000 feet above the airport elevation surrounding those airports
having an operational control tower, are serviced by radar approach
control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations or
passenger enplanements. The configuration of each Class C
airspace is individually tailored.
Class c fire: A fire which involves energized electrical equipment.
Class c rotorcraft-load combination : one in which the external
load is jettisonable and remains in contact with land or water during
the rotorcraft operation
Class d airspace: Generally, that airspace from the surface to 2500
feet above the airport elevation surrounding those airports that have
an operational control tower. The configuration of each Class D
Airspace is individually configured.
Class d rotorcraft-load combination : one in which the external-
load is other than a Class A, B, or C and has been specifically
approved by the Administrator for that operation
Class g airspace (uncontrolledairspace) : The airspace not
designated as Class A, B, C, D or E.
Class of travel: Corresponds to a certain quality of services offered
to the customer. This level of quality corresponds to a cabin class.
Air France offers different classes of travel: Espace Première,
Espace Affaires, Tempo Challenge, Tempo or Alizé.
Classification: (1) The separation of ores into fractions according to
size and specific gravity, generally in accordance with Stokes' law of
sedimentation. (2) Separation of a metal powder into fractions
according to particle size.
Classification of Stainless Steels: Stainless steels are classified
into five distinct groups, namely: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic,
precipitation hardenable and duplex.
Clay: Finely suspended earth mineral sometimes found as an
impurity in water.
Clay Thickener: Inorganic, non-melting grease thickener, commonly
an activated bentonite clay.
Clay Treatment: A process in which used oil, from which all water
has been removed, is brought into contact with activated clay at
elevated temperatures ranging from 180 to 210°F; acidic byproducts
in the used oil are adsorbed on the surface of the clay. The batch
process mixes the clay with the oil, the continuous process passes
the oil through a bed of clay; in either case, the oil is filtered before
re-use.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The Clean Development
Mechanism is a United Nations program under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which allows
developed countries (referred to as Annex 1 countries) to invest in
emissions reduction projects in developing countries (non-Annex 1
countries) as a cheaper alternative to investing in emissions
reductions in their own countries. Projects are awarded a number of
Certified Emission Reductions equal to the amount of emissions
saved.
Clean Out: A hole in a reservoir or tank that is normally covered with
a plate that may be removed to allow cleaning of the interior of the
reservoir or tank.
Clean out: A hole in a reservoir or tank that is normally covered with
a plate that may be removed to allow cleaning of the interior of the
reservoir or tank.
Clean Steel: A program to develop practices that control the
steelmaking process in order to limit the amount of inclusions
present in the steel. Ratings of cleanliness are based on ASTM E-45
readings using microscope observations.
Cleaning: The process of removing scale, oxides or lubricant-
acquired during heating for forging or heat treating from the surface
of the forging. (see Blasting) (see Pickling) (see Tumbling)
Cleaning: The process of removing scale, oxides, or lubricant
acquired during heating for forging or heat treating ? from the
surface of the forging. (also see Blasting, Pickling, tumbling)
Cleaning Tank: This section of the galvanize line is used to remove
dirt, oil, grease, oxides and other contaminates from the surface of
material to be coated. A cleaning agent is used at a temperature of
180-190°.
Cleaning Tank: This section of the plater is used to remove dirt, oil,
grease, oxides and other contaminates from the surface of material
to be electroplated. A cleaning agent is used at a temperature of 180
190 degrees.
Cleanliness: 1. For internal steel quality, a measure of the size and
frequency of inclusions; 2. For external steel surface quality a
measure of the amount of extraneous materials (such as dirt, iron
particles, carbon, etc.) on the steel surface.
Cleanliness: For internal steel quality, a measure of the size and
frequency of inclusions; for external steel surface quality, a measure
of the amount of extraneous materials (such as dirt, iron particles,
carbon, etc.) on the steel surface.
Cleanliness Rating: A rating based on the number of particles of
specified sizes in a measure of fluid. The ISO standard specifies
particle counts at five microns and 15 microns.
Clear coat: Clear coat is the same as pigmented paint, it is only for
automotive purpose. This is made up of combinations of products
and solvents.
Clear cutting: A forest-management technique that involves
harvesting all the trees in one area at one time, which may result in
increased soil erosion by wind and water as well as loss of fertility in
the soil that remains. Overgrazing and poor farming practices may
also produce similar results as clear cutting a forest.
Clearance: Minimum distance from the extremity of a crane to the
nearest obstruction.
Clearance: (1)The gap between two mating parts; (2) the space
provided between the relief of a cutting tool and the surface being
cut.
Clearance Angle: The angle between the rear surface of a cutting
tool and the surface of the work at the point of contact.
Clearance Angle: The angle between the rear surface of a cutting
tool and the surface of the work at the point of contact.
Clearance space -: Space between top of piston and the valve
plate.
Clearance vapor : The vapor remaining in the clearance space at
the end of each discharge stroke.
Clearance Volume: The volume of the combustion chamber above
the piston when it is at the top dead center or inner dead center is
known as clearence volume . The clearance volume is genrally
expressed in terms of the percentage of swept volume and is given
in CC.
Clearway : (1) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated
after August 29, 1959, an area beyond the runway, not less than 500
feet wide, centrally located about the extended centerline of the
runway, and under the control of the airport authorities. The clearway
is expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of
the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above
which no object nor any terrain protrudes. However, threshold lights
may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the
runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to each side of
the runway. (2) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated
after September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area
beyond the takeoff runway extending no less than 300 feet on either
side of the extended centerline of the runway, at an elevation no
higher than the elevation of the end of the runway, clear of all fixed
obstacles, and under the control of the airport authorities
Cleavage: (1) Fracture of a crystal by crack propagation across a
crystallographic plane of low index. (2) The tendency to cleave or
split along definite crystallographic planes.
Cleavage: Fracture of a crystal by crack propagation across a
crystallographic plane of low index.
Cleavage Fracture: A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in
which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright
reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is
associated with low-energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear
fracture.
Cleavage Fracture: Fracture of a grain, or most of the grains, in a
polycrystalline metal by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets.
Cleavage Plane: A characteristic crystallographic plane or set of
planes in a crystal on which cleavage fracture occurs easily.
Cleavage Plane: A characteristic crystallographic plane or set of
planes in a crystal on which cleavage fracture occurs easily.
Clevis: Used to attach pushrods to control horns
Climate: The statistical collection and representation of
the weather conditions for a specified area during a specified time
interval, usually decades, together with a description of the state of
the external system or boundary conditions. The properties that
characterize the climate are thermal (temperatures of the surface air,
water, land, and ice), kinetic (wind and ocean currents, together with
associated vertical motions and the motions of air masses, aqueous
humidity, cloudiness and cloud water content, groundwater, lake
lands, and water content of snow on land and sea ice), and static
(pressure and density of the atmosphere and ocean, composition of
the dry air, salinity of the oceans, and the geometric boundaries and
physical constants of the system). These properties are
interconnected by the various physical processes such
as precipitation, evaporation, infrared
radiation, convection, advection, and turbulence.
Climate change: The term 'climate change' is sometimes used to
refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but because the Earth's
climate is never static, the term is more properly used to imply a
significant change from one climatic condition to another. In some
cases, 'climate change' has been used synonymously with the term,
'global warming'; scientists however, tend to use the term in the
wider sense to also include natural changes in climate.
Climate change: The long-term fluctuations in
temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's
climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations,
variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession,
and inclination),lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors
in climate variation. Internal variations of the climate system also
produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain
observed climate change through the feedback processes
interrelating the components of the climate system.
Climate control: Climate control is the computer-controlled
regulation of heating and air conditioning system to accommodate a
user-specified temperature setting.
Climate control: The computer-controlled regulation of heating and
air conditioning systems to accommodate a user-specified
temperature setting.
Climate model: A quantitative way of representing the interactions
of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. Models can range
from relatively simple to quite comprehensive. Also see General
Circulation Model.
Climate sensitivity: The magnitude of a climatic response to a
perturbing influence. In mathematical modeling of the climate, the
difference between simulations as a function of change in a given
parameter.
Climate signal: A statistically significant difference between the
control and disturbed (see climate sensitivity) simulations of a
climate model.
Climate system: The five physical components (atmosphere,
hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere) that are
responsible for the climate and its variations.
Climate system: The five physical components
(atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere)
that are responsible for the climate and its variations.
Climate variation: The change in one or more climatic variables
over a specified time.
Climate-controlled seat filter: Air filter for air-conditioned seats.
Climate-controlled seats: Seats that have internal heating and
cooling mechanisms.
Climatic analog: A past climate situation in which changes similar to
the present occurred. Used in making climatic projections.
Climatic anomaly: The deviation of a particular climatic variable
from the mean or normal over a specified time.
Climatic optimum: The period in history from about 5000 to about
2500 B.C. during which surface air temperatures were warmer than
at present in nearly all regions of the world. In the Arctic region, the
temperature rose many degrees C, and in temperate regions, the
increase was 1.0 degree - 1.7 degrees C. In this
period, glaciers and ice sheets receded greatly, and the melt-water
raisedmean sea level by about 3 meters.
Climatology: Science dealing with climate and climate phenomena.
Climb Milling: Milling in which the cutter moves in the direction of
feed at the point of contact.
Climb milling: A method of milling in which the work table moves in
the same direction as the direction of rotation of the milling center.
Sometimes called down cutting or down milling.
Climbout speed : with respect to rotorcraft, means a referenced
airspeed which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity
envelope during initial climb out
Clinker: A mass of incombustible matter fused together, as in the
production of cement or the burning of coal.
Clip: Metal device used to hold the ends of steel strapping (bands)
together.
Clogged air filter: Clogged air filter are the used filter which are
dirty and clogged with dirt and other partials which presents in air.
Close Annealing: Same as box annealing. (see Box Annealing)
Close Annealing: See box annealing. (see Box Annealing)
Closed center circuit: One is which flow through the system is
blocked in neutral and pressure at the pump outlet is maintained at
the maximum pressure control setting.
Closed Center Valve: A condition where pump output is not
unloaded to sump when the valve is in its center or neutral operating
position.
Closed center valve: A condition where pump output is not
unloaded to pump when the valve is in its center or neutral operating
position.
Closed circuit: A piping arrangement in which pump output, after
passing through other hydraulic components, returns directly to
pump inlet.
Closed cycle : is the gas turbine arrangement, in which the exhaust
is directed back again to compressor without coming in contact with
the atmospheric air.
Closed Dies: Forging or forming impression dies designed to restrict
the flow of metal to the cavity within the die set, as opposed to open
dies, in which there is little or no restriction to lateral flow.
Closed feed water heater: An indirect-contact feed water heater.
Steam and water are separated by tubes.
Closed Loop: In a control system, a type of control that has an input
signal and a feedback of the result of the input signal which is used
to modulate the input signal automatically.
Closed loop: In a control system, a type of control that has an input
signal and a feedback of the result of the input signal which is used
to modulate the input signal automatically. See OPEN LOOP.
Closed Pass: A pass of metal through rolls where the bottom roll
has a groove deeper than the bar being rolled and the top roll has a
collar fitting into the groove, thus producing the desired shape free
from flash or fin.
Closed re-circulating water system: A system using as a heat-
transfer medium water that continuously circulates through closed
piping and heat exchanger without evaporation.
Closed-die Forging: The shaping of hot metal completely within the
walls or cavities of two dies that come together to enclose the
workpiece on all sides. The impression for the forging can be entirely
either die or divided between the top and bottom dies. Impression-
die forging, often used interchangeably with the term closed-die
forging, refers to a closed-die operation in which the dies contain a
provision for controlling the flow of excess material, or flash, that is
generated. By contrast, in flashless forging, the material is deformed
in a cavity that allows little or no escape of excess material. (see
Closed-die Forging)
Closer: An experienced dealership salesman or sales manager who
attempts, towards the end of the negotiation process, to either
improve the deal for the dealership or to persuade a hesitant buyer
to commit to the purchase.
Close-tolerance Forging: A forging held to unusually close
dimensional tolerances so that little or no machining is required after
forging. See also precision forging. (see Precision forging)
Closure Plug (Lube Systems): Removable plug on the end of a
bore.
Cloud: A visible mass of condensed water vapor particles or ice
suspended above the Earth's surface. Clouds may be classified on
their visible appearance, height, or form.
Cloud albedo: Reflectivity that varies from less than 10% to more
than 90% of the insolation and depends on drop sizes, liquid water
content, water vapor content, thickness of the cloud, and the sun's
zenith angle. The smaller the drops and the greater the liquid water
content, the greater the cloud albedo, if all other factors are the
same.
Cloud albedo: Reflectivity that varies from less than 10% to more
than 90% of the insolation and depends on drop sizes, liquid water
content,water vapor content, thickness of the cloud, and the sun's
zenith angle. The smaller the drops and the greater the liquid water
content, the greater the cloud albedo, if all other factors are the
same.
Cloud feedback: The coupling between cloudiness and surface air
temperature in which a change in surface temperature could lead to
a change in clouds, which could then amplify or diminish the initial
temperature perturbation. For example, an increase in surface air
temperature could increase the evaporation; this in turn might
increase the extent of cloud cover. Increased cloud cover would
reduce the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, thereby
lowering the surface temperature. This is an example of negative
feedback and does not include the effects of longwave radiation or
the advection in the oceans and the atmosphere, which must also be
considered in the overall relationship of the climate system.
Cloud feedback: The coupling between cloudiness and surface air
temperature in which a change in surface temperature could lead to
a change in clouds, which could then amplify or diminish the initial
temperature perturbation. For example, an increase in surface air
temperature could increase the evaporation; this in turn might
increase the extent of cloud cover. Increased cloud cover would
reduce the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, thereby
lowering the surface temperature. This is an example ofnegative
feedback and does not include the effects of longwave radiation or
the advection in the oceans and the atmosphere, which must also be
considered in the overall relationship of the climate system.
Cloud forcing: The difference between the radiation budget
components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions.
Roughly speaking, clouds increase the albedo from 15 to 30%,
which results in a reduction of absorbed solar radiation of about 50
W/m^2. This cooling is offset somewhat by the greenhouse effect of
clouds which reduces the OLR by about 30 W/m^2, so the net cloud
forcing of the radiation budget is a loss of about 20 W/m^2. Were the
clouds to be removed with all else remaining the same, the Earth
would gain this last amount in net radiation and begin to warm up.
Clouds: A visible mass of liquid water droplets suspended in the
atmosphere above Earth's surface. Clouds form in areas where air
rises and cools. The condensing water vapor forms small droplets of
water (0.012 mm) that, when combined with billions of other droplets,
form clouds. Clouds can form along warm and cold fronts, where air
flows up the side of the mountain and cools as it rises higher into the
atmosphere, and when warm air blows over a colder surface, such
as a cool body of water.
Clouds and the earth's radiant energy system (ceres): CERES
measures both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the
top of the atmosphere to the surface. It also determines cloud
properties including the amount, height, thickness, particle size, and
phase of clouds using simultaneous measurements by other
instruments. These measurements are critical for understanding
cloud-radiation climate change and improving the prediction of global
warming using climate models. CERES is flying, or will fly, on the
Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission (TRMM), Terra, and EOS-PM.
SeeCERES Web Site.
CLR : Clearance (or cleared)
CLSD : Closed
Clunk: A weighted fuel pick-up used in a fuel tank to assure the
intake line is always in fuel.
Clunk : Term used to describe the weighted end of the fuel pickup
line in the fuel tank. The purpose of this is to ensure that the fuel
pickup is always in the fuel supply, even when inverted
Cluster Mill: (see Sendzimir Mill (Z-Mill))
Cluster Mill: A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of
small diameter is supported by two or more back up rolls.
Clutch: The device used to disengaged the power of engine to the
transmission systems
Clutch: R/C helicopters use a clutch so that the engine can idle
without the rotor blades spinning. Usually they use clutch shoes
which when spinning spread out and rub against the clutch drum
causing it to rotate and spin the gears.
Clutch bushing & linkage: Clutch bushing & linkages are the part
of the mechanical connection between the clutch and clutch pedal in
a non-hydraulic clutch system.
Clutch bushing & linkage: The parts of the mechanical connection
between the clutch and clutch pedal in a non-hydraulic clutch
system.
Clutch fluid: Clutch fluid is the liquid used in a hydraulic clutch
system that helps disengage the clutch from the flywheel.
Clutch fluid: The liquid used in a hydraulic clutch system that helps
disengage the clutch from the flywheel.
Clutch fork ball stud: The pivot point for the clutch fork in the clutch
housing of a manual transmission.
Clutch lines & hoses: In a hydraulically actuated clutch, the tubes
that carry fluid between the clutch master cylinder and the slave
cylinder.
Clutch master cylinder: In a manual-transmission vehicle with a
hydraulically actuated clutch, a small-bore hydraulic cylinder
mechanically connected to the clutch pedal that actuates a slave
cylinder, which in turn actuates the clutch fork that disengages the
clutch when the clutch pedal is depressed.
Clutch pedal: The linkage provided in to the driver cabin to perform
the braking. It is further connected to the braking system.
Clutch pedal: A pedal located on the floor of the vehicle to the left of
the brake pedal that, when depressed, disengages the clutch from
the flywheel.
Clutch plate: The part of the clutch assembly that is splined to the
transmission input shaft and presses against the flywheel face.
Clutch shaft: Clutch shaft is the shaft that takes power from the
clutch into gearbox. Also called pinion.
Clutch slippage: Clutch slippage is means that the slippage while
engaging or disengaging the clutch. It is a common problem with
clutch can be prevent by adjusting the pressure plate.
Clutch : The section of the drive train used to engage the gear when
throttle is increased, and disengage while engine is at idle. This
ensures that the rotor blades can remain at rest while the engine is
idling.
Clutch, Friction (Friction Coupling): A shaft coupling used where it
is necessary to provide a connection that can be readily engaged or
disengaged while one of the shafts is in motion.
Cm: Command Module.
CMA: Chemical Manufacturers Association.
CMAA: Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc.
www.mhia.org
CMIC : Civil Military Interface standing Committee
CMM: Coordinate Measuring Machine.
CMOS : Complementary metal oxide semiconductor.
CMU : Communications management unit.
CNC: Computer numerical control. A designation for a machine
which uses a dedicated computer to control the actions of the
machine and increase its precision.
CNC Grinding: CNC Machining, short for Computer Numerical
Control Machining, uses computers to control machine tools such as
mills, grinders, lathes, and routers in the manufacturing field, and
can be used on three-dimensional plastic and metal parts when a
high level of precision and/or repetition is needed. A customized
computer program is programmed using the CNC machine
language, G-code, and it controls all aspects of manufacturing such
as speed, location, coordination, positioning, and velocity.
CNC Laser Cutting: CNC Laser Cutting refers to the use of a
computer controlled laser to cut shapes or etch surfaces.
CNC Machining: CNC Machining, short for Computer Numerical
Control Machining, uses computers to control machine tools such as
mills, grinders, lathes, and routers in the manufacturing field, and
can be used on three-dimensional plastic and metal parts when a
high level of precision and/or repetition is needed. A customized
computer program is programmed using the CNC machine
language, G-code, and it controls all aspects of manufacturing such
as speed, location, coordination, positioning, and velocity.
CNC Milling: CNC Milling is a machining process used to remove
material from solid materials. The milling machine may be oriented
with either a horizontal or vertical spindle and is operated by
Computer Numerical Control (CNC). The CNC process allows for the
automated or supervised control of the machining process with
precise speed, location, and control of the cutting bit.
CNC Precision Turning: CNC Precision Turning is a machining
process used to create turned parts such as washers, bushings, or
threaded bolts on a rotational milling machine, also known as a
lathe. The lathe is operated by Computer Numerical Control (CNC),
a process that allows for the automated or supervised control of the
lathe with precise speed, location, and control of the cutting bit.
Cnes: Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (France).
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
CNS : Communications, navigation and surveillance.
CNS/ATM : Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic
Management
Co: Chemical symbol for Colbalt.
Co: Chemical symbol for colbalt.
Co: Circular Orbit.
Co coagulant : A substance that promotes the clumping of
particulate matter in water, forming a larger mass and thus promoting
settling of particulates and clarification of the water.
Co : Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas.
It is produced by the incomplete burning of solid, liquid, and gaseous
fuels. Appliances fueled with natural gas, liquefied petroleum (LP
gas), oil, kerosene, coal, or wood may produce CO. Burning
charcoal produces CO. Running cars produce CO
Co2: is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two
oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide results from the combustion of
organic matter if sufficient amounts of oxygen are present. It is also
produced by various microorganisms in fermentation and is breathed
out by animals. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis,
using both the carbon and the oxygen to construct carbohydrates. It
is present in the Earth's atmosphere at a low concentration and acts
as a greenhouse gas. It is a major component of the carbon cycle.
Co2: Carbon dioxide is formed by fossil combustion. CO2 is
considered to be the main greenhouse gas responsiblefor global
warming. It is present in the atmosphere in proportionsequal to
0.0375% in volume, in this decade (2000s), i.e.375 ppmv (parts per
million by volume). But this proportionis rapidly increasing by about
2 ppmv per year, due to human activities involving consumption of
fossil fuelsuch as coal, oil and gas.
Co2 Laser Marker: Carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are the highest
power lasers available and typically operate at high efficiencies,
making them attractive for many different applications. When used in
laser marking systems, CO2 lasers deliver fast, high quality
markings and are capable of marking most surfaces, including wood,
glass, metals, and plastics. CO2 lasers are also very cost effective
and low maintenance.
Co2 Welding: CO2 Welding is refers to MAG welding with CO2 as
the shielding gas. It uses a consumable wire electrode. CO2 is
widely used in MAG welding because it is more economical than
inert argon gas.
COA : Certificate of Airworthiness
Coagulation: Is the process whereby finely divided particles of
turbidity and color, capable of remaining in suspension indefinitely,
are combined by chemical means into masses sufficiently large to
effect rapid settling.
Coal: The primary fuel used by integrated iron and steel producers.
Coal Dust Injection (CDI)/ Pulverised Coal Injection (PCI): These
are technologies wherein pulverised/granulated/dust coal is injected
into the blast furnace through the tuyers along with the blast to
replace part of the coke requirement.
Coal Filter: A filter which contains a bed of anthracite media
material used to remove contaminants, mud and debris from the
river water as part fo the feed water treatment process.
Coal Filter: A filter which contains a bed of anthracite media
material used to remove contaminants, mud, and debris from the
river water as part of the feed water treatment process.
Coal scuttle : A modification to an aircraft`s existing H2S
navigational radar to give a visual bearing every 30 seconds on a
signal under investigation.
Coalescence: The gathering together of coagulated colloidal liquids
into a single continuous phase.
Coalescence: (1) The union of particles of a dispersed phase into
larger units, usually effected at temperatures below the fusion point.
(2) The growing together or growth into one body of the materials
being welded. (3) Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder
by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of
the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation.
Coalescence: 1) the growth of particles of a dispersed phase by
solution and reprecipitation, 2) the growth of grains by absorption of
adjacent undistorted grains.
Coalescing Separator: A device that combines or unites separate
particles of a substance through chemical affinity, physical trapping,
etc. Coalescing filters often trap and remove water from lubricants.
Coalescence involves merging particles of a dispersed phase.
Coaming: A padded, protective rim around an open cockpit.
Coarse Grain: Steel melted without aluminum or other grain refiner
additions.
Coarsening: An increase in the grain size, usually but not
necessarily, by grain growth.
Coastal Pale Oil: Naphthenic petroleum oil refined from crude
traditionally obtained from the Gulf or the Pacific coast.
Coastal zone: Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an
influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology or whose uses and
ecology are affected by the sea.
Coastal zone color scanner (czcs): The first spacecraft instrument
devoted to measurement of ocean color. Although instruments on
other satellites have sensed ocean color, their spectral bands, spatial
resolution, and dynamic range were optimized for geographical or
meteorological use. In the CZCS, every parameter is optimized for
use over water to the exclusion of any other type of sensing. The
CZCS flew on the Nimbus-7 spacecraft.
Coated Abrasive: An abrasive product (sandpaper, for example) in
which a layer of abrasive particles is firmly attached to a paper, cloth
or fiber backing by means of glue or synthetic-resin adhesive.
Coated Electrode: See preferred terms covered electrode and
lightly coated electrode. (see Covered Electrode) (see Lightly Coated
Electrode)
Coated Metals: Sheet and strip steel or aluminum, usually in coil
form, which has been covered on one or both sides with
paint,enamel, adhesive, anti corrosive coatings, and/or laminates.
Coated Steel: Steel sheet coated by immersion in a bath of molten
material (known as hot-dip) to protect the base metal (substrate)
against corrosion. The most commonly used protective material is
zinc. An organic coating (paint, plastic) can also be deposited on the
layer of zinc. The zinc-coated steel is often referred to as “galvanized
steel.”
Coating: The process of covering steel with another material (tin,
chrome, zinc, and/or paint), primarily for corrosion resistance or
appearance.
Coating: The process of covering steel with another material (for
example tin, chrome, and zinc), primarily for corrosion resistance.
Coating of Wire Rods: [Lime, Borax and Phosphate] Performed to
provide a carrier for the lubricant necessary for subsequent
processing. In lime coating, practices maybe varied by applying
differing amounts of lime on the material depending upon the
application. Phosphate coated material normally has a
supplementary coating of lime, borax or a water soluble soap.
Coating Test: Performed by the Metallurgical Lab to check the
amount of coating applied.
Coating Thickness Gage: A coating thickness gage is a
measurement device used to measure the thickness of films or
coatings applied to other materials. There are many different types of
thickness gages, using both destructive and non-destructive
methods. Among the options for thickness measurements are
magnetic gages, eddy current techniques, micrometers, ultrasonic
probes, and gravimetric techniques in which pre- and post-coating
masses and volumes are used to compute an average coating
thickness. The most popular coating thickness gage for metal parts
are magnetic gages, in which the gage measures the force required
to pull the magnetic lead off of the part in order to compute the
thickness of the coating.
Coating Weight: 1. In the Sheet Mill, the amount of Zinc on a
galvanized sheet measured in ounces per square foot. 2. Specified
in pounds (or parts thereof) of tin coating per base box.
Coating Weight: 1) In the Sheet Mill, the amount of Zinc on a
galvanized sheet measured in ounces per square foot. 2) Specified
in pounds (or parts thereof) of tin coating per base box. This term is
often misunderstood because in most cases the decimal point is
omitted when written or printed.
Coating Weight Test: A test of the weight of the coating measured
two inches from each side of the strip and at the center.
Coating Weight Test: A test of the weight of the coating measured 2
inches from each side of the strip and at the center.
Coaxing: Improvement of the fatigue strength of a specimen by the
application of a gradually increasing stress amplitude, usually
starting below the fatigue limit.
Cobalt: Blue-white metal, melting at 2,715°F (1,492°C), used in very
hard alloy such as stellite, and a binder in carbide cutting tools.
Cobalt: Blue white metal, melting at 2715 B0F (1492 B0C), used in
very hard alloy such as stellite, and a binder in carbide cutting tools.
Cobalt-Based Superalloys: Eight specific alloys of at least 50%
cobalt blended with traces of such other metals as iron, nickel,
chrome, titanium, tungsten, carbon, zirconium and/or tantalum; used
in high-temperature, high-strength, anticorrosion applications (such
as aircraft gas turbines and jet engine components).
Cobble: 1. A jamming of the line of steel while being rolled. 2. A
piece of steel which for any reason has become so bent or twisted
that it must be withdrawn from the rolling operation and scrapped.
Some reasons for cobbling are: steel too cold, a bad end which can
not enter a pass, sticking to the roll and wrapping around it.
Coccolithophore: A single-celled marine plant that lives in large
numbers throughout the upper layers of the ocean.
See Coccolithophore fact sheet.
Cockpit: The area of the fuselage in which the pilot is seated and
where control surfaces are actuated using a stick or yoke, pedals
and levers and is generally protected by a windscreen or canopy.
Cockpit: Compartment, originally open to the air, for accommodation
of pilot'and crew/passengers. Nowadays used informally by laymen
to describe the forward part of the cabin, especially of an airliner,
which is off-limits to passengers, and properlv called flight deck.
Cockpit: A compartment in the front of the airplane where the flight
crew performs their job of flying the aircraft.
Cockpit voice recorder (cvr) : Device that records crew
conversations. Used in accident investigations.
Cocoon Process: A method of protecting metal parts by spraying
on a cover of plastic filaments.
Cocoon Process: A method of protecting metal parts by spraying
on a cover of plastic filaments.
Coda : Central Office for Delay Analysis (Euro control)
Code Holes: The information holes in perforated tape, as opposed
to feed or sprocket holes.
Code installation : Refrigeration or air conditioning installation
which conforms to the local code and/or the national code for safe
and efficient installations.
Code Red Day: When the air quality in the Washington Metropolitan
Area is deemed to be very poor, the Metropolitan Washington
Council of Governments (MWCOG) declares "code red days." On
"code red days," Metrobus fares are waived on many Metrobus
routes in an effort to encourage individuals to use public
transportation instead of automobiles so as not to contribute to the
poor air quality.
Codeshare: Term used to describe an arrangement where one
airline sells seats (the marketing carrier) on a flight operated by
another airline (the operating carrier). Both airlines display their
respective flight numbers. This is particularly common within airline
alliances, such as Star Alliance. eg. Qantas operates QF1 but
codeshares this flight with British Airways, who sell seats on the
flight as BA7321.
Code-sharing: In accordance with a code sharing agreement, two
partner airlines offer services on the same aircraft, each with their
own brand, their own IATA code and their own flight number.
Co-efficient of conductivity: Measure of the relative rate at which
different materials conduct heat. Copper is a good conductor of heat
and, therefore, has a high coefficient of conductivity.
Coefficient of expansion: A measure of the change in length or
volume of an oject, specifically, a change measured by the increase
in length or volume of an object per unit length or volume.
Coefficient Of Expansion: The relative rate at which a substance
expands on heating, compared to a standard rate.
Coefficient of friction: The dimensionless ratio of the friction force
(F) between two bodies to the normal force (N) pressing these
bodies togetherm (f) = (F/N)
Coefficient of Friction: The number obtained by dividing the force
that resists motion between two bodies by the normal force that
brings the bodies together. (see Static Friction) (see Dynamic
Friction) (see Stick-slip (slip-stick))
Coefficient of friction: A relative measure of the surface lubricity
Co-efficient of friction: The amount of friction developed when two
objects are moved across each other. Coefficient of friction is
calculated by dividing the force needed to push a load across a
given surface.
Coefficient of performance (cop) : Ratio of work performed or
accomplished as compared to the energy used under designated
operating conditions.
Coefficient of thermal expansion: The fractional change in length
(or sometimes in volume, when specified) of a material for a unit
change in temperature.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: The relative rate at which a
substance expands on heating, compared to a standard rate.
Coercive Force: The magnetizing force that must be applied in the
direction opposite to that of the previous magnetizing force in order
to reduce magnetic flux density to zero; thus, a measure of the
magnetic retentivity of magnetic materials.
Cofa : Certificate of Airworthiness
Cog: Cog is any toothed gear, a sprocket attached directly to the
rear wheel hub on a single speed bile and mounted on a free wheel
on a multi-speed bike.
COG: Council of Governments for the Washington Metropolitan Area
Cog: A tooth in the rim of wheel. A gear tooth in a gear wheel.
Co-generation generation : a term applied to identify the
generation of people interested in co-generation.
Cogeneration : A term used to describe the combination of different
thermodynamic cycles for the purpose of increasing all-over cycle
efficiency.
Cogging: The reducing operation in working the ingot into a billet by
the use of a forging hammer or a forging press.
Cogging Mill: This term is mostly associated with a heavy-duty
rolling mill for shaping reheated steel ingots into blooms or slabs. It
has largely been superseded by the continuous casting of steel
directly into these shapes. The mill is a reversing mill, allowing the
ingot to pass and re-pass through the rolling stand until the desired
profile is achieved. Prior to their introduction in the late 19th century,
large industrial hammers were used to reduce ingots to a suitable
size and shape for rolling. Sometimes referred to as a semi-finishing
mill, blooming mill or slabbing mill.
Coherence: The property of being coherent, e.g. waves having
similar direction, amplitude and phase that are capable of exhibiting
interference.
Coherency: The continuity of lattice of precipitate and parent phase
(solvent) maintained by mutual strain and not separated by a phase
boundary.
Coherent detection : A technique used in certain ADF receivers to
improve useful range.
Coherent Precipitate: A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid
solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the
crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually
accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit
at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no
discernible phase boundary.
Cohesion: The property of a substance that causes it to resist being
pulled apart by mechanical means.
Cohesion: The force by which like particles are held together. It
varies with different metals and depends upon molecular
arrangement due to heat treatment.
Coil: Coil is electrical transformer for increasing voltage.
Coil: A length of steel wound into roll-form.
Coil Breaks: 1. A physical condition produced in the cooling tower
or quench tank area of the line due to improper temperature control
during cooling. 2. Creases or ridges which appear as parallel lines,
transverse to the direction of rolling, and which generally extend
across the width of the sheet. 3. A discontinuous curvature in the
strip in the direction in which the material was rolled or uncoiled.
Generally found in uncoiled hot rolled strip.
Coil Breaks: Creases or ridges across a metal sheet transverse to
the direction of coiling, occasionally occurring when the metal has
been coiled hot and uncoiled cold.
Coil Car: Unit that the coil sits on. Used to move a coil to the entry
or from the delivery.
Coil End: ID of a coil that is left because of a defect.
Coil End: ID of a coil that is left because of a defect. Ranging from
500 10,000 pounds. Anything 10,000 pounds and over get an IPM. A
coil with a weight less than 5000 lbs. that does not meet customer
specifications is called a salvage coil. These coils do not get an IPM
number
Coil Line Markings: A light white-gray mark (square, circle, line,
diamond, etc.) which has been placed on the strip by the platers.
This mark serves as an indication to the feeder that the placement of
the coil on the entry reel must be placed correctly to meet customer
specifications (external customers request this mark to distinguish
coating on the strip).
Coil Line Markings: been placed on the strip by the platers. This
mark serves as an indication to the feeder that the placement of the
coil on the entry reel must be placed correctly to meet customer
specifications (external customers request this mark to distinguish
coating on the strip). The Feeder must refer to the scheduling book
to determine how to place the coil on the entry reel for over or under
wind.
Coil Number: Produced IPM Number assigned to a coil. IPM (In
Process Material) Number.
Coil Set: A curvature of the strip in the lengthwise sense, parallel to
the direction in which the strip was rolled or uncoiled.
Coil Set or Longitudinal Curl: A lengthwise curve or set found in
coiled strip metals following its coil pattern. A departure from
longitudinal flatness. Can be removed by roller or stretcher leveling
from metals in the softer temper ranges.
Coil Slitting: Coil slitting is a metal machining process in which coils
of rolled sheet metal are cut, or slit, into smaller sizes. The coil
slitting machinery varies depending on the specific needs of the
production process and the size of the coils being processed. The
coil slitting process usually includes a recoiling process in which the
smaller components are wrapped up into new coils for packaging
and distribution.
Coil spring: Coil springs are from section of spring steel wound in a
spiral pattern.
Coil Stripper: A piece of equipment on the off gauge reel used to
help remove a coil from the reel.
Coil Weld: A joint between two lengths of metal within a coil not
always visible in the cold reduced product.
Coil-on-plug ignition system: An ignition system without a
distributor where each spark plug has its own ignition coil.
Coils: Steel that has been wound.
Coils: Steel sheet that has been wound. A slab, once rolled in a hot
strip mill, is more than one quarter mile long; coils are the most
efficient way to store and transport sheet steel.
Coin: Counter-insurgency aircraft.
Coin Silver: An alloy containing 90% silver, with copper being the
usual alloying element.
Coining: (1) A closed-die squeezing operation, usually performed
cold, in which all surfaces of the work are confined or restrained,
resulting in a well-defined imprint of the die upon the work. (2) A
restriking operation used to sharpen or change an existing radius or
profile. (3) The final pressing of a sintered powder metallurgy
compact to obtain a definite surface configuration (not to be
confused with sizing).
Coining: The process of applying necessary pressure to all or some
portion of the surface of a forging to obtain closer tolerances or
smoother surfaces or to eliminate draft. Coining can be done while
forgings are hot or cold and is usually performed on surfaces parallel
to the parting of the forging.
Coke: Carbonizing coal made in oven by driving off volatile
elements. It is a hard porous substance that is principally pure
carbon. In blast furnaces, coke helps generate the 3,000°F.
temperatures and reducing gases needs to smelt iron ore.
Coke Bed: First layer of coke placed in the cupola. Also the coke as
the foundation in constructing a large mold in a flask or pit.
Coke Bed: First layer of coke placed in the cupola. Also the coke as
the foundation in constructing a large mold in a flask or pit.
Coke Breeze: 1. Fines from coke screening, used in blacking mixes
after grinding; also briquetted for cupola use. 2. Fine screens that
come from blast furnace coke and are used to make sinter.
Coke Breeze: Fines from coke screening, used in blacking mixes
after grinding; also briquetted for cupola use.
Coke Furnace: Type of pot or crucible furnace using coke as the
fuel.
Coke Oven Battery: A set of ovens that process coal into coke.
Coke ovens are constructed in batteries of 10-100 ovens that are 20
feet tall, 40 feet long, and less than two feet wide. Coke batteries,
because of the exhaust fumes emitted when coke is pushed from the
ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a steel mill complex.
Coke Oven Battery: A set of ovens that process coal into coke.
Coke ovens are constructed in batteries of 10 D1100 ovens that are
20 feet tall, 40 feet long, and less than two feet wide. Coke batteries,
because of the exhaust fumes emitted when coke is pushed from the
ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a steel mill complex.
Coke Ovens: Ovens where coke is produced. Coal is usually
dropped into the ovens through openings in the roof, and heated by
gas burning in flues in the walls between ovens within the coke oven
battery.
Coke Plate (Hot Dipped Tin Plate): Standard tin plate, with the
lightest commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning,
etc. A higher grade is the best cokes, with special cokes
representing the best of the coke tin variety. For high qualities and
heavier coatings.
Coke Plate (Hot-Dipped Tin Plate): Standard tin plate, with the
lightest commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning,
etc. A higher grade are the best cokes, with special cokes
representing the best of the coke tin variety. For high qualities and
heavier coatings.
Coke Porosity: The percentage volume of cell space in coke.
Coke Porosity: The percentage volume of cell space in coke.
Coke Rate: This is measured in Kgs. of BF Coke consumed per
tonne of Hot Metal produced in the Blast Furnace (Kg/THM). By
convention, this excludes coke (nut/pearl coke) mixed with sinter
etc.
Coke, Beehive: Coke produced from bituminous coal by the beehive
process where heat for the coking process comes from a partial
combustion of the coke. Generally characterized by an elongated
stringy structure.
Coke, Beehive: Coke produced from a bituminous coal by the
beehive process where heat for the coking process comes from a
partial combustion of the coke. Generally characterized by an
elongate stringy structure.
Coke, By Product: Coke produced from bituminous coal in airtight
code ovens where heat for coking process is externally applied.
Generally more uniform in size than beehive coke, and usually ball
or cube shape.
Coke, Byproduct: Coke produced from bituminous coal in airtight
code ovens where heat for the coking process is externally applied.
Generally more uniform in size than beehive coke, and usually ball
or cube shape.
Coke, Petroleum: Residue left from the distillation of petroleum
crude, used as a carbon raiser.
Coke, Petroleum: Residue left from the distillation of petroleum
crude, used as a carbon raiser.
Coking: Undesired buildup of hard carbon deposits on equipment
associated with high heat.
Coking Coal: Unlike thermal or streaming coal used in power
stations or for industrial or domestic heating, coking (or metallurgical)
coal has unique properties that suit it to ironmaking. A key
characteristic is that when heated in the absence of air, this coal,
unlike steaming coal, will form the hard, sponge-like material known
as coke. Also, as steelmakers are looking to produce high iron purity,
the coal needs to have high-carbon, but relatively low ash, sulfur and
phosphorus content. Also, coke should not physically break down as
it travels down through the blast furnace (along with iron ore and
limestone), so helping to retain permeability in the ironmaking
burden. The terms "hard", and "semi-soft" actually refer to the coal's
readiness to form coke ("hard" is best), and not its physical
hardness. However, "hard" coal does happen to produce physically
hard coke. About 10% of the worlds mined coal is coking coal, with
the major exporters being Australia, Canada and the USA, followed
by China and Russia.
Coking Time: Coking time is defined as the time required for
conversion of coal to coke in the coke oven which varies in the range
of battery size.
Colbalt Based Superalloys: Eight specific alloys of at least 50%
cobalt blended with traces of such other metals as
iron,nickel,chrome,titanium,tungsten,carbom,zirconium, and/or
tantalum; used in high temperature,high strength,anti corrosion
applications (such as aircraft gas turbines and jet engine
components).
Cold Box Process: Any core binder process that uses a gas or
vaporized catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the
core box at room temperature.
Cold Box Process: 1) Any core binder process that uses a gas or
vaporized catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the
core box at room temperature.
Cold Chamber Machine: A diecasting machine where the metal
chamber and plunger are not immersed in hot metal.
Cold Chamber Machine: A diecasting machine where the metal
chamber and plunger are not immersed in hot metal.
Cold Coined Forging: A forging that has been restruck cold in order
to hold closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines,
reduces section thickness, flatten some particular surface, or in non-
heat-treatable alloys, increase hardness.
Cold Coined Forging: A forging that has been re struck cold in
order to hold closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or
outlines, reduces section thickness, flatten some particular surface,
or in non heat treatable alloys, increase hardness.
Cold Cracking: Cracks in cold or nearly cold metal due to excessive
internal stress caused by contraction. Often brought about when the
mold is too hard or casting is of unsuitable design.
Cold cranking: Cold cranking defines to battery condition that it can
be crank according to weather, it depends on the region where the
vehicle is working. It's a battery quality which is able to do cold
cranking.
Cold cranking amperes (CCA): The rating of a battery's ability to
provide battery voltage cold-weather operation.
Cold cranking amps (CCA): Measurement of cranking amperes
that a battery can deliver over a period of 30 seconds at 0F (-18C).
Cold Current: The current drawn by the magnet when its coil is at
68°F (20°C) and at rated voltage.
Cold deck : -The cooling section of a mixed air zoning system.
Cold Die Quenching: A quench utilizing cold, flat or shaped dies to
extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive and
is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas.
Cold Drawing: The process of passing unheated steel through dies
for the purpose of reducing its cross-sectional area, imparting to it a
particular shape.
Cold Drawing: The process of reducing the cross sectional area of
wire,bar or tube by drawing the material through a die without any
pre heating. Cold drawing is used for the production of bright steel
bar in round square, hexagonal and flat section. The process
changes the mechanical properties of the steel and the finished
product is accurate to size,free from scale with a bright surface
finish.
Cold Drawn Precision Tubes: Cold drawn precision tubes are
created by a metalworking process known as drawing. In the
drawing process, a piece of tube is pulled through a metal die
designed to reduce the diameter and increase the length of the tube
and may also improve the surface finish of the tube. When the tube
is drawn at close to room temperature it is cold drawn. Because the
part does not need to undergo the cooling and contraction
associated with a heated process, the resulting cold drawn tube has
precision dimensions.
Cold Finished Bars: Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are
annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and
higher strength. The term “cold finished” is an umbrella definition for
any material that has had some sort of surface treatment. For
example, cold drawn, centerless ground, and smooth turned bar are
cold finished.
Cold Finished Steel Bars: Hot rolled carbon steel bars after
secondary cold reduction processing with better surface quality and
strength.
Cold Finishing: The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars
and shafting, may be defined as the process of reducing their cross-
sectional area, without heating, by one of five methods of cold
rolling. Cold drawing, cold drawing and grinding, turning and
polishing, turning and grinding.
Cold Finishing: The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars
and shafting, may be defined as the process of reducing their cross
sectional area, without heating, by one of five methods Cold Rolling
2. Cold Drawing 3. Cold drawing and Grinding 4. Turning and
polishing 5. Turning and Grinding
Cold Finishing Quality Wire Rods: Intended for the manufacture of
cold drawn bars. The rods are expected to be substantially free from
slivers, laps and abrupt changes in section, which can impair the
desired appearance of the cold drawn bars.
Cold Heading: Process of forcing metal to flow cold into dies to form
thicker sections and more intricate shapes.
Cold Heading Quality Wire Rods: Wire rods used for heading,
forging or cold extrusion. These wire rods are produced by closely
controlled manufacturing practices and frequently are subject to mill
testing and inspection to ensure internal soundness and freedom
from surface defects, which may adversely affect the cold heading
process.
Cold Inflation Pressure: The amount of air pressure in a tyre,
measured in pounds per square inch (psi) before a tyre has built up
heat from driving.
Cold Inspection: A visual (usually final) inspection of the forgings
for visual defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room
temperature. The term may also be used to describe certain non-
destructive tests, such as magnetic particle, dye penetrant and sonic
inspection.
Cold Inspection: A visual (usually final) inspection of the forgings
for visual defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room
temperature. The tern may also be used to describe certain
nondestructive tests, such as magnetic particle, dye penetrant and
sonic inspection.
Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP): Forming technique in which high
fluid pressure is applied to a powder (metal or ceramic) part at
ambient temperature. Water or oil is used as the pressure medium.
Cold junction -: That part of a thermoelectric system which absorbs
heat as the system operates.
Cold Lap: Wrinkled markings on the surface of an ingot or casting
from incipient freezing of the surface.
Cold Lap: Wrinkled markings on the surface of an ingot or casting
from incipient freezing of the surface.
Cold patching: Cold patching is a process used for seal leak in
plastic fuel tanks.
Cold Pig: Blast furnace metal which has been cast into solid pieces
usually weighing from 60 to 80 lb.
Cold Pressing: Forming a powder metallurgy compact at a
temperature low enough to avoid sintering, usually room
temperature. Contrast with hot pressing.
Cold process : A water treatment process carried out at room
temperature.
Cold Reduced Strip: Metal strip, produced from hot rolled strip, by
rolling on a cold reduction mill.
Cold Reduction: Reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or
drawing particularly thickness, while the metal is maintained at room
temperature or below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
Cold Reduction Mill: Sheet and strip are cold reduced to the
desired thickness for the following reasons 1) To obtain the desired
surface. 2) To impart desired mechanical properties. 3) To make
gauges lighter than the hot strip mill can produce economically. 4) To
produce sheet and strip of more uniform thickness.
Cold Reduction Mill (Tandem Mill): Sheet and strip are cold
reduced to the desired thickness for the following reasons: 1. To
obtain the desired surface. 2. To impart desired mechanical
properties. 3. To make gauges lighter than the hot strip mill can
produce economically. 4. To produce sheet and strip of more uniform
thickness.
Cold Roll Base: Coils that are cold worked or reduced to gauge on
the tandem mill.
Cold Roll Base: Coils that are cold worked or reduced to gauge on
the tandem mill.
Cold Rolled Finish: Finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled
sheet or strip with a lubricant resulting in a relatively smooth
appearance.
Cold Rolled Non-Grain Oriented Silicon Steel: Silicon steel in
which magnetic properties are practically the same in any direction
of magnetism in the plane of the material. It is used for motors,
generators, transducers, and magnetic circuits of industrial
machinery.
Cold Rolled Sheet: A product manufactured from hot rolled
descaled (pickled) coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness,
generally followed by annealing and temper rolling. If the sheet is not
annealed after cold reduction it is known as full hard. (see Full Hard
Cold Rolled)
Cold Rolled Sheet: A product manufactured from hot rolled
descaled (pickled) coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness,
generally followed by annealing and temper rolling. If the sheet is not
annealed after cold reduction it is known as full hard. (See Full Hard
Cold Rolled).
Cold Rolling: The passing of sheet or strip that has previously been
hot rolled and pickled through cold rolls, i.e., room temperature.
Cold Rolling: Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening
point of the metal to create strain hardening (work hardening). Same
as cold reduction, except that the working method is limited to rolling.
Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces
certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility
and other characteristics known as tempers, which see.
Cold Rolling Mill: Equipment that reduces the thickness, or gauge,
of flat steel products by rolling steel between alloy steel cylinders
without prior reheating. Several roll passes are generally necessary
to gradually reduce the steel to the desired thickness.
Cold Rolling Mill: A mill that reduces the cross sectional area of the
metal by rolling at approximately room temperature.
Cold Screens: A screening device that removes sinter that is
smaller than five millimeters in diameter before it goes to the blast
furnace.
Cold Screens: A screening device that removes sinter that is
smaller than five millimeters in diameter before it goes to the Blast
Furnace.
Cold Setting Binders: Term used to describe any binder that will
harden the core sufficiently at room temperature so core can be
removed from its box without distortion; commonly used in reference
to oil oxygen type binders.
Cold Setting Process: An of several systems for bonding mold or
core aggregates by means of organic binders, relying upon the use
of catalysts rather than heat for polymerization (setting).
Cold Short: A characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or
low temperatures.
Cold Short: A characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or
low temperatures.
Cold Shot: Small globule of metal embedded in but not entirely
fused with the casting.
Cold Shot: Small globule of metal embedded in but not entirely
fused with the casting.
Cold Shut: A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface
of a forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging
operation. Folding of the surface. It may have the appearance of a
crack or seam with smooth, rounded edges. (see Cold Lap)
Cold Shut: A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface
of a forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging
operation. folding of the surface. It may have the appearance of a
crack or seam with smooth, rounded edges. Also see Cold Lap
Cold Sinking: The process of pulling a tube through a carbide die to
reduce the diameter of the tube. Small tubes with very high
thickness-to-diameter ratios are commonly produced this way in long
lengths. The sinking of the tube is done at room temperature (i.e.:
“Cold”).
Cold Stack: Exhaust stack located at the BOP Scrubber. The Boiler
Operator monitors the emissions through the cold stack.
Cold Strip Mill: A mill that rolls strip without first reheating.
Cold Strip Mill: A mill that rolls strip without first reheating.
Cold Test: Test that determines the pour point of an oil.
Cold Treatment: Exposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures
(-85°C or -120°F) for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or
properties such as dimensional or microstructural stability. When the
treatment involves the transformation of retained austenite, it is
usually followed by tempering.
Cold Treatment: Exposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures (
85?C, or 120?F) for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or
properties such as dimensional or microstructural stability. When the
treatment involves the transformation of retained austenite, it is
usually followed by tempering.
Cold Trimming: The removal of flash or excess metal from a forging
at room temperature in a trimming press.
Cold wall: Refrigerator construction which has the inner lining of
refrigerator serving as the cooling surface.
Cold Welding: A solid-state welding process in which pressure is
used at room temperature to produce coalescence of metals with
substantial deformation at the weld. Compare with hot pressure
welding, diffusion welding and jorge welding. (see Vhot Pressure
Welding) (see Diffusion Welding) (see Jorge Welding)
Cold Work: Plastic deformation at such temperatures and rates that
substantial increases occur in the strength and hardness of the metal
visible structural changes include changes in grain shape and, in
some instances, mechanical twinning or banding.
Cold : The absence of heat; a temperature considerably below
normal.
Cold-setting Process: In foundry practice, any of several systems
for bonding mold or core aggregates by means of organic binders,
relying on the use of catalysts rather than heat for polymerization
(setting).
Collapsed Reel: A mandrel in the collapsed position.
Collapsible Sprue: A sprue pattern of flexible material, or of spring-
tube design, used in squeeze-molding of plated patterns, and
incorporating a pouring cup.
Collapsible steering column: A steering column that collapses in
the event of a hard frontal impact to reduce the risk of injury to the
driver.
Collar: The portion of a fitting compressed by swaging or crimping to
seal the hose onto the fitting to create a permanent attachment. Also
known as a ferrule.
Collar Thrust Bearing: The simplest form of thrust bearing; a thrust
collar in roll neck bearing service bears against the roll body at the
fillet between the journal and the body.
Collate: 1) to merge items from two or more similarly sequenced
files into one sequenced file, 2) to compare one thing critically with
another of the same kind.
Collective cue : A vertical flight director cue for rotary-wing aircraft,
primarily to control altitude, by changing power; Compare: yoke cue;
Symbols: Gamma sub "VERT"; Typical Units: percent, in;
Collective pitch control: Used to change simultaneously the pitch
of all of a helicopter rotor's blades to permit ascent or descent.
Collective variable pitch: Describes the control which adjusts the
pitch of the rotor blades; causing the helicopter to ascend or
descend without the need to change the rotor RPMs. This is usually
the up and down movement of the left stick on the transmitter.
Collective : A flight control operated by moving up or down with
hand in rotary-wing aircraft, primarily to control lift (altitude); controls
collective (total) pitch of the rotors on a rotary-wing aircraft;
Collective : One of the primary controls on a helicopter - controls lift.
Collector Main: The duct work used for moving air from the sinter
machine to the fans.
Collector ring: A circular duct on a radial engine into which exhaust
gases from its cylinders are safely discharged.
Collector, Shoe: The portion of a collector which makes contact by
sliding on the conductor bar.
Collector, Wheel: The portion of a collector which makes contact by
rolling on the conductor bar.
Collectors: Contacting devices for collecting current from the
runway or bridge conductors. The mainline collectors are mounted
on the bridge to transmit current from the runway conductors, and
the trolley collectors are mounted on the trolley to transmit current
from the bridge conductors.
Collet: A precision work holding chuch which centers finished round
stock automatically when tightened. Specialized collets are also
available in shapes for other than round stock.
Collimator: A device for confining the elements of a beam of
radiation within an assigned solid angle.
Collimator: A device for confining the elements of a beam of
radiation within an assigned solid angle.
Collins : Avionics mfgr.
Collision insurance: Vehicle insurance that cover damage caused
by a collision with another vehicle or object.
Colloid: A suspension of extremely small particles (5-5,000
angstroms) in a liquid; the particles do not settle and are not easily
separated by filtration. Colloids are considered ionized particulates
immune to agglomeration. Greases are colloidal systems with
thickeners dispersed in lubricating oil.
Colloidal: A state of suspension in a liquid medium in which
extremely small particles are suspended and dispersed but not
dissolved.
Colloidal Clay: Finely divided clay of montmorillonite, kaolinite or
illite class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding.
Colloidal Clay: Finely divided clay of montmorillonite, kaolinite, or
illite class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding.
Colloidal Lubricating Solids: Lubricating solids (especially graphite
and molybdenum disulfide) that are pulverized to colloidal size and
mechanically dispersed in a fluid.
Colloids: Organic matter of very fine particle size, usually in the
range of 10-5 to 10-7 cm in diameter. It tends to inhibit the formation
of dense scale and results in the deposition of sludge, or causes it to
remain in suspension, so that it may be blown from the boiler.
Colloids, Colloidal Material: Finely divided material less than 0.5
micron (0.00002 in.) in size, such as albumin, glue, starch, gelatin,
and bentonite.
Coloimetric Analysis: Determining the amount of an element in a
solution by measuring the intrinsic color.
Color Buffing: Producing a final high luster by buffing. See also
coloring. (see Coloring)
Color Etching: A mircoetch resulting from the formation of a thin
film of a definite compound of the metal.
Color Etching: A micro etch resulting from the formation of a thin
film of a definite compound of the metal.
Color Method: A technique of heat treating metal by observing the
color changes that occur to determine the proper operation to
perform to achieve the desired results.
Color Standards: Among the many different color tests, the most
popular for steel mill lubricants are ASTM D 1500 color (for standard
fluids) and visual color (for dyed fluids or greases). ASTM D 1500
utilizes an optical instrument to determine the darkness of oils by
comparison with standard colored discs.
Colorimeters: A colorimeter is a chemical measuring device used to
determine the amount of solute dissolved in a solution. The
colorimeter determines the concentration of the solution based on
the wavelengths of light that are pass through the solution to a
photoresistor that measures the light. Colorimeters make use of
optical filters that can be adjusted to the wavelengths of light that
pass through the solution of interest.
Coloring: Producing desired colors on metal by a chemical or
electrochemical reaction. See also color buffing. (see Color Buffing)
Columbium: A metal which may be added to chrome-nickel
stainless steel to improve its welding qualities, by preventing carbide
precipitation.
Columbium: Chemical symbol Co. Refractory metal used as an
alloying agent in steel making; essential for high strength,low alloy
grades. Has some ?worked metal? applications, mostly alloyed with
zirconium or titanium for aerospace applications. CalledNiobium (Nb)
everywhere but the U.S.
Column operation : Conventional utilization of ion-exchange resins
in columns through which pass, either upflow or down flow, the
solution to be treated.
Columnar Structure: A coarse structure of parallel columns of
grains, which is caused by highly directional solidification.
Columnar Structure: A coarse structure of parallel columns of
grains, which is caused by highly directional solidification.
Com : Communications
Coma: The cloud of diffuse material surrounding the nucleus of a
comet.
Combination Die (Multiple Cavity Die): In die casting, a die with
two or more different cavities for different castings.
Combination Die (Multiple-Cavity Die): In die casting, a die with
two or more different cavities for different castings.
Combination Mills: An arrangement of a continuous mill for
roughing and a guide mill or looping mill for shaping.
Combination Square: A drafting and layout tool combining a
square, level, protractor and a center head.
Combination Square: A drafting and layout tool combining a
square,level, protractor and a center head.
Combined Carbon: Carbon in iron and steel which is combined
chemically with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or
temper carbon.
Combined Carbon: Carbon in iron and steel which is combined
chemically with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or
temper carbon.
Combined center/rapcon (cerap) : An air traffic facility which
combines the functions of an ARTCC and a radar approach control
facility.
Combined Cyanide: The cyanide of a metal-cyanid complex ion.
Combined feeder cutoff: A device that regulates makeup water to a
boiler in combination with a low-water fuel cutoff.
Combined fuel economy: Combined fuel economy is the average
number of miles a vehicle is able to travel using one gallon of fuel
according to EPA simulated laboratory tests that consist of 55%
highway and 45% city driving conditions.
Combined fuel economy: The average number of miles a vehicle is
able to travel using one gallon of fuel according to EPA simulated
laboratory tests that consist of 55% highway and 45% city driving
conditions.
Combined steam-gas plant : where a gas turbine is combined with
steam plant in order to utilize the waste heat.
Combined Stresses: Any state of stress that cannot be represented
by a single component of stress; that is, one that is more
complicated than simple tension, compression or shear.
Combined treatment : A method of physical treatment , followed by
the addition of chemicals to remove oxygen.
Combined Water: That water in mineral matter which is chemically
combined and driven off only at temperatures above 231°F (111°C).
Combined Water: That water in mineral matter which is chemically
combined and driven off only at temperatures above 231 B0F (111
B0C).
Combustible liquid: A combustible liquid is one having a flash point
at or above +100° F ( 37.8° C).
Combustion: The process of burning is known as combustion, It
happens after sparkplug burn the fuel in I.C engines.
Combustion: Chemical change as a result of the combination of the
combustible constituents of the fuel with oxygen, producing heat.
Combustion: A chemical reaction between two or more substances
that releases heat, light, and gases.
Combustion Air Flow: The measured and controlled amount of air
flow delivered to a boiler to promote proper combustion.
Combustion Air Flow: The measured and controlled amount of air
flow delivered to a boiler to promote proper combustion.
Combustion Analysis: An analytical technique for determining the
concentration of carbon and sulfur in samples. The sample is burned
in a graphite crucible in the presence of oxygen, which causes
carbon and sulfur to leave the sample as carbon dioxide and sulfur
dioxide. These gases are then detected by infrared or thermal
conductive means.
Combustion chamber: The space between the cylinder head and
the piston on TDC is known as the combustion chamber. Valve
openings take place on this chamber.
Combustion Chamber: The space in a furnace where combustion
of gaseous products from fuel takes place.
Combustion chamber: The chamber in a rocket where the fuel and
oxidizer are ignited and burned. By common usage the expansion
nozzle is included as part of the combustion chamber, particularly for
liquid-propelled rocket engines.
Combustion : The act or process of burning.
Comet: A body of small mass but large volume, compared to a
planet, often developing a long luminous and partly transparent tail
when close to the Sun.
Comet Tails: A group of comparatively deep unidirectional scratches
that form adjacent to a microstructural discontinuity during
mechanical polishing. They have the general shape of a comet tail.
Comet tails form only when a unidirectional motion is maintained
between the surface being polished and the polishing cloth.
Comfort chart: A chart showing effective temperatures with dry-bulb
temperatures and humidity's (and sometimes air motion) by which
the effects of various air conditions on human comfort may be
compared.
Comfort Control Technology: Uses precision manufacturing to
ensure an ultra-high level of tyre uniformity, while also employing
powerful proprietary tread design software to minimise tread
acoustics.
Comfort cooler : System used to reduce the temperature in the
living space in homes. These systems are not complete air
conditioners as they do not provide complete control of heating,
humidifying, dehumidification, and air circulation.
Comfort cooling : Refrigeration for comfort as opposed to
refrigeration for storage or manufacture.
Comfort zone : (Average) the range of effective temperatures over
which the majority (50 percent or more) of adults feels comfortable;
(extreme) the range of effective temperatures over which one or
more adults feel comfortable. An area on the psychometric chart
which shows conditions of temperature, humidity and sometimes air
movement in which most people are comfortable.
Command & data subsystem: The onboard computer responsible
for overall management of a spacecraft's activity.
Command module: The compartment of a spacecraft which
contains the crew and main controls, and is used as the reentry
vehicle.
Command Signal: An external signal to which the servo must
respond.
Command signal: An external signal to which the servo must
respond.
Commanded : Controls given to a device, not that the device
necessarily obeyed the controls
Commercial aviation: The business of operating aircraft that carry
passengers by commercial companies. Airline companies such as
American Airlines, United Airlines and many others are examples of
commercial aviation. A Boeing 747 is an example of an airplane that
is owned by a company and operated in commercial aviation.
Commercial Bronze: A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90%
copper and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although
termed commercial bronze, it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger
than copper and has equal or better ductility.
Commercial Bronze: A copper zinc alloy (brass) containing 90%
copper and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although
termed commercial bronze it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger
than copper and has equal or better ductility.
Commercial operator : means a person who, for compensation or
hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons
or property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under
the authority of Part 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful that an
operation is for "compensation or hire", the test applied is whether
the carriage by air is merely incidental to the person`s other business
or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit
Commercial Quality Steel Sheet: Normally to a ladle analysis of
carbon limit at 0.15 max. A Standard Quality Carbon Steel Sheet.
Commercial Steel (CS): Sheet of this quality is for simple bending
or moderate forming.
Commercial Tolerance: A range by which a product’s specifications
can deviate from those ordered and still meet the industry accepted
ranges (defined in ASTM Standards, etc.)
Commercial Tolerance: A range by which a product's specifications
can deviate from those ordered and still meet the industry accepted
ranges (defined in ASTM Standards, etc.)
Commercial vehicle: The vehicles used for transfer the weight or
goods.
Comminution: (1) Breaking up or grinding an ore into small
fragments. (2) Reducing metal to powder by mechanical means. (3)
The act or process of reduction of powder particle size, usually but
not necessarily by grinding or milling. See also pulverization. (see
Pulverization)
Common neutral -: A neutral conductor that is common to, or
serves, more than one circuit.
Common rail: it is the high pressure pipe or tube given in the CRDI
system to distributes the fuel to every injector mounted on cylinders.
Common traffic advisory frequency(ctaf) : A frequency designed
for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while
operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower.
The CTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, FSS, or tower frequency
and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. (Refer to
AC 90-42)
Communications: The exchange of information between the signal
person and crane operator(s). This exchange may be verbal or non-
verbal.
Communications : How well equipment is communicating; Values:
operational, degraded, failed
Commutator: A series of copper bars connected to an armature
winding. The bars are insulated from each other and from the
armature.
Commuter Rail: An electronic- or diesel-propelled railway for urban
passenger train service consisting of local short-distance travel
operating between a central city and adjacent suburbs
Commuter : An air carrier operator operating under 14 CFR 135 that
carries passengers on at least five round trips per week on at least
one route between two or more points according to its published
flight schedules that specify the times, day of the week, and places
between which these flights are performed. The aircraft that a
commuter operates has 30 or fewer passenger seats and a payload
capability of 7,500 pounds or less.
Comodizing: A rustproofing process for steel.
Compact: (1) The object produced by the compression of metal
powder, generally while confined in a die. (2) The operation or
process of producing a compact; sometimes called pressing.
Compacted Graphite Iron: Cast iron having a graphite shape
intermediate between the flake fonn typical of gray cast iron and the
spherical form of fully spherulitic ductile cast iron. An acceptable
compacted graphite iron structure is one that contains no flake
graphite, <20% spheroidal graphite, and 80% compacted graphite
(ASTM A 247, type IV). Also known as CO iron or vennicular iron,
compacted graphite cast iron is produced in a manner similar to that
for ductile cast iron, but using a technique that inhibits the formation
of fully spherulitic graphite nodules.
Compacting Pressure: In powder metallurgy, the specific
compacting force related to the area of contact with the press punch
expressed in megapascals, meganewtons per square meter or tons
per square inch.
Compaction: (1) The act of forcing particulate or granular material
together (consolidation) under pressure or impact to yield a relatively
dense mass or formed object. (2) In powder metallurgy, the
preparation of a compact or object produced by the compression of a
powder, generally while confined in a die, with or without the
inclusion of lubricants, binders and so forth. With or without the
concurrent applications of heat.
Compass: Compass is a digital or analogue display that indicates
the direction a vehicle is facing.
Compass: A digital or analog display that indicates the direction a
vehicle is facing.
Compatibility: A measure of the extent to which materials are
mutually soluble in the solid state.
Compensator control: A displacement control for variable pumps
and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure
changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.
Complete Fusion: Fusion that has occurred over the entire base
material surfaces intended for welding and between all layers and
weld beads.
Complex Soap (Grease): A thickener in which the soap crystals or
fibers are formed by the co-crystallization of two or more
compounds, a selected soap and a complexing agent such as a salt
or an additive. The resulting complex soap usually increases the
dropping point of the greases. Aluminum, calcium and lithium are
common complex soaps.
Complexing Agent: A substance that is an electron donor and that
will combine with a metal ion to form a soluble complex ion.
Complexion: An ion that may be formed by the addition reaction of
two or more other ions.
Compliance: A terminology that means to act according to a rule,
request or command. It is adopted by the main organizations in the
world and this program has the aim to avoid potential deviations in
regards to business handling.
Compliance Cushion: An added rubber tyre component between
the tread and belt that absorbs road irregularities for a smoother ride.
Complimetary filteromplementaryfilter : A filter in which the
complement of the filter is desired, giving the effect of a high-pass
filter by implementing a low-pass filter; a filter for combining multiple
data sources, usually of different types, by adding filtered values,
where the sum of the filters in the frequency domain is unity; a
Kalman filter with fixed gains; Complementary filters are often
designed in the frequency domain in way that that the filters
determined at build time such that the cutoff frequency of the LFP is
equal to that of the HPF. This provides the advantages of DNS`s
long-term accuracy and INS`s short-term accuracy, while filtering
DNS`s high-frequency noise and INS`s slow drift. Compare:
averaging filter, Kalman filter;
Component: (1) One of the elements or compounds used to define
a chemical (or alloy) system, including all phases, in terms of the
fewest substances possible. (2) One of the individual parts of a
vector as referred to a system of coordinates. (3) An individual
functional element in a physically independent body that cannot be
further reduced or divided without destroying its stated function, for
example, a resistor, capacitor, diode or transistor.
Component: A single hydraulic or electrical unit.
Composite Alloy: An aluminum alloy containing relatively large
amounts of two or more other elements.
Composite Alloy: An aluminum alloy containing relatively large
amounts of two or more other elements.
Composite Cable: A composite cable is an electrical conductor
used to transfer video and audio signals between home
entertainment devices. Composite cables are made up of three
separate conductors, each terminated with an RCA plug. The three
cables are also color-coded, with the yellow plug carrying a
composite video signal and red and white (or black) plugs carrying
the right and left sides, respectively, of a stereo audio signal.
Composite Coating: A coating on a metal or nonmetal that consists
of two or more components one of which is often particulate in form.
Example: a cennet composite coating on a cemented carbide cutting
tool. Also see multilayer coating. (see Multilayer Coating)
Composite Construction: Welding a steel casting to a rolled or
forged steel object or to another casting. (see Cast-weld)
Composite Construction: Welding a steel casting to a rolled or
forged steel object or to another casting. See Cast Weld
Composite Electrode: A welding electrode made from two or more
distinct components, at least one of which is filler metal. A composite
electrode may exist in any of various physical forms, such as
stranded wires, filled tubes or covered wire.
Composite Joint: A joint that is both welded and joined
mechanically.
Composite Joint: A joint that is both welded and joined
mechanically.
Composite Material: A combination of two or more materials
(reinforcing elements, fillers and composite matrix binder) differing in
form or composition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their
identities, that is, they do not dissolve or merge completely into one
another although they act in concert. Normally, the components can
be physically identified and exhibit an interface between one another.
Examples include cerrnets and metal-matrix composites.
Composite Material: A combination of two or more materials
(reinforcing elements,fillers and composite matrix binder), differing in
forms or composition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their
identities,that is, they do not dissolve or merge completley into one
another although they act in concert. Normally, the components can
be physically identified and exhibit an interface between one another.
Examples are cermets and metal matrix composites.
Composite Plate: An electrodeposit consisting of layers of at least
two different compositions.
Composite Powder: A powder in which each particle consists of
two or more different materials.
Composite Structure: A structural member (such as a panel, plate,
pipe or other shape) that is built up by bonding together two or more
distinct components, each of which may be made of a metal, alloy,
nonmetal or composite material. Examples of composite structures
include honeycomb panels, clad plate, electrical contacts, sleeve
bearings, carbide-tipped drills or lathe tools and weldments
constructed of two or more different alloys.
Composite video : Analog VOR receiver output before processing.
Composites: Structural materials of metal alloys or plastics with
built-in strengthening agents, e.g. carbon fibers.
Composition: Composition may be defined as the combination of
some different things. it may be the combination of air and fuel in
case of engine.
Composition : The elements or chemical components that make up
a material and their relative proportions.
Composting: The natural biological decomposition of organic
material in the presence of air to form a humus-like material.
Compound: In chemistry, a distinct substance formed by the
combination of two or more elements in definite proportions by
weight and possessing physical and chemical properties different
from those of the constituent elements. In petroleum processing,
generally connotes fatty oils and similar materials foreign to
petroleum, added to lubricants to impart special properties; such
lubricants are known as “compounded oils.”
Compound: The mixture of rubber or plastic with other materials
combined to give the desired properties when used in the
manufacture of a product.
Compound Compact: A powder metallurgy compact consisting of
mixed metals, the particles of which are joined by pressing, sintering
or both, with each metal particle retaining substantially its original
composition.
Compound Die: Any die designed to perform more than one
operation on a part with one stroke of the press, such as blanking
and piercing, in which all functions are performed simultaneously
within the confines of the blank size being worked.
Compound Gauge: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for
'zero' psi at atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will
continue to indicate the level of pressure above or below
atmospheric pressure.
Compound gauge: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for
`zero' psi at atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will
continue to indicate the level of pressure above or below
atmospheric pressure.
Compound gauge : Instrument for measuring pressures both above
and below atmospheric pressure.
Compound refrigerating systems : System which has several
compressors or compressor cylinders in series. The system is used
to pump low pressure vapors to condensing pressures.
Compound : They are chemically combined elements with definite
proportions of the component elements.
Comprehensive insurance: Vehicle insurance that cover damage
other than that caused by a collision with another vehicle or object.
Compressibility: The ease which a fluid may be reduced in volume
by the application of pressure, depends upon the state of the fluid as
well as the type of fluid itself.
Compressibility: The change in volume of a unit of fluid when
subjected to a unit change of pressure. Typical hydraulic fluids
exhibit compressibility at very high pressures, and compressibility
may strongly affect frequency response in servo systems.
Compressibility: The change in volume of a unit of fluid when it is
subjected to a unit change in pressure (in' / lb).
Compressibility: The change in volume of a unit of fluid when it is
subjected to a unit change in pressure (in2/lb).
Compression: The name used to describe the change in pressure
in a hydraulic system from low pressure to an elevated pressure.
Normally the change in pressure is made in a controlled amount of
time to cause an even application of energy into the system. See
DECOMPRESSION.
Compression ignition engine: The diesel engine is known as the
compressed ignition engine because of the ignition takes place due
to high temperature and pressure in this engine. No spark plug is
used to ignite the fuel. The pressure in CI engine reaches up to
Compression ratio: Raito of the volume of the cylinder with the
piston a bottom dead center to that when piston is at top dead
center.
Compression ratio: The ratio of (i) the volume of a vehicles engine
cylinder with its piston at bottom dead center to (ii) the volume of the
same cylinder with its piston at top dead center.
Compression ratio: Ratio of the volume of the clearance space to
the total volume of the cylinder. In refrigeration it is also used as the
ratio of the absolute low-side pressure to the absolute high-side
pressure.
Compression Ratio (Powder Metallurgy): The ratio of the volume
of the loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it.
compression rings: The top mounted piston rings used to seal the
air fuel mixture and compression pressure.
Compression set: The deformation remains in rubber after it has
been subjected to and released from a specific compressive stress
for a definite period of time at a prescribed temperature.
Compression Set (Elastomer): The deformation that remains in an
elastomer after it has been subjected to and released from a
compressive stress for a period of time. Compression set
measurements are used to evaluate the creep and stress relaxation
properties of rubber.
Compression stroke: It is the second stroke of four stroke engines.
In this stroke piston moves from BDC to TDC. Both valves remain
closed. Piston compresses the fuel mixture in compression ratio. At
the end of the stoke spark produces from spark plug. Which burn
fuel.
Compression Test: Imposing a dead load on a small cylindrical test
piece to determine compressive strength, expressed in pounds per
square inch.
Compression Test: Imposing a dead load on a small cylindrical test
piece to determine compressive strength, expressed in pounds per
sq. in.
Compression : Term used to denote increase of pressure on a fluid
by using mechanical energy.
Compression, adiabatic: Is compressing a gas without removing or
adding heat.
Compressive Strength: The maximum compressive stress that a
material is capable of developing, based on original area of cross-
section. In the case of a material which fails in compression by a
shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite
value. In the case of materials which do not fail in compression by a
shattering fracture, the value obtained for compressive strength is an
arbitrary value depending upon the degree of distortion that is
regarded as indicating complete failure of the material.
Compressive Strength: The maximum compressive stress that a
material is capable of developing, based on original area of cross
section. In the case of a material which fails in compression by a
shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite
value. In the case of materials which do not fail in compression by a
shattering fracture, the value obtained for compressive strength is an
arbitrary value depending upon the degree of distortion that is
regarded as indicating complete failure of the material.
Compressive Stress: A stress that causes an elastic body to
deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with
tensile stress.
Compressor: Compressor is an engine driven device to compress
refrigrent and causes it to flow the air-conditioning system.
Compressor displacement: Volume, in cubic inches, represented
by the area of the compressor piston head or heads multiplied by the
length of the stroke.
Compressor seal: Leak proof seal between crankshaft and
compressor body in open type compressors.
Compressor surging: An instability of air flow with axial compressor
on the first stages of these compressors. Air flow might even be
reversed that point.
Compressor turbine : in terms of a gas turbine arrangement, it is
the turbine which drives the compressor only.
Compressor : Pump of a refrigerating mechanism which draws a
low pressure on cooling side of refrigerant cycle and squeezes or
compresses the gas into the high-pressure or condensing side of the
cycle.
Compressor : The pump which provides the pressure differential to
cause fluid to flow and in the pumping process increases pressure of
the refrigerant to the high side condition. The compressor is the
separation between low side and high side.
Compressor, clearance pocket : Small space in a cylinder from
which compressed gas is not completely expelled. This space is
called the compressor clearance space or pocket. For effective
operation, compressors are designed to have as small a clearance
space as possible.
Compressor, rotary blade : Mechanism for pumping fluid by
revolving blades inside cylindrical housing.
Compressor, single-stage : Compressor having only one
compressive step between low-side pressure and high-side
pressure.
Computational fluid dynamics (cfd): The science of
using supercomputers to solve complex mathematical equations that
predict how an object like anaircraft responds to the air flowing
around it. CFD is a toolof aeronautics that enables engineers to "fly
an aircraft in a computer."
Computer: An electronic machine that receives, processes and
presents data. A computer can be programmed to perform
complicated tasks, like solving complex mathematical equations or
controlling a flight simulator.
Computer Aided Design: Computer Aided Design (CAD), also
referred to as Computer Aided Drafting, refers to the use of
computer software to create 2D or 3D drawings and models. CAD
software allows the user to define proper object dimensions, create
assembly models, and export information necessary for
manufacturing and inspection processes. There are many different
CAD software suppliers worldwide, with a wide variety of software
capabilities and customization options.
Computer cycle : In a periodic, cyclical computer system, the most
basic, fastest timing loop
Computer torque control: Computer torque control is an ECU
operated program which changes the torque while change in BBM of
engine, It controls the engine torque and power.
Concave: A curved depression in the surface of an object.
Concave: A curved depression in the surface of an object.
Concentrate: A fine powder-like intermediate product between ore
and metal, from which much of the waste mineral has been
eliminated, leaving a much higher concentration of the required
mineral than in the original ore. Equipment used is known as a
concentrator.
Concentration: (1) The mass of a substance contained in a unit
volume of sample, for example, grams per liter. (2) A process for
enrichment of an ore in valuable mineral content by separation and
removal of waste material or gangue.
Concentration Cell: An electrolytic cell, the electromotive force of
which is caused by a difference in concentration of some component
in the electrolyte. This difference leads to the formation of discrete
cathode and anode regions.
Concentration Polarization: That portion of the polarization of a
cell produced by concentration changes resulting from passage of
current through the electrolyte.
concentric: Perfectly round; the relationship of two round part on
the same center.
Concentric: Accurately centered or having a common center.
Concentricity: Concentricity is the quality of having the same
centre, A roundness of the 2 dimensional figure. It is opposite of
eccentricity that has different centre.
Concentricity: The uniformity of hose wall thickness as measured in
a plane normal to the axis of the hose.
Concentricity (Bearings): The uniformity of journal (or bearing)
thickness measured in a plane normal to the axis of the journal; also
used to describe the inside diameter axial exactness of a bore or the
hole of the hose.
Concrete Filler Sealant: Concrete filler sealant is a repair
compound used to fill and seal cracks and small holes in concrete.
The most common type of filler sealant is latex-based caulking;
however, epoxy sealants may also be used for repair projects.
Silicon is often added to the filler in order to improve adhesion and
water resistance.
Concrete Reinforcement Wire Rods: Smooth wire rods without re-
bar type surface deformations. They are produced from steel of
chemical compositions selected to meet the mechanical properties
as described in ASTM A615 for Grade 40 and Grade 60 or ASTM
A615M for Grade 300 and Grade 400. These rods are produced in
coils.
Concrete Stabilization: Concrete stabilization is a construction
repair service that addresses the failure of a concrete structure,
specifically the shifting of concrete slabs. Concrete stabilization
typically focuses on the injection or insertion of supplemental
materials to help fortify the underlying substrate on which the
concrete rests.
Concurrent Heating: The application of supplemental heat to a
structure during a welding or cutting operation.
Concurs: Concur is act together to a common end or single effect. It
is kind of force which tries to focus on priorities.
Condensate polisher : A device used to clean the returning
condensate to the boiler feedwater system.
Condensate pump : Device to remove water condensate that
collects beneath an evaporator.
Condensate : The liquid formed by condensation of a vapor. In
steam heating, water condensed from steam; in air conditioning,
water extracted from air, as by condensation on the cooling coil of a
refrigeration machine.
Condensation: Condensation is a process in which the vapor of
water present in atmosphere or air changed into liquid water rain and
clouds formation is caused by condensation of water vapour in the
air or atmosphere condensing into a liquid state.
Condensation: Change of a substance to a denser form, such as
gas to a liquid. The opposite of evaporation.
Condensation -: Process of changing a vapor into liquid by
extracting heat. Condensation of steam or water vapor is effected in
either steam condensers or dehumidifying coils, and the resulting
water is called condensate.
Condense : Action of changing a gas or vapor to a liquid.
Condenser: Condenser is a instrument which is used to distillation
of the water vapor passing through the tube its purpose for using
cooling anything.
Condenser tube: The heat transfer surface in a condenser.
Condenser Tubes: Tubes used in the conversion of a vapour into a
liquid by cooling.
Condenser : An apparatus used to transfer heat from a hot gas,
simultaneously reducing that gas to a liquid.
Condenser-water system : A re-circulating cooling water used as a
heat transfer fluid for the condensation of a gas.
Condensing temperature -: The temperature at which the
condensing gas is returned to a liquid at the same pressure.
Condensing turbine: With this turbine, the steam exhausts to the
condenser and the latent heat of the steam is transferred to the
cooling water. The condensed steam is returned to the boiler as
feedwater.
Condensing unit: Part of a refrigerating mechanism which pumps
vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it, liquefies it
in the condenser and returns it to the refrigerant control.
Condensing unit service valves : Shutoff valves mounted on
condensing unit to enable service technicians to install and/or
service unit.
Condensing unit, refrigerant : An assembly of refrigerating
components designed to compress and liquefy a specific refrigerant,
consisting of one or more refrigerant compressors, refrigerant
condensers, liquid receivers (when required) and regularly furnished
accessories.
Condition Monitoring: The use of specialized techniques that
monitor the condition of equipment and detect the onset of failure in
sufficient time to plan a maintenance intervention that prevents
failure; these techniques include lubricant analysis, vibration
analysis, thermography, motor current signature analysis, NDT
surface inspections, ultrasonics, acoustic emission and process
data.
Conditional use permit : See Use Permit
Conditioning: The exposure of a specimen under specified
conditions, e.g., temperature, humidity, for a specified period of time
before testing.
Conditioning Heat Treatment: A preliminary heat treatment used to
prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat
treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment
must be specified.
Conductance, electrical : The reciprocal (opposite) of resistance
and is the current carrying ability of any wire or electrical component.
Resistance is the ability to oppose the flow of current.
Conductance, surface film : Time rate of heat flow per unit area
under steady conditions between a surface and a fluid for unit
temperature difference between the surface and fluid.
Conduction: The transfer of heat from one substance to another by
direct contact. Denser substances are better conductors; the transfer
is always from warmer to colder substances.
Conduction -: Transfer of heat by direct contact.
Conductive: The ability to transfer electrical potential.
Conductivity: The ability of a substance to transmit heat, light or
electricity. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity,
making it useful in a wide range of electrical and heat-exchanging
applications.
Conductivity (electrical) : The ability of a liquid to conduct an
electrical current and indicating the presence of cat ions and anions.
Conductivity is usually expressed in Micromos per cm.
Conductivity (thermal) : The time rate of heat flow through unit
thickness of an infinite slab of homogeneous material in a direction
perpendicular to the surface, induced by unit temperature difference.
(W/m · K)
Conductivity meter -: An electric instrument used to measure the
conductivity of water to determine its content of dissolved solids.
Conductivity, thermal : The time rate of heat flow through unit area
and unit thickness of a homogeneous material under steady
conditions when a unit temperature gradient is maintained in the
direction perpendicular to area. Materials are considered
homogeneous when the value of the thermal conductivity is not
affected by variation in thickness or in size
Conductor: Substance or body capable of transmitting electricity or
heat.
Conductor ampacity: The maximum number of amperes that an
electrical conductor can safely carry continuously.
Conductors, Bridge: The electrical conductors located along the
bridge girder(s) to provide power and bridge crane control circuits to
the trolley. (Sometimes incorrectly called trolley conductors).
Conductors, Enclosed: A bar used to transmit an electrical current,
enclosed in a non-conducting material to minimize accidental contact
with the conductor.
Conductors, Open: A bar used to transmit an electrical current.
Conductors, Runway (Main): The electrical conductors located
along a crane runway that transmit bridge crane control signals and
power to the crane.
Conduit : A round cross-section electrical raceway, of metal or
plastic.
Cone: The conical part of an oxyfuel gas flame next to the orifice of
the tip.
Cone Angle: The angle that the cutter axis makes with the direction
along which the blades are moved for adjustment, as in adjustable-
blade reamers where the base of the blade slides on a conical
surface.
Cone clutch: Cone clutch is Automotive vehicle clutch which is used
for engaging or disengaging the power from engine to transmission
system, Clutch with the frictional surface are cone shaped.
Cone Pulley: A one-piece stepped pulley having two or more
diameters.
Conformal Coating: A coating that covers and exactly fits the shape
of the coated object.
Congealer -: Also known as freezer.
Congruent Melting: An isothermal or isobaric melting in which both
the solid and liquid phases have the same composition throughout
the transformation.
Congruent phosphate control -: Similar as a coordinated
phosphate control but more restrictive where the equilibrium is based
on maintaining a ratio of 2.6 Na/1.0 PO4, instead of 3.0/1.0 PO4.
Congruent Transformation: An isothermal or isobaric phase
change in which both of the phases concerned have the same
composition throughout the process.
Conifer: An evergreen, cone-bearing tree, as a fir or pine.
Conjugate Action (Gears): Transmission of uniform rotary motion
from one shaft to another by gear teeth, where the normals
(perpendiculars) to the tooth profiles at all possible points of contact
pass through a fixed point, known as the pitch point, in the common
centerline between the two shafts.
Conjugate Phases: In microstructural analysis, those states of
matter of unique composition that coexist at equilibrium at a single
point in temperature and pressure. For example, the two coexisting
phases of a two-phase equilibrium.
Connected load -: The sum of all loads on a circuit. (1) Connection
in ParallelSystem whereby flow is divided among two or more
channels from a common starting point or header. (2) Connection in
SeriesSystem whereby flow through two or more channels is in a
single path entering each succeeding channel only after leaving the
first or previous channel.
Connecting rod: Connecting rod is that rod which transmit
reciprocating motion to rotary motion and vice varsa.
Connector: A mechanical device used to attach two pieces of tubing
together or to attach a piece of tubing to a component.
Consistency (Grease): Describes the hardness of a grease (its
resistance to deformation), indicating relative softness or hardness
with the application of force. Test method ASTM D 217 measures the
extent of penetration of a cone under a fixed load and for a specific
interval: the greater the penetration, the softer the grease. Using this
method, NLGI grades the softest grease (deepest penetration) as
000, the hardest as 6.
Consol : a kind of low or medium frequency long range navigational
aid
Console: Console is scientific instrument which consist of display in
an input device that is operated, can be used to monitor or
controlling device.
Console: A storage area located in a vehicles dash or headliner,
between seats or underneath the seats.
Consolidators: Third party distributors of airfares, usually to travel
agents and travel product wholesalers. The fares are usually
discounted compared to the ‘published’ fares set by airlines.
Consolidators rarely sell direct to consumers.
Constant Communication: Uninterrupted, constant and deliberate
verbal communication between signal person and crane operator
with no pause in communication longer than two (2) seconds when
the signal person is not in direct View of the crane operator.
Constant mesh gearbox: Constant mesh gear box in which all the
gears are already meshed with one another as opposite to sliding
mesh gear box. In this gear box gears allready meshed with a small
gear which controlled by a liver for shifting gears that small gears are
known as dog clutch.
Constant pressure: The term means to fixed and invariable or the
incessan, A theoretical or practical quantity or property or body that
is consider in variable threw out a particle series of calculation of
experiment.
Constant pressure process: Constant pressure process is a
thermodynamic process in which the pressure stays constant. It is a
process is one in which a gas does work at constant pressure, while
an isochoric process is one in which volume is kept constant.
Constant velocity: A motion that does not change in speed and not
in direction consent velocity means that the object or body moving in
a direction with constant speed.
Constant velocity joint: It is a mechanical coupling use transmitting
power one shaft to another shaft at any operation angle.
Constant volume: Other name of constant volume isotropic
pressure, the addition or removal of heat will lead to a change in the
temperature and pressure of the gas.
Constant volume process: Other name of constant volume
pressures isochoric pressure, the addition or removal of heat will
lead to a change in the temperature and pressure of the gas.
Constantan: A group of copper-nickel alloys containing 45 to 60%
copper with minor amounts of iron and manganese and
characterized by relatively constant electrical resistivity irrespective
of temperature; used in resistors and thermocouples.
Constant-speed propeller: One which governs an engine at its
optimum speed, the blade pitch being increased or decreased
automatically to achieve this result.
Constellation: A group of stars that make a shape, often named
after mythological characters, people, animals, and things.
Constituent: A necessary part or element; component.
Constitute: A phase, or combination of phases, that occurs in a
characteristic configuration in a microstructure.
Constitution Diagram: A graphical representation of the
temperature and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system
as they actually exist under the specific conditions of heating or
cooling (synonymous with phase diagram). A constitution diagram
may be an equilibrium diagram, an approximation to an equilibrium
diagram, or a representation of metastable conditions or phases.
Compare with equilibrium diagram. (see Equilibrium Diagram)
Constitutional Diagram: A graphical representation of the
temperature and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system
as they actually exist under specific conditions of heating and cooling
(synonymous with phase diagram). A constitutional diagram may be,
or may approximate, and equilibrium diagram, or may represent
metastable conditions or phases. Compare equilibrium diagram.
Constrain: Any restriction that limits the transverse contraction
normally associated with a longitudinal tension and that hence
causes a secondary tension in the transverse direction usually used
in connection with welding. Contrast with restraint.
Constrictor -: Tube or orifice used to restrict flow of a gas or a
liquid.
Consumable Electrode: A general term for any arc welding
electrode made chiefly of filler metal. Preferred specific names
include covered electrode, bare electrode, flux-cored electrode and
lightly coated electrode.
Consumable-electrode Remelting: A process for refining metals in
which an electric current passes between an electrode made of the
metal to be refined and an ingot of the refined metal that is contained
in a water-cooled mold. As a result of the passage of electric current,
droplets of molten metal form on the electrode and fall to the ingot.
The refining action occurs from contact with the atmosphere,
vacuum or slag through which the drop falls. See also electroslag
remelting and vacuum arc remelting. (see Electroslag
Remelting) (see Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR))
Consumption: Measures the physical use of steel by end-users.
Steel consumption estimates, unlike steel demand figures, account
for changes in inventories. Apparent Supply — Derived demand for
steel using AISI reported steel mill shipments plus Census Bureau
reported imports, less Census Bureau reported exports. Domestic
market share percentages are based on this figure, which does not
take into account any changes in inventory.
Consumption: Measures the physical use of steel by end users.
Steel consumptionm estimates, unlike steel demand figures, account
for changes in inventories. Apparent Supply. Derived demand for
steel using AISI reported steel mill shipments plus Census Bureau
reported imports, less Census Bureau reported exports. Domestic
market share percentages are based on this figure, which does not
take into account any changes in inventory.
Cont : Teledyne-Continental (engine mfgr.)
Contact breaker: A contact breaker is small electronics device. It is
a kind of switch find in distributer of ignition system the current
flowing in the circuit of spark plug.
Contact Corrosion: When two disimiliar metals are in contact
without a protective barrier between them and they are in the
presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created. The degree of
corrosion is dependent on the area in contact and the electro-
potential voltage of the metals concerned. The less noble of the
metals is liable to be attacked, i.e., zinc will act as a protector of steel
in sea water whereas copper or brass would attack the steel in the
same environment.
Contact Corrosion: When two disimiliar metals are in contact
without a protective barrier between them and they are in the
presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created. The degree of
corrosion is dependent on the area in cantact and the electro
potential voltage of the metals concerned. The less noble of the
metals is liable to be attacked, i.e. zinc will act as a protector of steel
in sea water wheras copper or brass wo;; attack the steel in the
same enviroment.
Contact digitizer : A mechanical device that converts analog
information to digital codes by means of electrical contacts.
Contact Fatigue: Cracking and subsequent pitting of a surface
subjected to alternating Hertzian stresses such as those produced
under rolling contact or combined rolling and sliding. The
phenomenon of contact fatigue is encountered most often in rolling-
element bearings or in gears, where the surface stresses are high
due to the concentrated loads and are repeated many times during
normal operation.
Contact Patch: The area in which the tyre is in contact with the road
surface. Also called footprint.
Contact Plating: A metal plating process wherein the plating current
is provided by galvanic action between the work metal and a second
metal without the use of an external source of current.
Contact points: A contact point is a point where two points meets or
gets attached with other one. The connection between contact
breakers with contact points.
Contact Potential: In corrosion techology, the potential difference at
the junction of two dissimilar substances.
Contact Ratio (Gears): Measure of the extent to which more than
one tooth carries the load; for spur gears, this should be no less than
1:2-1:4, i.e., 20-40% of the time.
Contact Rolls: Metal rolls that are used in the chemical treatment
area. Electricity goes through these rolls.
Contact Rolls: Metal rolls that are used in the chem. treat area.
Electricity goes through these rolls.
Contactor: An electromechanical device for opening and closing an
electric power circuit.
Contactor, Magnetic: An electromagnetic device for opening and
closing an electric power circuit.
Container: In extrusion: the strong chamber in an extrusion press
that holds the billet while it is extruded through a die at one end,
under pressure from a ram entering at the other end.
Container: In extrusion: The strong chamber in a extrusion press
that holds the billett while it is extruded through a die at one end,
under pressure from a ram entering at the other end.
Contamination: Radioactive deposition of radioactive material in
any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where
its presence may be harmful.
Contamination: 1) Radioactive deposition of radioactive material in
any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where
its presence may be harmful. The harm may be in vitiating the
validity of an experiment or a procedure, or in actually being a
source of danger to personnel, 2) presence of small percentages of
deleterious elements in an alloy adversely affecting the alloy's
mechanical properties and/or casting soundness.
Contamination: Any material foreign to a hydraulic fluid that has a
harmful effect on its performance in a system. Contaminants may be
solid particles, liquids or gases.
Contamination : The introduction into water of microorganisms,
chemicals, toxic materials, waste water in a concentration that
makes the water unfit for its next intended use.
Contango: Market condition where the spot price is less than the
three month delivery price. This is considered the normal market
state because the costs of storing and shipping metal are assumed
to be higher in three months than at present (See Backwardation).
Continental crust: The layer of the Earth that lies under continents
and the continental shelves. It ranges in thickness from 35 to 60 km.
Its upper layer has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and is composed of rocks
that are rich in silica and alumina.
Continental plate: A thick continental crust.
Continental shelves: Those parts of the continent that are covered
by water. They are several to more than 322 km wide and about 122
m deep. At the edges of the shelves, the continental slopes drop
rapidly from 100 to 200 m to 3000 to 3700 m.
Continental slopes: See continental shelves.
Continuity: Instrument setup to check wiring circuit connectors, or
switches for breakers or short circuits.
Continuity Testers: A continuity tester is an electrical measurement
device that checks to see if an electical path is complete, or
continuous, from one point to another. A continuity tester uses a
battery or other source to place a voltage in series with the circuit. If
the path is completed and current flows, an LED or other type of
indicator provides feedback to the user.
Continuous Anneal: A process by which the steel is rapidly heated,
soaked and cooled at a confirmed rate by passing the coil at a
relatively high speed through a furnace consisting of numerous
sections.
Continuous Anneal: A process by which the steel is rapidly heated,
soaked and cooled at a confirmed rate by passing the coil at a
relatively high speed through a furnace consisting of numerous
sections.
Continuous Annealing Furnace: Furnace in which castings are
annealed or heat treated by passing through different zones at
constant temperatures.
Continuous Blow Down: (Continuous Concentration) The process
of removing undesired solids from the boiler feed water at the upper
drum by means of a skimming header. Chemical analysis of the blow
down establishes treatment needs and helps maintain optimum feed
water quality.
Continuous Blowdown: (Continuous concentration). The process
of removing undesired solids from the boiler feed water at the upper
drum by means of a skimming header. Chemical analysis of the
blowdown establishes treatment needs and helps maintain optimum
feedwater quality.
Continuous Caster: A machine used to continuously cast steel with
no interruptions or intermediate operation.
Continuous Casting: The process pursuant to which molten steel is
cooled into semi-finished products such as billets, blooms and slabs.
The molten steel is poured at a steady rate from a ladle into a
bottomless mold. As the molten steel enters the water-cooled mold,
it starts to cool into a pliable solid, which can then be cut into
required lengths.
Continuous Cooling Transformation: Set of curves drawn using
logarithmic time and linear temperature as coordinates that define for
each cooling curve of an alloy the beginning and end of the
transfonnation of the initial phase.
Continuous Desulfurization: A process of removing sulfur from
molten ferrous alloys on a continuous basis.
Continuous equation : A mathematical relationship to describe a
function of time, expressed in terms of continuous time; Compare:
difference equation, differential equation, discrete-time equation,
Laplace transform, state-space model, Z transform; See Also: first-
order filter, second-order filter, unit functions for examples;
Continuous Furnace: Furnace, in which the material being heated
moves steadily through the furnace.
Continuous Furnace: Furnace, in which the material being heated
moves steadily through the furnace.
Continuous Mill: A mill composed of several stands of rolls
arranged in tandem, usually so close together that the steel being
rolled is passing through several stands simultaneously.
Continuous Phase: In an alloy or portion of an alloy containing
more than one phase, the phase that forms the matrix in which the
other phase or phases are dispersed.
Continuous Phase: In an alloy or portion of an alloy containing
more than one phase, the phase that forms the background or matrix
in which the other phase or phases are present as isolated volumes.
Continuous Pickling: Passing sheet or strip metal continuously
through a series of pickling and washing tanks.
Continuous Pickling: Passing sheet or strip metal continuously
through a series of pickling and washing tanks.
Continuous Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid
solution in which the precipitate particles grow by long-range
diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous
precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly
throughout the matrix. The usually are randomly oriented, but may
form a Widmanstatten structure. Also called general
precipitation. (see General Precipitation) (see Discontinuous
Precipitation) (see Localized Precipitation)
Continuous Strip Mill: A series of synchronized rolling mill stands
in which coiled flat- rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand)
moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not
width) at each subsequent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon
leaving the final or finishing pass.
Continuous Strip Mill: A series of synchronized rolling mill stands
in which coiled flat rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand)
moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not
width) at each subsequent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon
leaving the final or finishing pass.
Continuous Tapping: A furnace or holding ladle that is made of
discharge molten metal continuously during normal operation.
Continuous Tapping: A furnace or holding ladle that is made of
discharge molten metal continuously during normal operation.
Continuous time (cw) : A radio carrier broadcast that does not have
modulation
Continuous time : Time which can have any point expressed as a
real quantity, without regard for any specific interval or processing
rate; Compare: discrete time;
Continuous Variable Crown System: (C.V.C. System ) Hydraulic
system that supplies the force to all the cylinders associated with
work roll balance and bending and back up roll balance (also
supplies force for work roll shifting).
Continuous Variable Crown System (C.V.C. System): Hydraulic
system that supplies the force to all of the cylinders associated with
work roll balance and bending and backup roll balance (also supplies
force for work roll shifting).
Continuous variable transmission: Continuous variable
transmission (CVT), It is automatic transmission also known as
single speed or step less transmission. CVT can change an infinity
number of effective gear ratio between maximum and minimum
values.
Continuous Weld: Continuously welding one coil to another at the
entry end and splitting off coils of a specific weight at delivery end.
Continuous Weld: Continuously welding one coil to another at the
entry end and splitting off coils of a specific weight at delivery end.
Continuous-type Furnace: A furnace used for heat treating
materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering
one door and being discharged from another.
Contol law : The mathematical definition of a system used to control
or to change the dynamic response of a system;
Contour: The outling of an object.
Contour Forming: See roll forming, stretch forming, tangent
bending and wiper forming. (see Roll Forming) (see Stretch Forming)
(see Tangent Bending)
Contour Machining: Machining of irregular surfaces such as those
generated in tracer turning, tracer boring and tracer milling.
Contour Milling: Milling of irregular surfaces. See also tracer
milling. (see Tracer Milling)
Contract Assembly: Contract assembly is a production and
distribution service in which the assembly service provides the
compilation or assembly of a product and prepares it for delivery.
The contract assembly service is provided in many different
industries, with the exact services and cost structures dictated
primarily by the industry and the services offered.
Contract Manufacturing: Contract manufacturing is the business of
providing manufacturing services on an as-needed basis to other
companies. Contract manufacturing is a form of outsourcing and
allows one company to leverage the expertise and equipment of a
knowledgeable manufactures to create products.
Contract Sales: Steel products committed to customers through
price agreements extending 3 12 months. About one half of all flat
rolled steel is sold on this basis, primarily because the auto
companies sign agreements to cover at least one year's model. Price
increases that the steel mills might announce during the year do not
generally affect the revenues from the contract side of the business.
Contraction: The volume change occuring in metals (except
antimony and bismuth) and alloys on solidification and cooling to
room temperature.
Contraction Cracks: Cracks formed by restriction of the metal while
contracting in the mold; may occur just after solidification (called a
hot tear) or a short time after the casting has been removed from the
mold. (see Hot Tears)
Contraction Cracks: Cracks formed by restriction of the metal while
contracting in the mold; may occur just after solidification (called a
hot tear) or a short time after the casting has been removed from the
mold. See Hot Tears
Contraction Rule: See Shrinkage, Patternmaker's
Contrail : Streaks of condensed water vapor created in the air by
aircraft flying at high altitudes.
Contrails: Condensation trails. Artificial clouds made by the exhaust
of jet aircraft.
Control: A device for regulation of a system or component in normal
operation, manual or automatic. If automatic, the implication is that it
is responsive to changes of pressure, temperature or other property
whose magnitude is to be regulated.
Control: To direct the movements of an aircraft with particular
reference to changes in attitude and speed.
Control: A device used to regulate the function of a unit. 2) A
product of known characteristics which is included in a series of tests
to provide a basis for evaluation of other products.
Control arms: Control arm is also known as A-Arm, Its apart of
automotive suspension, A hinged suspension between chassis and
suspension hub.
Control arms and struts: A moveable arm that is used as part of a
suspension system.
Control handle: the handle that connects the Control lines to the
flyers hand. The design for this item varies greatly, and is usually
made to be adjustable to allow for model trimming, and the precise
adjustment of the controls.
Control handle: the handle that connects the Control lines to the
flyers hand. The design for this item varies greatly, and is usually
made to be adjustable to allow for model trimming, and the precise
adjustment of the controls.
Control horn: A fixture attached to a control surface at which cables
or rods are attached and lead back to the cockpit to allow
pilotinduced deflections of of the surfaces to affect changes in the
pitch, yaw and roll attitude of the aircraft.
Control inputs : The controlling influences a pilot exerts on an
aircraft`s control surfaces.
Control line circle: a paved or grass flying area designed
particularly for Control Line flying.
Control line circle: a paved or grass flying area designed
particularly for Control Line flying.
Control point : The value of the controlled variable which the
controller operates to maintain.
Control racing: usually these are multi-airplane events, with more
than one model flying at a time. The course is predetermined by a
given number of laps. Mandatory pit stops are required, and the
competitor posting the fastest time is the winner. A separate crew
member called a "pit man" is required to refuel and restart the
engine.
Control racing: usually these are multi-airplane events, with more
than one model flying at a time. The course is predetermined by a
given number of laps. Mandatory pit stops are required, and the
competitor posting the fastest time is the winner. A separate crew
member called a "pit man" is required to refuel and restart the
engine.
Control rocket: A vernier or other rocket used to control the attitude
of, or slightly change the speed of, a spacecraft.
Control Stool: Stool used to monitor the annealing temperature and
gas stream. A probe is inserted into the test area, and readings are
taken to determine the quality of the annealing process.
Control Stool: Stool used to monitor the annealing temperature and
gas stream. A probe is inserted into the test area, and readings are
taken to determine the quality of the annealing process.
Control surface: One of several movable planes used to control an
aircraft's direction of flight or orientation to the airstream.
Control surface: the term used to describe the moving part of any
flying surface i.e. rudder, ailerons, elevator or flaps.
Control surface balance: There are two types of control surface
balance: aerodynamic and static. See definitions.
Control surface mixing: When two control surface operations are
performed by one pair of surfaces e.g. when aileron and elevator
movement is combined into elevons.
Control surface : Any one of the various moveable portions of the
wings, tail surfaces, or canard.
Control surfaces: Parts of an aircraft that are activated by
the controls to change the airflow around the surfaces of the aircraft.
The changes in airflow cause the aircraft to roll, pitch, or yaw.
Examples of control surfaces are: ailerons, elevators and rudders.
Control surfaces : The moving, pilot-controllable parts of the air-
frame, including flaps, ailerons, rudders and elevators
Control valve -: Valve which regulates the flow or pressure of a
medium which affects a controlled process. Control valves are
operated by remote signals from independent devices using any of a
number of control media such as pneumatic, electric or electro
hydraulic.
Controllability: The finest adjustable increment of a system.
Controllability: The finest adjustable increment of a system.
Controlled airspace : An airspace of defined dimensions within
which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR
flights in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled
airspace is a generic term that covers Class A, Class B, Class C,
Class D, and Class E airspace. Controlled airspace is also that
airspace within which all aircraft operators are subject to certain pilot
qualifications, operating rules, and equipment requirements in FAR
Part 91 (for specific operating requirements, please refer to FAR Part
91). For IFR operations in any class of controlled airspace, a pilot
must file an IFR flight plan and receive an appropriate ATC
clearance. Each Class B, Class C, and Class D airspace area
designated for an airport contains at least one primary airport around
which the airspace is designated (for specific designations and
descriptions of the airspace classes, please refer to FAR Part 71.
Controlled Atmosphere: A type of atmosphere, e.g., a mixture of
nitrogen and hydrogen, which is used in a heat treatment furnace to
prevent unwanted reactions such as oxidation or decarburization
occurring to the work piece.
Controlled Atmosphere: Any gas or mixture of gases that prevents
or retards oxidation and decarburization.
Controlled Atmosphere Furnaces: A furnace used for bright
annealing into which specially prepared gases are introduced for the
purpose of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing
reaction between metal and atmosphere takes place.
Controlled Cooling: Cooling from an elevated temperature in a pre-
determined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal
damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical
properties.
Controlled Cooling: In the production of wire rods, an in-line
method of controlling the cooling rate of the steel rod immediately
after delivery from the rod-finishing mill. Controlled cooling offers the
opportunity to influence rod surface scale and the metallurgical and
physical properties of the steel.
Controlled Cooling: See Cooling, Controlled
Controlled device: One which receives the converted signal from
the transmission system and translates it into the appropriate action
in the environmental system. For examplea valve opens or closes to
regulate fluid flow in the system.
Controlled flexing: Occurs when the hose is being flexed regularly
as in the case of connections to moving components (e.g. platen
presses, thermal growth in pipe work).
Controlled Rolling: A hot-rolling process in which the temperature
of the steel is closely controlled, particularly during the final rolling
passes, to produce a fine-grain microstructure.
Controlled speed (cts) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the longitudinal guidance modes; speed that is being
controlled Typical Units: ft/s, kt; Dimensions: Length / Time;
Controlled-pressure Cycle: A forming cycle during which the
hydraulic pressure in the forming cavity is controlled by an adjustable
cam that is coordinated with the punch travel.
Controller: A name commonly used to describe a computer or an
electronic control module.
Controller -: A device capable of measuring and regulating by
receiving a signal from a sensing device, comparing this data with a
desired value and issuing signals for corrective action.
Controller altitude (ctalt) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the vertical guidance modes; altitude that is being
controlled Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Controllers: Devices that are used to control the flow of the water
and gas in the sinter machine as well as to control the louvers on the
fans.
Controls: Devices which allow the pilot to direct the movements of
an aircraft. Examples of controls are: rudder pedals that control
the rudders and cause the airplane to yaw; throttles that control
the engines which generate thrust for the airplane; and the control
stick that controls the ailerons and elevators which cause
the airplane to roll and pitch.
Convection: The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in
density. In heat transmission, this meaning has been extended to
include both forced and natural motion or circulation.
Convection: The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in
density. In heat transmission, this meaning has been extended to
include both forced and natural motion or circulation.
Convection: The rising of warm air and the sinking of cool air. Heat
mixes and moves air. When a layer of air receives enough heat from
the Earth's surface, it expands and moves upward. Colder, heavier
air flows under it which is then warmed, expands, and rises. The
warm rising air cools as it reaches higher, cooler regions of the
atmosphere and begins to sink. Convection causes local breezes,
winds, and thunderstorms.
Convection: Atmospheric or oceanic motions that are predominately
vertical and that result in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric
or oceanic properties. Because the most striking meteorological
features result if atmospheric convective motion occurs in
conjunction with the rising current of air (i.e., updrafts), convection is
sometimes used to imply only upward vertical motion.
Convection : The movement of a mass of fluid (liquid or gas)
caused by differences in density in different parts of the fluid; the
differences in density are caused by differences in temperature. As
the fluid moves, it carries with it its contained heat energy, which is
then transferred from one part of the fluid to another and from the
fluid to the surroundings.
Convection, forced : Convection resulting from forced circulation of
a fluid, as by a fan, jet or pump.
Convection, natural : Circulation of gas or liquid (usually air or
water) due to differences in density resulting from temperature
changes.
Convective adjustment: A numerical procedure applied in many
atmospheric models to approximate the vertical nonradiative heat
transport. This procedure adjusts the lapse rate whenever necessary
so that some prescribed critical lapse rate is never exceeded.
Conventional Forging: A forging characterized by design
complexity and tolerances that fall within the broad range of general
forging practice.
Conventional Forging: A forging characterized by design
complexity and tolerances that fall within the broad range of general
forging practice.
Conventional front suspension: Conventional front suspension
may be dependent or independent. Dependent suspension is a solid
suspension use solid axel. Independent suspension is independently
on one wheel their is no linking between any suspension, every
wheel have its own suspension.
Conventional gear : The landing gear arrangement where the
airplane has a main gear and a tail wheel.
Conventional Milling: Milling in which the cutter moves in the
direction opposite to the feed at the point of contact. Contrast with
climb milling.
Conventional theory: The theory that electricity flows from positive
to negative.
Convergence: The quasi-horizontal flow of a fluid toward a common
destination from different directions. When waters of different origins
come together at a point or along a line (convergence line), the
denser water from one side sinks under the lighter water from other
side. The ocean convergence lines are the polar, subtropical,
tropical, and equatorial. Also see divergence.
Convergent nozzle -: Impulse TurbineStationary convergent
nozzles are used for smaller pressure drops where the minimum exit
pressure is 0.577 x the inlet pressure (the critical pressure for
nozzles.) If the exit pressure is less than 0.577 x inlet pressure,
eddy-currents are developed and the exit velocity will be less than
calculated.
Convergent-divergent nozzle: Impulse TurbineStationary
convergent-divergent nozzles prevent eddy-currents and the
calculated velocity will be obtained even at large pressure drops.
Conversion Coating: The chemical treatment film applied to the
steel or metallic coated sheet prior to painting.
Conversion Cost: Resources spent to process material in a single-
stage, from one type to another. The costs of converting iron ore to
hot metal or pickling hot-rolled coil can be isolated for analysis.
Conversion Cost: Resources spent to process material in a single
stage, from one type to another. The costs of converting iron ore to
hot metal or pickling hot rolled coil can be isolated for analysis.
Converter: A furnace in which air is blown through a bath of molten
metal or matte oxidizing the impurities and maintaining the
temperature through the heat produced by the oxidation reaction. A
typical converter is the argon oxygen decarburization vessel.
Converter: A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath
of crude metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities.
Converter/Processor: Demand from steel customers such as
rerollers and tube makers, which process steel into a more finished
state, such as pipe, tubing and cold rolled strip, before selling it to
end-users. Such steel generally is not sold on contract, making the
converter segment of the mills' revenues more price sensitive than
their supply contracts to the auto manufacturers.
Converter/Processor: Demand from steel customers such as
rerollers and tube makers, which process steel into a more finished
state, such as pipe, tubing and cold rolled strip, before selling it to
end users. Such steel generally is not sold on contract, making the
converter segment of the mills' revenues more price sensitive than
their supply contracts to the auto manufacturers.
Convertible: A convertible roof is a style in vehicles body, In this
roof can be convertible between an open air mode and in-closed
mode.
Convertible Jet Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to
drive a fluid or gas from one place to another. A convertible jet pump
is a specialized well pump used to draw from either shallow or deep
wells. The arrangement of a convertible jet pump can be modified to
switch from a shallow well application to a deep well application. The
size of the pump will dictate the maximum depth at which the pump
will work.
Convertible roof: A convertible roof is a style in vehicles body, In
this roof can be convertible between an open air mode and in-closed
mode.
Convertible roof type: The type of convertible roof tops, including
soft tops, hard tops, T-tops, Targa-style tops, and tops that are
manual or power operated.
Convertible wind blocker: Also known as an "aeroboard." An on a
convertible vehicle, the glass or plastic shield that prevents reversion
of high-velocity air as it passes over the low-pressure, low-velocity
air in the passenger compartment.
Convery, Vibratory: A materials-handling device used usually with
shakeout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they
are moved from one place to another in the foundry, and as a
feeding device to regulate materials flow. Operations with vibrational
energy.
Convery, Vibratory: A materials handling device used usually with
shakeout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they
are moved from one place to another in the foundry and as a feeding
device to regulate materials flow. Operations with vibrational energy.
Convex: The curved surface of a cylinder as a sphere when viewed
from the outside.
Convex: The curved surface of a cylindet as a sphere when viewed
from without.
Conveyor: A mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting
materials from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain,
gravity, roller, monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc.
Conveyor: A mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting
materials from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain,
gravity, roller, monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc.
Conveyor Belt: A continuously moving belt used in an automated or
semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to
another.
Conveyor Belt: A continuously moving belt used in an automated or
semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to
another.
Conveyor Belt Splicing: Converyor belt splicing is the process of
joining two or more pieces of converyor belt for the purpose of either
lenghtening or repairing the belt. The splicing process, materials
required, and equipment needed varies and is dependent on the
type of belt being spliced. The two methods of splicing are
mechanical splicing and vulcanization. In mechanical splicing,
hardware such as hinges, plates, or other mechanical connectors
are used to make the splice. Vulcanization is a process that can only
be used on rubber conveyor belts and uses heat, pressure or
chemicals to create a bond between the pieces beigng spliced.
Conveyor Screw: Rotary worm-type blade used to move materials
in automated core and mold making and other continuous sand-
mixing operations.
Conveyor Screw: Rotary worm type blade used to move materials
in automated core and mold making and other continuous sand
mixing operations.
Conveyor, Pallet: A materials-handling device that holds one or
more molds and transports them from the molding station through
pouring to shakeout.
Conveyor, Pallet: A materials handling device that holds one or
more molds and transports them from the molding station through
pouring to shakeout.
Conveyor, Pneumatic Tube: An air-tube means of moving materials
from one place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and
sand and other finely divided materials, such as bentonite.
Conveyor, Pneumatic Tube: An air tube means of moving materials
from on place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and
sand and other finely divided materials, as bentonite.
Conveyor, Roller: A line of conveyance in an automated or
semiautomated foundry which employs a series of steel roller for
moving objects.
Conveyor, Roller: A line of conveyance in an automated or
semiautomated foundry which employs a series of steel roller for
moving objects.
Conveyor, Slat: A materials-handling device built on a continuous
belt of metal slats that move granular materials and castings
throughout a foundry.
Conveyor, Slat: A materials handling device built on a continuous
belt of metal slats that moves granular materials and castings
throughout a foundry.
Conveyors: A conveyor is any mechanical device used to transfer
material from one location to another. Conveyors can be seen in
assembly lines in industrial production plants, package and baggage
handling systems, and in the distribution and processing of solid
materials.
Convoluted: Description of hose or innercore having an annular or
helical ridges
Cook (Anneal) Hours: The number of hours the coils will be heated
in the furnace. Also referred to as soak time.
Coolant: Coolant is cooling agent may be in gasses or liquid form,
This prevents the overheating of any engine or machine. Coolant
observe the heat and releze it into the environment.
Coolant: Also known as "antifreeze." A mixture of water and
ethylene glycol that has both a higher boiling point and a lower
freezing point than plain water.
Coolant: A common term given to the numerous cutting fluids or
compounds used with cutting tools to increase the tool life and to
improve surface finish on the material.
Coolant: A medium, usually a fluid, which transfers heat from an
object.
Coolant (anti-freeze): Coolant is cooling agent may be in gasses or
liquid form, This prevents the overheating of any engine or machine.
Coolant observe the heat and releze it into the environment. Some
anti-freeze adhertives is mixed with coolant for increasing its freezing
point.
Coolant pump: Coolant pump is mechanical electric pump which is
used for pumping action in cooling system.
Coolant recovery reservoir: Coolant recovery reservoir is the tank
where extra coolant is store, cooling system contain some amount of
coolant for overcome with overheating.
Cooled seats: Seats that can direct air from the air conditioning
system through tiny holes in the center section of the seat bottom.
Cooler: The largest of three water coolers surrounding the cinder
notch of a blast furnace.
Cooler: A mechanical device used to transfer heat from a fluid to air
or another fluid. Normally constructed of finned tubes with one fluid
on the inside and the other fluid or air on the outside of the tubes.
See HEAT EXCHANGER.
Cooler : Heat exchanger which removes heat from a substance.
Cooler Machine: A machine used to cool sinters before placing
them on the conveyor belt.
Cooler Machine: A machine used to cool sinters before placing
them on the conveyor belt.
Cooling Cover: A cylindrical cover which is placed over the coils
and the heat cover once the furnace is removed. This cover contains
a fan that aids in the cooling of the coils. The North Anneal has one
cooling cover.
Cooling Curve: A curve showing the relationship between time and
temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample.
Since most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat,
there may be abrupt changes in the slope of the curve.
Cooling Curve: A curve showing the relationship between time and
temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample.
Since most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat,
there may be abrupt changes in the slope of the curve.
Cooling effect, sensible : The difference between the total cooling
effect and the dehumidifying effect, usually in watts.
Cooling effect, total: Difference between the total enthalpy of the
dry air and water vapor mixture entering the cooler per hour and the
total enthalpy of the dry air and water vapor mixture leaving the
cooler per hour, expressed in watts.
Cooling fan & shroud: A mechanically, hydraulically or electrically
driven fan that pulls cooling air through a vehicles radiator; the
shroud forms a direct passage between the radiator and fan,
improving the fans effectiveness.
Cooling Fin: See Cracking Strip
Cooling Lines: The water lines that go to the bearings on a pump to
keep the bearings cool.
Cooling Lines: The water lines that go to the bearings on a pump to
keep the bearings cool.
Cooling Rate: The average slope of the time-temperature curve
taken over a specified time and temperature interval.
Cooling Stresses: Residual stresses resulting from non-uniform
distribution of temperature during cooling.
Cooling systems: Cooling system absorb the heat from engine and
release it in the environment, The main modem is liquid for cooling
system.
Cooling Tower: 1. The heat exchanger and everything associated
with it that removes the heat from the coolant used in the cooling
system. This device is located outdoors. 2. Tower in the sheet mill
that suspends the strip that allows the zinc to cool and dry before the
strip contacts any rolls.
Cooling Tower: 1) The heat exchanger and everything associated
with it that removes the heat from the coolant used in the cooling
system. This device is located outdoors. 2) Tower in the Sheet Mill
that suspends the strip that allows the zinc to cool and dry before the
strip contacts any rolls.
Cooling tower : Device for lowering the temperature of water by
evaporative cooling, in which water is showered through a space
through which outside air circulates. A portion of the water
evaporates, its latent heat of vaporization cooling that portion of the
water which does not evaporate.
Cooling Towers: A cooling tower is a heat transfer device used to
remove excess heat from a process and dump it into the air. Cooling
towers come in various shapes and sizes, including large towers
used in energy production plants and smaller rooftop units used in
industrial manufacturing plants.
Cooling Unit: Consists of the cooler and all the devices needed for
the cooler's operation.
Cooling Water: Water that keeps the packing cool on the circulator
and feed water pumps.
Cooling, Controlled: A process of cooling from an elevated
temperature in a predetermined manner used to produce a desired
microstructure to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage
Cooling, evaporative : Involves the adiabatic exchange of heat
between air and water spray or wetted surface. The water assumes
the wet-bulb temperature of the air, which remains constant during
its traverse of the exchanger.
Cooling, regenerative -: Process of utilizing heat which must be
rejected or absorbed in one part of the cycle to function usefully in
another part of the cycle by heat transfer.
Coordinate Measuring Machines - Cmm Software: A coordinate
measuring machine (CMM) is a mechanical device used to measure
the physical dimensions of an object. A CMM is often used in
manufacuring to inspect and record the dimensions of a part for
comparison to the specified dimensions of the object. The CMM is
controlled by software which controls the motion of the measurement
probe along the axes of the machine. An electronic representation of
the part is input into the CMM software and the probe is moved to a
reference location. Once the reference location is established, the
software follows a prescribed inpsection path, probing the surface of
the part at discrete locations and recording the location relative to
the reference point. The CMM software can be specific to the
machine being used or part of a commercial computer aided
design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software package.
Coordinated airport: These are airports where in order to operate
the airport is coordinated, and each airline has been allocated a slot
by an independent coordinator, according to previously established
rules. In Europe all the major airports are coordinated.
Coordinated phosphate control: A treatment to prevent caustic
gauging. Free caustic is eliminated by maintaining an equilibrium
between the sodium and phosphate. Control is based on maintaining
a ratio of 3.0 Na to/1.0 PO4.
Coordinated turn : A combination of control inputs that cause a
maximally efficient turn.
Cope: In casting, the upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or
pattern.
Cope: Upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or pattern.
Cope, False: Temporary cope used only in forming the parting and
therefore not a part of the finished mold
Copi : Communications
Coping Out: The extension of sand of the cope downward into the
drag, where it takes an impression of a pattern.
Copper: Chemical symbol Cu, element number 29 of the periodic
system, atomic weight 63.57. A characteristically reddish metal of
bright luster, highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical
and heat conductivity; melting point 1981°F; boiling point 4327°F;
specific gravity 8.94. Universally and extensively used in the arts in
brasses, bronzes. Universally used in the pure state as sheet, tube,
rod and wire and also as alloyed by other elements and an alloy with
other metals.
Copper Brazing: A term improperly used to denote brazing with a
copper filler metal.
Copper Cake: A byproduct of electrolytic zinc refining, usually
containing a fair amount of cobalt.
Copper Cake: A by product of electolytic zinc refining, usually
containing a fair amount of cobalt.
Copper Strip Test (ASTM D 130 and D 4048): For specific periods
of time at certain temperatures, exposes copper strips to petroleum
products to measure the amounts of copper-corrosive substances
they contain; the darkness of the polished copper strip determines
the extent of corrosion.
Copper, Electrolytic: Copper produced by the electrolysis method.
Copper-accelerated Salt-spray (CASS) Test: An accelerated
corrosion test for some electrodeposits and for anodic coatings on
aluminum.
Coppered Wire: A wire produced by wet drawing with a copper
sulphate or copper tin sulphate solutions for improving drawability.
The colour depends upon the chemical used and the drawing
operation imparts a luster to the wire resulting into improved
appearance and limited corrosion resistance.
Corbel: One or more projecting courses of brick each projecting
beyond the course below.
Cord: The strands of fabric forming the plies or layers of the tyre.
Cords may be made from polyester, rayon, nylon, fibre-glass or
steel.
Core: Inside diameter of a coil.
Core: The innermost layer of a planet or star.
Core: The inner portion of a hose, usually referring to the material in
contact with the medium.
Core Assembly: In casting, a complex core consisting of a number
of sections.
Core Assembly: Putting together a complex core made of a number
of sections.
Core Baking Dielectric: Heating cores to baking temperatures by
means of high frequency dielectric equipment; particularly adapted to
thermo setting resin core binders.
Core Barrel: Pipe-shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is
formed.
Core Barrel: Pipe shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is
formed.
Core Binder: Any material used to hold the grains of core sand
together.
Core Binder: Any material used to hold the grains of core sand
together.
Core Blow: A gas pocket in a casting adjacent to a core cavity
caused by entrapping gases from the core.
Core Blow: A gas pocket in a casting adjacent to a core cavity
caused by entrapping gases from the core.
Core Blower: A machine for making foundry cores using
compressed air to blow and pack the sand into the core box.
Core Box: In casting, a wood, metal or plastic structure containing a
shaped cavity into which sand is packed to make a core.
Core Box, Combination: Core box and core dryers from the same
pattern. One half is used as a half core box and a core drier.
Core Branch: Part of a core assembly.
Core Breaker: A machine for crushing cores or for removing cores
from castings.
Core Cavity: The interior form of a core box that gives shape to the
core. Also, the cavity produced in a casting by use of a core.
Core Cavity: The interior form of a core box that gives shape to the
core. Also, the cavity produced in a casting by use of a core.
Core Collapsibility: The rate of disintegration of the core at an
elevated temperature.
Core Collapsibility: The rate of disintegration of the core at
elevated temperature.
Core Compound: A commercial mixture used as a binder in core
sand.
Core Compound: A commercial mixture used as a binder in core
sand.
Core Crab: An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it
and for convenience in handling.
Core Crab: An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it
and for convenience in handling.
Core Density: 1. Permeability of core. 2. Weight per unit volume.
Core Density: 1) Permeability of core or 2) weight per unit volume.
Core Driers: Supports used to hold cares in shape while being
baked; constructed from metals or sand for conventional baking, or
from plastic material for use with dielectric core baking equipment.
Core Extruder: A special shell core making machine that produces
a continuous length of cores, usually of cylindrical cross section.
Core Filler: Material used in place of sand in the interiors of large
cores — coke, cinder, sawdust, etc., usually added to aid
collapsibility.
Core Filler: Material used in place of sand in the interiors of large
cores coke, cinder, sawdust, etc., usually added to aid collapsibility.
Core Fin: A casting defect, a depression in the casting caused by a
fin on the core that was not removed before the core was set, or by
paste that has oozed out from between the joints.
Core Fin: A casting defect, a depression in the casting caused by a
fin on the core that was not removed before the core was set, or by
paste that has oozed out from between the joints.
Core Float: A casting defect caused by core movement towards the
core surface of the mold, as a result of core buoyancy in liquid steel,
resulting in a deviation from the intended wall thickness.
Core Float: A casting defect caused by core movement towards the
cope surface of the mold, as a result of core buoyancy in liquid steel,
resulting in a deviation from the intended wall thickness.
Core Forging: (1) Displacing metal with a punch to fill a die cavity.
(2) The product of such an operation.
Core Frame: Frame of skeleton construction used instead of a
complete core box in forming intermediate and large cores.
Core Frame: Frame of skeleton construction used instead of a
complete core box in forming intermediate and large cores.
Core Grinder: Machine for grinding a taper on the end of a
cylindrical core or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually
flat face.
Core Grinder: Machine for grinding a taper on the end of a
cylindrical core or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually
flat face.
Core Gum: A pitch material used as a core binder.
Core Gum: A pitch material used as a core binder.
Core Hardness: The ability of a core to resist scratching or
abrasion.
Core Hardness: The ability of a core to resist scratching or
abrasion.
Core Jig: A device for setting core assemblies outside of the mold
and placing the whole assembly in the mold.
Core Knockout Machine: A mechanical device for removing cores
from castings.
Core Knockout Machine: A mechanical device for removing cores
from castings.
Core Lightener: A core material of any size and shape used to
lighten pattern castings and match plates.
Core Loss: A measure of heat produced on electrical grades of
steel. The lower the core loss, the better the electrical properties.
Core Mading Machine: A device to make cores.
Core Maker: A core seat so shaped or arranged that the core will
register correctly in the mold; also termed locator, indicator, register,
telltale.
Core Maker: A core seat so shaped or arranged that the core will
register correctly in the mold; also termed locator, indicator, register,
telltale.
Core Mud: A daubling mixture used to correct defects in cores.
Core Mud: A daubing mixture used to correct defect in cores.
Core Prints: Portions of a pattern that locate and anchor the core in
the proper position in the sand.
Core Refractiveness: The ability of a core to resist breakdown
when exposed to heat.
Core Refractiveness: The ability of a core to resist breakdown
when exposed to heat.
Core Rod: A wire or rod of steel used to reinforce and stiffen the
core.
Core Rod: A wire or rod of steel used to reinforce and stiffen the
core.
Core Sand: Sand for making cores to which a binding material has
been added to obtain good cohesion and permeability after drying.
Usually low in clays.
Core Setting Jig: A device used to help set a core into the mold.
Core Setting Jig/Gauge: A device used to help position a core in
the mold.
Core Shift: A variation from specified dimensions of a cored section
due to a change in position of the core or misalignment of cores in
assembling.
Core Shooter: A device using low air pressure to fluidize the sand
mix which is released quickly in such a way as to force it into a core
box.
Core Spindle: A shaft on which a core barrel is rotated in making
cylindrical cores.
Core Sprayer: A device for spraying a coating on cores.
Core Stickle Template (Sweep): Device of wood or metal to give
shape to certain types of cores or molds.
Core Strainer (Strainer Tub): Baked sand or refractory disc with
uniform size holes through its thickness used to control the
discharge of metal from pouring basins into sprues or to regulate the
flow of metal in gates systems of molds; also to prevent entrance of
dross or slag into the mold cavity.
Core Truck: Truck or carriage used for transporting cores.
Core Vents: 1. Holes made in the core for escape of gas. 2. A metal
screen or slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core
box employed in a core-blowing machine. 3. A wax product, round or
oval in form, used to form the vent passage in a core.
Core Vents: 1) holes made in the core for escape of gas. 2) A metal
screen or slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core
box employed in a core blowing machine. 3) A wax product, round or
oval in form, used to form the vent passage in a core.
Cored Bars: In powder metallurgy, a compact of bar shape heated
by its own electrical resistance to a temperature high enough to melt
its interior.
Coreless Induction Furnace: See Induction Furnace
Coremaker: A craftsman skilled in the production of cores for
foundry use.
Coreolis effect: Dizziness or nausea experienced when an
astronaut in a spinning spacecraft moves his head in the opposite
direction.
Corer, Sag: A decrease in the height of a core, usually accompanied
by an increase in width, as a result of insufficient green strength of
the sand to support its own weight.
Coreroom: Department of the foundry in which cores are made.
COREX: COREX is a coal-based smelting process that yields hot
metal or pig iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or EAF
mills. The process gasifies non-coking coal in a smelting reactor,
which also produces liquid iron. The gasified coal is fed into a shaft
furnace, where it removes oxygen from iron ore lumps, pellets or
sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to the smelting reactor.
Corex: COREX is a coal based smelting process that yields hot
metal or pig iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or EAF
mills. HOWThe process gasifies non coking coal in a smelting
reactor, which also produces liquid iron. The gasified coal is fed into
a shaft furnace, where it removes oxygen from iron ore lumps,
pellets or sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to the smelting reactor.
Coring: A variation of composition between the center and surface
of a unit of structure (such as a dendrite, a grain or a carbide
particle) resulting from non equilibrium growth over a range of
temperature.
Coring Up: Placement of cores chills, and chaplets in mold halves
before closing the mold.
Coriolis acceleration : Tangential acceleration caused by motion on
a radial on a rotating surface, in aviation, it is acceleration in the
earth`s longitudinal direction caused by changing latitude, usually
computed from system state data; Symbols: a sub c; Typical Units:
ft/s-squared, g; Dimensions: Length / Time-squared;
Coriolis effect (coriolis force): The tendency for an object moving
above the Earth to turn to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and
to the left in the Southern Hemisphere relative to the Earth's surface.
The effect arises because the Earth rotates and is not, therefore, an
inertial reference frame.
Coriolis force: The apparent tendency of a freely moving particle to
swing to one side when its motion is referred to a set of axes that is
itself rotating in space, such as Earth. The acceleration is
perpendicular to the direction of the speed of the article relative to
the Earth's surface and is directed to the right in the northern
hemisphere. Winds are affected by rotation of the Earth so that
instead of a wind blowing in the direction it starts, it turns to the right
of that direction in the northern hemisphere; left in the southern
hemisphere.
Corkscrewing : Evasive maneuver adopted by British bombers.
Cornering: Cornering is the lateral force that is parallel to road
surface. This is a force produced by a vehicle tire during slip while
taking a sharp turn.
Cornering brake control: A feature of some antilock brake systems
that proportions and applies brake force in order to prevent
oversteer.
Cornering force: Cornering force is the lateral force that is parallel
to road surface. This is a force produced by a vehicle tire during slip
while taking a sharp turn.
Cornering Force: The force on a turning vehicle’s tyres - the tyre’s
ability to grip and resist side force - that keeps the vehicle on the
desired arc.
Cornering lights: A pair of white driving lights located at the two
front corners of a vehicle designed to aid during cornering.
Corners: Four corners on each boiler where the oil guns and the oil
and steam auto valves for the oil guns are located.
Cornerslick (Inside And Outside Corners): A molder's tool used
for repairing and slicking the sand in molds. Used primarily on Dry
sand and loam.
Corona: The Sun's outer layer. The corona's changing appearance
reflects changing solar activity.
Corona (resistance welding): The area sometimes surrounding the
nugget of a spot weld at the faying surfaces which provides a degree
of solid-state welding.
Corona : British ground transmitter operating at 2.56 MHz based at
Rugby and Leafield. Used to transmit confusing signals over the
German night fighter RT control frequencies
Coronal mass ejection : A huge cloud of hot plasma, expelled
sometimes from the Sun. It may accelerate ions and electrons, and
may travel through interplanetary space as far as the Earth's orbit
and beyond it, often preceded by a shock front. When the shock
reaches Earth, a magnetic storm may result.
Corporate Governance: A system through which the society if
governed and monitored, involves decision-making and relations
with stakeholders, administrative council, board or directors,
independent audit and fiscal council.
Corrected altitude : Measured pressure altitude corrected for
instrumentation errors
Corrective Effective Temperature Chart: A chart on which
information can be plotted resulting in an adjustment temperature
reading more indicative of human comfort.
Corrective Leveling: Capability of a leveling machine to remove or
reduce shape defects across the strip, coil, or sheet, in addition to
flattening lengthwise curvatures. Generally employs 17 to 23 small
diameter rolls with adjustable back ups for varying nest across face
of machine.
Corrion resistance: The ability of metal components to resist
oxidation.
Corrodkote Test: An accelerated corrosion test for electrodeposits.
Corrosion: Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal
by atmosphere, moisture or other agents.
Corrosion: The process of material degradation by chemical or
electrochemical means.
Corrosion Analysis: Corrosion analysis is an engineering service
focused on determining the causes of and solutions for corrosion in a
particular situation. Corrosion analysis may involve chemical
analysis of the corrosion product, corrosion testing, and may include
a corrosion monitoring system.
Corrosion Embrittlement: The severe loss of ductility of a metal
resulting from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not
visually apparent.
Corrosion Fatigue: Fatigue accelerated by simultaneous attack
from a corrosive environment.
Corrosion Fatigue: Effect of the application of repeated or
fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment characterized by
shorter life than would be encountered as a result of either their
repeated or fluctuating stresses alone or the corrosive environment
alone.
Corrosion Index: A number expressing the maximum depth in mills
to which corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a
linear extrapolation of the penetration occurring during the lifetime of
a given test or service.
Corrosion Index: A number expressing the maximum depth in mils
to which corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a
linear extrapolation of the penetration occurring during the lifetime of
a given test or service.
Corrosion Investigation: Corrosion investigation is an engineering
service in which the causes and mechanisms of corrosion are
sought. A corrosion investigation will analyze the type of corrosion,
the corrosive deposits and the resulting effect on the material. These
observations will then be used to try to identify the root cause of the
corrosion and how to prevent or reduce the likelihood of corrosion in
the future.
Corrosion Monitoring: Corrosion monitoring is the process of
watching for the onset and progression of corrosion in a fluid-based
system in order to prevent catastrophic problems resulting from
corrosion-related failure. The process is very common in the marine
industry, in off-shore oil drilling platforms, and in fluid piping systems
where the risk of corrosion is high and the impact is expensive. Due
to the wide range of applications for corrosion monitoring, a wide
range of solutions, measurement methods, and sensors exist.
Corrosion Potential: The potential of a corroding surface in an
electrolyte relative to a reference electrode under open-circuit
conditions.
Corrosion Resistance: The intrinsic ability of a material to resist
degradation by corrosion. This ability can be enhanced by
application of special coatings on the surface of the material.
Corrosion Resistant Linings: Corrosion resistant linings are
special coatings applied to the surface of a pipe or other component
for the purpose of preventing the corrosive breakdown of the
material being lined. The type of coating will vary depending on the
material being covered and the fluid acting as the corrosive agent.
Corrosion Wear: Wear in which chemical or electrochemical
reaction with the environment is significant.
Corrosion : The chemical or electrochemical reaction between a
material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a
deterioration of the material and its properties.
Corrosion, anode: The dissolution of an metal acting as an anode.
Corrosion, atmospheric : The gradual degradation or alteration of
a material by contact with substances present in the atmosphere,
such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sulfur and chlorine
compounds.
Corrosion, biologica: LDeterioration of metals as a result of the
metabolic action of microorganisms. Also often named fouling.
Corrosion, cathodic: Corrosion resulting resulting from a cathodic
condition of a structure usually caused by the reaction of an
amphoteric metal with the alkaline products of electrolysis.
Corrosion, cavitation: A process involving conjoint corrosion and
cavitation.
Corrosion, concentration attack : A form of corrosion caused by
the concentration of caustic or phosphate salts under porous
deposits, generally iron oxide. Sometimes found at welded tubes and
due to steam blanketing.
Corrosion, concentration-cell : Pitting type of corrosion caused by
an electrical potential differential between surfaces of a metal as a
result of deposits or differences in the solution concentration in
contact with the metal.
Corrosion, coupons -: Pre-weighed metal strips installed into fluid
systems for the purpose of monitoring metal losses.
Corrosion, crevice : Localized corrosion of a metal surface at, or
immediately adjacent to an area that is shielded from full exposure to
the environment because of close proximity between metal and the
surface of another metal.
Corrosion, deactivations: The process of prior removal of the
active corrosive constituents, usually oxygen, from a corrosive liquid
by controlled corrosion of expendable metal or by other chemical
means, thereby making the liquids less corrosive.
Corrosion, deposit : (also called poultice corrosion)Corrosion
occurring under or around a discontinuous deposit on a metallic
surface.
Corrosion, effect: A change in any part of the corrosion system
caused by corrosion.
Corrosion, electrochemical: Corrosion that is accompanied by a
low of electrons between cathodic and anodic areas on metallic
surfaces.
Corrosion, embrittlement: The severe loss of ductility of a metal
resulting from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not
visible.
Corrosion, external: A chemical deterioration of the metal on the
fireside of boiler heating surfaces.
Corrosion, fatigue : The process in which a metal fractures
prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and
repeated cyclic loading at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than
would be required in the absence of the corrosive environment.
Corrosion, filiform : Corrosion that occurs under organic coatings
on metals as fine wavy hairlines.
Corrosion, fretting -: A type of corrosion which occurs where
metals slide over each other. Long tubes in heat exchangers often
vibrate, causing metal to metal contact, tube supports etc.. The
metal to metal rubbing causes mechanical damage to the protective
oxide coating.
Corrosion, galvanic : Corrosion of a metal caused by its contact
with a metal of lower activity; this contact results in an electron flow
or current and dissolution of one of the metals.
Corrosion, gaseous : Corrosion with gas as the only corrosive
agent and without any aqueous phase on the surface of the metal.
Also called dry corrosion.
Corrosion, general: A form of deterioration that is distributed more
or less uniformly over a surface.
Corrosion, graphitic : Corrosion of grey iron in which the iron
matrix is selectively leached away, leaving a porous mass of graphite
behind. This type of corrosion occurs in relative mild aquous
solutions and on buried piping.
Corrosion, hot: An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that
results from the combined effect of oxidation and ractions with sulfur
compounds or other contaminants such as chlorides, to form a
molten salt on a metal surface that fluxes, destroys or disrupts the
normal protective oxide. (commonly found in pulp mills)
Corrosion, impingement : A form of erosion-corrosion generally
associated with local impingement of a high velocity, flowing fluid
against a solid surface.
Corrosion, influenced: The corrosion cause by organisms due to
their discharge containing sulfur compounds and the depolarization
with other types of discharge due to the presence of the
microorganisms.
Corrosion, inhibitors : Substances that slow the rate of corrosion.
Corrosion, intercrystaline : -(see intergranular cracking)
Corrosion, intergranular : Localized attack occurring on the metal
grain boundaries. This is commonly found with stainless steels which
have been improperly heat treated.
Corrosion, internal : Usually refers to the internal corrosion and is
considered an electrochemical deterioration of the boiler surface at
or below the water surface.
Corrosion, localized: Non-uniform corrosion of a metal surface
highlighted by spotty or pitting-type corrosion.
Corrosion, localized : Corrosion at discrete sites, for example,
crevice corrosion, pitting, and stress-corrosion cracking.
Corrosion, microbial: (see biological corrosion).
Corrosion, oxygen deficiency: A form of crevice corrosion in which
galvanic corrosion proceeds because oxygen is prevented from
diffusing into the crevice.
Corrosion, potential: The voltage between a corroding metal and a
reference electrode.
Corrosion, poultice: A term used in the automotive industry to
describe the corrosion of vehicle body parts due to the collection of
road salts and debries on ledges and in pockets that are kept moist
by weather and washing.
Corrosion, poultice : (see corrosion, deposit)
Corrosion, protection : Modification of a corrosion system so that
corrosion damage is mitigated.
Corrosion, resistance : The ability of a material to resist
deterioration by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its
environment.
Corrosion, stray current: A form of attack caused by electrical
currents going through unintentional path.
Corrosion, stress corrosion cracking: Material deterioration due
to cracking, by being under static stress either applied or residual.
Corrosion, sweet : The deterioration of metal caused by contact
with carbon dioxide in water.
Corrosion, thermo-galvanic: Corrosion resulting from an
electrochemical cell caused by a thermal gradient.
Corrosion, uniform : The simplest form of corrosion. It attacks all
surfaces exposed to a corrodent.
Corrosion-Resistance: The intrinsic ability of a material to resist
degradation by corrosion. This ability can be enhanced by
application of "special" coatings on the surface of the material.
Corrosive Wear: Wear in which chemical or electrochemical
reaction with the environment is significant. See also oxidative
wear. (see Oxidative Wear)
Corrosive Wear : Wear in which chemical or electrochemical
reaction with the environment is significant.
Corrosive wear -: A material deterioration due to the co-joint action
of corrosion and mechanical action.
Corrosivity: An indication of the corrosiveness of the water of
material. The corrosivity of a water as described by the water’s pH,
alkalinity, hardness, temperature, total dissolved solids, dissolved
oxygen concentration and the Langerier Index.
Corrugated: As a defect. Alternate ridges and furrows. A series of
deep short waves.
Corrugated Plastic: Corrugated plastic is a sheet product made by
extruding plastic such that the resulting sheet has plastic surfaces on
each side with a connective mesh between the two walls. The result
is a lightweight but strong sheet of plastic popular in crafts and in
making plastic containers and signs. Corrugated plastic is usually
made from polypropylene, though other plastics are also used
depending on the required strength and use of the corrugated sheet.
Corrugating: The forming of sheet metal into a series of straight,
parallel alternate ridges and grooves with a rolling mill equipped with
matched roller dies or a press brake equipped with a specially
shaped punch and die.
Corrugations: Transverse ripples caused by a variation in strip
shape during hot or cold reduction in metalforming.
Corten: U. S. Steel trademark name for its type weathering steel
(similar to ASTM A606, Type 4).
COR-TEN: Steels employ a copper-chrome-nickel alloy design that
results in a dense and stable patina in atmospheric exposure. COR-
TEN steels are also often referred to as weathering steels and
copper-bearing steels.
Corundum: Native alumina, or aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring as
rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored
grains. Applied specifically to non-transparent kinds used as
abrasives. It is the hardest mineral except the diamond. Corundum
and its artificial counterparts are abrasives especially suited to the
grinding of metals.
Corundum: Native alumna, or aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring as
rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored
grains. Applied specifically to nontransparent kinds used as
abrasives. It is hardest mineral except the diamond. Corundum and
its artificial counterparts are abrasives especially suited to the
grinding of metals.
Coslettizing: Producing a black, rust-resisting surface on iron and
steel by boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid
and iron fillings.
Coslettizing: Producing a black, rust resisting surface on iron and
steel by boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid
and iron filings.
Cosmic ray: An extremely energetic (relativistic) charged particle.
Cosmic year: The time it takes the Sun to revolve around the
center of the galaxy, approximately 225 million years.
Cosmonaut: The Russian term for an astronaut. A space traveler.
Cospar: The Committee on Space Research (established October
1958).
Cottrell Process: An electrostatic method of removing solid
particles from gases.
Cottrell Process: An electrostatic method of removing solid
particles from gases.
Cotyledon: A leaf or leaves of the embryos of seed plants. They can
function in food storage and can become photosynthetic when the
seed germinates.
Coulometer: An electrolytic cell arranged to measure the quantity of
electricity by the chemical action produced in accordance with
Faraday's law.
Count Rate Meter: A device which gives a continuous indication of
the average rate of ionizing events.
Countdown: A count in inverse numerical order, in hours, minutes
and finally seconds, of time remaining before the launch of a rocket.
Counter Bore: To enlarge the top part of a hole to specific size, as
for the head of a socket head or cap screw. Also the tool that is
used.
Counterbalance Valve: A hydraulic device for restraining a load that
might otherwise fall faster than desired because of gravity.
Counterbalance valve: A valve used to balance the weight of a
machine or dead load by causing a back pressure in the system
cylinders of sufficient magnitude to support the weight. Normally
closed, opened by internal pressure in the counterbalance valve or
from a separate source of fluid, that is connected to the opposite end
of the balanced cylinder.
Counterblow Hammer: A forging hammer in which both the ram
and the anvil are driven simultaneously toward each other by air or
steam pistons.
Counterbore: To enlarge the top part of a hole to a specific size, as
for the head of a socket-head or cap screw. Also the tool that is
used.
Counter-flow heat exchanger : When the fluid to be cooled flows
against the direction of the coolant. In heat exchange between two
fluids, opposite direction of flow, coldest portion of one meeting
coldest portion of the other.
Countershaft: Countershaft is the ideal shaft in transmission system
which carries the gears for meshing purpose.
Countersink: To enlarge the top part of a hole at an angle for a flat-
head screw. Also, the tool that is used.
Countertorque: A method of bridge crane controlling speed by
applying a variable motor torque in the direction opposite to the
direction that the motor is rotating due to being overhauled by the
load.
Coupe: Coupe is type of car body in which two doors are fixed, long
bonnet with little back space, it looks like sedan.
Couple: Two dissimilar conductors in electrical contact. An
electromotive force is created under proper electrolytic influences or
during heating.
Coupled system: Two or more processes that affect one another.
Coupled : Describes operation of flight director in which automatic
flight control system causes flight controls to follow commands from
flight director or errors from guidance
Coupler: A mechanical device on each end of a rail car that is used
to connect one car to another
Coupling: A frequently-used alternative term for “fitting”: a straight
connector for fluid lines; or a large-diameter device that connects the
ends of two shafts, between a motor shaft and a gear drive unit, for
example (these may be either solid or flexible, to allow for
misalignment).
Coupling: A mechanical device used to attach the shaft of an
electric motor or other motive power device to a hydraulic pump.
Coupling: 1) A mechanical device used to attached the shaft of an
electric motor or other motive power device to a hydraulic pump. 2) A
frequently used alternative term for fitting.
Coupon: A piece of metal from which a test specimen is to be
prepared, often an extra piece (as on a casting or forging) or
separate piece made for test purposes (such as test weldment).
Coupon: A piece pf metal from which a test specimen is to be
prepared often an extra piece (as on a casting or forging) or a
separare piece made for test purposes (such as a test weldment)
Course cut limit (cclim). : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes; limits the intercept angle
of the flight path with a desired course, typically 45deg Typical Units:
deg, rad;
Course : Towards a point at a specified course; Compare: direct
Courses: Alternate layers of material in pattern, or brickwork.
Courses: Alternate layers of material in a pattern, or brickwork.
Covalent bond : A bond in which two atoms share pair of electrons.
Cover: A protective blanket laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing
atmosphere and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting.
Neutral covers simply protect metal from atmosphere; reacting
covers contain an agent such as a deoxidizer.
Cover: A protective blanket laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing
atmosphere and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting.
Neutral covers simply protect metal from atmosphere; reacting
covers contain an agent such as a deoxidizer.
Cover: The outer component usually intended to protect the
reinforcement of a hose product.
Cover Core: A core set in place during the ramming of a mold to
cover and complete a cavity partly formed by the withdrawal of a
loose part of the pattern. Also used to form part or all of the cope
surface of the mold cavity. A core placed over another core to create
a flat parting line.
Cover Half: In die casting, the stationary half of the die.
Cover Half: In Die casting, the stationary half of the die.
Cover Plate: The top or bottom plate of a box girder.
Coverboard: The insulated cover above (and in some cases,
behind) the third rail to prevent inadvertent contact with the rail and
to minimize snow and ice accumulation on it. The coverboard also
serves as a third rail locator, especially in yards, when the level of
snow is above the third rail.
Covered Electrode: A filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding,
consisting of a metal core wire with a relatively thick covering which
provides protection for the molten metal from the atmosphere,
improves the properties of the weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The
covering is usually mineral or metal powders mixed with cellulose or
other binder.
Covered Electrode: A filler metal electrode, used in arc welding,
consisting of a metal core vire with a relatively thick covering which
provides protection for the molten metal form the atmosphere,
improves the properties of the weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The
covering is usually mineral or metal powders mixed with cellulose or
other binder.
Covering Power: (1) The ability of a solution to give satisfactory
plating at very low current densities, a condition that exists in
recesses and pits. This term suggests an ability to cover but not
necessarily to build up a uniform coating, whereas throwing power
suggests the ability to obtain a coating of uniform thickness on an
irregularly shaped object. (2) The degree to which a porcelain
enamel coating obscures the underlying surface.
Cowl assembly : A cowl assembly of a car is the front part of
automobile's frame that supports the rear of the hood, windshield,
dashboard, pedals and instruments panel.
Cowl flap: A controllable louvre to regulating airflow through an
engine's cowling.
Cowl : The large molded fairing around an engine. It serves two
purposes when done right: It helps the airflow go smoothly around
the front of the airplane, and also provides a proper path for cooling
air around the engine.
Cowl, cowling: A removable FAIRING around an aircraft engine for
the purposes of streaming or cooling.
Cowling: The name of the fairing which, usually, encloses an
engine.
Cowling : A removable metal covering placed over and around an
airplane`s engine (s)).
Cpdlc : Controller-Pilot Data Link Capability (or Communications)
Cpe: Chlorinated polyethylene; a rubber elastomer.
C-pillar: The third pillar of the car is known as the C pillar. It is the
part of car body. Rear seat belts are mounted on this pillar.
C-pillar: The roof support structure on either side of the rear window
on a typical sedan or coupe. Read more.
Cpl: Commercial Pilot Licence. Commercial pilots may fly for hire or
reward (with some restrictions).
CPL : Commercial Pilots License
CPO: See "Certified pre-owned vehicle."
Cr: (Cold rolling)Rolling steel without first reheating it. This process
reduces thickness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and
makes it easier to machine.
CR (Cold Rolling): Rolling steel without first reheating it. This
process reduces thickness of the steel, produces a smoother surface
and makes it easier to machine.
CR : Class Rating
Crab: See Core Crab
Crab: A pilotinduced modification of the aircraft's attitude to
compensate for crosswind in order to maintain a particular heading.
Crab: A rudder-controlled yawing motion to compensate for a
crosswind in maintaining a desired flight path, as in a landing
approach.
Crack: (1) A fracture type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip
and high ratio of length and width to opening displacement. (2) A line
of fracture without complete separation.
Crack Growth: Rate of propagation of a crack through a material
due to a static or dynamic applied load.
Crack Length (depth): In fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking, the
physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the
stress-intensity factor. For a compact-type specimen, crack length is
measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load
application. For a center-crack tension specimen, crack length is
measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. See
also crack size. (see Crack Size)
Crack Opening Displacement: The opening displacement of the
notch surfaces at the notch and in the direction perpendicular to the
plane of the notch and the crack. The displacement at the tip is
called the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD); at the mouth, it is
called the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). M(aqf+ + 2e-
---+ M(s).
Crack Size: A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a
crack. This measure is conunonly used in the calculation of
quantities descripti ve of the stress and displacement fields. In
practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for
measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective
crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. See
also crack. Length (depth).
Crack, Hot Tear: A rupture occurring in a casting at or just below the
solidifying temperature by a pulling apart of the soft metal, caused by
thermal contraction stresses. See also Quench Crack
Cracked Edges: Discontinuity or cracked condition on the edge of
the strip.
Cracked Edges: Discontinuity or cracked condition on the edge of
the strip.
Cracking: A coating defect consisting of a break in the cured film
which exposes the bare substrate. Cracking usually occurs during
fabrication of the coated plate when the coating is too brittle or the
adhesion is too low.
Cracking: A coating defect consisting of a break in the cured film
which exposes the bare substrate. Cracking usually occurs during
fabrication of the coated plate when the coating is too brittle or the
adhesion is too low.
Cracking: A sharp break or fissure in the surface, generally caused
by strain and environmental issues.
Cracking (Oil): The application of heat and pressure that breaks
down large molecules to form smaller molecules.
Cracking Pressure: The pressure at which a pressure operated
valve begins to pass fluid.
Cracking pressure: The pressure at which a pressure operated
valve begins to pass fluid.
Cracking Strip: A fin of metal molded on the surface of a casting to
prevent cracking.
CRAM : Conditional Route Availability Message
Crambe Oil: A vegetable oil pressed from a seed of Crambe
abyssinica, related to rape and mustard.
Crane: A machine for lifting, lowering and moving a load with the
hoisting mechanism a part of the machine. Cranes may be traveling,
portable, or fixed type.
Crane Girder: (see Bridge Girder)
Crane Service, Heavy: Service that involves operating at 85 to
100% of rated load or in excess of 10 lift cycles/hour as a regular
specified procedure.
Crane Service, Normal: That service which involves operation with
randomly distributed loads within the rated load limit, or with uniform
loads of less than 65% of the rated load, for no more than 15% of the
time of a single work shift for manually operated cranes and 25% of
the time of a single work shift for electrically or pneumatically
powered cranes.
Crane Service, Severe: Service that involves normal or heavy
service with abnormal operating conditions.
Crane, Automatic: A crane which when activated operates through
a preset cycle or cycles.
Crane, Cab-Operated: A crane bridge crane controlled by an
operator in a cab attached to the bridge or trolley.
Crane, Cantilever Gantry: A gantry or semigantry crane in which
the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane
runway on one or both sides.
Crane, Floor-Operated: A crane that is bridge crane controlled by a
means suspended from the crane, operated by a person on the floor
or on an independent platform.
Crane, Gantry: A crane similar to an overhead crane, except that
the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on
two or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway.
Crane, Hot Metal: An overhead crane used for transporting or
pouring molten material.
Crane, Jib: A crane suspended from a jib.
Crane, Manually Operated: A crane whose hoist mechanism is
driven by pulling an endless chain, or whose travel mechanism is
driven in the same manner or by manually moving the load or hook.
Crane, Mobile: A crane supported on structure that rolls on wheels;
may be moved manually or by its own power.
Crane, Outdoor Storage Gantry: A gantry-type crane of long span
usually used for storage of bulk material such as ore, coal, or other
similar items; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or non-rigidly
supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or
hinged cantilever ends.
Crane, Overhead: A crane with a single or multiple girder movable
bridge crane a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on
an overhead fixed runway structure.
Crane, Polar: An overhead or gantry crane that travels on a circular
runway.
Crane, Pulpit-Operated: A crane operated from a fixed operator
station not attached to the crane.
Crane, Remote-Operated: A crane bridge crane controlled by an
operator who is not in a pulpit or in a cab attached to the crane, by
any method other than a means suspended from the crane.
Crane, Semi-Gantry: A gantry with one end of the bridge rigidly
supported on one or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the
other end of the bridge being supported by an end truck running on
an elevated rail or runway.
Crane, Standby: A crane which is not in regular service but which is
used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Crane, Wall Jib: A jib crane mounted on a wall rather than on an
overhead beam.
Cranes, Fixed: Cranes which are non-mobile. Derricks and jib
cranes are classified as fixed cranes.
Cranes, Portable: Cranes having a revolving superstructure with
power plant, operating machinery and boom mounted on a fully
mobile carriage not confined to a fixed path. Crawler, locomotive and
truck cranes are classified as portable cranes.
Crank: Crank is a process which is used for starting the engines. It
is forced by crankshaft to piston with help of connecting rod.
Crank throw:
Crank case scavenging: Crank case scavenging is a process that
make the exit for unwanted pressure in the crankcase. It is a
ventilation process for improving the engine efficiency and controls
engine vibrations.
Crank case ventilation: Crankcase ventilation system is designed
for maintain pressure inside the crankcase, It helps the piston to
completing its strokes smoothly.
Crank Press: A mechanical press whose slides are actuated by a
crankshaft.
Crank radius: When the piston travels from BDC to half of the
cylinder i.e. half of the stroke length it is call crank radius. If r is the
crank radius then r = stroke length divided by 2.
Crankcase: Crankcase is the lower par of an engine which carries
the crankshaft and engine oil in sump. It is completely sealed to
prevent the dust and atmospheric pressure.
Crankcase (engine block): The oil pan and the lower part of engine
together is known as the crankcase. It is used to support the
crankshaft and camshaft in suitable bearing.
Crankcase blow by: Crankcase blow by is not good for
environment, When the unwanted gasses traps in crankcase and
exits from ventilation holes in the form of vapors is known as
crankcase blow by.
Crankcase breather: Crankcase breather is a ventilation system or
a device that allow excessive crankcase pressure to escape.
Crankcase breather: A ventilation system or device that allows
excessive crankcase pressure to escape.
Crankcase depression regulator valve: A valve that prevents
excess pressure from building in the crankcase (which could lead to
oil leakage past the seals).
Crankcase ventilation: Crankcase ventilation also known as CCV,
This is kind of filter that prevents foreign particles from entering the
crankcase.
Crankcase ventilation filter: Crankcase ventilation filter's purpose
is to filter the air and gasses. It prevent dust particles entry from
environment to crankcase.
Crankcase ventilation filter: Also known as the "CCV." A filter that
prevents foreign particles from entering the crankcase.
Cranking: Cranking is the act of engaging the starter by turning the
key in the ignition switch which makes the engine turnover. In the old
days, a hand crank was used to do this.
Cranking circuit : Electrical components and connections required
to crank the engine to start.
Crankshaft: Crankshaft is a major part of any engine, It converts the
reciprocating motion into rotary motion with help of connecting rod, It
also carries connecting rod.
Crankshaft gear: A gear that is pressed on the crankshaft. That is
used to drive a chain or belt which drives the cam shaft gear.
Crankshaft seal : Leak proof joint between crankshaft and
compressor body.
Crash Deck: The impact deck between the discharge of the sinter
machine and the sinter breaker.
Crash test ratings: Ratings that represent a vehicles performance
in various crash tests, published by the organization(s) that conduct
such tests.
Crater: A depression at the termination of a weld bead or in the
molten weld pool in arc welding.
Crater: A round impression left in a planet or satellite from a
meteoroid.
Crater Wear: The wear that occurs on the rake-face of a cutting tool
due to contact with the material in the chip that is sliding along that
face.
Cratering: A coating defect consisting of small, apparently
uncoated, spots of coated plate consisting of a very thin film of
coating which was contaminated by oil, silicone, or foreign matter.
Eyeholing is similar to cratering, but with metal exposure in the
crater.
Cratering: A coating defect consisting of small, apparently
uncoated, spots of coated plate consisting of a very thin film of
coating which was contaminated by oil, silicone, or foreign matter.
Eyeholing is similar to cratering, but with metal exposure in the
crater.
Crawler Excavators: A crawler excavator is a construction machine
used for excavating rock and soil and then loading the material into
trucks or moving it to other locations. The crawler term refers to the
use of a pair of large tracks instead of tires for moving the equipment
around. The boom, or arm of the machine is usually capable of fitting
various attachments to the end in order to accomplish specific jobs
such as digging, breaking, or scooping.
Crawling: A coating defect consisting of a lack of adhesion to, or
dewetting of, the substrate while the coating or ink is wet. The cause
is due to a difference in surface tension of the coating and substrate.
Crawling is also known as cissing and dewetting.
Crawling: A coating defect consisting of a lack of adhesion to, or
dewetting of, the substrate while the coating or ink is wet. The cause
is due to a difference in surface tension of the coating and substrate.
Crawling is also known as cissing and dewetting.
Craze Cracking: Irregular surface cracking of a metal associated
with thermal cycling. The term is more commonly used in the United
Kingdom. In the United States, the checking is preferred. See also
checks. (see Checks)
Craze cracking (or checking): Irregular surface cracking of metal
associated with thermal cycling.
Crazing (Worming): A defect found in pack-hardened tools,
manifested in surface markings.
Crazing (Worming): A defect found in pack hardened tools,
manifested in surface markings.
CRCO : Central Route Charge Office of Euro control
CRE : Class Rating Examiner
Credit score: A number (referred to as a "score"), prepared by a
company in the business of scoring individuals creditworthiness or in
accordance with algorithms it has established, that represents a
judgment as to the individuals creditworthiness and which is based
on an analysis of data reflected in his or her credit report and other
personal information.
Credit tier: The credit "category" in which a consumer is placed by
credit-rating companies, based on the consumers personal credit
history. A consumers credit tier helps predict how financial
institutions will view that consumer as a financial risk (i.e., the
likelihood that he or she will make payments on time and ultimately
repay the loan). Edmunds.com uses five tiers: platinum, gold, silver,
bronze and unclassified. For more information,
visithttp://www.edmunds.com/tmv/about_finance.html.
Credit union: A financial institution that is owned by its account
holders, membership of which is based on specified criteria (for
example affiliation with an employer or union).
Creep: Time dependent permanent strain under stress. This is used
to rate the resistance of a material to plastic deformation under
sustained load.
Creep: Failure of a metal caused by gradual elongation due to
constant stress.
Creep back : The progressive dropping of bombs before the target
was reached.
Creep Limit: (1) The maximum stress that will cause less than a
specified quantity of creep in a given time. (2) The maximum nominal
stress under which the creep strain rate decreases continuously with
time under constant load and at constant temperature. Sometimes
used synonymously with creep strength. (see Creep Strength)
Creep Limit: The maximum stress that will result in creep at a rate
lower than an assigned rate.
Creep Rate: The slope of the creep-time curve at a given time;
deflection with time under a given static load.
Creep Recovery: The time-dependent decrease in strain in a solid
following the removal of force.
Creep Speed: A very slow, constant, continuous, fixed rate of
motion of the hoist, trolley, or bridge: usually established at 1% to
10% of the normal full load speed.
Creep Strain: The time-dependent total strain (extension plus initial
gage length) produced by applied stress during a creep test.
Creep Strength: 1. The constant nominal stress that will cause a
specified quantity of creep in a given time at a constant temperature.
2. The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified creep react
at constant temperature.
Creep Strength: (1) The constant nominal stress that will cause a
specified quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature.
(2) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified creep
react at constant temperature.
Creep strength : The constant nominal stress that will cause a
specified quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature.
Creep strength is expressed as the stress necessary to produce
0.1% strain in 1000 hours.
Creep Stress: The constant load divided by the original cross-
sectional area of the specimen.
Creep Test: A method of determining the extension of metals under
a given load at a given temperature. The determination usually
involves the plotting of time-elongation curves under constant load; a
single test may extend over many months. The results are often
expressed as the elongation (in millimeters or inches) per hour on a
given gage length (e.g., 25 mm or 1 in.).
Creep, dynamic : Creep that occurs under conditions of fluctuating
load or fluctuating temperatures.
Creep-Feed Grinding: A grinding process that produces deeper
cuts at slow traverse rates.
Creeping line search : A pattern of equally spaced parallel lines
followed for searching the ground from an aircraft; Compare:
expanding square search, sector search;
Creep-rupture Embrittlement: Embrittlement under creep
conditions. Failure occurs by intergranular cracking of the embrittled
material.
Creep-rupture Strength: The stress that causes fracture in a creep
test at a given time in a specified constant environment. This is
sometimes referred to as the stress-rupture strength. (see Stress-
Rupture Strength)
Creep-rupture Test: A test in which progressive specimen
deformation and the time for rupture are measured. In general,
deformation is much greater than that developed during a creep test.
Also known as stress-rupture test. (see Stress-Rupture Test)
Crevice Corrosion: Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that
is fully shielded from air, preventing the formation of a passive film.
Crevice Erosion: A type of concentration cell corrosion; corrosion of
a metal that is caused by the concentration of dissolved salts, metal
ions, oxygen, or other gases, and such, in crevices or pockets
remote from the principal fluid stream, with a resultant building up of
differential cells that ultimately cause deep pitting.
Crewmember : means a person assigned to perform duty in an
aircraft during flight time
Cri : Class Rating Instructor
Crib: Network of cast iron used to support the cope when no cope
flask is used.
Crimp diameter: The outside diameter of a crimp collar or socket
measuring the opposite flats after crimping.
Crimped Edge: A damaged edge due to the strip wandering side-to-
side into obstructions as it moves down the line.
Crimped Edge A Damaged: A damaged edge due to the strip
wandering side to side into obstructions as it moves down the line.
Crimper: Tool used to secure a metal clip on the steel band.
Crimper: Tool used to secure a metal clip on the steel band.
Crimping: The forming of relatively small corrugations in order to set
down and lock a seam, to create an arc in a strip of metal or to
reduce an existing arc or diameter. See also corrugating. (see
Corrugating)
Crimping: A fitting attachment method utilizing a number of fingers
or dies mounted in a radial configuration. The dies close
perpendicular to the hose and fitting axis; compressing the collar,
ferrule, or sleeve around the hose.
Crisper: Drawer or compartment in refrigerator designed to provide
high humidity along with low temperature to keep vegetables,
especially leafy vegetablescold and crisp.
Cristobalite: Simplest crystallographic form of SiO2.
Cristobalite: Simplest crystallographic form of SiO2.
Critical: A condition of being in or approaching a state of crisis.
Critical (Temperature)Range: Temperatures at which changes in
the phase of a metal take place. Changes are determined by
absorption of heat when the metal is heated and liberation of heat
when it is cooled.
Critical altitude : means the maximum altitude at which, in standard
atmosphere, it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational
speed, a specified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless
otherwise stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at
which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum continuous
rotational speed, one of the following: (1) The maximum continuous
power, in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same
at sea level and at the rated altitude. (2) The maximum continuous
rated manifold pressure, in the case of engines, the maximum
continuous power of which is governed by a constant manifold
pressure
Critical Cooling Rate: The minimum rate of continuous cooling just
sufficient to prevent undesired transformations. For steel, the slowest
rate at which it can be cooled from above the upper critical
temperature to prevent the decomposition of austenite at any
temperature above the Ms.
Critical Cooling Rate: The minimum rate of continuous cooling just
sufficient to prevent undesired transformations. For steel, the slowest
rate at which it can be cooled form above the upper critical
temperature to prevent the decomposition of austenite at any
temperature above the Ms.
Critical Current Density: In an electrolytic process, a current
density at which an abrupt change occurs in an operating variable or
in the nature of an electrodeposit or electrode film.
Critical engine : means the engine whose failure would most
adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft
Critical Flaw Size: The size of a flaw (defect) in a structure that will
cause failure at a particular stress level.
Critical humidity: The relative humidity above which the
atmospheric corrosion rate of some metals increase sharply.
Critical Pitting Potential: The lowest value of oxidizing potential at
which pits can form and grow. The value depends on the test method
used.
Critical point: A point at which the saturated liquid and saturated
vapor states are identical. Also, the latent heat of evaporization is
zero at this point.
Critical Point: (1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in
crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Also termed
transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, the
combination of composition, temperature and pressure at which the
phases of an inhomogeneous system are in equilibrium.
Critical Point: 1. The temperature or pressure at which a change in
crystal structure, phase or physical property occurs. Same as
transformation temperature. 2. In an equilibrium diagram, that
specific value of composition, temperature and pressur, or
combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous
system are in equilibrium.
Critical Point: Temperatures at which internal changes or
transformations take place within a metal either on a rising or falling
temperature.
Critical pressure : The pressure at the critical temperature above
which the fluid no longer has the properties of a liquid, regardless of
further increase of pressure.
Critical Range: A temperature range in which an internal change
takes place within a metal. Also termed Transformation Range.
Critical Range: A temperature range in which an internal change
takes place within a metal. Also termed transformation range.
Critical Shear Stress: The shear stress required to cause slip in a
single crystal, in a designated slip direction on a given slip plane.
Referred to as the critical resolved shear stress if the shear stress
reaches a threshold level.
Critical Shear Stress: The shear stress required to cause slip in a
single crystal, in a designated slip direction on a given slip plane.
Referred to as the critical resolved shear stress if the shear stress
reaches a threshold level.
Critical Strain: A term used in stress corrosion-cracking tests to
indicate the maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress
corrosion cracks.
Critical Strain: A term used in stress corrosion cracking tests to
indicate the maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress
corrosion cracks.
Critical Temperature: The temperature at which a steel transforms
one crystal structure into another because of atom rearrangement.
Critical temperature : That temperature above which the vapor
phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure.
Critical velocity : Maximum velocity is obtained and no further
pressure drop is obtained. (Acoustic Velocity).
Crm : Cockpit Resource Management
Cronak Process: A method of producing a film of chromium salts on
since surfaces to inhibit corrosion.
Croning Process (C Process, Cronizing): A casting process
named after its German developer Johannes Croning. It is a
precision production process using a phenol formaldehyde resin
binder. (see Shell Molding)
Crop: The end or ends of an ingot or rolled product that contain the
pipe or other defects to be cut off and discarded; also termed "crop
end" and "discard".
Crop: The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut
off and discarded.
Crop water-use efficiency: A measure at the ecosystem level of
how well plants use available water in growth. The grams of dry
weight gained by plants during the growing season per unit land area
are divided by the millimeters of water lost (including evaporation
directly from the soil).
Cropping: Cutting off ends of billets ingots or slabs containing pipe
or other defects.
Cropping Shear: A shear which cuts off the parts which are to be
discarded.
Cross Breaks: Creases which appear as parallel lines transverse to
the direction of rolling.
Cross Breaks: 1) Creases which appear as parallel lines transverse
to the direction of rolling. 2) Quality defect on the edge of plate
coming to the line (broken steel but not open breaks). 3) Hard spots
caused by abrupt deformation of the strip after hot rolling and due to
stressing beyond the elastic limit of the metal.
Cross compound turbine -: These turbines are large turbines with
parallel shafts with a generator on each shaft. The steam flows
through the high pressure turbine, then is crossed-over to the low
pressure turbine
Cross Direction (In Rolled Or Drawn Metal): The direction parallel
to the axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to
the direction of rolling or drawing.
Cross Feed: The feed that operates across the axis of the
workpiece or at right angles to the main or principal feed on a
machine.
Cross Forging: Preliminary working of forging stock in flat dies to
develop mechanical properties, particularly in the center portions of
heavy sections.
Cross Gate: See Runner
Cross Head: See 'Pressure Roll.'
Cross members: A part of the vehicle frame of uni-body that runs
crosswise in relation to be vehicle's length.
Cross Porting (Lube Systems): A means of discharging lubricant
from several injectors through a common outlet.
Cross Rolling: Rolling of metal or sheet or plate so that the direction
of rolling is about 90° from the direction of a previous rolling.
Cross Rolling: Rolling at an angle to the long dimension of the
metal; usually done to increase width.
Cross Shaft: The shaft extending across the bridge, used to
transmit torque from motor to bridge drive wheels.
Cross Tie: One of the beams, usually made of wood, that is laid
across a railroad bed to secure the rails
Cross track : Perpendicular to the course;
Cross Z-Sipes Technology: A sipe pattern that provides lateral and
longitudinal stiffness within the tread block.
Crossbar: Wood or metal bar placed in a flask to give greater
anchorage to the sand than is afforded by its four walls.
Crossbow: A curvature across the width of the strip at a 90° angle
to the direction in which the strip has been rolled or uncoiled.
Crossbow: A curvature across the width of the strip at a 90 degree
angle to the direction in which the strip has been rolled or uncoiled.
Cross-country Mill: A rolling mill in which the mill stands are so
arranged that their tables are parallel with a transfer (or crossover)
table connecting them. Such a mill is used for rolling structural
shapes, rails and any special form of bar stock not rolled in an
ordinary bar mill.
Cross-Direction (In Rolled or Drawn Metal): The direction parallel
to the axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to
the direction of rolling or drawing.
Cross-Feed: The feed that operates across the axis of the
workpiece or at right angles to the main or principle feed on a
machine.
Cross-over exhaust : A mechanism through which the exhaust from
one side of an inline engine is carried to the other.
Cross-Section: A view of the interior of an object that is represented
as being cut in two, the cut surface representing the cross-section of
the object.
Crosstrack deviation (XTKD) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes; distance from the aircraft
to a desired course measured along a perpendicular to the course
Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Crosstrack deviation gain (KXTKD) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the lateral guidance modes; relative
weighting of cross track deviation in the lateral control law Typical
Units: rad/ft; Dimensions: 1/L;
Crosstrack deviation rate (XTKR) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the lateral guidance modes; rate of change
of cross track deviation Typical Units: ft/s; Dimensions: Length /
Time;
Crosstrack deviation rate gain(KXTKR) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the lateral guidance modes; rate of change
of cross track deviation Typical Units: ft/s; Dimensions: Length /
Time;
Crosswind: When the wind perpendicular to the motion of the
aircraft. The crosswind leg is also one of the many words describing
the approach segments. When the wind is not directly along the
runway centerline, the crosswind is the component of the wind that is
blowing at right angle from the centerline.
Cross-wire Weld: A weld made at thejunction between crossed
wires or bars.
Crown: 1. The difference in thickness between the edge and center
of the strip. 2. Thickened center of a strip of steel; can also have a
crown on the work roll; two-point crown on a roll means a crown of
0.002 inches. 3. The crown, or center, refers to the tendency of a
sheet to be heavier in gauge in the center than on the edges. It may
be caused by the use of hollow, or worn back-up rolls, work rolls
improperly ground, or excessive work in the last finishing stand.
Crown: Thickness at the center of a sheet or plate compared to the
edges.
Crown: Furnace roof, especially when dome shaped; highest point
of an arch.
Crown Gears (Gears): A bevel gear with a plane pitch surface.
Among bevel gears, the crown gear corresponds to the rack in spur
gears.
Crown Or Heavy Center: Increased thickness in the center of metal
sheet or strip as compared with thickness at the edge.
Crown Plies: These provide the rigid base for the tread which allows
for good fuel economy. The plies also provide centrifugal and lateral
rigidity to the tyre, and are designed to flex sufficiently for a
comfortable ride.
Crown wheel: In a front-engine, rear wheel drive application the
crown wheel and pinion transfers engine torque from the propeller
shaft to the car's differential and then onto the road wheels via the
half shafts.
CRS : Conditional Route System (FUA: "Temporary Airways" on
request)
Crt: Cathode ray tube terminal.
CRT : Cathode ray tube.
Crucible: A ceramic pot or receptacle made of materials such as
graphite or silicon carbide, with relatively high thermal conductivity,
bonded with clay or carbon and used in melting metals.
Crucible Furnace: A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas or electricity in
which metals are melted in a refractory crucible.
Crucible Furnace: A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas, or electricity in
which metals are melted in a refractory crucible.
Crucible Steel: High-carbon steel produced by melting blister steel
in a covered crucible. Crucible steel was developed by Benjamin
Huntsman in about 1750 and remained in use until the late 1940s.
Crucible Steel: High carbon steel produced by melting blister steel
in a covered crucible. Crucible steel was developed by Benjamin
Huntsman in about 1750 and remained in use until the late 1940's.
Crucible Zone: The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the
tuyere.
Crucible Zone: The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the
tuyere.
Crude Steel: Steel in its first solid (or usable) form: ingots, semi-
finished products (billets, blooms, slabs), and liquid steel for
castings. This is not to be confused with liquid steel, which is steel
poured.
Cruise control: Cruise control is a device that, when engaged by
the driver, automatic controls a vehicles speed.
Cruise control: A device that, when engaged by the driver,
automatically controls a vehicles speed.
Crumple zone: Crumple zone is a section of a vehicle structure that
collapses during impact to absorb energy.
Crumple zone: A section of a vehicles structure that collapses
during impact to absorb energy.
Crush: (1) Buckling or breaking of a section of a casting mold due to
incorrect register when the mold is closed. (2) An indentation in the
surface of a casting due to displacement of sand when the mold was
closed.
Crush: Buckling or breaking of a section of mold due to incorrect
register when closing. Also, an indentation in the casting surface due
to displacement of sand in the mold when the mold is closed.
Crush Forming: Shaping a grinding wheel by forcing a rotating
metal roll into its face so as to reproduce the desired contour.
Crush Strip Or Bead: An indentation in the parting line of a pattern
plate which ensures that cope and drag have good contact by
producing a ridge of sand which crushes against the other surface of
the mold or core.
Crushings Test: (1) A radial compressive test applied to tubing,
sintered-metaI bearings or other similar products for detennining
radial crushing strength (maximwn load in compression). (2) An axial
compressive test for determining quality of tubing such as
soundness of weld in welded tubing.
Crust: The outer layer of Earth and other terrestrial planets.
Cryogenic: Pertaining to very low temperature. Aluminum gains
strength as temperature is reduced, making it an appropriate
material for cryogenic applications.
Cryogenic: Pertaining to very low temperature. Aluminum gains
strength as temperature is reduced, making it an appropriate
material for cryogenic applications
Cryogenic: A rocket fuel or oxidizer which is liquid only at very low
temperatures, e.g. liquid hydrogen which has a boiling point of
-217.2oC (-423oF).
Cryogenic fluid -: Substance which exists as a liquid or gas at
ultra-low temperatures157°C.
Cryogenic superconductor system : Uses helium to cool
conductors to within few degrees of absolute zero where they offer
no electric resistance.
Cryogenics : Refrigeration which deals with producing temperatures
of -157°C below zero and lower.
Cryosphere: One of the interrelated components of the Earth's
system, the cryosphere is frozen water in the form of snow,
permanently frozen ground (permafrost), floating ice, and glaciers.
Fluctuations in the volume of the cryosphere cause changes in
ocean sea-level, which directly impact the atmosphere and
biosphere.
Cryosphere: The portion of the climate system consisting of the
world's ice masses and snow deposits, which includes the
continental ice sheets, mountain glaciers, sea ice, surface snow
cover, and lake and river ice. Changes in snow cover on the land
surfaces are by and large seasonal and closely tied to the
mechanics of atmospheric circulation. The glaciers and ice sheets
are closely related to the global hydrologic cycle and to variations
of sea level and change in volume and extent over periods ranging
from hundreds to millions of years.
Crystal: Physically uniform solids composed of atoms bonded
together in a definite geometrical pattern or structure.
Crystal: The small component that determines which channel
number you fly on when using the 72 MHZ system.. Both the
transmitter and the receiver must have an identically matching
crystal for the radio set to function. 2.4GHz spread spectrum sets
don't require crystals.
Crystal Analysis: Determination of crystal structure.
Crystal Lattice: The way atoms are arranged in a crystal.
Spacewise, there are only 14 different lattices.
Crystal System: One of seven groups into which all crystals may be
divided; triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal,
rhombohedral, tetragonal and cubic.
Crystalline: That form of a substance that comprises predominantly
of crystals (one or more) as opposed to glassy or amorphous.
Crystalline: Composed of crystals.
Crystalline Fracture: When this type of fracture occurs in a steel, it
will have a shiny appearance as the fracture path in each grain has
followed a cleavage plane so producing in each grain a flat reflective
surface.
Crystalline Fracture: A fracture of a polycrystalline metal
characterized by a grainy appearance. Compare fibrous fracture.
Crystallites -: Atoms arranged in a repeating and definite structure.
Crystallization: The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming
definite positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a
liquid metal solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated
stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization).
Crystallization : The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming
definite positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a
liquid metal solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated
stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization.)
Crystallization -: The separation, usually from a liquid phase on
cooling, of a solid crystalline phase.
Csa: Chinese Society of Astronautics.
Csaa: Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
CSDB : Commercial standard data bus.
Csm: Command/Service Module.
C-stoff: A rocket fuel used by Germany in World War II 30%
hydrazine hydrate, 57% methanol, 13% water with traces of
potassium cuprocyanate. Used in conjunction with T-stoff oxidizer
80% hydrogen peroxide with 1 to 2% oxiquinoline as a stabilizer.
CTAF : Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
CTALT : Controlled altitude
CTD (Cold-worked Twisted & Deformed)/ TMT (Thermo
Mechanically Treated) Bar & Rods: Hot rolled round bars/rods with
indentations/ribs normally supplied in straight length or in folded
bundles. Used directly in civil construction.
CTR : Control Zone
CTS : Controlled speed
Cu: The chemical symbol for copper.
Cu: Chemical symbol for Copper.
CU : Cumulus
Cube Centered: Metallography (concerning space lattices) Body
centered cubic. Refers to crystal structure.
Cube-Centered: Metallography (concerning space lattices). Body-
centered cubic. Refers to crystal structure.
Cubic capacity: Cubic capacity is the volume of air displaced by all
the pistons in travelling from BDC to TDC, that's the total volume of
air and fuel the cylinder can hold before compression occurs.
Cubic Plane: A plane perpendicular to anyone of the three
crystallographic axes of the cubic (isometric) system; the Miller
indices are {100}.
CUE : A indicator to an operator for control placement, tells the
operator where to place controls; Synonyms: command
Culmination: The point at which a satellite reaches its highest
position or elevation in the sky, relative to an observer (aka the
closest point of approach).
Culvert Pipe: Heavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral-formed or
riveted into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage
applications.
Culvert Pipe: Heavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral formed or
riveted into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage
applications.
Cumulonimbus: A cloud type that is dense and vertically developed
and is associated with rain (particularly of a convective nature). It is
heavy and dense with a flat base and a high, fluffy outline, and can
be tall enough to occupy middle as well as low latitudes. This type of
cloud is formed from about 10,000 to 12,000 feet of altitude.
Cumulus: Clouds forming in the troposphere which are vertically
formed with flat bases and fluffy, rounded tops. They have often
been described as cauliflower-like in structure. They occur at heights
of 500-6000 meters in elevation from the earth and most often occur
scattered or in dense heaped packs. They are formed due to
buoyant upward convection during warm, anti-cyclonic summer
weather.
Cuno Filter: An in-line filter that takes the dirt out of the oil on a
turbine.
Cuno Filter: An in line filter that takes the dirt out of the oil on a
turbine.
Cup: (1) A sheet metal part; the product of the first drawing
operation. (2) Any cylindrical part or shell closed at one end.
Cup Fracture: A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which
looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior
slightly depressed.
Cup-and-cone-fracture: A mixed-mode fracture, often seen in
tensile-test specimens of a ductile material, where the central portion
undergoes plane-strain fracture and the surrounding region
undergoes plane-stress fracture. It is called a cup fracture (or cup-
and-cone fracture) because one of the mating fracture surfaces
looks like a miniature cup--that is, it has a central depressed flat-face
region surrounded by a shear lip; the other fracture surface looks like
a miniature truncated cone.
Cupellation: Oxidation of molten lead containing gold and silver to
produce lead oxide, thereby separating the precious metals from the
base metal.
Cupola: A vertical furnace for melting iron.
Cupping: (1) The first step in deep drawing. (2) Fracture of severely-
worked rods or wire where one end has the appearance of a cup and
the other that of a cone.
Cupping Test: A mechanical test used to determine the ductility and
stretching properties of sheet metal. It consists of measuring the
maximum part depth that can be formed before fracture. The test is
typically carried out by stretching the test piece clamped at its edges
into a circular die using a punch with a hemispherical end. See also
Erichsen test, Olsen Ductility Test and Swift Cup Test. (see Erichsen
test) (see Olsen Ductility Test) (see Swift Cup Test)
Curb weight: Cube weight is the total weight of a vehicle, including
a full tank of fuel, all fluid and standard equipment, but without any
cargo or passengers.
Curb weight: The total weight of a vehicle, including a full tank of
fuel, all fluids and standard equipment, but without any cargo or
passengers.
Curb Weight: Weight of a production vehicle with fluid reservoirs
(including fuel tank) full and all normal equipment in place, but
without driver or passengers.
Cure: The act of vulcanization. See vulcanization.
Cure Time: Full polymerization is a function of time and
temperature.
Cure Time: Full polymerization is a function of time and
temperature.
Curie Temperature: The temperature marking the transition
between ferromagnetism and paramagnetism or between the
ferroelectric phase and the paraelectric phase. Also known as Curie
point. See also ferromagnetism and paramagnetism. (see
Ferromagnetism)(see Paramagnetism)
Curie Temperature: The temperature of magnetic transformation
below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is
paramagnetic.
Curing: The process by which synthetic materials form continuous
films by various combinations of oxidation, solvent evaporation and
heat of polymerization according to their basic resin structures.
Curing: The process by which synthetic materials form continuous
films by various combinations of oxidation, solvent evaporation and
heat of polymerization according to their basic resin structures.
Curing Time (No Bake): That period of time needed before a sand
mass reaches maximum hardness.
Curl: Appears as a relatively uniform curvature or sweep along the
length of coiled metal.
Curl: Appears as a relatively uniform curvature or sweep along the
length of coiled metal.
Curling: Rounding the edge of sheet metal into a closed or partly
closed loop.
Current: The movement of free electrons in a material.
Current: The movement of free electrons in a meterial.
Current: The amount of electric charge flowing past a specified
circuit point per unit time.
Current: The directed flow of electrical charges from one point to
another around a closed electrical circuit. Current is measures in
units called amperes or amps.
Current Decay: ln spot, seam or projection welding, the controlled
reduction of the welding current from its peak amplitude to a lower
value to prevent excessively rapid cooling of the weld nugget.
Current Density: The amount of electrical current flowing per unit
area of cross-section.
Current density : The current flowing to or from a unit area of an
electrode surface.
Current Efficiency: (1) The ratio of the electrochemical equivalent
current density for a specific reaction to the total applied current
density. (2) The proportion of current used in a given process to
accomplish a desired result. In electroplating, the proportion used in
depositing or dissolving metal.
Current : (I)The electric flow in an electric circuit, which is expressed
in amperes (amps).
Cursor : See: moving cursor, target cursor
Curtain airbags: Also known as "head airbags." Wide-spanning
airbags that when deployed cover the side glass in a side impact or,
in some applications, a rollover, to keep occupants' heads and limbs
fully inside the vehicle.
Curtis method or curtis stagevelocity compounding: This turbine
design consists of one set of nozzles in which the steam is expanded
from initial to exhaust pressure. The velocity of the steam resulting
from this expansion is absorbed in two or more rows of moving
blades. Rows of fixed or guide blades, attached to the casing, are
set between rows of moving blades and receive and redirect the
steam to the next row of moving blades. As the velocity is absorbed
in more than one row of moving blades, the blade speed is less than
if the velocity was all absorbed in one row of blades.
Curves: Formed sections of monorail track used to change the
horizontal or vertical direction of carrier travel.
Cushion: A mechanical device fitted into a hydraulic cylinder that
closes off the flow path of fluid to effect a smooth deceleration and
stop of the cylinder at the end of the stroke.
Cushion : A mechanical device fitted into a hydraulic cylinder that
closes off the flow path of fluid to effect a smooth deceleration and
stop of the cylinder at the end of the stroke.
Cushioned Start: An electrical or mechanical method for reducing
the rate of acceleration of a travel motion.
Cushioning: It is the property of tires to absorb the vibration
produced during the rotating on surface of road. it provide comfort to
driver
Cust : Customs
Customer: A passenger or patron who rides Metro or inquires about
service
Customer cash incentive: A cash payment made by the
manufacturer of a vehicle to a customer to incentivize its purchase.
Customer Test Strip: A full width sample of steel used in performing
testing procedures.
Customs: The Government Service which is responsible for the
administration ofcustoms law and the collection of duties and taxes.
Customs clearance: The accomplishment of the Customs
formalities necessary to allow goods to enter the country, to be
exported or to be placed under another customers procedure.
Customs clearance agent: A customs broker or other agent of the
consignee designated to perform customs clearance services for the
consignee.
Cut: Defect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand by metal
flowing over the mold or cored surface.
Cut (Foundry Practice): (1) To recondition molding sand by mixing
on the floor with a shovel or bladetype machine. (2) To form the
sprue cavity in a mold. (3) Defect in a casting resulting from erosion
of the sand by metal flowing over the mold or cored surface.
Cut Edge: A mechanically-sheared edge obtained by slitting,
shearing or blanking.
Cut Edge: The normal edge that results from the shearing, slitting or
trimming of a mill edge.
Cut Edge: The normal edge that results from the shearing, slitting or
trimming of a mill edge.
Cut In Half: Split one (1) coil into two (2) coils (not necessarily 50%
in each coil).
Cut off factor: The hose length to be subtracted from the overall
assembly length which allows the hose coupling end connection
extension beyond the end of the hose.
Cut Out: IMIS term meaning loss of prime weight of a coil or cutting
out rips and cracks on the edges of a coil.
Cut Out: IMIS term meaning loss of prime weight of a coil or cutting
out rips and cracks on the edges of a coil.
Cut out relay: Cut out relay is like an automatic switch which is used
for cut or disconnect the power from generator to battery when
battery is fully charged or generator get slow or stop.
Cut Out The Center: The act of removing the center laps or ID of a
coil with long handled sheers to remove defects. The Reelman is
sometimes directed to perform this task.
Cut To Length: Process to uncoil sections of flat rolled steel and cut
them into a desired length. Product that is cut to length is normally
shipped flat stacked.
Cut-off: The action of stopping a process abruptly, such as shutting
off the flow of propellant to a rocket engine.
Cut-off (Casting): Removing a casting from the sprue by refractory
wheel or saw, arc-air torch or gas torch.
Cut-off (Metalforming): A pair of blades positioned in dies or
equipment (or a section of the die milled to produce the same effect
as inserted blades) used to separate the forging from the bar after
forging operations are completed. Used only when forgings are
produced from relatively long bars instead of from individual, precut
multiples or blanks. See also blank and multiple. And multiple. (see
Blank) (see Multiple)
Cutoff frequency : The frequency at which the gain of a filter is at
an edge of a band, usually taken to be when gain is 0.5, or -3.01dB;
the frequency at which the output of a filter is half the power of the
input; See Also: band-pass filter, high-pass filter, low-pass filter;
Symbols: omega sub c; Typical Units: rad/s, Hz; Dimensions: 1/Time;
Cutoff Machine, Abrasive: A device using a thin abrasive wheel
rotating at high speed to cut off gates and risers from castings, or in
similar operations.
Cutoff Wheel: A thin abrasive wheel for severing or slotting any
material or part.
Cuts out: Cuts out means to suddenly stop of system or motor or
engine. This is for all systems which get struck suddenly to operate.
Cutting Edge: The leading edge of a cutting tool (such as a lathe
tool, drill or milling cutter) where a line of contact is made with the
work during machining.
Cutting Fluid/Oil: Petroleum or chemical-based product (or a
combination of the two) that cools and lubricates tools when cutting
metals; used in such processes as drilling, reaming, broaching,
threading, milling, turning, shaving and tapping.
Cutting Speed: The linear or peripheral speed of relative motion
between the tool and workpiece in the principal direction of cutting.
Cutting Tip: That part of an oxygen cutting torch from which the
gases issue.
Cutting Tool: A hardened piece of metal (tool steel) that is
machined and ground so that it has the shape and cutting edges
appropriate for the operation for which it is to be used.
Cutting Torch (Arc): A device used in air carbon arc cutting, gas
tungsten arc cutting and plasma arc cutting to control the position of
the electrode, to transfer current and to control the flow of gases.
Cutting Torch (Oxyfuel Gas): A device used for directing the
preheating flame produced by the controlled combustion of fuel
gases and to direct and control the cutting oxygen.
Cutting Wheel: The plastic discs impregnated with an abrasive for
cutting ceramics and metals. Used on abrasive cutoff machines.
Cut-to-Length: (CTL). When a specific or discrete length is
specified.
Cut-to-Length: Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length
and then normally shipped flat-stacked.
CV joint: Constant velocity joint. They transfer the constant power
through shafts and used in angle power transmission.
CV joints: Constant velocity joints, which are located on either end
of the drive axles and transmit engine power while enabling full
steering and suspension movement. Black accordion boots cover
and protect these joints and hold lubricant.
Cvfr : Controlled VFR (still existing in some countries)
Cvr (cockpit voice recorder): The CVR is one of the two black
boxes on board the aircraft (the other is the DFDR or Digital Flight
Data Recorder). Over two hours it continually records all the sound
in the cockpit, such as conversation between the pilots, the pilots
and air traffic control, the cabin crews as well as any noises or
warning bells.
Cvr : Cockpit Voice Recorder
CVT: A transmission with a continuously variable drive ratio (as
opposed to conventionally stepped gear ratios) that maintains a
steady acceleration curve with no pauses for gear changes.
Cyanic Copper: Copper electrodeposited from an alkalicyanide
solution containing a complex ion made up of univalent copper and
the cyanide radical.
Cyanide Hardening: A process of introducing carbon and nitrogen
into the surface of steel by heating it to a suitable temperature in a
molten bath of sodium cyanide, or a mixture of sodium and
potassium cyanide, diluted with sodium carbonate and quenching in
oil or water. This process is used where a thin case and high
hardness are required.
Cyanide Slimes: Finely divided metallic precipitates that are formed
when precious metals are extracted from their ores using cyanide
solutions.
Cycle: In fatigue, one complete sequence of values of applied load
that is repeated periodically. See also S-N curve. (see S-N curve)
Cycle: The time of activation of a device or system that is one
complete movement from the start position to an extreme position
and back to the original position.
Cycle -: A series of thermodynamic processes during which the
working fluid can be made to undergo changes involving energy
transition and is subsequently returned to its original state.
Cycle Annealing: An annealing process employing a pre-
determined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce
specific properties or microstructures.
Cycle Annealing: An annealing process employing a predetermined
and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific
properties or microstructures.
Cycle Indicator Pin (Lube Systems): A pin attached to the piston
of a divider valve section; as the piston cycles, the pin extends from
and retracts into the end of the section. Used to monitor divider valve
action and control lube cycle.
Cycle, reversible : Theoretical thermodynamic cycle, composed of
a series of reversible processes, which can be completely reversed.
Cycle, water treatment: A complete course of ion-exchange
operation. For instance, a complete cycle of cation exchange would
involve regeneration of the resin with acid, rinse to remove excess
acid, exhaustion, backwash, and finally regeneration.
Cycle-motion: Movement from normal to extreme position and
return.
Cycles: A system that undergoes a series of processes and always
returns to its initial state.
Cycles of concentration : The number of times the soluble mineral
salts in a water supply have been concentrated in, a system.
Cycles : Pertaining to turbine engines. Cycle begins with starting,
continues through full-power, and ends with shutdown.
Cyclic: One of the primary controls on a helicopter - controls
forward and lateral motion.
Cyclic: Describes the controls which adjust the horizontal attitude of
the helicopter, as in roll left-right and pitch forward and backward.
Both of these movements are controlled by the right stick.
Cyclic Load: (1) Repetitive loading, as with regularly recurring
stresses on a part, that sometimes leads to fatigue fracture. (2)
Loads that change value by following a regular repeating sequence
of change.
Cyclic pitch control: Means of changing the pitch of a rotor's
blades progressively, to provide a horizontal thrust component for
flight in any horizontal direction.
Cyclic : See: longitudinal cyclic, lateral cyclic;
Cycling: A rhythmic change of the factor under control.
Cycling: A rhythmic change of the factor under control.
Cyclone: A device for removing small or powdered solids from air,
water, or other gases or liquids by centrifugal force.
Cyclone: An area of low pressure where winds blow
counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere. See anticyclone, wind.
Cyclone (Centrifugal Collector): In air pollution control, a
controlled descending vortex created to spiral objectionable gases
and dust to the bottom of a collector core.
Cyclone (Centrifugal Collector): In air pollution control, a
controlled descending vortex created to spiral objectionable gases
and dust to the bottom of a collector core.
Cyclone Separator: Rotating strainer that uses a centrifugal
process to remove particulates from water.
Cyclonic Scrubber: In air pollution control, radial liquid (usually
water) sprays introduced into cyclones to facilitate collection of
particles.
Cyclonic Scrubber: In air pollution control, radial liquid (usually
water) sprays introduced into cyclones to facilitate collection of
particles.
Cyclotron: A device for accelerating charged particles to high
energies by means of an alternating electric field between electrodes
placed in a constant magnetic field.
Cyclotron: A device for accelerating charged particles to high
energies by means of an alternating electric field between electrodes
placed in a constant magnetic field.
Cylinder: A device that converts fluid power into linear force and
motion.
Cylinder block: Cylinder block is a water jacket for engine cylinders,
The covered material case on the cylinder is known as cylinder
block. It is the casted into gray cast iron. It is the main block of
engone in which the piston travel.
Cylinder bore: Cylinder bore is the depth and width of any cylinder.
Cylinder configuration: The arrangement of an engines cylinders.
Cylinder deactivation: A feature of some engines that allows the
engine to turn off two or more cylinders in order to maximize fuel
efficiency.
Cylinder head: Cylinder head is a part of an engine which consists
the valves mechanism and sparkplug in petrol engine and injector in
diesel engine.it is mounted on the cylinder block.
Cylinder head: Plate or cap which encloses compression end of
compressor cylinder.
Cylinder head bolts: Bolts that clamp an engines cylinder heads to
the engine block.
Cylinder head gasket: Cylinder head gasket is copper sheet
between the cylinder head and block to prevent it from leakage.
Cylinder hone: A tool that uses an abrasive to smooth out and bring
to exact measurement such things as wheel cylinders.
cylinder liner: It is used to fit into the cylinder of engine in case of
cylinder wear out. they are made of special alloys of nickel and
chromium .it gives the longer life to engine. Generally there are two
types of liners dry liners and wet liners.
Cylinder Oil (Steam Cylinder Oils): A medium to high viscosity oil
used for once-through lubrication of cylinders in air compressors and
steam engines, and for valves and other elements in the cylinder
area. High viscosities compensate for the thinning effects of the high
temperatures involved. Steam cylinder oils are compounded with
fatty oils to function where conditions are wet or saturated, or where
low-pressure steam is present.
Cylinder Stock: A heavy lubricating oil stock made from the
distillation residue of paraffin base crude; used primarily for
blending.
Cylinder, double acting: A hydro-mechanical device, usually a
cylindrical chamber with one closed end and a movable shaft at the
other end. When fluid flow is applied to a port in the closed end, the
shaft extends until the collar or piston reaches the shat end. When
fluid is applied to the shaft end port, the shaft will retract into the
chamber until the piston or collar reaches the closed end. The
cylinder will produce an output force at the shaft end in proportion to
its internal area multiplied times the pressure potential of the fluid
power system.
Cylinder, double rod: A hydro-mechanical device, usually a
cylindrical chamber with movable shafts at the both ends. When fluid
flow is applied to a port in either end, the shaft extends until the
collar or piston reaches the shaft end. When fluid is applied to the
other port, the shaft will retract into the chamber until the piston or
collar reaches the opposite end. The cylinder will produce an output
force at the shaft end in proportion to its internal area multiplied
times the pressure potential of the fluid power system.
Cylinder, single acting: A hydro-mechanical device, usually a
cylindrical chamber with one closed end and a movable shaft at the
other end. When fluid flow is applied to a port in the closed end, the
shaft extends until the collar or piston reaches the shaft end. When
an external weight or load is placed on the shaft, the shaft will retract
into the chamber until the piston or collar reaches the closed end.
The cylinder will produce an output force at the shaft end in
proportion to its internal closed end area multiplied times the
pressure potential of the fluid power system.
Cylinder, telescoping, double acting: A hydro-mechanical device,
usually a cylindrical chamber with one closed end and a telescoping
movable shaft at the other end. When fluid flow is applied to a port in
the closed end, the telescoping shaft extends until all collars or
pistons reach their limit. When fluid is applied to the shaft end port,
the shaft will retract into the chamber until all the pistons or collars
reach their closed end limits. The cylinder will produce an output
force at the shaft end in proportion to its internal area multiplied
times the pressure potential of the fluid power system.
Cylinder, telescopingsingle acting: A hydro-mechanical device,
usually a cylindrical chamber with one closed end and a telescoping
movable shaft at the other end. When fluid flow is applied to a port in
the closed end, the telescoping shaft extends until all collars or
pistons reach their limit. When an external weight is applied to the
shaft end, the shaft will retract into the chamber until all the pistons
or collars reach their closed end limits. The cylinder will produce an
output force at the shaft end in proportion to its internal closed end
area multiplied times the pressure potential of the fluid power
system.
Cylindrical Grinding: Grinding the outer cylindrical surface of a
rotating part.
Cylindrical Land: Land having zero relief.
D : 1. Abbreviation for diesel. 2. Abbreviation for drive. 3. A mark on
the output (live) terminal on a generator (contrasts with F)
D & I (Drawn & Ironed): Stock material primarily used for two piece
beer and beverage cans. (Draw a cup approximately finished can
diameter and iron the sidewall to the can height.)
D section: The forward section of the wing from leading edge to the
main spar shaped like the letter D when boxed with shear webs and
surface sheeting resists both bending and twisting moments.
D : Airspace ICAO Class D
D.r. : DEAD RECKONING; system of navigation.
Da : Drift angle
Dab : A bicycle maneuver in which the rider puts a foot down in
order to catch his balance on a difficult section of trail as in, "You will
be disqualified if you dab on this course."
DAB : 1. Acronym for Digital Audio Broadcast. 2. Acronym for
Delayed Accessory Bus
Dadc : Digital air-data computer
Daewoo : A South Korean automobile manufacturer which produced
Lanos (1999-2002), Nubira (1999-2002), Leganza (1999-2002).
Dagmar : 1. Large bullet-shaped protrusion on Bumpers of cars in
the 1950s. It was named after the nickname of a buxom television
star, Virginia Ruth Egnor (1921-2001). 2. Dagmar is an automobile of
which only the 25-70 models of 1925-1948 are Classic cars.
Daihatsu : A brand of automobile from the Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.
which began in 1951 and included the following models Rocky
(1987-98), Charade (1977-2000)
Daimler : Also called Austro-Daimler. A vehicle brand of which the
1925-1948 models with required application are Classic cars. The
1949-53 DE-36 Custom Built models are Milestone cars. The 1949-
53 2.5 Special Sport Convertible models are Milestone cars.
Dalton's law : Vapor pressure created in a container by a mixture of
gases is equal to sum of individual vapor pressures of the gases
contained in mixture.
Dalton's law of partial pressure: Each constituent of a mixture of
gases behaves thermodynamically as if it alone occupied the space.
The sum of the individual pressures of the constituents equals the
total pressure of the mixture.
Dalton's Law Of Partial Pressure: Dalton's law states that in a
mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to
the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
Damage Tolerance: (1) A design measure of crack growth rate.
Cracks in damage-tolerant designed structures are not permitted to
grow to critical size during expected service life. (2) The ability of a
part component, such as an aerospace engine, to resist failure due
to the presence of flaws, cracks or other damage for a specified
period of usage. The damage tolerance approach is used
extensively in the aerospace industry.
Dame: Designated Aviation Medical Examiner
Damp : 1. To reduce the oscillations of spring, carburetor piston,
etc. 2. To reduce the oscillations of spring, carburetor piston, etc.
Damped frequency : The frequency of oscillation of an under
damped second-order filter; See Also: second-order filter; Symbols:
omega; Typical Units: rad/s, Hz; Dimensions: 1/Time;
Dampening belt : A rubber belt wound around the outside of a
brake drum or rotor prior to machining the drum or rotor. The belt
dampens out vibrations that might affect the quality of the finished
surface.
Damper: Damper is a equipment in Automotive suspension for
damping the vibrations of coil and leaf spring.
Damper : 1. A Friction device sometimes called a Shock absorber.
Used for controlling and damping spring Oscillations. The springs
actually absorb road shocks; the dampers convert the energy
imparted to the springs into thermal energy (by friction), which is
dissipated to the atmosphere or the vehicle's Chassis. Dampers are
distinguishable by the type of friction involved, mechanical or
Hydraulic but most modern cars used tubular-shaped Hydraulic
shock absorbers. Because they affect up and down wheel motions,
dampers are an important link in tuning a vehicle's ride and
handling.2. A movable plate which permits or restricts the flow of
liquids or gasses.
Damper piston : A piston in a cylinder whose movement is
restricted by a liquid or gas, which thus also restricts the movement
of another member to which it is connected.
Damper roll: A roll used to control the line tension on the plate.
Damper Roll: Damper is a Australian dish which was made by road
traveller.
Damper springs : Springs in a clutch plate providing a cushion
against sudden loads due to abrupt engagement
Damper strut : A suspension strut whose hub carrier is attached to
the spring element rather than to the damper tube. Compare
Macpherson strut
Damper Systems: A damper system is a set of mechanical devices
used to regulate physical characteristics in a system. For example, in
a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the
damper system is used to regulate the flow rate of air through the
ducting system. In a mechanical system, dampers may be installed
to limit the amount of vibration on individual components and
translating through the system.
Damper : A device used to vary the volume of air passing through
an air outlet, air inlet or duct.
Dampers: Damper is a Australian dish which was made by road
traveller.
Damping: The loss in energy measured as dissipated heat that
results when a material or material system is subjected to an
oscillatory load or displacement.
Damping : 1. Cushioning of force. 2. The action of suspension to
control the speed of movement through its travel, usually by a piston
running through oil and thus gives a smoother ride. It vastly improves
that smoothness of ride offered.
Damping Capacity: The ability of a material to absorb vibration
(cyclical stresses) by internal friction, converting the mechanical
energy into heat.
Damping force : The amount of cushioning applied by a shock
absorber
Damping rate : The amount of cushioning applied by a shock
absorber
Damping ratio : Control parameter for a second order filter.
Symbols: zeta;
Damping restriction : The bore of a small cross section in the fuel
distributor of the K-Jetronic type system. It dampens sensor plate
movement in the air flow sensor during high load and low rpm
conditions
Dangerous goods: Articles or substances which are capable of
posing a significant risk to health, safety or to property when
transported by air.
Dap : Decision Altitude
Dark 30 : Trucker slang for nighttime as in "I am shutting this rig
down right at dark 30."
Dark matter: A form of matter which has not been directly observed
but whose existence has been deduced by its gravitational effects.
Dark Smoke: Also known as soot, it is the result of incomplete fuel
burning. It is basically composed by carbon and small particles.
Darktime : Trucker slang for nighttime as in "I am shutting this rig
down right at darktime."
Darracq : A vehicle manufacturer in which only the 8-cyl. Cars and
4-liter, 6-cyl. Cars of 1925-1948 are Classic cars.
Dartboard : Ground-based interference from "ASPIDISTRA" of
enemy RT and WT channels in the 300 kHz band.
DASH: The local bus service provided by the Alexandria (VA) Transit
Company
Dash board: Dash board is in the front of driver, for caring the
different type of indication lights , speedometer, odometer, fuel
gauge, etc.
Dash panel : 1. A structural panel with bracing across the width of
the car on the inside of the bulkhead below the windshield that
provides the mounting locations of the dashboard. Also called the
fire wall because it is the partition between the passenger
compartment and the engine compartment.
Dash plaque : A metal plate which is mounted to the dash to
indicate an award for attending or winning a rally or other automotive
event
Dash shifter : A shift lever and indicator which is located on the
instrument panel either as a short lever or push buttons
Dashboard : That part of the body containing the driving
instruments, switches, etc. Also called the Instrument panel or dash
panel or just dash.
Dashboard gearchange : British term for Dash shifter
Dashboard plaque : 1. A metal or plastic plate which is mounted to
the dash to indicate the brand, model, or series of vehicle.2. A metal
plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate an award for attending
or winning a rally or other automotive event.
Dashpot: A damping device, usually consisting of a cylinder and a
piston in which relative motion of either displaces a fluid such as air
or oil, resulting in friction.
Dashpot: Damper is a vibrator which is used to brake the road for
renovation or other purpose
Dashpot : A unit using a Cylinder and Piston or a Cylinder and
Diaphragm with a small vent hole, to Retard or slow down the
movement of some part.
Dash-pot : (DP) a diaphragm that controls the rate at which the
throttle closes
Data: Information that is collected from an experiment. For example,
an engineer in a wind tunnel may collect data about how much lift is
created by a certain wing shape.
Data: A collection of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized
manner suitable for communication or processing by human beings
or by computer.
Data Center Design: This is a networking technique where common
data is stored at a one place that can access by any connected user,
Data link connector : Connector(s) providing access and/or control
of the vehicle information, operating conditions, and diagnostic
information.
Data Matrix : It’s a two dimensional code like as bar code. It consist
white and black box.
Data reduction: Conversion of observed values into useful, ordered
and simplified information.
Data set: A logically meaningful grouping or collection of similar or
related data. Data having mostly similar characteristics (source or
class of source, processing level and algorithms, etc.)
Data source object (dso) : Software that receives data from a
physical device, translates the data into standard units, maintains
equipment status, and provides a common interface for each
variation of a particular device;
Data transfer system (dts). : A device for transferring data with
avionics, similar to a diskette drive;
Data transfer system : Total pressure
Date code: Any combination of numbers, letters, symbols, or other
methods used by a manufacturer to identify the time of manufacture
of a product.
Datsun : A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan
Datsun Truck : A model of truck manufactured by Nissan
Datsun Z : A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan
Datum plane: In layout and machining operations, the reference
plane from which dimensions are measured in the perpendicular
direction.
Datum Plane: Plane is like a wall or drawing sheet where all the
curves are drawn. If the curves are in 2D so we can say the curves
are in one plane.
Datum points: In layout and machining operations, the reference
points on a datum plane from which dimensions are measured.
Datum Points: From where all the dimension in the direction of XYZ
coordinate is set called datum point*
Daubing: Filling of cracks in molds or cores by specially prepared
pastes or coatings to prevent a mechanical penetration of metal into
these cracks during pouring. Also, the final plastering or coating of
the cupola or ladle after shrinkage has taken place during the drying
period. Clay slurry or clay wash with various coating compounds are
applied.
Daubing: To cover the surface by some material to protect it
Davit : A crane arm for handling lifeboats, stores, etc.
Day Cab : A truck or tractor without a sleeper birth. Typically used
for day trips or local routes.
Daylight: The distance in the open position between the moving and
the fixed tables or the platens of a hydraulic press. In the case of a
multiplaten press, daylight is the distance between adjacent platens.
Daylight provides space for removal of the molded/formed part from
the mold/die.
Daylighting controls : A system of sensors that assesses the
amount of daylight and controls lighting or shading devices to
maintain a specified lighting level. The sensors are sometimes
referred to as photocells.
Day-night mirror : A mirror which adjusts to prevent the glare from
the headlights of following cars. The British term is dipping mirror.
Days' supply : Number of days needed to sell all vehicles in
inventory, based on the previous month's sales rate.
Daytime running lights : (DRLs) A safety-oriented lighting system
in which the headlights or other front lights are constantly on even
during the day. They help to prevent possible accidents because
oncoming traffic can be seen. December 1, 1989, Canada became
the second country after Norway to require daytime running lights on
all new passenger vehicles. In other countries the implementation of
DRLs has had mixed response.
Dazzle : The glare from the headlights of oncoming traffic which can
momentarily blind a driver.
Db: It’s a logarithm unit of measurement in electronics industry
Db (a) & (c): A sound level reading in decibels made on the A- & C-
weighted network, respectively of a sound level meter.
DB : Decibel
DC: The second of two types of electricity. It stands for direct current.
In a DC circuit, current is always flowing in the same direction and
(for a given voltage) is of the same magnitude.
Dc: Direct Current.
Dc Casting: A continuous method of making ingots or billets for
sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base
of the mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the metal
solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid
metal below the wall of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the
impingement of water directly on the mold or on the walls of the solid
metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is limited by the depth
to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is often called
semicontinuous casting.
DC (Direct Chill) Casting: A continuous method of making ingots or
billets for sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold.
The base of the mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the
metal solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the
liquid metal below the wall of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by
the impingement of water directly on the mold or on the walls of the
solid metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is limited by the
depth to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is often
called semicontinuous casting.
Dc Actuator: It’s a electromagnetic device which is driven by motor
to control the motion of machines or system
Dc Circuit Breakers: Circuit breaker is used to cut the flowing
current and not complete the circuit.
Dc Contactors: Contactor is used to connect the electric circuit. It
completes the circuit of electricity.
Dc Drive: The motor which is driven by a DC motor is called as DC
drive.
Dc Gearmotors: In a direct current (AC) gearmotor, the DC drive
current creates a magnetic field which turns a shaft connected to a
series of gears. The gears are designed with a gear ratio that greatly
increases the motor torque while reducing the motor's output speed,
therefore drawing a lower current to function.
Dc Micromotor: A micromotor is a special class of low power motor,
typically fitting within a frame that is 35 mm square. A micromotor
may also be called a fractional horsepower motor and is usually
rated at or below 746 watts. Micromotors are typically run off of DC
power supplies and are often used in actuator or control applications
as servomotors or stepper motors.
Dc Motors: This motor has two-pole armature and permanent
magnet having the south and north pole.
Dc Oil Coolers: Oil cooler is used to cool the lubricant or engine oil.
Dc Overload Relays: When the load is increase to uncontrolled
position than overload relays breaker the circuit.
Dc To Ac Power Inverters: When an AC power supply is needed
from a DC source so DC to Ac inverter is used as current converter.
Dc To Dc Power Supply: These inverters are used to control the
supply from a DC source to Dc needed source
DC : Dual Control
DCA : Directorate of Civil Aviation
Dct : direct
De Vent: To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve,
permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.
Dead Annealing: To heat the material to above to its critical
temperature to increase the ductility of the material.
Dead band: In HVAC, a temperature range in which neither heating
nor cooling is turned on; in load management, a kilowatt range in
which loads are neither shed nor restored.
Dead Band: When a process is in process at one time a free time
will be there in which no action is there is little time is called as dead
band
Dead Center: Dead center is called as exact center of any object.
But if we talking about engine dead center than this is the nearest or
forest position of piston from crankshaft. Its known as TDC or BDC
Dead End: The end of a water line, the point where the flow stops.
Dead End: Dead end is the last end or no exit have road
Dead Flat: Perfectly flat. As pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. (see
Stretcher Leveling)
Dead Flat: The fureset form of flatness is called as Dead flat.
Dead Loads: The loads on a structure which remain in a fixed
position relative to the structure. On a crane bridge such loads
include the girders, footwalk, cross shaft, drive units, panels, etc.
Dead reckoning (dr) : A method of navigation based on basic
information (barometric altitude, magnetic heading, airspeed, wind
conditions) from best available source; sometimes short for air data
dead reckoning;
Dead Smooth: The term applied to the finest cut of a file.
Dead Smooth: The smoothness
Dead Soft Annealing: Heating metal to above the critical range and
appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial
softness or ductility.
Dead Soft Annealing: Heating metal to above the critical range and
appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial
softness or ductility.
Dead Soft Steel: Steel, normally made in the basic open-hearth
furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10%
and manganese in the 0.20-0.50% range, completely annealed.
Dead Soft Steel: To heat the material to above to its critical
temperature to increase the ductility of the material.
Dead Soft Temper: Condition of maximum softness of material
mostly find in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed sated
Dead Steel: Fully killed steel, also applied to steel which fails to
respond to heat treatment.
Dead Steel: Fully killed steel, also applied to steel which fails to
respond to heat treatment.
Dead stick: A term that describes an emergency landing due to a
power loss when the engine quits.
Dead stick : A term used to describe unpowered flight (glide) when
the engine quits running.
Deadband: When a process is in process at one time a free time will
be there in which no action is there is little time is called as dead
band
Deadband: The region or band of no response where an error signal
will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.
Deadburned: Term applied to refractory materials obtained by
calcimining at a temperature high enough to form a product inert to
atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide, and less apt to contract.
Dead-burned: The state of a basic refractory material resulting from
a heat treatment that yields a product resistant to atmospheric
hydration or recombination with carbon dioxide.
Deadburned Dolonite: Dolonite burned at high temperature with
additions of an agent, such as oxide of iron.
Deadhead: A non-revenue vehicle marked as "not in service"
Deadhead: (DH) Deadheading is to run a coil through a stand with
the rolls open; no reduction in gauge.
Deadhead (DH): Deadheading is to run a coil through a stand with
the rolls open; no reduction in gauge.
Deadtime: When no output is given by a process or we can say idle
time for that time for machine or system
Deadtime: Any definite delay between two related actions.
Measured in units of time.
Deaerating Heaters: Heaters are used to preheat the water for
further heat treatment in boiler or chemical industry. DE aerating
heater is used to preheat or remove dissolved gases from water.
De-aerating heaters: Mechanical device using steam to strip
dissolve gases from the boiler feedwater and heating the feedwater.
Deaeration: The process of removal the oxygen or other gases from
feeded water to boiler.
De-aeration: Act of separating air from substances.
Deaerator: dearator are used to preheat the water for further heat
treatment in boiler or chemical industry. DE aerating heater is used
to preheat or remove dissolved gases from water.
De-aerator : An apparatus or device which is used to remove
dissolved air or oxygen from water.
Dealer cash incentives: Amounts that are paid to dealers by
manufacturers to stimulate vehicle sales by incentivizing the dealers
to lower their prices to consumers, typically paid or earned upon the
dealers purchase of the vehicle from the manufacturer, upon the
dealers sale of the vehicle, or when the dealer achieve specified
sales volume targets.
Dealer holdback: A percentage of either the MSRP or invoice price
of a new vehicle (depending on the manufacturer) that is repaid to
the dealer by the manufacturer after the vehicle is sold. For more
information, read this article on dealer holdback.
Dealkalization: The process of removal the alkaline ion from water
De-alkalization: The removal of alkalinity from a water supply by
neutralization or ion exchange.
Dealkalizer: The device or container used to remove the ion from
water to soften the water
De-alkalizer : An apparatus or device used to remove the alkaline
carbonate and bicarbonate ions from a water supply.
Dealloying: The selective corrosion of one or more components of a
solid solution alloy. Also called parting or selective leaching. See
also decarburization or graphitic corrosion. (see
Decarburization) (see Graphitic Corrosion)
Dealloying: The process of removal of one element from some
selective are or selective place of alloy or material by corrosion
process
De-alloying : This is a corrosion process whereby one constituent of
a metal alloy is preferentially removed from the alloy, leaving an
altered residual microstructure.
Deashing: The removal from a solution of inorganic salts by means
of adsorption by ion-exchange resins of both the cations and the
anions that comprise the salts. See deionization.
Deashing: The process in which inorganic salt is removed from
water to make water ion free
Death brake: Death brake is a system of devices, including a heart
rate sensor that applies braking when the driver’s heart stops
beating.
Death brake: A system of devices, including a heart rate sensor,
that applies braking when the drivers heart stops beating.
Debar: (see Rebar)
Deburr: deburr(chips) is unwanted scrap at the edge of the
processing material mainly in turning and milling.
Deburr: To remove the ragged edges from the inside diameter of a
hose end or fitting; an important fabrication step for assembling
Teflon® ( PTFE) in order to ensure a good seal.
Deburring: Removing the subtle ridge from the edge of strip metal
that results from cutting operation such as slitting, trimming, shearing
or blanking.
Deburring: deburr(chips) is removed by a debarring tool at time of
proceed is called as deburring.
Deburris: Horizontal knife used to remove burrs after slitting.
Deburris: Horizontal knife used to remove burrs after slitting.
Decalage: The angle described by measuring the difference
between the mean chord line of the wing and the horizontal
stabilizer.
Decalescence: A term used in reference to the absorption of heat
without a corresponding increase in temperature, when steel is
heated through the critical points (phase changes).
Decalescence: The process of removal of heat from a heated metal
without increase in heating temperature.
Decant: 1. Pour from one vessel to another. 2. Pour off molten metal
without disturbing the sludge.
Decant: Process of transferring the liquid from one container to
other container.
Decarbonation: The process of removal of a carbon from liquids to
make carbon ion free fluid
De-carbonation: Refers to the removal of carbon dioxide from the
boiler feedwater.
Decarburization: Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron
or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere.
Water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizes.
Reheating with adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in
action.
Decarburization: The process of removal of a carbon from liquids to
make carbon ion free fluid. This process is opposite to carburizing
Decay: The action of air drag upon an artificial satellite causing it to
spiral back into the atmosphere, eventually to disintegrate or burn
up.
Decelerate: To slow down. When an airplane comes in to land, it
decelerates and rolls to a stop.
Deceleration: Negative acceleration, slowing.
Deceleration : The process of slowing down in rotational speed,
forward speed, etc.
Deceleration fuel cut-off: A system that automatically cuts the fuel
supply when coasting or braking in order to achieve better fuel
efficiency and more effective engine braking, and resumes fuel
supply when acceleration is once again needed.
Deceleration system: An emissions device on a manually shifted
vehicle that bleeds vacuum from the intake when the vehicle is in
gear with the throttle closed. This causes the fuel injectors to close
during conditions of deceleration and results in reduced emissions.
Decibel: (dB)A decibel is a division of a logarithmic scale for
expressing the ratio of two quantities proportional to power or
energy. The number of decibels denoting such a ratio is ten times
the logarithm of the
Decibel: The decibel is used to measure sound levels. Doubling
noise energy corresponds to a variation in noise intensityof 3 dB. It
can integrate various weightings to reflect the sensitivity of the
human ear and noise pollution.The indicator used to measure noise
in CDG shows that noise made between 6pm and 10pm increases
threefold and that noise made between 10pm and 6am increases
tenfold.
Decibel (dB): Unit for measuring the ration amounts of acoustical
power; 1/10 of a bel.
Decibel (db): A non-dimensional number used to express sound
pressure and sound power. It is logarithmic expression of the ratio of
a measure quantity to a reference quantity.
Deciduous: Shedding leaves at the end of the growing season.
Decision height (dh) : With respect to the operation of aircraft,
means the height at which a decision must be made during an ILS,
MLS, or PAR instrument approach to either continue the approach or
to execute a missed approach.
Decision height : with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
the height at which a decision must be made, during an ILS or PAR
instrument approach, to either continue the approach or to execute a
missed approach. "Equivalent airspeed" means the calibrated
airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for
the particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated
airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level
Decker : Phosphorous coated rags transported in water and
designed to fire crops and forests. This tactic was of little effect.
Declaration page: Also referred to as the "Declaration of
insurance." The portion of a property or liability insurance policy that
states the name and address of policyholder, the property insured,
its location and description, the policy period, the premiums and
supplemental information.
Declination: One of the coordinates, measured in degrees, used to
designate the location of an object on the celestial sphere.
Declination is a north-south value similar to latitude on Earth.
Declination: The angular distance from the equator to the satellite,
measured as positive north and negative south.
Declutching/freewheeling: The act of disengaging a vehicles
transmission from its driveshaft, either manually or automatically,
when its driveshafts rpm exceeds the transmissions rpm.
Decobaltification: Corrosion in which cobalt is selectively leached
from cobalt-base alloys or from-cemented carbides with cobalt
binders. See also dealloying and selective leaching. (see
Dealloying) (see Selective Leaching)
Decohesive Rupture: A brittle fracture that exhibits little or no bulk
plastic deformation and does not occur by dimple rupture, cleavage
or fatigue. This type of fracture is generally the result of a reactive
environment or a unique microstructure and is associated almost
exclusively with rupture along grain boundaries.
Decomposers: Heterotrophic organisms that break down wastes
and dead protoplasm and use some of the products and release
others for use by consumer and producer organisms. Nutrients
processed by decomposers are comprised of low energy molecules.
Decomposition: Separation of a compound into its chemical
elements or components.
Decomposition: The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi. It
changes the chemical makeup and physical appearance of
materials.
Decomposition: The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi. It
changes the chemical makeup and physical appearance of
materials.
Decomposition Potential (or Voltage): The potential of a metal
surface necessary to decompose the electrolyte of a cell or a
component thereof.
Decompression: The name used to describe the change in
pressure in a hydraulic system from elevated pressure to a lower
pressure.Normally the change in pressure is mode in a controlled
amount of time to cause an even release of energy in the system.
Decompression: The relief of pressure. Explosive decompression
would occur if the cabin of a spacecraft was punctured in space.
Decompression: The name used to describe the change in
pressure in a hydraulic system from elevated pressure to a lower
pressure. Normally the change in pressure is made in a controlled
amount of time to cause an even release of energy in the system.
See COMPRESSION.
Deconcentrator: This is a cylindrical tank connected before the
boiler to receive the boiler feedwater before entering the boiler. It is
designed to promote settling of suspended solids, which then could
be removed via its own blowdown device. Was used for operation
with very high suspended solids.
Deconcentrator: The device used to remove the dissolved material
from feeding water
Dedendum (Gears): The distance between the pitch circle and the
lower working, or flank, half of the tooth that still has the involute
tooth form.
Deep cycling: The full discharge and then the full recharge of a
battery.
Deep Drawing: 1. The process of working metal blanks in dies on a
press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in
character. 2. The fabrication process of flat rolled steel to make
drawn parts. The part is mechanically formed through or in a die.
The blank diameter is reduced; the blank contracts circumferentially
as it is drawn radially inward. (see Deep Drawing Applications)
Deep Drawing: This is also called as puching process. In the part is
made by puching by puch to remove the specified piece from part
Deep Drawing Applications: Parts/applications that require deep
drawing in their fabrication. Examples are motor shells, fenders,
quarter panels, door panels.
Deep Drawing Applications: Application in coin making, puching
and blanking
Deep Drawing Steel (DDS): Sheet of this designation should be
used when Drawing Steel will not provide a sufficient degree of
ductility for fabrication of parts having stringent drawing
requirements, or applications that require the sheet be free from
aging. This quality is made by special steelmaking and finishing
practices.
Deep Etching: Macroetching; etching for examination at a low (less
than 10x) magnification, in a reagent that attacks the metal to a
much greater extent than normal for microscopic examination. Gross
features may be developed; i.e., abnormal grain size, segregation,
cracks or grain flow.
Deep Etching: To make the texture on the material is called as
etching, mainly car dashboard having the etching.
Deep Groove Ball Bearings: Ball is placed in between the to face
of plate in ball bearings but if the groove is more deep from a normal
than the bearing have the more smoothness than normal.
Deep water: That part of the ocean below the main thermocline.
Deepbed Filter: Filter is used having large removal particle having
fluid. These filter is used in the bottom
Defect: 1. Anything that renders the steel unfit for the specific use
for which it was ordered. 2. A variety of quality problems in a coil.
Defect: The unwanted, unexpected and due to lack in process
defect can occur.
Defective: A quality control term describing a unit of product or
service containing at least one defect or having several lesser
imperfections that cause the unit not to fulfill its anticipated function.
Defense meteorological satellite program (dmsp): A U.S. Air
Force meteorological satellite program with satellites circling in sun-
synchronous orbit. Imagery is collected in the visible- to near-infrared
band (0.4 to 1.1 micrometers) and in the thermal-infrared band
(about 8 to 13 micrometers) at a resolution of about three kilometers.
While some of the data is classified, most unclassified data is
available to civilian users.
Deflection: The tread and sidewall flexing where the tread comes
into contact with the road.
Deflection: Displacement due to bending or twisting in a vertical or
lateral plane, caused by the imposed live and dead loads.
Deflection: Describes the angle of movement or positioning of a
control surface relative to its trimmed (undeflected) position.
Deflector Roll: A roll used to change the direction of the strip.
Deflector Roll: Roll is used to change or divert the direction og belt
on belt drive system
Deflocculant: It’s a chemical additive used to reduce the viscosity of
material
De-flocculant: An electrolyte adsorbed on colloidal particles in
suspension that charges the particles to create repulsion forces
which maintain the particles in a dispersed state, thus reducing the
viscosity of the suspension.
Deforestation: Those practices or processes that result in the
change of forested lands to non-forest uses. This is often cited as
one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect for two
reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases
carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer
present and contributing to carbon storage.
Deforestation: The removal of forest stands by cutting and/or
burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or
industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for
building materials or fuel. Oxidation of organic matter releases
CO2 to the atmosphere, and regional and global climate impacts
may result.
Deformation: A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal
change, change in moisture or other causes. Measured in units of
length.
Deformation Bands: Parts of a crystal that have rotated differently
during deformation to produce bands of varied orientation without
individual grains.
Deformation Limit: In drawing, the limit of deformation is reached
when the load required to deform the flange becomes greater than
the load-carrying capacity of the cup wall. The deformation limit
(limiting drawing ratio, LDR) is defined as the ratio of the maximum
blank diameter that can be drawn into a cup without failure, to the
diameter of the punch.
Deformation Test: An AGS test using an instrument such as the
Dietert Universal Sand-Strength Testing machine (with deformation
accessory) to determine the amount in inches that the sand
specimen is compressed before it ruptures.
Deformation Test: The test is done to check the overall or particular
deformation in material due to environmental condition o chemical
reactions
Deformative Bands: Bands in which deformation has been
concentrated inhomogeneous
Deformed Bar: Concrete reinforcing bars in which the surface is
provided with lugs or protrusions (called deformations) which inhibit
longitudinal movement of the bars relative to the surrounding
concrete. The surface deformations are hot formed in the final roll
pass by passing the bars between rolls having patterns cut into them
so that the surfaces of the bars are forced into the depressions in the
rolls to form characteristic deformations.
Defrost cycle: Refrigerating cycle in which evaporator frost and ice
accumulation is melted.
Defrost Cycle: The cycle is used to heating of cooling coils in fridge
to remove the frost from them. Process is repeated after some time.
Defrost Timer: The timing is set for defrost cycle that how much
time the cycle is repeated
Defrost timer : Device connected into electrical circuit which shuts
unit off long enough to permit ice and frost accumulation on
evaporator to melt.
Defroster: Defroster is a safety system used in winter or foggy day.
It keeps the windshield warm so that the fog will not stay on wind
shield.
Defrosting: Process of removing frost accumulation from
evaporators.
Defrosting: The defrost cycle is used to heating of cooling coils in
fridge to remove the frost from them. Process is repeated after some
time.
Defrosting control: Device to automatically defrost evaporator. It
may operate by means of a clock, door cycling mechanism or during
"off" portion of refrigerating cycle.
Defrosting Control: To control the timing of defrosting the device is
used called defroster as a sensor.
Defrosting type evaporator: Evaporator operating at such
temperatures that ice and frost on surface melts during off part of
operating cycle.
Defrosting Type Evaporator: The cycle is used to heating of
cooling coils in fridge to remove the frost from them. Process is
repeated after some time.
Deg : Degrees
Degas Heat: A heat of degas steel is a heat that is produced to
extremely low carbon levels through vacuum degassing.
Degasifier: A substance that can be added to molten metal to
remove soluble gases that might otherwise be occluded or
entrapped in the metal during solidification.
Degasser: To prevent the making bubbles at the time of drilling
degasser is used which remove the gas from drilling fluids.
Degassing: Lowering the hydrogen and oxygen content of the steel
by placing the molten steel in a vacuum.
Degassing: The process is used to remove the unwanted gases
from the processing fluids.
Degassing Flux: A flux for removing gas from the melt.
Degassing Flux: Degassing flux is used in alloy process where
hydrogen is removed from alloy.
Degenerate Structure: Usually refers to pearlite that does not have
an ideally lamellar structure. The degree of degeneracy may vary
from slight perturbations in the lamellar arrangement to structures
that are not recognizably lamellar.
Degradation: A deleterious change in the chemical structure,
physical properties or appearance of a material.
Degras (pronounced "de-grah"): An animal oil extracted from the
skin or wool of sheep, typically used to control corrosion.
Degreasing: The cleaning of grease and oil from metal parts in a
machine designed to expose the metal parts to a liquid, a vaporized
solvent or a special cleaning detergent. (see Vapor Degreasing)
Degreasing: This is a overall circumstance where a particular
modules/ion perform same function but in different condition for all
perform different result.
Degree: A unit of angular measure represented by the symbol o.
The circumference of a circle contains 360 degrees. When applied to
the roughly spherical shape of the Earth for geographic and
cartographic purposes, degrees are each divided into 60 minutes.
Degree Day: it’s a measuring day of heating and cooling.
Degree day : A unit, based upon temperature difference and time,
used in estimating fuel consumption and specifying nominal heating
load of a building in winter. For any one day, when the mean
temperature is less than 65°F there exist as many degree days as
there are Fahrenheit degrees difference in temperature between the
mean temperature for the day and 65°F.
Degree Of Ramming: The intent of hardness in the mold while in
molding process
Degrees of Freedom: The number of independent variables (such
as temperature, pressure or concentration within the phases
present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change
in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables
that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely.
Degrees of superheat: The amount by which the temperature of a
superheated vapor exceeds the temperature of the saturated vapor
at the same pressure.
Degrees Of Superheat: The amount in which superheated
temperature's vapor increase the temperature of saturated vapor is
called degree of saturation
Dehumidification: The condensation of water vapor from air by
cooling below the dewpoint or removal of water vapor from air by
chemical or physical methods.
Dehumidification: The device used to reduce the humidity in the air,
generally used in house for dehumidification.
Dehumidifier: The device used to reduce the humidity in the air, its
looks like a air cooler but placed inside the room for dehumidification
Dehumidifier : -(1) An air cooler or washer used for lowering the
moisture content of the air passing through it; (2) An absorption or
adsorption device for removing moisture from air.
Dehumidifying: Removal of moisture from the air.
Dehumidifying: The process of removing the humidity from air.
Dehydration: The removal of water vapor from air, stored goods or
refrigerants.
Dehydration: The condition of human body when required water
level in a human body is reduced
Deionization: Deionization, a more general term than deashing,
embraces the removal of all charged constituents or ionizable salts
(both inorganic and organic) from solution.
Deionization: The process of filters the water controlling the electric
charge of ion.
Deionizer : It’s a gas cylinder used to make water deionized.
De-ionizer -: An apparatus or device used to remove the ions of
dissolved salts from water.
Del : Delay/delayed
Delay Code: The code is used to express the screen
Delay Screen : It’s a cathode ray tube having screen show the
electron beam images for some time.
Delay : Delays are incurred when any action is taken by a controller
that prevents an aircraft from proceeding normally to its destination
for an interval of 15 minutes or more. This includes actions to delay
departing or enroute, or arriving aircraft as well as actions taken to
delay aircraft at departing airports due to conditions en route or at
destination airports.
Delayed Relays: A relay, or switch, is used to open or close an
electrical circuit. In a delayed relay, an additional components is
used to create a time-lapse between the input signal to the relay and
the actual opening or closing of the contactors.
Delayed Yield: A phenomenon involving a delay in time between the
application of a stress and the occurrence of the corresponding
yield-point strain.
Deleterious Material: Undesirable content in an ore that can cause
complications in processing. In iron ore, common deleterious
elements are: Sulfur (S), Phosphorous (P), Aluminum (Al) and Silica
(Si).
Delivery: To hand over something that was ordered booked by user
and provide by manufacturer called delivery
Delivery: the volume of fluid discharged by a pump in a given time,
usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm).
Delivery End: The exit end of the line.
Delivery End: The address where product will deliver is called
delivery end.
Delivery Tail End: The outside lap of the produced coil on the
delivery reel.
Delivery valve: Delivery valve is the high pressure pipe lines from
injection pump to injector These pipes knows to Delivery valve.
These contains very high pressure to open the injector nozzle.
Delta: The fan-shaped area at the mouth or lower end of a river,
formed by eroded material that has been carried downstream and
dropped in quantities larger than can be carried off by tides or
currents.
Delta Connection: The electrically connection system in the form of
closed triangle for power, voltage and current.
Delta Ferrite: (see Ferrite)
Delta Iron: The form of pure iron that exists between 1,392°C and its
melting point in which the iron atoms are arranged in a body-
centered cubic (bcc) crystalline pattern.
Delta Iron: Iron is divided as per temperature zone, which is higher,
middle and lower temperature. Delta iron is in the higher temperature
zone.
Delta v: Difference or change in velocity.
Delta wing: When viewed in plan has the shape of an isosceles
triangle; the apex leads, the wing trailing-edge forming the base of
the triangle.
Delta wing: A sweepback wing that looks like a triangle from above.
The trailing edge of the wing is the base of the triangle. The XB-70A
is an example of an airplane that has a delta wing. The XB-70A can
fly faster than twice the speed of sound at an altitude of 70,000 feet.
Delta wound: A type of stator winding where all three coils are
connected in a triangle shape.
Delta : Difference; error.
Delta-wing: A triangularly-shaped aircraft wing having a low aspect
ratio, a sharply-tapered leading edge, a straight trailing edge, and a
pointed tip.
Demand -: The probable maximum rate of water flow as determined
by the number of water supply fixture units.
Demand charge -: That part of an electric bill based on kW demand
and the demand interval, expressed in dollars per kilowatt. Demand
charges offset construction and maintenance of a utility's need for a
large generating capacity.
Demand control: A device which controls the kW demand level by
shedding loads when the kW demand exceeds a predetermined set
point.
Demand interval : The period of time during which kW demand is
monitored by a utility service, usually 15 or 30 minutes long.
Demand load: The actual amount of load on a circuit at any time.
The sum of all the loads which are ON. Equal to the connected load
minus the loads that are OFF.
Demand reading: Highest or maximum demand for electricity an
individual customer registers in a given interval, example, 15 minute
interval. The metered demand reading sets the demand charge for
the month.
Demarest Process: A fluid forming process in which cylindrical and
conical sheet metal parts are formed by a modified rubber bulging
punch. The punch, equipped with a hydraulic cell, is placed inside
the workpiece, which in turn is placed inside the die. Hydraulic
pressure expands the punch.
Demineralization Train: Two units, a cation tank and an anion tank,
working in conjugation. Water flows through the tanks and
undergoes a positive and negative ion exchange that removes
hardness.
Demineralization Train: Two units, a cation tank and an anion tank,
working in conjugation. Water flows through the tanks and
undergoes a positive and negative ion exchange that removes
hardness.
Demineralized Water: City water which is circulated through a
series of three demineralizing filters to soften it and remove
residuals. It is then delivered to a storage tank for use in overflowing
the superheater elements and headers on the boiler during
hydrostatic tests. Filling the superheaters with demineralized water
prevents the raw water used in a hydrostatic test from entering the
superheaters where it could cause corrosion problems.
Demineralized Water: City water which is circulated through a
series of three demineralizing filters to soften it and remove
residuals. It is then delivered to a storage tank for use in overflowing
the superheater elements and headers on the boiler during
hydrostatic tests. Filling the superheaters with demineralized water
prevents the raw water used in a hydrostatic test from entering the
superheaters where it could cause corrosion problems.
Demineralizer: A process to remove dissolved matter from boiler
pretreated water by contacting the water with ion-exchange resins.
Demister: Demister is device which is used to remove the mist from
the windshield, it is a heater which converts the water vapour and
separate it from windshield.
Demo: (i) a test drive; (ii) a vehicle that has been used as a
demonstration model by a dealership.
Demodulation: To extract information from a modulated carrier
wave.
Demodulation: The process of retrieving information (data) from a
modulated carrier wave, the reverse of modulation.
Demulsibility (Typically Measured Using ASTM D 1401 or D
2711): The ability of a fluid insoluble in water to separate from water
after thorough mechanical mixing.
Demulsifiers: Additives that promote separation of oil from water.
Dendrite: A crystal that has a tree like branching pattern, being most
evident in cast metals slowly cooled through the solidification range.
Dendrites: Crystals that form in a tree-like pattern during
solidification.
Dendritic Powder: Particles usually of electrolytic origin typically
having the appearance of a pine tree.
Dendritic Segregation: Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying
elements through the arms of dendrites.
Dendrochronology: The dating of past events and variations in
the environment and the climate by studying the annual growth rings
of trees. The approximate age of a temperate forest tree can be
determined by counting the annual growth rings in the lower part of
the trunk. The width of these annual rings is indicative of the climatic
conditions during the period of growth; wide annual rings signify
favorable growing conditions, absence of diseases and pests, and
favorable climatic conditions, while narrow rings indicate unfavorable
growing conditions or climate.
Dendroclimatology: The use of tree growth rings as proxy climate
indicators. Tree rings record responses to a wider range of climatic
variables over a larger part of the Earth than any other type of
annually dated proxy record.
Denickelification: Corrosion in which nickel is selectively leached
from nickel-containing alloys. Most commonly observed in copper-
nickel alloys after extended service in fresh water. See also
dealloying and selective leaching. (see Dealloying) (see Selective
Leaching)
Densitometer: Instrument utilizing the photoelectric principle to
determine the degree of darkening of developed photographic film.
Density: The related mass of an object in a given volume.
Density: Mass per unit volume.
Density: Amount of matter per unit volume.
Density Analyzers: A density analyzer is a measurement device
used to determine the density of a material. There are many ways of
determining the density of a material, with techniques varying based
on whether the material of interest is solid, liquid, gaseous, or a
packaged product where the density refers to the number of
components per unit weight or volume.
Density Ratio: The ratio of the determined density of a powder
compact to the absolute density of metal of the same composition
usually expressed as a percentage. Also referred to as percent
theoretical density. (see percent theoretical density)
Density wave: A kind of wave induced in a flat plane of a resisting
medium (such as the rings of Saturn) by gravitational forces, often
assuming the form of a tightly wound spiral.
Density : The ratio of the mass of a specimen of a substance to the
volume of the specimen. The mass of a unit volume of a substance.
When weight can be used without confusion, as synonymous with
mass, density is the weight per unit volume.
Density, absolute: Mass per unit volume of a solid material,
expressed usually in kg/m3.
Density, absolute: The mass per unit volume of a solid material,
expressed in g/cm3, kg/m3, or Ib/ft3.
Dent-Resistant–BH Series: Sheet of this designation is produced
from partially stabilized steel and offers a unique combination of as-
received formability and final properties after fabrication. Sheet of
this designation combines strength and high formability. Although
this steel is non-aging at room temperature, it gains strength from
work-hardening during fabrication and from carbon-aging during
paint-baking. (Sometimes referred to as "bake hardenable.")
Deoxidation: The practice of adding elements to liquid steel before
it is cast to reduce and control the level of dissolved oxygen in the
liquid and therefore to control the amount of carbon monoxide
evolved during solidification. Elements added for this purpose are
Mn, Si and Al. Modern casting practice requires the complete
removal of gaseous oxygen before casting commences; this steel is
'fully killed'.
Deoxidation: (1) Removal of oxygen from molten metals by use of
suitable chemical agents. (2) Sometimes refers to removal of
undesirable elements other than oxygen by the introduction of
elements or compounds that readily react with them.
Deoxidize: In the limited sense used in metallurgy, the removing of
oxygen from a batch of molten steel. Oxygen is present as iron oxide
(FeO), which is dissolved in the steel, and is removed by adding a
deoxidizing agent such as manganese, silicon or aluminum.
Deoxidized Copper: Copper from which cuprous oxide has been
removed by adding a deoxidizer such as phosphorus to the molten
bath.
Deoxidizer: A substance that can be added to molten metal to
remove either free or combined oxygen.
Deoxidizing: (1) The removal of oxygen from molten metals through
the use of a suitable deoxidizer. (2) Sometimes refers to the removal
of undesirable elements other than oxygen through the introduction
of elements or compounds that readily react with them. (3) In metal
finishing, the removal of oxide films from metal surfaces by chemical
or electrochemical reaction.
Deoxidizing: Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire
technology, the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing
atmosphere, to lessen the amount of scale.
Dep : Departure
Depart from hover (dhov) : A guidance mode providing lateral
guidance, longitudinal guidance and vertical guidance for a set
heading or bank angle, a set speed, and a set climb rate, altitude or
pitch;
Departures : The number of aircraft take-offs actually performed in
domestic and international scheduled and non-scheduled
passenger/cargo and all-cargo revenue services.
Dephosphorization: Elimination of phosphorus from molten steel.
Dephosphorization: Elimination of phosphorus from molten steel.
Depolarization: A decrease in the polarization of an electrode.
Deposit Corrosion: Corrosion occurring under or around a
discontinuous deposit on a metallic surface. See also poultice
corrosion.(see Poultice Corrosion)
Deposition: Process by which water changes phase directly from
vapor into a solid without first becoming a liquid.
Deposition Efficiency (Arc Welding): The ratio of the weight of
deposited metal to the net weight of filler metal consumed, exclusive
of stubs.
Deposition Sequence: The order in which the increments of weld
metal are deposited. See also buildup sequence and longitudinal
sequence. (see Buildup Sequence) (see Longitudinal Sequence)
Depreciation: The amount by which a vehicle (or any physical item)
loses its value over time. In vehicle lease transactions, the projected
depreciation of the vehicle is used to determine the vehicles
projected residual value and the monthly lease payments.
Depth Card: A notched paper card used in setting the depth of the
knives.
Depth of Cut: The thickness of material removed from a workpiece
in a single machining part.
Depth of Fusion: The distance that fusion extends into the base
metal or previous pass from the surface melted during welding.
Depth Of Fusion: The depth to which base matel melts during
welding
Derailment: The unintentional removal of one or more train wheels
from the running rail
Derated: An engine which is restricted to a cower output below its
potential maximum.
Deregulation: Refers to the deregulation of airline markets and the
removal of government controls on pricing and routes permitted to
fly.
Derivative : Rate of change, usually with respect to time; Symbols: x
dot, x prime, x sup (1), dx/dt, Dx;
Derived : Calculated values for which no direct measurement exists;
Compare: estimated, filtered, measured, raw, selected, smoothed
Dermatis: An inflammation of the skin, which may be caused by
allergy to certain casting adjuncts, as resins; particularly in the shell
process.
Desalination: The removal of inorganic dissolved solids from water.
Desalt : Desired altitude
Descaling: The process of removing scale from the surface of steel.
Common method of descaling is crack the scale by use of
roughened rolls and remove by a forceful water spray.
Descaling: The process of removing scale from the surface of steel.
Scale forms most readily when the steel is hot by union oxygen with
iron. Common methods of descaling are (1) crack the scale by use of
roughened rolls and remove by a forceful water spray, (2) throw salt
or wet sand or wet burlap on the steel just previous to its passage
through the rolls.
Descending node: The point at which an orbiting object or
spacecraft, moving from north to south, crosses the plane of the
equator.
Descending node: The point in a satellite's orbit at which it crosses
the equatorial plane from north to south.
Descending : Decreasing altitude.
Descent control: An off-road version of cruise control that uses the
ABS and traction control systems to independently manipulate a
vehicle's four brakes, which allows the driver to descend steep and
uneven terrain at a walking speed more effectively than the driver
can by using a break pedal that controls all four brakes at once.
Descent engine: The rocket used to power a spacecraft as it
makes a controlled landing on the surface of a planet or moon.
Descent module: That part of a spacecraft that descends from orbit
to the surface of a planet or moon.
Description of goods: Plain language description of the nature of
the goods sufficient to identify them at the level required for banking,
customs, statistical or transport purposes.
Deseaming: A process of burning out defective areas on the surface
of ingots, blooms or billets. The condition of the surface is such that
it can then be rolled or forged into a satisfactory product.
Deseaming: A process of burning out defective areas on the surface
of ingots,blooms or billets. The condition of the surface is such that it
can then be rolled or forged intoa saticfactory product.
Desert: A land area so dry that little or no plant or animal life can
survive.
Desertification: The man-made or natural formation of desert from
usable land.
Desertification: The progressive destruction or degradation of
vegetative cover especially in arid or semiarid regions bordering
existing deserts. Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of
forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all
serve to destroy or degrade the land cover. The climatic impacts of
this destruction include increased albedo leading to
decreasedprecipitation, which in turn leads to less vegetative cover;
increased atmospheric dust loading could lead to
decreasedmonsoon rainfall and greater wind erosion and/or
atmospheric pollution.
Desiccant : Any absorbent or adsorbent, liquid or solid, that will
remove water or water vapor from a material. In a refrigeration
circuit, the desiccant should be insoluble in the refrigerant.
Desiccant, liquid : A hygroscopic liquid, such as glycol, used to
remove water from other fluids.
Design Base Line: The noise spectrum which is the goal of any
particular noise reduction program.
Design helicopter: A generic helicopter that reflects the maximum
weight, overall length, main rotor diameter, fuel load, landing gear
dimensions, etc. of all helicopters expected to operate at the heliport.
Design pressure : Highest or most severe pressure expected
during operation. Sometimes used as the calculated operating
pressure plus an allowance for safety.
Design working pressure: The maximum allowable working
pressure for which a specific part of a system is designed.
Desired altitude (desalt) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the vertical guidance modes; altitude which controlled
altitude is attempting to achieve Typical Units: ft; Dimensions:
Length;
Desired path : A trajectory in space determined by guidance to
meet the current mission objectives;
Desired speed (dess) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the longitudinal guidance modes; speed which
controlled speed is attempting to achieve Typical Units: ft/s, kt;
Dimensions: Length / Time;
Desired : What must be achieved in order to match a plan;
Synonyms: reference;
Deslagger: A rotating retractable steam lance used to remove slag
from the boiler tubes and walls.
Deslagger: A rotating retractable steam lance used to remove slag
from the boiler tubes and walls.
Despersion Hardening: Hardening by the formation of hard
microconstituents dispersed in a softer matrix. See Preciptitation
Hardening
DESS : Desired speed
Dessert bag: A canvas bag which permits seepage of its liquid. The
liquid will evaporate and obtains the to evaporate partly from the
content of the bag and thus cooling its content.
Dessert bag : A canvas bag which permits seepage of its liquid. The
liquid will evaporate and obtains the to evaporate partly from the
content of the bag and thus cooling its content.
Dessicant: A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or
sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its vicinity. Commonly
encountered pre-packaged desiccants are solids that absorb water
and used to protect sensitive parts or materials against moisture
damage.
Destination: The ultimate stopping place according to the contract
of carriage.
Destination charge: The fee that the manufacturer charges to
deliver a vehicle from the factory to the dealership, and that is
passed on by the dealer to the consumer; it is not included in the
MSRP of the vehicle. The destination fee is the same for a particular
vehicle no matter where the dealership is located (with the exception
of Alaska and Hawaii in some instances).
Destructive Testing: Any of the mechanical tests performed on an
expendable sample of tubing to check physical properties. These
tests include: tensile, yield, elongation, hardness, flare, flattening,
bend and burst.
Desulfurization: Operation that injects a chemical mixture into a
ladle full of hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the
Basic Oxygen Furnace. Sulfur enters the steel from the coke in the
blast furnace smelting operation, and there is little the steelmaker
can do to reduce its presence. Because excess sulfur in the steel
impedes its welding and forming characteristics, the mill must add
this step to the steelmaking process.
Desulfurization: Operation that injects a chemical mixture into a
ladle full of hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the
Basic Oxygen Furnace. Sulfur enters the steel from the coke in the
blast furnace smelting operation, and there is little the steelmaker
can do to reduce its presence. Because excess sulfur in the steel
impedes its welding and forming characteristics, the mill must add
this step to the steelmaking process.
Desulfurizer: A material used to remove sulfur from molten metals
and alloys. Also, a form of holding ladle or basin in which the molten
metal and desulfurizing material are brought into contact.
Desulfurizer: A material used to remove sulfur from molten metals
and alloys. Also, a form of holding ladle or basin in which the molten
metal and desulfurizing material are brought into contact.
Desuperheater: Pressure-reducing station which reduces 800 psi
high-pressure steam to 225 psi low-pressure steam to supplement
the low-pressure system throughout the mill.
Desuperheater: Pressure reducing station which reduces 800 psi
high pressure steam to 225 psi low pressure steam to supplement
the low pressure system throughout the mill.
Detector: A device in a radiometer that senses the presence and
intensity of radiation. The incoming radiation is usually modified by
filters or other optical components that restrict the radiation to a
specific spectral band. The information can either be transmitted
immediately or recorded for transmittal at a later time.
Detergent (Cleansers): Detergents in cleansers are surface-active
compounds that lower the surface tension of water or water solutions
and impart emulsifying and dispersing properties to them.
Detergent (Oils): A metallic salt additive used in engine oils to keep
insoluble particles in colloidal suspension and prevent the formation
of deposits and rust. With dispersants, detergents also remove
existing surface deposits.
Detergent additive : In lubrication technology, a surface active
additive that helps to keep solid particles suspended in an oil
Detergent cleaning : A boiler cleaning process using an alkaline
solution, primarily to remove oil and grease.
Detergent oil: A heavy duty oil containing a detergent additive.
These oils are mainly used in combustion engines.
Detergent-dispersant: A compound mixture of cleaning agents that
have both surface-active properties and suspending properties.
Detonation: Detonation is not good for engine it can destroy the
engine or can spoil it, It is due to high compression in engine cylinder
increases the temperature and air fuel mixture get fire at wrong time.
Detonation Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process variation
in which the controlled explosion of a mixture of fuel gas, oxygen and
powdered coating material is utilized to melt and propel the material
to the workpiece.
Detritus: Accumulated organic debris from dead organisms, often
an important source of nutrients in a food web.
Detroit Cup Test: A cupping test for sand, using a steel ball as
plunger, the depth of cup being shown on a dial
DEV : Deviation
Developed Blank: A sheet metal blank that yields a finished part
without trimming or with the least amount of trimming.
Developed Hardness: Hardness capability of a metal or alloy after a
hardening heat treating process.
Developed Hardness: Hardness capability of a metal or alloy after a
hardening heat treating process.
De-vent: To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve,
permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.
Deviation : Difference from desired;
Device: A combination of individual components that are arranged to
form a unit with a specific set of operating parameters.
Device: A combination of individual components that are arranged to
form a unit with a specific set of operating parameters.
Device : A piece of equipment, a subsystem; Synonyms: physical
device, unit
DeVries Test: A test to give the relative hardness of deep hardening
tests.
Dew: Atmospheric moisture that condenses after a warm day and
appears during the night on cool surfaces as small drops. The cool
surfaces cause the water vapor in the air to cool to the point where
the water vapor condenses.
Dew Point: The dew point of the atmosphere inside the furnace. The
higher the negative number, the dryer the furnace. A dry furnace is
desired.
Dew Point: The dew point of the atmosphere inside the furnace. The
higher the negative number, the dryer the furnace. A dry furnace is
desired.
Dew point: The temperature to which air must be cooled for
saturation to occur, exclusive of air pressure or moisture content
change. At that temperature dew begins to form, and water vapor
condenses into liquid.
Dew point depression: The difference between dry bulb and dew
point temperatures.
Dew point temperature: The temperature at which condensation
begins, if air is cooled at constant pressure.
Dew point : Temperature at which vapor (at 100 percent humidity)
begins to condense and deposit as liquid.
Dewatering Chemicals: A dewatering chemical is any chemical
used to remove water or moisture from an environment. Dewatering
chemicals are often used in conjunction with slurry and sludge
treatement in wastewater treatment facilities. Dewatering chemicals
are often used in other industries and are commonly used to
facilitate drilling through mud in the petroleum drilling industry.
Dewatering Pumps: The term dewatering pump refers to any of a
class of pumps used to remove water from an environment and is
commonly used in applications in the construction and marine
industries. Sump pumps and bilge pumps are both common types of
dewatering pumps.
Dewaxing: A refinery process that removes paraffin wax from
lubricating oils to lower their pour points.
Dewaxing: The process of melting out the expendable was pattern
from an investment mold by the application of heat, usually at
temperatures less than 250 B0F (121) B0C).
Dexidation: Removal of excess oxygen from molten metal, usually
accomplished by adding materials with a high affinity for oxygen, the
oxides of which are either gaseous or readily form slags.
Dextrin: Soluble gummy carbohydrate formed by the decomposition
of starch by heat, acids, or enzymes; it is use din core compounds,
mold compounds, mold washes, core pastes, and other compounds
requiring high dry compressive strengths.
Dezincing: A coating defect consisting of the removal of the zinc
oxide in a “C” enamel film by chemical reaction with food products.
Dezincing appears as a lack of opacity in the film and usually occurs
in a random pattern.
Dezincing: A coating defect consisting of the removal of the zinc
oxide in a C enamel film by chemical reaction with food products.
Dezincing appears as a lack of opacity in the film and usually occurs
in a random pattern.
Dezurik Valve: Butterfly or slideplate type stop valve that allows
emergency quencher and quencher flow to the bull nozzle of the
ductwork. Name refers to manufacturer.
Dezurik Valve: Butterfly or slide plate type stop valve that allows
emergency quencher and quencher flow to the bull nozzle of the
ductwork. Name refers to manufacturer.
DF: Diesel fuel
DF : Direction Finder
DFAD : Digitized Feature Analysis Data
DFDR: The DFDR (Digital Flight Data Recorder) is one of the two
black boxes on board the aircraft (the other is the CVR - Cockpit
Voice Recorder). Over 25 hours the DFDR continually records
significant technical data concerning speed, altitude, engine
functions, automatic pilot or the flight control systems.
DFS : Deutsche Flugsicherung AG
DG : Directional gyro
DGAC: French Civil Aviation Authority. Reports to the French
ministry of transport, the DGAC is in charge of air safety in France.
Dglr: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (German
Company for Air and Space Travel).
DGM: Deputy General Manager
DGNSS : Differential GNSS
DGPS : Differential global positioning system. LA- prefix refers to
local area DGPS; WA- prefix refers to wide-area DGPS signal
retransmission schemes.
DGT REN : Differential GPS
DH : Decision Height
DHOV : Depart from hover
Dia Tester (Wolpert Hardness Tester): A hardness testing machine
using the Vickers or Brinell ball indenter.
Diagnostic trouble code (DTC): An alphanumeric or numeric
sequence indicating a fault in a vehicle operating system.
Diagonal Direction: 45° from the rolling direction.
Diagonal Passages (Lube Systems): Passages connecting the
inlet and discharge bores.
Diagram: A formal drawing showing the arrangement of components
or devices.
Diagram: A formal drawing showing the arrangement of components
or devices.
Dialed in: The term used to describe when the helicopter’s power /
cyclic / tail rotor mixing is set up just right,
Dialed in : Slang term for the condition in which the aircraft is set up
to fly smoothly and predictably. This is the state where the
mechanics and electronics work together to produce the best
performance.
Diamagnetic Material: A material whose specific permeability is
less than unity and is therefore repelled weakly by a magnet.
Compare with ferromagnetic arerial and paramagnetic material.
Diameters: In microscopy, an indication of the amount of
magnification. 1,000 diameters 3D 1,000 times the original size.
Diametral Pitch: Ratio of the number of teeth on a gear to the
number of inches of pitch diameter or the number of teeth to each
inch of pitch diameter.
Diametral Pitch (Gears): Sometimes simply called “pitch”; the
measure of tooth size, equal to the number of teeth divided by the
pitch diameter. Mating gears have the same diametral pitch.
Diammonium Phosphate: Used to fireproof the clothing of foundry
workers.
Diammonium Phosphate: Used to fireproof clothing of foundry
workers.
Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test: See Vickers Hardness
Test. (see Vickers Hardness Test)
Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test: This test, more commonly
known as the vickers test finds greater use in the laboratory than the
workshop. It employs a pyramid shaped diamond with an included
angle of 136? which is impressed into the specimen using loads of 5
to 120 kg making a small square impression. This test is used for
finished or polished components because the impression can be
very small. The diamond pyramid hardness number is obtained from
a calculation based on measuring the diagonals of the impressions
in the steel.
Diamond Tool: (1) A diamond shaped or formed to the contour of a
single-point cutting tool for use in precision machining of nonferrous
or nonmetallic materials. (2) An insert made from polycrystalline
diamond compacts.
Diamond Wheels: A grinding wheel in which crushed and sized
industrial diamonds are held in a resinoid, metal or vitrified bond.
Diaphragm: A diaphragm is something flexible that muscular wall
that can be stretchable across the body for making suction and
pressure other side.
Diaphragm: A plate or partition between opposite parts of a
member, serving a definite purpose in the structural design of the
member.
Diaphragm : A flexible partition used to separate to different
compartments.
Diaphragm Couplings: Couplings are mechanical fasteners,
usually used to join two pieces of a shaft together for the purpose of
driving rotating equipment. Many shaft coupling are designed for
tight tolerances and require very accurate shaft alignment. A
diaphragm coupling is a type of flexible coupling that makes use of a
pair of flexible plates joined by a spacer to transfer torque from one
plate to the other. The flexibility of the diaphragm plates allow for
slight misalignments.
Diaphragm Pumps: A diaphragm pump, also known as a
membrane pump, is a type of positive displacement pump that uses
a pulsating diaphragm to pump a fluid from a chamber through a
discharge pump. All inlets and outlet pipes must be incorporated with
non-return check valves to ensure the motion of the diaphraghm
results in pumping of the fluid. Diaphragm pumps are characterized
as having good suction lift capabilities, resulting in the ability to
operate at low pressure with low flow and the ability to self-prime.
Diaphragm Shell Molding Machine: An arrangement for applying a
squeeze pressure with a high temperature silicone rubber
diaphragm.
Diaphragm Valves: A diaphragm valve, also known as a membrane
valve, makes us of a diaphragm component to seal the valve inlet.
The diaphragm can be controlled by any of a number of different
types of actuators which are used to seal the diaphragm into the seat
or saddle of the valve body.
Diaphragm : Flexible material usually made of thin metal, rubber or
plastic.
Diaspore: A mineral, aluminum hydroxide.
Diaspore Clay: A rock consisting essentially of diaspore bonded by
fireclay.
Diaspore Clay: A rocklike mineral consisting chiefly of diaspore
(HAlO2) bonded by fire clay substance with an alumina content
higher than 63%.
Dia-Tester (Wolpert Hardness Tester): A hardness testing machine
using the Vickers or Brinell ball indenter.
Diathermometer: An instrument for examining the thermal
resistance or the heat conducting power of objects.
Diatom: A class of unicellular algae more formally known
as Bacillariophyceaethat live in cold waters of relatively low salinity.
Diatomaceous Earth : A hydrous of silica which is soft, light in
weight and consists mainly of microscopic shells of diatoms or other
marine organisms.
Diatomaceous earth filtration : Is a process in which a filter cake
or precoat of diatomaceous earth is used as a filter medium.
Dichromate Treatment: A chromate conversion coating produced
on magnesium alloys in a boiling solution of sodium dichromate.
Didymium: A natural mixture of the rare-earth elements
praseodymium and neodymium often given the quasi-chemical
symbol Di.
Die: A metal block used in forming materials by casting, molding,
stamping, threading or extruding.
Die: A metal block used in forming materials by casting, molding,
stamping, threading, or extruding.
Die: A tool used to swage or crimp a fitting onto a hose. Swage dies
usually consist of two halves machined to a predetermined diameter,
designed for a specific hose type or size. A crimp die set is typically
six to eight “fingers” designed for infinite diameter settings within a
range or preset to a specific diameter for a given hose type and size.
Die Assembly: The parts of a die stamp or press that hold the die
and locate it for the punches.
Die Block: A block, often made of heat-treated steel, into which
desired impressions are machined or sunk and from which closed-
die forgings or sheet metal stampings are produced using hammers
or presses. In forging, die blocks are usually used in pairs, with part
of the impression in one of the blocks and the rest of the impression
in the other. In sheet metal forming, the female die is used in
conjunction with a male punch. See also closed-die forging. (see
Closed-die Forging)
Die Body: The stationary or fixed part of a powder pressing die.
Die Casting: (1) A casting made in a die. (2) A casting process in
which molten metal is forced under high pressure into the cavity of a
metal mold. See also cold chamber machine and hot chamber
machine. (see Cold Chamber Machine) (see Hot Chamber Machine)
Die Cavity: The impression in a die into which pattern material is
forced.
Die Cavity: The impression in a die into which pattern material is
forced.
Die Cleaning Area: A section of the coating of the strip which is
produced when the Operator cleans the die.
Die Clearance: Clearance between a mated punch and die;
commonly expressed as clearance per side. Also called clearance or
punch-to-die clearance. (see Clearance) (see Punch-to-die
Clearance)
Die Coating: See Release Agent
Die Cushion: A press accessory placed beneath or within a bolster
plate or die block to provide an additional motion or pressure for
stamping or forging operations; actuated by air, oil, rubber, springs or
a combination.
Die Forging: A forging that is formed to the required shape and size
through working in machined impressions in specially prepared dies.
Die Forming: The shaping of solid or powdered metal by forcing it
into or through the die cavity.
Die Holder: A plate or block on which the die block is mounted
having holes or slots for fastening to the bolster plate or the bed of
the press.
Die Impression: The portion of the die surface that shapes a forging
or sheet metal part.
Die Insert: A removable liner or part of a die body or punch.
Die Insert: A removable liner or part of a die body or punch.
Die Life: The productive life of a die impression, usually expressed
as the number of units produced before the impression has worn
beyond permitted tolerances.
Die Lines: Longitudinal marking which may be imparted to the
surface of an extrusion by irregularities in a die aperture
Die Lubricant: (1) A lubricant applied to the working surfaces of dies
and punches to facilitate drawing, pressing, stamping and/or
ejection. In powder metallurgy, the die lubricant is sometimes mixed
into the powder before pressing into a compact. (2) A compound that
is sprayed, swabbed, or otherwise applied on die surfaces or the
workpiece during the forging or forming process to reduce friction.
Lubricants also facilitate release of the part from the dies and
provide thermal insulation. See also lubricant. (see Lubricant)
Die Match: The condition where dies are in proper alignment relative
to each other after having been set up in a press or other
equipment.
Die Opening: (1) In flash or upset welding the distance between the
electrodes usually measured with the parts in contact before welding
has commenced or immediately upon completion of the cycle but
before upsetting. (2) In powder metallurgy, the entrance to the die
cavity.
Die Proof: A casting of a die impression made to confirm the
accuracy of the impression.
Die Radius: The radius on the exposed edge of a deepdrawing die
over which the sheet flows in forming drawn shells.
Die Set: In stamping, the parts of the press that hold the die and
locate it in proper relation to the punches.
Die Set: In stamping, the parts of the press that hold the die and
locate it in proper relation to the punches.
Die Shift: The condition that occurs after the dies have been set up
in a forging unit in which a portion of the impression of one die is not
in perfect alignment with the corresponding portion of the other die.
This results in a mismatch in the forging, a condition that must be
held within the specified tolerance.
Die Shift: The impression of the top die not being in alignment with
the impression of the bottom die, also, the amount of misalignment.
Die Shift: The impression of the top die not being in alignment with
the impression of the bottom die, also, the amount of misalignment.
Die Sinking: The machining of the die impressions to produce
forgings of required shapes and dimensions.
Die Sinking: Forming or machining a depressed pattern in a die.
Die Stamping: The general term for a sheet metal part that is
fanned, shaped or cut by a die in a press in one or more operations.
Die Stock: The frame and two handles (bars) which hold the dies
(chasers) used for cutting (chasing) external screw threads.
Die Stock: The frame and two handles (bars) which hold the dies
(chasers) used for cutting (chasing) external screw threads.
Die Welding: See preferred terms forge welding and cold
welding. (see Forge Welding) (see Cold Welding)
Dielectric: A nonconductor of electricity.
Dielectric fitting: A non conductive substance such as plastic that is
placed between two dissimilar metals to prevent galvanic current
flow.
Dielectric Oven : A rapid drying high frequency electric oven used
to bake cores.
Dielectric Oven (Dryer): A rapid-drying high-frequency electric oven
used to bake cores.
Dielectric Strength (ASTM D 877): Measures the capacity of an
insulating material to withstand electric stress (voltage) without
failure. Fluids with high dielectric strength (usually expressed in kv)
are good electrical insulators.
Dielectric Strength (ASTM D 877): Measures the capacity of an
insulating material to withstand electric stress (voltage) without
failure. Fluids with high dielectric strength (usually expressed in kv)
are good electrical insulators.
Dielectric strength : A measure of the ability of a dielectric
(insulator) to withstand a potential difference across it without electric
discharge.
Dies Knives (Galvanize): Air pressure devices in the Sheet Mill
which, depending on distance from coil, determine coating thickness
by removing excess metal from the strip; the farther the die is from
the steel, the heavier the coating.
Diesel: Diesel is a fuel used in diesel engine.
Diesel cycle: Diesel cycle is a combustion process in which air is
compressed and heat will generate while injecting of fuel.
Diesel engine: Diesel engine is a heat engine in which heat is
generated by injecting of fuel in compressed air, operation perform in
a cylinder and called internal combustion engine.
Diesel engine: A vehicle with an engine that uses diesel fuel and
compression ignition.
Diesel engine hour meter: A digital or analog display that shows
the amount of time (in total hours) that a diesel vehicles engine has
run over its lifetime.
Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF): A fluid that is injected into diesel
exhaust after it exits the engine and before it enters a catalytic
converter.Read more.
Diesel Generator Sets: A diesel generator set is a power
generation system commonly used in areas where wired electrical
power is not available or where backup power is required. A diesel
engine is used to drive a motor, which in turn drives an alternator in
order to generate electricity. Additional equipment such as support
bases, auxiliary structures, and devices for electrical control, power
distribution and fault protection may also make up the overall diesel
generator set.
Dieseling: Condition in which we engine continues to run after the
ignition key is termed of FF. Also referred to as run-on.
Diester (Dibasic Acid Ester): A synthetic lubricant formed by
reacting a dicarboxylic acid with an alcohol, having a high viscosity
index and low volatility. With additives, it finds service in
compressors, internal combustion engines and fluid power systems.
Diester (Dibasic Acid Ester): A synthetic lubricant formed by
reacting a dicarboxylic acid with an alcohol, having a high viscosity
index and low volatility. With additives, it finds service in
compressors, internal combustion engines and fluid power systems.
Dietert Process: A patented process for the production of precision
molds involving blowing a contoured core around a pattern to form
half a mold.
Dietert Process: A patented process for the production of precision
molds involving blowing a contoured core around a pattern to form
half a mold.
Dietert Tester: A patented apparatus for the direct reading of a
Brinell hardness after impression without using magnification or
conversion tables.
Dietert Tester: A patented apparatus for the direct reading of a
Brinell hardness after impression without using magnification or
conversion tables.
Difference equation : Distance Measuring Equipment
Different equation : A mathematical relationship to model a
continuous function, expressed in terms of derivatives; Initial
conditions are usually given or implied. In avionics, differential
equations are commonly used by systems engineers to model
avionics systems. The systems engineer usually converts differential
equations to difference equations for specification and
implementation in software. In avionics, a differential equation
usually models continuous-time phenomenon in terms of time
derivatives; Compare: continuous-time equation, difference equation,
discrete-time equation, Laplace transform, state-space model, Z
transform; See Also: first-order filter, integrator, second-order filter
Differential: Differential is a gear system that drives both axles at
the same time, but allow them to rotate at different speeds when
turning a corner.
Differential: The temperature or pressure difference between cut-in
and cut-out temperature or pressure of a control.
Differential (Chassis): A set or train of gears that change the
direction of the vehicle propeller shaft to that of the axle shafts; also
adjusts the amount of rotation between the right and left wheels on a
particular driven axle to prevent wheel skidding when turning a
corner.
Differential Aeration Cell: An electrolytic cell; the electromagnetic
force of which is due to a difference in air (oxygen) concentration at
one electrode as compared with that at another electrode of the
same material. See also concentration cell. (see Concentration Cell)
Differential aeration cell : An electrolytic cell, the electromagnetic
force of which is due to a difference in air (oxygen) concentration at
one electrode as compared with that at another electrode of the
same material. (see concentration cell)
Differential aileron: When the ailerons are set up to move upwards
more than downwards, to counteract any adverse yaw during a turn
caused by extra drag on the outer wing from the down aileron.
Differential cage: A steel unit to which we ring gear is attached the
case drives the pinion gear and forms an inner wearing surface for
the axle pinion gears.
Differential Coatings: Coatings on flat rolled products whereby the
thickness of the coating on the one side is heavier than the other
side.
Differential Coatings: Coatings on flat rolled products whereby the
thickness of the coating on the one side is heavier than the other
side. At Weirton Steel, the term is applied to a tin plate product which
requires one side of the steel to have a heavier tin coating than the
other side.
Differential Current: The algebraic summation of the current in the
torque motor; measures in MA (milliamperes).
Differential current: The algebraic summation of the current in the
torque motor; measures in MA (milliamperes).
Differential Cylinder: Any cylinder in which the two opposed pistons
are not equal.
Differential cylinder: Any cylinder I which the two opposed pistons
are not equal.
Differential Floatation: Separating a complex are into two or more
valuable minerals and gangue by flotation. See also selective
flotation. (see Selective Flotation)
Differential fluid: The liquid used for lubricating gears inside the
differential.
Differential Heat Treatment: A heating process by which the
temperature is varied within the object so that, after cooling, various
parts may have different properties as desired.
Differential Heating: Heating that intentionally produces a
temperature gradient within an object such that after cooling a
desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within
the object.
Differential Heating: Heating that intentionally produces a
temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a
desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within
the object.
Differential lockout: Differential lockout is the system which
provides the more traction then open differential, While locking the
differential we can choose the wheel whom want more power. By this
we can adjust the torque for wheels.
Differential lube (gear oil): A heavy oil which is rated to 80 to 100
weight viscosity used in enclosed unit containing gear. This oil
infrequently or rarely needs changing.
Differential Pressure: In an orifice meter, the difference between
the pressures on the upstream and downstream sides of the orifice;
also describes the pressure drop across a filter that increases as the
filter clogs.
Differential Pressure: The value or magnitude of pressure
measured as the absolute difference of the inlet pressure and outlet
pressure.
Differential pressure: The value or magnitude of pressure
measured as the absolute difference of the inlet pressure and outlet
pressure.
Differential Pressure Gauges: A differential pressure gauge is a
measurement device used to measure pressure at the gauge inlet
relative to pressure at another location. The differential pressure can
be measured relative to atmospheric pressure or relative to the
pressure as measured at another location. For example, a
differential pressure gauge may be used to record the pressure drop
across a constriction in a flow meter for the purpose of determine the
flow rate.
Differential Rolling: A process where steel is rolled thicker on
flange than on the other. Usually, this is done with uneven leg angles
(bar rolling).
Differential solute concentration : A potential difference between
an anode and cathode on metal, because of a concentration cell due
to dissolved metals.
Differentiation: The process by which single cells grow into
particular forms of specialized tissue (e.g., root, stem, or leaf).
Diffuser : A circular, square, or rectangular air distribution outlet,
generally located in the ceiling and comprised of deflecting members
discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged
to promote mixing of primary air with secondary room air.
Diffusion: Movement of atoms in solids. Heat provides the energy
for atom movement.
Diffusion Bonding: See preferred terms diffusion welding and
diffusion brazing. (see Diffusion Welding) (see Diffusion Brazing)
Diffusion Brazing: A brazing process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them to suitable temperatures and by using a filler
metal or an in situ liquid phase. The filler metal may be distributed by
capillary action or may be placed or formed at the faying surfaces.
The filler metal is diffused with the base metal to the extent that the
joint properties have been changed to approach those of the base
metal. Pressure mayor may not be applied.
Diffusion Coating: Any process whereby a base metal or alloy is
either (1) coated with another metal or alloy and heated to a
sufficient temperature in a suitable environment or (2) exposed to a
gaseous or liquid medium containing the other metal or alloy, thus
causing diffusion of the coating or of the other metal or alloy into the
base metal with resultant changes in the composition and properties
of its surface.
Diffusion Coefficient: A factor of proportionality representing the
amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit
concentration gradient in unit time.
Diffusion Welding: A solid-state welding process that produces
coalescence of the faying surfaces by the application of pressure at
elevated temperature. The process does not involve macroscopic
deformation, melting or relative motion of parts. A solid filler metal
(diffusion aid) may or may not be inserted between the faying
surfaces. See also forge welding, hot pressure welding and cold
welding.(see Forge Welding) (see Hot Pressure Welding) (see Cold
Welding)
Digital: In signal processing this refers to the representation of
quantities in discrete units. The information is contained and
manipulated as a series of discrete numbers as opposed to an
analog representation where the information is represented as a
continuous signal. In practice, even analog signals are usually
processed digitally in that the analog signal is sampled to create a
digital signal that can be processed by inherently digital computers.
Digital: The production of a discrete signal based on a change in
state. See ANALOG.
Digital computer: An electronic device for solving numerically a
variety of problems.
Digital Device: A device or component that responds to or produces
a discrete function based on a change in state.
Digital device: A device or component that responds to or produces
a discrete function based on a change in state. See ANALOG.
Digital elevation model (dem): A representation of the topography
of the Earth in digital format, that is, by coordinates and numerical
descriptions of altitude.
Digital Flow Meter:
Digital Level Indicator: Devices that electronically measures the
level of oil in a tank. The readout is given in a percentage of the tank
that is full (100%).
Digital map generator (dmg) : Digital equipment that produces map
video, and sometimes contains TRN; uses Digital Terrain Elevation
Data and Digitized Feature Analysis Data; Displays reconstructed
digital map data, aeronautical charts or photographs. The digital map
data can be annotated with natural and man-made (point and linear)
features as well as threats. A Terrain Referenced Navigation
algorithm correlates altitude readings with digital map data to provide
position data.
Digital Multimeters: A multimeter is an electrical measurement
device used to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an
electrical circuit. Digital multimeters read the signal of the physical
quantity being measured over either a preselected range, or within a
range set by an autorange function. The analog signal read by the
meter is passed through a series of electrical components to
precondition the signal before putting it through an analog to digital
converter. The output value is reported on an LCD or LED screen.
Digital signal: A voltage or current that varies between two distinct
and fixed levels.
Digital terrain elavation data(dted) : On a digital map, data for
elevation of terrain; DTED is usually provided by Defense Mapping
Agency; Compare: Digitized Feature Analysis Data;
Digitized feature analysis (dfad) : On a digital map, data for
cultural features such as buildings and roads; DFAD is usually
provided by Defense Mapping Agency; Compare: Digital Terrain
Elevation Data;
Digitzer : Any electronic device capable of converting information to
a digital format; usually refers to encoding devices that convert
sensed altitude into a transponder code.
Dihedral: A positive orientation of two wings relative to the
horizontal plane in which the tips are higher than the roots in normal
flight. See also Anhedral, Polyhedral and Gull Wing.
Dihedral: Angle which the spanwise axis of an aerofoil makes to the
fuselage when the wing or tailplane tip is higher than its root
attachment point (positive dihedral).
Dihedral: The upward angle of the wings when viewed from the
front. An airplane with dihedral is more stable in the air than one
without.
Dihedral angle: The upward angle of the wings that is formed where
the wings connect to the fuselage.
Dihedral : The V-shaped bend in the wing. The upward angle of the
airplane`s wings with respect to the horizontal. Typically, more
dihedral causes more aerodynamic stability in an airplane, and
causes the rudder to control both the roll and yaw axis. This is why
some trainers and sailplanes require only 3 channels of radio control
Dike: A patented flexible seal to prevent blow by in core boxes.
Dilatometer: An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or
contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as
temperature and allotropy.
Dilatometer: An instrument for measuring the expansion or
contraction of a solid metal resulting from heating, cooling,
polymorphic changes, etc.
Diluent (“Cutback Solvent”): Instead of heating, a solvent added to
viscous lubricants or compounds to permit application in cold
weather. The solvent evaporates after application, leaving the
lubricant in place.
Dimensional Allowance: The specified diffferance in size between
mating parts
Dimensional Letters: Dimensional letters are alpha-numeric
characters used in the production of signs and displays. Dimensional
letters come in a wide range of sizes and materials, including
magnetic sheeting, plastic, metal, foam, and other options. The
choice of material will largely depend on the application surface, the
method of adhesion, the environment the letters will be exposed to,
and the length of time the letters are required to last.
Dimensional Tolerance: A range by which a product's width and
gauge can deviate from those ordered and still meet the order's
requirements. (see Commercial Tolerance)
Dimensional Tolerance Grades: A system of classifying the
tightness of tolerances for the purpose of defining accurately the
tolerances involved, and for simplifying the communication process
between customer and producer regarding what is wanted, and what
is possible, respectively.
Dimensionless : No units, such as ratios; Synonyms: unit less;
Dimple Rupture: A fractographic term describing ductile fracture
that occurs through the formation and coalescence of microvoids
along the fracture path. The fracture surface of such a ductile
fracture appears dimpled when observed at high magnification and
usually is most clearly resolved when viewed in a scanning electron
microscope.
Dimpling: (1) The stretching of a relatively small, shallow
indentation into sheet metal. (2) In aircraft, the stretching of metal
into a conical flange for a countersunk head rivet.
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung): The German equivalent of
ASTM. www.din.de
Din Rail Enclosures: A DIN rail is a top-hat shaped rail, with
specifications that meet German Industry Standards known as DIN
standards. A DIN rail enclosure is a specialized box designed to
install rail-mounted components for the assembly of electronic
circuits and systems.
Din Rail Power Supply: A power supply designed for installation in
electronic or mechanical devices on a DIN rail. A DIN rail is a top-hat
shaped rail, with specifications that meet German Industry Standards
known as DIN standards.
Dina : An American improvement of MANDREL airborne jamming
device operating in the 95-210 MHz band. Also named PIPERACK
when used to counter FuG 220 AI radar.
Ding: Ding is in door, while a car is parked next to a car, If other
person opens their door and sometimes hit to car is known as door
ding.
Ding : Minor dent or damage to the structure. Also, a nick in a prop.
Dinged props must be replaced.
Diode Bridge: A diode is an electronic component with two ends, or
terminals, that only allows current flow in one direction. Depending
on their design, diodes can act as a regulator or check valve,
rectifying and controlling the current in its forward direction to
achieve a specific response. A diode bridge is a configuration of four
or more diodes arranged such that regardless of the input polarity,
the same output polarity will always be delivered by the bridge.
Because of this ability, bridge diodes are often used to convert
alternating current signals to direct current.
Diode rectifier: A device used to convert AC voltage into DC pulses.
Diode-Pumped Laser Markers: A diode-pumped laser is a solid-
state laser that uses a crystalline or glass element as the gain
medium of the laser to amplify the energy. Diode-pump lasers are
capable of delivery very high power levels in compact and efficient
delivery mechanisms. When used in laser marking systems, diode-
pumped lasers are capable of producing deep engravings and
markings in higher strength materials.
Dip Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is
furnished by a molten chemical or metal bath. When a molten
chemical bath is used, the bath may act as a flux. When a molten
metal bath is used, the bath provides the filler metal.
Dip Coat: (1) In the solid mold technique of investment casting, an
extremely fine ceramic precoat applied as a slurry directly to the
surface of the pattern to reproduce maximum surface smoothness.
This coating is surrounded by coarser, less expensive and more
permeable investment to form the mold. (2) In the shell mold
technique of investment casting, an extremely fine ceramic coating
called the first coat, applied as a slurry directly to the surface of the
pattern to reproduce maximum surface smoothness. The first coat is
followed by other dip coats of different viscosity and usually
containing different grading of ceramic particles. After each dip,
coarser stucco material is applied to the coating that is still wet. A
buildup of several coats forms an investment shell mold. See also
investment casting. (see Investment Casting)
Dip Coat: In solid and shell mold investment casting, a fine ceramic
coating applied as a slurry to the pattern to produce maximum
surface smoothness, followed by a cheaper conventional investment.
See Investment Precoat
Dip Plating: See immersion plating. (see immersion plating)
Dip Reed Lubrication: A method that lubricates rubbing surfaces by
dipping or partially submerging them in lubricant.
Dip Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is
furnished by a molten metal bath that provides the solder filler
metal.
Dip Tank: A tank, preferably lined with rubber, epoxy or other non-
metallic, into which die castings are dipped for cooling after leaving
the machine.
Dip Tank: A tank, preferably lined with rubber, epoxy, or other
nonmetallic, into which diecastings are dipped for cooling after
leaving the machine.
Diphase Cleaning: Removing soil by an emulsion that produces two
phases in the cleaning tank: a solvent phase and an aqueous phase.
Cleaning is effected by both solvent action and emulsification.
Dipole: A compact source of magnetic force, with two magnetic
poles. A bar magnet, coil or current loop, if their size is small, create
a dipole field. The Earth's field, as a first approximation, also
resembles that of a dipole.
Dipped Joint: A thin joint made by dipping of the brick in a thin
mortar.
Dipped Joint: A thin joint made by dipping of the brick in a thin
mortar.
Dipstick: A meel or plastic rod used to determine the quantity of oil
and fluid in a system.
Direct acting: Instruments that increase control pressure as the
controlled variable (such as temperature or pressure) increases;
while reverse acting instruments increase control pressure as the
controlled variable decreases.
Direct Arc Furnace: An electric arc furnace in which the metal being
melted is one of the poles.
Direct Blowing: The term used when one blower is blowing to one
furnace at a time.
Direct Blowing: The term used when one blower is blowing to one
furnace at a time.
Direct Bonded Basic Brick: A fired refractory in which the grains
are joined predominately by a solid-state diffusion mechanism. The
term "direct bond" was initially applied to fired magnesite-chrome
refractories.
Direct Casting: Teeming from the ladle into the casting mold without
the use of a tundish.
Direct Casting: Teeming from the ladle into the casting mold without
the use of a tundish.
Direct Chill Casting: A continuous method of making ingots for
rolling or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base
of the mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the metal
solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid
metal below the wall of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the
impingement of water directly on the mold or on the walls of the solid
metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is limited by the depth
to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is often called
semicontinuous casting.
Direct current: Electrical current flowing in one direction and
substantially constant in value.
Direct current (dc): A steady level of electrical current, produced by
a power source (e.g. battery, thermocouple, etc.) that flows in only
one direction in a circuit.
Direct Current Arc Furnace: An electric arc furnace in which a
single electrode positioned at the center of the furnace roof is the
cathode of the system. Current passes from the electrode through
the charge or bath to a cathode located al the bottom of the furnace.
Current from the bottom of the furnace then passes through the
furnace refractories to a copper base plate to outside cables. Used in
the production of ferroalloys, carbon and alloy steels and stainless
steels. See also arc furnace. (see Arc Furnace)
Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN): The arrangement of
direct current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole
and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc. Also
referred to as straight polarity. (see Straight Polarity)
Direct Current Electrode Positive: The arrangement of direct
current arc welding leads in which the work is the negative pole and
the electrode is the positive pole of the welding arc. Also referred to
as reverse polarity. (see Reverse Polarity)
Direct Current Reverse Polarity: See direct current electrode
positive. (see Current Electrode Positive)
Direct Current Straight Polarity: See direct current electrode
negative. (see Current Electrode Negative)
Direct current : A source of power for an electrical circuit which
does not reverse the polarity of its charge.
Direct drive: Gear condition in an automatic transmission where the
crankshaft and drive-shaft turn at the same speed.
Direct ignition system: Direct fuel injection system where fuel is
sprayed directly into the combustion chamber.
Direct injection: Direct injection system is a fuel injection system in
which the injection nozzles are located inside the combustion
chamber of each piston.
Direct injection system: A fuel injection system in which the
injection nozzles are located inside the combustion chamber of each
piston.
Direct Quenching: 1. Quenching carburized parts directly from the
carburizing operation. 2. Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable
parts directly from the malleabilizing operation.
Direct Reduced Iron: WHAT Processed iron ore that is iron rich
enough to be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace
steelmaking. WHY As mini mills expand their product abilities to
sheet steel, they require much higher grades of scrap to approach
integrated mill quality. Enabling the mini mills to use iron ore without
the blast furnace, DRI can serve as a low residual raw material and
alleviate the mini mills' dependence on cleaner, higher priced scrap.
HOW The impurities in the crushed iron ore are driven off through
the use of massive amounts of natural gas. While the result is 97%
pure iron (compared with blast furnace hot metal, which, because it
is saturated with carbon, is only 93% iron), DRI is only economically
feasible in regions where natural gas is attractively priced.
Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): Processed iron ore that is iron-rich
enough to be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace
steelmaking. As mini-mills expand their product abilities to sheet
steel, they require much higher grades of scrap to approach
integrated mill quality. Enabling the mini-mills to use iron ore without
the blast furnace, DRI can serve as a low residual raw material and
alleviate the mini-mills' dependence on cleaner, higher-priced scrap.
The impurities in the crushed iron ore are driven off through the use
of massive amounts of natural gas. While the result is 97% pure iron
(compared with blast furnace hot metal, which, because it is
saturated with carbon, is only 93% iron), DRI is only economically
feasible in regions where natural gas is attractively priced.
Direct Reduction: A family of processes for making iron from ore
without exceeding the melting temperature. No blast furnace is
needed.
Direct sensing: Instruments that interact with phenomena in their
immediate vicinity, and register characteristics of them.
Direct shift gearbox: Also referred to as "DSG," "SMG," "sequential
manual gearbox" and "automated manual transmission." See
"Automated Manual Transmission."
Direct Valve on a Pump: A valve that isolates a pump from the rest
of the pumping system.
Direct : Towards a point along the shortest distance; Compare:
course
Direct-expansion evaporator : One that contains only enough
liquid to continue boiling as heat is absorbed by it.
Direction : bearing.
Directional Property: Property whose magnitude varies depending
on the relation of the test axis to a specific direction within the metal.
The variation results from preferred orientation or from fibering of
constituents or inclusions.
Directional Solidification: Controlled solidification of molten metal
in a casting so as to provide feed metal to the solidifying front of the
casting.
Directional Solidification: The solidification of molten metal in a
casting in such a manner that liquid feed metal is always available
for that portion that is just solidifying.
Directional Stability: The ability of a vehicle to be driven safely and
with confidence in a straight line and at high speed without being
affected by road irregularities, crosswinds, aerodynamic lifting forces
or other external influences.
Directional stability : The tendency of an aircraft to keep flying the
direction its pointed.
Directional tire: Directional tire have a directional tread pattern for
revolve only in one direction, the groves are on both side from the
centre of tire.
Directional Valve: A valve whose primary function is to direct or
prevent flow through selected channels.
Directional valve: A valve whose primary function is to direct or
prevent flow through selected channels.
Directional Valves (Hydraulics): Devices that channel the fluid in a
hydraulic system to the proper location and/or prevent it from going
to the wrong location.
Dirigible: A lighter-than-air craft capable of being propelled and
steered for controlled flight
Dirt Capacity: The measure of volume (or weight) of particles that a
filter or strainer will hold at the limit of operation.
Dirt capacity: The measure of volume (or weight) of particles that a
filter or strainer will hold at the limit of operation.
Dirty up : Extension of gear, hook, flaps, etc. for slow speed flight or
landing.
Dirty : Extension of gear, hook, flaps, etc. for slow speed flight or
landing.
DIS: Distributor less ignition system also called Direct fire ignition
system.
Disc brake: A brake assembly that uses a hydraulic caliper to
actuate brake pads against a metal rotter that used for both front and
rear brakes.
Disc brake type: The type of brake rotors: solid, vented, slotted,
cross-drilled, ceramic or carbon.
Disc changer: An in-dash or remote-mounted CD or DVD/CD player
that can store and read multiple discs and play them through the
vehicles audio system.
Discard: The top, piped portion of an ingot which has been sheared
off and designated for remelting. A “cut” is usually taken from the
bottom of the ingot as well.
Discarding: An act of rejecting undesirable portions of an ingot.
Discharge Chutes: A discharge chute is any variety of ramp or
funneling mechanicsm mounted at the exit of a piece of machinery
and used to direct the exit of material away from the machine and/or
to a specific location.
Discharge Of Fluid:
Discharge Passage (Lube Systems): Passage leading from
between the lands of the inlet piston bore.
Discharge Valve : A valve that isolates a pump from the rest of the
pumping system.
Discoloration: A change in the visual appearance of the material
caused by formation of oxides when exposed to contaminating
atmosphere, always at elevated temperatures.
Discoloration: A change in the visual appearance of the material
caused by formation of oxides when exposed to contaminating
atmosphere, always at elevated temperatures.
Disconnect: Mechanical device, resembling a large knife switch,
that is used as a safety device for isolating electrical equipment.
Disconnecting Means: A device, or group of devices, or other
means whereby the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from
their power source.
Discontinuity: (1) Any interruption in normal physical structure or
configuration of a part, such as cracks, laps, seams, inclusions or
porosity. A discontinuity mayor may not affect the utility of the part.
(2) An interruption of the typical structure of a weldment, such as a
lack of homogeneity in the mechanical, metallurgical or physical
characteristics of the material or weldment. A discontinuity is not
necessarily a defect. See also defect and flaw. (see Defect) (see
Flaw)
Discontinuous Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated
solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by short-range
diffusion, accompanied by recrystallization of the matrix in the region
of precipitation. Discontinuous precipitates grow into the matrix from
nuclei near grain boundaries, forming cells of alternate lamellae of
precipitate and depleted (and recrystallized) matrix. Often referred to
as cellular or nodular precipitation. Compare with continuous
precipitation, localized precipitation. (see Continuous
Precipitation) (see Localized Precipitation)
Discontinuous Yielding: The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal
exhibiting a yield point in which plastic deformation is
inhomogeneously distributed along the gage length. Under some
circumstances, it may occur in metals not exhibiting a distinct yield
point, either at the onset of or during plastic flow.
Discrete time : Time divided into quantized intervals; in avionics,
time is usually divided into equal intervals to create a periodic
process; Compare: continuous time;
Discrete-time equation : A mathematical relationship to describe a
function of time, expressed in terms of discrete time; Compare:
continuous-time equation, difference equation, differential equation,
Laplace transform, state-space model, Z transform; See Also: first-
order filter, unit functions;
Dish: A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge.
Indicates transverse or across the width.
Dish: A reflector for radio waves, usually a paraboloid.
Dishing: Forming a shallow concave surface, the area being large
compared to the depth.
Disk Filter/Perforated Disk: A system utilizing metal disks as the
filtering medium; frequently termed “metal disk filter.”
Disk Grinding: Grinding with the flat side of an abrasive disk or
segmented wheel. Also called vertical spindle surface grinding.
Dislocation: A linear imperfection in a crystalline array of atoms.
Two basic types are recognized: (1) an edge dislocation corresponds
to the row of mismatched atoms along the edge formed by an extra,
partial plane of atoms within the body of a crystal; (2) a screw
dislocation corresponds to the axis of a spiral structure in a crystal,
characterized by a distortion that joins normally parallel planes
together to form a continuous helical ramp (with a pitch of one
interplanar distance) winding about the dislocation. Most prevalent is
the so-called mixed dislocation, which is any combination of an edge
dislocation and a screw dislocation.
Dislocation: A linear defect in the structure of a crystal.
Disordered Structure: The crystal structure of a solid solution in
which the atoms of different elements are randomly distributed
relative to the available lattice sites. Contrast with ordered structure.
Disordering: Forming a lattice arrangement in which the solute and
solvent atoms of a solid solution occupy lattice sites at random. See
also ordering and superlattice. (see Ordering) (see Superlattice)
Disorientation: Occurs when the pilot loses sight or orientation of
their R/C airplane either because it's too far away to see properly or
because you've just flown it directly over your head and momentarily
lost all visual reference to everything.
Dispersant: A non-metallic engine oil additive that helps to prevent
sludge, varnish, etc., by keeping particles suspended in a colloidal
state. Similar to and ordinarily used with detergents, dispersants are
capable of keeping larger quantities of particles in suspension, and
they are ashless when burned.
Dispersant oil: A heavy duty oil containing a dispersant additive.
Dispersant : A chemical which causes particulates in a water
system to remain in suspension.
Dispersed Shrinkage: Small shrinkage cavities dispersed through
the casting, which are not necessarily cause for rejection.
Dispersed Shrinkage: Small shrinkage cavities dispersed through
the casting, which are not necessarily cause for rejection.
Dispersing Agent: A substance that increases the stability of a
suspension of particles in a liquid medium by deflocculation of the
primary particles.
Dispersion Strengthening: The strengthening of a metal or alloy by
incorporating chemically stable submicron size particles of a
nonmctallic phase that impede dislocation movement at elevated
temperature.
Dispersion-strengthened Material: A metallic material that
contains a fine dispersion of nonmetallic phase in combination or as
a single, to increase the hot strength of the metallic matrix. Examples
include dispersion-strengthened copper used for welding electrodes,
silver used for electrical contacts and nickel-chromium superalloys
used for gas turbine components. See also mechanical alloying. (see
Mechanical Alloying)
Dispersoid: Finely divided particles of relatively insoluble
constituents visible in the microstructure of certain metallic alloys.
Displacement: The volume for one revolution or stroke or for one
radiant when so stated.
Displacement (CCs): The volume, in cubic centimeters, of a
vehicles engine cylinder with its piston at bottom dead center,
multiplied by the total number of cylinders in the vehicles engine.
Displacement pump: Pumps in which energy is added to the water
periodically and the water is contained in a set volume.
Displacement volume : The volume displaced by the piston
between top dead center and bottom dead center.
Disposition fee: An amount charged by the leasing company at the
end of a lease that is intended to cover the cost of retrieving and
selling the vehicle if the lessee chooses not to buy it. The lessee is
billed for this charge after the vehicle is returned.
Disruptive Strength: Maximum strength of a metal when subjected
to three principle tensile stresses at right angles to one another and
of equal magnitude.
Dissociated Ammonia: A low-cost substitute for a pure Hydrogen
atmosphere generally used in bright annealing or hardening
stainless steels and other metals and alloys. Dissociated Ammonia is
75% Hydrogen and 25% Nitrogen. It must be used in a very low dew
point (i.e. -60°F) to ensure that the moisture content is low in order to
avoid oxidation of the surface of the metal or alloy being heat-
treated.
Dissolved Air Flotation (Daf): Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a
process used in water treatment, including the treatment of
wastewaters, to capture solids or other materials in the water. Air is
dissolved in the water while under pressure, then released on the
surface of the water at atmospheric pressure. The bubbles created
during this process help to capture suspended particles in the
wastewater and float them to the surface for filtering or removal.
Dissolved Carbon: Carbon in solution in steel in either the liquid or
solid state.
Dissolved Carbon: Carbon in solution in steel in either the liquid or
solid state.
Dissolved gases: Gases soluble in water.
Dissolved solids (tds): The measure of the total amount of
dissolved matter.
Dissymmetry of lift : (helicopter) Describes how the advancing side
of the rotor disk is moving faster and thus produces more lift than the
retreating side. This causes the helicopter to bank in forward flight
and is dampened by flapping blades.
Distance measureing equipment(dme) : Equipment for measuring
distance, usually from an aircraft to a ground station; usually part of
a Tactical Air Navigation system
Distance : Method of measurement dependent on use; Synonyms:
range;
Distillates: The lubricant and oil fractions produced in a distillation
column, except for bottoms and the natural gas liquids at the top of
the column-dividing head.
Distillation -: Involves boiling water and condensing the vapor.
Distillation (Fractionation): The first step in separating crude oil
into its various components uses a distillation tower, or pipe still,
through which heated crude oil vapors rise to progressively coolers
levels, so that the various hydrocarbons condense at different levels
all the way to the top of the column. The lower boiling point and
lighter weight fractions rise to the top, the highest boiling point and
heaviest condense near the bottom, all others in between. Gases,
light oils and fuels are drawn off at the top, while heavy products like
heavy fuel oil and asphalt are drawn from the bottom, with other
products in between. This step is conducted at atmospheric
pressure. Vacuum distillation, mainly for lube stocks, is performed
with heavy crudes or bottoms at sub-atmospheric pressure,
permitting fractionation at lower temperatures. The still is called a
vacuum tower.
Distorted Pattern: A pattern untrue to the specified dimensions.
Distortion: Any deviation from an original size, shape or contour
that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of
residual stress.
Distress : A condition of being threatened by serious and/or
imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance.
Distressed Material (DM): A coil that is no longer being sent to its
original order.
Distribond: A siliceous clay containing Bentonite used as bond in
molding sands.
Distributed active archive center (daac): There are eight DAACs
located around the United States that are tasked with processing,
storing, and distributing satellite remote sensing data for NASA and
other agencies. See NASA DAACs web site
Distributed Control System (Dcs): In a distributed control system,
the control system components are distributed throughout the
system, rather than operating from a centralized location. Each
subsystem has a dedicated controller or control system and the
collective conrol elements are monitored and controlled through
network communications.
Distributed I/O: A distributed input/output (I/O) system uses a
network of sensors, transmittors, transducers, and monitoring
devices to control a distributed system. Distributed I/O may be used
in production systems, power distribution systems, and many other
applications. Distributed I/O components are monitored and
controlled by a control system with network communications to all
the I/O components and subsystems.
Distribution, Sand Grain: Variation or uniformity in particle size of a
sand aggregate when properly screened by U.S. Standards screens.
Distributor: Distributer is designed to open and close the ignition
primary circuit, either mechanically or electronically also used to
distribute secondary voltage to the proper cylinder at the correct
time.
Distributor cap: Distributer cap is a plastic insulated cap containing
one central terminal and a serious of evenly spaced outer terminal in
a circular pattern around the central terminal. It is used for distribute
the secondary voltage to the spark plugs.
Distributor cap: The nonconductive cap of the distributor that
contains the contacts leading to each individual spark plug.
Distributor rotor: Distributer rotor is designed to transfer secondary
current to the distributor cap out terminal.
Distributor rotor: The rotating, nonconductive component of a
distributor that contains contacts and that, when aligned, complete
an electrical circuit between the ignition coil and a spark plug.
Distruptive Strength: Maximum strength of a metal when subjected
to three principal tensile stresses at right angles to one another and
of equal magnitude.
Disturbed Metal: The cold worked metal formed on a polished
surface during the processes of grinding and polishing.
Disturbed Metal: The cold-worked metal layer formed at a polished
surface during the process of mechanical grinding and polishing.
Disturbed Metal: The cold worked metal formed on a polished
surface during the processes of grinding and polishing.
Ditch Valve: A valve for controlling high pressure raw water jets.
The jets wash the ash from the sluice way to the ash pump hole.
Ditch : To land safely somewhere other than a runway.
Dither: A cyclic application of voltage across a solenoid or coil.Most
often used to assure that the device driven by the coil or solenoid
remains in a state of constant motion, thus reducing breakaway
friction.
Dither: A cyclic application of voltage across a solenoid or coil. Most
often used to assure that the device driven by the coil or solenoid
remains in a state of constant motion, thus reducing breakaway
friction.
Diurnal: Performed in twenty-four hours, such as the diurnal rotation
of the Earth.
Dive brake: A movable control surface generally on the wing which
when deflected into the airstream reduces the aircraft's top speed
and therefore the lift generated by the wings, allowing controlled
descent as in the case of final approach to landing or rapid descent
from a strong thermal.
Dive brake: Drag-inducing surface deployed in a dive to maintain
speed below structural limitations, or improve controllability (see
airbrake).
Divergence: A horizontal flow of water, in different directions, from a
common center or zone; it is often associated with upwelling. Also
seeconvergence.
Diversion: 1. A situation that occurs when a coil/s intended for an
order doesn’t meet quality standards or customers specifications and
is therefore diverted to meet another customer's specifications. In
addition, coils can be diverted to complete another customer's order
or for other reasons as necessary. 2. Removing a product from its
original order.
Diversion: 1.) A situation that occurs when a coil/s intended for an
order doesn't meet quality standards or customers specifications and
is therefore diverted to meet another customer's specifications. In
addition, coils can be diverted to complete another customer's order
or for other reasons as necessary. 2) Removing a product from it's
original order. Synonymous with Reapplication.
Divert : To change from a scheduled landing base to an alternate
airfield.
Diverted Coil: (DRV) A coil that is no longer being sent to its original
order but is being sold elsewhere.
Diverted Coil (DRV): A coil that is no longer being sent to its original
order but is being sold elsewhere.
Diverter valve: On an engine equipped with an air pump, a valve
activated during deceleration that allows air from the air pump into
the intake to dilute the air/fuel mixture (in an attempt to reduce
emissions).
Diverter Valves: A diverter valve is generally described as an valve
that redirects the flow of a material from the main path. Diverter
valves can be used to redirect fluid or gas flow in a piping system or
to act as a pressure relief valve in some systems. Diverter valves
take on many different forms and functions, depending on the
specific application.
Divided Cell: A cell containing a diaphragm or other means for
physically separating the anolyte from the catholyte.
Divider Valve (Lube Systems): A series-progressive lubricant-
metering and distribution assembly containing an inlet section, at
least three valve sections and an end section.
Dividers, Springs: Dividers whose legs are held together at the
hinged end by the pressure of a c shaped spring.
Dividing Head : A machine tool holding fixture which positions the
work for accurately spacing holes,slots,flutes and gear teeth and for
making geometric shapes. When geared to the table lead screw, it
can be used for helical milling operations.
Dividing Head (Index Bead): A machine tool holding fixture which
positions the work for accurately spacing holes, slots, flutes and gear
teeth and for making geometric shapes. When geared to the table
lead screw, it can be used for helical milling operations.
Division of aeronautics (doa): In California, the state agency (a
Division of the Department of Transportation -- Caltrans) that is
charged by state law with reviewing and permitting heliports and
airports within the state. With certain exceptions, all heliports must
receive a Heliport Permit from DOA. Some other states also have
permitting requirements by similar agencies.
Divorced Eutectic: A metallographic appearance in which the two
constituents of a eutectic structure appear as massive phases rather
than the finely divided mixture characteristic of normal eutectics.
Often, one of the constituents of the eutectics is continuous and
indistinguishable from an accompanying proeutectic constituent.
Divorced Pearlite : Pearlite in which the cementite has been
spheroidized by prolonged annealing just below the Ac1 point, or by
annealing at the same temperature after cold working.
DLA : Delay (Message of an ICAO FPL)
Dma: Direct memory access. A process where block of data can be
transferred between main memory and secondary memory without
processor intervention.
DME : Distance Measuring Equipment.
DMG : Digital Map Generator
DMV fees: Department of Motor Vehicle fees. Sometimes referred to
as "title and license fees." The fees payable to the state in which a
vehicle is purchased and/or registered, primarily for vehicle titling,
registration and license plates.
DN Factor: Used as a guide to lubricant selection for rolling contact
bearings, it is also called a speed factor, the product of the bore of a
rolling contact bearing, expressed in mm (D), and the speed in rpm.
Values up to 300,000 permit use of normal NLGI 2 grease; higher
values indicate fluid oil or specially-formulated greases, and values
in the 1,000,000 range require oil-mist or air-oil lubrication or
specially-formulated greases.
DNS : Doppler Navigation System
Do All Saw: A trade name given to a type of band saw used for
sawing metal.
Dobson unit: The standard way to express ozone amounts in
the atmosphere. One DU is 2.7 x 10 exp 16 (10 to the 16th power)
ozone molecules per square centimeter. One Dobson unit refers to a
layer of ozone that would be 0.001 cm thick under conditions of
standard temperature (0 degree C) and pressure (the average
pressure at the surface of the Earth). For example, 300 Dobson units
of ozone brought down to the surface of the Earth at 0 degree C
would occupy a layer only 0.3 cm thick in a column. Dobson was a
researcher at Oxford University who, in the 1920s, built the first
instrument (now called the Dobson meter) to measure total ozone
from the ground.
Docking: The technique of connecting two or more spacecraft in
space.
Doctor Blade Steel Strip: A hardened and tempered spring steel
strip, usually blued, produced from approximately 0.85 carbon cold
rolled spring steel strip specially selected for straightness and good
edges. Sometimes hand straightened or straightened by grinding
and cut to desired lengths. This product is used in the printing trade
as a blade to uniformly remove excess ink (dope) from the rolls;
hence its name.
Doctor Blade Steel Strip: A hardened and tempered spring steel
strip, usually blued, produced from approximately .85 carbon cold
rolled spring steel strip specially selected for straightness and good
edges. Sometimes hand straightened or straightened by grinding
and cur to desired lengths. This product is used in the printing trade
as a blade to uniformly remove excess ink (dope) from the rolls;
hence its name.
Dod: Department of Defense (USA).
Dœppel : The German version of WINDOW. Strips of silver paper
dropped to confuse the ground radars
Dof: Degrees Of Freedom.
DOF : Distance Measuring Equipment
Dog: A clamping device (lathe dog) used to drive work being
machined between centers. Also, a part projecting on the side of a
machine worktable to trip the automatic feed mechanism off or to
reverse the travel.
Dog clutch: Dog clutch are the small circles with gears on side to
side which is used for meshing the gears in gearbox.
Dog Tracking: The track is the width between the outside tread
edges of tyres on the same axle. Tracking, or more specifically Dog
Tracking, refers to a condition in which the vehicle is out of
alignment, and the rear wheels do not follow in the path of the front
wheels when the vehicle is travelling in a straight line. Also called
tracking.
Doghouse: Structure on the BOP roof where the junction header
power relief vents through to the atmosphere.
Doghouse: Structure on the BOP roof where the junction header
power relief vents through to the atmosphere.
Dog-leg assembly: Two hose assemblies joined by a common
elbow.
DOHC: Dual overhead cam
Doldrums: Region near the equator characterized by low pressure
and light shifting winds. See Wind.
Dolomite: A material that is used to add magnesium oxide to the
sinter.
Dolomite Lime: A material that contains magnesium oxide.
Dolomite, Raw Refractory: Natural mineral mixture consisting
predominantly of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) in approximately equal ratio and which after
dead-burning is suitable for use as a refractory material.
Domain, Magnetic: A substructure in a ferromagnetic material
within which all the elementary magnets (electron spins) are held
aligned in one direction by interatomic forces; if isolated, a domain
would be a saturated permanent magnet.
Domestic hot water: Potable hot water as distinguished from hot
water used for house heating.
Domestic operations : Operations within and between: the 50
states of the United States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands,
Canadian transborder operations, and (for certain carriers) Mexican
transborder operations.
DOP : Dilution of Precision (GPS)
Dope: Preservative and/or pigmented coloring for fabric aircraft
covering and paints, generally Butyrate lacquer but generically used
to denote all early shellac and coal-tar mixtures on up to present-day
acrylics.
Doppler effect: A phenomenon in which waves appear to compress
as their source approaches the observer or stretch out as the source
recedes from the observer.
Doppler effect (aka doppler shift): The apparent change in
frequency of sound or light waves, varying with the relative velocity
of the source and the observer. If the source and observer draw
closer together, the frequency is increased. Named for Christian
Doppler, Austrian mathematician and physicist (1803-1853).
Doppler navigation system (dns,dplr) : A navigation for measuring
velocity by radiating and determining frequency shift;
Doppler radar: The weather radar system that uses the Doppler
shift of radio waves to detect air motion that can result in tornadoes
and precipitation, as previously-developed weather radar systems
do. It can also measure the speed and direction of rain and ice, as
well as detect the formation of tornadoes sooner than older radars.
Doppler : A technique for measuring velocity by radiating and
determining frequency shift
Dorsal: Relating to the upper surface of an aircraft's fuselage.
Dorsal fin: A lateral fin/rudder extension on the top of a fuselage.
Opposite of VENTRAL FIN.
Dorsal fin : An extension of the vertical fin forward of the main part
of the fin, and against the fuselage. On the top, or "dorsal" side of
the aircraft.
Dose: A quantity of radiation measured at a certain point expressed
in roentgens, rems or rads.
Dose: A quantity of radiation measured at a certain point expressed
in roentgens, rems or rads.
Dose: A quantity of radiation delivered at a position. In the context
of space energetic particle radiation effects, it usually refers to the
energy absorbed locally per unit mass as a result of radiation
exposure.
Dose equivalent: A dose normally applied to biological effects and
including scaling factors to account for the more severe effects of
certain kinds of radiation.
Dose Meter, Integrating: Ionization chamber and measuring system
designed for determining total radiation administered during an
exposure. In medical radiology the chamber is usually designed to
be placed on the patient's skin. A device may be included to
terminate the exposure when it has reached a desire value.
Dose Rate: Dose per unit time.
Dose, Exposure: Quantity of radiation measured in air in roentgens
without backscatter at a given point.
Dosimeter: Instrument used to detect and measure an accumulated
dosage of radiation; in common usage it is a pencil size ionization
chamber with a built in self reading electrometer; used for personal
monitoring. See Dosimeter, Pocket
Dosing Pumps: A dosing pump is a specialized pump designed to
deliver small and accurate quantities of liquids, chemicals, or
medicines. While dosing pumps are most often associated with
medical treatment, they are also used in chemical processing and in
the water treatment industry. The specific application of the dosing
will determine the pump specifications and any regulations that may
apply to the design and use of the dosing pump.
Dot: The American department of transportation
Dot: Department of Transportation
DOT Markings: A code moulded into the sidewall of a tyre signifying
that the tyre complies with U.S.Department of Transportation motor
vehicle safety standards.
Dot Peen Marking: Dot peen marking is a surface marking process
that uses impact force to create a pattern of indentations, or dots, in
a surface. The pattern of dots can be used to represent a graphic
image or a series of alphanumeric characters. The marking depth is
typically on the order of 1 to 2 millimeters and is very consisent.
Double (Cold) Reduced (DR): Material that has been cold reduced
in thickness twice. Plate given a second major cold reduction
following annealing. Double reduced products are relatively hard,
have limited ductility, and highly directional mechanical properties.
Aim Rockwell hardness 30T hardness is 76; Aim yield strength
(varying from materials) is 80,000 psi to 90,000 psi; approximate
tensile strength is 90,000 psi.
Double Action Cylinders: A double action cylinder is a type of
hydraulic cylinder in which force is created on both the push and pull
of the piston, thereby creating force in both directions. The cylinder
contains inlets and seals on both sides. Due to the presence of the
piston shaft on one side, the force created by a double action
cylinder is unbalanced, generating more in the push direction when
the full face of the piston is available.
Double Aging: Employment of two different aging treatments to
control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in
order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment,
sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually
carried out at higher temperature than the second.
Double Annealing: As applied to hypoeutectoid steel, a process of
heating to above the upper critical point (AC3) and holding at that
temperature until complete solution of the carbide has been
achieved then cooling rapidly and reheating immediately to above A3
and slowly cooling.
Double Annealing: As applied to hypoeutectoid steel, a process of
heating to above the upper critical point (AC3) and holding at that
temperature until complete solution of the carbide has been
achieved then cooling rapidly and reheating immediately to above A3
and slowly cooling.
Double Diaphragm Pumps: The Air Lift Pump is a type of deep well
pump, sometimes used to remove water from mines. It can also be
used to pump a slurry of sand and water or other "gritty" solutions. In
its most basic form this pump has NO moving parts, other than an air
compressor. The efficiency of the air compressor is a prime factor in
determining the overall efficiency of the pump. Increased efficiency in
the pump itself can be achieved but with added complexity. Shown
here is a simple Air Lift Pump. Compressed air is piped down a shaft.
The air then returns up a Discharge Pipe carrying water with it. The
pump works by "aerating" the water in the discharge pipe. The
added air lowers the specific gravity of the fluid mixture. Since it is
lighter than the surrounding water, it is pushed upwards. This type of
pump can lift 20 to 2000 gallons per minute, up to about 750 feet.
The discharge pipe must be placed deep into the water, from 70% of
the height of the pipe above the water level (for lifts to 20 feet) down
to 40 percent for higher lifts.
Double Girder Crane: A crane having two bridge girders mounted
between and supported from the end trucks.
Double Helical Gears/Herringbone Gears (Gears): Have both
right-hand and left-hand helical teeth, and operate on parallel axes;
are used on all mill pinions.
Double Impression Method: A way of determining approximate
Brinell hardness by placing a hardened steel ball between a
specimen of known hardness and the metal to be tested and
pressurizing in an arbor press.
Double Skin : A defect consisting of a secondary layer of metal
sometimes found on top poured ingots.
Double Skin (Bottom Splash, Ingot Shell, Plaster): A defect
consisting of a secondary layer of metal sometimes found on top-
poured ingots.
Double Tempering: A retempering operation sometimes necessary
for steel containing retained austenite which breaks down during
cooling from the first tempering to form a new and hence
untempered martensite.
Double Tempering: A retempering operation sometimes necessary
for steel containing retained austenite which breaks down during
cooling from the first tempering to form a new and hence
untempered martensite.
Double wishbone suspension: Double wishbone suspension is the
suspension type which have 2 wishbones supporting the wheel. It is
used for high speed cars with low ground clearance.
Double-acting Hammer: A forging hammer in which the ram is
raised by admitting steam or air into a cylinder below the piston, and
the blow imensified by admitting steam or air above the piston on the
downward stroke.
Double-action Die: A die designed to perform more than one
operation in a single stroke of the press.
Double-action Forming: Forming or drawing in which more than
one action is achieved in a single stroke of the press.
Double-action Mechanical Press: A press having two independent
parallel movements by means of two slides, one moving within the
other. The inner slide or plunger is usually operated by a crankshaft;
the outer or blankholder slide, which dwells during the drawing
operation, is usually operated by a toggle mechanism or by cams.
See also slide. (see Slide)
Doublebruned: Deadburn; not be mistaken for two firing.
Double-welded Joint: In arc and oxyfuel gas welding, any joint
welded from both sides.
Doughnut: A venturi system that creates a draft with jets of water
that draws the molten slag from the spout and to the sluiceway.
Dove Tail: An interlocking connection frequently used for the
assembly of interlocking extrusions; it is assembled by a sliding
action
Dove-Tail: An interlocking connection frequently used for the
assembly of interlocking extrusions; it is assembled by a sliding
action.
Dow jones sustainability index: The Dow Jones Sustainability
World (DJSI World) index comprises, among the 2,500 biggest
companies in the Dow Jones index, 10% of the most economically,
environmental and socially efficient companies.
Dow Process: A process for the production of magnesium by
electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.
Dowel: 1. A wooden or metal pin of various types used in the parting
surface of parted patterns and core boxes. 2. In die casting dies,
metal pins to ensure correct registry of cover and ejector halves.
Dowel pins : Metal pins that guarantee exact alignment of a flange
joint on a horizontally split casing as found in turbine construction
Down Feed : A seldom used method of feeding work into milling
cutters. The work is fed in the same direction as the portion of the
cuttere which comes in contact with it.
Down flow : Conventional direction of solutions to be processed in
ion-exchange column operation, that is, in at the top, out at the
bottom of the column.
Down payment: A cash payment credited against the purchase
price of a vehicle, which reduces the amount to be financed. In a
lease transaction, this amount is often referred to as the "capital
reduction."
Down thrust : Downward angle of the engine relative to the
centerline of the airplane. Down thrust helps overcome the normal
climbing tendency caused by the torque of the engine.
Downcoiler: A mandrel mechanism installed at the exit of the hot
strip mill to reel the strip into a coil.
Downcomers: Hollow pipes that allow the plater solution to return
from the plater cells to the distribution tank.
Downgate: See sprue.
Downhand Welding: See flat-position welding.
Downhand Welding: Welding deposited along a horizontal line and
surface.
Downlink: The radio signal transmitted from a spacecraft to Earth.
Downshift cable: A transmission cable connected to the throttle that
shifts the transmission into a lower gear when the accelerator is
depressed suddenly beyond a certain point.
Downsprue : The first channel, usually vertical, which the molten
metal enters; so called because it conducts metal down into the
mold.
Downsprue (Sprue, Downgate): The first channel, usually vertical,
which the molten metal enters; so called because it conducts metal
down into the mold.
Downstream: The passage beyond a device, normally at the outlet
of direction of flow.
Downstream : The outlet side of an instrument, a pump, valve, etc..
Downstream : The passage beyond a device, normally at the outlet
of direction of flow.
Downtime: Time lost from normal casting activity, due to
unscheduled interruptions.
Downwash: The air deflected perpendicular to the direction of
movement of an airfoil.
Downwelling: The process of accumulation and sinking of warm
surface waters along a coastline. A change of air flow of the
atmosphere can result in the sinking or downwelling of warm surface
water. The resulting reduced nutrient supply near the surface affects
the ocean productivity and meteorological conditions of the coastal
regions in the downwelling area.
Downwelling: The process of accumulation and sinking of warm
surface waters along a coastline. A change of air flow of the
atmospherecan result in the sinking or downwelling of warm surface
water. The resulting reduced nutrient supply near the surface affects
the ocean productivity and meteorological conditions of the coastal
regions in the downwelling area.
DP : Deal Pending
D-Pillar: The rear most roof support structure on an SUV, minivan or
wagon. Read more.
DPLR : Doppler navigation system
DQ: “Drawing quality” = more flexible grade of steel. (see Drawing
Steel (DS))
DQ: Draw quality, 3D, more flexible grade of steel.
DQ: Draw quality 3D more flexible grade of steel.
DR : Ded (deduced) reckoning.
Draft: The measured positive or negative pressure maintained within
the boiler and produced by the use of forced draft and induced draft
fans. Negative draft helps ensure that the fire and exhaust gases are
controlled within the boiler.
Draft: Lower or bottom section of a mold or pattern.
Draft gauge: Instrument used to measure air movement by
measuring air pressure differences.
Drag: Lower or bottom section of a mold or pattern.
Drag: A force exerted on a moving body in a direction opposite to its
direction of motion.
Drag: The force that resists the movement of the airplane through
the air, on the air immediately surrounding the plane. High drag
means that the model has to work harder to cut through the air.
Drag: The resisting force exerted on an aircraft in its line of flight
opposite in direction to its motion.
Drag: The resistance offered by a gas or liquid to a body moving
through it.
Drag: The force that resists the motion of the aircraft through the air.
One type of drag is caused by air molecules. As the aircraft flies
through the molecules, they resist the motion of the aircraft. This
resistance is due to friction between the air molecules and the
surface of the aircraft. Airplanes arestreamlined to decrease the
drag force.
Drag chute: A heavy-duty parachute attached to an aircraft's
structure which can be used to reduce its landing run.
Drag spar: A secondary and aft spar oriented spanwise within a
wing and in some cases used as a mounting and hinge point for
flaps or ailerons.
Drag wire: A wire designed to resist DRAG forces, usually running
from a forward inboard point to an outboard aft point.
Drag : Force created by an airfoil moving through atmosphere,
opposite to the direction of motion. The air resistance to forward
motion. Drag can be increased with the use of certain types of
devices installed on the aircraft, such as spoilers, airbrakes, or flaps.
Old-style aircraft with lots of supporting wires had very large
amounts of drag, while modern aircraft such as military jets, have
very low drag.
Drain: A passage in, or line from a hydraulic component which
returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented
manifold.
Drain Line: A passage in a hydraulic system that is sized and
assigned to components that require a connection to a low pressure
passage to the system reservoir.
Drain plug: Drain plug is a valve under the chamber and gearbox
which is used for drain the old oil wile servicing. This is like a bolt
which located under the body with magnetic properties.
Drain plug washer: Drain plug washer is a composition or plastic
sealing washer used on a bolt-type drain plug.
Drain plug washer: A composition or plastic sealing washer used
on a bolt-type drain plug.
Drain Valve: A valve that is opened to remove oil pressure from a
system or a component of a system.
Draw: A term used for 1) to temper, 2) to remove pattern from mold,
3) an external contraction defect on surface of mold.
Draw Bead: An insert or rib-like projection on the draw ring or hold-
down surfaces that aids in controlling the rate of metal flow during
deep draw operations. Draw beads are especially useful in
controlling the rate of metal flow in irregularly shaped stampings.
Draw Forging: See radial forging. (see Radial Forging)
Draw Head: Set of rolls or dies mounted on a drawbench for forming
a section from strip, tubing or solid stock. See also Turks-head
rolls. (see Turks-head Rolls)
Draw Marks: See scoring, galling and pickup. (see Scoring) (see
Galling) (see Pickup)
Draw Peg: A wooden peg used for drawing patterns.
Draw Plate: (I) In metalforming, a circular plate with a hole in the
center contoured to fit a forming punch; used to support the blank
during the forming cycle. (2) In casting, a plate attached to a pattern
to facilitate drawing of a pattern from the mold.
Draw Plate: A plate attached to a pattern to facilitate drawing of a
pattern from the mold.
Draw Quality: More flexible grade of steel
Draw Radius: The radius at the edge of a die or punch over which
sheet metal is drawn.
Draw Redraw: (DRD) Two piece. Process for making two piece
cans in which a circular blank is drawn into a die to form a shallow
cup and then is redrawn on a second or third die to produce a can
body of the desired dimensions. Plate is coated prior to the forming
process.
Draw Ring: A ring-shaped die part (either the die ring itself or a
separate ring) over which the inner edge of sheet metal is drawn by
the punch.
Draw Screw: A threaded rod with an eye screwed into a pattern to
enable it to be drawn from the mold.
Draw Spike: A steel spike used to rap and draw a pattern from the
sand; it is driven into the wood of the pattern, as opposed to a Draw
Screw, which threaded.
Draw Stock: The forging operation in which the length of a metal
mass (stock) is increased at the expense of its cross section; no
upset is involved. The operation includes converting ingot to pressed
bar using "V," round or flat dies.
Draw Thin Redraw: (DTR) An enhancement of the DRD process for
making two piece can body utilizing high tensile TFS that has an
organic polymeric coating applied prior to the forming operations.
The patented DTR process is a means of subjecting the coated
feedstock to forming strains such that the metal and coating avoid
compacting and subsequent sidewall burnishing, thus enhancing the
integrity of the organic coating. The resultant sidewall is thinned
during the drawing and redrawing operations, thus facilitating the
specified can body dimensions using a smaller starting blank size
than that required for DRD.
Drawbench: The stand that holds the die and draw head used in
drawing of wire, rod and tubing.
Drawing: 1. Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of
metal in dies. 2. A misnomer for tempering.
Drawing Back: Reheating after hardening to a temperature below
critical for the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel (see
tempering). (see Temper)
Drawing Back: Reheating after hardening to a temperature below
the critical for the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel.
Drawing Compound: A compound, usually containing EP additives,
used during metal forming at the surface of the die to improve die life
and metal finish; also used in dies in wire mills.
Drawing Out: A stretching operation resulting from forging a series
of upsets along the length of the workpiece.
Drawing Quality: (DQ) Flat rolled products produced from either
deep drawing rimmed steel or extra deep drawing aluminum killed
steels. Special rolling and processing operations aid in producing a
product, which can stand extreme pressing, drawing or forming, etc.,
without creating defects.
Drawing Quality (DQ): Flat-rolled products produced from either
deep drawing rimmed steel or extra deep drawing aluminum killed
steels. Special rolling and processing operations aid in producing a
product, which can stand extreme pressing, drawing or forming, etc.,
without creating defects. (see Drawing Steel (DS))
Drawing Steel (DS): Sheet of this quality has a greater degree of
ductility and is more consistent in performance than commercial
steel because of higher standards in production, selection and
melting of the steel.
Drawings: Removing pattern from the mold or mold from pattern in
production work. See also Temper
Drawn: Mechanically formed by tension through or in a die.
Drawn: Mechanically formed by tension through or in a die.
Drawn & Ironed (D & I): A process primarily used to manufacture
two-piece beer or carbonated beverage can bodies, although some
canned food product is packaged in steel D&I can bodies. An
appropriately sized circular disk is drawn into a cup to approximately
the finished can diameter. The side wall height is created by forcing
the cup through a series of rings, ironing the metal thinner than the
starting material thickness. Can bodies are coated with organic
lacquers after forming.
Drawn Over Mandrel: A procedure for producing specialty tubing
using a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel,
giving excellent control over the inside diameter and wall thickness.
Advantages of this technique are its inside and outside surface
quality and gauge tolerance. Major markets include automotive
applications and hydraulic cylinders.
Drawn Shell: An article formed by drawing sheet metal into a hollow
structure having a predetermined geometrical configuration.
Drawn-Over-Mandrel: A procedure for producing specialty tubing
using a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel,
giving excellent control over the inside diameter and wall thickness.
Advantages of this technique are its inside and outside surface
quality and gauge tolerance. Major markets include automotive
applications and hydraulic cylinders.
Draw-Redraw (DRD): Two-piece. Process for making two-piece
cans in which a circular blank is drawn into a die to form a shallow
cup and then is redrawn on a second or third die to produce a can
body of the desired dimensions. Plate is coated prior to the forming
process.
Dressing: (1) Cutting, breaking down or crushing the surface of a
grinding wheel to improve Its cutting ability and accuracy. (2)
Removing dulled grains from the cutting face of a grinding wheel to
restore cutting quality.
Dressing: The act of removing the glaze and dulled abrasives from
the face of a ginding wheel to make it clean and sharp. See Truing.
Dried Sand: Sand which bas been dried by mechanical dryer prior
to use in core making.
Drier: A material, as alcohol ammonium nitrate, sodium perborate
and manganese oleate, added to a core or mold mixture to remove
or reduce the water content.
Drier : Substance or device used to remove moisture from a
refrigeration system.
Drierite : Desiccant which operates by chemical action.
Drift: Drift refers to a vehicle deviating from a straight-line path when
no steering input is given. Also called pull.
Drift: (1) A flat piece of steel of tapering width used to remove taper
shank drills and corner tools from their holders. (2) A tapered rod
used to force mismated holes into line for riveting or bolting.
Sometimes called a drift pin. (see Drift Pin)
Drift: The measure of movement of a device after a preset condition
is applied.Normally drift is measured with varying temperature,
although drift may be plotted against any variable, such as humidity,
etc.
Drift: The angle between the heading of an aircraft and its Track
[flight path] over the ground as affected by winds.
Drift: The measure of movement of a device after a preset condition
is applied. Normally drift is measured with varying temperature,
although drift may be plotted against any variable, such as humidity,
etc.
Drift : Term used to describe the difference between the set point
and the actual operating or control point.
Drift Point: A point on a travel motion master switch or on a manual
bridge crane controller that maintains the brake released while the
motor is not energized. This allows for coasting.
Drift : Entrained water in the stack discharge of a cooling tower.
Drift : Slow, monotonic change in measured data
Drill Bushing: A hardened steel guide inserted in jigs, fixtures or
templates for the purpose of providing a guide for the drill in drilling
holes in their proper or exact location.
Drill Bushing: A hardened steel guide inserted in jigs,fixtures or
templates for the purpose of providing a guide for the drill in drilling
holes in their proper or exact location.
Drill Chuck: A device used to grip and attach them to a rotating
spindle.
Drill Chuck: A device used to grip and attach them to a rotating
spindle.
Drill Jig: A jig which holds parts or units of a structure and by means
of bushings, guides the drill so that the holes are properly located.
Drill Jig : A jig which holds parts or units of a structure and by
means of bushings,guides the drill so that the holes are properly
located.
Drill Pipe: Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well. Drill pipe is
the conduit between the wellhead motor and the drill bit. Drilling mud
is pumped down the center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the
drill bit and transmit the drilled core to the surface. Because of the
high stress, torque and temperature associated with well drilling, drill
pipe is a seamless product.
Drill Pipe: Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well. Drill pipe is
the conduit between the wellhead motor and the drill bit. Drilling mud
is pumped down the center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the
drill bit and transmit the drilled core to the surface. Because of the
high stress, torque and temperature associated with well drilling, drill
pipe is a seamless product.
Drill Press: A drilling machine with a counterbalanced spindle which
makes it possible for the operator to control accurately the rate at
which the drill is fed into the work. The sensitive drill press usually
contains drills that are less than 1/2 inch diameter and which rotate
at high speeds.
Drill Press: A drilling machine with a counterbalanced spindle which
makes it possible for the operator to control accurately the rate at
which the drill is fed into the work. The sensitive drill press usually
contains drills that are less than ? inch diameter and which rotate at
high speeds.
Drill Rod: A term given to an annealed and polished high-carbon
tool steel rod, usually round and centerless ground. Drill rods are
used principally by machinists and tool and die makers for punches,
drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small tools, etc.
Drill Rod: A term given to an annealed and polished high carbon
tool steel rod usually round and centerless ground. The sizes range
in round stock from .013 to 1 1/2 diameter. Commercial qualities
embrace water and oil hardening grades. A less popular but
nevertheless standard grade is a non deforming quality. Drill Rods
are used principally by machinists and tool and die makers for
punches, drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small tools,
etc.
Drill Sleeve: An adapter with an internal and external taper which
fits tapered shank tools such as drills or reamers to adapt them to a
larger size machine spindle.
Drill Sleeve: An adapter with an internal and external taper which
fits tapered shank tools such as drills or reamers to adapt them to a
larger size machine spindle.
Drill Socket: An adapter similar to a sleeve except that it is made to
adapt a larger tapered-shank tool to smaller size spindle.
Drill Socket: An adapter similar to a sleeve except that it is made to
adapt a larger tapered shank tool to smaller size spindle.
Drill, Center: A combination drill and countersink.
Drill, Center: A combination drill and countersink.
Drill, Twist: A commonly used metal cutting drill, usually made with
two fluted running around the body.
Drilling: Hole making with a rotary end-cutting tool having one or
more cutting lips and one or more helical or straight flutes or tubes
for the ejection of chips and the passage of a cutting fluid.
Drilling Muds: Drilling muds is a term given to the various types of
liquids used in drilling bore holes for petroleum, natural gas, and
water. The liquids are inserted into the bore hole throughout the
drilling process to help prevent unwanted liquids and gases from the
surrounding formations from entering the well. In addition, the drilling
muds help to keep the drill bit cool and clean and help to remove
material from the well during the drilling process. The type of drilling
mud selected is based on the drilling job and the geologic formations
being drilled through.
Drip Tube: Small sight glasses used to check and adjust the rate of
flow of drive oil.
Drive axle: The angle at which the drive shaft needs the rear
differential and front wheel.
Drive axle boots: The flexible, conical, accordion-like covers that
contain lubricant and protect the constant-velocity joints on a drive
axle shaft.
Drive belt: Drive belt that transfer the rotation of the engine through
the crankshaft pulley to drive various devices, such as the alternator,
water pump, air conditioning compressor or power steering pump.
Drive belt tensioner: A self-adjusting device used for maintaining
proper tension on the drive belt.
Drive belt(s): A belt that transfers the rotation of the engine through
the crankshaft pulley to drive various devices, such as the alternator,
water pump, air conditioning compressor or power steering pump.
Drive Fit: One of several classes of fits in which parts are
assembled by pressing or forcing one part into another.
Drive Girder: The girder on which the bridge drive machinery is
mounted.
Drive Oil: Lubricating oil used on different components of the
finishing mill.
Drive Oil Alarm: A warning received when drive oil pressure is low
or pressure is stopped.
Drive Oil System: A system which encompasses all the
components needed to deliver drive oil to the finishing mill. It
consists of both #1 and #2 drive oils pumped from the roughing mill.
Drive plate: A flywheel that is used on an engine equipped with an
automatic transmission.
Drive shaft: One or more shaft connecting the transmission output
shaft to the differential pinion shaft.
Drive shaft: A sturdy metal tube with universal joints on either end
that connects the engine to a differential on a rear-wheel or four-
wheel drive vehicle.
Drive Side: The side of the strip that is nearest to the drive motors
that power the line.
Drive Side: The side of the strip that is nearest to the drive motors
that power the line.
Drive system: The type of drive system: two-wheel drive, four-wheel
drive or all-wheel drive
Drive train mounts: Flexible, energy-absorbing components that
attach parts of a vehicles drive train (for example, the transmission,
transfer case or differential housing) to the chassis.
Drivebillity: The general evaluation of an engine's operating
qualities, including idle smoothness, cold and hot starting throttle
response, and power delivery.
Drive-off fees: Also referred to as "Total Due at Signing." The total
cost that must be paid by the lessee at the inception of a vehicle
lease, which typically includes the first months lease payment, any
security deposit required by the leasing company, any acquisition fee
charged by the leasing company, any documentation fees charged
by the dealer, and various state registration fees.
Driver state sensor: A device that monitors a drivers eye movement
and/or vital signs while a vehicle is in motion.
Driveshaft: A driveshaft is a mechanical component used to transfer
rotational motion and force, or torque, from one component to
another. Usually a driveshaft connects a drive motor on one side to
the piece of machinery being driven on the other. Driveshafts usually
incorportate one or more joings and coupling to assist in carrying the
stresses associated with transmitting torque.
Drivetrain: The system of components that generates power and
transmits it to a vehicles wheels.
Drivetrain warranty: See "Powertrain warranty."
Driving Head: A motor driven carrier head which is supported from
and propelled by the load bearing wheels.
Driving lights: Auxiliary high-beam driving lamps.
DRL: Double Random Length. Line pipe with a 35 ft.+ average
lengths.
DRL: Double random length line pipe with a 35?+ average lengths
DRMS : Distance root mean squared.
Drogue: A small parachute used to slow and stabilize a spacecraft
returning to the atmosphere, usually preceding deployment of a main
landing parachute.
Drone: A pilotless aircraft, usually following a predetermined or
programmed set of maneuvers. See also RPV.
Droop: A casting defect caused by sand dropping from the cope or
other overhanging section.
Droop : Terms used to describe the difference between the set point
and the actual operating or control point.
Drop Ball: A heavy weight, usually ball- or pear-shaped, dropped
from a height to break large pieces of metal scrap. Also used to
strengthen warp castings.
Drop Ball: A heavy weight, usually ball or pear shaped, dropped
from a height to break large pieces of metal scrap. Also used to
strengthen warp castings.
Drop center rim: Drop center rim is a type of rim in which the center
section as lower than the to outer edges. This allows the bead of the
tire to be pushed into the low area while the other side is pulled over
and off the flange.
Drop Forging: (1) The forging obtained by hammering metal in a
pair of closed dies to produce the form in the finishing impression
under a drop hammer. (2) Forging method requiring special dies for
each shape.
Drop Forging: A forging made with a drop hammer.
Drop Gate: A term for a pouring gate or runner leading directly into
the top of the mold.
Drop Gate: A term for a pouring gate or runner leading directly into
the top of the mold.
Drop Hammer: A term generally applied to forging hammers in
which energy for forging is provided by gravity, steam or compressed
air. See also air-lift. Hammer, board hammer, and steam
hammer. (see Air-Lift)
Drop Hammer: A forging hammer than depends on gravity for its
force.
Drop Hammer Forming: A process for producing shapes by the
progressive deformation of sheet metal in matched dies under the
repetitive blows of a gravity-drop or power-drop hammer. The
process is restricted to relatively shallow parts and thin sheet from
approximately 0.6 to 1.6 mm (0.024 to 0.064 in.).
Drop Off Or Drop Out: Sand falling from the Cope of a mold. See
Drop
Drop tank: An externally carried auxiliary tank, usually to contain
fuel, which may be jettisoned if necessary.
Drop-Feed Lubrication/Drip Oiler: A system of lubrication that
supplies lubricant to the bearing surfaces in the form of drops at
regular intervals.
Droplet Erosion: Erosive wear caused by the impingement of liquid
droplets on a solid surface. See also erosion. (see Erosion)
Dropping Point (Grease) (ASTM D 255 and D 2265): The
temperature at which a portion of grease releases liquid or passes
from a semi-solid to a liquid state under specified test conditions.
Though this test is a good high-temperature screening tool, it is not,
by itself, an indicator of high-temperature performance; continuous
permissible operating temperatures may be as much as 100ºF below
the dropping point.
Drop-through: An undesirable sagging or surface irregularity,
usually encountered when brazing or welding near the solidus of the
base metal, caused by overheating with rapid diffusion or alloying
between the filler metal and the base metal.
Dross: Sediment which settles in bottom of the zinc pot on the
galvanize line. Also top dross, which floats on surface of pot and is
skimmed off. A different type of dross also occurs on the top of the
zinc pot, which is skimmed off on a regular time frame.
Dross: Sediment which settles in bottom of the ZINC pot on the
galvanize line. Also top dross, which floats on surface of pot and is
skimmed off. A different type of dross also occurs on the top of the
zinc pot, which is skimmed off on a regular time frame.
Drum: The cylindrical member around which rope is wound for lifting
or lowering the load. Also another name for brake wheel.
Drum brakes: A brake system that used a wheel cylinder to force 2
brake shoes against a rotating drum. It is used primarily as rear
brakes, but have been used in the front in order vehicles.
Drum Heads: Removable hinged man way cover on both ends of a
boiler drum.
Drum Ladle: A cylindrical refractory-lined ladle that is completely
enclosed. A removable cover at the pouring spout permits addition of
molten metal.
Drum Ladle: A cylindrical refractory lined ladle that is completely
enclosed. A removable cover at the pouring spout permits addition of
molten metal.
Drum Pusher: Device used to remove a steel drum from the entry
coil traverse car.
Drum Pusher: Device used to remove a steel drum from the entry
coil traverse car.
Drum Vent: Manual valve that is used to relieve pressure on drums.
Drum Vent: Manual valve that is used to relieve pressure on drums.
Drum water level line: The water level in the drum during the
normal operating mode.
Drum, Magnetic: An electrically energized pulley or drum used for
removing magnetic materials from sand, non-ferrous borings and
turnings, etc.
Drumstick : Ground based interference with enemy WT
transmissions in the 3-6 MHz bands
Dry Analysis: A term applied to spectrographic analysis.
Dry Break Coupling: A dry break coupling is a type of hose or pipe
connector used to contain the fluid in the hoses upon disconnect.
Dry break couplings are common in applications involving chemicals
that cannot be leaked into the environment or where the cost of the
fluid or safety of the worker is a concern.
Dry bulb -: An instrument with a sensitive element to measure
ambient air temperature.
Dry bulb temperature -: The temperature registered by an ordinary
thermometer. The dry bulb temperature represents the measure of
sensible heat, or the intensity of heat.
Dry clutch: Dry clutch are also known as friction clutch, These are
used for engaging or disengaging the power between engine and
transmission.
Dry compression -: The compression of vapor, in a vapor-liquid
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
Dry Cyaniding: (Obsolete) Same as carbonitriding.
Dry Film Lubricant: A solid material, such as graphite, molybdenum
disulfide, boron nitride, or a plastic like a poly-tetra-fluorine resin,
used with loads in the boundary region of lubrication. These
materials may be applied as pastes, by spraying, dipping, brushing
in an air-drying carrier, burnishing or resin bonding.
Dry Film Weight: Dry coating film weight is normally calculated in
grams per square meter(gm/m²) or milligrams per square
inch(mg/in²). Accurate control of dry film weight is essential to ensure
that the coating material will possess its intended properties of
physical and chemical resistance.
Dry Film Weight: Dry coating film weight is normally calculated in
grams per square meter(gm/m B2) or milligrams per square
inch(mg/in B2). Accurate control of dry film weight is essential to
ensure that the coating material will possess its intended properties
of physical and chemical resistance.
Dry ice : Refrigerating substance made of solid carbon dioxide
which changes directly from a solid to a gas (sublimates). Its
subliming temperature is -78°C.
Dry Metric Tonne Unit: This is the internationally accepted unit of
measure for iron ore pricing. A dry metric tonne unit (dmtu) is 1% of
iron (Fe) contained in a tonne of ore, excluding moisture. The price
per tonne of a consignment of iron ore is calculated by multiplying
the cents/dmtu price by the percent Fe content of the ore in that
shipment. For example, a 67% Fe content iron ore will be priced at
the contracted dmtu price multiplied by 67, a 55% Fe content ore at
the dmtu price multiplied by 55, etc. Iron ore contract prices are
quoted in US$ cents.
Dry Pan: A grinding machine of heavy rollers or millers testing on a
bed. Screens or slits allow fine material to pass through.
Dry Permeability: The property of a molded mass of sand bonded
or unbonded, dried at 220 230 B0F (105 110 B0C) and cooled to
room temperature that allows passage of gases resulting during
pouring of molten metal into a mold.
Dry pipe: A perforated or slotted pipe or box inside the drum and
connected to the steam outlet.
Dry Rolled Finish: Finish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls
without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material
previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance.
Dry Run: The process of checking the control panel to assure that
all controls are functioning properly.
Dry Sand Casting: The process in which the sand molds are dried
at above 212 B0F (100 B0C) before using.
Dry Sand Mold: A casting mold made of sand and then dried at
100°C (212°F) or above before being used. Contrast with green sand
mold.
Dry Sand Mold: A mold from which the moisture has been removed
by heating.
Dry standby : A method of sealing al water and steam connections
and placing a desiccant in the unit and applying an airtight seal.
Dry Strength (casting): The maximum strength of a molded sand
specimen that has been thoroughly dried at 100 to 110°C (220 to
230°F) and cooled to room temperature. Also known as dry bond
strength.
Dry system: Refrigeration system which has the evaporator liquid
refrigerant mainly in the atomized or droplet condition.
Dryer: Dries the strip after a rinsing process.
Dryer: Dries the strip after a rinsing process.
Drying Oils: Oils that absorb oxygen (reacting with it) to form
relatively hard, tough, elastic films when exposed in thin layers to the
atmosphere; generally added to paint to promote drying (e.g.,
linseed oil).
Dryness fraction or quality: Weight fraction of the vapor in a vapor-
liquid mixture.
Dry-Rolled Finish: Finish obtained by cold-rolling on polished rolls
without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material
previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance.
DSC/DTA: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential
thermal analysis (DTA) measure actual caloric heat changes to
characterize physical changes (phase changes in waxes, gels,
grease or asphalt) and chemical reactions (usually oxidation) in
lubricants.
DSG: Direct shift gearbox. Also referred to as "SMG," "sequential
manual gearbox" and "automated manual transmission." See
"Automated Manual Transmission."
Dsm / dsm2: A type of technology developed by Spektrum for their
spread spectrum 2.4GHz R/C systems. Stands for Digital Spectrum
Modulation, the '2' just being the newer updated version of the
original.
Dsn: Deep Space Network.
DSO : Data source object
DSP : Data Processing
DTED : Digital Terrain Elevation Data
DTK : Desired track
DTU : Data transfer unit
Dual flying: Flying in an aircraft fitted with fully functioning dual
controls for the purpose of receiving flying training from a person
who is authorised by the Regulations to give training.
Dual Metal Centrifugal Casting: Centrifugal castings produced by
pouring a different metal into the rotating mold after the first metal
poured.
Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC): An engine is designed with two
camshafts above each line of cylinders, one of the exhaust valves
and one for the intake valves.
Dual rates: A feature of many R/C systems, whereby the control
surface deflection can be reduced while still maintaining full
movement of the transmitter sticks. With dual rates enabled, the
airplane is less sensitive to control inputs.
Dual rates : Radio function used to adjust control sensitivity.
Dual shaft gas turbine : a gas turbine which has one turbine on one
shaft driving the compressor and when the gas discharged from this
turbine is directed to another turbine on a separate shaft to drive a
load.
Dual Tread Compounding: Employs two compound types across
the tread, the outside for dry traction and the inside for wet traction.
Dual-mass flywheel: A flywheel that consists of two parts separated
by springs used to absorb vibration in the drive line.
Dual-mode hybrid: A hybrid vehicle with two different drive
systems, referred to as Modes. In the first mode the vehicles runs
solely on an electric motor powered by the vehicles battery system.
When the electric-only mode is low on power, or during harder
acceleration and faster speeds, a gasoline engine mode will initiate.
The second Mode uses a gasoline engine to help power the vehicle
and recharge the electrical system batteries.
Dual-phase Steels: A class of high-strength low-alloy steels
characterized by a tensile strength value of approximately 550 MPa
(80 ksi) and by a microstructure consisting of about 20% hard
martensite particles dispersed in a soft ductile ferrite matrix. The
term dual phase refers to the predominance in the microstructure of
two phases, ferrite and martensite. However, small amounts of other
phases, such as bainite, pearlite or retained austenite, may also be
present.
Duals: tyres placed side by side on an axle to increase both carrying
capacity and traction capability; four tyres across an axle.
Dual-temperature re-circulating water system: A closed re-
circulating water system that uses water either for cooling, by
circulating it through a chiller, or for heating, by circulating it through
a boiler or heat-exchanger depending upon need.
Duat : Direct User Access Terminal (US Computer Self-Briefing
system)
Ductile: A metal capable of being drawn into wire or thread.
Ductile Crack Propagation: Slow crack propagation that is
accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy
to be supplied from outside the body. Contrast with brinle crack
propagation.
Ductile Crack Propagation: Slow crack propagation that is
accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy
to be supplied from outside the body.
Ductile Fracture: Fracture characterized by tearing of metal
accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and
expenditure of considerable energy. Contrast with brittle fracture.
Ductile gouging : Referring to irregular wasting of the tube metal
beneath a porous deposit The micro structure of the metal does not
change with this process and the ductility remains, but the thinning
leads to rapture.
Ductile Iron: A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an
element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of
free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable
degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron,
spherulitic graphite cast iron and spheroidal graphite (SG) iron.
Ductility: The ability of a material to deform plastically without
fracturing.
Ductility: A qualitative, subjective property of material that indicates
the extent to which it can be deformed without fracture in
metalworking operations such as rolling, extrusion, fabrication, etc. It
is generally expressed as total permanent strain prior to fracture,
measured as elongation or reduction of area during tensile testing.
Ductility: The ability of a material to deform plastically without
fracturing, being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a
tensile test, by height of cupping in an Erichsen test or by other
means.
Ductwork: Ducts that carry exhaust solids from the boilers to the
scrubber area.
Duel fuel operated: Duel fuel operated vehicles are also known as
hybrid vehicle which have feature to run on two fuels.
Dummy Block: A tight-fitting steel block placed between the ram
and the billet in an extrusion press to prevent metal from leaking
backward along the ram during extrusion.
Dummy Block: A tight fitting steel block placed between the ram
and the billet in an extrusion press to prevent metal from leaking
backward along the ram during extrusion.
Dummy Cab: An operator’s compartment or platform on a pendant
or radio Bridge Crane Controlled crane, having no permanently-
mounted electrical Bridge Crane Controls, in which an operator may
ride while Bridge Crane Controlling the crane.
Dummy Cathode: (1) A cathode, usually corrugated to give variable
current densities, that is plated at low current densities to
preferentially remove impurities from a plating solution. (2) A
substitute cathode that is used during adjustment of operating
conditions.
Dummy piston : The axial thrust in reaction turbines can be nearly
eliminated by the use of balance or dummy pistons. With the correct
size of a dummy piston exposed to two different bleed point
pressures, the thrust is nearly equalized. There is a small leakage
across the labyrinth seal of the dummy piston as steam leaks from
the high to the lower bleed point
Dumping: Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in,
or for export to, the domestic market at less than the normal value of
the merchandise, i.e., a price which is less than the price at which
identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market,
the home market (market of exporting country) or third country
market (market used as proxy for home market in cases where home
market cannot be used). The normal value of the merchandise
cannot be below the cost of production.
Dumping Margin: The amount by which the normal value exceeds
the export price or constructed export price of the subject
merchandise.
Dumping Valve: A type of single solenoid valve that when energized
will open to quickly release the pressure in a hydraulic cylinder.
Dumping Valve: A type of single solenoid valve that when energized
will open to quickly release the pressure in a hydraulic cylinder.
Dunkel-nachtjagd : - DARK NIGHT HUNT; German night fighter
zone not backed by searchlights
Dunker Roll: A roll used in the tanks that keeps the strip going
through the tank.
Dunker Roll: A roll used in the tanks that keeps the strip going
through the tank.
Dunnage: Loose packing material used to protect shipping products
from damage during transport.
Duples : Separate channels for transmitting and receiving
Duplex: A category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium
and moderate nickel content. The duplex class is so named because
it is a mixture of austenitic (chromium-nickel stainless class) and
ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) structures. This
combination was originated to offer more strength than either of
those stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels provide high
resistance to stress corrosion cracking (formation of cracks caused
by a combination of corrosion and stress) and are suitable for heat
exchangers, desalination plants, and marine applications.
Duplex: A category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium
and moderate nickel content. The duplex class is so named because
it is a mixture of austenitic (chromium nickel stainless class) and
ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) structures. This
combination was originated to offer more strength than either of
those stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels provide high
resistance to stress corrosion cracking (formation of cracks caused
by a combination of corrosion and stress) and are suitable for heat
exchangers, desalination plants, and marine applications.
Duplex Grain Size: The simultaneous presence of two grain sizes in
substantial amounts, with one grain size appreciably larger than the
others. Also termed mixed grain size.
Duplex Microstructure: A two-phase structure. Mixed
microstructure of ferrite and austenite with a composition centered
around 26Cr-6.5Ni.
Duplex Stainless Steels: Stainless Steels exhibiting both austenitic
and ferritic, phases and characteristics.
Duplex Stainless Steels: Stainless steels having a fine-grained
mixed microstructure of ferrite and austenite with a composition
centered around 26Cr-6.5Ni.
Duplexing: Any two-furnace melting or refining process. Also called
duplex melting or duplex processing.
Durability: The ability to accept permanent deformation.
DURABLACK: A compound technology that allows a tyre’s sidewall
to stay a rich black during the entyre life of the tyre.
DuraGuard Technology: Includes various features, such as two
sidewall plies and high-strength steel belts under the tread.
Duralumin: The trade name applied to the first aluminum copper
magnesium type of age hardenable alloy (17S), which contains
nominally 4% Cu, 1/2% Mg. The term is sometimes used to include
the class of wrought aluminum copper magnesium alloys that harden
during aging at room temperature.
Duralumin (obsolete): A term frequently applied to the class of age-
hardenable aluminum-copper alloys containing manganese,
magnesium or silicon.
Duration: A rating system applied to engine camshaft that
determines how long the valves will be open relative to crankshaft
movement in degrees.
Durometer: An instrument used to measure hardness. Specific to
tyres, a durometer typically measures the hardness of the tread
compound. Durometer can also refer to the hardness result, as
in: The tyre’s durometer is 60.
Durometer: An instrument for measuring the hardness of rubber and
plastic compounds.
Durometer hardness: A numerical value which indicates the
resistance to indentation of the blunt indentor of the durometer.
Dusk-sensing headlights: A feature that, when activated,
automatically turns on the headlights and taillights when the ambient
light dims at sunset.
Dust: Small solid particles created by the breaking up of larger
particles by an process.
Dust: Particulates which have a direct relation to a specific solar
system body and which are usually found close to the surface of this
body (e.g. Lunar, Martian or Cometary dust).
Dust Collection Systems: A dust collection system is a mechanical
system designed to remove dust and debris from a production
environment. Dust collections systems can be designed and used in
small applications such as a personal workshop or in large industrial-
scale production environments. A dust collection system usually
includes the blower or vacuum driving the system, a collection of
hoses and fittings, filters and/or dust separators, and a dust
collection bin.
Dust detector: A device for measuring the velocity, mass, charge,
flight direction and number of dust particles striking the instrument.
Dust Separators: A dust separator is a component of a dust
collection system designed to help filter out smaller particles from
larger ones. A dust separator is used in a two stage system in which
the separator is placed between the machine creating the dust and
the suction device driving the dust collection system.
Dust Suppression Systems: Dust suppression systems provide a
means of dust control, helping to minimize the amount of dust stirred
up into the environment during processes such as construction and
farming. Misting, or depositing small amounts of water to the surface
is a popular form of dust suppression.
Dust veil index: A quantitative method developed by H. H. Lamb for
comparing the magnitude of volcanic eruptions. The formulae use
observations either of the depletion of the solar beam, temperature
lowering in middle latitudes, or the quantity of solid matter dispersed
as dust. The reference dust veil index is 1000, assigned to
the Krakatoa 1883 eruption, and the index is calculated using all
three methods, where the information is available, for statistical
comparison purposes. Abbreviated D.V.I.
Dust : An air suspension (aerosol) or particles of any solid material,
usually with particle size less than 100 microns.
Dustcatcher: Blast furnace primary gas cleaner which captures
most of the coarse particles before final cleaning by the wet
scrubbers.
Dusting: (1) A phenomenon, usually affecting carbonbase electrical
motor brushes or other current-carrying contacts, wherein at low
relative humidity or high applied current density, a powdery "dust" is
produced during operation. (2) Applying a powder, such as sulfur to
molten magnesium or graphite to a mold surface.
Dutch Profiles: (see Bulb Flats)
Duty cycle : One time or of time or to period time ratio express in
percentage.
Dwell: The amount of time recorded on a dwell meter in degrees
that voltage passes through a closed switch.
Dwell: The amount of time the distributor points remain closed
between openings.
Dye Penetrant Inspection: A method for detecting surface porosity
or cracks in metal. The part to be inspected is cleaned and coated
with a dye which penetrates any flaws that may be present. The
surface is wiped clean and coated with a white powder. The powder
absorbs the dye held in the defects indicating their location.
Dye Penetrant Inspection: A method for detecting surface porosity
or cracks in metal. The part to be inspected is cleaned and coated
with a dye which penetrates any flawa that may be present. The
surface is wiped clean and coated with a a white powder. The
powder absorbs the dye held in the defects indicating their location.
Dynamic: A method of bridge crane controlling speed by using the
motor as a generator, with the energy being dissipated by
resistance.
Dynamic balance: Dynamic balance is condition when the
centerline of a revolving object is in the same plane as the object
itself.
Dynamic Balance: Exists when the weight is equally distributed
both around its circumference and on either side of its centre line. A
tyre and wheels assembly that is out of dynamic balance will
produce a wobble effect or a shaking from side to side.
Dynamic Behavior: Describes how a control system or an individual
unit reacts with time when subjected to an input signal.
Dynamic behavior: Describes how a control system or an individual
unit reacts with time when subjected to an input signal.
Dynamic brake control: See "Emergency brake assist."
Dynamic Creep: Creep that occurs under conditions of fluctuating
load or fluctuating temperature.
Dynamic Demulsibility: Refers to a test procedure that simulates
temperature and circulating conditions in a rolling mill to determine
the water separation properties of an oil. (see Demulsibility (typically
measured using ASTM D 1401 or D 2711))
Dynamic discharge head : Static discharge head plus friction head
plus velocity head.
Dynamic Error: The error that results during the transient state, that
is, the state when the system is moving from one steady state
condition to another.
Dynamic error: The error that results during the transient state, that
is, the state when the system is moving from one steady state
condition to another.
Dynamic load -: An imposed force that is in motion, that is, one that
may vary in magnitude, sense, and direction.
Dynamic Load (Gears): Load computed at the pitch line, including
both static transmitted load and loads superimposed by inertia of the
rotating masses, tooth form inaccuracies, spacing inaccuracies and
misalignment. Buckingham’s empirical equations take these forces
into account; AGMA uses service factors for the same purpose.
Dynamic Loading: Loads introduced into the machine or its
components due to accelerating or decelerating forces.
Dynamic Lowering: A method of bridge crane control by which the
hoist motor is so connected in the lowering direction, that when it is
over-hauled by the load, it acts as a generator and forces current
either through the resistors or back into the line.
Dynamic pumps: Pumps in which energy is added to the water
continuously and the water is not contained in a set volume.
Dynamic suction head : Positive static suction head minus friction
head and minus velocity head.
Dynamic suction lift: The sum of suction lift and velocity head at
the pump suction when the source is below pump centerline.
Dynamic system : An ion-exchange operation, wherein a flow of the
solution to be treated is involved.
Dynamic Viscosity: See absolute viscosity.
Dynamics: The study of the action of forces on bodies and the
changes in motion they produce.
Dynamo: Dynamo is an electrical device used for making DC
current in vehicle, It runs on engine power with the help of belt. This
system charges the battery for start-up and other electrical
accessorises
Dynamo: A physical system that converts mechanical energy
(energy of motion) into magnetic energy. In the Sun, the mechanical
energy results from the movement of the plasma at the Sun’s core.
Dynamo process: The generation of an electric current by the flow
of an electrically conducting fluid through a magnetic field. For
instance, the magnetic field originating inside the Earth is believed to
come from a dynamo process involving the flow of molten iron in the
Earth's hot core. The energy required by the current is obtained from
the motion of the flow.
Dynamometer: A machine used to measure engine horsepower
output. An engine dynamometer measure horsepower at the
crankshaft and the chesses dynamometer measure horsepower in
the wheel.
Dyne: Standard c-g-s unit of force, equal to the force that produces
an acceleration of one centimeter per second per second on a mass
of one gram.
Dyne: A unit of force equal to the force required to accelerate a 1 g
mass 1 cm per square second.
E : Abbreviation for Economy Gear
E : Airspace ICAO Class E
E.C. (or EC) Alloy or Grade: Electrical conductor aluminum, an
alloy specifically formulated for good electrical conductivity; it is
about 99.5% aluminum.
E.C.A. Number: Engineering Corporation of America. This is the
computerized annealing sequence number used by the Firing
Model.
E.C.A. Number: Engineering Corporation of America This is the
computerized annealing sequence number used by the Firing Model.
E10 : (Gasohol) Ethanol/gasoline mixture containing 10% denatured
Ethanol and 90% gasoline, by volume.
E4OD : Acronym for Electronic 4-Speed Overdrive
E85: A fuel consisting of gasoline or another hydrocarbon mixed with
up to 85% denatured ethanol.
E85 : A fuel containing a mixture of 85 percent Ethanol and 15
percent gasoline
E93 : A fuel mixture containing 93% Ethanol, 5% Methanol and 2%
Kerosene, by volume.
E95 : A fuel containing a mixture of 95 percent Ethanol and 5
percent gasoline
EAA : Experimental Aircraft Association
EAC : Acronym for Electronic Air Control - replaced by AIR
EAC Valve : An acronym for Electric air control valve. This is the GM
version of a diverter air gulp valve, providing three functions in a
single valve.• the normal diverter valve function, i.e., it diverts air on
rapid increase in manifold vacuum; • it relieves pressure by diverting
air to the air cleaner when the air injection system pressure exceeds
a certain set level; • being solenoid-controlled, it allows air to be
diverted under any desired operating mode
EACV : Acronym for Electronic air control valve. A valve used in
fuel-injection system, usually computer controlled, that controls the
amount of air bypassing the throttle during idle. The more air that
bypasses the throttle, the higher the idle speed
EAD : European AIS Database
Eag: European Action Group.
EAG : European ATFM Advisory Group
Eagle : A brand of automobile which was a carry-over from the AMC
Eagle and later produced by Chrysler
EAIR : Acronym for Electronic Secondary Air Injection
EAMA : Acronym for Egyptian Automobile Manufacturers
Association.
Eanpg : European Air Navigation Planning Group (ICAO)
Ear : A projection in the shape of an ear, usually as a lug or support
for other components such as the brackets which are part of the fork
cover and to which the headlight is mounted on a motorcycle. It is
also a spoiler behind the rear windows to improve stability in side
winds.
EAR : Acronym for estimated additional resources
Earing: The formation of ears or scalloped edges around the top of
a drawn shell, resulting from directional differences in the plastic-
working properties of rolled metal across, at angles or with the
direction of rolling.
Earing: Wavy projections formed at the open end of a cup or shell in
the course of deep drawing because of difference in directional
properties. Also termed scallop.
Earles forks : Long leading-link motorcycle forks, i.e., front
suspension has a pivoting fork controlled by twin shock absorbers.
Designed by Ernie Earles, they were used by many manufactures of
motorcycles in the 1950s
Early extended validation integrationprogram (eevip) : An FAA
program, first implemented for the Boeing 777, to give "out-of-the-
box" ETOPS clearance to a new plane, rather than waiting for a
couple of years of domestic service experience.
Early fuel evaporation system : (EFE) A system that heats the inlet
manifold to provide a warm air/fuel mixture, reducing condensation
and improving fuel evaporation, thus improving cold engine
operation and reducing exhaust emissions. An EFE system operated
by engine exhaust gas responds quicker to engine heat-up than
systems heated by engine coolant; some EFE systems use an
electric heater in the intake duct
Early termination: Ending a vehicle lease before its original term
has expired.
Early termination : A vehicle's depreciation is highest in the first few
months after it leaves the dealer's lot. Since a lessee pays for
depreciation in equal monthly payments, lessees who end a lease
early have almost always used up more of a car's value than they've
paid for. Therefore, lease contracts generally include penalties for
early termination. Be aware of these penalties before you sign the
lease contract and consider your ability to fulfill the contract.
Earom : Electrically alterable read-only memory, a type of digital
memory device.
Ears on : Trucker slang for CB is turned on as in "Any smokeys out
there with their ears on?"
Earth: Third planet from the Sun, a terrestrial planet.
Earth : British term for Ground
Earth connection : British term for ground connection
Earth Continuity Monitors: The earth is commonly used as a
ground, reference, or return path for electrical circuits and systems.
An earth continuity monitor is an electrical instrumentation device
designed to measure and monitor the earth connection. The
continuity monitor is used as part of the electrical control system.
Earth Continuity Relays: An earth continuity relay is an electronic
switch designed to monitor the continuity of the earth circuit in a
supply cable and to shut off power if earth continuity is at unsafe
levels.
Earth coordinates : Coordinates referenced to the earth; See Also:
east-north-up; Compare: body coordinates, stability coordinates
Earth data : Environmental data related to the earth at some point of
interest; usually a function of latitude and longitude
Earth eccentricity : A measure of the degree to which the earth is
oblate; Symbols: epsilon;
Earth electrode :
Earth Leakage Protection Relays: A protection relay is a switch
designed to trip and turn off a circuit in the event of unsafe
conditions. Earth leakage relays are specifically designed to detect
earth fault currents and trip when a pre-determined fault level is
reached. Earth leakage protection relays perform the same function
as earth leakage circuit breakers, though the terminology may vary
depending on the specific location the relay or breaker is used.
Earth model : The earth model computes data related to the earth.
Most data is a function of position. Standard models are:
International, Clarke 1866, Clarke 1880, Everest, Modified Everest,
Bessel 1841, Australian National, World Geodetic Survey 1972,
World Geodetic Survey 1984, Airy, Hough, South American.
Earth observing system (eos): A series of small- to intermediate-
sized spacecraft that is the centerpiece of NASA's Earth Science
Enterprise (ESE). Planned for launch beginning in 1999, each of the
EOS spacecraft will carry a suite of instruments designed to study
global climate change. ESE will use space-, aircraft-, and ground-
based measurements to study our environment as an integrated
system. Designing and implementing the ESE is, of necessity, an
international effort. The ESE program involves the cooperation of the
U.S., the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japanese
National Space Development Agency (NASDA). The ESE program is
part of the U.S. interagency effort, the Global Change Research
Program.
Earth observing system data & information system
(eosdis): The system that will manage a dataset of Earth science
observations to be collected over a 15-year period. Existing data
indicates that the Earth is changing, and that human activity
increasingly contributes to this change. To monitor these changes, a
baseline of 'normal' performance characteristics must be obtained.
For the Earth, these baseline characteristics must cover a global
scale and a long enough period that the variation caused by
seasonal changes and other cyclical or periodic events (e.g., El
Niño and the solar cycle) may be included in the analyses. The
baseline characteristics also must enable scientists to quantify
processes that govern the Earth's system. Functionally, EOSDIS will
provide computing and networking facilities supporting EOS
research activities, including data interpretation and modeling;
processing, distribution, and archiving of EOS data; and command
and control of EOS observatories.
Earth probes: Discipline-specific satellites and instruments that will
be used byNASA to obtain observations before the launch of EOS
spacecraft. Generally smaller than the EOS satellites and
instruments, Earth Probes are planned to complement the broad
environmental measurements from EOS with highly focused studies
in areas such as tropical rainfall (TRMM), ocean productivity
(SeaWiFS), atmospheric ozone (TOMS), and ocean surface winds
(NSCAT).
Earth radiation budget experiment (erbe): An experiment to obtain
data to study the average radiation budget of the Earth and
determine the energy transport gradient from the equator to the
poles. Three satellites were flown in different orbits to obtain the
data: the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, ERBS (launched in
October 1984), NOAA-9 (launched in December 1984), and NOAA-
10 (launched in September 1986). See Television and Infrared
Observation (TIROS).
Earth radius: The average radius of the Earth, a convenient unit of
distance in describing phenomena and orbits in the Earth's
neighborhood in space. 1 RE = 6371.2 km approximately.
Earth radius best sphere : Gaussian radius of curvature
Earth radius east/west : Prime radius of curvature
Earth radius north/south : Meridian radius of curvature
Earth radius : Radius of the earth, function of position, separate
radii for longitudinal radius and for lateral radius; See Also: state
data; Symbols: rho; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Earth return : British term for Ground return
Earth science data and information system (esdis): A project that
is responsible for providing scientific and other users access to data
from NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. The ESDIS Project provides
this access through the development and operation of the Earth
Observing System (EOS) Data and Information System (EOSDIS).
Earth science enterprise (ese): International research program to
understand our planet's environment as a system. A major challenge
of ESE is to observe, understand, model, assess, and eventually
predict global change. Meeting this challenge will help to evaluate
the impact that human activity (e.g., clearing forests and burning
fossil fuels) has on our environment, and to distinguish human-
induced changes from the effects of natural events (e.g. volcanic
eruptions, erosion).
Earth speed : Total velocity measured with respect to a plane
tangent to the earth`s surface at the current position; a vector
composed of velocity north, velocity east, and vertical velocity; See
Also: state data; Symbols: V sub E; Typical Units: kt, ft/s;
Dimensions: Length / Time;
Earth strap : British term for Ground strap
Earth system: The Earth regarded as a unified system of interacting
components, including geosphere (land), atmosphere (air),
hydrosphere (water and ice), and biosphere (life).
Earth system science: An integrated approach to the study of the
Earth that stresses investigations of the interactions among the
Earth's components in order to explain Earth dynamics, evolution,
and global change.
Earth wire : British term for Ground wire.
Earthmoving Equipment Buckets: Earthmoving equipment
buckets are scoop or bucket-shaped attachments on constructions
equipment such as backhoes and bulldozers. The shape and size of
the buckets vary based on the machine it's being mounted to and the
material being moved.
Earth-sensor: A light-sensitive diode which seeks the direction of
Earth and then informs the attitude control system of a spacecraft.
Eart-referenced flight pathangle : Angle in vertical plane of
airspeed vector and groundspeed vector; usual definition for flight
path angle; Compare: air-mass flight path angle; Symbols: gamma
sub T; Typical Units: rad, deg;
EAS : Acronym for Electronic air suspension. Introduced in the 1993
model year on certain Range Rover models further to enhance
standards of road noise insulation, ride and handling, the system
substitutes air bags and a live-line pneumatic system, (i.e., an
electrically driven compressor, air pressure reservoir and associated
controls) for the steel coil springs used on the rest of the Land Rover
model range. Logic- controlled by an electronic control unit, height
sensors and driver controls, the system maintains front and rear self-
leveling in the five height modes listed below. These notes show the
versatility of the system and the purpose for which it was designed.
However, for the casual driver, new to the vehicle, no prior
knowledge or expertise is required; FAS will cycle automatically
through appropriate modes according to prior programming. The
driver need not even know EAS is fitted. On engine start-up EAS
assumes the last selected ride height.
EAS Valve : The valve in an emission control system governing the
airflow from the air pump in connection with the EAC valve. When its
solenoid is energized, air is directed into the exhaust ports to
increase oxidation and accelerate catalytic converter heat-up to
operating temperature, and when its solenoid is de-energized, it
switches airflow between the converter beds to help the oxidizing
catalyst to decrease the CO and HC levels
Eas : European Air Sports
EASA: The EASA is a European Union body responsible for
regulations concerning civil aviation in all EU countries. The Agency
also provides expertise when drafting European Union legislation.
Easa: European Aviation Safety Agency.
Easa : European Aviation Safety Authority (planned to replace JAA)
Ease up on the accelerator : The action of releasing the
accelerator partially or completely in order to reduce the amount of
fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the speed of the
vehicle. Opposite of Depress the accelerator or Step on the
accelerator.
Ease up on the gas pedal : The action of releasing the gas pedal
partially or completely in order to reduce the amount of fuel entering
the engine and thus slow down the speed of the vehicle. Opposite of
Depress the gas pedal or Step on the gas pedal.
Ease up on the throttle : The action of releasing the twist-grip or
throttle lever partially or completely in order to reduce the amount of
fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the speed of the
vehicle. Opposite of engaging the throttle or Cranking on the throttle.
Ease up on the throttle pedal : The action of releasing the throttle
pedal partially or completely in order to reduce the amount of fuel
entering the engine and thus slow down the speed of the vehicle.
Opposite of Depress the throttle pedal or Step on the throttle pedal.
Easement : Allows another person the right to use private land for a
specific purpose. The most usual easements are those granted to
public utility companies to run lines on or under private property.
Other common easements are for storm drainage pipes and ditches,
for walkways, and for access roads.
Easing fluid : Penetrating oil
Easo: European Aviation Suppliers Organisation.
Easterly wave: A migratory wavelike atmospheric disturbance in the
tropical easterlies. Easterly waves occasionally intensify into tropical
cyclones. They are also called tropical waves.
East-north-up (enu) : A standard earth coordinate frame and sign
convention, where east, north, and up are positive; vertical, or V, is
sometimes used in place of up; Synonyms: east-north-vertical;
Compare: XYZ;
East-north-vertical (env) : East-north-up.
Easton : American developer of high quality aluminum and carbon
fiber Bicycle products.
East-west layout : Transverse positioning of the engine across the
car from left to right, found in many front-wheel drive designs. Also
called Transverse engine. The opposite is North-south layout.
Easy access cab : A regular cab pickup with an extra fold-out
section behind the door to allow you to have access to the things
behind the front seat. Unlike an Extended cab, there is no seating
behind the front seat.
Easy entry: A device that automatically retracts a vehicles power
seats and/or steering column when the engine is switched off.
Easy Open End: A convenience feature can end designed to be
opened by utilizing an integral tab opener to tear the container lid
along a tear line formed in the lid.
Easy out : A brand name for a Screw extractor.
Easy-out : A brand name for a Screw extractor.
Eat : To corrode and remove the metal from a body panel which has
been subject to excessive rust
Eat away : The effect of excessive rust which has seriously corroded
a body panel so that there is almost no original metal left
Eatchip: European ATC Harmonisation and Integration Programme.
EATCHIP : European Air Traffic Control Harmonization
Implementation Project
Eat-em-up : Trucker slang for Truck stop Cafe as in "It's been so
long since I stopped at the eat-em-up that my stomach thinks my
throat's been slashed."
EATMP : European Air Traffic Management Plan
EATMS : European Air Traffic Management System
EATS : Empire Air Training Scheme
Ebaa: European Business Aviation Association.
EBAA : European Business Aviation Association
EBIT: Earnings before interest and taxes.
EBITDA: Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and
amortization.
EC : European Commission
Eca: European Cargo Alliance.
ECAC: European civil aviation conferenceRepresents the European
civil aviation regulatory authorities of the ICAO (International Civil
Aviation Organization).
Ecac: European Civil Aviation Conference.
Ecac : European Civil Aviation Conference ("Association" of
Europe`s CAAs)
Eccentric: A circle with in a circle that has a different shape and
center.
Eccentric: A circle not having a geometric center. Also, a device
such as a crankshift or a cam for converting rotarty motion to
reciprocating motion.
Eccentric: Noncircular; elliptical (applied to an orbit).
Eccentric Mounting: Mounting of a tyre wheel assembly in such a
way that the centre of rotation for the assembly is not aligned with
the centre of rotation for the vehicle’s hub.
Eccentric Press: A mechanical press in which an eccentric is used
to move the slide instead of a crankshaft.
Eccentric wall: A wall of varying thickness
Eccentricity: The degree to which two forms fail to share a common
center; for example, in a pipe or tube whose inside is off-center in
regards to the outside. In hollow extrusions: the difference between
the maximum and minimum wall thickness at any single cross-
section. The degree of eccentricity can be expressed by a plus or
minus wall thickness tolerance.
Eccentricity: The amount of separation between the two foci of an
ellipse and, hence, the degree to which an elliptical orbit deviates
from a circular shape.
Eccentricity: (aka ecce or E0 or e) One of six Keplerian elements, it
describes the shape of an orbit. In the Keplerian orbit model, the
satellite orbit is an ellipse, with eccentricity defining the 'shape' of the
ellipse. When e=0, the ellipse is a circle. When e is very near 1, the
ellipse is very long and skinny.
Eccentricity: The condition resulting from the inside and the outside
diameters not having a common center. See eccentric wall.
ECCS: Electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel, is cold
rolled coil with a thin coating of metallic chromium (next to the
substrate) and chromium hydroxide surface layer.
ECCS: Electrolytic Chromium Coated Sheets.
ECE Symbol: The Economic Commission of Europe develops motor
vehicle requirements. ECE-approved tyres must meet standards for
physical dimensions, branding requirements and high-speed
endurance regulations.
Eci : Earth Centered Inertial
Eclipse: The obscuring of one celestial body by the passage of
another in front of it.
Eclipse: The partial or total apparent darkening of the sun when the
moon comes between the sun and the Earth (solar eclipse), or the
darkening of the moon when the full moon is in the Earth's shadow
(lunar eclipse).
Ecliptic: The great circle on the celestial sphere which traces the
path of the Sun during the year.
ECM: An abbreviation for electrochemical machining.
ECM: Electronic counter-measures; airborne equipment to reduce
the effectiveness of an enemy's radar or other devices which
generate electromagnetic radiations.
Ecm: Electromagnetic Countermeasures.
ECM : Electronic or engine control module.
Ecm : Electronic Counter-Measures.
Ecogas : European Council of General Aviation Support
Ecology: Science dealing with the interrelationships between living
organisms and their environments.
Economizer: A specially designed bank of boiler tubes used to heat
the boiler feedwater before it enters the boiler drum. Boiler exhaust
gases pass across the economizers which are located in the exhaust
ductwork and the heat is transferred to the feedwater. Preheating of
the feedwater helps to reduce boiler fuel requirements.
Economizer: A specially designed bank of boiler tubes used to heat
the boiler feed water before it enters the boiler drum. Boiler exhaust
gases pass across the economizers which are located in the exhaust
ductwork and the heat is transferred to the feed water. Preheating of
the feed water helps to reduce boiler fuel requirements.
Economizer Recirculator: Line that connects the waterwall to the
economizer to ensure positive flow through the economizer so as to
not allow steam in the economizer during O2 blow.
Economizer Recirculator: Line that connects waterwall to
economizer to ensure positive flow through economizer so as to not
allow steam in the economizer during O2 blow.
Economizer : A series of tubes located in the path of flue gases.
Feed water is pumped through these tubes on its way to the boiler in
order to absorb waste heat from the flue gas.
Ecosystem: Any natural unit or entity including living and non-living
parts that interact to produce a stable system through cyclic
exchange of materials.
Ecosystem: The interacting system of a biological community and
its nonliving environmental surroundings.
Ectaa: Group of National Travel Agents and Tour Operators
Associations within the EU.
Eddy: A circular movement of water or air that is formed where
currents pass obstructions or between two adjacent currents that are
flowing counter to each other.
Eddy Current Separator: In magnetics, an eddy current is created
when a conductor and the magnetic field source are moving relative
to each other. This relative motion causes a changing magnetic field
that generates a magnetic flux counter to that created by the
magnetic field. The result is a repulsive force between the magnet
and the conductor. An eddy current separator makes use of this
magnetic reaction to remove non-ferrous metals from magnetic
metals, usually in conjunction with a converyor belt system
transporting the mixed material.
Eddy current testing: An electromagnetic nondestructive testing
method in which eddy-current flow is induced in the test object.
Changes in flow caused by variations in the object are deflected into
a nearby coil or coils where they are measured.
Eddy Current Testing: Nondestructive testing method in which eddy
curent flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused
by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for
subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.
Eddy Currents: A condition caused by an uneven roll surface. It is
seen on the edges of a coil, not across the full width of the coil.
Eddy currents (electricity): An electromagnetic nondestructive
testing method in which eddy-current flow is induced in the test
object. Changes in flow caused by variations in the object are
deflected into a nearby coil or coils where they are measured.
Eddy currents (steam turbines): Impulse TurbineAs the steam
passes through convergent nozzles, if the exit pressure is less than
0.577 x inlet pressure (the critical pressure for nozzles), eddy-
currents are developed and the exit velocity will be less than
calculated.
Eddy-Current: (see Eddy-current Braking)
Eddy-Current Braking: A method of Bridge Crane Control by which
the motor drives through an electrical induction load brake.
Eddy-Current Testing: Non-destructive testing method in which
eddy-current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow
caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or
coils for subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and
techniques.
Edf : Electric ducted fan. A battery-powered fan (rather than exterior
propeller) driven aircraft.
Edge: 1. To turn by 90° a piece of steel which is being rolled so it
goes to the mill on its edge. 2. To roll a piece which has been so
turned.
Edge Break: A condition caused by an uneven roll surface. It is
seen on the edges of a coil, not across the full width of the coil.
Edge Buckle: Edge buckle is similar to center buckle except that the
condition occurs in one, or both edges, of the strip and is generally
confined to a narrow portion of the width.
Edge Buckle: Edge buckle is similar to center buckle except that the
condition occurs in one, or both edges, of the strip and is generally
confined to a narrow portion of the width.
Edge Buildup: Condition that results when burred or damaged plate
causes the edge of the coil to be higher in coating than the center of
the coil.
Edge Buildup: Condition that results when burred or damaged plate
causes the edge of the coil to be higher in coating than the center of
the coil.
Edge Condition: Mill edge is the normal edge produced in rolling,
and does not conform to any definite contour. A sheared edge is one
that has been cut after rolling. A slit edge results when a strip is cut
into multiple widths by means of a rotary knife.
Edge Dislocation: See dislocation. (see Dislocation)
Edge Filing: A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal
are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files,
mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring
only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded
edge.
Edge Filing: A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal
are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files,
mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring
only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded
edge.
Edge Rolling : Rolling a strip of steel to smooth the edges. By
removing the burr off the coil, it is safer for customers to manipulate.
Edge Strain: Transverse strain lines or Lüders lines ranging from 25
to 300 mm (1 to 12 in.) in from the edges of cold rolled steel sheet or
strip. See also Lüders Lines. (see Lüders Lines)
Edge Strain Or Edge Breaks: Creases extending in from the edge
of the temper rolled sheet.
Edge Wave: A condition in the band of steel where the edges (in the
direction of rolling) are longer than the center.
Edge Wave: A condition in the band of steel where the edges (in the
direction of rolling) are longer than the center.
Edgelights: The lights located along the platform edge that flash to
indicate an approaching or departing train
Edger (Edging Impression): The portion of a die impression that
distributes metal during forging into areas where it is most needed.
This occurs to facilitate filling the cavities of subsequent impressions
that will be used in the forging sequence. See also fuller (fullering
impression). (see Fuller)
Edges: Many types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of
flat rolled metal products. Over the years the following types of
edges have become recognized as standard in their respective
fields. . Copper Base Alloys Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared,
Sawed, Machined or Drawn . Sheet Steels or Aluminum Sheet Mill
Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge. . Strip Steels and Stainless Strip .
No. 1 Edge A Smooth, uniform, round or square edge, either slit or
filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width tolerance +/ .005. . No.
2 Edge A natural sound mill edge carried through from the hot rolled
band. Has not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer
than hot rolled strip limits. . No. 3 Edge Square, produced by slitting
only. Not filed. Width tolerances close. . No. 4 Edge A round edge
produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit
edge strip. Not as perfect as No. 1 edge. Width tolerances liberal. .
No. 5 Edge An approximately square edge produced by slitting and
filing or slitting and rolling to remove burr. . No. 6 Edge A square
edge produced by square edge rolling, generally from square edge
hot rolled occasionally from slit strip. Width tolerances and finish not
as exancting as No. 1 edge.
Edi: Electronic Data Interchange.
EDM: Abbreviation for electrical discharge machining.
EDS: Explosive Detection System
Edt: Eastern Daylight Time.
Edta: A chelating agent used with boiler water treatment. Often
referred as the replacement for the phosphate-hydroxide treatment
method.
Eec : Euro control Experimental Centre
Eelectromagnetic Forming: A process for forming metal by the
direct application of an intense, transient magnetic field. The
workpiece is formed without mechanical contact by the passage of a
pulse of electric current through a forming coil. Also known as
magnetic pulse forming. (see Pulse Forming)
Eelv: Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle.
Eeprom : Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only-Memory
Eet : Estimated Elapsed Time
Efato : Engine Failure At Take-Off (JAR-FCL)
Efdp : European Flight Data Processing
Effective Crack Size: The physical crack size augmented for the
effects of crack tip plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective
crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack
size plus a calculated value of a plastic zone adjustment. A preferred
method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance
from the secant of a load deflection trace with the elastic compliance
from a calibration for the type of specimen.
Effective Draw: The maximum limits of forming depth that can be
achieved with a multiple-action press; sometimes called maximum
draw or maximum depth of draw.
Effective temperature: Overall effect on a human of air
temperature, humidity and air movement.
Efficiency: The ratio of output to input. Volumetric efficiency of a
pump is the actual output, in gpm, divided by the theoretical or
design output.
Efficiency: The ratio of output to input. Volumetric efficiency of a
pump is the actual output, in gpm, divided by the theoretical or
design output. The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the
output power divided by the input power. Efficiency is usually
expressed as a percent.
Effluent: A combination of water and particulates pulled from
exhaust gases that is sent out for treatment.
Effluent: A combination of water and particulates pulled from
exhaust gases that is sent to Hydromation for treatment.
Effluent : The solution which emerges from an ion-exchange
column.
Effusion: The escape, usually of gases, through a material. See
permeation.
Efis : Electronic Flight Instrument System
Efts : Elementary Flying Training School
Egnos : European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System
EGR system: Exhaust Gas Recirculation system. A device that
redirects a small amount of exhaust to the engine intake in an effort
to lower combustion temperature and reduce the emission of
nitrogen oxide.
Egt : Exhaust gas temperature indicator.
Ehs : Enhanced Surveillance (Mode S, 2nd step)
Ehsi : Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator
Eicas : Engine indicating and crew alerting system.
Eighth freedom: The right to fly between two or more airports in a
foreign country while continuing service to one's own country.
Ejection seat: A seat fitted with an explosive charge and designed
to eject the occupant clear of an aircraft during an in-flight
emergency.
Ejector: A device mounted in such a way that it removes or assists
in removing a formed part from a die.
Ejector Half: The movable half of a die-casting die containing the
ejector pins.
Ejector Pins: Movable pins in the pattern die that "push" to remove
cast pattern from the dies.
Ejector Pins: Moveable pins in tahe pattern die tha t?push? to
remove cast pattern form the dies.
Ejector Rod: A rod used to push out a fonned piece.
El chichon: Active volcano 7300 ft (2225 m) high in Mexico. The last
eruption was in 1983.
El nino: An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to
March flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low-
salinity, nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually extend
farther than a few degrees south of the equator, but occasionally it
does penetrate beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the relatively cold
Peru Current. The effects of this phenomenon are generally short-
lived, and fishing is only slightly disrupted. Occasionally (in 1891,
1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965, 1972 - 73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the
effects are major and prolonged. Under these conditions, sea
surface temperatures rise along the coast of Peru and in the
equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean and may remain high for more than
a year, having disastrous effects on marine life and fishing.
Excessive rainfall and flooding occur in the normally dry coastal area
of western tropical South America during these events. Some
oceanographers and meteorologists consider only the major,
prolonged events as El Nino phenomena rather than the annually
occurring weaker and short-lived ones. The name was originally
applied to the latter events because of their occurrence at Christmas
time.
El niño: A warming of the surface waters of the eastern equatorial
Pacific that occurs at irregular intervals of 2-7 years, usually lasting
1-2 years. Along the west coast of South America, southerly winds
promote the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustains large
fish populations, that sustain abundant sea birds, whose droppings
support the fertilizer industry. Near the end of each calendar year, a
warm current of nutrient-pool tropical water replaces the cold,
nutrient-rich surface water. Because this condition often occurs
around Christmas, it was named El Niño (Spanish for boy child,
referring to the Christ child). In most years the warming last only a
few weeks or a month, after which the weather patterns return to
normal and fishing improves. However, when El Niño conditions last
for many months, more extensive ocean warming occurs and
economic results can be disastrous. El Niño has been linked to
wetter, colder winters in the United States; drier, hotter summers in
South America and Europe; and drought in Africa. See ENSO.
Elastic Constants: The factors of proportionality that relate elastic
displacement of a material to applied forces. See also bulk modulus
of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and shear modulus. (see Bulk Modulus
of Elasticity) (see Poisson's ratio) (see Shear Modulus)
Elastic Deformation: Stretching of the material below the point at
which a permanent "set" takes place. That is, in the range where the
metal acts spring-like or elastic.
Elastic Deformation: Stretching of the material below the point at
which a permanent set takes place. That is, in the range where the
metal acts spring like or elastic.
Elastic Hysteresis: A misnomer for an anelastic strain that lags a
change in applied stress, thereby creating energy loss during cyclic
loading. More properly termed mechanical hysteresis. (see
Mechanical Hysteresis)
Elastic Limit: The maximum stress a metal can withstand without
any permanent strain (deformation) remaining when the load is
removed.
Elastic Limit: Maximum stress that a material will withstand without
permanent deformation. See Yield Strength
Elastic limit: The limiting extent to which a body may be deformed
and yet return to its original shape after removal of the deforming
force.
Elastic limits : -
Elastic Ratio: Yield point divided by tensile strength.
Elastic Resistance Welded Pipe: ERW pipe is made from strips of
hot rolled steel, which are passed through forming rolls and welded.
While seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive
than ERW pipe, ERW technology is improving and the technique
now accounts for approximately 48% of annual tonnage shipments
of oil country tubular goods.
Elastic Resistance Welded Pipe: ERW pipe is made from strips of
hot rolled stee, which sre passed through forming rolls and welded.
While seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive
than ERW pipe, ERW technology is improving and the technique
now accounts for approximately 48% of annual tonnage shipments
of oil country tublular goods.
Elastic Springback: When stainless steel is bent, the metal towards
the outside of the bend is in tension and the metal towards the inside
is in compression. If the applied bending force is not sufficient to
cause permanent plastic flow at either the inner or outer surfaces,
the metal will return elastically to its original shape. Stainless steel
has a greater elastic springback than mild steel.
Elastic Strain: Dimensional changes accompanying stress where
the original dimensions are restored upon release of the stress.
Elastic Strain Energy: The energy expended by the action of
external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially all the
work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic
energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied
force.
Elasticity: Property of certain solid materials that makes them
capable of recovering their original size and shape after
deformation.
Elasticity: The property of a material which enables it to return to its
original shape and dimensions when the stress on it causing these
changes is removed.
Elastohydrodynamic (EHL or EHD) Lubrication: A thin-film form
of lubrication in which an elastic deformation occurs between two
non-conforming components in loaded contact; at the same time, the
high load in this small contact area causes a temporary, extreme
increase in viscosity that traps the lubricant momentarily in the
contact area, greatly increasing its load-carrying capacity.
Elastomer: Another term for rubber.
Elastomer: A rubber or rubber-like natural or synthetic material that
can be stretched repeatedly and that returns to its approximate
original dimensions when the stress is released.
Elastomer: Any one of a group of polymeric materials, usually
designated thermoset, such as natural rubber, or thermoplastic,
which will soften with application of heat.
Elba : Emergency Locator Beacon-Aircraft
Eldo: European Launcher Development Organization.
Electocleaning : An anodic treatment. A cleaning, polishing, or
oxidizing treatment i which the specimen or work is made the anode
in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is used as cathode and a
potential is applied.
Electric Actuators: An actuator is a mechanical device used to
move one component relative to another. An electrical actuator is an
electrically-driven device that is used to turn on or off another device.
There is no one design for an electrical actuator - they are designed
specifically for the job they need to perform. The actuator may be
linear, rotational, or oscillatory, with a short or long travel distance.
Electric Arc Furnace: (EAF or EF) An economical method of
steelmaking that is energized by an electric arc flowing between two
bottom electrodes. Furnace charges consist of purchased scrap.
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF): A furnace which refines iron and scrap
into steel. In this process, the proportion of scrap used can be
increased to 100% of the metal charge. Once the furnace is charged
and covered, graphite electrodes are lowered through holes in the
roof. The electric arc travelling between the electrodes and the
metallic charge creates intense heat which melts the charge.
Alloying elements can be added during the process.
Electric Baffle: Conductors that are wired to cut off electric power to
approaching motor-driven equipment if track switches, drop sections,
and other movable track devices are not properly set for passage of
equipment.
Electric battery type: The type of battery used to power the electric
motor in a hybrid or electric vehicle: lead-acid, flooded, gel, lithium
ion, absorbed glass mat, Zebra Na/NiCL2 or NiZn traction.
Electric defrosting : Use of electric resistance heating coils to melt
ice and frost off evaporators during defrosting.
Electric Drum Heaters: An electric drum heater is a metallic band
used to heat drums of materials, usually chemicals, in process
applications. The drum heater usually includes a spring clamps to
securely fasten the band to the drum and a thermostat to help
regulate the temperature of the drum contents.
Electric Furnace Steel: Steel made in any furnace where heat is
generated electrically, almost always by arc. Because of relatively
high cost, only tool steels and other high value steels are made by
the electric furnace process.
Electric Header Valve: An electric valve that will isolate a blower
from the rest of the blowers that are on line.
Electric Linear Actuator: An actuator is a mechanical device used
to move one component relative to another. An electrical actuator is
an electrically-driven device that is used to turn on or off another
device. There is no one design for an electrical actuator - they are
designed specifically for the job they need to perform. In a linear
actuator, the motion of the actuator and the driven component is
constrained to linear motion.
Electric Motor: An electromechanical device that converts electrical
power into rotary motion. The resultant power output is measured in
horsepower.
Electric motor: An electro-mechanical device that converts
electrical power into rotary motion. The resultant power output is
measured in horsepower
Electric motor performance: An electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles
electric motors ability to do work, expressed in terms of horsepower,
torque or kilowatts.
Electric motor type: The type of electric motor in a hybrid or electric
vehicle used to power the drive wheels: permanent magnet motor or
other traction motor.
Electric Overhead Traveling Crane: An electrically operated
machine for lifting, lowering and transporting loads, consisting of a
movable bridge carrying a fixed or movable hoisting mechanism and
traveling on an overhead runway structure.
Electric propulsion: A form of rocket propulsion which depends on
some form of electric acceleration of propellant to achieve low thrust
over long periods of time. E.g. an ion or magnetohydrodynamic
engine.
Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipe: Pipe made from strips of
hot-rolled steel which are passed through forming rolls and welded.
While seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive
than comparable ERW pipe, ERW technology is improving and the
technique now accounts for approximately 48% of OCTG shipments
by tonnage.
Electric Shears: Tool used to cut heavy gauge steel.
Electric starter: A 12 volt electric motor with a special end cup that
you place against the spinner to turn the motor over until it starts.
Electric starter : A hand-held electric motor used for starting a
aircraft airplane engine. Usually powered by a 12-volt battery.
Electric Steering Gear: An electric steering gear is a component
used in automobile power steering systems. The steering gear is
connected to an electric motor which provides a steering assist force
based on the conditions of the road and the response between the
steering wheel and the driveshaft.
Electric vehicle: A vehicle that is run entirely on electricity, using
batteries, capacitors and one or more traction drive systems.
Electrical Braking System: A method of Bridge Crane Controlling
crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition, without the use
of friction braking.
Electrical circuit -: A power supply, a load, and a path for current
flow are the minimum requirements for an electrical circuit.
Electrical Discharge Grinding: Grinding by spark discharges
between a negative electrode grinding wheel and a positive
workpiece separated by a small gap containing a dielectric fluid such
as petroleum oil.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM): Metal removed by a rapid
spark discharge between different polarity electrodes, one on the
workpiece and the other the tool separated by a gap distance of
0.013 to 0.9 mm (0.0005 to 0.035 in). The gap is filled with dielectric
fluid and metal particles that are melted, in part vaporized, and
expelled from the gap.
Electrical Discharge Wire Cutting: A special form of electrical
discharge machining wherein the electrode is a continuous moving
conductive wire. Also referred to as traveling wire electrical
discharge machining.
Electrical Disintegration: Metal removal by an electrical spark
acting in air. It is not subject to precise control, the most common
application being the removal of broken tools such as taps and
drills.
Electrical Distribution Boards: An electrical distribution board is an
electrical system component that is used to divide an electrical
power signal into multiple branch circuits. The distribution board
should also be equipped with circuit breakers or other forms of fault
protection to protect the circuits and the environment to which power
is supplied.
Electrical Forklift Trucks: An electrical forklift truck is a human-
operated piece of machinery used to lift and move equipment and
materials. Forklifts are powered from a battery and have
transmissions and controls to manipulate the forklift's drive system
and the mechanism controlling the forks. Forklifts are often
coutnerbalanced, with significant weight placed at the aft end of the
vehicle to counter the weight of the load on the forks.
Electrical Pitting: The formation of surface cavities by removal of
metal as a result of an electrical discharge across an interface.
Electrical Precipitator: In air pollution control, the use of electrodes
in stack emissions emitting high voltage; particles 0.1 micron and
smaller can be attached and collected at the discharge electrode.
Electrical Precipitator: In air pollution control, the use of electrodes
in stack emissions emitting high voltage; particles 0.1 micron and
smaller can be attached and collected at discharge electrode.
Electrical resonance: An effect in which the resistance to the flow
of an electrical current becomes very small over a narrow frequency
range.
Electrical Steel: Steel that includes silicon. The silicon content
allows the steel to minimize energy loss during electrical
applications. (See Silicon Electrical Steel)
Electrical Steels: Specially manufactured cold rolled sheet and strip
containing silicon, processed to develop definite magnetic
characteristics for use by the electrical industry. (see Silicon
Electrical Steel)
Electrically Interlocked: An electrical device in the starter circuit
which prevents a short circuit when opposite Bridge Crane Controls
are operated at the same time.
Electrification: The track mounted conductor system by which the
moving equipment receives its electrical power.
Electro dialysis : This is a membrane process where an applied
electric charge draws impurity ions through permeable membranes
to create high purity feed water streams or low purity waste streams.
Electro Galvanizing: Galvanizing by Electro deposition of zinc on
steel
Electro Mechanical Assembly: An electro-mechanical assembly is
a collection of electrical components and mechanical connectors put
together into an assembled unit. This term is often applied to cable
assemblies, in which one or more different types of conductors are
combined into a cable bundle and terminated with a pin connector.
Electro Mechanical Protection Relays: A protecion relay is a type
of switch used in electrical circuits to monitor and protect against an
overload or fault condition. The protection relay may operate by
monitoring any type of electrical measurement, include current,
voltage, and frequency. Electro mechanical protection relays are
often used in larger scale power distribution applications. Rather
than using a bimetallic strip of metal to open like in a traditional
circuit breaker, an electro mechanical relay uses two electromagnetic
coils, one to open the breaker contacts and one to close them. The
protective relay monitors for the overload or fault condition, then
energizes the open coil when a fault is detected.
Electro regeneration : Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are formed be
electrical splitting of water molecules and are swept through the unit
by steady, low-voltage direct current, continuously cleansing the
resin beads and carrying away the unwanted salts
Electrochemical: Pertaining to chemical reactions induced by an
electric current, such as electrolysis or electroplating.
Electrochemical: Pertaining to chemical reactions induced by an
electric current, such as electrolysis or electroplating
Electrochemical Cell: An electrochemical system consisting of an
anode and a cathode in metallic contact and immersed in an
electrolyte. The anode and cathode may be different metals or
dissimilar areas on the same metal surface. See also cathodic
protection.
Electrochemical Corrosion: Contact corrosion, electrolytic
corrosion, galvanic corrosion. Localized corrosion from exposure of
an assembly of dissimilar metals in contact or coupled with one
another, i.e., electrochemical action.
Electrochemical Corrosion: Corrosion that is accompanied by a
flow of electrons between cathodic and anodic areas on metallic
surfaces.
Electrochemical Corrosion: Contact corrosion, Electrolytic
corrosion, Galvanic corrosion) Localized corrosion from exposure of
an assembly of dissimilar metals in contact or coupled with one
another, i.e., electrochemical action.
Electrochemical Discharge Machining: Metal removal by a
combination of the processes of electrochemical machining and
electrical discharge machining. Most of the metal removal occurs via
anodic dissolution (ie., ECM action). Oxide films which form as a
result of electrolytic action through an electrolytic fluid are removed
by intermittent spark discharges (i.e., EDM action). Hence, the
combination of the two actions.
Electrochemical Equivalent: The weight of an element or group of
elements oxidized or reduced at 100% efficiency by the passage of a
unit quantity of electricity. Usually expressed as grams per coulomb.
Electrochemical Grinding: A process whereby metal is removed by
deplating. The workpiece is the anode; the cathode is a conductive
aluminum oxide-copper or metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel
with abrasive particles. Most of the metal is removed by deplating;
0.05 to 10% is removed by abrasive cutting.
Electrochemical Machining (ECM): Controlled metal removal by
anodic dissolution. Direct current passes through flowing film of
conductive solution which separates the workpiece from the
electrode tool. The workpiece is the anode and the tool is the
cathode.
Electrochemical Potential: The partial derivative of the total
electrochemical free energy of a constituent with respect to the
number of moles of this constituent where all factors are kept
constant. It is analogous to the chemical potential of a constituent
except that it includes the electric as well as chemical contributions
to the free energy. The potential of an electrode in an electrolyte
relative to a reference electrode measured under open circuit
conditions.
Electrochemical Reaction: A reaction caused by passage of an
electric current through a medium that contains mobile ions (as in
electrolysis); or, a spontaneous reaction made to cause current to
flow in a conductor external to this medium (as in a galvanic cell). In
either event, electrical connection is made to the external portion of
the circuit via a pair of electrodes. See also electrolyte.
Electrochemical reactions : A metal wasting process, due to the
fluid (boiler water) being subjected to an electrical current.
Electrochromatic rearview mirror: A rearview mirror that
automatically dims at night when it detects a bright glare.
Electrocleaning (Electrolytic Brightening): An anodic treatment. A
cleaning, polishing or oxidizing treatment in which the specimen or
work makes the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is
used as a cathode and a potential is applied.
Electrode: A carbon (graphite) rod that carries electricity to melt the
scrap in an EAF.
Electrode: Compressed graphite or carbon cylinder or rod used to
conduct electric current in electric arc furnaces, arc lamps, carbon
arc welding, etc.
Electrode (electrochemistry): One of a pair of conductors
introduced into an electrochemical cell, between which the ions in
the intervening medium flow in opposite directions and on whose
surfaces reactions occur (when appropriate external connection is
made). In direct current operation, one electrode or "pole" is
positively charged while the other is negatively charged. See also
anode, cathode, electrochemical reaction, and electrolyte.
Electrode (welding): (1) In arc welding, a current-carrying rod that
supports the arc between the rod and work or between two rods as
in twin carbon-arc welding. It may or may not furnish filler metal. See
also bare electrode. (2) In resistance welding, a part of a resistance
welding machine through which current and, in most instances,
pressure are applied directly to the work. The electrode may be in
the form of a rotating wheel, rotating roll, bar, cylinder, plate, clamp,
chuck or modification thereof. (3) In arc and plasma spraying, the
current-carrying components that support the arc. (see Bare
Electrode)
Electrode boiler : A boiler which generates steam or hot water by
the action of immersed electrodes which conduct electricity through
the boiler water, which, in turn, generates heat by its resistance to
electric current.
Electrode Deposition: The weight of weld-metal deposit obtained
from a unit length of electrode.
Electrode Extension: For gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc
welding, and submerged arc welding, the length of unmelted
electrode extending beyond the end of the contact tube.
Electrode Force: The force between electrodes in a spot, seam and
projection weld.
Electrode Holder: A device used for mechanically holding the
electrode while conducting current to it.
Electrode Indentation (resistance welding): The depression
formed on the surface of workpieces by electrodes.
Electrode Lead: The electrical conductor between the source of arc
welding current and the electrode holder.
Electrode Polarization: Change of electrode potential with respect
to a reference value. The change may be caused, for example, by
the application of an external electrical current or by the addition of
an oxidant or reductant.
Electrode Potential: The potential of an electrode in electrolysis as
measured against a reference electrode. The electrode potential
does not include any resistance losses in potential in either the
solution or external circuit. It represents the reversible work to move
a unit charge from the electrode surface through the solution to the
reference electrode.
Electrode Reaction: Interfacial reaction equivalent to a transfer of
charge between electronic and ionic conductors. See also anodic
reaction and cathodic reaction.
Electrodeposition: (1) The deposition of a conductive material from
a plating solution by the application of electrical current. (2) The
deposition of a substance on an electrode by passing electric current
through an electrolyte. Electroplating, electroforming, electrorefining
and electrotwinning result from electrodeposition.
Electrodeposition: Application of a coating by immersing the parts
in a bath of water containing resin, electrolytic stabilizers and
pigments. An electric current is passed through the bath using the
parts as anodes, plating them with resins and colors.
Electrodeposition: Application of a coating by immersing the parts
in a bath of water containing resin, electrolytic stabilizers and
pigments. An electric current is passed through the bath using the
parts as anodes, plating them with resins and colors.
Electroforming: Making parts by electrodeposition on a removable
form.
Electrogalvanized: Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on
the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged
sheet steel. The thickness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. By
increasing the electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel
through the plating area, the coating will thicken
Electrogalvanizing: A continuous process used to produce a zinc
coating on steel sheet by electroplating. Both sulfuric or hydrochloric
acid solutions are used. The most common method uses sulfuric
acid with insoluble anodes. Produces thin coatings generally less
than 10 um (0.4 mils) thick.
Electrogas Welding (EGW): An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a
continuous filler metal electrode and the work. Molding shoes are
used to confine the molten weld metal for vertical position welding.
The electrodes may either be flux cored or solid. Shielding may or
may not be obtained from an externally supplied gas or mixture.
Electrohydraulic Servo Valve: A servo valve which is capable of
continuously controlling hydraulic output as a function of an electrical
input.
Electrohydraulic servo-valve: A servo-valve which is capable of
continuously controlling hydraulic output as a function of an electrical
input.
Electroless Plating: (1) A process in which metal ions in a dilute
aqueous solution are plated out on a substrate by means of
autocatalytic chemical reduction. (2) The deposition of conductive
material from an autocatalytic plating solution without the application
of electrical current.
Electrolysis: The separation of a chemical compound into its
components by passing an electric current through it.
Electrolysis : Chemical decomposition caused by action of an
electric current in a solution.
Electrolysis : The separation of a chemical compound into its
components by passing an electric current through it.
Electrolyte: Any substance which in solution separated into ions
and is made capable of conducting electric current, the acid solution
lead acid battery.
Electrolyte: A solution of sulfuric acid and water in a battery.
Electrolyte: A dissolved or fused substance capable of conducting
an electric current; examples include the molten solution electrolyzed
in an aluminum reduction cell, or the acid solution in a wet-cell
battery.
Electrolyte : A chemical compound which dissociates or ionizes in
water to produce a solution which will conduct an electric current; an
acid, base, or salt.
Electrolytic Cell: An assembly consisting of a vessel, electrodes
and an electrolyte in which electrolysis can be carried out.
Electrolytic Cleaning: A process of removing soil, scale or
corrosion products from a metal surface by subjecting it as an
electrode to an electric current in an electrolytic bath.
Electrolytic Copper: Copper that has been refined by
electrodeposition, including cathodes that are the direct product of
the refining operation, refinery shapes cast from melted cathodes,
and by extension fabricators products made therefrom. Usually when
this term is used alone, it refers to electrolytic tough pitch copper
without elements other than oxygen being present in significant
amounts. See also tough pitch copper. (see Tough Pitch Copper)
Electrolytic Galvanized: Application of a coating of zinc by
electrodeposition; used for applications in which corrosion resistance
and paintability is a primary concern.
Electrolytic Galvanized: Cold Rolled or Black Plate to which a
coating of zinc is applied by electro deposition; used for applications
in which corrosion resistance and paintability is a primary concern.
Electrolytic Grinding: A combination of grinding and machining
wherein a metal-bonded abrasive wheel, usually diamond, is the
cathode in physical contact with the anodic workpiece, the contact
being made beneath the surface of a suitable electrolyte. The
abrasive particles that produce grinding act as nonconducting
spacers permitting simultaneous machining through electrolysis.
Electrolytic Machining: Controlled removal of metal using an
applied potential and a suitable electrolyte to produce the shapes
and dimensions desired.
Electrolytic Picking: Pickling in which electric current is used; the
work being one of the electrodes.
Electrolytic Polishing: An electrochemical polishing process in
which the metal to be polished is made the anode in an electrolytic
cell where preferential dissolution at high points in the surface
topography produces a specularly reflective surface. Also referred to
as electropolishing.
Electrolytic Powder: Powder produced by electrodeposition or by
pulverizing of an electrodeposit.
Electrolytic Protection: See preferred term cathodic
protection. (see Cathodic Protection)
Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets (ETCS): Cold rolled sheet coated
with tin by electrodeposition through an acid or alkaline process.
Electrolytic Tin Plate: (ETP) 1) Light gauge, low carbon, cold
reduced steel on which tin has been electrodeposited. 2) Black plate
coated with Tin Sn electron deposition.
Electrolytic Tin Plate (ETP): 1. Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold
reduced steel on which tin has been electrodeposited. 2. Black plate
coated with Tin Sn electron deposition.
Electrolytic Tough Pitch: A term describing the method of raw
copper preparation to ensure a good physical- and electrical-grade
copper-finished product.
Electromagnetic: Relating to the interplay between electric and
magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic Clutches: A clutch is a mechanical device used to
transmit force from one mechanism to another. Typically rotating, the
clutch component is engaged by moving it into a contact position
with the mechanism that is being driven. In an electromagnetic
clutch, a magnetic field is created and used to pull the armature
component into the rotor component. When the air gap between
these two components is closed, the electromagnetic clutch is
engaged and the rotation in the driven mechanism is started. The
strength of the magnetic attraction and the friction between the two
components then transmits torque through the clutch.
Electromagnetic interference (emi): A modification of signals
contained in circuit wiring (or stored in a microprocessor) caused by
a strong magnetic flied radiated from some other electrical or
electronic device or conductor.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Energy propagated at the speed of
light by an electromagnetic field.
Electromagnetic radiation: Energy propagated as time-varying
electric and magnetic fields. These two fields are inextricably linked
as a single entity since time-varying electric fields produce time-
varying magnetic fields and vice versa. Light and radar are examples
of electromagnetic radiation differing only in their wavelengths (or
frequency). Electric and magnetic fields propagate through space at
the speed of light.
Electromagnetic spectrum: The entire range of radiant energies or
wave frequencies from the longest to the shortest wavelengths--the
categorization of solar radiation. Satellite sensors collect this energy,
but what the detectors capture is only a small portion of the entire
electromagnetic spectrum. The spectrum usually is divided into
seven sections: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray,
and gamma-ray radiation.
Electromagnetic wave: Method of travel for radiant energy (all
energy is both particles and waves), so called because radiant
energy has both magnetic and electrical properties. electromagnetic
waves are produced when electric charges change their motion.
Whether the frequency is high or low, all electromagnetic waves
travel at 300,000,000 meters per second.
Electromagnetic waves: A wave propagated through space by
simultaneous periodic variation in the electric and magnetic field
intensity at right angles to each other and to the direction of
propagation. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma
rays and cosmic rays.
Electromechanical Polishing: An attack-polishing method in which
the chemical action of the polishing fluid is enhanced or controlled by
the application of an electric current between the specimen and the
polishing wheel.
Electro-Mechanical Protection Relays: A protecion relay is a type
of switch used in electrical circuits to monitor and protect against an
overload or fault condition. The protection relay may operate by
monitoring any type of electrical measurement, include current,
voltage, and frequency. Electro-mechanical protection relays are
often used in larger scale power distribution applications. Rather
than using a bimetallic strip of metal to open like in a traditional
circuit breaker, an electro-mechanical relay uses two
electromagnetic coils, one to open the breaker contacts and one to
close them. The protective relay monitors for the overload or fault
condition, then energizes the open coil when a fault is detected.
Electromechanical : Converting electrical input into mechanical
action. A relay is an electromechanical switch.
Electrometallurgy: Industrial recovery or processing of metals and
alloys by electric or electrolytic methods.
Electromotive Force: (1) The force that determines the flow of
electricity; a difference of electric potential. (2) Electrical potential;
voltage.
Electromotive force (emf): The force produced by a difference of
electrical potential that causes current to flow in circuit. EMF is
measured in units called volts.
Electromotive Force Series (emf series): A series of elements
arranged according to their standard elecltrode potentials with
"noble" metals such as gold being positive and "active" metals such
as zinc being negative. In corrosion studies, the analogous but more
practical galvanic series of metals is generally used. The relative
positions of a given metal are not necessarily the same in the two
series.
Electron Bands: Energy states for the free electrons in a metal, as
described by the use of the band theory (woe theory) of electron
structure. Also called Brillouin zones.
Electron Beam Beat Treating: A selective surface hardening
process that rapidly heats a surface by direct bombardment with an
accelerated stream of electrons.
Electron Beam Cutting: A cutting process that uses the heat
obtained from a concentrated beam composed primarily of high-
velocity electrons. which impinge on the workpieces to be cut; it may
or may not use an externally supplied gas.
Electron Beam Machining: Removing material by melting and
vaporizing the workpiece at the point of impingement of a focused
high-velocity beam of electrons. The machining is done in high
vacuum to eliminate scattering of the electrons due to interaction
with gas molecules. The most important use of electron beam
machining is for hole drilling.
Electron Beam Microprobe Analyzer: An instrument for selective
chemical analysis of a small volume of material. An electron beam
bombards the area of interest and x-radiation thereby emitted is
analyzed in a spectrometer.
Electron Beam Microprobe Analyzer: An instrument for selective
chemical analysis of a small volume of material. An electron beam
bombards the area of interest and x radiation thereby emitted is
analyzed in a spectrometer.
Electron Beam Welding (EBW): A welding process that produces
coalescence of metals with the heat obtained from a concentrated
beam composed primarily of high-velocity electrons impinging on the
surfaces to be joined.
Electron Microprobe Analyzer: An instrument for selective analysis
of a microscopic area, in which an electron beam bombards the point
of interest in Vacuo at a given energy level. Intensity of backscatter
is measured to interpret which chemical elements are present, and
by scanning a large area the microprobe can analyze chemical
composition and indicate the distribution of an element.
Electronic brake distribution: Electronics brake distribution system
is controlled by an ECU which sense the speed and road condition
under every wheel and then distribute the brake effort.
Electronic brake force distribution: Electronic brake force
distribution is a feature of some antilock braking system that
proportions and applies brake force to each wheel independently.
Electronic brake force distribution: A feature of some antilock
braking systems that proportions and applies brake force to each
wheel independently.
Electronic control unit (ECU): General term used for any computer
that controls a vehicle system.
Electronic fuel injection (EFI): Electronic fuel injection (EFI) is an
electronics program which is used for injecting the fuel at right time
into the cylinder.
Electronic ignition: Electronic ignition is the program which is
controlled by electronics device for better performance, This system
is used for igniting the fuel with proper timing.
Electronic ignitions: A general term used to describe any of the
various type of ignition system that used electronic components such
as contact point.
Electronic Overload Relays: An electronic overload relay is a type
of switch used in electric motors to monitor and protect against a
voltage or current overload condition. Rather than using a thermal
overload trip, an electronic overload relay enables a trip circuit that
shuts off power to the motor starter when an overload condition is
detected.
Electronic spark control: The computer system equipped with
knock sensor that can retard spark advance if necessary to climate
spark knock.
Electronic stability control: Electronic Stability control also known
as stability control or ESC. A safety feature that improves the safety
of a vehicle handling by detecting skids and compensation by
adjusting braking pressure to help maintain the intended direction of
the vehicle. Some stability control system also reduce engine power
until control is regained.
Electronic stability control: See "Stability control."
Electronic ticket: All the travel information concerning one or more
passengers which, instead of being printed, is stored in an airline's
computer database, once the booking and payment have been
made. An electronic ticket replaces a traditional paper ticket.
Electronically controlled suspension: Electronically controlled
suspension is the electronics program which controlled by ECU
(Electronics control unit). This system make the suspension more
flexible and used in luxury cars.
Electrophoresis: Transport of charged colloidal or macromolecular
materials in an electric field.
Electroplate: The application of a metallic coating on a surface by
means of electrolytic action.
Electroplating: A batch process used to produce a zinc coating on
manufactured articles. These may be functional (for corrosion
protection) or decorative coatings. Electric current is used to force
the deposition of negatively charged zinc ions from an acid solution
onto the positively charged cathode, which is the article to be coated.
Produces thin coatings generally less than 10 um (0.4 mils) thick.
Electroplating: Electro deposition of a metal or alloy in an adherent
form on to a cathodic piece.
Electroplating: The electrodeposition of an adherent metallic
coating on an object serving as a cathode for the purpose of
securing a surface with properties or dimensions different from those
of the substrate.
Electroplating: The production of a thin coating of one metal on
another by electodeposition. It is very extensively used in industry
and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Various plated metal
and combinations therof are being used for different purposes, to
illustrate: 1. Decorative and protection against corrosioncopper,
nickel and chromium . 2. Protection against corrosioncadmium or
zinc 3. Protection against wearchromium . 4. Build up of a part or
parts undersizechromium or nickel . 5. Pate for rubber
adhesionbrass . 6. Protection against carburization and for brazing
operationscopper and nickel
Electropolishing: A technique commonly used to prepare
metallographic specimens where preferential dissolution at high
points smooths the surface. A high polish is produced making the
specimen the anode in an electrolytic cell. Also referred to as
electrolytic polishing.
Electrorefining: Using electric or electrolytic methods to convert
impure metal to pure metal, or to produce an alloy from impure or
partly purified raw materials.
Electrorheological Fluids: Fluids currently under development
whose rheological properties change in the presence of an electric
field. Typically, these fluids increase in viscosity in the presence of
the field, then revert back to their previous viscosity when the field is
shut off.
Electroslag Refining: A specialised steel making process in which
a rolled or a cast ingot in the form of an electrode is remeltec in a
water cooled copper mould. The melting is activated by resistive
heaat generated in a conductive slag. The resulting product has a
similar basic chemical composition to the original ingot, but is
characterised by high purity and low inclusion content. Typical
applications include high integrity components for the aerospace
industry.
Electro-Slag Remelting (ESR): A refining process which uses the
heat of resistance of molten slag to an electric arc to remelt an
electrode in open atmosphere. ESR results in metals of higher purity,
more uniform grain size and improved mechanical properties.
Electroslag Welding (ESW): A welding process that produces
coalescence of metals with molten slag that melts the filler metal and
the surfaces of the workpieces. The weld pool is shielded by this
slag, which moves along the full cross section of the joint as welding
progresses. The process is initiated by an arc that heats the slag.
The arc is then extinguished by the conductive slag that is kept
molten by its resistance to electric current passing through the
electrode and the work pieces.
Electrostatic Charge: Phenomenon in hydraulic and lubrication
systems that is caused by the generation of electrical charge, its
accumulation and eventual discharge within or outside of the system.
It is known to cause damage to filters, hoses, heat-exchangers, etc.
Electrostatic discharge: The sudden discharge of static electricity
from an area of buildup to a grounding point.
Electrostatic Oiler: Machine that uses electrostatically charged oil
particles to deposit coating oils on steel sheets.
Electrostatic Oiler: A device used to apply a thin coating of oil to
the strip.
Electrostatic Spraying: Application of a coating by applying a static
electricity charge to the droplets of a spray and an opposite charge
to the part being sprayed, which then attracts the droplets directly to
its surface.
Electrostatic Spraying: Application of a coating by applying a static
electricity charge to the doplets of a spray and an opposite charge to
the part being sprayed, which then attracts the droplets directly to its
surface.
Electrostrictive Effect: The reversible interaction exhibited by some
crystalline materials between an elastic strain and an electric field.
The direction of the strain is independent of the polarity of the field.
Compare with piezoelectric effect.
Electrotinning: Electroplating tin on an object.
Electrotyping: The production of printing plates by electroforming.
Electrowinning: Recovery of a metal from an ore by means of
electrochemical processes.
Element: On complete set of positive and negative plates with
separator.
Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical
means to a simpler substance.
Element: Matter which cannot be broken up into simpler substances
by chemical action, that is, whose molecules are all composed of
only one kind of atom.
Element: See FILTER ELEMENT
Elev : Elevation
Elevated heliport : A heliport elevated above the surrounding terrain
or above the surrounding roof.
Elevated Temperature Drawing: A process of drawing steel bars at
elevated temperatures (normally 250-300°C) which under optimum
conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield
strengths than those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction.
Elevated Temperature Drawing: A process of drawing steel bars at
elevated temperatures (normally 250 300oC) which under optimum
conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield
strengths than those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction.
The process is little used in the united kingdom.
Elevation: The angular measure of the height of an object above
the horizon; with azimuth, one of the coordinates defining celestial
location and sometimes used in tracking spacecraft.
Elevation: The angle at which an antenna must be pointed above
the horizon for optimal reception from a spacecraft.
Elevation head: The energy possessed per unit weight of a fluid
because of its elevation.
Elevation : An angle in the vertical plane through a longitudinal axis;
height above mean sea level, usually of terrain;
Elevation : The elevation, expressed as the distance above mean
sea level, of the highest point of the FATO or FARA.
Elevator: The movable aft portion of the horizontal tailplane which is
used to affect pitch or the climbing or descending attitude of the
aircraft.
Elevator: Movable control surface, attached to the trailing-edge of
an aircraft's tailplane (stabilizer) to controll pitching movements.
Elevator: The movable part of a horizontal airfoil which controls the
pitch of an aircraft, the fixed part being the STABILIZER.
ELEVATORS are moveable control surfaces hinged on the trailing
edge of the horizontal stabilizer. While the stabilizer provides
longitudinal STABILITY, the elevator provides longitudinal
CONTROL, such as control in the pitching plane.
Elevator Buckets: Elevator buckets are the transport buckets used
in elevator lines to move bulk materials like grain or granular
products. The buckets come in various sizes, shapes and material
choices depending on the material being moved in the elevator line.
Elevator : Pitch control. Causes the aircraft to raise or lower its
nose, resulting in a climbing or diving response. Moving the elevator
down causes the tail to rise, pushing the nose down and causing the
aircraft to dive. Moving the elevator up causes the tail to drop, raising
the nose in reference to the tail (as if you were sitting in the aircraft).
Elevators: Control surfaces on the horizontal part of the tail that are
used to make the airplane pitch. Pulling back on the control stick will
raise the elevators. This causes the aircraft topitch and increase
the angle of attack.
Elevon: A hinged device on the rear portion of an aircraft wing
combining the functions of an elevator and an aileron. Usually found
on delta-wing aircraft, it can be moved in the same direction on
either side of the aircraft to obtain longitudinal control, or differentially
to obtain lateral control. Also see FLAPERON.
Elevons: Movable control surfaces which act collectively as
elevators, but differentially as ailerons.
Elevons: When elevator and aileron control is made by the same
control surface, this surface is called an elevon(s).
Elfaa: European Low Fares Airline Association.
Elliptical orbits: Bodies in space orbit in elliptical rather than
circular orbits because of factors such as gravity and drag. The point
where the orbiting satellite is closest to Earth is the perigee,
sometimes called peri-apsis or perifocus. The point where the
satellite is farthest from Earth is called apogee, apoapsis, or
apifocus. A line drawn from perigee toapogee is the line-of-apsides,
sometimes called the major-axis of the ellipse. It's simply a line
drawn through the ellipse the long way.
Elongation: 1. This term is used on orders specifying tensile test on
which a minimum elongation between give points and distances has
to be met. This elongation is expressed as percent of stretch over a
given length. 2. Total plastic strain before fracture, measured as a
percent or axial strain during tensile testing.
Elongation: Increase in length which occurs before a metal is
fractured, when subjected to stress. This is usually expressed as a
percentage of the original length and is a measure of the ductility of
the metal.
Elongation: The increase in length expresses numerically as a
percentage of the initial length.
Elongation After Fracture: In tensile testing, the increase in the
gauge length measured after fracture of the specimen within the
gauge length and usually expressed as a percentage of the original
gauge length.
Elongation Percent: The extension of a uniform section of a
specimen expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
ELT: Emergency locator transmitter; emits a homing signal from a
crashed aircraft to simplify location for rescue services.
Elt : Emergency Locator Transmitter (crash-activated transmitter)
Elution: The stripping of adsorbed ions from an ion-exchange
material by the use of solutions containing other ions in
concentrations higher than those of the ions to be stripped.
Elutriation: A test for particle size in which the speed of a liquid or
gas is used to suspend particles of a desired size, with larger sizes
settling for removal and weighing, while smaller sizes are removed,
collected and weighed at certain time intervals.
Elv: Expendable Launch Vehicle.
Embossed Aluminum: Flat rolled aluminum with a surface
appearance that has a stucco or grained look.
Embossed Aluminum: Flat rolled aluminum with a surface
appearance that has a stucco or grained look.
Embossed Sheet: An embossed sheet is one having a prominent,
impressed texture or pattern on its surface(s). If the defined texture
is applied to essentially on surface only, it is most properly termed a
coined surface. If the texture or pattern carries through the entire
body of the sheet and appears on both surfaces it is a true
embossed surface.
Embossing: A stamping/forming operation to produce a raised (in
relief) impression.
Embrittlement: Loss of malleability of a metal due to chemical
treatment or physical change.
Embrittlement: Loss of ductility of a metal due to chemical or
physical change. See Acid Embrittlement and Hydrogen
Embrittlement
Emc : EATMP Management Committee
Emergency brake: Emergency brake is an electronically controlled
system that maximizes brake efficiency during panic stops.
Emergency brake assist: An electronically controlled system that
maximizes brake efficiency during panic stops.
Emergency braking preparation: A system that uses the adaptive
cruise control sensors to monitor the following distance to the car
ahead; if the gap is closing sufficiently quickly, in anticipation of a
panic stop the system will cause the ABS pump to pre-fill the brakes
and will bring the brake pads close to the rotors.
Emergency Door: The rail car's center door equipped with a self-
evacuation mechanism. Bulkhead doors at either end of the rail cars
are also available for emergency-only exits.
Emergency helicopter landing (ehlf) facility : A clear area on the
roof of a tall building that is designed to accommodate helicopters
engaged in firefighting and/or emergency evacuation operations
related to building safety but is not intended to function as a heliport
for other reasons.
Emergency Stack Damper: Set of two per boiler. An open damper
allows exhaust to vent to the atmosphere rather than to the scrubber.
Emergency Trunk Release: A glow-in-the dark pull handle inside a
car's trunk that permits escape for someone trapped inside.
Emery: A natural abrasive used for grinding or polishing. It is being
largely replaced by artificial abrasives.
EMF: An abbreviation for electromotive force.
Emil : ; Nickname for the Bf109E
Emission: Any release of harmful materials into the environment.
Emission Spectroscopy: The branch of spectroscopy treating the
theory, interpretation and application of spectra originating in the
emission of electromagnetic radiation by atoms, ions, radicals and
molecules.
Emissions: Materials (gases, particles, vapors, chemical
compounds, etc.) that come out of smokestacks, chimneys, and
tailpipes.
Emissions certification standards: Numerical limits on the
pollutants produced by a vehicle established by the EPA and the
California Air Resource Board.
Emissions hoses & tubes: Hoses and tubes utilized by any of a
vehicles emission control devices.
Emissions Optimizing Furnace (EOF): The energy optimizing
furnace (EOF) burns coal, enhanced by oxygen injection, to
generate the thermal energy needed to preheat and then melt a
mixture of scrap and pig iron, or other steelmaking raw materials, in
an enclosed hearth. It is a vertical process with the hearth at the
base, and chambers above in which scrap etc. is preheated by
offgases before descending into the melting zone. Steel is tapped off
at the bottom of the vessel. The technology was pioneered in Brazil,
but most working examples are in India, and commercial units are
typically in the 500,000-600,000 tonnes/year range. The EOF is
recognized as a way of producing good quality steel with relatively
low investment and operating costs, and is ideal where power
networks cannot support the heavy electrical loads imposed by
electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. However, the EOF may be
more environmentally damaging than the EAF.
Emissions Reduction Units (ERU): Emissions Reduction Units are
carbon credits, each with a value of one tonne of greenhouse gas
emissions, which are granted to projects in the Joint Implementation
(JI) scheme. Like Certified Emissions Reductions, they can be used
under the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), but only to
account for a certain percentage of a plant's emissions. (see Joint
Implementation (JI))
Emissions score: A score from zero to 10 given by the EPA to each
new vehicle that represents the amount of total emissions produced
during a laboratory driving simulation of the vehicle.
Emissions standards: Emissions standards is the maximum
allowable levels of NOx, carbon monoxide, no methane organic
compound and particulate matter permitted by EPA regulation to be
emitted by each new vehicle.
Emissions standards: The maximum allowable levels of NOx,
carbon monoxide, nonmethane organic compounds and particulate
matter permitted by EPA regulations to be emitted by each new
vehicle.
Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS): An emissions trading scheme
(or system) is a way to price carbon emissions and thus encourage
investment in greenhouse gas emission reductions. It also indirectly
serves to make steelmaking more efficient. At the end of a year,
plants must relinquish carbon credits equal to the value of the
emissions they produce. For example, a plant that emits 1m tonnes
of greenhouse gases in a year will have to hand over 1m carbon
credits at the end of that year. In the European emissions trading
system, the only fully functioning international scheme, most plants
currently receive their carbon credits for free from national
governments. They therefore only have to buy additional credits
when their emissions exceed expectations. However, this should
change slowly from 2013 when phase III (2013-2020) of the program
begins. The number of free allocations is expected to decrease,
forcing plants to buy an ever greater number of credits on the market
or cut their emissions.
Emissions:: The gases and airborne particles produced during
Combustion.
Emissivity: Ratio of the amount of energy or of energetic particles
radiated from a unit area of a surface to the amount radiated from a
unit area of an ideal emitter under the same conditions.
Emissivity: The ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to that
emitted by a black body at the same temperature.
Emissivity: The ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to that
emitted by a black body at the same temperature.
Empenage: Used to describe the entire aft structure of an airframe
which is made up of the vertical and horizontal tailplanes both fixed
and movable.
Empennage: An aircraft's tail group includes rudder and fin, and
stabilizer and elevator.
Empennage: The parts of the airplane located at the tail end. The
empennage includes the horizontal stabilizer, the vertical stabilizer,
and elevators.
Empennage : The vertical and horizontal tail surfaces of an
airplane.
Emu: Extravehicular Mobility Unit.
Emulsibility: The capacity of a fluid insoluble in water to form an
emulsion with water.
Emulsifier: A substance that promotes the formation of a stable
emulsion. In industrial maintenance cleaning, emulsifiers are used to
modify the surface tension of liquid droplets (dispersed phase) to
keep them from coalescing (agglomerating); the resulting emulsion
suspends soil in solution.
Emulsion: Colloidal dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another;
the second suspends, but does not dissolve, the first. Emulsions of
oil and water are formed either by agitation or with the aid of an
emulsifying agent. In the water-in-oil type, water droplets are held in
suspension as the internal phase; in the oil-in-water type, oil droplets
are held in suspension and water is the continuous phase. Both
types exhibit a milky or cloudy appearance. The water-in-oil type is
known as an invert emulsion, as the oil is the continuous phase.
Emulsion: A coolant formed by mixing soluble oils or compounds
with water.
Emulsion : A colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another.
EN: Euronorm (A European standards organization.)
En route air traffic controlservices : Air traffic control services
provided aircraft on IFR flight plans, generally by centers, when
these aircraft are operating between departure and destination
terminal areas. When equipment, capabilities, and controller
workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be
provided to VFR aircraft.
Enamel: Organic material, which is applied in a film to protect or
decorate aluminum, tinplate, blackplate or paper.
Enamel: Organic material, which is applied in a film to protect or
decorate aluminum, tinplate, blackplate or paper.
Enameling Iron: A low-carbon, cold-rolled sheet steel produced
specifically for use as a base metal for porcelain enamel.
Enantiotropy: The relation of crystal forms of the same substance in
which one form is stable above a certain temperature and the other
form is stable below that temperature. For example, ferrite and
austenite are enantiotropic in ferrous alloys.
Enantiotropy: The relation of crystal forms of the same substance in
which one form is stable above a certain temperature and the other
form stable below that temperature. Ferrite and austenite are
enantiotropic in ferrous alloys, for example.
Encal : Encoding Altimeter
Enclosed Conductor: A conductor or group of conductors
substantially enclosed to prevent accidental contact.
Enclosure: A rectangle drawn around a graphical component or
components to indicate the limits of an assembly.
Enclosure (Electrical): A housing to contain electrical components,
usually specified by a NEMA classification number.
Encoder : Displays aircraft`s altitude on ground-based radar
screens.
Encoders: An encoder is is any device or method used to translate
information from one format to another. In the case of machinery
systems, encoders are typically used to convert transducer signals
measure position and orientation to a signal that is sent to a
processed by a control system.
End Approach: The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the
runway, between the outermost extremities of the crane and the
centerline of the hook.
End Mark: A roll mark caused by the end of a sheet marking the roll
during hot or cold rolling.
End Milling: A method of machining with a rotating cutting tool with
cutting edges on both the face end and the periphery. See also face
milling and milling. (see Face Milling) (see Milling)
End Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This
device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does
not have energy-absorbing ability.
End Tie: A structural member other than the end truck which
connects the ends of the girders to maintain the squareness of the
bridge.
End Truck: An assembly consisting of the frame and wheels which
support the crane girder(s) and allow movement along the runway.
End-of-Line System (Lube Systems): System in which the two
main supply lines are dead-ended at the last measuring valve;
usually installed where lubrication points are in a line.
Endorsement: An authorisation indicating that a pilot is qualified to
fly a particular type or class of aircraft. The authorisation is in the
form of a log book entry. (Some operational approvals which require
a log book entry are also called endorsements)
Endothermic: A chemical change in which there is absorption of
heat.
Endothermic Atmosphere: A gas mixture produced by the partial
combustion of a hydrocarbon gas with air in an endothermic
reaction. Also known as endogas.
Endothermic reaction: Pertaining to a chemical reaction which is
accompanied by an absorption of heat.
Endothermic Reaction: The reaction which occurs with absorption
of heat.
Endothermic Reaction: The reaction which occurs with absorption
of heat.
End-quench Hardenability Test: A laboratory procedure for
determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy; widely
referred to as the Jominy test. Hardenability is determined by heating
a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing
the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges
on one end and, after cooling to room temperature is completed,
measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at
regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data is normally
plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end.
Endurance Limit: The maximum stress that a material can
withstand for an infinitely large number of fatigue cycles. See also
fatigue limit and fatigue strength.
Endurance Limit: Maximum alternating stress which a given
material will withstand for an infinite number of times without causing
fatigue failure. Same as fatigue limit
Endurance Limit Stresses (Gears): Stresses that can be imposed
repeatedly, indefinitely, without causing surface fatigue failure.
Following Buckingham, AGMA uses the endurance limit for reversed
bending as the working stress in bending for gear teeth; these values
approximate 250 times the Bhn.
Endurance Ratio: The ratio of the endurance limit for completely
reversed flexural stress to the tensile strength of a given material.
Endurance test: A service or laboratory test conducted to product
failure, usually under normal use conditions
Energetic particle: Particles that can penetrate outer surfaces of
spacecraft. For electrons, this is typically above 100 keV, while for
protons and other ions this is above 1 Mev. Neutrons, gamma-rays
and X-rays are also considered energetic particles in this context.
Energy: The ability or capacity to do work.
Energy: The ability to do work. Energy can exist in one of several
forms, such as heat, light, mechanical, electrical or chemical. Energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transferred from
one form to another. Energy can also exist in one of two states,
either potential or kinetic.
Energy: See JOULE.
Energy (consumption) charge: That part of an electric bill based
on kWh consumption (expressed in cents per kWh). Energy charge
covers cost of utility fuel, general operating costs, and part of the
amortization of the utility's equipment.
Energy balance models: An analytical technique to study the solar
radiation incident on the Earth in which explicit calculations of
atmospheric motions are omitted. In the zero-dimensional models,
only the incoming and outgoing radiation is considered. The
outgoing infrared radiation is a linear function of global mean surface
air temperature, and the reflected solar radiation is dependent on the
surface albedo. The albedo is a step function of the global mean
surface air temperatures, and equilibrium temperatures are
computed for a range of values of the solar constant. The one-
dimensional models have surface air temperature as a function of
latitude. At each latitude, a balance between incoming and outgoing
radiation and horizontal transport of heat is computed. (Abbreviated
as EBM.)
Energy budget: A quantitative description of the energy exchange
for a physical or ecological system. The budget includes terms for
radiation, conduction, convection, latent heat, and for sources and
sinks of energy.
Energy Consumption: This is measured in Giga Calorie (i.e. 1000
million calorie) per tonne of Crude Steel produced(Gcal/TCS).
Engine: A device that convert energy into useful mechanical motion.
Engine: In spacecraft, a rocket or thruster that burns liquid
propellants and can be throttled to adjust thrust.
Engine: A machine that uses combustion to create energy.
Anairplane will normally either have jet engines or engines that drive
one or more propellers. In either case, the engines provide
the thrust force that pushes the airplane through the air.
Engine -: Prime mover; device for transforming fuel or heat energy
into mechanical energy.
Engine auto stop/start: A system that automatic shuts the engine
off when a vehicle comes to rest for a period, and restarts it
automatically when the brake is released and the throttle is
depressed.
Engine Auto Stop/Start: A system that automatically shuts the
engine off when a vehicle comes to rest for a period, and then
restarts it automatically when the brake is released and the throttle is
depressed.
Engine backfire: Engine backfire or back-fire is the explosion or
combustion during running of internal combustion engine, It occurs in
the air intake or in exhaust system rather than the combustion
chamber.
Engine block: Engine block is a largest assembly of an internal
combustion engine. Consists of the lower part of the engine which
contain the crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons in an oil-tight
housing.
Engine capacity: Engine capacity is the total volume of any internal
combustion engine's cylinder, It is from TDC to BDC and most
commonly specified in cubic centimetres (CC), litres (L) or in cubic
inches (CID).
Engine control module: The on-board computer engine
management system that control fuel and ignition as well as
diagnostic for the vehicle engine system.
Engine cowl : A removable covering placed over and around an
airplane`s engine.
Engine descriptor: A special notation attached to a vehicles engine
code in order to describe its emissions rating or its fuel economy, or
that indicates that it can be run on multiple fuel sources.
Engine Displacement: The total volume displaced by all pistons of
engine from TDC to BDC. It determines the cubic capacity of engine.
Engine hour meter: A device that records the number of hours an
engine has run over its lifetime.
Engine Hunting: The condition or phenomenon of engine running
with fluctuation in speed with surges. It may cause due wrong
adjustment of carburetor fuel opening.
Engine idle: Engine idle speed is the speed of engine during clutch
is disengaged, Usually it is measured in RPM (Revolution per
minute) The Rpm is measured on Crankshaft.
Engine mounting: Pads made of metal, rubber and plastic. They
designed to hold engine to the frame, may also be liquid-sealed.
Engine number: Engine number is the unique number on the
engine which is identification number of engine not vehicle, in case
of locomotive the engine number is also known as road number.
Engine offset: the offset often built into a Control Line model that
allows the engine thrust to pull the model to the outside of the flying
circle, to maintain line tension.
Engine offset: the offset often built into a Control Line model that
allows the engine thrust to pull the model to the outside of the flying
circle, to maintain line tension.
Engine oil: Engine oil is substance that lubricates and cools the
moving parts of the engine and reduces corrosion and the formation
of rust.
Engine oil: A substance that lubricates and cools the moving parts
of the engine and reduces corrosion and the formation of rust.
Engine oil level warning system: A device that automatically
brings a low engine oil level to the attention of a driver.
Engine oil : An oil used to lubricate an internal combustion engine.
Engine overhauling: Engine overhauling is done for cleaning,
inspected, repair and install new parts which are tear down. In
overhauling process the whole engine will disassemble and
assemble it again according to manufacturer.
Engine overheat: Engine overheat means that the engine get
overheated due to high temperature, It is due to long time running or
problem in cooling system. This condition can harm the engine or
might be permanently spoiled the engine.
Engine performance: Engine performance of an engine’s ability to
do work in terms of horsepower, torque or efficiency.
Engine performance: An engines ability to do work in terms of
horsepower, torque or efficiency.
Engine rpm sensor: Engine RPM sensor is an electronic device
used for measuring the RPM o the crankshaft, It is located need the
flywheel and shows the reading on dashboard.
Engine size: Engine size of a vehicle engine, the displacement, in
litters as according to manufacturer.
Engine size: A vehicle engine?s displacement, in liters (according to
its manufacturer).
Engine thermostat: Engine thermostat is a device that senses the
temperature of the engine coolant for the purpose of regulating the
engine cooling system.
Engine thermostat: A device that senses the temperature of the
engine coolant for the purpose of regulating the engine cooling
system.
Engine torque: Engine torque is an initial power that is produced by
the engine and is transferred to main shaft that is connected to the
connecting rod and further leads to pistons and finally in the cylinder.
Engine valve: These are the ducts present in the engine that results
in the inhaling or suction of the engine and finally exhaust from the
engine. Mainly these are two types’ inlet valves and exhaust valves.
Generally there are 4 valves in 1 cylinder.
Engine : The methanol or gasoline fueled power plant used in a
aircraft. Two or four-stroke gasoline and glow engines are very
popular in aircraft. Four-stroke engines tend to turn higher diameter
lower pitch props, and therefore tend to be used in applications
requiring more torque and less speed response.
Engineer: Someone who designs and builds mechanical or
electrical devices. For example, an aeronautical engineer designs
and builds aircraft. To do this, an aeronautical engineer must
study aeronautics and understand fluid dynamics andaerodynamics.
Engineered Capacity: The theoretical volume of a mill, given its
constraints of raw material supply and normal working speed.
Engineered Product: Custom components that can be made from a
wide range of material including advanced ceramics, carbides,
specialty alloys or other specialty materials.
Engineering Analysis: Engineering analysis is the act of using
sound engineering and scientific principles and procedures for the
purpose of analyzing a systems condition or peformance.
Engineering Design: Engineering design is the act of using sound
engineering and scientific principles and procedures for the purpose
of design individual components or an entire system. Engineering
design is often associated with the creation of dimensioned
engineering drawings and models for the purpose of production.
Engineering Steels: (see SBQ)
Engineering Strain: A term sometimes used for average linear
strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true
strain. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the change in the
gage length by the original gage length.
Engineering Stress (s): The load divided by the original area.
Engineering Stress (S): The load divided by the original area.
Enhanced greenhouse effect: The natural greenhouse effect has
been enhanced by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous
oxide, CFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, and other photochemically
important gases caused by human activities such as fossil fuel
consumption and adding waste to landfills, trap more infra-red
radiation, thereby exerting a warming influence on the climate. See
Climate Change and Global Warming.
Enhanced thematic mapper plus (etm +): An eight-band
multispectral scanning radiometer onboard the Landsat 7 satellite
that is capable of providing high-resolution imaging information of the
Earth's surface.
Enplanement : A revenue passenger boarding an aircraft.
Enprm : Euro control (European?) Notice of Proposed Rule Making
Enrichment : The act of adding fuel o the air fuel mix to create a
richer mixture.
Enso (el niño-southern oscillation): Interacting parts of a single
global system of climate fluctuations. ENSO is the most prominent
known source of interannual variability in weather and climate
around the world, though not all areas are affected. The Southern
Oscillation (SO) is a global-scale seesaw in atmospheric pressure
between Indonesia/North Australia, and the southeast Pacific. In
major warm events El Niño warming extends over much of the
tropical Pacific and becomes clearly linked to the SO pattern. Many
of the countries most affected by ENSO events are developing
countries with economies that are largely dependent upon their
agricultural and fishery sectors as a major source of food supply,
employment, and foreign exchange. New capabilities to predict the
onset of ENSO event can have a global impact. While ENSO is a
natural part of the Earth's climate, whether its intensity or frequency
may change as a result of global warming is an important concern.
Enstrom : A U.S.-based helicopter manufacturer.
Enthalpy: The total quantity of heat energy contained in a
substance, also called total heat; the thermodynamic property of a
substance defined as the sum of its internal energy plus the quantity
Pv/J, where P = pressure of the substance, v = its volume, and J =
the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Entrainment -: The transport of water into a gas stream. In a boiler,
this is carryover, in a cooling tower, drift.
Entrainment (hvac) -: The capture of part of the surrounding air by
the air stream discharged from an outlet (some times called
secondary air motion).
Entropy -: A thermodynamic measure of the amount of energy
unavailable for useful work in a system undergoing change. The
ratio of the heat added to a substance to the absolute temperature at
which it is added.
Entry lighting: A system of lights that aids a driver or passenger in
entering a vehicle in the dark.
Enu : East-north-up
Env : East-north-vertical
Envelope: Container, usually flexible, or the lifting gas or hot air of
an airship or balloon.
Enveloping Worm (Gears): Worm with one or more threads,
increasing in diameter from its middle portion toward each end, to
conform to the curvature of the gear, has more surface contact than
a straight worm.
Environment: The complex of physical, chemical, and biological
factors in which a living organism or community exists.
Environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life,
development, and survival of an organism.
Environment -: The aggregate of all conditions (such as
contamination, temperature, humidity, radiation, magnetic and
electric fields, shock, vibration) that externally influence the
performance of a material or component.
Environmental Cracking: Brittle fracture of a normally ductile
material in which the corrosive effect of the environment is a
causative factor. Environmental cracking is a general term that
includes corrosion fatigue, high-temperature hydrogen attack,
hydrogen blistering, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal
embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking
and sulfide stress cracking. The following terms have been used in
the past in connection with environmental cracking but are becoming
obsolete: caustic embrittlement, delayed fracture, season cracking,
static fatigue, stepwise cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking and
sulfide stress-corrosion cracking. See also embrittlement. (see
Embrittlement)
Environmental data : Atmospheric data and earth data
Environmental impact: An assessment of the biophysical effects a
vehicle has on the environment, commencing with its production and
ending with its disposal.
Environmental protection agency (EPA): A federal government
agency that oversees the enforcement of laws related to the
environment included in this are regulation on the amount content of
automotive emission.
Eobt : Estimated off-block time
Eol: End Of Life.
EP (Extreme Pressure) Lubricants: Lubricants formulated with
additives to prevent sliding metal surfaces from direct contact and
seizing under extreme loads; under such conditions, the high local
temperature at the interface causes the additives to react, combining
chemically with the metal surfaces to form a protective film that
prevents welding or seizure. The principal EP additives are
compounds of sulfur, phosphorus and chlorine; common laboratory
tests for EP properties include ASTM D 2509 and D 2782 and ASTM
D 2596 and D 2783.
Ep : European Parliament
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.). www.epa.gov
Epa (environmental protection agency): U.S. agency that
ensures: Federal environmental laws are implemented and enforced
effectively; U.S. policy--both foreign and domestic--fosters the
integration of economic development and environmental protection
so that economic growth can be sustained over the long term; public
and private decisions affecting energy, transportation, agriculture,
industry, international trade, and natural resources fully integrate
considerations of environmental quality; national efforts to reduce
environmental risk are based on the best available scientific
information communicated clearly to the public; everyone in our
society recognizes the value of preventing pollution before it is
created; people have the information and incentives they need to
make environmentally-responsible choices in their daily lives; and
schools and community institutions promote environmental
stewardship as a national ethic.
EPA fuel economy/MPG estimates: The city and highway fuel
economy ratings issued by the EPA.
EPA interior volume: The amount of total space within the cabin of
a vehicle as measured by the EPA.
EPA testing: Laboratory tests of new vehicles conducted by the EPA
in controlled driving simulations, for the purpose of generating data
on average fuel economy, air pollution and greenhouse gas
production.
Epdm: Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer; an elastomer.
Ephemeris: Table of predicted positions of bodies in the solar
system.
Ephemeris time: A measurement of time defined by orbital
motions. Equates to Mean Solar Time corrected for irregularities in
Earth's motions.
Epicyclical gear box: This type of gear arrangement consists of a
sun gear and the other gears revolving around the sun gear adjust
as the planets revolving around the sun. This are arranged in such a
way that there is no slip of gears when they revolve around the
centre gear.
Epidemiology: The study of diseases as they affect populations,
including the distribution of disease or other health-related states
and events in human populations, the factors (e.g., age, sex,
occupation, and economic status) that influence this distribution, and
the application of this study to control health problems.
Epitaxy: Growth of an electrodeposit or vapor deposit in which the
orientation of the crystals in the deposit are directly related to crystal
orientations in the underlying crystalline substrate.
Epitaxy: Induced orientation of the lattice of a crystal of a surface
deposit by the lattice of the substrate crystal.
Epoch: An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point of
reference, e.g. for a set of orbital elements.
Epoxy Amino: Clear thermosetting coating with a combination
epoxy resin and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and
toughness. They offer good chemical and solvent resistance.
Epoxy Amino: Clear thermosetting coating with a combination
epoxy resin and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and
toughness. They offer good chemical and solvent resistance.
Epoxy Concrete Repair: Epoxy concrete repair makes use of a
two-component compound created by the combination of a polymer
resin with an organic compound that acts as a hardener. When
mixed, the consitutive elements of the two compounds form a strong
and rigid covalent bond. The resulting compound can be used to fill
and seal cracks and small holes in concrete.
Epoxy Phenolic: Physical blends of epoxy and phenolic resins.
Gold thermosetting coating with a combination of epoxy resin and
amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer
good chemical and solvent resistance.
Epoxy Phenolic: Physical blends of epoxy and phenolic resins.
Gold thermosetting coating with a combination of epoxy resin and
amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer
good chemical and solvent resistance.
Epoxy : A two-part resin/hardener glue that is extremely strong. It is
generally available in 6 and 30-minute formulas. Used for critical
points in the aircraft where high strength is necessary.
Epsilon: Designation generally assigned 10 intermetallic, metal-
metalloid and metal-nonmetallic compounds found in ferrous alloy
systems, for example, Fe2Mo2, FeSi, and Fe3P.
Epsilon Carbide: Carbide with hexagonal close-packed lattice that
precipitates during the first stage of tempering of primary martensite.
Its composition corresponds to the empirical formula Fe2.4C.
Epsilon Structure: Structurally analogous close-packed phases or
electron compounds that have ratios of seven valence electrons to
four atoms.
Epson salt : Magnesium sulfate.
Eqilibrium Diagram: A graphical representation of the temperature,
pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as
they exist under conditions of thermodynamical equilibrium. In
condensed systems, pressure is usually considered constant.
Equalizer: A device which compensates for unequal length or
stretch of a rope or chain.
Equalizing hole (steam turbine) : A hole in the turbine disc
designed to equalize axial thrust with impulse bladed turbines.
Equator: An imaginary circle around a body which is everywhere
equidistant from the poles, defining the boundary between the
northern and southern hemispheres.
Equatorial orbit: An orbit in the plane of the equator.
Equiaxed Crystals: Crystals, each of which has axes approximately
equal in length. These are normally present in the center of a steel
ingot.
Equiaxed Crystals: Crystals,each of which has axes approximately
equal in length. These are normally present in centre of a steel ingot.
Equiaxed Structure: A structure in which the grains have
approximately the same dimensions in all directions.
Equidistance: This is the distance that is covered in a certain period
of time and is equal.
Equilibrium: A dynamic condition of balance between atomic
movements, where the resultant is zero and the condition appears to
be one of rest rather than change.
Equilibrium: A dynamic condition of balance between atomic
movements, where the resultant is zero and the condition appears to
be one of rest rather than change.
Equilibrium Diagram: A graph of the temperature, pressure and
composition limmits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist
under conditions of thermodynamical equilibrium. In metal systems,
pressure is usually considered constant. Compare with phase
diagram.
Equilibrium Diagram: A graphical representation of the
temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an
alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium.
In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant.
Equilibrium line: The level on a glacier where accumulation
equals ablation and the net balance equals zero.
Equilibrium reactions: The interaction of ionizable compounds in
which the products obtained tend to revert to the substance from
which they were formed until a balance is reached in which both
reactants and pacts are present in definite ratios.
Equipment status : Operational status of a piece of equipment
consisting of a status indicator and status words; Synonyms: health;
Equity: For a vehicle that has been financed through a loan, the
difference at any time between what a vehicle is worth at that time
and the amount that is then owed on the loan.
Equivalent weight : Refers to the amount of an element combining
with a unit weight of hydrogen. In terms of water treatment, a method
used to calculate the concentration of a given ion in terms of its
calcium carbonate.
Era: European Regions Airlines Association.
Era : European Regional Airlines Association
Ergonomics: The science which deals with the interaction between
people, their workplace and environment. It also considers the
physiology of workers in the design of tools, equipment and the work
methods needed.
Ergonomics: The science which deals with the interaction between
people, their work place and environment. It also considers the
physiology of workers in the design of tools, equipment, and the
work methods needed.
Erichsen Test: A cupping test used to assess the ductility of sheet
metal. The method consists of forcing a conical or hemispherical-
ended plunger into the specimen and measuring the depth of the
impression at fracture.
Erichsen Test: A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal,
restrained except at the center, is deformed by a cone shaped
spherical end plunger until fracture occurs. The height of the cup in
millimeters at fracture is a measure of the ductility.
Eros : Brand Name for Oxygen Mask
Erosion: The continuous depletion of a material due to mechanical
interaction with a liquid, a multicomponent fluid, or solid particles
carried with the fluid.
Erosion: Degradation of a surface which is the result of mixtures of
fluid and air or fluid and dirt particles passing over the surface at the
same time as a change in pressure occurs.
Erosion , abrasive: Erosive wear caused by relative motion of solid
particles which are present in fluids and are moving parallel to a solid
surface.
Erosion, cavitations : Progressive loss of original material from a
solid surface due to continuing exposure to cavitation.
Erosion, impingement : Loss of material from a solid surface due to
liquid impingement.
Erosion, liquid : Removal of films or metal by mechanical action
and corrosion of active metal.
Erosion-corrosion: A conjoint action involving corrosion and
erosion in the presence of a moving corrosive fluid, leading to the
accelerated loss of material.
Erosion-Corrosion: An accelerated loss of material concerning
corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting
with the material.
Erosivity: The characteristic of a collection of particles, liquid stream
or a slurry that expresses its tendency to cause erosive wear when
forced against a solid surface under relative motion.
Erprobungs gruppe : Luftwaffe formation for the evaluation of new
tactics or techniques
Error (signal): The signal which is the algebraic summation of an
input signal and feedback signal.
Error : Difference between desired and measured data; Synonyms:
delta;
ERW: Electric Resistance Weld. Most common form of
manufacturing for pipe in sizes from 23/8-22 inch OD.
ERW: Electric resistance weld ? most common form of
manufacturing for pipe in sizes from 2 3/8 22? OD
Esa: European Space Agency.
Esa: European Space Agency.
ESA : European Space Agency
ESC: See "Stability control."
Esc electronic speed controller: The small unit that delivers the
appropriate amount of power from the motor battery pack to the
electric motor, depending on your input at the transmitter.
Esc : Economic Social Committee
Escape tower: A rocket-powered framework designed to separate
spacecraft modules from their booster rockets in case of accident.
Escape towers are mounted atop the spacecraft and jettisoned after
launch.
Escape velocity: The precise velocity necessary to escape from a
given point in a gravitational field. A body in a parabolic orbit has
escape velocity at any point in that orbit. The velocity necessary to
escape from the Earth's surface is 6.95 miles/sec. (11.2 km/sec.).
Esmc: Eastern Space and Missile Center.
Espas: European Strategic Partnership for Aviation Security.
ESR and VAR: Like holding a popsicle upside down a few inches
above a very cold glass. As the popsicle melts, the drops fall onto
the glass and re-freeze. A vacuum or the slag removes the things
you don't want as the drops fall. Because only a little metal is melted
at a time and is frozen very quickly, the steel tends to be very solid
with no pipe cavities. VAR is produced only in round ingots. ESR can
be round, rectangular, or even hollow.
Essential Oils (Odor Masks): Natural oily liquids with marked
characteristic odors obtained from plants, flowers, leaves, etc; often
used for masking odors or imparting odors, especially to
metalworking fluids or gear oils. Pine and lemon oils are most
commonly used.
Est: Eastern Standard Time.
Ester: Chemical compound produced by the reaction of an acid and
an alcohol, resulting in an elimination of a molecule of water.
Estimated annual fuel costs: The estimated cost of fueling a
vehicle over the course of a year, assuming 15,000 miles per year
are driven and a price per gallon designated by the EPA.
Estimated : Data that is the result of filtering two or more signals;
Compare: derived, filtered, measured, raw, selected, smoothed
Estuary: A bay that formed when a broad river valley was
submerged by rising sea level or a sinking coast.
Estuary: Regions of interaction between rivers and near-shore
ocean waters, where tidal action and river flow create a mixing of
fresh and salt water.
Eta: Estimated time of arrival.
ETA : Estimated Time of Arrival. The time the flight is estimated to
arrive at its destination.
Etch: A steel sample treated with acid to reveal its microstructure;
used to visually check conditions such as porosity, large inclusions,
or other non-conformities.
Etch Cleaning: Removing soil by dissolving away some of the
underlying metal.
Etch Cracks: Shallow cracks in hardened steel containing high
residual surface stresses produced by etching in an embrittling acid.
Etch Figures: Characteristic markings produced on crystal surfaces
by chemical attack, usually having facets parallel to low-index
crystallographic planes.
Etchant: A chemical solution used to etch a metal to reveal
structural details. See also etching. (see Etching)
Etchant: A chemical solution used to etch a metal to reveal
structural details.
Etching: In metallography, the process of revealing structural details
by the preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface.
Etching: Subjecting the surface of a metal to preferential chemical
or electrolytic attack to reveal structural details.
ETCS: (see Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets (ETCS))
ETCS: Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets.
ETD : Estimated Time of Arrival
ETFMS : Enhanced Tactical Flow Management System
Ethane (r-170) : Refrigerant sometimes added to other refrigerants
to improve oil circulation.
Ethanol: An octane exchanger added to gasoline at a rate of up to
10%, that increases is a fuel oxygenate because it contain oxygen.
Ethanol: Ethyl alcohol. A commonly used vehicle fuel.
Ethanol: Fuel extracted from biomass.
Ethernet Adaptor: An ethernet adaptor is a piece of computer
equipment used to enable a piece of hardware or a computer system
to communicate with other components over a computer network.
This network is most often an ethernet-type network with well-
established protocols. All components on the ethernet network are
identified by their Media Access Control (MAC) address, a 48-bit
serial number unique to the network component.
Ethernet Cable: An ethernet cable is a specialized computer cable
designed to connect to ethernet adapters and carry ethernet signals
over a computer network. Ethernet cables can be consructed of
coaxial cable, twisted-pair conductors, or fiber optic cable and the
throughput speeds capable are dependent on the type of cable, the
connector type, and the cable length.
Ethyl hexanol : Term used to describe the difference between the
set point and the actual operating or control point.
Ethyl tertiary butyl ether(ETBE): An octane exchanger for
gasoline. It is also a fuel oxygenate that is manufactured by reacting
isobutylene with ethanol, which result in high octane and low
volatility. ETBE can be added to gasoline up to a level of
approximately 10%.
ETOPS: Extended-range Twin-engine Operations
Etops : Extended Twin-engine operations. FAA designation of over-
ocean flights far from possible emergency landing strips, in which the
possibility of engine failure in a twin-engine plane represents a
heightened risk. ETOPS certification is not normally given to a new
passenger aircraft until it has been in regular domestic service for at
least a year.
ETP: (see Electrolytic Tin Plate (ETP))
ETP: Electrolytic Tin Plate.
ETS: Emissions Trading Scheme
Etsi : European Telecommunication Standardization Institute
Eu: European Union.
Eu : European Union
Euapa : European Union Airplane Pilots Association
EUE: External Upset Ends. Forging of ends on (API) tubing and pipe
to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections.
EUE: External upset ends ? forging of ends on (API) tubing and pipe
to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections
Euler angles : Pitch, roll, and yaw
Euler parameters : Four parameters for specifying quaternion;
Symbols: e sub
Euphotic zone: The layer of a body of water that receives sufficient
sunlight for photosynthesis. The depth of this layer, which is about 80
m, is determined by the water's extinction coefficient, the cloudiness,
and the sunlight's angle of incidence.
Eur : European Region
Eurocae : European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment
Eurocontrol: European Organisation for the Safety of Air
Navigation.
Eurocopter : A helicopter manufacturer formed by the merger or
former companies MBB (Germany) and Aerospatiale (France).
European single sky: The European Single Sky is a number of
measures aiming to meet the future requirements of aviation safety
and capacity. These measures applicable to both the civil and
military sector concern regulations, economy, safety, environment,
technology and institution-related issues. The goal is to change the
future structure of air traffic control, which hasn't evolved since the
1960s, and which is the cause of most of considerable air traffic
congestion at the current time.
European Union Allowance (EUA): European Union Allowances
are carbon credits, each with a value of one tonne of CO2emissions,
and are the main kind of credit in Europe's Emissions Trading
System. Currently, in phase II (2008-2012) of the program, most
EUA's are allocated by national governments to polluting plants.
Plants with more EUA's than they need can sell them on carbon
markets, while plants which emit more gases than they have
allocations for have to buy EUA's to cover the shortfall. In phase III
(2013-2020) of the ETS free allocations of EUA's will be slowly
reduced, forcing facilities to cut emissions or buy more credits to
cover their emissions. (see Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS))
Eurospace: Non-profit-making industrial association with
headquarters in Paris (founded September 1961).
Eutectic: The mixture of two or more components whose melting
point is lower than that of any individual component.
Eutectic : An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution
is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling.
Eutectic : 1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid
solution decomposes, on cooling, into two or more intimately mixed
solids. The number of solids formed are the same number of
components in the system. 2) An alloy having the chemical
composition indicated by the eutectic point on a equilibrium diagram.
Eutectic Carbide: Carbide formed during freezing as one of the
mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of
ferrous alloys.
Eutectic Carbide: Carbide formed during freezing as one of the
mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of
ferrous alloys.
Eutectic Melting: Melting of localized microscopic areas whose
composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system.
Eutectic Melting: Melting of localized microscopic areas whose
composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system.
Eutectic point: Freezing temperature for eutectic solutions.
Eutectic Point: The composition of a liquid phase in univariant
equilibrium with two or more solid phases; the lowest melting alloy of
a composition series.
Eutectoid: 1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid
solution on cooling is converted into two or more intimately mixed
solids. The number of solids formed are the same number of
components in the system. 2) An alloy having the same chemical
composition indicated by the eutectoid point on a equilibrium
diagram.
Eutectoid Steel: Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the
iron-carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the
eutectoid temperature being about 1,333°F. Such steel in the
annealed condition consists exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less
than this quota of carbon are known as hypo- and hyper-eutectoid
and contains free cementite. The presence of certain elements, such
as nickel or chromium, lowers the eutectoid carbon content.
Eutectoid Steel: Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the
iron carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid
temperature being about 1333 (degrees) F. Such steel in the
annealed condition consists exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less
than this quota of carbon are known as hypo eutectoid and contain
free ferrite in addition to the pearlite. When more carbon is present,
the steel is known as hyper eutectoid and contains free cementite.
The presence of certain elements, such as nickel or chromium,
lowers the eutedtoid carbon content.
Eutrophication: The process whereby a body of water becomes
rich in dissolved nutrients through natural or man-made processes.
This often results in a deficiency of dissolved oxygen, producing an
environment that favors plant over animal life.
Eutrophication: The slow aging process during which a lake,
estuary, or bay evolves into a bog or marsh and eventually
disappears. During the later stages of eutrophication the water body
is choked by abundant plant life due to higher levels of nutritive
compounds such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Human activities can
accelerate the process.
EV: Electric vehicle.
EV effective range per charge: The average distance an electric
vehicle is able to travel on a full charge, as measured by the EPA
and listed on the vehicle's window sticker.
Eva: Extravehicular Activity.
Evacuation : The removal of gases from a system.
Evaporate: A heat exchanger installed in the air-conditioner blower
case. Absorbs heat and humidity from the incoming air and transfer it
to the circulating refrigerant.
Evaporation: The change of state from liquid to vapor, for example
as water evaporates to a vapor in a cooling tower.
Evaporation: Change from a liquid (more dense) to a vapor or gas
(less dense) from. When water is heated it becomes a vapor that
increaseshumidity. Evaporation is the opposite of condensation.
Evaporative (EVAB) emissions : A control system used to prevent
fuel vapor in the tank from entering the atmosphere HC emissions.
Evaporative condenser: A condenser which has water flowing over
coils containing the refrigerant gas which is thus cooled and
condensed by evaporation of that water.
Evaporative condenser: Device which uses open spray or spill
water to cool a condenser. Evaporation of some of the water cools
the condenser water and reduces water consumption.
Evaporative control canister: A device that captures raw fuel
vapors (hydrocarbons) from a vehicles fuel tank and carburetor bowl
before they can escape into the air.
Evaporative control canister filter: A filter on the evaporative
control canister that filters incoming air as fuel vapors contained in
the canister are being drawn back into the engine.
Evaporative control system: An emission control system that
prevents raw fuel vapors from entering the atmosphere.
Evaporative Cooling Systems: An evaporative cooling system
utilizes the evaporation of water to cool air in an environment.
Evaporative cooling systems are especially useful in environments
where the air temperature is hot and the humidity is low. During the
process, latent heat is extracted from the surrounding air in order to
trigger the evaporative process. The result is that the surrounding air
and components are cooled by the evaporation.
Evaporative cooling : The adiabatic exchange of heat between air
and a water spray or wetted surface. The water approaches the wet-
bulb temperature of the air, which remains constant during its
traverse of the exchanger.
Evaporative Loss: The portion of a lubricant that volatizes in use or
in storage; applies especially to lubricants containing solvents or
water, with high vapor pressures (see ASTM D 972 and D 2595).
Evaporator: The heat exchanger in which the medium being cooled,
usually air or water, gives up heat to the refrigerant through the
exchanger transfer surface. The liquid refrigerant boils into a gas in
the process of the heat absorption.
Evaporator fan: Fan which increases airflow over the heat
exchange surface of evaporators.
Evaporator pressure regulator: Automatic pressure regulating
valve mounted in suction line between evaporator outlet and
compressor inlet. Its purpose is to maintain a predetermined
pressure and temperature in the evaporator.
Evaporator, flooded : Evaporator containing liquid refrigerant at all
times.
Evapotranspiration: The sum of evaporation and plant
transpiration. Potential evapotranspiration is the amount of water that
could be evaporated or transpired at a given temperature and
humidity, if there was plenty of water available. Actual
evapotranspiration can not be any greater than precipitation, and will
usually be less because some water will run off in rivers and flow to
the oceans. If potential evapotranspiration is greater than actual
precipitation, then soils are extremely dry during at least a major part
of the year.
Evapotranspiration: Discharge of water from the Earth's surface
to the atmosphere by evaporation from bodies of water, or other
surfaces, and bytranspiration from plants.
Event Data Recorder: An event data recorder is a monitoring
instrument used in automobiles, aircraft, or other machinery systems
to record fault conditions as they occur. During maintenance periods
or failure investigations, the event data recorder can be analyzed to
determine the state of system components in an effort to piece
together a timeline of the system performance.
Everest : A standard model for computing earth data
Excess Base: (E.B.) A chemical analysis that indicates the percent
of basic over acid of the sinter.
Excess mileage penalty: A fee the lessee must pay when the
allotted miles specified in the lease are exceeded. The fee is
customarily $0.12-$0.25/mile in excess of the allotted miles.
Excess wear and tear: Wear or damage to a vehicle that is in
excess of what is normally expected in the ordinary course of
operating a leased vehicle.
Excessive smoke: This is the extra smoke or exhaust that is
smoked out of an Engine.
Exciter: The part of the generator that produces the DC current that
is required to make an electromagnet out of the rotating part (called
the rotor) of the generator.
Exciter: The part of the generator that produces the DC current that
is required to make an Electromagnet out of the rotating part (called
the rotor) of the generator.
Exflltration: A type of corrosion that progresses approximately
parallel to the outer surface of the metal, causing layers of the metal
to be elevated by the formation of corrosion product.
Exflltration : The flow of air outward from a space through walls,
leaks, etc.
Exfoliation: Scaling off of a surface in flakes or layers as the result
of corrosion.
Exfoliation: Corrosion that proceeds laterally from the sites of
initiation along planes parallel to the surface, generally at grain
boundaries. Corrosion products are formed that force metal away
from the body of the material giving rise to a layered appearance.
Most commonly associated with wrought aluminum alloys.
Exhaust brake: This is a type of braking in which the brakes are
applied to the vehicle with the help of Exhaust system, By closing the
exhaust valve the pressure inside the cylinder tends to stop the
piston and further operation get slow down.
Exhaust Ducting: Exhaust ducting refers to the piping or ductwork
connected to the exit of a mechanical system, usually directing the
exhaust to an external environment.
Exhaust gas analyzer: Electronic calibrated device used to
measure the amount of pollutants in exhaust emissions.
Exhaust gas sensor: The sensor that leads to the analysis of the
exhaust that is thrown out by an engine. It may regulate the exhaust
or detect the amount of foreign particles or gases that represent in
the exhaust. This can also tell you about the condition of an engine.
Exhaust Line: A passage that is open to atmosphere. Normally
used in systems using pressurized air or gas, which may be
dispersed into the atmosphere.
Exhaust line: A passage that is open to atmosphere. Normally used
in systems using pressurized air or gas which may be dispersed into
the atmosphere.
Exhaust manifold: The tube or casted pipe used to carry the
exhaust gases out of the engine and further transfer to the silencer.
Mostly it is made of the cast iron. It is the detachable unit mounted
with the bolts.
Exhaust port: The opening provided to escape the burned gas out
of the engine. It further connects to the exhaust manifold and
silencer.
Exhaust pressure regulator valve: A device that directs warm
exhaust to a vehicles intake in an effort to aid fuel vaporization and
reduce warm-up time.
Exhaust Steam: Steam that is exhausted from a turbine. This steam
is reduced in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine and is
returned to the plant for heating and various feedwater treatment
needs. Normal exhaust steam pressure is 2 to 3 psi and the
temperature averages 225°F.
Exhaust Steam: Steam that is exhausted from a turbine. This steam
is reduced in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine and is
returned to the plant for heating and various feed water treatment
needs. Normal exhaust steam pressure is 2 to 3 psi and the
temperature averages 225 degrees Fahrenheit.
Exhaust stoke: it is the fourth and last stroke of the four stroke
engines. In this case inlet valves remains closed and outlet valves
remains open. Piston moves from BDC to TDC. It wipes all the
gases out from the cylinder.
Exhaust velocity: The velocity of the exhaust leaving the nozzle of
a rocket.
Exhaustion: The state in which the adsorbent is no longer capable
of useful ion exchange; the depletion of the exchanger's supply of
available ions. The exhaustion point is determined arbitrarily in terms
of (1) a value in parts per million of ions in the effluent solution; and
(2) the reduction inequality of the effluent water determined by
conductivity bridge which measures the resistance of the water to
the flow of an electric current.
Exit End: The delivery end of the line.
Exit End: The delivery end of the line.
Exit Reel: (Delivery Reel or Prime Reel) Reel used to wind the strip
after the side trimming process.
Exit Reel (Delivery Reel or Prime Reel): Reel used to wind the
strip.
Exogenous Inclusion: An inclusion that is derived from external
causes. Slag, dross, entrapped mold materials and refractories are
examples of inclusions that would be classified as exogenous. In
most cases, these inclusions are macroscopic or visible to the naked
eye. Compare with indigenous inclusion.
Exosphere: The part of the Earth atmosphere above the
thermosphere which extends into space. H and He atoms can attain
escape velocities at the outer rim of the exosphere.
Exosphere: The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, its lower
boundary is estimated at 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's
surface. It is only from the exosphere that atmospheric gases can, to
any appreciable extent, escape into outer space.
Exothermic: A chemical change in which there is liberation of heat.
Exothermic: Formed by or characterized by heat reaction as in
oxidation.
Exothermic Atmosphere: A gas mixture produced by the partial
combustion of a hydrocarbon gas with air in an exothermic reaction.
Also known as exogas.
Exothermic Reaction: A reaction that liberates heat, for example
the burning of fuel or when certain plastic resins are cured
chemically.
Exothermic Reaction: Chemical reactions involving the liberation of
heat. See Endothermic Reaction.
Exothermic Welding Flux: Exothermic welding is a special form of
welding that uses a chemical reaction to join two electrical
conductors without the need for an external heat source. An
exothermic welding flux is used with the welding chemicals to create
a rapid chemical reaction that locally superheats the conductors and
bonds them together.
Exothermic : Chemical reaction in which heat is released.
Expanded Mesh: An expanded mesh product is one which a metal
is processed using slitting, rolling, or stretching techniques to create
a strong, single-piece mesh with a high strength-to-weight ratio.
Expanded meshes are often used to create barriers or fences in
order enclose, protect, support, or filter an environment. Expanded
meshes can be consructed of many different metals, including
aluminum, copper, titanium, steel and steel alloys.
Expanded scale voltmeter (esv) : Device used to read the battery
voltage of the on- board battery pack or transmitter battery pack.
Expander Steel: Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon
content about 1.00, chromium 0.17. Used for the expanders in oil
piston rings. Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes for
grooves 3/32 to 1/4 inch wide with the steel approximately 0.003 less
than the grooves and thickness from 0.012 to 0.020.
Expander Steel: Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon
content about 1.00, Chromium .17. Used for the expanders in oil
piston rings. Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes run for grooves
3/32 to 1/4 wide with the steel approximately .003 less than the
grooves and thickness from .012 to .020.
Expandig square search : A pattern of progressively larger squares
(a "square spiral") followed for searching the ground from an aircraft;
Compare: creeping line search, sector search;
Expanding: A process used to increase the diameter of a cup, shell
or tube. See also bulging. (see Bulging)
Expansion joint -: Device in piping designed to allow movement of
the pipe caused by the pipe's expansion and contraction.
Expansion Joint Bellows: An expansion joint is a gap or clearance
or specialized joint designed to allow for the expansion and
contraction of materials due to temperature changes, vibration, or
other external influences. The bellows is the component of the
expansion joint that provides the flexibility in the joint to account for
the external factors. There are many typs of expansion joints, and
therefore, many different bellows designs.
Expansion stroke: It is the third stroke of four stroke engine. It is
also known as the working or power stroke. As we know spark
produces at the end of second stroke. So in expansion stroke fuel
starts burning and produces the thrust at piston by expansion of the
burnt fuel. It is like a bomb blast. In this case both valves remain s
closed. Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
Expansion Tank : A component of the cooling system that keeps
the coolant volume constant.
Expansion tank -: A reservoir usually above a closed re-circulating
water system that is blanketed with a gas to permit expansion and
contraction of water in the system during temperature changes.
Expansion valve : Device in refrigerating system which reduces the
pressure from the high side to the low side and is operated by
pressure.
Expansion valve, capillary tube : A tube of small internal diameter
used as liquid refrigerant flow control and pressure reducer between
high and low sides. Also used to transmit pressure from the sensitive
bulb of some temperature controls to the operating element.
Expansion valve, thermostatic: Control valve operated by
temperature and pressure within evaporator. It controls flow of
refrigerant. Control bulb is attached to outlet of evaporator.
Expedite : Used when prompt compliance is required to avoid the
development of an imminent situation.
Expendable Pattern: A pattern that is destroyed in making a
casting. It is usually made of wax (investment casting) or expanded
polystyrene (lost foam casting).
Expendable refrigerant system : System, which discards the
refrigerant after it has evaporated.
Experiment: An experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with
the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a
hypothesis.
Experiment: A set of controlled procedures designed to test an idea
orhypothesis. For example, a flight simulation engineer will design an
experiment to test whether or not a pilot can control an airplane with
a new wing design.
Explosion Welding: A solid-state welding process that produces
coalescence by a controlled detonation that causes the parts to
move together at high velocity. The resulting bond zone has a
characteristically wavy appearance.
Explosive Forming: The shaping of metal pans in which the forming
pressure is generated by an explosive charge that takes the place of
the punch in conventional forming. See also high-energy rate
forming. (see High-energy Rate Forming)
Exponential : This radio function allows the air crafter to adjust the
sensitivity of the control towards the center. This will make the small
stick motions very precise, while longer stick movement moves the
servo arm at a proportional rate.
Exponential : A feature of some transmitters that allows the
programming in different control sensitivities depending on the
position of the stick. Usually, this means the further the stick
movement, the faster the controls. This allows the middle area of the
controls to be less sensitive, but also allows full servo travel on the
outer limits of the controls.
Extended over-water operation : 1) With respect to aircraft other
than helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of
more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline; and (2) With
respect to helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline
and more than 50 nautical miles from an off-shore heliport structure.
"External load" means a load that is carried, or extends, outside of
the aircraft fuselage
Extended warranty: A vehicle warranty sold by the manufacturer of
the vehicle or a third party that extends the vehicles basic warranty
beyond its original period.
Extensometer: An instrument used in the testing of metals to
measure small increments of deformation.
Extensometer Test: The measurement of deformation during
stressing in the elastic range, permitting determination of elastic
properties such as properties such as proportional limit, proof stress,
yield strength by the offset method and so forth. Requires the use of
special testing equipment and testing procedures such as the use of
an extensometer or the plotting of a stress strain diagram.
Exterior camera: A video camera mounted outside a vehicle that
relays its signal to a monitor within the cabin.
Exterior mirrors adjustment type: The type of position adjustment
control for the exterior mirrors: power, memory or manual.
External combustion: the fuel combustion process in which the
combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine cylinder. For
example in steam engines fuel is burned outside to the engine
cylinder.
External combustion engine: External combustion engine (ECE).
These are the engine which burns the fuel outside the cylinder and
piston moves up and down with the pressure formed outside
cylinder. These are huge in sage and need more space. Mostly
these type of engines are stationery. Best example for ECE engines
are Steam engine.
External drive: Term used to indicate a compressor driven directly
from the shaft or by a belt using an external motor. Compressor and
motor are serviceable separately.
External equalizer -: Tube connected to low-pressure side of a
thermostatic expansion valve diaphragm and to exit end of
evaporator.
External forcing: Influence on the Earth system (or one of its
components) by an external agent such as solar radiation or the
impact of extraterrestrial bodies such as meteorites.
External temperature display: The digital display of the ambient air
temperature around a vehicle.
External treatment : Refers to the treatment of water before it
enters the boiler.
External Undercut: Any recess or projection on the outside of the
die block which prevents its removal from the cavity.
External Undercut: Any recess or projection on the outside of the
die block which prevents its removal from the cavity.
External-load attaching : means the structural components used to
attach an external load to an aircraft, including external-load
containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any
quick-release device used to jettison the external load
Extra Hard Temper: In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B &
S numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or
soft stage.
Extra Hard Temper: In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B&S
numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or
soft stage.
Extra Load: tyres that are rated to carry a higher load by virtue of
having a maximum inflation pressure higher than the standard
maximum.
Extra Spring Temper: In brass mill terminology, Extra Spring is 10
numbers hard, or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous
annealing or soft stage.
Extra Spring Temper: In brass mill terminology. Extra Spring is ten
numbers hard or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous
annealing or soft stage.
Extraction turbine : are turbines where steam is extracted at one or
more points at constant pressure. Extraction turbines may be single
or double-extraction-condensing turbines or single-or double-
extraction back-pressure turbines. The extracted steam is used for
process. Do not call these bleed turbines where steam is used for
heating feed water.
Extractive Metallurgy: The branch of process metallurgy dealing
with the winning of metals from their ores. Compare with refining.
Extravehicular activity: Action performed by an astronaut or
cosmonaut outside a vehicle in space; a spacewalk.
Extreme-pressure Lubricant: A lubricant that imparts increased
load-carrying capacity to rubbing surfaces under severe operating
conditions. Extreme-pressure lubricants usually contain sulfur,
halogens or phosphorus.
Extropolate : Function to determine values from two or values in a
table, when the given value lies outside of the range of the table;
usually linear but can be higher order;
Extrude/extruded/extrusion: Forced through the shaping die of an
extruder; extrusion may have a solid or hollow cross section.
Extruded: The forming of materials such as clay to a desired cross-
section by forcing it through a die.
Extruded Abs: ABS plastic is a copolymer made from combining
acrylonitryl, butadiene, and styrene. The composition of the ABS
resin is dictated by the application of the material with styrene
usually making up about 50% of the compound and providing a hard,
shiny surface. The acrylonitrile provides strength and the butadiene
adds resiliency. Extruded ABS is the result of using an extrusion
manufacturing process to pull the ABS plastic through a die,
resulting in long pieces of material with a constant cross-sectional
shape.
Extruded Aluminum Tubing: Extruded aluminum tubing is the
result of using an extrusion manufacturing process to pull the
aluminum through a die with a center plug, resulting in long pieces of
aluminum tubing with a constant cross-sectional shape. The
extrusion process results in accurate and straight tubes, with a
consistent thickness and surface finish.
Extruded Flexible Tubing: Extruded flexible tubing is the result of
using an extrusion manufacturing process to pull a flexible material,
such as polypropylene plastic, through a die with a center plug. The
process results in long pieces of tubing with a constant cross-
sectional shape. The extrusion proces results in accurate tubes with
a consistent thickness and surface finish. Extruded flexible tubing is
in many different applications, including as a replacement for
traditional copper pipe in residential and commercial plumbing
systems.
Extruded Hole: A hole formed by a punch that first cleanly cuts a
hole and then is pushed farther through to form a flange with an
enlargement of the original hole.
Extruded Polypropylene: Extruded polypropylene tubing is the
result of using an extrusion manufacturing process to pull the plastic
through a die with a center plug, resulting in long pieces of tubing
with a constant cross-sectional shape. The extrusion proces results
in accurate tubes with a consistent thickness and surface finish.
Extruded polypropylene tubing is often used in piping systems for
moving fluids or gases, especially in applications where high
temperature and high pressure are encountered. Polypropylene is
also resistant to manner different chemicals and acids.
Extrusion: A shaped piece of stainless steel produced by forcing the
bloom, bar or rod through a die of the appropriate shape.
Extrusion: Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing
it through a die Of an appropriate shape.
Extrusion Billet: A metal slug used as extrusion stock.
Extrusion Forging: (1) Forcing metal into or through a die opening
by restricting flow in other directions. (2) A part made by the
operation.
Extrusion Pipe: A central oxide-lined discontinuity that occasionally
occurs in the last 10 to 20% of an extruded metal bar. It is caused by
the oxidized outer surface of the billet flowing around the end of the
billet and into the center of the bar during the final stages of
extrusion. Also called coring.
Extrusion Process: Forcing heated alloy billet through a die by
pressure.
Extrusion Process: Forcing heated alloy billet through a die by
pressure
Extrusion Stock: A rod, bar, or other section used to make
extrusions.
Ex-Works: The ex-works price of a consignment is the price at the
plant/works gate. No transport included, as distinct from CFR, C&F,
CIF, etc.
Eye Bands: Metal bands wrapped through the center or “eye” of the
coil to prevent it from uncoiling and to hold strip mults together.
Eye Bands: Metal bands wrapped through the center or eye of the
coil to prevent it from uncoiling and to hold strip mults together.
Eye Bolts: An eye bolt is a type of fastener that has screw threads
on one end and a loop on the end where a traditional screw head is
usually found. The loop is used to clip or tie other components for
the purpose of fastening or hanging an object from the eye bolt.
Eyeholing: A coating defect, similar to cratering, but with exposed
metal in the void.
Eyeholing: A coating defect, similar to cratering, but with exposed
metal in the void.
Eyeleting: The displacing of material about an opening in sheet or
plate so that a lip protruding above the surface is formed.
EZY OUT: A tool for removing broken bolts or studs from a hole.
Ezy Out: A tool for removing broken bolts or studs from a hole.
F : 1. Abbreviation for Fahrenheit. 2. Acronym for Field. 3. Acronym
for Field terminal
F : Airspace ICAO Class F
F. D. Fan: Forced Draft Fan.
F.A.O.: An abbreviation of “Finish All Over”; it designates that a
forging must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the
drawing so that all surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the
dimensions shown on the drawing. The amount of additional stock
necessary for machining allowance depends on the size and shape
of the part and is agreed on by the vendor and the user.
F.A.O.: An abbreviation of ?finish all over?; it designates that a
forging must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the
drawing so that all surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the
dimensions shown on the drawing. The amount of additional stock
necessary for machining allowance depends on the size and shape
of the part and is agreed on by the vendor and the user.
F.D. Fan: Forced Draft Fan.
F.O.B.: Prices denote the so called free on board payment, for
material that a consumer or agent will give when he picks it up at a
dealer's dock. The f.o.b. prices are usually less than delivered to
works prices for the same items.
F4WD : Acronym for Full Time Four Wheel Drive
FA : Area Forecast (Meteo)
FAA: Federal Aviation Administration.
FAA: Federal Aviation Administration
Faa: Federal Aviation Administration.
Faa form 5010 : See Airport Master Record.
Faa form 7460: See Notice of Proposed Construction or Alteration.
Faa form 7480: See Notice of Landing Area Proposal.
FAA : Federal Aviation Administration.
Fab: Functional Airspace Blocks.
Fabric : Material made from textile or man-made fibers
Fabric body : A simple form of lightweight bodywork in which a
waterproof, cloth-backed material is stretched over a wooden
framework popular around 1930 and still used later by DKW and
even after WWII by Lloyd.
Fabric fatigue : A term used with tires where the fabric degrades
and results in tire cord breakdown due to repeated flexing and heat.
Fabric hood : A British term for the fabric top of a convertible.
Fabric top : A soft top for a convertible made from a textile (such as
canvas) as opposed to vinyl
Fabricate : To make, usually by a relatively complex process or from
several parts
Fabricating Ingot: A cast form suitable for subsequent working by
such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. (see Forging Ingot)
(see Rolling Ingot) (see Extrusion Ingot)
Fabricating Ingot: A cast form suitable for subsequent working by
such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. (?Rolling ingot.? ?
Forging ingot.? ?Extrusion Ingot.?)
Fabrication: The joining, usually by welding, of two or more parts to
produce a finished assembly. The components of the assembly may
be a combination of cast and wrought materials.
Fabrication: The joining, usually by welding, of two or more parts to
produce a finished assembly. The components of the assembly may
be a combination of cast and wrought materials.
Fabricator: A producer of intermediate products that does not also
produce primary metal. For example, a rebar fabricator purchases
rebar and processes the material to the specifications of a particular
construction project. (see Reinforcing Bar (rebar))
Fabricator: A producer of intermediate products that does not also
produce primary metal. Examples include brass, wire and rod mills
which buy copper and other primary or secondary metals to produce
brass and other copper alloys or take raw forms of metal and make
building,magnet,telecommunications and/or industrial wire,rod and
similar products.
Face: To machine a flat surface, as in the end of a shaft in the lathe.
The operation is known as facing.
Face: To machine a flat surface, as in the end of a shaft in the lathe.
The operation is known as facing.
Face : 1. To shave the outer edges of a Bottom bracket shell or the
upper and lower ends of a Head tube to make them parallel with one
another and square to the tube's centerline. 2. To machine a flat
surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe.
Face area:: The total plane area of the portion of a grille, coil, or
other items bounded by a line tangent
Face cam : A cam system in which the eccentrics are situated on
the face of a rotating disc
Face Centered (Concerning Cubic Space Lattices): Having
equivalent points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of
its six faces. A face centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of
one of the slose packed arrangements of equal hard spheres.
Face Milling: Milling a large flat surface with a milling cutter that
operates in a plane that is at right angles to its axis.
Face Milling: Milling a large flat surface with a milling cutter that
operates in a plane that is at right angles to its axis.
Face of weld : The exposed surface of the Weld.
Face Plate: A large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting
the workpiece to be machined. It is attached to the headstock of a
lathe.
Face Plate: A large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting
the workpiece to be machined. It is attached to the headstock of a
lathe.
Facel Vega : A vehicle brand of which the 1954-64 V-8 models are
Milestone cars.
Facelift : Minor styling modifications made by the manufacturer to a
car model which may be approaching the end of its useful life,
intended to improve the appearance and thus boost sales with
minimum cost, including such features as restyled Headlights, larger
tail lights, added trim, altered grille, and spoilers
Facia : A front protective panel. Also spelled fascia.
Facing: The process of making a flat or smooth surface (usually the
end) on a piece of stock or material.
Facing: The process of making a flat or smooth surface (usually the
end) on a piece of stock or material.
Facing Sand: Specially prepared molding sand mixture used in the
mold adjacent to the pattern to produce a smooth casting surface.
Facing Sand: Specially prepared molding sand mixture used in the
mold adjacent to the pattern to produce a smooth casting surface.
Fact : Abbreviation for factory.
Factory adjusted : Something that is set by the manufacturer when
the vehicle was built and is not intended to be changed
Factory Automation: Factory automation is the process of using an
integrated collection of technologies to perform the functions typically
completed by one of more human laborers. Factory automation
makes use of sensors, computer systems, network communications
and control systems to monitor and control the process being
automated. One of the advantages of automation is an increase in
the efficiency of the production process and therefore a reduction in
the unit cost.
Factory options : Optional features which may be installed by the
manufacturer upon request. Aftermarket options are those which are
installed by a garage or consumer after the vehicle has been built
and delivered to the selling dealership.
Factory primer : A Primer coat applied to new body panels in the
factory for protection during storage, which in some cases has to be
removed prior to painting because of paint compatibility problems
Factory racers : Racing machines built and operated by the
manufacturer
Factory tuner: A "Factory Tuner" is a vehicle model that has
significant engine and/or chassis upgrades as compared its parent
model. It is built at the factory and typically has a name that includes
a "factory tuner" designation (e.g. Mercedes-Benz "AMG" or BMW
"M"). Examples include the BMW M3 and the Cadillac XLR-V.
Factory Ventilation: Factory ventilation is the term used to describe
the systems used to control the environment and air quality in a
factory or facility. The ventilation system may be used to control
temperature, humidity, air quality, and to remove contaminants such
as hazardous gases, odors, and particles.
Factory-installed: Vehicle equipment that is installed by the
manufacturer (in contrast to equipment that may be installed by the
dealer or the owner).
Fade : A gradual reduction in efficiency.
FADEC : Full authority digital engine control.
Fader : A device which adjusts the sound balance of front and rear
speakers in a four-speaker layout
Fading: A coating defect consisting of the condition in a colored
coating where the color, either transparent or opaque, appears to get
lighter or bleached out. Heat, light, or chemical exposure usually
causes fading.
Fading: A coating defect consisting of the condition in a colored
coating where the color, either transparent or opaque, appears to get
lighter or bleached out. Heat, light, or chemical exposure usually
causes fading.
Fading : 1. A loss of brightness or color in a paint finish.2. Brake
fade
FAF : Federal Aviation Administration
Fahrenheit: A thermometric scale in which 32 (¡F) denotes freezing
and 212 (¡F) the boiling point of water under normal pressure at sea
level (14.696 psi).
Fahrenheit: Temperature scale designed by the German scientist
Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1709, based upon water freezing at 32
degrees Fahrenheit and water boiling at 212 degrees Fahrenheit
under standard atmospheric pressure. Compare with centigrade.
Fahrenheit : Thermometer on which the Boiling point of water is 212
degrees and the freezing point is 32 degrees above zero. To convert
from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 then multiply the result by 5
and divide by 9. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9,
then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.
Fahrenheit (°F): On the Fahrenheit thermometric scale, the freezing
point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point
212°F (at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and
freezing points of water exactly 180 degrees apart.
Fahrenheit scale : On a Fahrenheit thermometer, under standard
atmospheric pressure, boiling point of water is 212 degrees and
freezing point is 32 degrees above zero.
FAI: Federation Aeronautique Internationale.
Fai: also see Acronym for Federation Aeronautique Internationale
The governing body for all the world’s air sports flying regardless of
the aircraft size.
Fail safe : In load management, returning all loads to conventional
control during a power failure. Accomplished by a relay whose
contacts are normally closed.
Failsafe: A feature found on transmitters and that support PCM.
Failsafe is used so that the servo's go to a predefined position if the
signal is lost. In an airplane this can be to go to a low idle while
putting the plane in a gentle turn.
Fail-Safe: A provision designed to automatically stop or safely
Bridge Crane Control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.
Fail-Safe Braking Systems: Fail safe braking systems are often
used in heavy transportation such as trains and trucks to ensure that
any failure in the braking system results in a process designed to
minimize damage to the vehicle and its passengers. In trains and
trucks, air brakes are often used and are desiged such that, in the
event of a failure in the system, the brakes are applied and used to
bring the vehicle to a stop.
Fail-safe control : Device which opens a circuit when the sensing
element loses its pressure.
Failsafe system : A system which remains safe even when part of it
fails, such as a Dual-circuit brake system.
Failsafe : A PCM function which moves servos to a pre programmed
position if transmitter signal is lost or corrupted.
Failure: A rupture, break, or disintegration of a metal or part of an
HVAC system.
Failure: A general term used to imply that a part in service (a) has
become completely inoperable, (b) is still operable but incapable of
satisfactorily performing its intended function or © has deteriorated to
the point that it has become unreliable or unsafe for continued use.
Failure Mechanism: A structural or chemical process, such as
corrosion or fatigue, that causes failure.
Fair : 1. A vehicle in restorable condition needing only minor work to
get all components working.2. To add a Fairing to a body.
Fairfax Connector: Fairfax County (VA) bus service
Fairing: A structure whose main function is to streamline and
smooth the surface of an aircraft or space vehicle..
Fairing : 1. A protective shell or enclosure at the front of a
motorcycle which may house the Headlights and signal lights. It is
designed to improve the aerodynamic performance of the machine
and/or provide rider comfort and protection from the elements. These
range from simple Plexiglas® shields to complex, encompassing
body panels.2. The plastic shield mounted on the front of a roof rack
of a vehicle which is designed to reduce wind noise and improve fuel
economy.
Fairing : A shaped area used to smooth out, streamline, or "fair", the
joint between two members of an airplane to reduce drag. A wing
fairing joins the wing and fuselage. A landing gear fairing streamlines
the landing gear struts, and wheel fairings (wheel "pants") streamline
the bulky shape of the wheels
Fairing : An added streamlining structure or auxiliary member, most
often of light metal, whose only purpose is to reduce drag. Fairings
are non-load-bearing and, therefore, are not meant to carry any
principal air loads placed on the airplane structure.
Fairlane : A model of automobile manufactured by Ford
Fairmont : A model of automobile manufactured by Ford
FAK : Acronym for Freight of All Kinds describing mixed general
freight in the back of a truck or trailer.
Fal: Facilitation.
Falcon : A model of automobile manufactured by Ford
Fall Arresters: Fall arresters are part of a safety system designed to
help protect humans in the event of an accidental fall from a building,
platform, or other elevated structure. Fall arresters are used to stop a
fall once it has already begun and take on two forms - netting
systems and lifelines - both designed to catch the falling person and
limit how far they fall.
Fall Prevention Equipment: Fall prevention equipment is a
collection of parts used to create a safety system designed to help
prevent accidental falls from a building, platform, or other elevated
structure. Fall prevention equipment also includes components such
as fall arresters to help protect the person in the event the fall is not
prevented.
False air : Any air leak that introduces unmeasured air into the
intake system between the airflow meter and the intake valves is
false
False Bottom: An insert put in either member of a die set to
increase the strength and improve the life of the die.
False brineling : Damage to a solid bearing surface characterized
by indentations not caused by plastic deformation resulting from
overload, but thought to be due to other causes such as fretting
corrosion.
False Brinelling: A form of fretting corrosion, caused by vibration,
that occurs in rolling element bearings while sitting idle and subject
to friction oxidation.
False color: A color imaging process which produces an image of a
color that does not correspond to the true or natural color of the
scene (as seen by our eyes).
False flat : An illusion where the operator or passengers in a motor
vehicle or on a bicycle or motorcycle suppose that the road is flat,
but in reality there is a slight climb.
False neutral : When you fail to engage gears and the transmission
behaves as though it is in neutral, even though it is not
Falsework : A temporary supporting framework for a structure
during construction or demolition.
Family car : A car suitable for transporting a family, usually a four-
door sedan, Hatchback, or Station wagon. It is becoming more
popular for families to obtain a Minivan instead of a station wagon.
Fan: A mechanically or electrically operated device designed to
create a moving steam of air generally for cooling purpose.
Fan : 1. A fan is a rotating device with curved blades like a
propeller. The primary fan in a vehicle is generally located behind the
Radiator. Some electric fans may be placed in front of the radiator. It
draws air through the radiator so that the Coolant loses its heat
through the fins of the radiator. It is especially needed when the
vehicle is idling or moving slowly. When the vehicle moves quickly,
there may be no need for the fan. In some cases, the fan is
automatically disengaged under those circumstances. Non-electric
fans may be activated by a Fan belt driven by the engine, while
electric fans are powered by the electrical system independent of the
engine itself.2. Radial or axial flow device used for moving or
producing flow of gases.
Fan belt: Fan belt is in V shaped belt used to transfer the rotational
force from engine to radiator fan. It’s a made up with rubber.
Fan belt : A flexible rubber belt that connects various Components
in the engine compartment, i.e., Alternator, Water pump, Emission
controls, Power steering pump, and Air conditioner Compressor. Also
called Drive belt or Serpentine belt
Fan blade : A part of the fan projecting at an angle from the central
hub, which draws the air through the radiator
Fan clutch : A Viscous (fluid) drive coupling device connected to the
center of the fan to permit variable engine fan speeds in relation to
engine speeds. The Clutch engages and disengages the fan
according to the engine temperature through a thermostat
Fan cooling : A type of air cooling where a blower is responsible for
transporting the amount of air required for the cooling of the engine
past the cooling fins, which in turn dissipate the heat stored in them
to the current of air flowing past them
Fan hub: The mechanical connection between the radiator fan and
its point of attachment.
Fan performance curve: Fan performance curve refers to the
constant speed performance curve. This is a graphical presentation
of static or total pressure and power input over a range of air volume
flow rate at a stated inlet density and fan speed. It may include static
and mechanical efficiency curves. The range of air volume flow rate
which is covered generally ex tends from shutoff (zero air volume
flow rate) to free delivery (zero fan static pressure). The pressure
curves are generally referred to as the pressure-volume curves.
Fan pulley : A pulley on the hub of the radiator fan on which it’s
driving belt runs
Fan tube axial : A propeller or disc type wheel within a cylinder and
including driving mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct
connection.
Fan, centrifugal: A fan rotor or wheel within a scroll type housing
and including driving mechanism sup ports for either belt drive or
direct connection.
Fan, propeller : A propeller or disc type wheel within a mounting
ring or plate and including driving mechanism supports for either belt
drive or direct connection.
Fan, vane axial: A disc type wheel within a cylinder, a set of air
guide vanes located either before or after the wheel and including
driving mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct connection.
Fan-cooled enclosure : An electric motor housing that includes an
integral fan to blow cooling air over the motor. It may be totally
enclosed or Explosion-proof
Fanning : The use of air pressure through a spray gun to speed up
the drying of Primer or paint -- this is not recommended
Fans : Future Air Navigation System (an ICAO project group)
FAR: Federal Aviation Regulations.
Far 36 noise levels : In order to meet FAR 36 Stage 3
requirements, the maximum noise level permitted is: *Take Off 89.0
EPNdB *Sideline 94.0 *Approach 98.0
Far infrared: Electromagnetic radiation, longer than the thermal
infrared, with wavelengths between about 25 and 1000 micrometers.
See electromagnetic spectrum.
Far Side: The drive side of the line (farthest away from the pulpit).
Far Side: The drive side of the line (farthest away from the pulpit).
Far : Federal Aviation Regulations. The laws under which airmen in
the US fly.
Farad : Unit of electrical capacity; capacity of a condenser which,
when charged with one coulomb of electricity, gives difference of
potential of one volt.
Farad : A unit of electric capacity, designated by F.
Faraday experiment : Silver chloride absorbs ammonia when cool
and releases it when heated. This is basis on which some absorption
refrigerators operate.
Fare: The revenue paid from a passenger to receive transit services
Fare Evasion: When an individual uses transit or attempts to do so
without paying the posted fare
Fare Vendor: The farecard vending machines at the entrance to a
station
Farebox: The receptical used to collect the customer fees for transit
services
Farecard: The currency purchased by customers that is used to
travel on the Metrorail system
Faregate: The machine at the entrance to passenger stations that
records information onto, and collects fare from, the farecard as a
patron enters and exits the system
Farewell tour : A year-long tribute or celebration for a retiring driver
and his racing fans.
Farm gasoline : Gasoline that has been mixed with an identifying
dye (usually purple) and sold for less in order to help farmers. In
most places where this is practiced, it is illegal to use farm gasoline
in non-farm vehicles. Also called purple gas
Farm out : An action by a repair shop to send some repair work to a
specialty shop. For instance you might bring your car to the shop for
an engine tune-up and to replace a broken windshield. The shop can
handle the tune-up, but will farm out the windshield repair to a glass
shop.
Farm Products cargo : Truck content of unprocessed items which
were grown in or produced from agricultural activity on a farm or in a
garden, nursery, or orchard. Articles manufactured or processed
from these commodities are not included in this category.
Farm Tractor : A low-speed high-torque vehicle used in farming.
Typically with two small front wheels and two large rear wheels.
Designed to pull other components in farming. In contrast with a
Truck tractor
Farm use : Petroleum products sales for use on the farm including
use in tractors, irrigation pumps, other agricultural machinery, etc.)
Farman : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with
required application are Classic car.
FARS : Acronym for Fatality Analysis Reporting System operated by
the NHTSA
Farval System: A lubrication system. See Grease System.
FAS : Acronym for free alongside ship
FAS value : Acronym for Free alongside ship value. The value of a
commodity at the port of exportation, generally including the
purchase price plus all charges incurred in placing the commodity
alongside the carrier at the port of exportation in the country of
exportation.
Fascia : Also spelled facia.1. A front protective panel usually located
below the Bumper. 2. In Britain it is the instrument panel.
Fasst: Futaba's answer to Spektrum's DSM technology. Acronym
for Futaba Advanced Spread Spectrum Technology. It uses warp-
speed frequency hopping to ensure no breakdown of signal.
Fast charger : A battery charger which can charge a battery at a
rate of 40 amps or more, used by garages and battery suppliers
Fast food freezing : Method that uses liquid nitrogen or carbon
dioxide to turn fresh food into long lasting frozen food. It is often
referred to as cryogenic food freezing and freeze drying.
Fast idle: A carburetor cam that increases the idle speed, when
chock is closed.
Fast idle : When the engine is cold, it needs to run faster to keep it
from stalling. A cam on the Carburetor forces the Throttle open a
little more when the Choke is engaged
Fast idle cam : A cam in a Carburetor which opens the throttle
slightly when the choke is brought into operation, either automatically
or mechanically
Fast idle screw : A screw on a Carburetor for adjusting the speed of
the fast idle
Fast idle solenoid : A Solenoid operating in conjunction with an
automatic choke to open the throttle slightly when the choke is in
operation
Fast lane : The outside lane (far left lane in North America, etc. or
the far right lane in Britain, Australia, etc.). Also called the passing
lane
Fast rate charging: Fast rate charging is also known as boost
charging, In this charging system the battery get charged in small
number of time, But due to high speed batteries life might be
decreases. The main problem of this type is that it cannot charge the
battery fully it charges around 60% to 70%.
Fastback : A design of car where the roof gently slopes to the rear
end of the car. Any automobile with a long, moderately curving,
downward slope to the rear of the roof. This body style relates to an
interest in streamlining and aerodynamics and has gone in and out
of fashion at various times. Some (Mustangs for one) have grown
quite popular. Others have tended to turn customers off. Certain
fastbacks are, technically, two-door sedans or pillared coupes. Four-
door fastbacks have also been produced. Many of these (such as
Buick's late 1970s four-door Century sedan) lacked sales appeal.
Fastbacks may or may not have a rear-opening hatch.
Fastmet: A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets
that can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of
scrap. This process is designed to bypass the coke oven-blast
furnace route to produce hot metal from iron ore. It is also one of
several methods that mini-mills might use to reduce their
dependence on high-quality scrap inputs. (see Direct Reduced Iron
(DRI))(see Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI))
Fastmet: A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets
that can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of
scrap. This process is designed to bypass the coke oven blast
furnace route to produce hot metal from iron ore. It is also one of
several methods that mini mills might use to reduce their
dependence on high quality scrap inputs (see Direct Reduced Iron
and Hot Briquetted Iron).
Fat: Raw material used in the manufacture of most greases,
composed of various fatty acids and glycerol (glycerine) that form tri-
glyceride esters. Fats are found in nature but may also be made
synthetically.
Fat load : Trucker slang for overload, carrying more weight than
local state law allows as in "Better not be running at fat load, cause
the coops are open and checking ground pressure this morning."
Fatality Analysis Reporting System : (FARS) operated by the
NHTSA
Fathom : A measure of length, equivalent to 6 linear feet, used for
depths of water and lengths of anchor chain
Fatigue: The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or
fluctuating stresses having maximum value less than the ultimate
strength of the material.
Fatigue: The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or
fluctuating stresses whose maximum value is less than the tensile
strength of the material.
Fatigue: The weakening or deterioration of a material occurring
when a repetitious or continuous application of stress causes strain
which can lead to failure.
Fatigue : A condition of a material, especially a metal, causing loss
of elasticity and tendency to fracture after long or repeated stress,
even though the stress may be less than that which would cause
failure under static conditions.
Fatigue corrosion : A condition caused by repeated stress in a
corrosive atmosphere.
Fatigue Crack or Failure: A fracture starting from a nucleus where
there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress and propagating
through the metal. The surface is smooth and frequently shows
concentric (sea shell) markings with a nucleus as a center.
Fatigue Crack Or Failure: A fracture starting from a nucleus where
there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress. The fracture
surface is smooth and frequently shows concentric (sea shell)
markings with a nucleus as a center.
Fatigue Life: (1) The number of cycles of stress or strain of a
specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure of a
specified nature occurs. (2) The number of cycles of deformation
required to bring about failure of a test specimen under a given set of
oscillating conditions (stresses or strains). See also S-N curve. (see
S-N Curve)
Fatigue Life: The number of cycles of stress that can be sustained
prior to failure for a stated test condition.
Fatigue life : When a metal component is subjected to repeated
bending or service action it will eventually break. The number of
bends is its fatigue life.
Fatigue Limit: The maximum stress that a metal will withstand
without failure for a specified large number of cycles of stress.
Fatigue Limit: The maximum stress below which a materiel can
presumable endure an infinite number of stress cycles. If the stress
is not completely reversed, the value of the mean stress, the
minimum stress or the stress ratio should be stated.
Fatigue limit : The maximum stress that a material can endure for
an infinite number of stress cycles without breaking
Fatigue Limit (Endurance Limit): Maximum stress that a material
can presumable endure without failure for an infinite number of load
cycles.
Fatigue Ratio: The ratio of fatigue strength to tensile strength. Mean
stress and alternating stress must be stated.
Fatigue resistance : The maximum stress that a material can
endure for a given time without breaking
Fatigue Strength: Maximum stress that a material will endure
without failure for a specified number of load cycles.
Fatigue Strength: Maximum stress that a material will endure
without failure for a specified number of load cycles.
Fatigue strength : 1. The maximum stress that a material can
endure for a given time without breaking.2. The stress to which a
metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of
stress.
Fatigue Striation: Parallel lines frequently observed in electron
microscope fractographs or fatigue fracture surfaces. The lines are
transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance
between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front
during the one cycle of stress variation.
Fatigue Test: A method for determining the range of alternating
(fluctuating) stresses a material can withstand without failing.
Fatigue test : A test on a material to determine the range of stress it
will stand without failing, by subjecting it to rapidly varying stresses
to establish its fatigue limit
Fatigue Tester: Fatique tests are made with the object of
determining the relationship between the stress range and the
number of times it can be applied before causing failure. Testing
machines are used for applying cyclically varying stresses and cover
tension, compression, torsion and bending or a combination of these
stresses.
Fatigue Wear: (1) Removal of particles detached by fatigue arising
from cyclic stress variations. (2) Wear of a solid surface caused by
fracture arising from material fatigue. See also spoiling. (see
Spoiling)
Fatigue-strength Reduction Factor.: The ratio of the fatigue
strength of a member or specimen with no stress concentration to
the fatigue strength with stress concentration. This factor has no
meaning unless the stress range and the shape, size and material of
the member or specimen are stated.
Fatique Testing: Fatique tests are made with the object of
determining the relationship between the stress range and the
number of times it can be applied before causing failure. Testing
machines are used for applying cyclically varying stresses and cover
tension, compression, torsion and bending or a combination of these
stresses.
Fatty Acids: Components of all animal and vegetable oils, with the
general chemical formula of CnH(2n+1)CO2H; palmitic, stearic and
oleic are the most prominent.
Fatty Oil: An oil of animal, vegetable or marine origin that is liquid at
normal temperature, whose composition resembles that of solid fat,
except for differing types and percentages of fatty acids. Owing to
“polarity”, these oils have a physical affinity for metal; they increase
load-carrying ability by enhancing “oiliness.”
Fault: A short circuit either line to line, or line to ground.
Fault: A crack or break in the crust of a planet along which slippage
or movement can take place.
Fault : A defect which is either inherent in the vehicle as built
(manufacturing fault) or which occurs during running.
Fault diagnosis : The tracing of faults or error codes which can be
determined by the in-built diagnostic system and an engine analyzer
Fault line: A fracture in rock along which one side has moved with
respect to the other. See Putting Earthquakes in Their Place
Fault memory : A part of the electronic control unit and of the
diagnostic system that stores error codes to assist the mechanic in
diagnosing problems.
Fault protection: Algorithms, which reside in a spacecraft's
subsystems, that insure the ability of the spacecraft to both prevent a
mishap and to reestablish contact with Earth if a mishap occurs and
contact is interrupted.
Fault reader : A device used in conjunction with the vehicle's
diagnostic system, providing a read-out of status of the various
components
Fawp : Final Approach Waypoint
Faying Surface: The mating surface of a member that is in contact
with or in close proximity to another member to which it is to be
joined.
Faying surface : The inner mating or contacting surfaces of a joint;
common area of two surfaces that are bonded together with an
Adhesive
Fbo (fixed base operator) : The small but important building near
the ramp and runways of a small airport, from which airfield activity is
coordinated.
FBO : Fixed Base Operator
FCC : Federal Communications Commission (USA)
Fcl: Flight Crew Licence/Licensing
FCL : Flight Crew Licensing
FCM : Flight Confirmation Message
FCS : Flight control system
FD : Winds and Temperature aloft Forecast
FDA: Food and Drug Adminstration. An agency of the United States
Department of Health and Human Services that reviews the
toxicology of fluids and additives, amoung other things.
FDE : Fault detection and exclusion (GPS)
FDP : Flight Data Processing
Fdr: Flight Data Recorder.
FDR : Flight Data Recorder
FDS : Flight Director System
Fe: Chemical symbol for Iron.
FE : Flight Examiner
Feasibility Study (Bankable Feasibility Study): A detailed study
looking at the technical, economic, social and legal viability of a
mining project. Risks are identified and quantified. Provides enough
information to decide whether or not the project should go ahead. A
bankable feasibility study is the basis on which lenders provide the
necessary capital for a project.
Feather Edge: A sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band
which is caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of
the same width material. This is done for coating control on edge.
The gauge variations on a feathered edge generally does not extend
in from the edge more than one inch.
Feather Edge: A sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band
which is caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of
the same width material. This is done for coating control on edge.
The gauge variations on a feathered edge generally does not extend
in from the edge more than one inch.
Feathering shaft: A rod which helps support the rotor blades and
give them more ridged strength. A flapping head has two feathering
shafts (one for each blade) and a sea-saw head has one feathering
shaft (running the span of the head).
Federal aviation administration (faa): A division of the United
States Department of Transportation that regulates and promotes
aviation in the United States. FAA publishes theHeliport
Design advisory circular and Federal Aviation Regulations.
Federal aviation administration (faa): The FAA is a government
agency, under the Department of Transportation, that oversees
all aviation within the United States. The FAA controls, for example,
airport safety, air traffic control, licensing of pilots, inspection
of aircraft, and investigates aviation mishaps.
Federal aviation regulation part 77, : Objects Affecting Navigable
AirspaceThe part of theFARs that defines obstruction clearance
criteria surrounding a heliport or airport runway.Technically, FAR Part
77 criteria apply only to public use heliports and airports but they are
sometimes considered in the design of private use facilities as well.
Federal aviation regulation(far) : 14 CFR FAR Part 91 - General
Aviation (portions apply to all operators) 14 CFR FAR Part 103 -
Ultra light Vehicles 14 CFR FAR Part 105 - Parachute Jumping 14
CFR FAR Part 108 - Airplane Operator Security 14 CFR FAR Part
119 - Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators 14 CFR
FAR Part 121 - Domestic, Flag and Supplemental Air Carriers and
Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft 14 CFR FAR Part 123 -
Travel Clubs 14 CFR FAR Part 125 - US Civil Airplanes, seating 20
or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity 6,000 pounds
or more. 14 CFR FAR Part 127 - Air Carriers using helicopters for
scheduled interstate flights (within the 48 contiguous states) 14 CFR
FAR Part 129 - Foreign Air Carrier and Foreign Operators of US
registered aircraft engaged in common carriage 14 CFR FAR Part
133 - Rotorcraft External Load Operations 14 CFR FAR Part 135 -
Air Taxi Operators and Commercial Operators 14 CFR FAR Part 137
- Agricultural Aircraft Operations 14 CFR FAR Part 141 - Pilot School
where CFR - Code of Feder
Federal aviation regulations part 157, : Notice of Landing Area
ProposalThe part of theFARs that specifies that a project proponent
submit an application for a new heliport to FAA to initiate an
"airspace study." The study, conducted by FAA staff, results in
an airspace determination.
Feed: The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the work,
expressed in inches per minute or in inches per revolution.
Feed: The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the work,
expressed in inches per minute or in inches per revolution.
Feed Mechanism: The mechanism,often automatic, which controls
the advancing movement (ffed) of the cutting tools used in machines.
Feed Water: Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam
heated, raw water used for steam generation within the boiler. The
temperature of feed water normally is 275 280 B0 F.
Feed water heater : A device used to heat feed water with steam.
Feed water line: The piping leading to a system through which the
feed water flows.
Feed Water Pumps: Four pumps (3 in service) used to supply water
to the boiler.
Feed water : Water which is fed to a system such as a boiler or
cooling tower.
Feedback: The practice of using a measure of output to modify
input; in hydraulics, the controlled output, such as position, velocity
or pressure, would be measured and compared with the input valve
to modify the input.
Feedback: Part of a closed loop system, which monitors back
information about the condition under control for comparison.
Feedback: Part of a closed loop system which monitors back
information about the condition under control for comparison.
Feedback Loop: Any closed circuit consisting of one or more
forward elements and one or more feedback elements.
Feedback loop: Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward
elements and one or more feedback elements.
Feedback mechanisms: Factors which increase or amplify (positive
feedback) or decrease (negative feedback) the rate of a process. An
example of positive climatic feedback is the ice-albedo feedback.
Feedback mechanisms: A sequence of interactions in which the
final interaction influences the original one. Also see positive
feedback and negative feedback.
Feeder: Also called "riser", it is part of the gating system that forms
the reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses
due to shrinkage as the metal solidifies.
Feeder: Also called ?Riser?, it is part of the gating system that forms
the reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses
due to shrinkage as the metal solidifies.
Feeder Table: A round table that rotates material onto the #10 and
#21 conveyor belts.
Feeding: The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for
volume shrinkage while the casting is solidifying.
Feeding: The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for
volume shrinkage while the casting is solidifying.
Feedstock: Any raw material.
Feedstock: Any raw material.
Feedwater: Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam
heated, raw water used for steam generation within the boiler. The
temperature of feedwater normally is 275-280°F.
Feedwater Pumps: Water pumps used to supply water to the boiler.
Feeler Gauge: 1. Gauge used to gap the slitter knives. The steel
being side-trimmed determines the gap between the slitter knives.
The gauge slides between the knives measuring the gap between
them. 2. A tool used to set the gap of the slitter knives.
Feeler Gauge: 1) Gauge used to gap the slitter knives. The steel
being side trimmed determines the gap between the slitter knives.
The gauge slides between the knives measuring the gap between
them. 2) A tool used to set the gap of the slitter knives.
Fel: Flight Engineer Licence
Fema: U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Female Part: A concave piece of equipment which receives a
mating male (convex) part.
Female Part: A concave piece of equipment which receives a
mating male (convex) part.
Fen: A type of wetland that accumulates peat deposits; they are less
acidic than bogs, deriving most of their water fromgroundwater rich
in calcium and magnesium.
Ferralloy: A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in
steelmaking, usually containing iron and otheer metals to aid various
stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation,
desulfurization and adding strength. Examples:
ferrochrome,ferromanganese and ferrosilicon.
Ferrand: A device that senses the amount of travel of the A.G.C.
cylinders.
Ferret: Satellite using electromagnetic surveillance techniques.
Ferric coagulant: Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 act to precipitate ferric
hydroxide, coagulate at 4.011.0 pH range.
Ferric hydroxide: The complete reaction product of iron, water, and
oxygen, which forms a red precipitate in water [Fe(OH)3]
Ferric ion: An iron atom that has a positive electric charge of +3.
(Fe2+)
Ferrimagnetic Material: (1) A material that macroscopically has
properties similar to those of a ferromagnetic material but that
microscopically also resembles an antiferromagnetic material in that
some of the elementary magnetic moments are aligned antiparallel.
If the moments are of different magnitudes, the material may still
have a large resultant magnetization. (2) A material in which unequal
magnetic moments are lined up antiparallel to each other.
Permeabilities are of the same order of magnitude as those of
ferromagnetic materials, but are lower than they would be if all
atomic moments were parallel and in the same direction. Under
ordinary conditions the magnetic characteristics of ferrimagnetic
materials are quite similar to those of ferromagnetic material.
Ferrite: A solid solution of one or more elements in alpha or delta
iron.
Ferrite Banding: Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the
direction of working. Sometimes referred to as ferrite streaks.
Ferrite Banding: Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the
direction of working. Sometimes referred to a ferrite streaks.
Ferrite Inductor: An inductor is an electrical component used to
store the energy resulting from current passing through it in a
magnetic field. An inductor is made by wrapping a conducting wire
into a coil around a central core, with each turn of the wire termed a
winding. The number of windings in the coil is directly related to the
inductance. Ferrite inductors use iron or iron alloys for the core
material. Ferrite has a high magnetic permeability, or ability to
generate a magnetic field. As a result, the use of a ferrite core
greatly increases the inductance.
Ferrite Number: An arbitrary, standardized value designating the
ferrite content of an austenitic stainless steel weld metal. This value
directly replaces percent ferrite or volume percent ferrite and is
determined by the magnetic test described in AWS A4.2
Ferrite Pearlite Banding: Inhomogeneous distribution of ferrite and
pearlite aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of
working.
Ferrite-pearlite Banding: lnhomogeneous distribution of ferrite and
pearlite aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of
working.
Ferritic: The second-largest class of stainless steel, constituting
approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic stainless steels
are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack
of nickel results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics
(chromium-nickel stainless steels). Ferritics are best suited for
general and high-temperature corrosion applications rather than
services requiring high strength. They are used in automotive trim
and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot water tanks.
Two of the most common grades are type 430 (general-purpose
grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409
(low-cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures).
Ferritic: The second largest class of stainless steel, constituting
approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic stainless steels
are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack
of nickel results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics
(chromium nickel stainless steels). Ferritics are best suited for
general and high temperature corrosion applications rather than
services requiring high strength. They are used in automotive trim
and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot water tanks.
Two of the most common grades are type 430 (general purpose
grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409
(low cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures).
Ferritic Grain Size: Samples are etched with nitric acid in alcohol to
observe the crystal size of the grains under magnification. In general,
the larger the grains (lower numbers), the softer and lower the
strength of the steel. In general, the larger the grains (lower
numbers) the softer and lower the strength of the steel.
Ferritic Grain Size: The grain size of the ferric matrix of a steel.
Ferritic Stainless Steels: Without nickel in its composition, this
steel grade presents chrome contents ranging between 11 and 30%.
Some of them can have contents of molybdenum, silicon, aluminum,
titanium, niobium, sulfur and selenium in order to acquire certain
characteristics. Resistance to corrosion under tension and to
oxidation at high temperatures, low heat expansion and good
drawability are some of their characteristics.
Ferritizing Anneal: A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile
(nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to
be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-
temperarure cycle used must be specified.
Ferritizing Anneal: A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile
(nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to
be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-
temperature cycle used must be specified.
Ferro Alloy: A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed
in steelmaking, usually containing iron and other metals, to aid
various stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation,
desulfurization, and adding strength. Examples: ferrochrome,
ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon.
Ferro Manganese: An alloy of iron and manganese (80%
manganese) used in making additions of manganese to steel or cast
iron. Ferroalloy, An alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some
element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium
for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel.
Ferroalloy: A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed
in steelmaking, usually containing iron and other metals that improve
the physical and chemical properties of the final steel product.
Ferrochrome: A finishing material which contains about 70%
chromium. It is used when it is desired to add chromium to steel.
Ferrochrome: An alloy of iron and chromium with up to 72%
chromium. Ferrochrome is commonly used as a raw material in the
making of stainless steel.
Ferroelectric: A crystalline material that exhibits spontaneous
electrical polarization, hysteresis and piezoelectric properties.
Ferroelectric Effect: The phenomenon whereby certain crystals
may exhibit a spontaneous dipole moment, which is called
ferroelectric by analogy with ferromagnetism exhibiting a pennanent
magnetic moment. Ferroelectric crystals often show several Curie
points, domain structures and hysteresis, much as do ferromagnetic
crystals.
Ferrography (Direct Read and Analytical): Method that examines
ferrous wear particles in used fluid; used in preventive and predictive
maintenance programs.
Ferromagnetic: The ability to become highly magnetic and have the
ability to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary
magnetic dipoles inside the domain are all oriented in a direction
parallel to each other.
Ferromagnetic: The ability to become highly magnetic and have the
ability to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary
magnetic dipoles inside the domain are all oriented in a direction
parallel to each other.
Ferromagnetism: A property exhibited by certain metals, alloys and
compounds of the transition (iron group), rare-earth, and actinide
elements (below a certain temperature termed the Curie
temperature), in which the atomic magnetic moments tend to line up
in a common direction. Ferromagnetism is characterized by the
strong attraction of one magnetized body for another. See also Curie
temperature. Compare with paramagnetism. (see Curie
Temperature)
Ferromanganese: A product of the blast furnace, containing,
besides iron, 78 to 82% of manganese and some silicon,
phosphorus, sulfur and carbon. It is used as a deoxidizer and for the
introduction of manganese into steel.
Ferrophosphorus: A finishing material which contains about 18%
phosphorus. It is used when it is necessary to add phosphorus to
steel.
Ferrosilicon: A product of the blast furnace which contains 8 to 15%
silicon. It is used as a deoxidizer and for adding silicon to steel.
Ferrous: Metals that consist primarily of iron.
Ferrous hydroxide : The reaction product of iron and water in the
absence of oxygen; it remains soluble in the water [Fe(OH)2].
Ferrous ion: An iron atom that has a positive electric charge of +
2(Fe2+).
Ferrous Metallurgy: That section of general metallurgy which
embraces the science and knowledge applying to iron and steel
products, their preparation and adaptation to their numerous uses.
Ferrous : Metallic materials in which the principle component is iron.
Ferrovanadium: A product which contains iron and about 38%
vanadium. Used as a finisher for adding vanadium to steel.
Ferrule: A metal cylinder placed over a hose end to affix the fitting to
the hose.
Ferrules: A ferrule is a type of fastener often used to create a loop
from materials such as rope or wire. The ferrule is a tube-like
fastener through which one or more strands of the material are
passed through. A tool such as a pliers or other crimping device is
then used to crimp the ferrule down around the material until it is
tight enough to restrict movement through the ferrule.
Ferry flight : A flight for the purpose of: 1. Returning an aircraft to
base. 2. Delivering an aircraft from one location to another. 3.
Moving an aircraft to and from a maintenance base. Ferry flights,
under certain conditions, may be conducted under terms of a special
flight permit.
Festoon System: A festoon system is a specialized suspension
system designed to hang, suport and move hoses and cables
around a working environement. Depending on the application, the
festoon system will include a pulley or trolley system, support clips or
clamps, handling equipment, and a control unit.
Fettle: To prepare a furnace for charging and melting by repairing
eroded areas of the refractory.
Fettle: British term meaning the process of removing all runners and
risers and cleaning off adhering sand from the casting. Also refers to
the removal of slag from the inside of the cupola and in Britain to
repair the bed of an open hearth.
Fettling: The protection of the hearth or lower walls of a furnace with
loose granular refractory material.
FF: Front-engine front-wheel drive. A vehicle that is propelled solely
by its front wheels and whose engine is located forward of its front
axle.
Ffas : Free Flight Air Space (Euro control Definition)
Fff: An Acronym for Fast Forward Flight. Usually in excess of 50
MPH, or near the maximum speed of the helicopter.
Ffon : Flight Phone
FFP: Flying Blue, Air France's Frequent Flyer Program
Fi : Flight Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder)
Fiata: International Federation of Freight Forwarders Association.
Fibc Bulk Bag: A flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC), also
known as a bulk bag, is used to store bulk materials such as grain,
sand, or other granular products. FIBC bags are typically made of a
thick, woven plastic material and are capable of holding on the order
of 1000 kg of material. FIBC bags typically have some type of loop in
order to support the mounting and movement of the bags in bag
handling systems.
Fiber: 1. The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates
directional properties. It is revealed by etching a longitudinal section
or manifested by the fibrous appearance of a fracture. It is caused
chiefly by extension of the constituents of the metal, both metallic
and non-metallic, in the direction of working. 2. The pattern of
preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given deformation
process.
Fiber: (1) The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates
directional properties. It is revealed by etching a longitudinal section
or manifested by the fibrous appearance of a fracture. It is caused
chiefly by extension of the constituents of the metal, both metallic
and nonmetallic, in the direction of working. (2) The pattern of
preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given deformation
process.
Fiber Metallurgy: The technology of producing solid bodies from
fibers or chopped filaments, with or without a metal matrix. The fibers
may consist of such nonmetals as graphite or aluminun oxide or of
such metals as tungsten or boron. See also metal-matrix
composites. (see Metal-matrix Composites)
Fiber Optic Cable Joining: Fiber optic cable joining is the process
of splicing two pieces of fiber optic cable together. Joining fiber optic
is usually accomplished by using a pair of mating connectors, each
used to terminate an end of the cable to be joined. The connectors
are designed to ensure proper alignment of the fiber cores in each
piece. In addition, the ends must be cleaned cut and pieced together
end-to-end, with no gap, to minimize signal loss due to the splice.
Fiber Optic Sensors: A fiber optic sensor is a measurement device
that uses transparent fiber to detect and measure physical
quantities. Fiber optic sensors can be used to measure pressure,
temperature, and other physical attributes as a result of measuring
their impact on the light spectrum transported in the fiber. There are
many different types of sensors covering a wide range of
applications. An advantage of fiber optic sensors is that external
power sources are not necessary to supply power to the sensor as
with traditional electronic sensors.
Fiber Optics: Fiber optics is the term applied to the study and
application of optical fibers in many different applications. Fiber
optics makes use of transparent fibers that are capable of
transmitting light over long distances, at high bandwidths and with
limited signal loss. Fiber optics is guided by the scientific principle of
refraction, or the bending of light, first seen experimentally in the
1840's. Practical applications of fiber optics began to appear in the
early 1900's and can not be found in engineering sensors,
communications, lighting, and media applications.
Fiber Or Fibre: Direction in which metals have been caused to flow,
as by rolling, with microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous
appearance in the direction of flow.
Fiber Stress: Local stress through a small area (a point or line) on a
section where the stress is not uniform, as in a beam under a
bending load.
Fiber Stress: Unit stress which exists at any given point in a
structural element subjected to load; given as load per unit area.
Fibering: Elongation and alignment of internal boundaries, second
phases and inclusions in particular directions corresponding to the
direction of metal now during deformation processing.
Fibers: Ensures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the
knives in the sheet mill. Fibers are used to hold the strip just above
the knife to prevent knife marks on the steel.
Fibers: Ensures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the
knives in the Sheet Mill.. Fibers are used to hold the strip just above
the knife to prevent knife marks on the steel.
Fibrous Fracture: A gray and amorphous fracture that results when
a metal is sufficiently ductile for the crystals to elongate before
fracture occurs. When a fibrous fracture is obtained in an impact test,
it may be regarded as definite evidence of toughness of the metal.
See also crystalline fracture and silky fracture. (see Crystalline
Fracture) (see Silky Fracture)
Fibrous Fracture: A fracture whose surface is characterized by a
dull gray or silky appearance.
Fibrous Grease: Describes a specific type of grease that exhibits a
distinctive fibrous structure when portions of the grease are pulled
apart. The gelling agents for many greases have unique fibrous
structures, depending on the type of soap or thickener employed,
that are easily distinguished under an electron microscope. Some
greases are smooth and buttery to the feel, even though they have
microscopic fibrous structures. It is customary to use the term
“fibrous grease” for grease that resists being pulled apart.
Fibrous Structure: (1) In forgings, a structure revealed as
laminations, not necessarily detrimental, on an etched section or as
a ropy appearance on a fracture. It is not to be confused with silky or
ductile fracture of a clean metal. (2) In wrought iron, a structure
consisting of slag fibers embedded in ferrite. (3) In rolled steel plate
stock, a uniform, fine-grained structure on a fractured surface free of
laminations or shale-type discontinuities.
Fic : Flight Information Center
FICO: Fair Isaac Corporation, which is a company that calculates
and distributes consumer credit scores.
Fidget : Interference of enemy high frequency night-fighter
transmissions.
Fie : Flight Instructor Examiner
Field: The set of influences (electricity, magnetism, gravity) that
extend throughout space.
Field box: A box that contains all your flying accessories and tools.
Also called a flight box.
Field charger : A fast battery charger designed to work from a 12-
volt power source, such as a car battery.
Field equipment: Accessories and equipment that you take to the
field in your field box.
Field of view: The range of angles that are scanned or sensed by a
system or instrument, measured in degrees of arc.
Field Wiring: The wiring required after erection of the crane.
Fieldbus Components: FieldBus is a network communications
protocal used for the purpose or real-time control in industrial
applications. FieldBus components include any of the individual parts
of the distributed network, including sensors, controllers, Ethernet
adapters, and cabling. The International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) publishes standards for all electrical, electronic
and related technologies. IEC 61158 provided standards for the
design and application of FieldBus systems
Fieldbus Systems: FieldBus is a network communications protocal
used for the purpose or real-time control in industrial applications.
FieldBus components include any of the individual parts of the
distributed network, including sensors, controllers, Ethernet
adapters, and cabling. The International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) publishes standards for all electrical, electronic
and related technologies. IEC 61158 provided standards for the
design and application of FieldBus systems
Fifth freedom: The right to fly between two foreign countries while
the flight originates or ends on one’s own country. eg. Northwest
flying Sydney to Tokyo before flying to Los Angeles.
Figure 9 : Can be an "official" competition maneuver, or a badly-
done loop. When the aircraft flies over the top of a loop and picks up
too much speed, the momentum prevents it from maintaining a
loop`s round shape.
Filament: The coil that is present inside a bulb which leads to
illumination when current is passed through it.
Filament at Zero: Individual, spiral-wrapped nylon or aramid/nylon
reinforcing filaments can be precisely placed in specific portions or
across the entyre tread area atop the steel belts banded at zero
degrees. Not only does this help retain tyre shape, but it also
enhances ride quality and steering precision.
Filamentary Shrinkage: A fine network of shrinkage cavities,
occasionally found in steel castings, that produces a radiographic
image resembling lace.
File Hardness: Hardness as determined by the use of a file of
standardized hardness on the assumption that a material cannot be
cut with the file is as hard as, or harder than, the file. Files covering a
range of hardnesses may be employed.
File Hardness: Hardness as determined by the use of a steel file of
standardized hardness on the assumption that a material that cannot
be cut with the file is as hard as, or harder than, the file. Files
covering a range of hardnesses may be employed; the most
common are files heat treated to approximately 67 to 70 HRC.
File Hardness: Hardness as determined by the use of file of
standarized hardness on the assumption that a material which
cannot be cut with the file is as hard as,or harder than the file. Files
covering a range of hardnesses may be employed.
File Rasp: Tool used to remove zinc or tin buildup from the welder
wheels.
File Test: A test for hardness in which a corner of a file is run across
the piece of metal being tested. The hardness is shown by the dent
the file makes.
File Test: A test for hardness in which a corner of a file is run across
the piece of metal being tested. The hardness is shown by the dent
the file makes.
Filed Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are
produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This
is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed
spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks
are objectionable or slitting burr is to be removed.
Filed Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are
produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This
is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed
spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks
are objectionable or slitting burr is to be removed.
Filiform Corrosion: Corrosion that occurs under some coatings in
the form of randomly distributed threadlike filaments.
Filler: A device designed to foreign substances from oil, air and fuel.
Filler Cap: A mechanical device which provides an access for filling
a reservoir or tank. Normally equipped with a fine screen to strain out
dirt particles.
Filler cap: A mechanical device which provides an access for filling
a reservoir or tank. Normally equipped with a fine screen to strain out
dirt particles.
Filler Metal: Metal added in making a brazed, soldered or welded
joint. See also brazing filler metal, electrode (welding), solder,
welding rod and welding wire.
Filler Metal: A third material that is melted concurrently with the
parent metal during fusion or braze welding. It is usually, but not
necessarily, of different composition from the parent metals.
Fillers: An extensive variety of solid substances, primarily inorganic
powders or flakes such as mica, talc, graphite, molybdenum disulfide
and others that are added to grease to increase bulk or incorporated
into non-metallic bearing materials to improve lubrication under high
loads, low speeds and/or high temperatures.
Fillet: A concave corner piece used on foundry patterns, a radius
joint replacing sharp inside corners.
Fillet Curve (Gears): The concave portion of the tooth profile where
it joins the bottom of the tooth space at the root circle.
Film Strength: General term indicating the capacity of an oil to
maintain an unbroken film on a lubricated surface under operating
conditions; used without reference to the type of film. “Load-carrying
capacity” is another general term used in calculations. Film strength
additives are usually considered anti-wear additives, not EP
additives.
Filming amines : Amines that form a impervious non-wettable film,
which acts as a barrier between the metal and the condensate and
provide protection against carbon dioxide and oxygen. These amines
do not neutralize carbon dioxide.
Filter: A porous substance or device that cleans fluids by removing
suspended matter.
Filter: A mechanical device used to house a filter element. See
FILTER ELEMENT.
Filter -: A device to remove solid material from a fluid.
Filter Bags: Filter bags are used in filtration systems to capture and
contain particulates separated from the environment. Filter bags are
often manufactured from a woven fabric or plastic material such that
very fine particles are contained within the bag. Filter bags come in
many different sizes, shapes, and materials depending on the
specific application.
Filter Beta Rating: A measure of filter's particle removal efficiency in
terms of the ratio of the number of incoming particles to the number
of outgoing particles in a defined size range. Beta ratio of 1,000
indicates that for every 1,000 particles per unit volume of the fluid
entering the filter, one particle will pass through the filter ISO 16889
is the test method used to determine Beta ratings.
Filter Canister: The portion of the filter assembly that holds the filter
element.
Filter Canister: The portion of the filter assembly that holds the filter
element.
Filter Element: Removable portion of a filter that houses the filtering
medium.
Filter Element: A series of wire or fabric meshes, which are bonded
together by caps or perforated cylinders and are fitted into hydraulic
system passages to strain fine particles and silt from passed through
the passage.
Filter element: A series of wire or fabric meshes which are bonded
together by caps or perforated cylinders and are fitted into hydraulic
system passages to strain fine particles and silt from fluid passed
through the passage.
Filter Housing: (Head). The portion of the filter assembly in which
the filter element is seated.
Filter Housing: (Head)The portion of the filter assembly in which the
filter element is seated.
Filter Nominal Rating: A measure of filter's particle removal
efficiency that has no universally accepted definition. Each vendor
defines what it means for their filters.
Filter Presses: A filter press is an industrial machine used to
separate solid material from liquid-solid solutions, also known as
slurries. Filter presses uses pressure applied to filter plates to
squeeze liquid out of the slurry, leave the solid material behind. The
remaining solid is called the filter cake and is progressively built up
with the processing of additional slurry solution. Filter presses are
often used in the food processing, pharmaceutical and chemical
industries.
Filter Sludge: A material that is produced when the water from the
clarification tanks is filtered for the scrubber system.
Filter : A device to alter a signal; software to alter a data steam; See
Also: averaging filter, band-pass filter, complementary filter, first-
order filter, high-pass filter, hysteresis, Kalman filter, limiter, low-pass
filter, rate limiter, second-order filter, smoothing filter, wash-out filter;
Filter-drier: A combination device used as a strainer and moisture
remover.
Filtered : Data that is the result of filtering a signal; filtering is usually
more sophisticated than smoothing Compare: derived, estimated,
measured, raw, selected, smoothed;
Filtration Systems: Filtration systems are used to separate solids
from a liquid or gas. Filtration systems take on many different forms,
depending on the application and the environment. Filtration systems
can be used to remove particulates and odors from the air in air
filtration systems, to clean micro-organisms and waste out of fish
tanks, or to separate solids from slurry solutions in industrial
processing applications. The processes and equipment used in the
filtrations system will depend on the specific application.
Filtration : Is the process of passing a liquid containing suspended
matter through a suitable porous material in such a manner as to
effectively remove the suspended matter from the liquid.
Fin: A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the
metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or
around the die inserts.
Fin: A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the
metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or
around die inserts
Fin: Generally describes the vertical fixed portion of the tailplane
which provides yaw stability.
FIN: A fixed vertical aerofoil surface, usually a dorsal component of
the tail unit, to provide stability in yaw.
Fin: Also called the vertical stabilizer, it's the vertical surface at the
rear of the airplane used to stabilize the plane in flight.The fixed part
of a vertical airfoil that controls the yaw of an aircraft.
Fin: Another word for the vertical portion of the tail.
Fin Stock: Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, and
thickness ranges suitable for the manufacture of fins for heat-
exchanger applications.
Fin Stock: Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, an
thickness ranges suitable for manufacture of fins for heat exchanger
applications
Fin : An extended surface to increase the heat transfer area, as
metal sheets attached to tubes.
Fin, vertical fin : The fixed portion of the vertical tail surface.
Final Annealing: An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal
given to a non-ferrous alloy prior to shipment.
Final Annealing: An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal
given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment.
Final approach reference area (fara): A 150-foot wide by at least
150-foot long obstacle-free area located at the end of a precision
instrument approach with its center aligned on the final approach
course.
Final drive: Final drive is the last assembly after the differential to
connect the power with wheels.
Final Polishing: A polishing process in which the primary objective
is to produce a final surface suitable for microscopic examination.
Final : Used to mean an aircraft is on proper heading, descent rate,
airspeed, and altitude during runway approach prior to landing, or to
a target prior to weapons release.
Finance: To borrow money (either as a loan or in the form of a
lease) to obtain some or all of the funds to acquire a vehicle.
Finance and insurance office: Sometimes referred as the "F&I
office." The office within a dealership in which vehicle purchase
contracts are prepared and signed and additional services (including
insurance and extended warranties) may be offered to the
purchaser.
Finance incentive: Manufacturer loan programs offered to
consumers, usually for a limited period, on selected vehicles and/or
in certain areas, as an incentive to purchase a vehicle.
Finance rate: See "APR."
Fine Grain Steel: Steels that resist grain growth over a considerable
temperature range, when held at temperature for a reasonable
length of time as is customary in heat treatment of steel.
Fine Silver: Silver with a fineness of three nines (999); equivalent to
a minimum content of 99.9% Ag with the remaining content
unrestricted.
Fine Wire Quality Wire Rods: Suitable for direct drawing from 7/32”
(5.5 mm) into wire sizes as fine as 0.035” without intermediate
annealing. These rods are generally rolled from the steel grades
1005 and 1006.
Fineness: A measure of the purity of gold or silver expressed in
parts per thousand fines. Predominating size in a batch or lot of
foundry sand. (3) 1be portion of a powder composed of particles
smaller than a specified size. Usually 44 Jlm (325 mesh).
Finery: A charcoal-fueled hearth furnace used in early processes for
converting cast-iron to wrought iron by melting and oxidizing it in an
air blast, then repeatedly oxidizing the product in the presence of a
slag. The carbon oxidizes more rapidly than the iron, so that a
wrought iron of low-carbon content is produced.
Finery: A charcoal fueled hearth furnace used in early processes for
converting cast iron to wrought iron by melting and oxidizing it in an
air blast, then repeatedly oxidizing the product in the presence of a
slag. The carbon oxidizes more rapidly than the iron so that a
wrought iron of low carbon content is produced.
Fines: (1) The product lhat passes through the finest screen in
sorting crushed or ground material. (2) Sand grains that are
substantially smaller than the predominating size in a batch or lot of
foundry sand. (3) The portion of a powder composed of particles
smaller than a specified size, usually 325 mesh.
Fines: Material that passes through a standard screen on which
coarser fragments are retained. In iron ore terms, fines is used to
classify material that is usually between 1-10mm in size.
Fingerprint Neutralizer: A polar compound used in rust preventives
for steel surfaces that prevents corrosive attacks from perspiration
during handling.
Finish: The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.
Finish: The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.
Finish Allowance: (1) The amount of excess metal surrounding the
intended final configuration of a formed pan; sometimes called
forging envelope, machining allowance or cleanup allowance. (2)
Amount of stock left on the surface of a casting for machining.
Finish Allowance: The amount of stock left on the surface of a
casting, forging or mill products for machining.
Finish Annealing: A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-
worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a
compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing
the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits
to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final
annealing. (see Final Annealing)
Finish Grinding: The final grinding action on a workpiece. The
objectives are surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
Finish Machining: A machining process analogous to finish
grinding.
Finish Mark: A symbol (F, F1, F2, etc.) appearing on the line of a
drawing that represents the edge of the surface of the casting to be
machined or otherwise finished.
Finish Mark: A symbol (f, f1, f2, etc.) appearing on the line of a
drawing that represents the edge of the surface of the casting to be
machined or otherwise finished.
Finish Welding: Production welding carried out in order to ensure
the agreed quality of the casting.
Finished Steel: Steel that is ready for the market without further
work or treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet bars and wire rods
are termed semifinished produced by the in-the-line thermal
treatment following electrodeposition.
Finished Steel: Steel that is ready for the market without further
work or treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet bars, and wire rods
are termed semi finished produced by the in the line thermal
treatment following electrodeposition.
Finisher: The die impression that imparts the final shape to a forged
part.
Finishes: The texture of the steel surface which is determined by
the grit on the rolls or by the grind on the rolls in the case of bright
finish.
Finishes: The surface appearance of the various metals after final
treatment such as rolling, etc. Over the years the following finishes
have become recognized as standard in their respective fields
ALUMINUM SHEET (A) Commercially Bright (B) Bright one side (C)
Bright both sides BLACK PLATE (A) Dull finish without luster
produced by use of roughened rolls. (B) Bright finish ? a luster finish
produced by use of rolls having a moderately smooth surface. COLD
ROLLED STEEL SHEETS (A) Commercial finish. A dull satin
surface texture produced by roughened rolls (B) Commercial Bright
Finish. Bright in appearance with a texture between luster and a very
fine matte finish. (C) Luster Finish. Produced by use of ground and
polished rolls. (Note: This is not a number 3 finish). COLD ROLLED
STRIP STEELS No. 1 Finish ? A dull finish produced without luster
by rolling on roughened rolls. No. 2 Finish ? A regular bright finish
produced by rolling on moderately bright rolls. No. 3 finish ? Best
Bright Finish. A lustrous or high floss finish produced by rolling on
highly polished rolls. Also referred to as ?Mirror Finish?. COPPER
BASE ALLOYS Acid Dipped ? Dry rolled finished. Produced by dry
cold rolling bi chromate dipped alloy with polihed rolls, resulting in a
burnished appearnace and retaining the color obtained by
dipping(True Metal Color). Bright Dipped Finish ? Finish resulting
from an acid dip. Buffed or Polished Surface ? a finish obtained by
buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish. Cold Rolled Finish
? A relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled strip
with a lubricant. Dry rolled Finish ? A burnished finish resulting from
dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls without any metal lubricant
Hot Rolled Finish ? A dark relatively rough oxidized finish resulting
from rolling the metal while hot. May subsequently be pickled or
bright dipped but the rough surface remains. Stretched Brushed
Finish (Satin finish) Obtained by mechanically brushing with wire
brushes or by buffing. FLAT WIRE No.2 Finish ? A regular bright
finish. No.3 Finish ? Best Bright High Gloss finish produced by use of
poplished rolls. Or by special buffing ? this is a negotiated finish
STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET and STRIP NOS. 1,2B & 2D
No.1 finish ? C.R. Annealed and pickled appearance varies from dull
gray matte finish to a fairly reflective surface No.2B Finish ? Same
as No.1 finish followed by a final light cold rolled pass generally on
highly polished rolls. No.2D finish ? A dull cold rolled finish produced
by cold rolling on dull rolls. STAINLESS C.R. SHEET ? Polished
Finishes No.3 Finish ? This is an intermediate polished finish. No.4
Finish ? Ground and polished finish. No.6 Finish ? Ground,polished
and Tampico Brushed. No.7 Finish ? Ground and High Luster
Polished No.8 Finish ? Ground and polished to Mirror Finish.
TEMPERED and UNTEMPERED COLD ROLLED CARBON
SPRING STEEL STRIP Classified by description as follows: (A).
Black Oil Tempered (B). Scaless Tempered (C). Bright Tempered
(D). Tempered and Polished (E). Tempered, Polished and Colored
(Blue or Straw) TIN PLATE(A). Bright Hot Dipped Finish (B). Electro
Matte Dull finish (C). Electro Bright Reflow Finish ? produced by the
in the line thermal treatment following electrodeposition
Finishing Die: The temperature at which hot working is completed.
Finishing Facilities: The portion of the steelmaking complex that
processes semifinished steel (slabs or billets) into forms that can be
used by others. Finishing operations can include rolling mills, pickle
lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities and temper mills.
Finishing Facilities: The portion of the steelmaking complex that
processes semi finished steel (slabs or billets) into forms that can be
used by others. Finishing operations can include rolling mills, pickle
lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills.
Finishing Stand: The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines
the surface finish and final gauge.
Finishing Stand: The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines
the surface finish and final gauge.
Finishing Temperature: The Hot Mill Rolling temperature at which
hot mechanical working of metal is completed.
Finishing Temperature: The temperature at which hot working is
completed.
Finite Difference Analysis (FDA): A computerized numerical
modeling approach for solving differential equations. Used primarily
in solving heat transfer and solidification problems.
Finite Difference Analysis (Fda): A computerized numerical
modeling approach for solving differential equations. Used primarily
in solving heat transfer and solidification problems.
Finite Element Analysis: A computerized numerical analysis
technique used for solving differential equations to primarily solved
mechanical engineering problems relating to stress analysis.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA): A computerized numerical analysis
technique used for solving differential equations to primarily solved
mechanical engineering problems related to stress analysis.
Finmet: The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending
series of fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briquetted.
Finmet: The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending
series of fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briquetted.
Finned Tube Heat Exchangers: A heat exchanger is any type of
device used to transfer heat from between mediums. In a finned tube
heat exchanger, the exhaust fluid that must be heated or cooled is
circulated through a series of tubes mounted into a shell. Air or a
second fluid is then circulated through the shell on the outside of the
tube bundle to transfer heat to or from the tubes. Fins are placed
longitudinally along the shell to increase the surface area and
improve the heat transfer capabilities. Design of finned tube heat
exchangers is very specific to the application and takes into account
the amount of heat that must be transferred, the flow rate required
both inside and outside the tubesl, the diameter, thickness and
length of the tubes, and the layout of the tube bundles and fins.
Fins: Fins are small cuts for increasing the contact area with air, It is
used for cooling the system. This kind of fins only for air cooling
system.
Fio : Flight Information Office
Fir: Flight Information Region.
Fir : Flight Information Region
Fire Cracks: An irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet
caused by rolling with a fire cracked roll. Fire cracks will develop
when a roll is not properly cooled.
Fire Cracks: An irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet
caused by rolling with a fire cracked roll. Fire cracks will develop
when a roll is not properly cooled.
Fire Dampers: Fire dampers are components installed in heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to prevent the
system ductwork from spreading a fire from one area of a building to
another. Fire dampers are typically a sheet of metal fins that drop
into place to seal off a duct in the event of a fire. The dampers can
be passive, dropping into place when the heat of the fire causes a
retaining clip to melt, or active, controlled by an automatic fire safety
system in which sensors and control systems are used to detect a
fire and close the dampers.
Fire Detection Alarm Systems: A fire detection alarm system is
designed to monitor an environment for heat build-up, smoke, or
chemicals such as carbon monoxide generated in the event of a fire.
A fire detection system includes a network of sensors wired together
to provide distributed coverage around the entire building. Each
sensor either contains a self-contained alarm unit or feeds a signal
back to a central processing unit that sends a signal to all the alarms
throughout the building. A fire detection system may also include
manual alert stations, enabling people in the building to activate the
fire alarm system prior to automatic detection.
Fire point: The temperature at which a material will continue to burn
for at least 5 seconds without the benefit of an outside flame.
Fire point (Cleveland Open Cup, or COC; ASTM D 92): The
temperature to which a combustible liquid must be heated so that the
vapor released will burn continuously when ignited under specific
conditions.
Fire resistant : (1) With respect to sheet or structural members
means the capacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least
as well as aluminum alloy in dimensions appropriate for the purpose
for which they are used; and (2) With respect to fluid-carrying lines,
fluid system parts, wiring, air ducts, fittings, and power plant controls,
means the capacity to perform the intended functions under the heat
and other conditions likely to occur when there is a fire at the place
concerned
Fire Suppression Equipment: Fire suppression equipment can
include manual components used by firefighters or automatic
systems used in conjunction with automatic fire detection systems.
Fire suppression can be accomplished with water supplied through
pump and hose systems or sprinkler systems. In environments
where the use of water is undesirable, such as facilities containing
extensive electronic and computer equipment, fire suppression may
be done with compressed gases such as argon or with chemical
agents sprayed or spread on the fire.
Fire tube : A tube, in a boiler, through which the hot gases flow and
transfer heat to the water on the outside of the tube.
Fire wall : The back end of a boiler, opposite the burner, at which
the hot gases change direction of flow.
Firebrick : A refractory brick, often made from fire clay, that is able
to withstand temperature in the range of 1500 to 1600°C, and is
used to line furnaces.
Firebrick, Insulating: A clay-based refractory brick characterized by
low thermal conductivity and low heat capacity.
Fireclay: An earthy or stony mineral aggregate which has the
essential constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum with or without
free silica; plastic when sufficiently pulverized and wetted; rigid when
subsequently dried; and of suitable refractoriness for use in
commercial refractory products.
Firecracker Welding: A variation of the shielded metal arc welding
process in which a length of covered electrode is placed along the
joint in contact with the workpieces. During the welding operation,
the stationary electrode is consumed as the arc travels the length of
the electrode.
Fireproof : (1) With respect to materials and parts used to confine
fire in a designated fire zone, means the capacity to withstand at
least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for
which they are used, the heat produced when there is a severe fire
of extended duration in that zone; and (2) With respect to other
materials and parts, means the capacity to withstand the heat
associated with fire at least as well as steel in dimensions
appropriate for the purpose for which they are used
Fire-refined Copper: Copper that has been refined by the use of a
furnace process only including refinery shapes and by extension
fabricators' products made therefrom. Usually, when this term is
used alone it refers to fire-refined tough pitch copper without
elements other than oxygen being present in significant amounts.
Fire-Resistant (FR) Fluids: Hydraulic fluids that exhibit fire-resistant
properties; they include the water-in-oil emulsions known as invert
emulsions, water-glycol fluids, non-aqueous synthetic fluids like
phosphate esters, silicones and halogenated hydrocarbons and high
water-base fluids (95% water) and microemulsions.
Firewall: Firewall is a film or a protecting sheet in interior for
preventing the fire and heat inside the vehicle.
Firewall: A fire-resistant bulkhead that isolates the engine from other
parts of an airplane's structure.
Firing: An addition to an aircraft's basic structure which is intended
primarily to reduce drag.
Firing Model: the furnace, the ECA, and the Cycle Number. The
system determines the furnace type, base type, heat hours, cool
hours, uncover temperature, and gas stream.
Firing Order: It is the sequence of power induced in the cylinders of
engines. It is aligned with the sparking order of the spark plugs. It
may be in sequence of 1 3 2 4 in four cylinder engine.
Firn: Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice. It is
formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season
and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to
zero.
First detection: Identification of a precursor signal, detectable
above the noise of natural climate variation, of a significant change
in a climate parameter and attribution of this change to an increase
in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The signal may be
estimated by numeric modeling of the climate, and the noise can be
estimated using instrumental data. For any modeled signal that is
estimated, the corresponding noise can be estimated from
observational data, and a signal-to-noise ratio can be calculated to
provide a quantitative measure of detectability.
First freedom: The right to fly over a foreign country without landing
there. eg. Sydney-Singapore flying over Indonesia.
First person systems: First Person View, commonly called F.P.V. is
a means of equipping your model airplane with a camera linked to a
video radio transmitter, to a ground based receiver that is hooked to
a set of Video Goggles.
First-order filter-order filter : A filter in which the output follows the
input, only more slowly; It is usually implemented in software as a
difference equation of period T. The first-order filter is commonly
used in avionics to smooth data, and to wash out transients at mode
change. It is also used as a low-pass filter. When implementing a
second-order filter on normalized variables, such as angles, the
discontinuities require special treatment.
Fir-tree Crystal: A type of dendrite.
Fis : Flight Information Service
Fis-b : Flight Information Service-Broadcast
Fish Eyes: A coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles
in the coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles
are usually resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with
the appearance of the eye of a fish.
Fish Eyes: A coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles
in the coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles
are usually resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with
the appearance of the eye of a fish.
Fish Mouthing:
Fishmouthing: See alligatoring. (see Alligatoring)
Fishpond : Device fitted to H2S to enable wireless operators to scan
beneath the bombers for night fighter attacks from below.
Fishscale: A scaly appearance in a porcelain enamel coating in
which the evolution of hydrogen from the base metal (iron or steel)
causes loss of adhesion between the enamel and the base metal.
The scales are somewhat like blisters that have cracked partway
around the perimeter but still remain attached to the coating around
the rest of the perimeter.
Fishtail: A common name for the center gauge. It is used to set
thread cutting tools and has scales on it for determining the number
of threads per inch.
Fishtail: A common name for the center gage. It is used to set
thread cutting tools and has scales on it for determing the numbet of
threads per inch.
Fission: The release of energy through splitting atoms.
Fissure: A small crack-like weld discontinuity with only slight
separation (opening displacement) of the fracture surfaces. The
prefixes macro or micro indicate relative size.
Fitted Bearings: Partial journal bearings in which the radius of the
bearing surface is the same as the radius of the journal surface.
Fitting: A mechanical device used to attach two pieces of tubing/
piping together or to attach a piece of tubing/pipe to a component.
Fitting: A mechanical device used to attach two pieces of
tubing/piping together or to attach a piece of tubing/pipe to a
component.
Fix : A determination of one`s position based on external data, such
as a known terrain point
Fixed Axle: An axle which is fixed in the truck and on which the
wheel revolves.
Fixed displacement pump: A pump in which the displacement per
cycle cannot be varied.
Fixed Oils: Obsolete term, generally applied to fatty oils, indicating
fluids that tend to decompose during distillation instead of remaining
intact during the process; such oils are also known as non-volatile
oils.
Fixed Pad Bearing: An axial or radial load type of bearing equipped
with fixed pads (or lands), the surfaces of which are contoured to
promote the establishment of a hydrodynamic film.
Fixed pitch: A term that describes a helicopter with no collective
adjustment. The height is strictly controlled with the rpm's of the rotor
blades.
Fixed wing: Related to aeroplanes as opposed to helicopters,
balloons, gyroplanes or airships.
Fixed wing : An airplane, as opposed to a rotary wing / helicopter;
Fixed-feed Grinding: Grinding in which the wheel is fed into the
work. or vice versa, by given increments or at a given rate.
Fixed-position Welding: Welding in which the work is held in a
stationary position.
Fixture: A production workholding device used for machining
duplicate workpieces. Although the term is used interchangeably
with a jig, a fixture is not designed to guide the cutting tools as the jig
does.
Fixture: A production work holding device used for machining
duplicate workpieces. Although the term is used interchangeably
with jig, a fixture is not designed to guide the cutting tools as the jig
does.
Fl : Flight Level, Altitude x100 = feet AMSL (FL 70 = 7000ft) at ISA
Flag: A marker inserted adjacent to the edge at a splice or lap in a
roll or foil
Flak : Flieger Abwehr Kanonen. German anti-aircraft guns
Flake Graphite: Graphitic carbon, in the form of platelets, occurring
in the microstructure of gray iron.
Flakes: Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals
attributed to stresses produced by localized transformation and
decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In
a fractured surface, flakes appear as bright silvery areas; on an
etched surface they appear as short discontinuous cracks. Also
called shatter cracks and snowflakes.
Flakes: Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals
attributed to stresses produced by lacalized transformation and
decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In
a fractured surface, flakes appear as bright silvery areas; on an
etched surface thay appear as short discontinuous cracks. Also
called shatter cracks and snowflakes.
Flaking: A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating
become loosened due to inadequate adhesion.
Flaking: A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating
become loosened due to inadequate adhesion
Flame Annealing: A process of softening a metal by the application
of heat from a high-temperature flame.
Flame Annealing: Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by
a flame.
Flame Cleaning: Cleaning metal surfaces of scale, rust, dirt and
moisture by use of a gas flame.
Flame Cutting: 1. Severing a piece of steel by burning a portion out
by means of an oxyacetylene torch, or 2. Removing a part of the
surface by means of the burning torch, as in conditioning. (More
properly called "scarfing").
Flame Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating
it above the transformation range by means of a high-temperature
flame, and then cooling as required.
Flame resistant : means not susceptible to combustion to the point
of propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is
removed
Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process in which an oxyfuel
gas flame is the source of heat for melting the surfacing material.
Compressed gas may or may not be used for atomizing and
propelling the surfacing material to the substraIe.
Flame Straightening: Correcting distortion in metal structures by
localized heating with a gas flame.
Flame Straightening: Correcting distortion in metal structures by
localized heating with a gas flame.
Flameproof Cable Boxes: Flameproof cable boxes are specialized
electrical junction boxes designed to resist damage in the event of a
fire. These boxes are typically tightly sealed, with special connectors
for the incoming wires that eliminate access of air and fire into the
box and the attached wires.
Flameproof Cable Connectors: Flameproof cable connectors are
specialized connectors used in conjunction with flameproof cable
boxes. The connectors are designed to be air-tight to eliminate
access of air and fire into the junction box and the attached wires.
Flammable Fluids: Describes fluids with COC flash points under
100ºF, as determined by the National Fire Protective Association
(NFPA). (see Combustible Fluids)
Flammable : with respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to
igniting readily or to exploding
Flange Adapter: A flange is a lip, plate, or rim attached to a
component to provide a bearing surface and the ability to make a
mechanical connection to another part. A flange adapter is a
connector with a flange, often used to make a connection in piping
systems. The use of flange adapters is widespread across many
different industries and applications; therefore, many different
designs exist specific to the application of the adapter.
Flange Mounted Gearboxes: A gearbox is a transmission device
that uses gears to transfer speed and torque from a rotating
component to another component. Flange mounted gearboxes are
used when the flange is necessary for mounting of the gearbox and
the removal of significant loads generated from the force
transmission process.
Flanged Hoses: Flanged hoses are specially designed hoses that
are terminated with a mounting plate, the flange, on the end. The
flange is used to provide a connection point to other hoses or
equipment and to carry any mechanical stresses present in the
system. Flanged hoses are used in many different applications,
resulting in a wide variety of designs, sizes, and material choices.
Flank: The end surface of a tool that is adjacent to the cutting edge
and below it when the tool is in a horizontal position, as for turning.
Flank Wear: The loss of relief on the flank of the tool behind the
cutting edge due to rubbing contact between the work and the tool
during cutting; measured in terms of linear dimension behind the
original cutting edge.
Flap: A movable surface at the trailing edge section of the wing used
to change the camber of the airfoil thus generating more lift at lower
speed sometimes used to control angle of descent through provision
to deflect upward offering greater speed over the ground in
transitioning between thermals to reduce time spent in a sink.
Flap: Most usually awing trailing-edge movable surface which can
be deployed partially to increase lift, or completely to increase drag.
Flap: A movable, usually hinged AIRFOIL set in the trailing edge of
an aircraft wing, designed to increase LIFT or DR
Flap extended speed : means the highest speed permissible with
wing flaps in a prescribed extended position
Flaperon : A single control surface on the trailing edge of each wing
that does the job of flaps and ailerons. An R/C system with control
mixing capability is needed to have flaperons.
Flapper Valve Steel: An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate
to gauge, polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced
from approximately 1.15% carbon. The name is derived from its
common and principle usage.
Flapper Valve Steel: An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate
to gage, polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced
from approximately 1.15 carbon. The name is derived from its
common and principle usage.
Flapping : A type of rotor head where the two rotor blades are not
connected directly through the feathering shaft (a thick wire), each
blade can move somewhat independently of the other resulting in
smoother control of the helicopter.
Flaps: Moving sections of the trailing edge of the wing, usually found
between the ailerons and fuselage. Used to create more lift at slower
flying speeds and also to slow the plane on landing approach, flaps
are usually only found on R/C airplanes with 5 or more channels.
Flaps: Moveable parts of the trailing edge of a wing that are used to
increase lift at slower air speeds. Flaps increase lift by changing the
shape of the airfoil. A pilot will extend the flaps when the airplane is
landing. By extending the flaps, the pilot is increasing the camber of
the wing, the size of the wing and the wing's angle of attack. All of
these actions will cause lift to decrease so the airplane can land
more slowly.
Flaps : Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the
wing inboard of the ailerons that act together to increase the lift
characteristics of the wing. The flaps are lowered to produce more
aerodynamic lift from the wing, allowing a slower takeoff and landing
speed. Most often used to allow slower landings, and shorter
takeoffs. Not present in most aerobatic aircraft.
Flare: The action taken in the last few seconds of the approach, to
reduce the approach angle and slow the rate of descent
Flare Test: A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion
over a cone. Similar to pin expansion test.
Flare Test: A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion
over a cone. Similar to pin expansion test.
Flare : The point during the landing approach in which the pilot gives
an increased amount of up elevator to smooth the touchdown of the
airplane. This maneuver is performed moments before landing in
which the nose of an aircraft is pitched up to minimize the touchdown
descent rate. Also ensures that the main landing gear touches
before the nose wheel in tricycle geared aircraft.
Flaring: (1) Forming an outward acute-angle flange on a tubular
part. (2) Forming a flange by using the head of a hydraulic press.
Flaring: The burning of waste gases through a flare stack or other
device before releasing them to the air.
Flash: The portion of a superheated fluid converted to vapor when
its pressure is reduced.
Flash: (1) In forging, metal in excess of that required to fill the
blocking or finishing forging impression of a set of dies completely.
Flash extends out from the body of the forging as a thin plate at the
line where the dies meet and is subsequently removed by trimming.
Because it cools faster than the body of the component during
forging, flash can serve to restrict metal flow at the line where dies
meet, thus ensuring complete filling of the impression. See also
closed-die forging. (2) In casting, a fin of metal that results from
leakage between mating mold surfaces. (3) In welding, the material
that is expelled or squeezed out of a weld joint and that forms
around the weld. (see Closed-die Forging)
Flash chamber : A separating tank placed between the expansion
valve and the evaporator to separate and bypass any gas formed in
the expansion valve.
Flash Extension: That portion of flash remaining on a forged part
after trimming; usually included in the normal forging tolerances.
Flash Extension: The amount of metal extending beyond the part at
the flash line.
Flash gas : The gas resulting from the instantaneous evaporation of
refrigerant in a pressure-reducing device to cool the refrigerant to the
evaporating temperature obtaining at the reduced pressure.
Flash Land: Configuration in the blocking or finishing impression of
forging dies designed to restrict or to encourage the growth of flash
at the parting line, whichever may be required in a particular case to
ensure complete filling of the impression.
Flash Line: The line left on a forging after the flash has been
trimmed off.
Flash Line: A line left on a forging where flash has been removed
Flash Plate: A very thin final electrodeposited film of metal.
Flash point: The temperature at which a material to give off
sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture.
Flash Point (ASTM D 92, D 93, D 56): The temperature to which a
combustible liquid must be heated to give off sufficient vapor to form
a flammable mixture with air; this mixture should burn momentarily
without sustaining combustion when a small flame is applied under
specific conditions. Because it indicates the temperature at which a
flammable vapor is produced, flash point is generally the most useful
single index of fire hazard potential.
Flash resistant : means not susceptible to burning violently when
ignited
Flash Stain: A stain that occurs in the rinse tanks when the line has
stopped. It appears blue, green or black.
Flash Stain: A stain that occurs in the rinse tanks when the line has
stopped. It appears blue, green, or black.
Flash Sticker: An ingot that will not separate from the mold because
of leakage that occurred between the mold and the mold stool.
Flash tank: A vessel used for separating the liquid phase from the
gaseous phase formed from a rise in temperature and/or a reduction
of pressure on the flowing stream.
Flash Tank: Where blow down is converted to water for feed water
and steam for the plant header.
Flash Tanks: Where blowdown is converted to water for feedwater
and steam for the plant header.
Flash Welding: A resistance welding process that produces
coalescence at the faying surfaces of abutting members by a
flashing action and by the application of pressure after heating is
substantially completed. The flashing action, caused by the very high
current densities at small contacts between the parts, forcibly expels
the material from the joint as the parts are slowly moved together.
The weld is completed by a rapid upsetting of the workpieces.
Flash Welding: A resistance butt welding process in which the weld
is produced over the entire abutting surface by pressure and heat,
the heat being produced by electric arcs between the members
being welded.
Flashback: A recession of the welding or cutting torch flame into or
back of the mixing chamber of the torch.
Flashburn: A defect made by contact rolls when an arc is passed
through the strip.
Flashburn: A defect made by contact rolls when an arc is passed
through the strip. Generally on lighter baseweight. (D.R. coils)
Flashing: Evaporation of a liquid into a vapor.
Flashing: A coating defect consisting of the uneven, random
distribution of a coating on coated substrate. A variation in the color
of a coating which is due to variations of the Film weight. A coating
defect consisting of the flame weight fluctuation is caused by
disproportionate amount of coating transferring from the application
roll.
Flashless: A coating defect consisting of the uneven, random
distribution of a coating on coated substrate. A variation in the color
of a coating which is due to variations of the Film weight. A coating
defect consisting of the flame weight fluctuation is caused by
disproportionate amount of coating transferring from the application
roll.
Flask: A metal frame used for making or holding a sand mold. The
upper part is the cope and the bottom half is the drag.
Flask: A metal frame used for making or holding a sand mold. The
upper part is the cope and the bottom half is the drag.
Flask Bar: A reinforcing member attached within either half of a
flask to assist in holding the rammed sand in position.
Flask Clamp: A device for holding together the cope, drag, and
cheek of a flask.
Flask Pin Guides: Guides used to accurately align the match plate
pattern in the flask and flask to flask location.
Flat Back: A pattern with a flat surface at the joint of the mold. It lies
wholly within the drag and the joint of the cope is a plane surface.
Flat Band: A band with location marks used to position a coil on
reel.
Flat Belt : Coil that has collapsed center.
Flat Coil: Coil that has collapsed center. (Out-of-round). Caused by
low mill tension at the beginning of the coil as it is wound onto the
mandrel or reel.
Flat Die Forging: Forging worked between flat or simple contour
dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the workpiece. Also
known as ?hand? or ?smith? forging.
Flat Die Forging (Open Die Forging): Forging worked between flat
or simple contour dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the
workpiece. Also known as "Hand" or "Smith" forging.
Flat Drill: A rotary end-cutting tool constructed from a flat piece of
material, provided with suitable cutting lips at the cutting end.
Flat Edge Trimmer: A machine for trimming notched edges on
shells. The slide is cam-driven so as to obtain a brief dwell at the
bottom of the stroke. At which time the die, sometimes called a
shimmy die, oscillates to trim the part.
Flat Latch Needle Steel: Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon
content 0.85%. Supplied in both coil and flat length. Used to make
flat latch needles, which are used in the manufacture of knitted
goods.
Flat Latch Needle Steel: Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon
content .85. Supplied both in coil and flat length. Used to make flat
latch needles which are used in the manufacture of knitted goods.
Flat Products: A product that is produced by rolls with smooth
surfaces and ranges of dimension, varying in thickness and width.
They include hot and cold rolled sheet, plates and coils.
Flat Products: A type that is produced by rolls with smooth surfaces
and ranges of dimension, varying in thickness. The two major flat
steel product categories are thin, flat products (between 1mm and
10mm in thickness) and plates (between 10mm and 200mm thick
and used for large welded pipes, ship building, construction, major
works and boilers).
Flat Rolled Steel: Steel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively
smooth, cylindrical rolls. The width to thickness ratio of flat rolled
products is usually fairly large. Examples of flat rolled steel are hot-
rolled, cold rolled, and coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc.
Flat Rolled Steel: Steel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively
smooth, cylindrical rolls. The width to thickness ratio of flat rolled
products is usually fairly large. Examples of flat rolled steel are hot
rolled, cold rolled, and coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc.
Flat spots: Flat areas on the surface of cured hose caused by
deformation during vulcanization.
Flat Wire: A flat cold rolled, prepared edge section up to 1/4" wide,
rectangular in shape. Generally produced from hot rolled rods or
specially prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling operations,
primarily for the purpose of obtaining the size and section desired.
May also be produced by slitting cold rolled flat metal to the desired
width, followed by edge dressing.
Flat Wire: A flat Cold Rolled, prepared edge section up to 1 1/4
wide, rectangular in shape. Generally produced from hot rolled rods
or specially prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling
operations, primarily for the purpose of obtaining the size and
section desired. May also be produced by slitting cold rolled flat
metal to desired with followed by edge dressing.
Flat-four: Characteristic description of a horizontally opposed four-
cylinder engine; hence flat-twin, flat-six.
Flatness: The absence of any gap or clearance when a strip is
placed, without applying any pressure, between two parallel-faced
plates. Wherever a gap exists under this condition, the strip is
"unflat". There are two kinds of "unflatness"--thickness non-
uniformity (such as frown, profile, etc.) and geometric non-uniformity
called shape defects such as (wavy strip, bent strip, coil set, center
buckle, etc.).
Flatness: (1) For rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet
such as a bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of
rolling. Often described by location across width, i.e., edge buckle,
quarter buckle, center buckle, etc. (2) For extrusions, flatness (off
contour) pertains to the deviation of a cross section surface intended
to be flat. Flatness can be affected by conditions such as die
performance, thermal effects and stretching
Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product): Category of stainless
steel that includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate.
Flattening: Standard commercial flatness is obtained by roller
leveling. This consists in passing sheets singly or in packs through a
machine having a series of small diameter rolls.
Flattening Dies: Dies used to flatten sheet metal hems, that is, dies
that can flatten a bend by closing it. These dies consist of a top and
bottom die with a flat surface that can close one section (flange) to
another (hem, seam).
Flattening Test: A quality test for tubing in which a specimen is
flattened to a specified height between parallel plates.
Flaw: A nonspecific term often used to imply a cracklike
discontinuity. See preferred terms discontinuity and defect. (see
Discontinuity)(see Defect)
FLD: Full length drift ( as opposed to ?end drift?) ? usually
performed as part of used tubing or casing (OCTG) inspection
Fleet: All of the vehicles that are owned or operated by a transit
authority
Fleet: The number of aircraft operated by an airline.
Fleet Angle: The angle formed by the wire rope and the drum
groove or sheave groove in the plane which contains the wire rope
and is parallel to the drum or sheave axis.
Flensburg : ; (FuG 227) German air interception homing device.
Flex fuel vehicle: A vehicle than can run on at least two different
fuel sources either simultaneously through a single fuel system or
separately through multiple fuel systems.
Flex Roll: A movable jump roll designed to push up against a metal
sheet as it passes through a roller leveler. Tile flex roll can be
adjusted to deflect the sheet any amount up to the roll diameter.
Flex Rolling: Passing metal sheets through a flex roll unit to
minimize yield-point elongation in order to reduce the tendency for
stretcher strains to appear during forming.
Flex-fuel engine: An engine that can be run on more than one type
of fuel (for example, E85 and gasoline).
Flexibility Flexibility: The quality or state of a material that alloys it
to be flexed or bent repeatedly without undergoing fracture.
Flexible Cam: An adjustable pressure-control cam of spring steel
strips used to obtain varying pressure during a forming cycle.
Flexible Conveyor: A flexible conveyor is specialized type of
conveyor system in which the support rails are designed to allow for
extension and making variable bends in order to position the
conveyer system around obstacles. The conveyer typically uses
metal or plastic rollers fastened to a flexible chain the drives the
conveyor.
Flexible Coupling: A device that connects two rotating shafts,
designed to accept limited varying amounts of misalignment between
shafts; a common coupling for mill spindles is a spade and yoke
design with mill slippers.
Flexible Heating Elements: Flexible heating elements include any
heating component capable of conforming to the surface it is
heating. Flexible heating elements come in a variety of shapes and
sizes, from thermal blankets, to thin film heaters, to silicon tubes
used in floor heating applications.
Flexible Metallic Hoses: Flexible metallic hoses comes in a number
of different types including corrugated thin walled tubing, helical
coiled tubing, or braided hoses made of a metal fiber sheath.
Flexible metal hoses are used as piping or tubing in applications
requiring expansion due to heat or pressure or in installations that
allow for misalignments or require flexibility for installation, operation
or maintenance. Flexible hoses can be manufactured from many of
the standard metals and alloys including bronze, aluminum, stainless
steel, inconel, monel and other alloys.
Flexible Screw Conveyors: A screw conveyor moves solid or liquid
material by moving it on the threads of the screw. The screw is
usually located in either a trough or tube and is oriented at a slight
incline or vertically. As the screw rotates, material clings to the screw
surface and is transported up the shaft. The pitch of the screw - the
linear distance is takes to complete one complete revolution around
the shaft - determines how slowly or quickly the material progresses
from one end to the next at a given shaft speed. In a flexible screw
conveyer, the screw is manufactured from a flexible material. The
advantage provided by a flexible screw is that it automatically self-
centers within the tube, providing clearance between the screw and
tube wall. As a result, the material being transported by the screw is
less likely to get caught and damaged between the screw and the
wall.
Flexible Stainless Steel Pipe: Flexible stainless steel pipe is
typically made of corrugated or braided stainless steel in order to
provide enhanced flexibility and pipe expansion properties. It is used
frequently in HVAC and other piping applications to transport liquids
and gases.
Flexural Strength: A property of solid material that indicates its
ability to withstand a flexural or transverse load.
Flf: Freight Load Factor: the percentage (%) of AFTK used.
Flght path angle (fpa) : Angle in vertical plane of earth speed vector
and groundspeed vector (usual definition), earth-referenced flight
path angle; angle in vertical plane of airspeed vector and
groundspeed vector (occasional definition), air-mass flight path
angle; Symbols: gamma; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Flight box : A special box used to hold and transport all equipment
used at the flying field.
Flight contols : Controls in a cockpit for flying an aircraft; primary
flight controls are wheel, yoke, cyclic, pedals, throttle, and collective;
secondary flight controls are flight controls other than primary, such
as flaps, slats, stabilizer, and landing gear;
Flight control system (fcs) : A primary flight control system or an
automatic flight control system;
Flight coupon: Either in paper or electronic form, a flight coupon
authorises a passenger to travel on a given flight.
Flight crew circuit: The airport circuit followed by the crew before
and after a rotation, i.e. after a series of legs (at least two) flown by a
crew.
Flight data recorder (fdr) : An electronic device that records aircraft
maneuvers. Used in accident investigations.
Flight deck: (I) Separate crew compartment of a cabin aircraft, or
(II) the operational deck of an aircraft carrier.
Flight director : System, usually software, that generates stick
position cues from state errors - typically three cues:. pitch, roll, and
throttle for fixed-wing and longitudinal cyclic, lateral cyclic, and
collective for rotary wing;
Flight envelope: An aircraft's performance limits, specifically the
curves of speed plotted against other variables to indicate the limits
of speed, altitude, and acceleration that a particular aircraft cannot
safely exceed.
Flight level (fl) : A level of constant atmospheric pressure related to
a reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in
three digits that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level
250 represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight
level 255, an indication of 25,500 feet.
Flight number: A designator number assigned by an airline to a
flight.
Flight pack or airborne pack : All of the radio equipment installed
in the airplane, i.e., Receiver, Servos, Battery, Switch harness.
Flight phone : Air-to-ground telephone system.
Flight plan: Specific information related to the intended flight of an
aircraft.
Flight plan : Specified information relating to the intended flight of
an aircraft that is filed orally or in writing with an FSS or an ATC
facility.
Flight review: An informal examination of a pilot's aeronautical skill
and knowledge conducted biennially (every two years) to see if
standards have been maintained. Conducted by a Grade 1 or
appropriately qualified Grade 2 instructor.
Flight sector/segment: Non-stop operation of an aircraft between A
and B with corresponding departure and arrival times.
Flight service station (fss) : Air traffic facilities which provide pilot
briefing, enroute communications and VFR search and rescue
services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergency situations,
relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to Airmen, broadcast
aviation weather and NAS information, receive and process IFR
flight plans, and monitor NAVAIDs. In addition, at selected locations,
FSSs provide Enroute Flight Advisory Service (Flight Watch), take
weather observations, issue airport advisories, and advise Customs
and Immigration of transborder flights.
Flight simulation: A tool of aeronautics in which a flight simulator on
the ground is used to create an environment where a pilot sees,
hears and feels like he or she is in a real aircraft. Flight simulation is
used to investigate how an aircraft responds to a pilot's movement of
the controls.
Flight simulator: A ground-based training device to permit the
practice of flight operations; often specific to a particular aircraft for
detailed training.
Flight standards district office (fsdo): A local FAA office providing
services to and oversight of the aviation community. Normally, the
FSDO's aviation safety inspector is the only FAA staffmember who
will make a site visit during the airspace determination process.The
aviation safety inspector normally sends his/her comments
to FAA's regional Flight Standards office.
Flight test: A tool of aeronautics in which a real aircraft is flown to
gather data which will accurately describe the capabilities of
that aircraft. Flight tests are used to investigate how fast, how far and
how high an aircraft can go, and how it handles and performs.
Flight time: In the case of heavier-than-air aircraft, the total time
from when the aircraft first moves under its own power for the
purpose of a flight until the moment at which it comes to rest on
completion of the flight.
Flight visibility : means the average forward horizontal distance,
from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted
objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted
objects may be seen and identified by night
Flightcrew member : means a pilot, flight engineer, or flight
navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time. "Flight
level" means a level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a
reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three
digits that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250
represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight
level 255, an indication of 25,500 feet
Flightline : Where aircraft are parked between missions.
Flir : Forward-Looking Infrared
Float Switches: A float switch is a mechanical device that floats on
the surface of a liquid in a reservoir or tank. The float switch is used
to monitor the level of the fluid and trigger an event, such as a refill
operation, when the liquid reaches one or more predetermined
levels. Depending on the application, float switches can be very
simple or complex with multiple settings and operations.
Float Valves: A float valve, also known as a ballcock, is a
mechanical device used to monitor the amount of water in a tank.
The float is attached to a lever arm that is in turn attached to a valve
that controls the flow of water into the tank. When the water in the
tank reaches a certain level, the float moves the arm such that it
closes the input valve. Float valves are most commonly used in flush
toilets.
Floating Aerators: Floating aerators are mechanical devices used
to promote oxidation and mixing in retentions ponds and basins
associated with wastewater treatment facilities. The floating aerators
sit on the surface of the water, drawing air from the atmosphere and
delivering it into the pond where it promotes biologic oxidation of the
wastewater. The process of injecting the air into the pond also
effectively mixes the water, helping to improve the efficiency of the
pond treatment process.
Floating Die: (1) In metalforming, a die mounted in a die holder or
punch mounted in its holder such that a slight amount of motion
compensates for tolerance in the die parts, the work or the press. (2)
A die mounted on heavy springs to allow vertical motion in some
trimming, shearing and forming operations.
Floating Plug: In tube drawing, an unsupported mandrel that
locates itself at the die inside the tube, causing a reduction in wall
thickness while the die is reducing the outside diameter of the tube.
Floatplane: Aircraft which is supported on the water by floats; more
usually termed a seaplane
Floatplane: A water-based aircraft with one or more mounted
pontoons, as differentiated from a hulled SEAPLANE [Flying Boat],
but often used generically.
Floats : Long, canoe-shaped structures that allow an airplane to
land on water. They are not a part of the aircraft structure, but
suspended below the fuselage on struts. Also called "Pontoons".
Flocculants: An electrolyte added to a colloidal suspension to cause
the particles to aggregate and settle out as the result of reduction in
repulsion between particles.
Flocculants: Flocculants are chemicals used in water treatment
operations to help separate suspended solids from water.
Flocculants are used to help bind dispersed solids into larger
clumps. The resulting clumps then become large enough to settle or
be removed from the water through filtration, straining, or floatation.
While flocculants are often used in wastewater treatment operations,
they can also be used to capture and remove microparticles from
swimming pools and drinking water. There are a number of different
chemicals, polymers and natural products used as flocculants,
depending on the application.
Flocculation: A coating defect consisting of the formation of clusters
of particles separable by relatively weak mechanical forces, or by a
change in the physical forces at the interface between the liquid and
the dispersed particles.
Flocculation: A coating defect consisting of the formation of clusters
of particles separable by relatively weak mechanical forces, or by a
change in the physical forces at the interface between the liquid and
the dispersed particles.
Flocculation : The process of agglomerating coagulated particles
into settable flocs, usually of a gelatinous nature.
Flock Dosing System: A flock dosing system is a controlled
pumping system designed to deliver doses of flock, or flocculants, in
measured amounts and at regular intervals. Flocculants are
chemicals used in water treatment operations to help separate
suspended solids from water. Flocculants are used to help bind
dispersed solids into larger clumps. The resulting clumps then
become large enough to settle or be removed from the water through
filtration, straining, or floatation. While flocculants are often used in
wastewater treatment operations, they can also be used to capture
and remove microparticles from swimming pools and drinking water.
There are a number of different chemicals, polymers and natural
products used as flocculants, depending on the application.
Flood back: The condition of liquid refrigerant returning, usually
from an overfed evaporator, to the compressor through the suction
line.
Flood plain: The nearly flat portion of a river (stream) valley
adjacent to the river (stream) channel; it is built by sediment
deposited during floods and is covered by water during a flood.
Flooded: A condition where the pump inlet is charged by placing the
reservoir oil level above the pump inlet port.
Flooding: in automobiles the condition of starting of engine when
excessive fuel reach in to the cylinder of engine due to excessive
fuel flow from the main jet. It may cause due to the faulty carburetor
or fuel pump.
Floor Bridge Crane Controlled: Motor propelled units which are
Bridge Crane Controlled by an operator on the floor by means of
pushbutton station suspended from the overhead equipment.
Floor Grating: Floor grating is a term used to describe flooring
panels or tiles, typically made of metal, that are used to provide
drainage access. Floor grating can be manufactured from perforated
metal panels, wire mesh, or welded metal bar stock, in addition to
other options. Floor grating is often set into recessed troughs in
order to maintain a level floor surface while providing access to the
drainage area. Floor grating may also include anti-slip surfaces or
coatings for safety purposes.
Floor Plate: Usually carbon (but also alloy and stainless) steel plate
rolled with raised lug patterns to provide traction for feet and wheels;
as the name suggests, used widely for flooring.
Floor Plate: Usually carbon (but also alloy and stainless) steel plate
rolled with raised lug patterns to provide traction for feet and wheels;
as the name suggests, used widely for flooring.
Floor Scales: Floor scales are weight measurement devices
designed to sit on the floor, often in industrial and commerical
facilities. Floor scales may be designed for small package size
application or for much larger-scale measurement needs. They are
commonly used in production and shipping facilities.
Flop Forging: A forging in which the top and bottom die impressions
are identical, permitting the forging to be turned upside down during
the forging operation.
Flos : Forward Looking Infra-Red
Flospinning: Forming cylindrical, conical and curvilinear shaped
parts by power spinning over a rotating mandrel. See also spinning.
(see Spinning)
Flotation: A liquid concentration process in which the desirable
mineral particles attach themselves to bubbles and float away from
the waste particles.
Flotation : A process of separating solids from water by developing
a froth.
Flow Brightening: (1) Melting of an electrodeposit followed by
solidification, especially of tin plate. (2) Fusion (melting) of a
chemically or mechanically deposited metallic coating on a
substrate, particularly as it pertains to soldering.
Flow Control Valve: A valve that is adjusted to allow oil to move
through it at a predetermined rate.
Flow Control Valve: A valve that is adjusted to allow oil to move
through it at a predetermined rate.
Flow control valve, nonpressure compensated: A valve used to
cause a variable pressure drop in a fluid passage, thus potentially
reducing the amount of fluid that may pass through the passage
regardless of the pressure level at the inlet of the valve. Varying
pressures at the inlet of the valve will change the flow capacity. Often
fitted with a check valve that permits free flow of fluid in the opposite
direction.
Flow control valve, pressure compensated: A valve used to
cause a variable pressure drop in a fluid passage, thus reducing the
amount of fluid that may pass through the passage regardless of the
pressure level at the inlet of the valve. Often fitted with a check valve
that permits free flow of fluid in the opposite direction.
Flow Divider: A mechanical device used to divide the fluid in a
passage into two or more separate fluid streams.
Flow divider: A mechanical device used to divide the fluid in a
passage into two or more separate fluid streams.
Flow Indicators: A flow indicator is a device used to measure the
flow rate of a liquid or gas in a piping system. A flow indicator may
provide a wide range of functions, from simply indicating if flow is
present to measuring the flow speed, mass flow, or volumetric flow
rate of the fluid or gas. Because of the wide range of flow
applications, there are many different types of flow indicators.
Flow law: In glaciology, a constitutive relation for the analysis of
three-dimensional deformation states of ice subjected to stress.
Flow Line: (1) Texture showing the direction of metal flow during hot
or cold working. Flow lines often can be revealed by etching the
surface or a section of a metal part. (2) In mechanical metallurgy,
paths followed by volume elements of metal during deformation.
Flow Lines: 1. Texture showing the direction of metal flow during hot
or cold working. Flow lines often can be revealed by etching the
surface or a section of a metal part. 2. In mechanical metallurgy,
paths followed by volume elements of metal during deformation.
Flow Loggers: A flow logger, also known as a flow meter, is a
measurement device used to measure and record the flow rate of a
fluid or gas in a system. Depending on the design and application, a
flow logger may record flow speed, mass flow rate, or volumetric flow
rate.
Flow Marks: A coating defect consisting of the poor flow out of the
coating on the substrate causing a ribbed (ribbing) or ridged
appearance.
Flow Marks A Coating: A coating defect consisting of the poor flow
out of the coating on the substrate causing a ribbed (ribbing) or
ridged appearance.
Flow Meters: A flow meter, also known as a flow logger, is a
measurement device used to measure and record the flow rate of a
fluid or gas in a system. Depending on the design and application, a
flow logger may record flow speed, mass flow rate, or volumetric flow
rate.
Flow Off (Pop Off): A large vent, usually located at the high of the
mold cavity. In addition to letting air and mold gases escape as metal
fills the mold cavity, the flow off fills with metal and acts to relieve the
surge of pressure near the end of the pouring.
Flow Rate: The volume mass, or weight of a fluid passing through
any conductor per unit of time.
Flow rate: The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through
any conductor per unit of time.
Flow rate : The volume of solution which passes through a given
quantity of resin within a given time. Flow rate is usually expressed
in terms of feet per minute per cubic foot of resin or as milliliters per
minute per milliliter of resin.
Flow Stress: The stress required to produce plastic deformation in a
solid metal.
Flow Stress: The shear stress required to cause plastic deformation
of solid metals.
Flow Switch: A digital device that opens or closes a contact when a
preset flow passes over the sensing element. Normally mounted in a
fluid flow passage with a paddle or wand perpendicular to the fluid
stream.
Flow switch: A digital device that opens or closes a contact when a
preset flow passes over the sensing element. Normally mounted in a
fluid flow passage with a paddle or want perpendicular to the fluid
stream.
Flow Through: A forging defect caused by metal flow past the base
of a rib with resulting rupture of the grain structure.
Flow Through: A forging defect caused when metal flows past the
base of a rib resulting in rupture of the grain structure.
Flow, laminar or streamline: Fluid flow in which each fluid particle
moves in a smooth path substantially parallel to the paths followed
by all other particles.
Flow, turbulent : Fluid flow in which the fluid moves transversely as
well as in the direction of the tube or pipe axis, as opposed to
streamline or viscous flow.
Flowabililty: (1) In casting, a characteristic of a foundry sand
mixture that enables it to move under pressure or vibration so that it
makes intimate contact with all surfaces of the pattern or core box.
(2) In welding, brazing or soldering, the ability of molten filler metal to
flow or spread over a metal surface.
Flower : an intruder sortie, usually by Mosquitoes, against German
night-fighter airfields during bomber operations.
Flowlines: Always visible to a greater or less degree when a
longitudinal section has been subjected to Macro etching, indicating
the direction of working or rolling.
Flowmeter: An analog device, which indicates the volume of fluid
passing through its interior, passage. The output signal may be a
visual one or a low level electrical signal.
Flowmeter: An analog device which indicates the volume of fluid
passing through its interior passage. The output signal may be a
visual one or a low level electrical signal.
Flow-Off (Pop-Off): A large vent, usually located at the high part of
the mold cavity. In addition to letting air and mold gases escape as
metal fills the mold cavity, the flow-off fills with metal and acts to
relieve the surge of pressure near the end of the pouring.
Flt : Flight
Flue: Any duct or passage for air or gas in a furnace.
Flue Gas Analyzer: A flue gas analyzer is used to measure and
monitor toxic gases in the exhaust pipe of furnaces, fireplaces, or
other heat productions devices. In these devices, carbon monoxide
and other hazardous chemicals are produced during the combustion
process and the probe from the flue gas analyzer is used to detect
and measure the concentration of these chemicals. The
concentration of chemicals in the flue can also be used to provide
information on the efficiency of the combustion process.
Fluid: The general term that includes gas, vapor or liquid
Fluid: A media used in a fluid power system for transfer of energy
(work).
Fluid: A media used in a fluid power system for transfer of energy
(work). See FLUID POWER SYSTEM.
Fluid Cleanliness Monitor (Mesh Blockage): Devices that
measure the fluid cleanliness by measuring the differential pressure
(DP) across mesh screens blocked by the oil borne contaminant.
The mesh DP is calibrated to provide corresponding fluid cleanliness
in terms of cleanliness codes such as ISO and NAS.
Fluid coupling: Fluid coupling is a mechanism in automotive vehicle
which replace the clutch and use hydraulics power to engage or
disengage.
Fluid Drive (Hydraulics): Drive in which hydraulic fluid transmits
power from one part of the system to another, without a mechanical
connection between them.
Fluid Drive Couplings: A fluid drive coupling is a special type of
coupling commonly found in power transmission systems to transfer
torque from one component to another. Rather than a mechanical
coupling that connect two shafts, a pair of rotating blade rows is
used. The rotating blade set on one shaft acts as a pump and turns
the fluid. The rotating fluid then turns the turbine - the rotating blade
row attached to the second shaft, thereby transmitting the torque by
means of the fluid. Due to friction losses in the blades, a fluid
coupling is not 100% efficient.
Fluid dynamics: The study of how fluids move. Fluids include water
and gases (such as air).
Fluid Forming: A modificaIion of the Guerin process, fluid forming
differs from the fluid-cell process in that the die cavity, called a
pressure dome, is not completely filled with rubber, but with hydraulic
fluid retained by cup-shaped rubber diaphragm. See also rubber-pad
forming. (see Rubber-pad Forming)
Fluid Friction: Friction resulting from fluid molecules sliding past
each other during flow through a duct (pipe, tube, hose). Its value
depends on the duct diameter, flow rate, fluid density and viscosity.
Where all other factors remain constant, the higher the viscosity, the
greater the fluid friction.
Fluid Friction: The measure of the resistance of flow of fluid in a
passage, measured in psi (pounds per square inch) or other
measures of pressure.
Fluid friction: The measure of the resistance of flow of fluid in a
passage, measured in psi (pounds per square inch) or other
measures of pressure. Fluid friction results in increased fluid
temperature and loss of work potential in the fluid power system.
Fluid head : The static pressure of fluid expressed in terms of the
height of a column of the fluid, or of some manometric fluid, which it
would support.
Fluid Motor: A mechanical device that transforms the flow of
pressurized fluid into rotary motion.
Fluid motor: A mechanical device that transforms the flow of
pressurized fluid into rotary motion.
Fluid Power: Energy transmitted and controlled by a pressurized
fluid.
Fluid Power System: The term used to describe a system of
components that use a pressurized fluid to transfer energy (do work).
Fluid power system: The term used to describe a system of
components that use a pressurized fluid to transfer energy (do work).
Fluid Power System (Hydraulics): A system that transmits and
controls power by moving pressurized fluid through fluid conductors
to actuators, for accomplishment of work.
Fluid velocity: The speed of fluid through a cross section expressed
in length divided by time.
Fluid-cell Process: A modification of the Guerin process for forming
sheet metal, the fluid-cell process uses higher pressure and is
primarily designed for forming slightly deeper parts, using a rubber
pad as either the die or punch. A flexible hydraulic fluid cell forces an
auxiliary rubber pad to follow the contour of the form block and exert
a nearly uniform pressure at all points on the workpiece. See also
fluid forming and rubber-pad forming. (see Fluid Forming) (see
Rubber-pad Forming)
Fluidity: The ability of liquid metal to run into and fill a mold cavity.
Fluidize: To impart fluid-like properties to powders or sands, e.g.,
fluidized beds.
Fluidize: To impart fluid like properties to powders or sands e.g.
fluidized beds.
Fluidized Bed: A contained mass of a finely divided solid that
behaves like a fluid when brought into suspension in a moving gas or
liquid.
Fluidized bed : A contained mass of finely divided solid that
behaves like a fluid when brought into suspension in a moving gas.
Fluorescence: The phenomenon of emitting light upon absorbing
radiation of an invisible wavelength.
Fluorocarbons: Carbon-fluorine compounds that often contain other
elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine. Common
fluorocarbons include chlorofluorocarbons and related compounds
(also know as ozone depleting substances).
Fluoroscopy: An inspection procedure in which the radiographic
image of the subject is viewed on a fluorescent screen, normally
limited to low-density materials or thin sections of metals because of
the low light output of the fluorescent screen at safe levels of
radiation.
Flush Joint: Connection with male and female threads cut directly in
pipe (as opposed to T and C). This provides the same I.D. clearance
as in the middle of the tube, once lengths are joined.
Flush Joint: Connection with male and female threads cut directly in
pipe (as opposed to T&C). This provides the same ID clearance as
in the middle of the tube, once lengths and joined.
Flushing Oil: Oil used to flush dirt out of a newly constructed or
rebuilt circulating or hydraulic system, generally after chemical
cleaning.
Flute: (1) As applied to drills, reamers and taps, the channels or
grooves formed in the body of the tool to provide cutting edges and
to permit passage of cutting fluid and chips. (2) As applied to milling
cutters and hobs, the chip space between the back of one tooth and
the face of the following tooth.
Flute: The groove in a cutting tool which provides a cutting edge and
a space for the chips to escape and pernits the cutting fluids to reach
the cutting edges.
Flutes: Elongated grooves or voids that connect widely spaced
cleavage planes.
Fluting: Visible line markings that sometimes appear on the surface
of flat rolled products during forming; associated with non-uniform
yielding of the cold roll metal; occurs when the steel is formed into
cylindrical or arc shaped parts.
Fluting: 1) Visible line markings that sometimes appear on the
surface of flat rolled products during forming; associated with non
uniform yielding of the metal; occurs when the steel is formed into
cylindrical or arc shaped parts. 2) The kinking, or breaking of a sheet
generally caused by curing the sheet on two small a diameter.
Fluting, or paneling as it is often called, can be avoided by working
the steel before bending. Steel with a definite yield point (a visible
break in the stress strain curve) will generally tend to flute.
Flutter: Unstable oscillation of an airfoil surface.
Flutter : A phenomenon whereby the elevator or aileron control
surface begins to oscillate violently in flight. This can sometimes
cause the surface to break away from the aircraft and cause a crash.
There are many reasons for this, but the most common are
excessive hinge gap or excessive "slop" in the pushrod connections
and control horns. If you ever hear a low-pitched buzzing sound,
reduce throttle and land immediately.
Flutter : Is the undampened oscillation of control surfaces which
leads to hinge damage, stripped servo gears and failed surfaces. Se
def mass balance, static balance
Flux: Lines of magnetic force moving through a magnetic field. Also,
material used to join two pieces of metal being soldered or brazed
Flux: A slag-making ingredient or the increased fluidity of slag.
Flux: The amount of radiation crossing a surface per unit of time,
often expressed in "integral form" as particles per unit area per unit
time.
Flux: the measure of the flow of some quantity per unit area per unit
time
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW): An arc welding process that joins
metal by heating them with an arc between a continuous tubular
filler-metal electrode and the work. Shielding is provided by a flux
contained within the consumable tubular electrode. Additional
shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally supplied
gas or gas mixture. See also flux cored elctrode. (see Flux Cored
Elctrode)
Flux Cored Electrode: A composite filler metal electrode consisting
of a metal tube or other hollow configuration containing ingredients
to provide such functions as shielding atmosphere, deoxidation, arc
stabilization and slag formation. Minor amounts of alloying materials
may be included in the core. External shielding may or may not be
used.
Flux Density: In magnetism, the number of flux lines per unit area
passing through a cross section at right angles.
Flux Lines: Imaginary lines used as a means of explaining the
behavior of magnetic and other fields. Their concept is based on the
pattern of lines produced when magnetic particles are sprinkled over
a permanent magnet. Sometimes called magnetic lines of force.
Flux valve : A device to measure the earth`s magnetic flux; a
compass
Fly ash -: A finely divided siliceous material formed during the
combustion of coal, coke, or other solid fuels.
Fly Cutter: A single-point cutter mounted on a bar in a fly cutter
holder or a fly cutter arbor. Used for special applications for which a
milling cutter is not available.
Fly Cutter: A single point cutter mounted on a bar in a fly cutter
holder or a fly cutter arbor. Used for special applications for which a
milling cutter is not available.
Fly over : A position update by flying directly over a known point
Flybar : Stabilizes the main rotor disk of a helicopter.
Flyby: Space flight past a heavenly body without orbiting.
Flyby spacecraft: A spacecraft which follows a continuous
trajectory past a target object, never to be captured into an orbit. It
must carry instruments that are capable of observing passing targets
by compensating for the target's apparent motion.
Flying boat : The type of aircraft where the fuselage has the lower
portion shaped like a power boat. The plane lands on water directly
onto the fuselage. There may be small floats suspended from the
wings to keep the plane level when it`s in the water.
Flying Shear: A shear which severs steel as the piece continues to
move. In continuous mills, the piece being rolled cannot be stopped
for the shearing operation, so the shear knives must move with it
until it is severed.
Flying Shear: A shear which severs steel as the piece continues to
move. In continuous mills, the piece being rolled cannot be stopped
for the shearing operation, so the shear knives must move with it
until it is severed.
Flying training: Flying involving training for the issue or renewal of a
licence or rating, aircraft type endorsement or conversion training.
Includes solo navigation exercises conducted as part of a course of
applied flying training.
Flying wires: Inter-plane bracing wires that help support wing loads
when the plane is in flight. Direction of travel is upward and outward
from the fuselage to the inter-plane struts. Also known as LIFT
WIRES, the opposite of LANDING WIRES.
Flying wires (lift wires): External bracing wires, usually of
streamline section, which carry the weight of the fuselage in flight.
Flying-boat: A heavier-than-air craft which is supported on the water
by its water-tight fuselage.
Flywheel: A large heavy wheel that forms the base for the starter
ring gear and provides a mounting surface for the torque converter
or clutch assembly.
FM : Frequency Modulation. This describes the mode of
transmission of radio signal from transmitter to receiver.
FMCS : Flight management computer system.
FMD : Frequency Modulation
Fms: Flight Management System.
FMS : Flight Management System
FNPT : Flight Management System
Foam Adhesive: Foam adhesive is a compound often used in
construction for the purpose of joining one material to another. Foam
adhesives are usually polymer compounds such as a polyurethane,
providing strong adhesion, water resistance, and the ability to join
many different materials together.
Foam carryover: Is the development of excessive moisture in the
steam from carryover of foam from the drum. Usually common in low
pressure boilers due to high concentration of dissolved solids.
Foam Test: Usually ASTM D 892. Measures the ability of a lubricant
to resist foaming caused by excessive agitation, contamination or air
ingression in suction lines.
Foaming : Formation of steam bubbles on the surface of the boiler
water due to high surface tension of the water.
FOB Pricing: Freight on board pricing--phrase that explains whether
the transportation costs of the steel are included. “FOB mill” is the
price of steel at the mill, not including shipping. Freight equalization –
A common industry practice when a mill sells steel outside its
geographic area; it will assume any extra shipping costs (relative to
the competition) to quote the customer an equivalent price to get the
business.
Fobs: Fractional Orbit Bombardment System. A Soviet method of
delivering a warhead from partial satellite orbit and thus approaching
from any direction.
FOCA : Federal Office for Civil Aviation (Swiss CAA - see BAZL)
FOD : Foreign Object Damage
Fog: A cloud on the ground.
Fog: Liquid particles less than 40 microns in diameter that are
formed by condensation of vapor in air.
Fog lights: A pair of driving lights that provides a wide, low beam in
an attempt to undercut fog.
Fog Quenching: Quenching in a fine vapor or mist.
Fog Quenching: Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. Thick.
FOG : Fiber-optic gyro.
Foil: Metal with a maximum width of 0.005 inches.
Foil: A rolled product rectangular in cross section of thickness less
than 0.006 inch. In Europe, foil is equal to and less than 0.20 mm
Fold: (1) A defect in metal, usually on or near the surface, caused by
continued fabrication of overlapping surfaces. (2) A forging defect
caused by folding metal back onto its own surface during its flow in
the die cavity. See also lap.
Folds: Defects caused in metal by continued fabrication of
overlapping surfaces.
Follow Board: In foundry practice, a board contoured to a pattern to
facilitate the making of a sand mold.
Follow Die: A progressive die consisting of two or more parts in a
single holder; used with a separate lower die to perform more than
one operation (such as piercing and blanking) on a part in two or
more stations.
Follow valve: A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the
resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the
valve.
Follower Plate: A plate fitted to the surface of lubricating grease in a
container, designed to employ atmospheric pressure to assist
gravitational forces in delivering grease to the inlet of the dispensing
systems.
Follower Rest: A support for long, slender work turned in the lathe.
It is mounted on the carriage, travels close to and with the cutting
tool and keeps the work from springing away.
Follower Rest: A support for long,slender work turned in the lathe. It
is mounted on the carriage,travels close to and with the cutting tool
and keeps the work from springing away.
Food chain: A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next
lower member of the sequence as a food source.
Food chain: A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next
lower member of the sequence as a food source.
Food- pound: A measurement of torque,1-pound pull from the
center of an object.
Foot Valve: A check valve installed at the entrance to the suction
line.
Foot Walk: The full length walkway with handrail and toeboards,
attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes. Not to be
confused with an access platform (usually a short platform provided
only to access endtruck).
Footage of Coil: The length of the steel strip that makes up a coil.
Also called lineal footage.
Footage Of Coil: The length of the steel strip that makes up a coil.
Footstock: Part of an indexing attachment which has a center and
serves the same purpose as the tail stock of a lathe.
Foqa: Flight Operations Quality Assurance.
Force: The action on a body which tends to change its relative
condition as to rest or motion.
Force: A vector quantity that tends to produce an acceleration of a
body in the direction of its application.
Force: A push or a pull in a certain direction that can be measured.
Examples of forces are your hand pushing on a doorknob, and a
propeller pulling an airplane through the air.
Force: Any external agent that causes a change in the motion of a
free body, or that causes stress in a fixed body.
Force: The measure of the result of pressurized fluid acting upon a
chamber in a fluid power system. Normally the measure is in pounds
and is most often used to state the force in pounds that will be
available at the rod of a cylinder when acted upon by pressurized
fluid from a fluid power system. The system of units normally used
are square inches, pounds per square inch, and pounds.
Force Fit: A fitting which one part is forced-pressed into another to
form a single unit. There are different classes of force fits, depending
on standard limits between mating parts.
Force Fit: A fitting which one part is forced pressed into another to
form a single unit. There are different classes of force fits depending
on standard limits between mating parts.
Force Gauges: A force gauge is an instrumentation device designed
to measure force. Force gauges can measure either compression
(pushing) or tension (pulling) and come in many sizes and styles. A
force gauge can be either a mechanical device that incorporates a
spring or a digital instrument that makes use of an electronic load
sensor.
Force Majeure: A common clause in contracts that essentially frees
both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event
or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as a war,
strike, riot, crime, or an event described by the legal term act of God
(such as hurricane, flooding, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.),
prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the
contract. In practice, most force majeure clauses do not excuse a
party's non-performance entirely, but only suspends it for the
duration of the force majeure.
Force pump: A device used to inject a solution into a closed system
through an opening such as a drain valve.
Force, Breakaway: The force that must be applied to a magnet to
remove it from a piece of ferromagnetic material to which it is
magnetically attached.
Forced convection: Movement of fluid by mechanical force such as
fans or pumps.
Forced draft cooling tower: Cools water by mechanically forcing
air through the tower.
Forced Draft Fan: A fan that provides ambient air to the boiler to
facilitate proper combustion.
Forced induction: The forced compression of air into an engines
cylinders by means of a supercharger or turbocharger.
Forced-air Quench: A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air
against relatively small pans such as a gear.
Force-Feed Lubrication: Describes a kind of self-contained
lubricator, designed to pump small quantities of oil sequentially from
its small reservoir into individual tubes leading to the various points
to be lubricated. Lubricators are usually belt driven, to ensure
delivery of oil during operation. These lubricators find service in
once-through applications, with each feed line independently
adjusted, metered to deliver feeds in drops per min.
Force-feed oiling : Lubrication system which uses a pump to force
oil to surfaces of moving parts.
Fore, forward : Towards the front. Used such as: "...the forward
edge of the rib...", or as in: "...with fore and aft movement...."
Fore-and-Aft Weight Transfer: Transfer of weight from the front
axle to the rear axle (or vice versa) caused by acceleration or
braking. Acceleration causes weight transfer from the front axle to
the rear axle. Braking causes weight transfer from the rear axle to
the front axle.
Foreign air carier : means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the
United States and any place outside thereof; whether such
commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by
other forms of transportation
Foreign air carrier : means the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the
United States and any place outside thereof; whether such
commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by
other forms of transportation
Foreign air transportaion : means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire,
or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce between a place in
the United States and any place outside of the United States,
whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft
and partly by other forms of transportation. Forward wing means a
forward lifting surface of a canard configuration or tandem-wing
configuration airplane. The surface may be a fixed, movable, or
variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces. "Glider"
means a heavier-than-air aircraft, that is supported in flight by the
dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free
flight does not depend principally on an engine. Go-around power or
thrust setting means the maximum allowable in-flight power or thrust
setting identified in the performance data
Forensic Failure Analysis: Forensic failure analysis is a process
which which forensic science techniques to collect and analyze data
related to a component or system failure.
Forge: To form or shape heated metal by hammering. Also, the
name of the unit used for heating metal, such as the blacksmiths
forge.
Forge Welding: Solid-state welding in which metals are heated in a
forge (in air) and then welded together by applying pressure or blows
sufficient to cause permanent deformation at the interface.
Forge Welding: Welding hot metal by applying pressure or blows.
Forgeability: Term used to describe the relative ability of material to
deform without fracture. Also describes the resistance to flow from
deformation. See also formability. (see Formability)
Forgeability: The term used to describe the relative workability of
forging material
Forged Roll Scleroscope Hardness Number (RFRSc or
HFRSd): A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-
tipped hammer dropped on a forged steel roll. It is measured on a
scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of a
hammer from a forged steel roll of accepled maximum hardness.
See also Scleroscope hardness number and Scleroscope hardness
test. (see Scleroscope Hardness Number) (see Scleroscope
Hardness Test)
Forged Structure: The macrostructure through a suitable section of
a forging thaI reveals direction of working.
Forging: Forming hot metal in the desired shape by means of
hammering or pressing.
Forging Billet: A wrought metal slug used as forging stock.
Forging Billet: The term Forging Stock is preferred
Forging Compound: A general term signaling a product used at the
die: cold forging requires anti-friction and EP properties to prevent
metal pickup and extend die life; compounds used in hot forging
employ solid lubricants with thermal stability that resist burn-off and
the formation of deposits on the die.
Forging Dies: Forms for making forgings; they generally consist of a
top and bottom die. The simplest will form a completed forging in a
single impression; the most complex, consisting of several die
inserts, may have a number of impressions for the progressive
working of complicated shapes. Forging dies are usually in pairs,
with part of the impression in one of the blocks and the rest of the
impression in the other block.
Forging Envelope: See finish allowance. (see Finish Allowance)
Forging Ingot: A cast metal slug used as forging stock.
Forging Ingot: A cast form intended and suitable for subsequent
working by the forging process
Forging Machine (upsetter or header): A type of forging
equipment, related to the mechanical press, in which the principal
forming energy is applied horizontally to the workpiece that is
gripped and held by prior action of the dies. See also heading, hot
upset forging and upsetting. (see Heading) (see Hot Upset
Forging) (see Upsetting)
Forging Plane: A reference plane or planes normal to the direction
of applied force from which all draft angles are measured.
Forging Plane: A reference plane or planes normal to the direction
of applied force from which all draft angles are measured
Forging Press: Type of hot working in which metal is heated until
workable and then pressed into the desired shape by compressing it
between a pair of dies.
Forging Quality: Term describing stock of sufficiently superior
quality to make it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings.
Forging Quality: Term describing stock of sufficiently superior
quality to make it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings.
Forging Range: Temperature range in which a metal can be forged
successfully.
Forging Rolls: Power-driven rolls used in preforming bar or billet
stock that have shaped contours and notches for introduction of the
work. See also roll forging. (see Roll Forging)
Forging Stock: A wrought rod, bar or other section suitable for
subsequent change in cross section by forging.
Forging Stock: A wrought or cast rod, bar or other section suitable
for forging
Forging Strains: Differential strains that result from forging or from
cooling from the forging temperature, and that are accompanied by
residual stresses.
Forging, Blocker-Type: A forging made in a single set of
impressions to the general contour of a finished part.
Forging, Cold Coined: A forging that has been restruck cold in
order to obtain closer dimensions, to sharpen corners or outlines and
in non-heat-treatable alloys, to increase hardness.
Forklift: Warehouse rubber wheeled vehicle for moving palleted
loads.
Form Block: Tooling, usually the male part, used for forming sheet
melal contours; generally used in rubber-pad forming.
Form Die: A die used to change the shape of a sheet metal blank
with minimal plastic flow.
Form Grinding: Grinding with a wheel having a contour on its
cutting face that is a mating fit to the desired form.
Form Oil: An oil used to lubricate wooden or metal concrete forms to
keep cement from sticking to them.
Form Rolling: Hot rolling to produce bars having contoured cross
sections; not to be confused with roll forming of sheet metal or with
roll forging.
Form Tool: A single-edge, nonrotating cutting tool, circular or flat,
that produces its inverse or reverse form counterpart upon a
workpiece.
Formability: The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped
through plastic deformation.
Formability: The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped
through plastic deformation.
Formed Cutters: Milling cutters which will produce shaped surfaces
with a single cut and so designed that they may be sharpened
without changing their outline or shape.
Formed Cutters: Milling cutters which will produce shaped surfaces
with a single cut and so designed that they may be sharpened
without changing their outline or shape.
Former: A former is a structural member of an aircraft fuselage
which establishes the shape of the fuselage.
Forming: To shape or fashion with the hand or tools or by a shape
or mold.
Forming Limit Diagram (FLD): A diagram in which the major
strains at the onset of necking in sheet metal are plotted vertically
and the corresponding minor strains are plotted horizontally. The
onset-of-failure line divides all possible strain combinations into two
zones: the safe zone (in which failure during forming is not expected)
and the failure zone (in which failure during forming is expected).
Forming Properties: Those physical and mechanical properties that
allow a steel to be formed without injury to the steel in the finished
product.
Forming Tool: Tool ground to a desired shape to reproduce this
shape on the workpiece.
Form-relieved Cutter: A cutter so relieved that by grinding only the
tooth face of the original form is maintained throughout its life.
Formula 1: Formula 1 is a popular race name, in which cars races
are organised. The cars are also known as formula 1 cars.
Forward elevation : A control surface used to tilt an airplane up or
down and mounted on the front rather than the rear of an airplane.
Forward Extrusion: Same as direct extrusion. See extrusion. (see
Extrusion)
Forward scattering: Reflecting light approximately away from the
source.
Forward sweep wing: A wing that is swept toward the front of
the airplane, unlike most fast airplanes which have wings that are
swept toward the back of the airplane. The X-29 aircraft is an
example of a supersonic jet that has forward sweep wings. The X-29
is capable of going over one and one-half (1 1/2) times thespeed of
sound.
Forward-looking infrared (flir) : Sensor equipment used to
supplement AGR, extend the aircraft visual search capability and
provide position information for guidance and navigation update
capability. Imagery derived from the FLIR sensor is displayed in the
cockpit. FLIR pointing can be controlled manually using a tracking
handle or automatically by the Mission Computer. FLIR converts a
heat image into a video image and determines azimuth, elevation,
and sometimes range of a point; Synonyms: Infrared Detecting Set;
Fossil: Hardened remains or traces of plant or animal life from a
previous geological period preserved in the Earth's crust.
Fossil fuel: Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or
power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Fossil fuel: Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or
power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Fouling: Deposits of impurities, dirt or foreign matter that clog
systems or restrict flow and interfere with heat transfer.
Fouling: An accumulation of marine organism deposits on a
submerged metal surface.
Fouling factor : The degree of interference with heat transfer.
Foundry: A place where metal is cast into shapes.
Foundry Returns: Metal in the form of gates, sprues, runners, risers
and scrapped castings of known composition returned to the furnace
for remelting.
Foundry Returns: Metal (of unknown compostion) in the form of
gates, sprues,rummers,risers and scraped castings returned to the
furnace or re melting.
Four stroke engine: Four stroke engine is an Internal combustion
engine (IC Engine). The first stroke of suction, 2nd for compression
then power stroke or combustion stroke and last for exhaust stroke.
Four Way: A term used to describe a valve that has four ports,
normally a pressure (inlet) port, a return (tank) port, an 'A' ('1') work
port and a 'B' ('2') work port.
Four way: A term used to describe a valve that has four ports,
normally a pressure (inlet) port, a return (tank) port, an `A' (`1') work
port and a `B' (`2') work port. Used to change direction of a cylinder
or other output device.
Four way valve, manually & direct operated: A valve having a four
way functional capability that may be manually activated to directly
control the operating spool. Movement of the spool from extreme
end to extreme end reverses the flow paths of the ports. See FOUR
WAY.
Four way valve, proportional control &direct operated: A valve
having a four way functional capability that may be proportionately
actuated by a solenoid to control the operating spool in infinite
resolution. Movement of the spool from extreme end to extreme end
completely reverses the flow paths of the ports. See FOUR WAY.
Four way valve, solenoid & direct operated: A valve having a four
way functional capability that may be solenoid activated to directly
control the operating spool. Movement of the spool from extreme
end to extreme end reverses the flow paths of the ports. See FOUR
WAY.
Four way valve, solenoid & pilot operated: A valve having a four
way functional capability that may be solenoid activated to directly
control the operating spool which then controls a secondary, larger
spool. Movement of the secondary spool from extreme end to
extreme end reverses the flow paths of the ports. See FOUR WAY.
Four wheel drive: A vehicle in which the front wheels as well as the
rear may be driven.
Four-high Mill: A type of rolling mill, commonly used for flat-rolled
mill products, in which two large-diameter backup rolls are employed
to reinforce two smaller work rolls that are in contact with the
product. Either the work rolls or the backup rolls may be driven.
Compare with two-high mill and cluster mill.
Four-point Press: A press whose slide is actuated by four
connections and four cranks, eccentrics or cylinders, the chief merit
being to equalize the pressure at the corners of the slides.
Four-square worksheet: A standard form used at many dealerships
that helps salespeople keep track of four elements of a deal during
negotiations with a customer: the price of the vehicle, the amount to
be credited for the trade-in, the down payment and the monthly
payment.
Fourth freedom: The right to fly from another country to one’s own.
Eg Qantas carrying passengers from London to Sydney as an
Australian airline.
Four-Way Slide Valve (Lube Systems): Device that alternates
pressure between the two main supply lines.
Four-wheel independent suspension: Four-wheel independent
system is the type of suspension in which the wheels are fully
independent suspension system and operates independently.
Four-wheel steering: A system used to provide limited steering for
the rear wheels. Operates in relation to the front wheel.
Four-wheel steering: A feature of some vehicles that allows the
rear wheels to be steered (by a computer and actuators), for the
purpose of increasing high-speed cornering stability.
Four-wheel-drift: A handling term describing a car with its front and
rear tyres sliding in a controlled manner. The driver uses both throttle
and steering to keep the vehicle on a prescribed path.
Fov: Field Of View.
Fowler flap: Trademark name of a split-flap attached to a wing's
trailing edge with a system of tracks and rollers to roll the FLAP
backward and downward, increasing the wing area.
FPA : Flight path angle
FPL : Flight Plan (for ATC)
FPM : Feet Per Minute. Unit of measure, used for ROC or
sometimes speed.
FR: Front-engine rear-wheel drive. A vehicle that is propelled solely
by its rear wheels and whose engine is located forward of its front
axle.
Fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fpar): Radiation
between 400 and 700 nm used by the green canopy in the
photosynthetic process.
Fractography: Descriptive treatment of fracture of materials, with
specific reference to photographs of the fracture surface.
Macrofractography involves photographs at low magnification (<25x);
microfractography, photographs at high magnification (>25x).
Fractography : Descriptive treatment of fracture,especially in
metal,with specific reference to photography of the fracture surface.
Fracture: The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is
broken. See also brittle fracture, cleavage fracture, crystalline
fracture, decohesive rupture, dimple rupture, ductile fracture, fibrous
fracture, granular fracture, intergranular fracture and silky fracture.
And transgranular fracture. (see Brittle Fracture) (see Cleavage
Fracture) (see Crystalline Fracture)
Fracture: Fractures are often described by the appearance of the
surface of the break in a piece of steel. Crystalline is bright and
glittering, failure having developed along the cleavage planes of
individual crystals and can be typical of brittle material. A silky
fracture has a smooth dull grain indicative of ductile material such as
mild steel. In tensile testing fractures are described by shape,
e.g.cup and cone.
Fracture Grain Size: Grain size determined by comparing a fracture
of a specimen with a set of standard fractures. For steel, a fully
martensitic specimen is generally used, and the depth of hardening
and the prior austenitic grain size are determined.
Fracture Mechanics: A quantitative analysis for evaluating
structural behavior in terms of applied stress, crack length and
specimen or machine component geometry. See also linear elastic
fracture mechanics.
Fracture Strength: The normal stress at the beginning of fracture.
Calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during a tension
test and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Fracture Stress: The true, normal stress on the minimum cross-
sectional area at the beginning of fracture. The term usually applies
to tension tests of unnotched specimens.
Fracture Surface Markings: Fracture surface features that may be
used to determine the fracture origin location and the nature of the
stress that produced the fracture.
Fracture Test: Breaking a piece of metal for the purpose of
examining the fractured surface to determine the structure or carbon
content of the metal or to detect the presence of internal defects.
Fracture Test: Nicking and breaking a bar by means of sudden
impact, to enable macroscopic study of the fractured surface.
Fracture Toughness: A generic term for measures of resistance to
extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of
fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture
control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple
tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture
mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often
useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or
empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. See also stress-
intensity factor. (see Stress-intensity Factor)
Fracture Toughness: A generic term for measure of resistance to
extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of a
fracture mechanics test, which is directly applicable to fracture
control.
Fragmentation: The subdivision of a grain into small discrete
crystallites outlined by a heavily deformed network of intersecting
slip bands as a result of cold working. These small crystals or
fragments differ from one another in orientation and tend to rotate to
a stable orientation determined by the slip systems.
Fragmentation: The subdivision of a grain into small discrete
crystallites outlined by a heavily deformed network of intersecting
slip bands as a result of cold working. These small crystals or
fragments differ from one another in orientation and tend to rotate to
a stable orientation detemined by the slip systems.
Frameless chassis: Frameless chassis is the way to build a vehicle
it is a type of car body in which the frame and chassis are combined
and in one piece the main reason of this is to increase stability and
less weight of the vehicle.
Freckling: A type of segregation revealed as dark spots on a
macroetched specimen of a consumable-eletrode vacuum-arc-
remelted alloy.
Free Bend: The bend obtained by applying forces to the ends of a
specimen without the application of force at the point of maximun
bending.
Free Carbon: The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is
present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast
with combined carbon.
Free Carbon: The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is
present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast
with combined carbon.
Free Cut: An additional cut with no advancement of depth.
Free Ferrite: (1) Ferrite that is formed directly from the
decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the
simultaneous formation of cementite. (2) Ferrite formed into separate
grains and not intimately associated with carbides as in pearlite. Also
called proeutectoidferrite.
Free Ferrite: Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition
of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous
formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite.
Free Fit: A class of fit intended for use where accuracy is not
essential or where large temperature variations are likely to be
encountered or both conditions.
Free Fit: A class of fit intended for use where accuracy is not
essential or where large temperature variations are likely to be
encountered or both conditions.
Free length: The lineal measurement of hose between fittings or
couplings.
Free Loop Pit: Area below floor level (delivery end No. 5 Pickler;
where free running strip ensures synchronization between the tank
section and the delivery end. If the delivery end runs too fast, the coil
strip is pulled out of the pit and the line shuts down.
Free Machining: Grades of stainless steel that, by virtue of their
chemistry or processing, are easier to machine into parts.
Free Machining: Pertains to the machining characteristics of an
alloy to which one or nmore ingredients have been inrroduced to
produce small broken chips, lower poweer consumption, betteer
surface finish, and longer tool life; among such additions are sulfur or
lead to steel, lead to brass, lead and bismuth to aluminum, and sulfur
or selenium to stainless steel.
Free radicals: Atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons
or an otherwise open shell configuration, usually very reactive.
Specific to atmospheric chemistry, free radicals are: short-lived,
highly reactive, intermediate species produced by dissociation of the
source molecules by solar ultraviolet radiation or by reactions with
other stratospheric constituents. Free radicals are the key to
intermediate species in many important stratosphericchain reactions
in which an ozone molecule is destroyed and the radical is
regenerated. See ozone
Free Radius: The radius of the tyre/wheel assembly that is not
deflected under load.
Freeboard: The space provided above the resin bed in an ion-
exchange column to allow for expansion of the bed during
backwashing.
Freecutting Steels: Steels which have had additions made to
improve machinability. The most common additives are sulfur and
lead, other elements include tellurium, selenium and bismuth.
Freecutting Steels: Steels which have had additions made to
improve machinability. The most common additives are sulphur and
lead, other elements used include tellurium, selenium and bismuth.
Freedom of information act (foia) : The Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA) allows all U.S. citizens and residents to request any
records in possession of the executive branch of the federal
government. The term "records" includes documents, papers,
reports, letters, films, photographs, sound recordings, computer
tapes and disks. An object that cannot be reproduced is not
considered a record in this case. The federal FOIA covers the
President`s cabinet agencies, independent agencies, regulatory
commissions and government-owned corporations. Congress is
exempt, as are federal court and state and local governments. Some
states and municipalities have laws modeled after the federal FOIA.
The federal act includes nine exemptions that agencies may claim as
a basis for withholding information. An administrative appeal can be
filed that argues for disclosure based on benefits to the public vs.
privacy. If a good argument is made, appellate reviewers may waive
an exemption.
Free-fall: The motion of any unpowered body moving in a
gravitational field.
Free-return trajectory: Path of a spacecraft that provides for a
return to Earth.
Freeze: To solidify molten steel as it cools from the liquid to solid
state.
Freezer -: A refrigerating device designed to lower the temperature
below 0°C.
Freezer burn: Condition applied to food which has not been properly
wrapped and that has become hard, dry and discolored.
Freeze-up : (1) Formation of ice in the refrigerant control device
which may stop the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. (2) Frost
formation on an evaporator which may stop the airflow through the
evaporator.
Freezing point: The temperature at which a liquid becomes solid.
Freezing Point: See preferred term liquidus and solidus. See also
melting point. (see Liquidus) (see Solidus) (see Melting Point)
Freezing Range: That temperature range between liquidus and
solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist.
Freezing : Change of state from liquid to solid.
Freight load factor: See FLF.
Freight tonne kilometers: See FTK.
Freighter: Aircraft designed to exclusively carry cargo. Cargo can
also be transported in the hold of passenger planes.
Freijagd : The use of Bf109s in independent, (usually high altitude),
fighter sweeps over southern Britain to divert Fighter Command`s
response.
French environment summit: The French Environment Summit or
'grenelle' consists of a series of politicalmeetings organized in
France in October 2007,designed to take long-term decisions
concerning theenvironment and sustainable development. The
term"Grenelle" refers to the Grenelle Agreement of May
1968,appointed to organize a multi-party debate with
governmentrepresentatives, professional associations and NGOs.
Air Francehas specifically contributed to two of the six working
groups:fighting climate change and containing energy(“mobility and
transport” programme and “energy efficiencyand carbon”
programme) and Group 3: “Building an environment which is good
for our health”.
Freon : Trade name for a family of synthetic chemical refrigerants.
Frequency: The number of repetitions of a periodic process in a unit
of time
Frequency: The part of the radio spectrum used by a given
transmitter.
Frequency: The number of oscillations per second of an
electromagnetic (or other) wave.
Frequency: The number of times an action such as vibration or
flexure occurs in a unit of time.
Frequency -: The number of vibrations, waves, or cycles of any
periodic phenomenon per second. In architectural acoustics, the
interest lies in the audible frequency range of 20 to 20000 cps Hertz
(cycles per second).
Frequency (f): Number of cycles and parts of cycles completed per
second. F=1/T, where T is the length of one cycle in seconds.
Frequency and Severity: Rating for inclusions and stringers as
allowed per each individual grade specification. The quantity of
inclusions per square inch equals the frequency. The length of the
inclusions per square inch is the severity. The ideal F/S rating would
be "0/0". Each grade of steel has its own F/S.
Frequency Bands: A division of the audible range of frequencies
into sub groups for detailed analysis of sound.
Frequency bands: A division of the audible range of frequencies
into sub-groups for detailed analysis of sound.
Frequency control : The FCC has allowed the 72MHz (72.010 -
72.990) band to be used for R/C aircraft operations. This band is
divided up into many different channels in which you can choose a
radio system. You should be aware that certain areas have
frequencies in which there is pager interference. This is why it is
always a wise move to check with your local hobby shop to find out
any channels that may be troublesome in the area you wish to fly.
The FCC has allowed band 75MHz (75.410 through 75.990) for
ground aircraft use only (robots, battle bots, cars, boats), 50MHz
(50.800 - 50.980) is allocated only to Amateur HAM license holders
for R/C use (and only at 1W maximum power output.)
Frequency Converters: A Frequency Converter takes an incoming
AC frequency and converts it to another AC frequency. They work by
first rectifying the incoming AC power to a DC power and then
inverting it to the desired AC frequency.
Frequency Counters: A Frequency Counter is used to count the
number of times an event happens within a certain time frame, such
as the number of oscillations in a repetitive signal.
Frequency Inverters: A Frequency Inverter is used to turn DC
power, such as that produced by a battery, into AC power.
Frequency Rate: The number of accidents per million hours of
exposure to risk during a certain period.
Frequency Relay: A device that monitors the frequency of the
electricity in a given area of the plant. Should the frequency drop off
from 60 Hz, the frequency relay is designed to trip at its designated
frequency and open various circuit breakers. Frequency relays in the
plant are set up to operate from 59 Hz down to 58 Hz.
Frequency Relay: A device that monitors the frequency of the
electricity in a given area of the plant. Should the frequency drop off
from 60 Hz, the frequency relay is designed to trip at its designated
frequency and open various circuit breakers. Frequency relays in the
plant are set up to operate from 59 Hz down to 58 Hz.
Frequency Response: How well a servo or proportional valve
output follows the electrical input. The concept is critical in system
design because of system stiffness.
Frequency Response Analysis: A control system analysis, which
by introducing a varying rhythmic change (like alternating current)
into a process or control unit observes what effect, these changes
have on the output.Since the information determines how a system
or control unit will react, it is possible to use this method of analysis
to predict what the addition of new equipment will mean to an
operation.
Frequency response analysis: A control system analysis which by
introducing a varying rhythmic change (like alternating current) into a
process or control unit observes what effect these changes have on
the output. Since the information determines how a system or control
unit will react, it is possible to use this method of analysis to predict
what the addition of new equipment will mean to an operation.
Frequent flyer program: A frequent flyer program is designed to
reward customers’ loyalty. Passengers are rewarded with ‘Miles’ for
the trips they make. Air France and KLM have a joint frequent flyer
program called Flying Blue, that has over 12.6 million members.
Fresh water: Water that has little or no salt dissolved in it.
Fretting: A type of wear that occurs between tight-fitting surfaces
subjected to cyclic relative motion of extremely small amplitude.
Fretting is usually accompanied by corrosion, especially of the very
fine wear debris. Also referred to as fretting corrosion and false
brinelling (in rolling-element bearings).
Fretting Corrosion (Ferrous Corrosion): A combination of
corrosive and abrasive wear that results from fretting of ferrous
metals where the wear particles oxidize to a reddish, abrasive iron
oxide (Fe2O3).
Fretting Fatigue: (1) Fatigue fracture that initiates at a surface area
where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid
surface that arises from fretting. Note: If particles of wear debris are
produced, then the term fretting wear may be applied.
Fretting Wear: Wear resulting from fretting.
Freya : :;; (FuG 221) A series of German early warning long range
radars.
Friction: Any resistance to movement between two objects places in
contact with each other.
Friction: The resisting force tangential to the common boundary
between two bodies when under the action of an external force one
body moves or tends to move relative to the surface of the other.
Friction -: Friction is the resistance found at the duct and piping
walls. Resistance creates a static pressure loss in systems. The
primary purpose of a fan or pump is to produce a design volume of
fluid at a pressure equal to the frictional resistance of the system and
the other dynamic pressure losses of the components.
Friction Bearing: Obsolete term for plain bearing or sliding
bearing. (see Plain Bearing)
Friction clutch: Friction clutch is the assembly which engage or
disengage the engine power to transmission with friction forces.
Friction Clutches: A Friction Clutch is a device for interfacing a
prime mover (such as a an engine or motor) with a transmission. The
basic principle of operation is that a rotating flywheel, attached to the
output shaft of the motor, interacts with the friction disc of the clutch,
which is attached to input shaft of the transmission. When the clutch
is engaged, the friction disc is pressed against the flywheel, and
rotation is transferred between the motor and transmission shafts.
When the clutch is released, the contact between the friction disc
and flywheel is broken, and rotation can not be transferred to the
transmission. Friction Clutches are used in automobiles, as well as
other applications.
Friction Gouges Or Scratches: A series of relatively short surface
scratches variable in form and severity. Refer to Galling.
Friction head: The pressure in psi or feet of the liquid pumped
which represents system resistance that must be overcome.
Friction material: Friction material is the material which is used for
increasing the friction between two metals or surfaces.
Friction Welding: Friction Welding describes a number of welding
methods that fuse metal or plastic by generating heat with friction,
typically by rubbing two pieces together.
Friction Welding (FRW): A solid-state welding process that
produces coalescence of materials under compressive force contact
of workpieces rotating or moving relative to one another to produce
heat and plastically displace material from the faying surfaces.
Frictional horse power: Frictional horse power (FHP) is the
horsepower that is equals to IHP (indicated horse power)- BHP
(Brake horse power)
Frictional Wear: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic
particles from a surface as a consequence of being in contact with
another moving component.
Frictional Wear: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic
particles from a surface as a consequence of being in contact with
another moving component.
Frigorific mixture: Are substances used in laboratory methods of
producing a drop in temperature. A common example is a mixture of
snow and salt.
Front: A boundary between two different air masses. The difference
between two air masses sometimes is unnoticeable. But when the
colliding air masses have very different temperatures and amounts
of water in them, turbulent weather can erupt.
Front brakes specifications: The dimensions of the major
components of a vehicles front brake rotors, and the type of brake
ventilation employed.
Front Cone (Gears): The inner ends of the teeth in a bevel gear
with elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. Though the
surface of the gear blank at the inner ends of the teeth is customarily
formed to such a front cone, occasionally it takes the form of a plane
on a pinion or a cylinder in a nearly flat gear.
Front connected: A condition wherein piping connections are on
normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.
Front End: The inside lap of the produced coil, or the outside lap of
the consumed coil.
Front End: The inside lap of the produced coil, or the outside lap of
the consumed coil.
Front End Loaders: A Front End Loader is a tractor that is equipped
with a bucket that can be used to scoop and lift earth, rubble, or
other bulk solids.
Front mid engine: A vehicle with an engine that is forward of its
passenger compartment but aft of its front axle.
Front seat type: The type of front seating: bucket seats, sport seats,
split-bench seats or captains chairs.
Front wheel drive: Front wheel drive is classification of Automobile
vehicle in which the engine power is given to front wheels and front
axle is live and rear axle will be dead axle. This arrangement is also
known as pulling vehicle.
Frost: Frozen condensation.
Frost: Ice crystals formed by deposition of water vapor on a
relatively cold surface.
Frost back -: Condition in which liquid refrigerant flows from
evaporator into suction line; usually indicated by sweating or frosting
of the suction line.
Frost control -: SemiautomaticControl which starts defrost part of a
cycle manually and then returns system to normal operation
automatically.
Frost free refrigerator : Refrigerated cabinet which operates with
an automatic defrost during each cycle.
Frosting type evaporator: Refrigerating system which maintains
the evaporator at frosting temperatures during all phases of cycle.
Froude Number: Used in hydraulics as an analog to the Reynolds
number. It is the ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces.
Froude Number: Used in hydraulics as an analog to the Reynolds
number. It is the ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces.
FSDM : feet per minute (vertical speed)
FSDO : Flight Standard District Office (FAA USA)
FSS : Flight Service Station
FT : feet (approx 0.3 Meters)
FTA: Federal Transit Administration
FTC: Federal Trade Commission (U.S.).
FTD : Flight Training Device (lower category "simulator")
Ftk: Freight Tonne Kilometres. The equivalent of RPK for freight.
One FTK is one metric tonne of revenue load, carried one kilometre.
The sum of FTKs for every segment flown by every aircraft over a
specific period is the FTK of an airline over that period.
FTO : Flight Training Organization (Flight School)
FTP: Federal Test Procedure (EPA).
Ftse4good: The FTSE4Good series of indices was designed to
identify companies that work in favour of the environment and
develop social dialogue with their stakeholders, while fully supporting
the universal Human Rights principles.
FTSEE: Financial Times Stock Exchange
FUA : Flexible Use of Airspace
Fuaav: Fedération Universelle des Associations d’Agences de
Voyages.
Fuel: A substance that when combined with an oxidizer burns to
produce thrust in rockets.
Fuel Air: A controller for fuel air dampers on boilers. To maintain
proper combustion on oil fire.
Fuel capacity: The storage capacity of fuel tank of the vehicle is
called fuel capacity. It may depend upon the size of the vehicle.
Fuel capacity: The amount of fuel that a vehicles fuel tank can hold.
Fuel cell: A cell in which chemical reaction is used directly to
produce electricity.
Fuel cell vehicle: Fuel cell vehicle that utilizes fuel cells to create
electricity through a chemical process using oxygen from the air and
hydrogen.
Fuel cell vehicle: A vehicle that utilizes fuel cells to create electricity
through a chemical process using oxygen from the air and hydrogen.
Fuel consumption: Fuel consumption is the rate at which an engine
depletes its fuel supply.
Fuel consumption: The rate at which an engine depletes its fuel
supply.
Fuel economy: Fuel economy is a measure of the amount of fuel
used by a vehicle over a certain distance, or the distance travelled
per volume of the fuel used.
Fuel economy: A measure of the amount of fuel used by a vehicle
over a certain distance, or the distance traveled per volume of fuel
used.
Fuel feed pumps: The pumping system used to transfer or feed the
fuel from fuel tank to the carburetor or injectors. It may be
mechanical or electrical.
Fuel filler cap: A cap used to seal a vehicles fuel filler neck.
Fuel filter: The paper or other filter elements used to remover dust
or other unwanted elements from the fuel. It is placed between the
engine and fuel tank in fuel line. The material of filter element may
vary upon the fuel properties. generally it is made up of ceramics.
Fuel filter: A replaceable metal or plastic canister that prevents
particulate matter and most contaminants in the fuel from reaching
the engine.
Fuel Flow: The measured flow of the various fuels supplied to the
boilers.
Fuel Gases: Gases usually used with oxygen for heating such as
acetylene, natural gas, hydrogen, propane, stabilized
methylacetylene propadiene and other synthetic fuels and
hydrocarbons.
Fuel gauge: The system used to indicate the fuel status to driver
mounted on instrumental panel of the vehicle. And floating system
mounted into fuel tank.
Fuel injection: A system that spray fuel directly into or just a head of
the cylinder.
Fuel injection pump: Fuel injection pump is the important
mechanism in diesel engine which controls the fuel with governor
and give the supply of fuel to injector according to firing order.
Fuel injection system: Fuel injection system is a device that
atomizes fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under
high pressure and delivers it to the vehicles engine.
Fuel injection system: A device that atomizes fuel by forcibly
pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure and delivers it
to the vehicles engine.
Fuel injector: Fuel injectors are the spring loaded valves used to
inject or spray the fuel into the engine at high pressure. it works into
the milliseconds to inject the fuel. It may is available into the single
and multi holes.
Fuel knock: A hammer like noise produced when fuel is not burned
properly in a cylinder.
Fuel lines: The tubes or pipes of steal or copper used to transfer the
fuel in to fuel systems. Fuel line starts from the fuel lid to fuel
injection or carburetion.
Fuel lines & connections: The tubing and connections that carry
fuel through a vehicle.
Fuel lock: When your glow engine gets flooded and the excess fuel
inside the engine prevents you from being able to flick over the prop.
It usually happens if you've over-primed the
Fuel passage: The hole or opening given in the system used to
pass the fuel. It may be inside the fuel pump or at any other place.
Fuel pre-filter: The small filter used to filter provided to clean the
fuel before going to fuel line. It is mounted on the fuel lid. It cleans
the fuel for major dust particles.
Fuel pre-filter: For diesel-fuel engines, the device that filters the fuel
immediately before it enters the fuel pump.
Fuel pump: A mechanically or electrically driven vacuum device
used to draw fuel from the tnk and force it into the fuel system.
Fuel pump shutoff: A device that automatically shuts off a vehicles
fuel pump after a collision.
Fuel system: The system of the automobiles used to handle the fuel
flow. It transfers the fuel with cleaning and required pressure to the
engine. Main components of the fuel systems are fuel lid, fuel tank,
fuel filter, fuel pump and injector or carburetor.
Fuel system: The assemblage of parts that stores and delivers fuel
for the engine, including the fuel cap, fuel tank, fuel lines and hoses,
fuel pump, fuel filter and fuel injectors or carburetor.
Fuel tank: The storage tank for the fuel mounted in staring of the
fuel line. It also contains the floating unit of fuel gauge. Fuel is
poured in this tank through fuel lid.
Fuel tank ventilation: Fuel tank ventilation means the little air
opening valve which allow the air, pressure and gasses to go inside
and outside from the tank.
Fuel type: The type of fuel used to power a vehicle: gasoline,
ethanol, E85, diesel, bio-diesel, natural gas or electricity.
Fuel : The methanol/nitro methane/lubricant mix used to fuel aircraft
engines. A helicopter fuel mix has a higher concentration of lubricant
to counter the lack of sufficient airflow over the engine in a hover.
Fuel/water separator: A device that separates the water from the
fuel in addition to, or as part of, the fuel filtering system.
Fuel/water separator: A tank that separates fuel and/or oil that
could leak out of a helicopter from stormwater. A fuel/water separator
directs rainwater into the local stormwater system while storing fuel
and/or oil for later removal.
Fug (funk ger¤t) : a series of airborne homing devices used to
illuminate MANDREL, MONICA, H2S and ASV. Later modifications
permitted their use as search radars for night-fighters.
Fulcrum: The point or support on which a lever turns.
Fulcrum: The point or support on which a lever turns.
Full Annealing: Heating iron-based alloys above the critical
temperature range, holding the temperature above that range for a
proper period of time, and then slowly cooling to below the range
either in the furnace or in a thermal insulating material.
Full Annealing: Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then
cooling slowly through the transformation range. The austenitizing
temperature to hypoeutectoid steel is usually above Ac3; and for
hypereutectoid steel, usually between Ac1 and Ac (cm).
Full Center: Mild waviness down the center of a metal sheel or
strip.
Full de-ice : Complete anti - and/or de-ice equipment installed on
wings, tail, props, and windshield.
Full elliptic leaf spring: Full elliptic leaf spring is a type of leaf
springs which are used in old automobiles because of their high
radius of wheels.
Full Finish Plate: Steel sheet or strip, reduced either hot or cold,
cleaned, annealed, and then cold rolled to a bright finish.
Full Flow: A filter in which oil the fluid must pass through the filter
element or medium.
Full flow: A filter in which all the fluid must pass through the filter
element or medium.
Full Flow Filtration: A system of filtration in which the total flow of a
circulating fluid system passes through a filter.
Full Hard: Cold rolled coils coming from the Strip Steel that have not
been annealed.
Full Hard: Cold rolled coils coming from the Strip Steel that have not
been annealed.
Full Hard Cold Rolled: Hot rolled pickled steel that is cold reduced
to a specified thickness and subject to no further processing (not
annealed or temper rolled). The product is very stiff; it is intended for
flat work where deformation is very minimal.
Full Hard Cold Rolled: Hot rolled pickled steel that is cold reduced
to a specified thickness and subject to no further processing (not
annealed or temper rolled). The product is very stiff; it is intended for
flat work where deformation is very minimal.
Full Hard Temper: Full hard cold rolled steel produced to a Rockwell
hardness of 84 and higher on the B scale.
Full Hard Temper: (A) (No. 1 Temper) In low carbon sheet or strip
steel, stiff and springy, not suitable for bending in any direction. It is
the hardest temper obtainable by hard cold rolling. (B) In Stainless
Steel Strip, tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength.
For Chromium Nickel grades Full Hard temper is 185,000 TS,
140,000 YS Min. Term also used in connection with copper base
alloys and considered synonymous with Hard Temper.
Full load current: See Running Current.
Full Mold: A trade name for an expendable pattern casting process
in which the polystyrene pattern is vaporized by the molten metal as
the mold is poured. See also lost foam casting.
Full panel : All gyros necessary for instrument flight.
Fuller (fullering impression): Portion of the die used in hammer
forging primarily to reduce the cross section and to lengthen a
portion of the forging stock. The fullering impression is often used In
conjunction with an edger (edging impression).
Fully-feathering propeller: One in which the blades can be rotated
so that the leading-edge of each faces the oncoming airstream. This
reduces drag if an engine has to be stopped in flight.
Fume Exhaust Hoods: It control the flow of fumes or guide the
fumes to the chimnies.it is mainly used is hotels kitchens to throw the
fumes out threw chimneys
Fume Scrubbers: The fume scrubber is a device used in fume
exaught hood .it removes the dangerous gases or chemical vapor
from air or smoke.
Fumes: Fumes are a type of AIR, GAS or Smoke. The fume having
rich quantity of vapor compare to normal air. When the air having
more chemical vapor which is dangerous for health.
Fumes : Solid particles commonly formed by the condensation of
vapors from normally solid materials such as molten metals. Fumes
may also be formed by sublimation, distillation, calcinations, or
chemical reaction wherever such processes create airborne particles
predominantly below one micron in size. Such solid particles
sometimes serve as condensation nuclei for water vapor to form
smog.
Function Generators: It is a electronics item which create the
electrical waveforms. Which is used for develop, repair and testing of
electrical items.
Fungi: Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group
of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not
photosynthetic. They are usually nonmobile, filamentous, and
multicellular.
Fungicide: A substance that kills, prevents or retards the growth of
fungi. Fungicides and biocides are most often used with fluids like
soluble oils that contain water.
Fungus -: A lower form of plant life which does not contain
chlorophyll, for example, a mold.
Furnace: Furnace is high temperature having heated chamber
which is used for melting the metals to its critical temperature.(The
furnace word is coming from Greek work fornex. Which mean OVEN.
Furnace Brazing: A mass-production brazing process in which the
filler metal is pre-placed on the joint, then the entire assembly is
heated to brazing temperature in a furnace. Usually, a protective
furnace atmosphere is required, and wetting of the joint surfaces is
accomplished without using a brazing flux.
Furnace Brazing: A mass-production brazing process in which the
filler metal is preplaced on the joint, then the entire assembly is
heated to brazing temperature in a furnace.
Furnace Pressure: The pressure of
Fuse Switches: The fuse switches are mainly used as a circuit
breaker. The overlad current is cause burning of electronics goods.
So the FUSE SWICHES is brake the circuit when overload current is
coming.
Fuse : Fuselage, main body
Fused or Fusion Cast Refractory: A solidified material made by
melting refractory ingredients and pouring it into molds. (see Molten
Cast Refractory)
Fused Spray Deposit: A self-fluxing spray deposit which is
deposited by conventional thermal spraying and subsequently fused
using either a heating torch or a furnace.
Fused Zone: See preferred terms fusion zone, nugget and weld
interface. (see Fusion Zone) (see Nugget) (see Weld Interface)
Fuselage: Describes the center section of the airframe about which
are oriented and attached the wing(s) and empenage.
Fuselage: The main structure, or central section, of an aircraft,
which normally contains the crew, passengers, cargo, etc.
Fuselage: The body structure of an aircraft.
Fuselage: An aircraft's main body structure to which the wings, tail
and, in most single-engine airplanes, engine are attached.
Fuselage: The part of the airplane to which
the empennage and wingsare attached. The fuselage is where the
passengers and cargo are located. It is streamlined so that it
produces the least possible drag.
Fuselage : The body of an airplane.
Fusible Alloys: A group of binary, ternary, quaternary and quinary
alloys containing bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium and indium. The term
"fusible alloy" refers to any of more than 100 alloys that melt at
relatively low temperatures, that is, below the melting point of tin-
lead solder (183°C or 360°F). The melting points of these alloys
range as low as 47 °C (116 °F).
Fusible Plug: The Fusible plug is made of Bronze, brass. It has the
threads and a hole threw the whole length. And the end of the hole
length a low melting point seal is placed which is broken when the
pressure is become so high. The pressure cooker is the simplest
form where the "Fusible Plug" is used.
Fusible plug : Plug or fitting made with a metal of a known low
melting temperature. Used as safety device to release pressures in
case of fire.
Fusion: A change of state from solid to liquid; melting.
Fusion: The melting together of filler metal and base metal
(substrate), or of base metal only, which results in coalescence. See
also depth of fusion. (see Depth of Fusion)
Fusion: The release of nuclear energy through the uniting of
atoms.
Fusion Welding: Any welding process that uses fusion of the base
metal to make the weld.
Fusion Welding: Terms are related to welding process. It is
basically melting of two-similar material for joining purpose.
Fusion Zone: The area of base metal melted as determined on the
cross section of a weld
Futures Contract: It is a finance terms. Which is mainly used for
future contract between two parties for sale and purchase of the
goods or asset.
FVS : Fliegerische Vor-Schulung
FWD : Front wheel drive.
Fy: Fiscal Year.
FZG: Acronym for German gear test rig, also known as four-square
gear oil tester. The test uses small gears driven under increasing
loads in a heated oil bath until failure, at which point a 10-mg weight
loss has occurred. Results are expressed as load stage at the time
of failure.
G: The symbol for the acceleration of a freely moving body due to
gravity at the surface of the Earth. Alternatively, 1 g.
g : A unit of measurement for Lateral acceleration, or road-holding.
One g is equivalent to 981 cm (32.2 feet) per second every second,
the rate at which any object accelerates when dropped at sea level.
If a car were cornering at 1.0 g -- a figure that very few production
cars are able to approach -- the driver's body would be pushing
equally hard against the side of the seat as against the bottom of it.
Most fast sedans accelerate about 0.8 g.
G Coatings: Galvanize Coatings
G : Acceleration force unit (1G = Earth Gravity
G/S SEL : Groundspeed select
G/S : Glide slope receiver and indicator.
G7 : Seven industrial countries consisting of the United States,
Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Canada,
whose leaders have met at annual economic summits since 1975 to
coordinate economic policies.
Ga: Chemical symbol for Gallium
Ga: General Aviation
GA : Acronym for Gage or Gauge
GA : Go around
GA : General Aviation and Aerial Work (all non-commercial civil
aviation)
Gabi: Global Aviation Business Intelligence.
Gabion Baskets: A Gabion Basket is a large container used to build
retaining walls and other structures in civil engineering applications.
GAC : General Aviation Center
GAFOR : General Aviation Forecast (Weather)
Gage: (1) The thickness of sheet or the diameter of wire. The
various standards are arbitrary and differ with regard to ferrous and
nonferrous products as well as sheet and wire. (2) An aid for visual
inspection that enables an inspector to determine more reliably
whether the size or contour of a formed part meets dimensional
requirements. (3) An instrument used to measure thickness or
length.
Gage: Any one of a large variety of devices for measuring or
checking the diemsions of objects.
Gage : A standard SAE designation of wire sizes, expressed in AWG
(American Wire Gage). The larger the gage number, the smaller the
wire. Metric wire sizes are expressed in cross-sectional area, which
is expressed in square millimeters. Sometimes the spelling gauge is
also used to designate wire size. However, it is becoming standard
to use gage for wire size and gauge for instruments. Americans often
use gage for instruments.
Gage Length: The original length of that portion of the specimen
over which strain, change of length and otber characteristics are
measured.
Gage Length: The original length of that portion of the specimen
over which strain or change of length is determined.
Gage Marks: Reference marks; in tensile testing, the marks which
indicate the gage length, used in determination of tensile elongation.
Gage pressure: Absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Gaggers: Metal pieces of irregular shape used to reinforce and
support the sand in the mold.
Gagging: Checking dimensional requirement by means of a gage.
Gaia hypothesis: The hypothesis that the Earth's atmosphere,
biosphere, and its living organisms behave as a single system
striving to maintain a stability that is conductive to the existence of
life.
Gain: Usually a term associated with gyros, it describes the
sensitivity of the gyro. Too much gain causes the tail to wag back
and forth, while too little gain won't hold the tail steady.
Gain: Ratio of increase in a signal (or measurement) as it passes
through a control system or a specific control element. If a signal
gets smaller, it is said to be attenuated.
Gain : Gyro sensitivity. When too low, the tail will not hold position
well. When too high, the surface being dampened by the gyro will
tend to wag, or hunt for center.
Gaiter : A dust boot
Gal : Gallons (usually US 3.78 liter, may be Imperial 4.54 liter)
Gal. : Abbreviation for gallon. A US gallon (3.78543 liters) (231 cubic
inches) is 20% smaller than an Imperial gallon (4.54609 liters).
Galaxy: A very large system of stars, gas and dust isolated from its
neighbors by an immensity of space; an "island universe".
Galcit: Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of the California
Institute of Technology.
Galfan: A galvanized product coated with 95% free zinc, 5%
aluminum and traces of mish metal in the coating; provides extra
corrosion protection with lighter coating weight; has improved
formability over regular free zinc coatings (hot dipped galvanized
regular products).
Galfan: A galvanized product coated with 95% free zinc, 5%
aluminum and traces of mish metal in the coating; provides extra
corrosion protection with lighter coating weight; has improved
formability over regular free zinc coatings (hot dipped galvanized
regular products).
Gall: To damage the surface of a powder metallurgy compact or die
part, caused by adhesion of powder to die cavity wall or a punch
surface.
Gall/Galling: Surface condition on one or both mating surfaces
where excessive friction results in localized welding with subsequent
spalling and a further roughening of the surface.
Galley: Inflight meals are stored and prepared in the galley. Besides
being to keep food and beverages carts, there is also storage for
chinaware and cuttlery as well as ovens and refrigerators.
Galley : On-board meal service equipment.
Galling: The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal
of particles from localized areas due to seizure during sliding friction.
Galling : A condition that takes place when two metals or fasteners
stick together and cannot be easily loosened. In tightening fasteners,
for example, pressure builds on threads as metals rub against each
other, and the passive film preventing corrosion on stainless may not
form due to lack of oxygen. Also called Seizing
Gallon : A US gallon (3.785 liters) is 20% smaller than an Imperial
gallon (4.546 liters).
Galvalume: Trademark for a special type of hot-dip galvanized steel
sheet with a coating consisting of 55% aluminum, 43.4% zinc and
1.6% silicon
Galvalume: Steel sheet with a unique coating of 55% aluminum and
45% zinc that resists corrosion. The coating is applied in a
continuous hot-dipped process, which improves the steel's weather
resistance. Galvalume is a trademark of BHP Steel, and the product
is popular in the metal building market.
Galvalume(R): Steel sheet with a unique coating of 55% aluminum
and 45% zinc that resists corrosion. The coating is applied in a
continuous hot dipped process, which improves the steel's weather
resistance. Galvalume A8 is a trademark of BHP Steel, and the
product is popular in the metal building market.
Galvaneal Coating (A): Coatings on hot dipped galvanized steels
processed to convert the coating completely to zinc iron alloys; dull
gray in appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation,
are well suited for painting.
Galvanic : Concerned with an electrical current
Galvanic Action: When iron and steel are subject to conditions of
aqueous corrosion the incidence and rate at which the corrosion
takes place will alter if the steel is coupled with other metals or alloys
that are also exposed to the electrolyte. Copper, brass, bronze, lead
and nickel are more ?noble? and act as auxiliary cathodes to the
steel and accelerate its anodic dissolution, that is, its corrosion.
Magnesium, zinc and zinc base alloy are nearly always less noble
and tend to divert the attack from the steel to themselves. The
galvanic relationship of various metals is an important factor
affecting corrosion.
Galvanic action : Wasting away of two unlike metals due to
electrical current passing between them. The action is increased in
the presence of moisture.
Galvanic action : Wasting away of two unlike metals due to
electrical current passing between them. The action is increased in
the presence of moisture.
Galvanic cell: Electrolytic brought about by the difference in electric
potential between two dissimilar metals.
Galvanic Cell: (1) A cell in which chemical change is the source of
electrical energy. It usually consists of two dissimilar conductors in
contact with each other and with an electrolyte, or of two similar
conductors in contact with each other and with dissimilar
electrolytes. (2) A cell or system in which a spontaneous oxidation-
reduction reaction occurs, the resulting flow of electrons being
conducted in an external part of the circuit.
Galvanic cell : Cell which converts chemical energy into electrical
energy by irreversible chemical reactions
Galvanic Corrosion: Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of
an electrical contact with a more noble metal or non-metallic
conductor in a corrosive electrolyte.
Galvanic Corrosion: Corrosion associated with the current of a
galvanic cell consisting of two dissimilar conductors in an electrolyte
or two similar conductors in dissimilar electrolytes. Where the two
dissimilar metals are in contact, the resulting action is referred to as
couple action.
Galvanic corrosion: Corrosion that occurs on the less noble of two
dissimilar metals in direct contact with each other in an electrolyte,
such as water, sodium chloride in solution, sulfuric acid, etc.
Galvanic corrosion : An accelerated degree of corrosion occurring
when two different metals are in contact with moisture, particularly
sea water. All metals have what is termed a specific electric
potential, so that low level electric current flows from one metal to
another. A metal with a higher position in the galvanic series will
corrode sacrificially rather than one with a lower position, meaning
stainless, for example, will corrode before gold. The further apart the
metals on the chart, the more electric current will flow and the more
corrosion will occur. No serious galvanic action will occur by
combining the same metals, only dissimilar ones. To prevent
galvanic corrosion, use insulation, paint, or coatings when separating
dissimilar metals; or put the metal to be protected next to a metal
which is not important in the assembly, so it can corrode sacrificially.
Metals listed first will corrode due to galvanic reaction before those
at end of paragraph: magnesium, zinc, aluminum 1100, cadmium,
aluminum 2024, steel and iron, lead, tin brass, copper, bronze,
monel, 304 and 316 stainless (passive), silver, titanium, graphite,
gold.
Galvanic Couple: A pair of dissimilar conductors, commonly metals,
in electrical contact. See also galvanic corrosion. (see Galvanic
Corrosion)
Galvanic couple : The connection of two dissimilar metals in an
electrolyte that results in current flow through the circuit.
Galvanic Current: The electric current that flows between metals or
conductive nonmetals in a galvanic couple.
Galvanic Isolators: A Galvanic Isolator is any system used to
separate electrical current between two circuits while still allowing for
energy or signal transmission. Examples include, transformers, opto-
couplers, and magnetocouplers.
Galvanic Series: A list of metals and alloys arranged according to
their relative corrosion potentials in a given environment. Compare
with electromotive force series.
Galvanize: A sheet product substrate to which free zinc is applied
either by hot-dipping or electro-plating.
Galvanize: A sheet product substrate to which free zinc is applied
either by hot dipping or electro plating.
Galvanize : The action of plating with zinc and/or lead by hot dipping
or Electrodeposition to protect from rust.
Galvanize Coatings (G): Free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled
or cold rolled steel to produce Galvanized steel. The coating can be
applied by the hot-dip or electrodeposition process.
Galvanize Coatings (G): Free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled
or cold rolled steel to produce Galvanized steel. The coating can be
applied by the hot dip or electrodeposition process.
Galvanize differentially : The action of obtaining different coating
thicknesses on the two sides of the sheet of iron.
Galvanized coating : Zinc or zinc based coating applied by
galvanizing
Galvanized Pipes: A Galvanic Pipe refers to pipe to steel pipe that
has been coated with zinc for the purpose of corrosion protection.
Galvanized Steel: Steel coated with zinc to provide corrosion-
resistance for a wide range of products including automobiles,
bridges, storage tanks, structural steel, fasteners, duct work, light
poles, pipe, sign supports, reinforcing steel and wire.
Galvanized Steel: Steel coated with a thin layer of zinc to provide
corrosion resistance in underbody auto parts, garbage cans, storage
tanks, or fencing wire. Sheet steel normally must be cold rolled prior
to the galvanizing stage. HOT DIPPED. Steel is run through a molten
zinc coating bath, followed by an air stream wipe that controls the
thickness of the zinc finish. ELECTROGALVANIZED. Zinc plating
process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode
attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thickness of the
zinc coating is readily controlled. By increasing the electric charge or
slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the coating
will thicken. DIFFERENCES. Electrogalvanizing equipment is more
expensive to build and to operate than hot dipped, but it gives the
steelmaker more precise control over the weight of the zinc coating.
The automotive manufacturers, because they need the superior
welding, forming and painting ability of electrogalvanized steel,
purchase 90% of all tonnage produced.
Galvanizing: The coating of metal with another by an electrolytic
process; for example, electrolytically zinc-coat steel is called
galvanized steel.
Galvanizing: Coating steel with a thin layer of zinc to increase its
corrosion resistance. Most galvanizing is done on a hot-dip
operation, but electrogalvalizing is becoming more important today.
Electrogalvanizing is a cold coating electroplating process that,
unlike the hot-dip process, does not influence the mechanical
properties of the sheet steel. Electrogalvanizing provides a more
uniform coating.
Galvanizing: Coating steel with a thin layer of zinc to increase its
corrosion resistance. Most galvanizing is done on a hot dip
operation, but electrogalvalizing is becoming more important today.
Electrogalvanizing is a cold coating electroplating process that,
unlike the hot dip process, does not influence the mechanical
properties of the sheet steel. Electrogalvanizing provides a more
uniform coating.
Galvanizing : The application of zinc coatings on the surface of a
metal, by hot dipping or Electrodeposition.
Galvanizing bath : A bath for hot-dip galvanizing or
Electrogalvanizing
Galvanizing Pot: Holds the molten free zinc coatings applied to a
hot rolled or cold rolled steel to produce Hot-dip Galvanized steel.
Galvanizing Pot: Holds the molten free zinc coatings applied to a
hot rolled or cold rolled steel to produce Hot dip Galvanized steel.
Galvanizing Services: A Galvanizing Service is a company that will
galvanize steel components for corrosion protection purposes.
Galvanneal Coating (A): Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels
processed to convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull
gray in appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation,
are well suited for painting.
Galvanneal Furnace: A furnace which is placed over the strip as it
exists the zinc bath for the purpose of producing a fully alloyed iron-
zinc coating. The furnace can be gas fired or induction.
Galvannealed: An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied
to a soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven
at about 1,200° F. The resulting coat is dull gray without spangle
especially suited for subsequent painting.
Galvannealed: An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied
to a soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven
at about 1200 degrees F. The resulting coat is dull gray without
spangle especially suited for subsequent painting.
Galvanometer : An instrument used to measure the pressure,
amount of, and direction of an electric Current.
Gama : General Aviation Manufacturers Association (USA)
Gamma Iron: The form of iron (also called austenite) which exists
between 910°C and 1,392°C in which the iron atoms are arranged in
a face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline pattern, i.e., an atom at each
corner of a cube, and a further atom in the center of each face. (see
Austenite)
Gamma Iron: A face centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from
1670 to 2551 B0F (910 to 1400 B0C).
Gamma layer : Part of the zinc-iron alloy layer on hot-dip galvanized
iron and steel containing 21-28% iron
Gamma Ray: Short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, similar to
x-rays but of nuclear origin. See also electromagnetic radiation.(see
Electromagnetic Radiation)
Gamma ray: A high energy photon, especially as emitted by a
nucleus in a transition between two energy levels.
Gamma rays: Very short, highly-penetrative electromagnetic
radiation with a shorter wavelength than X-rays; produced in general
by emission from atomic nuclei.
Gamma Structure: Structurally analogous phases or electron
compounds having ratios of 21 valence electrons to 13 atoms. This
is generally a large, complex cubic structure.
Gang Milling: A milling setup where a number of cutters are
arranged on an arbor so that several surfaces can be machined at
one time. It is commonly used for production purposes.
Gang Milling: A milling set up where a number of cutters are
arranged on an arbor so that tseveral surfaces can be machine at
one time. It is commonly used for production purposes.
Gang Slitter: A machine with a number of pairs of rotary cutters
spaced on two parallel shafts used for slitting metal into strips or for
trimming the edges of sheets.
Gangue: The worthless minerals extracted when mining an ore
deposit.
Gangue Depressants: A Gangue Depressant is a chemical
treatment used to separate gangue in a flotation cell. Gangue is the
worthless material that must be separated from valuable ore.
Gangway : A narrow hanging staircase used by persons entering or
leaving a vessel from the pier or boat
Gannister: An acid (silicious) refractory often used in furnace
linings.
Gannister: An acid (silicious) refractory often used in furnace
linings.
Gantry : 1. A structure with an overhead beam, used for lifting out
an engine. Compare Engine hoist. 2. Overhead steel structures
across the highway to hold up a traffic sign
Gantry Crane: A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the
bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or
more legs running on fixed rails or other runway.
Gantry Crane: A gantry is type of overhead crane in which the hoist
mechanism is mounted onto trolley mechanism and allowed to move
along a set of rails or beams. The gantry may be a fixed structure, or
it may be support on wheels allowing the entire gantry structure to be
mobile.
Gantry Leg: The structural member which supports a bridge girder
or end tie from the sill.
GAO: General Accounting Office (U.S.)
Gap: The distance between the slitter knives (ex .001, .002).
Gap : 1. The distance between the center terminal (Electrode) and
the outer terminal (Electrode) through which the Spark must travel in
a Spark plug.2. The distance between two vehicles traveling down
the road as they go in the same direction. Generally a safe distance
is a minimum of two seconds behind the vehicle in front.
Gap bridging : A formation of carbon or other deposits across the
Spark plug gap which shorts out the plug
Gap insurance: In a vehicle lease, insurance that covers any "gap"
between (i) the amount the lessees insurance company will pay to
the lessee if the leased vehicle is stolen or destroyed, and (ii) the
aggregate remaining amount the lessee owes at that time to the
leasing company.
Gap insurance : This covers you against additional losses not
covered by your auto insurance in the case of an accident in which
the vehicle is totaled. Most auto insurance will cover the actual cash
value of the vehicle and what is owed on the lease contract,
including early termination fees. Gap insurance is most important in
the early years of a lease when the difference between the value of
the car and what is owed are greatest. Some manufacturers now
include Gap insurance in their leases.
Gap style : The arrangement or shape of the spark plug electrodes
Gap Train: A train stored on a pocket track for possible insertion into
a gap in the schedule if another train must be removed from service
or if additional service is required
Gap-frame Press: A general classification of press in which the
uprights or housings are made in the form of a letter C, thus making
three sides of the die space accessible.
Gapper : A device for determining the distance between two metal
contacts.
Gapping : Adjusting the distance between the Electrodes of a Spark
plug or the points of contact Breaker points.
Garage : 1. The premises on which motor vehicles are repaired or
serviced and/or where fuel is sold.2. A building in which a motor
vehicle is kept.
Garage jack : A powerful hydraulic jack used in garages
Garaged : A reference to a vehicle which is kept in a garage, as in
my car is always garaged. The abbreviation in advertisements is
gar'd.
Garbage : Trucker slang for produce (bananas, lettuce etc.) as in "I
sure am glad I'm not takin' this load of garbage to Hunt's Point."
Garbage truck : A cargo body style often with hydraulic packing
mechanisms or hydraulic arms for lifting dumpsters. Included are
roll-offs, vehicles used for transporting refuse containers. Roll-offs
have rails or a flat bed and a hoist for loading and unloading the
refuse container. Also called refuse truck
Garbage wagon : A scornful term used by some outlaw bikers to
describe a Touring motorcycle
Garboard strake : The strake of bottom shell plating adjacent to the
keel plate.
Gar'd : An abbreviation used in classified advertisements for
garaged
Garden gate : A nickname for the plunger-sprung frames used on
Norton motorcycles from the late 1930s
Gardening : RAF codeword for mine laying by aircraft
Garnish molding : The upper molding on a door panel used to
retain the door trim panel to the door assembly
Garter spring : A long, thin coil spring with ends joined to form a
ring.
Gas : 1. A vapor having no particles or droplets of liquid. In physics,
a gas is a substance which possesses perfect molecular mobility
and, unlike a liquid or a solid, the ability to expand indefinitely.2. Fuel
gas, such as natural gas, undiluted liquefied petroleum gases (vapor
phase only), liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures, or mixtures of
these gases.
Gas Analysers/Analyzers: A Gas Analyser is a device used to
determine the chemical composition of a gas. Most commercial gas
analyzers are based on an infrared spectrum analyzing technique
but may also be combined with mass spectrometry.
Gas Atomization: An atomization process whereby molten metal is
broken up into particles by a rapidly moving inert gas stream.
Gas Baffle : Competition vehicle with engine set up to operate on
standard pump gasoline instead of an Alcohol, nitro, etc., mixture.
Also called gasser.
Gas bottle: See BACK-UP BOTTLE.
Gas Burners : A Blast Furnace Gas Burner is a specially designed
burner for converting blast furnace gas to heat. Blast furnace gas is
a by product of iron production and can be used to generate heat or
power from secondary plant operations.
Gas cap : A vented covering on the top of the tube leading to the
fuel tank. Also called fuel cap.
Gas Carburising: A heat treatment method used in the case
hardening of steel. Carbon is absorbed into the outer layers of the
components by heating in a current of gas, rich in carbon
compounds. The process is more versatile than some other methods
as the depth of the case and the limiting carbon content of the case
can be controlled by the composition of the atmosphere, the dew
point and the temperature.
Gas Carburizing: A method of carburizing carried out in an
atmosphere of carburizing gases, including carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons as butane, ethane, methane and propane.
Gas chamber : A pressure chamber of a single-tube shock absorber
Gas Classification: The separation of a powder into its particle size
fractions by means of a gas stream of controlled velocity flowing
counterstream to the gravity-induced fall of the particles. The method
is used to classify submesh-size particles.
Gas cleanup : Removal of a contaminant from gaseous feed
streams by a mechanical or chemical process.
Gas constant: The coefficient "R" in the perfect gas equationPV =
MRT.
Gas Cyaniding: A misnomer for carbonitriding.
Gas damper : A gas shock absorber
Gas discharge headlight : A motor vehicle Headlight with a gas
discharge lamp
Gas discharge lamp : A discharge lamp in which light is generated
by gas discharge
Gas discharge light : A discharge light in which light is generated
by gas discharge
Gas discharge : A type of luminescent digital display.
Gas Engine Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a
fluid or gas from one place to another. In a gas engine pump, the gas
engine is used to provide the energy and torque to turn a blade-
driven pump. The size of the gas engine and pump is based on the
application and the required delivery pressure or speed.
Gas fade : Brake fade caused by hot gases and dust particles that
reduce friction between the brake linings and drum or rotor under
hard, prolonged braking
Gas Filled Surge Suppressors: A Gas Filled Surge Suppressor is
used to protect electrical systems from overvoltages, and are
commonly used in the telecommunications industry.
Gas filter : A device for screening the Gasoline to remove the
impurities.
Gas Fired Boilers: A Gas Fired Boiler provides heat via gas
combustion. They are common in both industrial and residential
environments.
Gas flow : The flow of the air/fuel mixture or the exhaust gases in an
engine
Gas forced-air heat pipe : High efficiency gas furnace that uses
vertical liquid filled pipes. The pipes are heated by a burner at their
base, and the liquid boils and vaporizes within the pipe. The furnace
blower circulates air over the pipes for heating.
Gas gauge : An instrument, usually located on the Dashboard or
center console, which indicates the amount of fuel in the Fuel tank.
Most gauges have a Needle which fluctuates between E (empty) and
F (full). Others show a digital readout of how many gallons or liters
left in the tank. Also called fuel gauge.
Gas generator: A chamber in which propellant is burned to produce
high pressure gas that is then used to drive a turbine, e.g.
turbopump.
Gas giant: A large planet composed mostly of gas, e.g. the Jovian
planets.
Gas guzzler : A vehicle which uses a lot of gasoline per distance
traveled.
Gas guzzler Tax: A graduated federal tax levied at the time of initial
new-vehicle purchase on vehicles with especially poor fuel economy.
Gas Holes: Holes in castings or welds that are formed by gas
escaping from molten metal as it solidifies. Gas holes may occur
individually, in clusters or throughout the solidified metal.
Gas Leak Detection: Gas Leak Detection is the application of any
number of sensor technologies to detect hazardous gas leaks.
Sensor technologies include Infrared, electrochemical, and ultrasonic
methods.
Gas lubrication: A system of lubrication in which the shape and
relative motion of the sliding surfaces cause the formation of a gas
film having sufficient pressure to separate the surfaces.
Gas Metal Arc Cutting: An arc cutting process used to sever metals
by melting them with the heat of an arc between a continuous metal
(consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is oblained entirely
from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW): An arc welding process that
produces coalesceoce of metals by heating them with an arc
between a continuous filler metal electrode and the workpieces.
Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas.
Gas metal-arc welding : Welding using a continuously fed
consumable electrode and a shielding gas. Also called sigma
welding.
Gas Oil: Partially refined liquid petroleum distillate having an
intermediate viscosity between that of kerosene and that of
lubricating oil.
Gas oil : European and Asian designation for No. 2 heating oil and
No. 2 diesel fuel.
Gas pedal : The device actuated by the operator's foot for
increasing or decreasing the amount of fuel entering the Combustion
chamber. Also called throttle pedal or accelerator.
Gas Pocket: A cavity caused by entrapped gas.
Gas pockets : Cavities in weld metal caused by trapped gas.
Gas Porosity: A condition existing in a casting by the trapping of
gas in the molten metal or by mold gases evolved during the pouring
of the casting.
Gas Porosity: A condition existing in a casting by the trapping of
gas in the molten metal or by mold gases evolved during the pouring
of the casting.
Gas pressure regulator : A device for controlling a selected outlet
gas pressure.
Gas prop : A gas-assisted strut like a hatch strut, hood strut, or
tailgate strut
Gas pump : A device at a Service station which pulls gasoline from
a storage tank (usually located underground) into the vehicle's Gas
tank. Commercial units also record the amount of fuel dispensed as
well as the cost.
Gas refrigeration cycle : Where the refrigerant remains in the
gaseous phase throughout.
Gas Shielded Arc Welding: A general term used to describe gas
metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and flux cored arc
welding (when gas shielding is employed).
Gas shock : A gas-assisted shock absorber
Gas shock absorber : A gas-assisted shock absorber
Gas spring : A pressurized, nitrogen-filled sphere, used in Hydragas
and hydropneumatic suspension systems
Gas station : A place where gasoline is dispensed.
Gas Stream Temp: The temperature of has stream used in heating
the coils. Typical temperatures range from 1180 degrees to 1330
degrees. The system will accept a number < 1500 degrees F.
Gas tank : The container for holding or storing fuel. Also called Fuel
tank.
Gas to liquid : (GTL) A process that combines the carbon and
hydrogen elements in natural gas molecules to make synthetic liquid
petroleum products, such as diesel fuel.
Gas Torch: See preferred terms cutting torch and welding
torch. (see Cutting Torch (Arc)) (see Welding Torch)
Gas Tungsten Arc Cutting: An arc-cutting process in which metals
are severed by melting them with an arc between a single tungsten
(nonconswnable) electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained
from a gas or gas mixture.
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): An arc welding process that
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc
between a tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode and the work.
Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or
may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used.
Gas tungsten-arc welding : Welding using a tungsten electrode
and a shielding gas.
Gas turbine: An engine in which gas , under pressure is formed by
combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades. The
energy in the expanding gas is converted into rotary motion.
Gas Turbine: Burns a liquid or gas fuel, producing a pressurized gas
that passes through a turbine-powered shaft. The turbine also
powers the compressor that supplies the air at the required
pressure.
Gas Turbine: A Gas Turbine produces mechanical energy from the
flow of combustible gas. They are used both in power generation,
aviation, and heavy equipment industries.
Gas turbine : An internal-combustion rotating engine with one main
moving part the Rotor with pinwheel-like blades attached. Air is
compressed by the first rows of blades and delivered to the
combustion chambers, from which the exhaust is directed to pass
the remaining blades and to generate the power. Power is extremely
smooth due to the absence of explosions and Reciprocating parts.
Gas turbine compressor : a compressor designed foe the use with
gas turbine installations. This could be centrifugal or an axial
compressor.
Gas Turbine Exhaust Systems: A Gas Turbine Exhaust System is
used to capture waste heat from gas turbine to either power a
secondary steam turbine, or for plant or factory heating.
Gas turbines: Gas turbine is an engine which is used in jet engines
and some stationery engines. In gas turbine the fuel burns and the
thrust tends to give the turbine motion.
Gas valve : Device in a pipeline for starting, stopping, or regulating
flow of gas.
Gas valve : Device in a pipeline for starting, stopping or regulating
flow of gas.
Gas vent : A passageway, composed of listed factory-built
components assembled in accordance with the terms of listing, for
conveying flue gases from gas utilization equipment or their vent
connectors to the outside atmosphere.
Gas Vent Dampers: A Gas Vent Damper is used to shut the flue
when a furnace is not actively operating to prevent excessive heat
loss.
Gas Welding: See preferred term oxyfuel gas welding. (see Oxyfuel
Gas Welding)
Gas welding : A welding process widely used in body repair shops
(now being gradually replaced by MIG welding). Also called
oxyacetylene welding.
Gas : Usually a highly superheated vapor which, within acceptable
limits of accuracy, satisfies the perfect gas laws.
Gas, inert: A gas that neither experiences nor causes chemical
reaction nor undergoes a change of state in a system or process;
e.g., nitrogen or helium mixed with a volatile refrigerant.
Gas, noncondensable : Gas which will not form into a liquid under
the operating pressure-temperature conditions.
Gas/electric hybrid engine: A powertrain that combines an electric
motor and a gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine.
Gasag: Global Aviation Security Action Group.
Gas-driven generator : A generator which turned by a gas engine.
Gaseous : Referring to gas
Gaseous Corrosion: Corrosion with gas as the only corrosive agent
and without any aqueous phase on the surface of the metal. Also
called dry corrosion. See also hot corrosion, oxidation and
sulfidation.
Gaseous discharge headlight : A Gas discharge light
Gaseous discharge lamp : A gas discharge lamp
Gases in Bulk cargo : Pressurized tanker item. Examples: Aerosol
propellant, butane, CO2, LPG, nitrogen, and propane.
Gas-filled shock absorber: Gas-filled shock absorber is the
dumber type, It is used for absorbing the spring’s vibrations. Gas is
filled into the dampers for better performance and make them cool
too.
Gasification: When a substance is converted to become a gas.
Gasification : A method for converting coal, petroleum, biomass,
wastes, or other carbon-containing materials into a gas that can be
burned to generate power or processed into chemicals and fuels.
Gasket: A material placed between two parts to prevent leakage. It
is used in between cylinder head and cylinder block for sealing.
Gasket: A seal, made from rubber or other synthetic material in the
shape of a circle and of polygonal cross-section. See O-RING.
Gasket : A material made of Asbestos, cardboard, cork, paper,
rubber, or soft metal placed between two metal parts to insure proper
sealing.
Gasket kit : A collection of gaskets required to overhaul an engine
or part of an engine.
Gasket punch : A tool used to cut out holes in a sheet of gasket
material to shape a gasket to size.
Gasket scraper : A scraper with a sharp chisel edge for removing
old gasket material from a surface before installing a new gasket
Gasket : A device, usually made of a deformable material, that is
used between two relatively static surfaces to prevent leakage.
Gasket, foam : Joint sealing material made of rubber or plastic foam
strips.
Gasohol : A blend of Gasoline and ethanol Alcohol or methanol that
usually is 90 to 94.3% Gasoline and 5.7 to 10% ethanol. This term
was used in the late 1970s and early 1980s but has been largely
replaced by terms such as E10, Super Unleaded plus Ethanol or
Unleaded plus Ethanol. Ethanol is the Alcohol found in intoxicating
beverages. It may attack rubber and plastic parts of Fuel systems
not designed to handle alcohol-blended fuels, but it is not poisonous
to human beings like wood alcohol or Methanol.
Gasoil : Designation for No.2 heating oils and diesel fuels. A clean
distillate fuel oil.
Gasoline: The organic compound derived from fractional distillation
of petroleum. It is mostly used for automobiles as a fuel also known
as Gasoline. It is available in different octane number in different
countries. In India it is available in to 75 to 80 and in USA 90 to 110.
Gasoline : A Hydrocarbon fuel used in an internal combustion
engine. Gasoline is refined from crude oil which is made up of
fossilized plant and animal remains. In Britain it is called petrol.
Gasoline blending components : Naphthas which will be used for
blending or compounding into finished aviation or motor gasoline
(e.g., straight-run gasoline, Alkylate, Reformate, Benzene, Toluene,
and Xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), Butane, and
Pentanes plus
Gasoline engine: Petrol engine or gasoline engine which burn the
petrol inside the cylinder and converts that heat into mechanical
energy. Now a days LPG and CNG also used to run the engine. It
can be done by attaching the kit with petrol engine.
Gasoline engine: An internal combustion engine that burns
conventional gasoline.
Gasoline grades : The classification of gasoline by octane ratings.
Each type of gasoline (conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated)
is classified by three grades - Regular, Midgrade, and Premium.
Note: Gasoline sales are reported by grade in accordance with their
classification at the time of sale. In general, automotive octane
requirements are lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of
the United States, such as the Rocky Mountain States, the octane
ratings for the gasoline grades may be 2 or more octane points
lower.
Gasoline pump : A device which pulls fuel from an underground
storage tank into a vehicle's Gas tank.
Gasser: The slang term for aircraft motors which run on gasoline.
Gasser : A vehicle which burns normal Gasoline instead of racing
fuel.
Gasser : Slang for a aircraft using a gasoline engine as a power
plant.
Gassing: (1) Absorption of gas by a metal. (2) Evolution of gas from
a metal during melting operations or upon solidification. (3) Evolution
of gas from an electrode during electrolysis.
Gassing : The small hydrogen bubbles rising to the top of the
Battery Electrolyte during Battery charging.
Gas-tight : Sealed to prevent the passage of gas
Gat : General Air Traffic
Gate: The portion of the runner in a mold through which molten
metal enters the mold cavity. The generic term is sometimes applied
to the entire network of connecting channels that conduct metal into
the mold cavity. See also gating system.
Gate : 1. The slotted guide for the Gearshift of an internal
combustion engine. 2. The slotted guides in a shift drum.
Gate Valve: A valve with a sliding gate that opens the entire area of
the pipe.
Gate Valve: A Gate Valve is used as an inline shut-off valve. It
opens and closes by moving a wedge in and out of the flow path.
Gate valve: A two-way valve that may be opened or closed to block
the flow of fluid in a passage. Normally manually operated, but may
be automated, especially for larger sizes. Normally designed so that
when open, the opening of the passage is not restricted, but there
will be some small pressure loss. See GLOBE VALVE and NEEDLE
VALVE.
Gated Pattern: In foundry practice, a pattern that includes not only
the contours of the pan to be cast but also the gates.
Gathering: A forging operation that increases the cross section of
part of the stock; usually a preliminary operation.
Gathering Stock: Any operation whereby the cross section of a
portion of the forging stock is increased beyond its original size.
Gating : A device that permits a wave to pass another wave in a
circuit in specific intervals
Gating System: The complete assembly of sprues, runners and
gates in a mold through which steel flows before entering the casting
cavity.
Gating System: The complete assembly of sprues, runners and
gates in a mold through which steel flows before entering the casting
cavity.
Gats: General Agreement on Trade in Services (under WTO).
GATT : Acronym for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Gatt : General Agreement on Trade and Taxes
Gatv: Gemini-Agena Target Vehicle.
Gauge: 1. The thickness of the steel strip. 2. An instrument that
measures pressure, temperature, level or flow depending on the
purpose.
Gauge : This is the British and Canadian spelling while in the United
States it is sometimes spelled without the u (gage). It is becoming
standard to use gage for wire size and gauge for an instrument.
Gauge box : A container which measures a known quantity of
material such as cement, sand, or rocks for testing or making
mixtures
Gauge Chart: A paper strip used to record the gauge of the strip as
it runs on the side trimmers.
Gauge Code: Industry standard code that indicates quality tolerance
of the thickness of the steel.
Gauge Length: Used in the mechanical testing of steel. Better-
quality steel has a consistent gauge to prevent weak spots or
deformation.
Gauge Length: Used in the mechanical testing of steel. Better
quality steel has a consistent gauge to prvent weak spots or
deformation.
Gauge manifold : Chamber device constructed to hold both
compound and high-pressure gauges. Valves control flow of fluids
through.
Gauge Plate: An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square sections
with the surfaces ground to close limits. It is also known as Ground
Flat Stock and is used for the manufacturing of gauges, punches,
dies, jigs, templates, etc.
Gauge Plate: An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square section
with the surfaces ground to close limits. It is also known as Ground
Flat Stock and is used for the manufacturing of gauges, punches,
dies, jigs, templates, ect..
Gauge port : Opening or connection provided for a service
technician to install a gauge.
Gauge Pressure: A term used to state that any pressure stated is
corrected for atmospheric pressure. Normally abbreviated psig
(pounds per square inch gauge).
Gauge pressure: A term used to state that any pressure stated is
corrected for atmospheric pressure. Normally abbreviated psig
(pounds per square inch gauge)
Gauge Tolerance: A range by which a product’s gauge can deviate
from those ordered and still meet the order’s requirements.
Gauge Tolerance: A range by which a product's gauge can deviate
from those ordered and still meet the order's requirements.
Gauge vacuum : Instrument used to measure pressures below
atmospheric pressure.
Gauge, compound : Instrument for measuring pressures both
above and below atmospheric pressure.
Gauge, Feeler (Thickness Gauge): A gauge consisting of a group
of very thin blades, each of which is accurately ground to a specific
thickness.
Gauge, high-pressure : Instrument for measuring pressures in
range of 0 psia to 500 psia (101.3 kPa to 3600 kPa).
Gauge, low-pressure : Instrument for measuring pressures in range
of 0 psia to 50 psia 10 kPa to 350 kPa.
Gauge, manifold : 1. The one essential diagnostic tool required for
every air conditioner service procedure. A typical gauge set includes
high and low side gauges and valves for checking, measuring and
controlling pressure and vacuum, and a third valve for controlling
discharging, evacuation and charging procedures. Also called gauge
set .2. Chamber device constructed to hold both compound and
high-pressure gauges. Valves control flow of fluids through it.
Gauge, pressure : Reading in pounds per square inch (psi) above
atmospheric pressure.
Gauge, Radius (Fillet Gauge): Any one of a number of small, flat,
standard-shaped metal leafs or blades used for checking the
accuracy of regular concave and convex surfaces.
Gauge, Surface (Scribing Block): A gauge used to check the
accuracy of plane surfaces to scribe lines at desired distances from
a given surface and to check the height of a point or points on a
piece of work from a given surface.
Gauge, vacuum : Instrument used to measure pressures below
atmospheric pressure.
Gauges: A measurement of thickness. There are various, standard
gauges such as United States Standard Gauge (USS), Galvanized
Sheet Gauge (GSG), Birmingham Wire Gauge (BWG).
Gauntlet : A long-sleeved leather glove used by motorcyclists to
prevent wasps from flying up the sleeve, as one did to me.
Gauss: CGS unit of magnetic induction (after the German
mathematician Karl F. Gauss).
Gaussian radius of curvature : Radius of the earth for the best
fitting sphere at a given position; Synonyms: earth radius best
sphere; Symbols: rho sub G; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
GAWR : Acronym for Gross Axle Weight Rating -- Maximum weight
an axle is rated to carry by the manufacturer. Includes both the
weight of the axle and the portion of a vehicle's weight carried by the
axle.
Gaylord : A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 models are
Milestone cars.
GBAS : Ground Based Augmentation System
(DGNSS/DGPS/LAAS)
GCA : Ground Controlled Approach ("Talk-down")
GCI : Ground Communication Infrastructure
GCLP : Guidance control law parameter
GCR : Ground clutter rejection.
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GDS: Global Distribution System: A computerized information and
reservations system, enabling travel agents to visualize the inventory
available for various products supplied by professionals in the
tourism industry (airlines, hotel chains, car hire, etc.) In 1987, Air
France, together with Iberia, Luftahansa and SAS set up Amadeus.
Gds: Global Distribution System.
Ge: Chemical symbol for Germanium
Ge: General Electric Company of the USA.
Gear box shaft: Shaft used to change the gear. It is mounted on the
gear box and further provided into driver cabin for control.
Gear clash: Gear clash is a noise that is heard when gear fails to
mesh properly.
Gear Couplings: A Gear Coupling is used to transmit torque
between two misaligned shafts. Each shaft ends terminates in
flexible joint with a gear/spline pair and are connected to each other
with a third shaft, called the spindle.
Gear Cutting: Producing tooth profiles of equal spacing on the
periphery, internal surface or face of a workpiece by means of an
alternate shear gear-form cutter or a gear generator.
Gear Cutting: Gear Cutting is the process of shaping a gear, either
by milling, hobbing, broaching or grinding.
Gear Hobbing: Gear cutting by use of a tool resembling a worm
gear in appearance, having helically spaced cutting teeth. In a
single-thread hob, the rows of teeth advance exactly one pitch as the
hob makes one revolution. With only one hob, it is possible to cut
interchangeable gears of a given pitch of any number of teeth within
the range of the hobbing machine.
Gear Milling: Gear cutting with a milling cutter that has been formed
to the shape of the tooth space to be cut. The tooth spaces are
machined one at a time.
Gear oil: High viscosity oil used in manual transmission, transfer
cases, and some differentials.
Gear Oils: The variety of specially-formulated oils for all types of
gears and operating conditions; AGMA, SAE, the military and
industry have their own requirements, some of which overlap. In
general, gear oils are carefully formulated and highly refined, with
additives tailored to the application in question.
Gear Pump: A versatile, positive-displacement pump in which fluid
is propelled from the intake to the discharge by being trapped in the
gear casing, in the space between the teeth of a rotating gear.
Gear selector: Gear selector is a device controlled by the driver for
selecting the gear. It is a mechanical device for changing the gears.
Driver controls it with the help of gear lever.
Gear Shapers: A Gear Shaper is a machine used to cut gears. It
uses a gear shaped cutting tool with identical pitch to the gear being
cut.
Gear Shaping: Gear cutting with a reciprocating gear-shaped cutter
rotating in mesh with the work blank.
Gear Shield/Gear Compound: A highly adhesive lubricant,
formulated with asphaltic compounds or polymers, for once-through
use on gearing like open gears.
GEAR : Landing gear, the undercarriage and wheels of an aircraft.
Gearbox: Gearbox is the box in which number of gears are meshed
with each other and used I automotive vehicle to control the torque
and speed of any vehicle. The other name of gearbox is
transmission.
Geared Ac Electrical Motors: Geared AC Electrical Motors
combine an AC motor with a gear box in an integrated package.
Geared Motors: Geared Motors integrate prime movers with a
gearbox.
Geared Press: A press whose main crank or eccentric shaft is
connected by gears to the driving source.
Gearheads: A Gearhead is a geared mechanical transmission. It
typically is used in reference to a transmission that is integrated to
the output shaft of a motor, such as a DC electric motor.
Gearless Mills: A Gearless Mill is a type of ball mill for ore
processing that has no traditional geared transmission components.
Instead, the Mill itself can be thought of as a the rotor of a large
scale electric motor, and the stator is incorporated in the structure
surrounding the mill.
Gears: Machine elements that transmit motion by means of
successively engaging teeth.
GEE : RAF navigational aid which could provide the navigator with a
fix from pulses transmitted by three ground stations. Range
approximately 300 miles.
Gel (Grease): A solid, elastic mixture of a colloid and liquid
possessing a yield point and a jellylike texture.
Gel Permeation Chromatography: A size-exclusion
chromatography method that separates fluid components by
molecular weight (e.g., size and shape).
Gel Spotting: A coating defect consisting of the uniform circular
spots or droplets of higher film thickness on the coated sheet. Gel
spotting, while appearing similar to slinging, is much more uniform in
appearance and caused by a different mechanism. Gel spotting
occurs when a partially gelled coating is applied to the substrate.
Gel Spotting: A coating defect consisting of the uniform circular
spots or droplets of higher film thickness on the coated sheet. Gel
spotting, while appearing similar to slinging, is much more uniform in
appearance and caused by a different mechanism. Gel spotting
occurs when a partially gelled coating is applied to the substrate.
Gem Switch: An electronic module clamped to a tank sight glass
used to transmit information to the computer regarding tank level.
Gem Switch: An electronic module clamped to a tank sight glass
used to transmit information to the computer regarding tank level.
GEN : General
GENDEC : General Declaration Customs Form see full size,
download zipped form,
General aviation: Defined as all non-scheduled flying activity in
aircraft allocated a VH registration by CASA, but excluding VH-
registered sailplanes (powered and unpowered). Ultralight aircraft,
hang gliders and autogyros are also excluded.
General aviation: The operation of aircraft that belong to the public.
General aviation heliport: A public use heliport intended to
accommodate individuals, corporations and helicopter air taxi
operators. Scheduled passenger services may be available.
General aviation : That portion of civil aviation which encompasses
all facets of aviation except air carriers holding a certificate of public
convenience and necessity from the Civil Aeronautics Board and
large aircraft commercial operators.
General circulation model (gcm): A global, three-dimensional
computer model of the climate system which can be used to simulate
human-induced climate change. GCMs are highly complex and they
represent the effects of such factors as reflective and absorptive
properties of atmospheric water vapor, greenhouse gas
concentrations, clouds, annual and daily solar heating, ocean
temperatures and ice boundaries. The most recent GCMs include
global representations of the atmosphere, oceans, and land surface.
General circulation models: Hydrodynamic models of the
atmosphere on a grid or spectral resolution that determine the
surface pressure and the vertical distributions of velocity,
temperature, density, and water vapor as functions of time from the
mass conservation and hydrostatic laws, the first law of
thermodynamics, Newton's second law of motion, the equation of
state, and the conservation law for water vapor. Abbreviated as
GCM. Atmospheric general circulation models are abbreviated
AGCM, while oceanic general circulation models are abbreviated
OGCM.
General corrosion: Uniform overall corrosion of metal surfaces.
General Corrosion: “General corrosion” describes the attack that
proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a
metal. Typically, stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion.
General electric (ge) : Engine Mfr.
General sales agent (gsa): An agent authorized in a country to
handle an airline's export sales/services.
Generating Sets: A Generator Set refers to the combination of a
fuel powered prime mover and an alternator to produce AC power at
a usable frequency, generally 50 or 60 Hz.
Generating tube: A boiler tube used for evaporation.
Generating Tube: Boiler tubes that extend from the three upper
drums to the mud drum. Generating tubes are used to generate the
majority of steam produced by the boiler.
Generating Tubes: Boiler tubes that extend from the three upper
drums to the mud drum. Generating tubes are used to generate the
majority of steam produced by the boiler.
Generator: Generator is an Electromagnetic device consisting of an
armature, field winding, and other part that produces electricity when
turned.
Generator: A machine that changes that changes mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Generator: The combination of an electrical generator and the
steam turbine that drives it to produce electricity.
Generator Protection: Generation Protection refers to the use of a
system of electrical relays to protect power generation equipment
from damage due to power surges and other faults.
Geo: Geostationary Orbit. Also abbreviated GO.
Geo-: Prefix referring to the Earth.
GEO Plates: A special type of railroad tie plate which is attached to
the wooden tie by means of heavy lag screws rather than spikes;
has a rubber or wooden shim under the rail; has a ridge on each side
of the rail seat; has a special notch in each ridge fitted with a square
headed bold and spring washer to hold the rail in place. GEO plates
are commonly used for all welded tracked construction.
Geo : Geostationary Earth Orbit (Satellite)
Geocentric: Earth centered.
Geocentric latitude : Latitude measured with respect to horizontal
through mass center of the earth; Compare: astronomical latitude,
geodetic latitude; Symbols: Phi sub C; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Reference: Kayton69. page 16
Geodesy: The science of the Earth's shape.
Geodesy: A branch of applied mathematics concerned with
measuring the shape of the Earth and describing variations in the
Earth's gravity field.
Geodetic latitude : Latitude measured with respect to normal to
reference ellipsoid; Compare: astronomical latitude, geocentric
latitude; Symbols: Phi sub T; Typical Units: rad, deg; Reference:
Kayton69. page 16
Geodynamics: The study of the Earth's motions, including rotation,
tectonics, ocean tides, and structure (i.e., core, mantle). See Putting
Earthquakes in Their Place
Geographic information system (gis): A system for archiving,
retrieving, and manipulating data that has been stored and indexed
according to the geographic coordinates of its elements. The system
generally can utilize a variety of data types, such as imagery, maps.
table, etc.
Geoid: A surface of constant gravitational potential around the
Earth--an averaged surface perpendicular to the force of gravity.
Geological Exploration: Geological Exploration refers to the
surveying of land resources to determine the presence of valuable
metals, minerals, and ore.
Geological Mapping: Geological Mapping refers to mapping the
location of mineral resources, rock formations, or other geological
features.
Geological Modelling: Geological Modelling refers to the technique
of using software tools to predict the location of oil, gas, ore, and
other geological deposits based on known information and direct
measurement of the surrounding areas.
Geomagnetic storm: A worldwide disturbance of the Earth's
magnetic field, distinct from regular diurnal variations.
Geometric Marking: Unusual design put on one side (lite coating) of
a coil to identify a different coating weight.
Geometric Marking: Unusual design put on one side (lite coating) of
a coil to identify a different coating weight.
Geomorphology: The study of present-day landforms, including
their classification, description, nature, origin, development, and
relationships to underlying structures. Also the history of geologic
changes as recorded by these surface features. The term is
sometimes restricted to features produced only by erosion and
deposition.
Geomorphology: The study of present-day landforms, including
their classification, description, nature, origin, development, and
relationships to underlying structures. Also the history of geologic
changes as recorded by these surface features. The term is
sometimes restricted to features produced only by erosion and
deposition.
Geophysical: Relating to the study of the physical characteristics
and properties of the solid earth, its air and waters, and its
relationship to space phenomena.
Geophysical Resistivity Meters: Geophysical Resistivity Meters
are used to measure the electrical resistivity of an area being
surveyed. Comparative analysis of the resistivity can be used to infer
the locations of rock formations or ore deposits.
Geophysical Surveys: Geophysical Surveys refers to the practice
of using a variety of ground measurements to infer information about
an areas geology. Methods include measurements of electrical
resistivity, electromagnetic radiation, and radar.
Geospace: Also called the solar-terrestrial environment, geospace
is the domain of Sun-Earth interactions. It consists of the particles,
fields, and radiation environment from the Sun to Earth's space
plasma environment and upper atmosphere. Geospace is
considered to be the fourth physical geosphere (after solid earth,
oceans, and atmosphere).
Geosphere: The physical elements of the Earth's surface crust, and
interior.
Geosphere: The solid mass (lithosphere) of the Earth as distinct
from the atmosphere and hydrosphere or all three of these layers
combined.
Geostationary: Describes an orbit in which a satellite is always in
the same position (appears stationary) with respect to the rotating
Earth. The satellite travels around the Earth in the same direction, at
an altitude of approximately 35,790 km (22,240 statute miles)
because that produces an orbital period equal to the period of
rotation of the Earth (actually 23 hours, 56 minutes, 04.09 seconds).
A worldwide network of operational geostationary meteorological
satellites provides visible and infrared images of Earth's surface and
atmosphere. The satellite systems include the U.S. GOES,
METEOSAT(launched by the European Space Agency and operated
by the European Weather Satellite Organization-EUMETSAT), the
Japanese GMS and most commercial, telecommunications satellites.
Geostationary meteorological satellite (gms): Japan's
geostationary weather satellite.
Geostationary orbit: A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of
zero degrees. A spacecraft in such an orbit appears to remain fixed
above one particular point on the Earth's equator.
Geostationary transfer orbit: An elliptical orbit used to transfer a
space vehicle from low earth orbit to geostationary orbit.
Geostrophic flow: A type of movement where the Coriolis
force balances exactly the horizontal pressure force.
Geosynchronous (aka geo): Synchronous with respect to the
rotation of the Earth. See geostationary.
Geosynchronous orbit: A prograde, circular, low inclination orbit
about Earth having a period of 23 hours 56 hours 4 seconds. A
spacecraft in such an orbit appears to remain above Earth at a
constant longitude, although it may seem to wander north and
south.
Geosynthetic Lining: Geosynthetic Lining is an impermeable
barrier material used as a separator in landfills, holding ponds, and
leaching pits.
Germanium: Chemical symbol Ge. A rare, grayish-white metal
chemically similar to tin; obtained from processing copper and zinc.
Used in the production of infrared glasses, fiber optics, electronic
detectors and semiconductors.
Germanium: Chemical symbol Ge. A rare,grayish white metal
chemcically similar to tin; obtained from processing copper and zinc.
Used in the production of infrared glasses, fiber optics,electronic
detectors and semiconductors.
Geschwader : Luftwaffe formation approximately equivalent to a
Wing, comprising 90-120 aircraft divided into Gruppen, each of 20-
30 aircraft.
Gfi, gfci : Ground fault (circuit) interruptera device that senses
ground faults and reacts by opening the circuit.
Gfm Gyratory Forging Machine: A machine designed to hot forge
a cylindrical bar shape while it is turning at speed.
G-force: A force caused by acceleration expressed in g's.
GFT : General Flight Test (JAR-FCL)
Gh: 2 Gaseous Hydrogen.
G-H : British two-station radio direction finding system used as a
bombing aid
Ghosting: A coating defect consisting of an image on the freshly
coated plate giving the appearance of the substrate being bent or
darker in color.
Ghosting: A coating defect consisting of an image on the freshly
coated plate giving the appearance of the substrate being bent or
darker in color.
Ghz: Gigahertz, equal to one billion hertz.
GHZ : Gigahertz (1`000 MHz or 1`000`000`000 Hertz)
Gib: A tapered strip of metal placed between the bearing surface of
two machine parts to ensure a precision fit and provide an
adjustment for wear.
Gigabit: One billion (1,073,741,824) bits.
Gigabit Ethernet Cards: A Gigabit Ethernet Card are cards used to
transmit and receive data over ethernet at speeds better than 1000
Megabits (1 Gigabit).
Gigabit Ethernet Switch: A Gigabit Ethernet Switch is used to
connect multiple computers the each other at Gigabit data
transmission speeds.
Gigajoule (GL): A measuring unit of heat energy.
Gilding Metal: A copper-zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5%
zinc. While similar to deoxidized copper in physical properties, it is
somewhat stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical
conductivity slightly better than half that of electrolytic copper and
corrosion-resistance comparable to copper.
Gilding Metal: A copper zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5%
zinc. While similar to deoxidized copper in physical properties, it is
somewhat stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical
conductivity slightly better than half that of electrolytic copper and
corrosion resistance comparable to copper.
Gimbal: A mechanical frame for a gyroscope or power unit, usually
with two perpendicular axes of rotation.
Gimbaled inertial sensor : Accelerometers mounted to a platform
which is free to rotate, with gyroscopes to measure rotation and
servomotors to maintain a fixed attitude with respect to the earth
Compare: strap down inertial sensor;
Girder, Auxiliary (Outrigger): An additional girder, either solid or
latticed, arranged parallel to the bridge girder(s) for supporting the
foot-walk, Bridge Crane Control panels, operator’s cab, etc., to
reduce the torsional forces such loads might otherwise impose.
Girder, Bridge: The principal horizontal beam(s) of the crane, which
supports the trolley, is supported by the end trucks, and is
perpendicular to the runway.
Girder, Drive (Girder “A”): The bridge girder to which the bridge
motor and gearcase(s) are attached. For cranes having a drive on
each girder, it is the girder to which the Bridge Crane Control panels
and/or the cab are attached.
Girder, Idler (Girder “B”): The bridge girder which does not have
the bridge drive attached, but which usually carries the bridge
conductors.
Girder, Runway: A horizontal beam attached to the building
columns or wall, and supporting a runway rail on which the crane
travels.
Gisela : German intruder operation when the night fighters followed
the British bombers back to their bases
GL-4,5,6 Service: Transmission and axle lubricants classified
according to SAE J308.
Glacial maximum: The position or time of the greatest advance of
a glacier (e.g., the greatest equatorward advance
of Pleistocene glaciation).
Glacial rebound: The isostatic adjustment of previously glaciated
areas after glacial retreat (e.g., the uplift of Scandinavia after the
most recent glaciation).
Glacier: A multi-year surplus accumulation of snowfall in excess of
snowmelt on land and resulting in a mass of ice at least 0.1 km2 in
area that shows some evidence of movement in response to gravity.
A glacier may terminate on land or in water. Glacier ice is the largest
reservoir of fresh water on Earth, and second only to the oceans as
the largest reservoir of total water. Glaciers are found on every
continent except Australia.
Glacier: A mass of land ice that is formed by the cumulative
recrystallization of firn. A glacier flows slowly (at present or in the
past) from an accumulation area to an ablation area. Some well-
known glaciers are: the Zermatt, Stechelberg, Grindelwald, Trient,
Les Diablerets, and Rhone in Switzerland; the Nigards, Gaupne,
Fanarak, Lom, and Bover in Norway; the Wright, Taylor, and Wilson
Piedmont glaciers in Antarctica; the Bossons glacier in France; the
Emmons and Nisqually glaciers on Mt. Ranier, Washington; Grinnell
glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana; the Dinwoody glacier in
the Wind River Mountains and the Teton glacier in Teton National
Park, both in Wyoming; and many glaciers in the Canadian Rockies.
Glacier flow (ice flow).: The slow downward or outward movement
of ice in a glacier caused by gravity.
Gland: A mechanical device that is used to contain a seal, o ring or
gasket in a specified space to result in a leak proof connection
between two or more mechanical components.
Gland: A mechanical device that is used to contain a seal, o-ring or
gasket in a specified space to result in a leak-proof connection
between two or more mechanical components.
Gland (follower): Adjustable follower that compresses packing in a
stuffing box.
Gland Evacuation Pump: A pump that takes the water that has
condensed from steam of the seals on the #9 Generator.
Gland Water: Same as seal water.
Glazing: Dulling the abrasive grains in the cutting face of a wheel
during grinding.
Gld : Glider
Glenn research center at lewis field (grc): The John H. Glenn
Research Center at Lewis Field (formerly known as the Lewis
Research Center), located outside Cleveland, Ohio, conducts a
varied program of research in aeronautics and space technology.
Aeronautical research includes work on advanced materials and
structures for aircraft. Space-related research focuses primarily on
power and propulsion. Another significant area of research is in
energy and power sources for spacecraft, including the Space
Station, for which GRC is developing the largest space power
system ever designed. GRC Web Site
Glide: (1) Same as slip. (2) A noncrystallographic shearing
movement, such as of one grain over another.
Glide Switch (Sliding Switch): A track switch with a movable end
frame containing straight and/or curved sections of track. The inner
frame can be slid to align these sections of track with other tracks for
routing carriers from one track to another.
Glider: A heavier-than-air, fixed wing, unpowered aircraft for gliding
or soaring flight.
Glider: An aircraft with no power source or self means of lift. It
descends after it is released unless it is in rising air.
Glidescope : Angle approach a runway; Symbols: Gamma; Typical
Units: rad, deg;
Glitch : Momentary radio problem that never happens unless you
are over trees or a swamp.
Global carbon budget: The balance of the exchanges (incomes
and losses) of carbon between the carbon reservoirs or between one
specific loop (e.g., atmosphere - biosphere) of the carbon cycle. An
examination of the carbon budget of a pool or reservoir can provide
information about whether the pool or reservoir is functioning as a
source or sink for CO2.
Global change research program (gcrp): The USGCRP is a
government-wide program whose goal is 'to establish a scientific
basis for national and international policy-making relating to natural
and human-induced changes in the global Earth system.' The Earth
Science Enterprise is NASA's central contribution to the U.S. Global
Change Research Program.
Global climate change: The long-term fluctuations in temperature,
precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate.
External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of
the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and
inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in
climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system also
produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain
observed climate change through the feedback processes
interrelating the components of the climate system.
Global measurement: All of the activities required to specify a
global variable, such as ozone. These activities range from data
acquisition to the generation of a data-analysis product, and include
estimates of the uncertainties in that product. A global measurement
often will consist of a combination of observations from a spacecraft
instrument (required for global coverage) and measurements in
situ (needed to provide reference points for long-term accuracy).
Global positioning system (gps): A system consisting of 25
satellites in 6 orbital planes at 20,000 km altitude with 12 hr periods,
used to provide highly precise position, velocity and time information
to users anywhere on Earth or in its neighborhood at any time.
Global positioning system (gps) : A navigation sensor based on
satellites; A Global Positioning System (GPS) provides highly
accurate navigation data: position, velocity, and time reference. GPS
is often aided by the INU, AHRS, and Doppler data. GPS is accurate
with four or more properly oriented satellites. Accuracy is degraded
with improperly placed satellites or fewer than four satellites visible.
GPS-INS is the most accurate of modes listed, with day/night and all
weather capability
Global positioning system (gps) : A series of geostationary
satellites in Earth orbit that provide positioning information for
receivers on Earth. Aircraft equipped with GPS receivers can use the
satellites to locate their position.
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): A non-governmental
organization, whose mission is to develop and communicate global
guidelines for the preparation of sustainability reports.
Global variables: Functions of space and time that describe the
large scale state and evolution of the Earth system. The Earth
system's geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere and
their components are, or potentially are, global variables.
Global warming: An increase in the near surface temperature of the
Earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result
of natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the
warming predicted to occur as a result of increased emissions of
greenhouse gases. Scientists generally agree that the Earth's
surface has warmed by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past 140
years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
recently concluded that increased concentrations of greenhouse
gases are causing an increase in the Earth's surface temperature
and that increased concentrations of sulfate aerosols have led to
relative cooling in some regions, generally over and downwind of
heavily industrialized areas. Also see Climate Change and
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.
Globe valve: A two-way valve that may be opened or closed to
block the flow of fluid in a passage. Normally manually operated, but
may be automated, especially for larger sizes. Normally designed so
that the flow of fluid must make a non-straight turn inside the valve
body which results in a loss of pressure across the valve when open,
which is greater than the loss across a gate valve. See GATE VALVE
and NEEDLE VALVE.
Globular Transfer: In consumable-electrode arc welding, a type of
metal transfer in which molten filler metal passes across the arc as
large droplets. Compare with short-circuiting transfer and spray
transfer.
Glonass : Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (Russian
GNSS)
Glow driver: A device you connect to the glow plug on an engine
which heats the coil element so that the fuel can ignite and the
engine can start
Glow fuel: The fuel that 2 and 4 stroke engines use. It contains a
good portion of methanol,up to 40% nitro methane, lubricants and
other chemicals
Glow fuel : A Methanol based fuel, with a lubricating agent, used in
most aircraft engines. Most aircraft fuels also use a percentage of
nitro methane.
Glow heater : This is the plug that is used to help ignite the fuel in a
aircraft engine. The combustion of the fuel in the engine keeps the
element hot between cycles, thus the glow plug does not need to be
regulated or powered while the engine is running.
Glow plug: A plug that looks like a small spark plug, but has a wire
coil in it which stays hot enough once the engine is running to ignite
the next combustion cycle, and keep the motor running.
GLS : GPS Landing System
GLU : GNSS landing unit. Provides precision GPS guidance to the
runway in Category III operations.
Glycerine/Glycerol: Syrupy liquid obtained by saponification of
certain natural fats and oils; a by-product of the manufacture of fatty
acids or their salts (soaps), correctly termed glycerol.
Glycol: A class of polyol compounds like ethylene glycol, commonly
used to lower the freezing point of water; especially useful in
antifreeze. Formulated with 35–50% water, they function as fire-
resistant fluids.
GM: General Manager
GM-P10 : GM=Morocco, P10=Prohibited Area No. 10.
Gmt: Greenwich Mean Time.
Gn&c: Guidance, Navigation and Control.
GND : Ground
Gnss: Global Navigation Satellite Systems.
GNSS : Global navigation satellite system.
Go: Geostationary Orbit. Also abbreviated GEO.
Go around: Is the maneuver to abort a landing if the approach is
too long or an obstacle is on the runway. The pilot decides to abort
their landing approach, apply power and “go around the circuit again
for another attempt at landing.
Go around (ga) : A basic guidance mode, providing lateral
guidance, longitudinal guidance and vertical guidance to climb then
to accelerate, while maintaining a wings-level roll; in some
implementations (such as SOA), individual axes can be overridden
by other modes (for example, longitudinal with G/S SEL and vertical
with RALT SEL or BALT SEL)
Go-around: A go-around or balked landing is used to describe a
manoeuvre whereby the pilot, for whatever reason, decides to abort
the landing. The go-around procedure may also be dictated by the
control tower because of weather conditions or because the runway
is not clear.
Goddard space flight center (gsfc): Goddard was NASA's first
major scientific laboratory devoted entirely to the exploration of
space. Located in Greenbelt, Maryland, GSFC's responsibilities
include design and construction of new scientific and applications
satellites, as well as racking and communication with existing
satellites in orbit. GSFC is the lead center for the Earth Observing
System, a key element of the Earth Sciences Enterprise. GSFC also
directs operations at the Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island,
Virginia, which each year launches some 50 scientific missions to
sub-orbital altitudes on small sounding rockets. GSFC Web Site
Going Down: Term referring to moving the strip to the prime reel.
Gold: Chemical symbol Au. The heraldic metal. A rare yellow
mineral that is the most malleable and pliable of all metals. Gold
does not tarnish or corrode, and is unaffected by exposure to air or
water.
Gold: Chemical symbol Au. The heraldic metal. A rare yellow
mineral that is the most malleable and pliable of all metals. Gold
does not tarnish or corrode, and is unaffected by exposure to air or
water.
Gold crown : Trade name owned by King Radio Corp.
Gold Filled: Covered on one or more surfaces with a layer of gold
alloy to form a clad or composite material. Gold-filled dental
restorations are an example of such materials.
Goodplanet: GoodPlanet is a non-profit organization governed by
the French1901 act and founded on 1 July 2005 by Yann Arthus-
Bertrand. Its aim is to heighten public awareness of the
world’sIssues and promote sustainable development. Air France has
joinedGoodPlanet’s Action Carbone programme to enable
customersto offset their carbon emissions.
Gooseneck: In die casting, a spout connecting a molten metal
holding pot or chamber with a nozzle or sprue hole in the die and
containing a passage through which molten metal is forced on its
way to the die. It is the metal injection mechanism in a hot chamber
machine.
Gouges: A gross type of scratch.
Gouging (Gears): Describes a condition which may develop when
gear teeth lack hardness. It is usually limited to the bottom or lower
part of the tooth surface, or it may occur when gears are fitted too
tightly, or if there is some interference between the driving and driven
gears. It is sometimes the result of no tip relief (rounding off the
sharp edges at the top of the tooth).
Gouging Abrasion: A form of high-stress abrasion in which easily
observable grooves or gouges are created on the surface. See also
abrasion. (see Abrasion)
Gouging Abrasion: Abrasion involving gross surface indentation
and possible removal of sizable metal fragments.
Governor: The device used to ensure the adequate fuel delivery to
the engine under varies engine speed and load conditions. It
maintains the engine speed under no acceleration condition also.
Mechanical governor works on the principle of the centrifugal force.
Governor: Device that controls the steam control valves on a
turbine. Turning the handle in the “raise” position opens the steam
control valves and will either speed the machine up if it is off-line or
will cause the machine to produce more electricity if it is on-line.
Turning the handle to "lower" has the opposite effect.
Governor: A device used to automatically hold the rotor RPM
constant. Used in conjunction with idle-up modes. This device is not
needed, but aids when flying 3D.
Governor speed droop: Speed droop is a governor function which
reduces the governor reference speed as fuel position (load)
increases. The definition of droop is the amount of speed (or
frequency) change that is necessary to cause the main prime mover
control mechanism to move from fully closed to fully open. In
general, the percent movement of the main prime mover control
mechanism can be calculated as the speed change (in percent)
divided by the per unit droop.
Gox: Gaseous Oxygen.
GPA : Groupe Parlementaire pour l`Aviation
GPADIRS : Global positioning, air data, inertial reference system.
GPH : Gallons (US) per hour
Gps: Global Positioning System.
Gps approach : An instrument approach procedure to a heliport or
runway in which pilots rely upon information provided by GPS
satellites for navigation.
GPS : Global positioning system
GPS-DNS : Global Positioning System
GPS-INS : GPS using INS
Gpws: Ground proximity warning system: decision-making aid used
to alert pilots of an obstacle.
Gpws: Ground Proximity Warning System.
GPWS : Ground Proximity Warning System
Grade: The term grade designates divisions within different types
based on chemical composition.
Grade Crossings: An intersection of highway roads, railroad tracks
or dedicated transit rail tracks that run either parallel to or across
mixed traffic situations
Graded Abrasive: An abrasive powder in which the sizes of the
individual particles are confined to certain specified limits. See also
grit size. (see Grit Size)
Grain: A unit of weight; 0.0648 grams; 0.000143 pounds.
Grain: The individual crystal units in metals. A solid polyhedral (or
many sided crystal) consisting of groups of atoms bound together in
a regular geometric pattern. In mill practice, grains are usually
studied only as they appear in one plane: 1. (Direction of) refers to
grain fiber following the direction of rolling and parallel to edges of
strip or sheets. 2. To bend across the grain is to bend at right angles
to the direction of rolling. 3. To bend with the grain is to bend parallel
to the directions of the rolling. In steel, the ductility in the direction of
rolling is almost always twice that at right angles to the direction of
rolling. Grain is the individual crystal units comprising the aggregate
structure where the crystalline orientation does not change. The
grain boundary is where these individual crystal units meet.
Grain: An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or alloy,
including twinned regions or subgrains if present.
Grain: The rubber-like mass of chemical propellant that provides
propulsion in solid fuel rockets. The shape of the grain determines
the rate and pattern of burn and thus controls thrust.
Grain boundaries: Referring to the junction of crystallites.
Grain Boundaries: Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys
yield new phases (as in cooling), grain boundaries are the preferred
location for the appearance of the new phase. Certain deterioration,
such as season cracking and caustic embrittlement, occur almost
exclusively at grain boundaries.
Grain Boundary: Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys
yield new phases (as in cooling) grain boundaries are the preferred
location for the appearance fo the new phase. Certain deterioration
such as season cracking and caustic embrittlement, occur almost
exclusively at grain boundaries.
Grain Boundary Liquidation: An advanced stage of overheating in
which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts.
Also known as burning.
Grain Boundary Sulfide Precipitation: An intermediate stage of
overheating in which sulfide inclusions are redistributed to the
austenitic grain boundaries by partial solution at the overheating
temperature and reprecipitation during subsequent cooling.
Grain Coarsening: A heat treatment that produces excessively
large austenitic grains in metals.
Grain Coarsening: A heat treatment that produces excessively
large austenitic grains.
Grain Fineness Number: A system developed by AFS for rapidly
expressing the average grain size of a given sand. It approximates
the number of meshes per inch of that sieve that would just pass the
sample if its grains of uniform size. It is approximately proportional to
the surface area per unit of weight of sand, exclusive of clay.
Grain Fineness Number: A system developed by AFS for rapidly
expressing the average grain size of a given sand. It approximates
the number of meshes per inch of that sieve that would just pass the
sample if its grains of uniform size. It is approximately proportional to
the surface area per unit of weight of sand, exclusive of clay.
Grain Flow: Fiberlike lines on polished and etched sections of
forgings caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the
direction of working during forging. Grain flow produced by proper
die design can improve required mechanical properties of forgings.
See also flow lines and forged structure. (see Flow Lines) (see
Forged Structure)
Grain Flow: Fiber like lines appearing on polished and etched
sections of forgings, caused by orientation of the constituents of the
metal in the direction of working during forging.
Grain Growth: An increase in the average grain size; resulting from
some crystals absorbing adjacent ones when the metal is raised to a
temperature above that necessary for re-crystallization and kept at
that temperature for a sufficient length of time.
Grain Growth: An increase in the average size of the grains in
polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually a result of heating at elevated
temperature.
Grain Refinement: The manipulation of the solidification process to
cause more (and therefore smaller) grains to be formed and/or to
cause the grains to form in specific shapes. The term refinement is
usually used to denote a chemical addition to the metal but can refer
to control of the cooling rate.
Grain Refiner: A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-
than-normal grain size in the final structure.
Grain Size: The size of the steel crystals.
Grain Size: (1) For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of
grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average
when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. Grain sizes are reported
in terms of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a
grain size number derived form area measurements.
Grain Size Control: A term used to describe methods for controlling
the grain size of steel during its manufacture.
Grain Size Control: When a steel is austenitised by heating to
above the critical range, time is required for the production of a
Homogeneous structure during which there is a tendency towards
grain growth. Although subsequent hot and cold working affect the
grain size, it is originally controlled at the steel making stage by the
addition of aluminium.
Grain Size Distribution: Measures of the characteristic grain or
crystallite dimensions (usually diameters) in a polycrystalline solid or
measurements of their populations by size increments from minimum
to maximum. Usually determined by microscopy.
Grain Size Measurement: The measurement of the grain size of a
metal by observation of a metallographically prepared sample under
a microscope. There are several methods available for quantifying
the observations.
Grain Size Measurement: Grain size is normally quantified by a
numbering system. Coarse 1 5 and fine 5 8. The number is derived
fron the formula N 2n 1 where n is the number of grains per square
inch at a magnification of 100 diameters. Grain size has an important
effect on physical properties. For service at ordinary temperatures it
is generally considered that fine grained steels give a better
combination of strength and toughness, whereas coarse grained
steels have better machinability.
Grain Structure: Microstructure consisting of grains (crystals) and
phases in metals; generally requires examination under a
microscope of an etched, polished specimen for observation.
Grain Structure: Microstructure consisting of grains (crystals) and
phases in metals; generally requires examination under a
microscope of an etched, polished specimen for observation.
Grain-boundary Liquidation: An advanced stage of overheating in
which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts.
Also known as burning.
Grains: Individual crystals in metals.
Grains of moisture: The unit of measurement of actual moisture
contained in a sample of air. (7000 grainsone pound of water).
Grains Of Moisture: A type of irregular surface produced when
metal fractures, characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as
differentiated from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It can be sub
classified into trans granular and inter granular forms.. This type of
fracture is frequently called crystalline fracture, but the implication
that the metal has crystallized is completely misleading.
Grains per gallon: A unit of concentration. 1 gr/gal = 17.1 mg/L.
Gram : A unit of weight; 15.432 grains; 0.0022 pounds.
Gramm: Unit of mass equivalent to one thousandth of a kilogramm.
Symbol: g.
Gram-milliquivalents: The equivalent weight in grams, divided by
1000.
Granular Fracture : A type of irregular surface produced when
metal is broken, that is characterized by a rough, grain like
appearance as differentiated from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It
can be sub classified into trans granular and inter granular forms.
This type of fracture is frequently called crystalline fracture, but the
inference that the metal has crystallized is not justified.
Granular Fracture (Crystalline Fracture): A type of irregular
surface produced when metal is broken.
Granulated: A coarse grain or pebbly surface condition which
becomes evident during drawing.
Granulated Metal: Small pellets produced by pouring liquid metal
through a screen or by dropping it onto a revolving disk and chilling
with water in both instances.
Granulation: The formation of grains immediately upon
solidification.
Graphite: A form of carbon available as natural or synthetic material:
natural graphite is either flaky or amorphous, synthetic graphite is
crystalline; it is processed to colloidal size and abrasive
contaminants are removed from the natural form.
Graphite: A pure carbon mineral in tabular crystals of hexagonal
outline with prominent basal plane.
Graphite: The polymorph of carbon with a hexagonal crystal
structure.
Graphitic Carbon: Free carbon in steel or cast iron.
Graphitic Corrosion: Corrosion of gray iron that the iron matrix is
selectively leached away leaving a porous mass of graphite behind.
It occurs in relatively mild aqueous solutions and on buried pipe and
fittings.
Graphitic Steel: Alloy steel made so that part of the carbon is
present as graphite.
Graphitization: Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where
graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called
primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment,
secondary graphitization.
Graphitization: Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Primary
graphitization refers to formation of graphite during solidification.
Secondary graphitization refers to later formation during heat
treatment.
Graphitizing: Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or
all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite.
Graphitizing: A heating and cooling process by which the combined
carbon in cast iron or steel is transformed, wholly or partly, to
graphitic or free carbon.
GRAS : Ground Proximity Warning System
Grasshopper: A vibrating unit that is used to carry hot fines from the
hot screens to the #21 conveyor belt. Also called the hot fines
vibrator.
Grassland: Region in which the climate is dry for long periods of the
summer, and freezes in the winter. Grasslands are characterized by
grasses and other erect herbs, usually without trees or shrubs.
Grasslands occur in the dry temperate interiors of continents.
Gratebars: Spaced to allow air to pass through the sinter mix for the
agglomeration/sintering process. They are located on the pallets on
the sinter machine.
Gratebars: Spaced to allowed air to pass through the sinter mix for
aglomation/sintering process. They are located on the pallets on the
sinter machine.
Gravimetric Feeder: A Gravimetric Feeder meters discharge via
weight measurement.
Gravitational acceleration : Acceleration caused by the force of
gravity; Symbols: g; Typical Units: ft/s-squared, g; Dimensions:
Length / Time-squared;
Gravitational waves : Einsteinian distortions of the space-time
medium predicted by general relativity theory (not yet detected as of
November 1995).
Gravity: The force that pulls the aircraft down.
Gravity: The force responsible for the mutual attraction of separate
masses.
Gravity: The natural force that pulls an object toward the earth. We
experience gravity as weight. An airplane must generate
enough lift to counteract the weight of the aircraft.
Gravity -: The attraction exerted by the earth’s mass on objects at
its surface.
Gravity assist trajectory: A trajectory in which angular momentum
is transferred from an orbiting planet to a spacecraft approaching
from behind. The result is an increase in the spacecraft's velocity.
Gravity Conveyors: A Gravity Conveyor is a non -driven conveyor
system . It may uses rollers, bars, or other rotating elements to
transport objects, usually downhill.
Gravity Die Casting: Gravity Die Casting is a die casting technique
in which liquid metal is forced through the die cavity via gravity. The
technique is similar to sand casting with the exception that a
permanent die is used.
Gravity field survey: The mapping of a planet's mass distribution
by studying variations in the in the planet's gravity field strength
made evident by minute Doppler shifts in an orbiting spacecraft's
radio signal.
Gravity Filter: A unit of coal and sand media that utilizes gravity to
draw water through it. The filter removes any solids carried over from
the clarifiers.
Gravity Flow Diverter: Gravity flow diverters are used to control the
quantity and direction of flow in gravity feed systems such as those
used in the dry bulk industry. The diverters often include a plate
which swings from one side to the other to control the leg of the
diverter into which the material flows. Limit switches are typically
used to control when the diverter plate moves from one position to
another.
Gravity Hammer: A class of forging hammer wherein energy for
forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram
and the attached upper die. Examples are board hammers and air-lift
hammers.
Gravity Hammer: A class of forging hammer wherein energy for
forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram
and the attached upper die. Examples are board hammers and air lift
hammers.
Gravity Sand Filters: A Gravity Sand Filter is used to purify water.
Water is forced through a bed of sand via gravity. The sand captures
particulate in the water.
Gravity Segregation: Variable composition of a casting or ingot
caused by settling out of heavy constituents or rising of light
constituents before or during solidification.
Gravity Segregation: Variable composition of a casting or ingot
caused by settling out of heavy constituents, or rising of light
constituents, before or during solictification.
Gravity waves: Certain atmospheric waves within a planet's
atmosphere.
Gravity : Force exerted by gravity; gravity sometimes includes
effects of the earth`s rotation; gravity is often treated as a constant,
but for greater accuracy gravity is a function of latitude, altitude, and
the phase of the moon (yes, it`s true); Symbols: g; Typical Units: lbf,
kip; Dimensions: Mass * Length / Time-squared;
Gravity, specific : Density compared to density of standard
material; reference usually to water or to air.
Gray Cast Iron: A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the
presence of flake graphite. Often called gray iron.
Gray Cast-Iron: A cast-iron that gives a gray fracture due to the
presence of flake graphite. Often called gray iron.
Gray Iron: Also known as flake iron on account of all or part of the
carbon content being in the form of graphite distributed through the
metal as flakes.
Grease: Lubricant composed of an oil or oils thickened with a soap,
soaps or other thickener to a semifluid to solid consistency. May also
contain other additives.
Grease Pumps: A Grease Pump is a pump that is designed for use
with viscous fluids. They are often used as a way to dispense
lubricants from bulk storage containers.
Grease System: Lubricating system that supplies grease to various
parts of the finishing mill.
Grease System Timer: An electronic or mechanical device used to
start a grease system at predetermined intervals.
Grease Traps: A Grease Trap is incorporated into a plumbing
system to keep grease from entering the wastewater stream. They
are used in many applications including food processing and
restaurant industries.
Grease : A lubricant composed of an oil thickened with a soap or
other thickener to a solid or semisolid consistency.
Grease, block : A grease that is sufficiently hard to retain its shape
in block or stick form.
Grease, soda based : A grease prepared from lubricating oil and
sodium soap.
Great circle: An imaginary circle on the surface of a sphere whose
center is at the center of the sphere.
Great Place to Work: An international organization that studies the
characteristics of the corporate environment and develops mood
surveys.
Green Compact: An unsintered powder metallurgy or ceramic
compact.
Green liquor: The liquor resulting from dissolved molten smelt from
Kraft recovery furnace in water.
Green Rot: A form of high-temperature attack on stainless steels,
nickel-chromium alloys and nickel-chromium iron alloys subjected to
simultaneous oxidation and carburization. Basically, attack occurs by
first precipitating chromium as chromium carbide, then oxidizing the
carbide particles.
Green Rot: A form of high temperature attack on stainless
steels,nickel chromium alloys and nickel chromium iron alloys
subjected to simultaneois oxidation and carburization. Basically,
attack occurs by first precipitating chromium as chromium carbide,
then oxidizing the caarbide particles.
Green Sand: A naturally bonded sand or a compounded molding
sand mixture which has been tempered with water for use while still
in the damp or wet condition.
Green Sand: A naturally bonded sand or a compounded molding
sand mixture which has been tempered with water for use while still
in the damp or wet condition.
Green Sand Core: A sand core used in the unbaked condition, also
a core made from green sand and used as rammed.
Green Sand Mold: A mold composed of moist molding sand and not
dried before being filled with molten metal.
Green Strength: The strength of a tempered sand mixture at room
temperature.
Green Strength: The strength of a tempered sand mixture at room
temperature.
Green Wavelength Laser Marker: Green wavelength laser markers
are those that produce a beam with a wavelength of 532
nanometers, thereby generating a green laser beam within the
visible spectrum. Green wavelength laser marking systems typically
use a diode-pumped, solid state (DPSS) laser. See Diode-pumped
Laser Marker.
Green X: The Michelin Green X label guarantees a level of energy
efficiency among the highest in the market and reduced CO2
emission while maintaining all the legendary Michelin advantages of
long wear, safety and other performances.
Greenfield Steel Mill: New mill that is built “from scratch”,
presumably on a green field.
Greenfield Steel Mill: New mill that is built from scratch, presumably
on a green field.
Greenhouse: The portion of a vehicle above its beltline.
Greenhouse effect: The warming of an atmosphere by its absorbing
and reemitting infrared radiation while allowing shortwave radiation
to pass on through.Certain gaseous components of the atmosphere,
called greenhouse gases, transmit the visible portion of solar
radiation but absorb specific spectral bands of thermal radiation
emitted by the Earth. The theory is that terrain absorbs radiation,
heats up, and emits longer wavelength thermal radiation that is
prevented from escaping into space by the blanket of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a result, the
climate warms. Because atmospheric and oceanic circulations play a
central role in the climate of the Earth, improving our knowledge
about their interaction becomes essential.
Greenhouse effect: A popular term used to describe the roles
of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases in keeping the
Earth's surface warmer than it would be otherwise. These
" radiatively active" gases are relatively transparent to
incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to
outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would
otherwise escape to space, is trapped by these gases within the
lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent re-radiation of some
of the energy back to the surface maintains surface temperatures
higher than they would be if the gases were absent. There is
concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases,
including carbon dioxide, methane,
and anthropogenicchlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the
greenhouse effect and cause global warming.
Greenhouse gas: A gaseous component of the atmosphere
contributing to the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases are
transparent to certain wavelengths of the sun's radiant energy,
allowing them to penetrate deep into the atmosphere or all the way
into the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gases and clouds prevent
some of infrared radiation from escaping, trapping the heat near the
Earth's surface where it warms the lower atmosphere. Alteration of
this natural barrier of atmospheric gases can raise or lower the mean
global temperature of the Earth.
Greenhouse gas score: A score from zero to 10 given by the EPA
to each new vehicle by that represents the amount of greenhouse
gases emitted during a laboratory driving simulation of the vehicle.
Greenhouse gases: Greenhouse gases produces by vehicle that
use hydrocarbons as fuel (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
methane) that contributes to reducing the loss of the atmospheric
heat into space.
Greenhouse gases: Gases produced by vehicles that use
hydrocarbons as fuel (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and hydroflourocarbons) that contribute to
reducing the loss of atmospheric heat into space.
Greenhouse gases: A series of gases (six of which were targeted
by the KyotoProtocol) which absorb the infrared sunrays emitted by
the earth’s surface, thereby contributing to global warming.Resulting
from the combustion of fossil energies (coal,fuel, etc.), carbon
dioxide (CO2) accounts for overhalf the greenhouse gas emissions.
Since 1750, itsconcentration in the atmosphere has grown by 30%.
It has alifespan of 50 to 200 years.
Greenhouse gases: Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon
dioxide, tropospheric ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane, that are
transparent to solar radiation but opaque to longwave radiation.
Their action is similar to that of glass in a greenhouse. Also
seegreenhouse effect and trace gas.
Greenland ice sheet: See ice sheet.
Greensand: Naturally occurring materials, composed primarily of
complex silicates, which possess ion-exchange properties.
Greenwich mean time: See universal time.
Grenz: A soil horizon, which is frequently marked by a bed of clay,
that results from a temporary halt in the accumulation of vegetal
material.
Grey Iron: Alsoo known as flake iron on account of all or part of the
carbon content being in the form of graphite distributed through the
metal as flakes.
Grid : The lead alloy frame work for the active material of an
automotive battery.
Grid north : Standard aviation term.
Grindability: Relative ease of grinding, analogous to machinability.
Grindability Index: A measure of the grindability of a material under
specified grinding conditions, expressed in terms of volume of
material removed per unit volume of wheel wear.
Grinding: Method of conditioning steel by removing surface flaws
using a power-driven grinding wheel.
Grinding: Process of removing metal by abrasion from bar or billet
stock to prepare stock surfaces for forging. Occasionally used to
remove surface irregularities and flash from forgings.
Grinding Cracks: Shallow cracks formed in the surfaces of
relatively hard materials because of excessive grinding heat or the
high sensitivity of the material. See also grinding sensitivity. (see
Grinding Sensitivity)
Grinding Cracks: Shallow cracks formed in the surface of relatively
hard materials because of excessive grinding heat or the high
sensitivity of the material.
Grinding Fluid: An oil - or water-based fluid introduced into grinding
operations to (1) reduce and transfer heat during grinding, (2)
lubricate during chip formation, (3) wash loose chips or swarf from
the grinding belt or wheel, and (4) chemically aid the grinding action
or machine maintenance.
Grinding Mills: A Grinding Mill is a general term that can be used to
refer to a number of different ore processing machines, including ball
mills, hammer mills, and gyratory mills. The purpose of a grinding
mill is to break large solids into smaller, uniformly sized pieces by
abrasion and crushing.
Grinding Oils: Oils formulated for grinding service where grinding
wheel life, metal surface finish, etc., are important.
Grinding Relief: A groove or recess located at the boundary of a
surface to permit the corner of the wheel to overhang during
grinding.
Grinding Sensitivity: Susceptibility of a material to surface damage
such as grinding cracks; it can be affected by such factors as
hardness, microstructure, hydrogen content and residual stress.
Grinding Stress: Residual stress generated by grinding in the
surface layer of work. It may be tensile, compressive or both.
Grinding Wheel: A cutting tool of circular shape made of abrasive
grains bonded together. See also diamond wheels. (see Diamond
Wheels)
Grip Ratio: The ratio of the sum of the horizontal forces on one side
of the load to the live weight of the load. For example, if the total
horizontal force on one side of the load is 100,000 lb. and the live
load is 50,000 lb. the grip ratio is 2. For purposes of this calculation,
the weight of the load does not include the weight of the lifter.
Gripper Bar Kink: A condition created by poor initial start on the
reel or a loose first lap.
Gripping Force: The force the lifting device exerts on the load.
Grit: 1. Texture of the surface of a roll; applied through sandblasting
and grinding; the lower the number, the higher the grit and the
rougher the surface; 50, 90, 150, 200 and 220 grit. Temper mills may
run grit. Grit also refers to the finish on the surface of the steel. 2.
The size of the shot blast used to mechanically texture a roll for
producing a grit finish product.
Grit: 1) Texture of the surface of a roll; applied through sand blasting
and grinding; the lower the number, the higher the grit and the
rougher the surface; 50, 90, 150, 200, and 220 grit. Temper Mills
may run grit. Grit also refers to the finish on the surface of the steel.
2) The size of the shot blast used to mechanically texture a roll for
producing a grit finish product.
Grit Blasting: Abrasive blasting with small irregular pieces of steel,
malleable cast iron or hard nonmetallic materials.
Grit Size: Nominal size of abrasive particles in a grinding wheel,
corresponding to the number of openings per linear inch in a screen
through which the particles can pass.
Grivation : Symbols: nu sub g ; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Groove: The space between two adjacent tread ribs; also called
tread grooves.
Grooving: A form of deterioration of boiler plate by a combination of
localized corrosion and stress concentration.
Grooving Machines: A Grooving Machine is used to create a
groove in a workpiece, generally with a rotating saw blade. Grooving
machines may incorporate features for precisely positioning the
blade to set the groove depth and control the infeed rate of the part
being grooved.
Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR): The maximum weight that can
be distributed among the tyres on a given axle.
Gross national product: The total value of all goods and services
produced by the people of a given country over a year.
Gross Porosity: In weld metal or in a casting, pores, gas holes or
globular voids that are larger and in much greater numbers than
those obtained in good practice.
Gross primary production: The total amount or weight of organic
matter created by photosynthesis over a defined time period (total
product of photosynthesis). Abbreviated GPP.
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): The weight of the vehicle and its
contents (fluids, passengers and cargo).
Gross vehicle weight rating: Also referred to as "GVWR." The sum
of a vehicles curb weight, cargo weight capacity and passenger
weight capacity.
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR): The maximum weight
allowed for the vehicle and its contents. This value is established by
the vehicle manufacturer and can be identified on the vehicle door
placard.
Gross-batterien : Large batteries of German anti-aircraft guns.
Grossmann Number (H): A ratio describing the ability of a
quenching medium to extract heat from a hot steel workpiece in
comparison to still water.
Ground: A point of zero reference in electrical circuits to which all
circuit voltages are compared. Also, to ground a device means to
make connections to an earth ground for safety purposes.
Ground : The lowest possible voltage in a circuit in electrical term
the desirable returned circuit path, ground can also be undesirable
and provide a shortcut path for a defective electrical circuit.
Ground air : A/C unit to cool aircraft while on the ground.
Ground Anchors: A Ground Anchor is used to hold structure to the
surrounding earth. Different anchoring strategies are available
depending on situation and ground composition, and may include
cables, screws, and concrete footings as part of a system.
Ground Bed: A buried item, such as junk steel or graphite rods, that
serves as the anode for the cathodic protection of pipelines or other
buried structures.
Ground bed : Cathodic protection, an interconnected group of
impressed-current anodes that absorbs the damage caused by
generated electric current
Ground bus: A busbar in a panel or elsewhere, deliberately
connected to ground.
Ground clearance: Ground clearance is the distance between the
lowest point of a vehicle and level ground.
Ground clearance: The distance between the lowest point of a
vehicle and level ground.
Ground coil: Heat exchanger buried in the ground. May be used
either as an evaporator or as a condenser.
Ground conductor: Conductor run in an electrical system, which is
deliberately connected to the ground electrode. Purpose is to provide
a ground point throughout the system. Insulation color green. Also
called "green ground".
Ground Connection: In arc welding, a device used for attaching the
work lead (ground cable) to the work.
Ground cover: Plants occurring naturally or planted to prevent soil
from eroding and nutrient loss. Examples of ground cover include
mosses, annuals and perennials, small shrubs in forests, grasses,
and agricultural crops. Primary succession in which communities are
established in newly formed habitats is often longer and slower than
secondary succession in which communities are re-established in
areas where they were destroyed. Plants covering the ground may
vary at different stages of succession.
Ground effect: Increased lift generated by the interaction between a
lift system and the ground when an aircraft is within a wingspan
distance above the ground. It affects a low-winged aircraft more than
a midor high-winged aircraft because its wings are closer to the
ground; aka GROUND CUSHION.
Ground effect: The ground effect condition is when the model is so
close to the ground.
Ground effect : The cushion of air that the aircraft rides on when
close to the ground. This will decrease the amount of elevator
needed to maintain a constant altitude when near the
ground/landing.
Ground fault: An unintentional connection to ground.
Ground Fault: An accidental conducting connection between the
electrical circuit or equipment and the earth or some conducting
body that serves in place of the earth.
Ground Flat Stock: Annealed and preground (to close tolerances)
tool steel flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. There are
three common grades: water hardening, oil hardening and air
hardening quality.
Ground Flat Stock: Annealed and pre ground (to close tolerances)
tool steel flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. These are
three common grades; water hardening, oil hardening, and air
hardening quality.
Ground grocer : A jamming device used to interfere with FuG 202
and 212 AI radar
Ground handling operator: Company that provides ground
handling support services to airlines. These may include catering,
cleaning, passenger check-in and ticketing and engineering support.
Ground resonance: This describes the phenomena that can make
a helicopter shake itself to bits on the ground, even when it is
perfectly balanced in the air. This is more common in seesaw type
heads which aren't as dampened as flapping heads, and is also
more common on pavement or hard surfaces which don't absorb
vibrations.
Ground Roll Finish: The bright or smooth microfinish on the last
stand of a tandem mill or temper mill; produced by grinding;
determines the surface finish of the product where brightness is
desired.
Ground Roll Finish: The bright or smooth microfinish on the last
stand of a tandem mill or temper mill; produced by grinding;
determines the surface finish of the product where brightness is
desired.
Ground speed : The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of
the earth.
Ground track: The inclination of a satellite, together with its orbital
altitude and the period of its orbit, creates a track defined by an
imaginary line connecting the satellite and the Earth's center. The
intersection on the line with the Earth's surface is the subsatellite
point. As the Earth turns on its axis and the satellite orbits overhead,
a line is created by the satellite's apparent path over the ground (the
series of subsatellite points connected). A geostationary satellite has
an inclination of essentially zero, and, because its orbital period
exactly matches the Earth's rotation, its ground track is reduced to
an apparent stationary point on the equator.
Ground track angle (gta) : Direction of ground speed vector with
respect to true north; Synonyms: true track; Symbols: eta; Typical
Units: rad, deg;
Ground visibility : prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth`s
surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service
or an accredited observer
Ground : Zero voltage, or any point connected to the earth or
"ground".
Grounding line: The boundary between the area where an ice
shelf or a glacier is floating on water and where it is in contact with
the shore or underlying earth (grounded).
Groundspeed: The actual speed that an aircraft travels over the
ground—its "shadow speed"; it combines the aircraft's AIRSPEED
and the wind's speed relative to the aircraft's direction of flight.
Groundspeed select (g/s sel) : A basic guidance mode, providing
longitudinal guidance to an operator selected groundspeed;
Groundspeed : The speed over the ground; earth speed projected
to a horizontal plane; Symbols: V sub g; Typical Units: kt, ft/s;
Dimensions: Length / Time;
Groundwater: The supply of fresh water found beneath the surface
of the Earth (usually in aquifers) that often supplies wells and
springs.
Grout Pigs: A Grout Pig is used in the construction of wells. Once
the well has been drilled, a steel casing is inserted into the well.
Grout (cement) is used to anchor the casing to the surrounding rock
and soil. Grout is pumped into the casing; the grout pig is then driven
down the casing, forcing grout up the outside walls of the casing
from the bottom, where it is allowed to cure. After curing, the grout
pig is removed.
Grout Pipes: A Grout Pipe is used to pump grout to the bottom of a
well during well construction.
Grout : To force sealing material into a soil, sand or confined small
space; or the sealing material used in grouting.
Growth (cast iron): A permanent increase in the dimensions of cast
iron resulting from repeated or prolonged heating at temperatures
above 480°C (900°F) due either to graphitizing of carbides or
oxidation.
Growth water-use efficiency: A measure at the individual plant
level of how well plants use available water in growth. The units of
dry matter synthesized are divided by the units of water lost.
Gruppe : subdivision of a geshwader, each group having 20-30
aircraft assigned
GS : Groundspeed.
Gsa: See General Sales Agent.
GSC : Ground Speed
GSFC: Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Maryland).
GSL: Gear shift lever
GSM : General Standard for Mobile Communication (Mobile
phones)
GSO: Geosynchronous Orbit.
GTA : Ground track angle
GTO: Geostationary Transfer Orbit.
GTWO : Gross Take off Weight
Guerin Process: A rubber-pad forming process for forming sheet
metal. The principal tools are the rubber pad and form block or
punch.
Guidance control parameter (gclp) : One of several parameters for
the guidance control laws, generated by individual guidance modes;
See Also: altitude error scale factor, altitude integral gain, altitude
integral input, altitude integral limit, controlled altitude, controlled
speed, course cut limit, cross track deviation, cross track deviation
gain, cross track deviation rate, cross track deviation rate gain,
desired altitude, desired speed, path integral gain, path integral limit,
path integral value, reference acceleration, reference acceleration
gain, track angle error, track angle error gain, velocity error scale
factor; Reference: kilmer89.
Guidance : System, usually software, that determines state errors of
desired state minus current state, typically three states: heading,
altitude, and speed;
Guide: A part of a stand of rolls which steers the steel into the pass
and supports it in the correct position. There are also delivery guides
on some mills which strip the steel out of the grooves, thus assuring
that it does not wind around a roll. Some continuous mills also have
twisting guides.
Guide: Device for holding the metal in the proper position, during
rolling, or slitting.
Guide Mark: A defect on the surface of a bar caused by the rubbing
of an improperly designed or improperly set guide.
Guide Mill: A small hand mill with several stands to a train and with
guides for the work at the entrance to the rolls.
Guide Scratch: Scratches or marks appearing parallel to edges of
cold rolled strip caused by scale or other particles which have
become imbedded in or have adhered to the rolling mill guide. Also
applies to similar scatches appearing as a result of slitting.
Guide, Chain: A means to guide the load chain at the load
sprocket.
Guided Bend: The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the
specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the
outside and inside surfaces of the specimen.
Guided Bend Test: A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite
shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block.
Guillotine: A device equipped with explosive blades used to cut
cables, water lines, wires, etc. during separation of spacecraft
modules.
Guillotine Shear: A shear the upper knife or blade of which moves
downward like the French guillotine, i.e., as a window sash moves
down. It is sometimes called a gate shear.
Guillotine Valve: A slideplate-type valve which blocks the flow of
material through a line.
Guillotine Valve: A slide plate type valve which blocks the flow of
material through a line.
Guillotines: A Hydraulic Guillotine is used to separate material with
a shearing motion. The shearing force is provided by hydraulic
power.
Guinier-Preston (G-P) Zone: A small precipitation domain in a
supersaturated metallic solid solutIon. A G-P zone has no well-
defined crystalline structure of its own and contains an abnormally
high concentration of solute atoms. The formation of G-P zones
constitutes the first stage of precipitation and is usually accompanied
by a change in properties of the solid solution in which they occur.
Gulf stream: A warm, swift ocean current that flows along the coast
of the Eastern United States and makes Ireland, Great Britain, and
the Scandinavian countries warmer than they would be otherwise.
Gulf stream meander: A transient winding bend in the Gulf Stream.
These bends intensify as the Gulf Stream merges into the North
Atlantic and can break up into detached eddies at about 40 degrees
S.
Gull wing : A polyhedral wing arrangment in which the center or
inboard panels have dihedral and the outer or tip panels have
anhedral relative to them, mimicking the frontal view of a gull's wing.
See also Anhedral, Dihedral and Polyhedral.
Gull-wing: Descriptive of wing in frontal view bent as the wing of a
seagull; a distinctive shallow, inverted "V" shape
Gum: Sticky, rubbery deposit, black or dark brown in color, resulting
from the oxidation of lubricating oils or from unstable constituents in
gasoline that deposit during storage or use.
Gun Drill: A drill used for deep hole drilling usually with one or more
flutes and with coolant passages through the drill body.
Gun Drill: A drill, usually with one or more flutes and with coolant
passages through the drill body, used for deep hole drilling.
Gustav : Nickname for the Bf109G
Gutter: A slight depression surrounding the cavity in the die to
relieve pressure and control flash flow.
GVWR: "Gross vehicle weight rating."
Gyration: The circular motion of ions and electrons around
magnetic field lines.
Gyratory Crushers: A Gyratory Crusher is used to crush bulk
solids, generally in ore processing applications. The crushing action
is provided by eccentric motion (wobble) of a cone inside a outer
conical chamber. Large pieces of ore are fed into the top of the
crusher; they are crushed into smaller and smaller pieces until finally
exiting through the bottom of the crusher.
Gyres: Major circular flow patterns in the oceans. The wind-driven
eastward- and westward-flowing equatorial currents are blocked by
the continents and rotate slowly in a clockwise direction in the North
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and in a counter-clockwise direction in
the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
Gyro: A device used to help stabilize the yaw of a helicopter.
Gyro sensor: A device that enables a vehicles navigation system to
determine the direction the vehicle is facing.
Gyro : A mechanical or electronic device which helps to stabilize the
orientation of the aircraft by sensing rotation, and moving the
appropriate servo to compensate. This device can be used on any
axis, but is most frequently used on rudder and elevator, typically
used to aid in 3D and precision flying.
Gyrodyne : a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine-driven for
takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for forward flight through part of
its speed range, and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually
of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system
Gyroplane : A rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven, except
for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the
rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion, consisting
usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor
system.
Gyroscope: A spinning, wheel-like device that resists any force that
tries to tilt its axis. Gyroscopes are used for stabilizing the attitude of
rockets and spacecraft in motion.
Gyroscope (gyro) : An inertial device for measuring change of
attitude (pitch rate, roll rate, and yaw rate); gyroscopes usually
consist of a gimbled, rotating mass; gyroscopes are usually included
in inertial sensors, such as AHRS and INS; See Also: ring-laser gyro;
H: Chemical symbol for hydrogen.
H : 1. A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically
rated for Speeds up to 210 kph (130 mph), as in P185HR13. The
next higher rating is V and the one lower rating is T. 2. Système
International (SI) symbol for Henry
H : Helicopter (JAR-FCL)
H.hermetic : Sealed so that the object is gas tight.
H24 : Operating 24 hours
H2s : ?
HAB: Hot Air Blast. The blast of heated air delivered from the stoves
through the hot blast system to the tuyeres of the blast furnace.
Habit Plane: The plane or system of planes of a crystalline phase
along which some phenomenon, such as twinning or transformation,
occurs.
Habitat: The area or region where a particular type of plant or
animal lives and grows.
Hac: Hydrogenassist cracking.
HAC : Acronym for High Altitude Compensator
Hack : An aircraft used for communications or recreational
purposes.
Hackney Carriage : Black taxis in London.
Hacksaw : A tool for cutting metal, with a narrow blade attached to a
frame
Hadfield Manganese Steel: A specialty steel which is austenitic and
usually contains approximately 12% manganese. It is used in mining,
earth-moving equipment and in railroad track work.
hadfield Manganese Steel: A specially steel which is austenitic and
usually contains approximately 12% Manganese. It is used in mining,
earth moving equipment and in railroad track work.
Hadley cell: A direct thermally-driven and zonally symmetric large-
scale atmospheric circulation first proposed by George Hadley in
1735 as an explanation for the trade winds. It carries
momentum, sensible heat, and potential heat from the tropics to the
mid-latitudes (30 degrees). The poleward transport aloft is
complemented by subsidence in the subtropical high pressure ridge
and a surface return flow. The variability of this cell and the Walker
cell is hypothesized to be a major factor in short-term climate
change.
HAI : 1. Acronym for Heated air inlet system 2. Acronym for hot air
intake
Hail: Precipitation composed of balls or irregular lumps of ice. Hail is
produced when large frozen raindrops, or almost any particles, in
cumulonimbus clouds act as embryos that grow by accumulating
supercooled liquid droplets. Violent updrafts in the cloud carry the
particles in freezing air, allowing the frozen core to accumulate more
ice. When the piece of hail becomes too heavy to be carried by
upsurging air currents it falls to the ground.
Hair pin : A roadway with several sharp turns usually on a hill.
Hair pin cotter : A securing device shaped somewhat like a U in
which the legs have a series of waves or bends. Insert one leg into
the hole of a rod so that the bent leg will encircle the rod.
Hairline crack : A tiny stress crack which forms due to strains in the
material or extreme temperature differences; as opposed to crazing,
a single crack of this type will often occur alone
Hairpin valve spring : A valve spring formed from a wire or metal
strip bent to form two levers emanating from a half-loop or coil; used
on some classic cars and motorcycles
HAIS : Acronym for Heated Air Intake System (Chrysler)
Haldex clutch: Limited slip coupling used in vehicles with automatic
all-wheel drive systems to engage and disengage a secondary axle
when needed.
Half Bearing: Bearing that surrounds only 1/2 of a journal, e.g., the
AAR journal bearing, available as upper or lower arch bearing; also
known as 180º arch bearing. All non-sleeve bearings are designated
as partial journal bearings.
Half Cell: An electrode immersed in a suitable electrolyte, designed
for measurements of electrode potential.
Half dog point : The same as a dog point but half as long; used on
short screws for the same purposes as the dog point, but in a
shallower hole or slot.
Half dog point socket set screw : A headless socket set screw
threaded the entire length. It has a hexagonal drive at one end and a
protruding tip with a flat surface at the other end.
Half Hard Temper: (A) In low carbon cold rolled strip steel, produced
by cold rolling to a hardness next to but somewhat softer than full
hard temper. (B) In brass mill terminology, half hard is two B&S
numbers hard or 20.70% thickness reduction. (C) In Stainless Steel
Strip, Tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For
Chromium Nickel grades Half Hard Temper 150,000 T.S., 110,000
Y.S.Min.
Half link : Every Chain has Rollers which are connected by side
plates or Keepers. When counting the number of links in a length of
Chain, it is easiest to count the number of side plates on one side of
the Chain and multiplying the number by two. When a Chain needs
to be an odd number, a half link is included. The term half link is a
misnomer. It should be called a single link. The side plate on a half
link is not flat but has a step down shape. For this reason, it is called
an offset link.
Half Nut: A lever operated mechanism that resembles a split nut that
can be closed on the lead screw of a lathe when threads are being.
Half shaft : A rotating shaft that transmits power from the final drive
unit to one side of the drive wheels, but usually refers to the two
shafts that connect the road wheels to the final drive with
Independent rear suspension or Front-wheel drive as opposed to the
axle shafts of a live rear axle. Also called an Axleshaft
Half step gearing : A Gearing system of a Bicycle in which a shift
between Chainrings in a double chainring set is equivalent to half a
gear step on the Freewheel.
Half-hard Temper: Cold rolled steel produced to a Rockwell
hardness range of 70 to 85 on the B scale. A product of this temper
is intended for limited cold forming and will only withstand 90° bends
made across the rolling direction.
Half-moon key : A driving key serving the same purpose as the
regular key but it is shaped somewhat like a half circle. Also called a
Woodruff key.
Half-moon slip joint pliers : A multiple-slip joint pliers with groove
joint
Half-round body file : A body file with domed file surface for
working reverse-crowned panels
Half-round file : A special file that's flat on one side and convex on
the other
Halftrack : Vehicle with caterpillar tracks over the rear wheels to
provide motive power but steered by normal front wheels
Halide leak detector: A device used to detect vapor leaks of
halogen refrigerants. It uses acetylene as its base.
Halide refrigerants: Family of refrigerants containing halogen
chemicals.
Halide refrigerants : Family of refrigerants containing halogen
chemicals.
Halide torch : Type of torch used to safely detect halogen
refrigerant leaks in system.
Halide torch : Type of torch used to safely detect halogen
refrigerant leaks in system.
Hall effect : In electrical conductors where electric current flows
perpendicular to a magnetic field, a so-called Hall voltage is
produced perpendicular to the direction of current flow and to the
magnetic field
Hall effect switch: The sensor that operates by moving a magnet
field relative to semi-conductor creating a square wave output
primarily used to determine postion.
Hall element : A pulse generator that makes use of the Hall Effect
and consists of a rotor with vanes, a conductive element with a
permanent magnet and the Hall IC. Also called Hall generator. When
the air gap is unobstructed, a Hall voltage is generated; when a vane
stands in the air gap, the magnetic flux cannot reach the Hall IC. Hall
generators used as ignition pulse generators have as many vanes
and Hall windows as the engine has cylinders, dwell being
determined by the width of the vanes. Hall generators used in
electronic-map ignition systems to provide the engine starting signal
have only one Hall window
Hall generator : A pulse generator that makes use of the Hall Effect
and consists of a rotor with vanes, a conductive element with a
permanent magnet and the Hall IC. Also called Hall element.
Hall IC : A solid state device with the actual Hall generator and
integrated circuits for voltage amplification and potential reversal,
producing the pulses for the control unit
Hall module : A Hall IC
Hall Process: A commercial process for winning aluminum from
alumina by electrolytic reduction of a fused bath of alumina dissolved
in cryolite.
Hall sensor : A Hall generator.
Hall vane switch : A switch that makes use of the Hall Effect. When
the air gap is free, a magnetic field acts on the Hall IC and the Hall
voltage reaches its maximum (high). When a rotor vane obstructs
the air gap, shielding the Hall IC from the magnetic flux, the Hall
voltage reaches its minimum (low). The signal produced is a square
wave
Hall-effect ignition system : Transistorized ignition with Hall
generator
Hall-effect sensor : A Hall generator
Hall-effect switch : A Hall vane switch
Halocline: In the oceans, a well-defined vertical gradient of salinity.
Halogen : One of the chemical elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, or astatine.
Halogen bulb : A bulb containing a trace of a halogen, such as
iodine. A halogen bulb gives off a brighter light.
Halogen headlamps : Tungsten-halogen bulb used in sealed beam
unit or as separate bulb in composite headlamp
Halogen headlight : High intensity reflector with inner halogen bulb,
precision lens, and 3-prong attachment. Don't touch the glass of a
halogen bulb with your fingers. The oil left on the glass will cause the
glass to break or reduce the life of the bulb. If the glass is
accidentally touched, it may be cleaned with methylated spirits or
rubbing alcohol on a soft cloth
Halogen lamp : A type of Incandescent lamp that lasts much longer
and is more efficient than the common incandescent lamp. The lamp
uses a halogen gas, usually iodine or bromine that causes the
evaporating tungsten to be redeposited on the filament, thus
prolonging its life.
Halogen Method: The plating solution basis at WSC; other methods
include ferrostan and MSA (methyl sulfonic acid).
Halogenated Solvents: Solvents formulated with one of the
halogens, usually chlorine or fluorine. Halogenated solvents are
associated with the atmospheric depletion of ozone.
Halogenated substances : A volatile compound containing
halogens, such as chlorine, fluorine or bromine.
Halogens : Substance containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and
iodine.
Halogens : Substance containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and
iodine.
Hamlin switch : A suspended-mass-type sensor used in new air
bag systems; avoids the ecological problems associated with the
earlier mercury-type switches
Hammer: A machine that applies a sharp blow to the work area
through the fall of a ram onto an anvil. The ram can be driven by
gravity or power. See also gravity hammer. (see Gravity Hammer)
Hammer : A hand tool with a head (usually metal) and a handle. It
is used to force one item against or through another. Several types
of hammers are available
Hammer Crusher: A Hammer Crusher, also known as a hammer
mill, is used in ore processing to reduce the size of feed material.
The crushing action is provided by the impact of hammers attached
to a spinning rotor inside the housing.
Hammer down : Trucker slang for driving fast as in "We got a
southbound smokey with the hammer down".
Hammer drill : Electric hand drill that hammers as well as rotates
Hammer Forging: A forging process in which the work is deformed
by repeated blows. Compare with press forging.
Hammer Forging: Forging in which the work is deformed by
repeated blows. Compare with press forging.
Hammer Mills: A Hammer Mill, also known as a hammer crusher, is
used in ore processing to reduce the size of feed material. The
crushing action is provided by the impact of hammers attached to a
spinning rotor inside the housing.
Hammer Welding: Forge welding by hammering.
Hammer welding : Metalworking technique that includes gas
welding, preferably without the use of filler rod, followed by hammer
and Dolly work on the welded joint to smooth out any remaining
imperfections
Hammerform : A shaped wooden block used in panel beating, on
which a desired form is produced by hammering
Hammering: Beating metal sheet into a desired shape either over a
form or on a high-speed mechanical hammer, in which the sheet is
moved between a small curved hammer and a similar anvil to
produce the required dishing or thinning.
Hand Brake: A small manual folding machine designed to bend
sheet metal; similar in design and purpose to a press brake.
Hand brakes: Hand brakes are the controlling device which is used
for stop the vehicle while parking. It is also known as secondary and
emergency brake.
Hand Chain: The chain provided to bridge crane control movement
of a hand chain operated trolley.
Hand controls : An auxiliary set of components to allow disabled
people to operate a vehicle.
Hand Crafted : Something that is built by hand rather than in an
assembly line (i.e., mass produced).
Hand crank : Before Cadillac invented and first produced electric
Starters, engines were started by means of a handle which was
inserted into the front of the engine and rotated manually. After 1930
it became obsolete.
Hand cycle : A human powered cycle that is propelled by rotating
the crank with your hands rather than your feet. Usually there is one
wheel up front and two (often smaller) in the back. It is designed for
people who are unable to use their legs.
Hand drill : A power-driven device for boring holes or (with the
correct attachment) removing or securing screws and bolts
Hand file : A flat File for shaping metal, with a rectangular cross
section, constant blade width and one smooth edge
Hand Forge (Smith Forge): The forging operation in which the
forming is accomplished on dies that are generally flat. The piece is
shaped roughly to the required contour with little or no lateral
confinement; operations involving mandrels are included.
Hand Hook: A tool made of steel rod used to push crane spreader
arms apart or pull together.
Hand lapped valves : A process of grinding valves by hand so that
there is a perfect match between the valve and its seat.
Hand launch: A method of launching a model that doesn’t have
landing gear by launching it with a hand toss or overhand throw.
Hand Shears: Tool used in cutting steel plate.
Hand shield : An eye and face protector held in the hand. It enables
a person to look directly at the electric arc through a special lens
without being harmed.
Handbook : A manual which gives instructions or information.
Handbrake : A brake operated by a hand lever. It may also refer to
the Parking brake.
Handbrake turn : 180° turn achieved by applying the handbrake
(acting on the rear wheels) hard when the vehicle is starting to turn
Handbrake warning light : A light on the instrument panel that
illuminates when the handbrake is applied; on most new cars it has
been superseded by a multifunction brake warning light
Handed : Something that is made for a specific side of a unit. For
example, left hand arm rests are not interchangeable with right hand
arm rests.
Handle : The reaction of a vehicle under a particular circumstance,
especially regarding cornering, roadholding, and maneuvering.2. To
deal with or to cope with (e.g., "the tires can handle 50 psi" means
the tires can withstand pressure up to 50 psi).
Handlebar : A steering device found on Bicycles and Motorcycles.
Grips, brake levers, and shifters, etc. are attached to the handlebar.
Handlebar bag : A container, usually leather and nylon, which
mounts on the front of a bicycle's handlebars.
Handlebar riser : A bracket which lifts the base of the handlebar up
higher.
Handling : The relative ability of a vehicle to negotiate curves and
respond to road conditions. It is a factor of the weight of the vehicle,
the suspension, tires, air flow, etc.
Handling Breaks: Irregular breaks caused by improper handling of
metal sheets during processing. These breaks result from bending or
sagging of the sheets during handling.
Handling Mark: See ?Mark, Handling?
Hands-free : A car cell phone that allows the driver to dial and talk
on the phone without handling the phone.
Handshaker : A colloquial term for a passenger car with a manual
transmission
Hang a left : To make a left-turn
Hang a right : To make a right-hand turn
Hang a U-ey : To make a U-turn
Hangar: A building intended to be used for storage, maintenance,
etc. of aircraft (note correct spelling - not "hanger").
Hanger : 1. A flexible ring or strap to hold a pipe, e.g., an exhaust
pipe. 2. A mounting bracket, e.g., a spring hanger for a Leaf spring.
Hanger Bearings: Hanger Bearings are used to provide support to a
rotating shaft. The bearing housing includes a structural mounting
point that allows the bearing to hang below the supporting frame and
has strength to support the weight of the driveline.
Hanger Bolt : A fastener where one end is gimlet pointed and has a
wood screw thread. The other end consists of a coarse machine
screw thread. The center section is unthreaded.
Hanger Rod: A steel rod which, together with other fittings, is used
to suspend the track from the supporting structure.
Hanging Scales: Hanging Scales measure lifted weight. Crane
scales and spring scales are types of hanging scales.
Hangover : A modification of custom cars with separate chassis,
e.g., pick-ups, which raises the floorpan and lowers the body, to give
the impression that the body has been pulled down over the chassis
right down to street level
Happy valley : ; RAF nickname for the Ruhr industrial area.
Hard aground : A ship which has gone aground and is not able to
move under her own power.
Hard anodic coating : Hard, wear-resistant, oxide layer produced in
an anodic oxidation process
Hard anodizing : A special type of anodizing adapted to the
production of thick, hard, abrasion-resistant films
Hard Chromium: Chromium deposited for engineering purposes,
such as increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces,
rather than as a decorative coating. It is usually applied directly to
basis metal and is customarily thicker than a decorative deposit.
Hard Chromium: Chromium deposited for engineering purposes,
such as increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces,
rather than as a decorative coating. It is usually applied directly to
basis metal and is customarily thicker than a decorative deposit.
Hard chromium plating : An electrolytic deposition of a hard, wear-
resistant, chromium layer
Hard code : A type of trouble code that causes the ECU to
disengage the ABS and not re-engage it until the problem is repaired
Hard Drawing: Drawing metal wire through a die to reduce cross
section and increase tensile strength.
Hard Drawn: A temper produced in wire, rod or tube by cold
drawing.
Hard Drawn Spring Steel Wire: A medium high-carbon cold drawn
spring steel wire. Used primarily for cold wound springs.
Hard Drawn Spring Steel Wire: A medium high carbon cold drawn
spring steel wire. Used principally for cold wound springs.
Hard Metal Facing: A method of increasing the wear resistance of a
metal by the deposition of a hard protective coating. Alloys such as
stellite or a metallic carbide are most often used for the coating.
Hard Metal Facing: A method of increasing the wear resistance of a
metal by the deposition of a hard protective coating. Alloys such as
Stellite or a metallic carbide are most often used for the coating.
Hard Metals: A group of materials more commonly known as
cemented carbides. They consist of mixtures of one or more of the
finely divided carbides of tungsten, titanium, tantalum and vanadium
embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nickel by sintering. Widely used for
cutting tools, where for many applications they have replaced
conventional high-speed steels.
Hard Metals: A group of materials more commonly known as
cemented carbides. They consist of mixtures of one or more of the
finely divided carbides of tungsten, titanium, tantalum and vanadium
embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nickel by sintering. Widely used for
cutting tools where for many applications they have replaced
conventional high speed steels
Hard pedal : A loss in braking efficiency so that an excessive
amount of pressure is need to actuate brakes
Hard shoulder : A part of the road that is divided by broken or
continuous yellow lines from the rest of the road and should be used
only by certain road users in certain situations
Hard Solder: A term erroneously used to denote silverbase brazing
filler metals.
Hard solder : Uniting two pieces of metal with a material having a
melting point higher than soft solder e.g., silver soldering
Hard spots : Shiny bluish/brown glazed areas on a brake drum or
disc friction surface, caused by extreme heat. Excessive heat has
changed their molecular structure. Hard spots can usually be
removed by resurfacing
Hard stop : Hard braking, but not necessarily with locked wheels
Hard Temper: Same as full hard temper. (see Full Hard Temper)
Hard Temper: (A) (For steel see Full Hard Temper) (B) In brass mill
terminology. Hard Temper is four B&S numbers hard or 37.1%
reduction.
Hard trim : Instrument panel moldings, center consoles and similar
plastic trim
Hard water : Water that contains dissolved compounds of calcium,
magnesium or both.
Hardboard : A board-like building material made of compressed
wood chip fibers and sawdust
Hard-dry : The condition of paint when it is hard enough to polish
Harden : 1. The action of turning from a liquid to a solid.2. To set or
to cure.3. The action of making the surface a metal tougher.
Hardenability: The depth and distribution of hardness below the
surface of steel.
Hardenability : In a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the
depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching.
Hardened pushrods : Specially treated pushrods designed for use
with pushrod-guided rocker arms
Hardener: An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or
more added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten
aluminum. Also referred to as “master alloy”. (see Master Alloy)
Hardener: An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or
more added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten
aluminum. Also referred to as ?Master Alloy?.
Hardener : Chemical added to plastic filler to induce hardening as
used in auto body repair.
Hardening: The process of increasing the hardness of steel through
controlled heating and cooling.
Hardening : 1. The process of paint, epoxy, or glue becoming hard.
The drying or hardening of paint film goes through several stages.
The first stage is called dust-free; at this stage, the paint has
hardened sufficiently to prevent dust from becoming embedded in
the paint film. The second stage is called touch-dry; at this point, the
paint film can actually be touched with light finger pressure. The third
and final stage is referred to as hard-dry; at this point, the paint film
is hard enough to polish.2. A method of heat treating metals by
heating to a temperature within, or above, the critical range, holding
at that temperature for a given time, and then cooling rapidly, usually
by quenching in oil or water.
Hardening media : A liquid into which steel is immersed in order to
harden the steel. Usually involves cold water, brine, oil, and special
polymers.
Hardfacing: The application of a hard, wear-resistant material to the
surface of a component by welding, spraying or allied welding
processes to reduce wear or loss of material by abrasion, impact,
erosion, galling and cavitation. See also surfacing. (see Surfacing)
Hardfacing Alloys: Wear-resistant materials available as bare
welding rod, flux -coated rod, long-length solid wires, long-length
tubular wires or powders that are deposited by hardfacing.
Hardness: The scale-forming and lather-inhibiting qualities which
water, high in calcium and magnesium ions, possesses.
Hardness: Defined in terms of the method of measurement. 1.
Usually the resistance to indentation.(Rockwell) 2. Stiffness or
temper of wrought products. 3. Machinability characteristics.
Hardness: Resistance to indentation. See durometer hardness.
Hardness : 1. The toughness of the surface of a metal. Normally
stated in terms of Rockwell or Brinell scale of measurement,
hardness shows resistance of a fastener to rough marks and
abrasions, can indicate yield strength and brittleness, and has a
direct relationship to tensile strength in alloy steel fasteners.
However, for stainless, brass, and silicon bronze, the correlation
between hardness and tensile or yield is tenuous with no definite
relationship. Case-hardening uses surface heat treatment on ferrous
material to cause a harder outside surface than the center. Through-
hardening hardens the entire fastener. Bright hardening calls for heat
treatment without oxygen, so no oxides are formed on the material
surface.2. Resistance to plastic deformation by indentation,
penetration, scratching or bending.
Hardness – Rockwell (Hardness Tester): A device used to
determine the hardness of the steel strip. “Rockwell” machines are
used to measure hardness of all products after the Hot Mill.
Hardness – Rockwell 30T Scale (R30t): A hardness test used on
light gauge low carbon steels. A resistance to the 1/16" steel ball
being penetrated in the steel sheet.
Hardness – Rockwell B Scale (Rb): A common hardness test used
on most low carbon steel. A resistance to the 1/16" steel ball being
penetrated in the steel sheet.
Hardness – Rockwell C Scale (Rc): A hardness test using a
diamond penetrator and is used on high carbon steel. A resistance to
penetration in the harder steel sheet. For steel which are harder than
the Rb scale can measure.
Hardness control: An action designed to remove hardness and at
the same time to produce an equivalent amount of suspended solids.
Hardness of calcium carbonate: The expression ascribed to the
value obtained when the hardness-forming salts are calculated in
terms of equivalent quantities of calcium carbonate; a convenient
method of reducing all salts to a common basic for comparison.
Hardness Tester: Hardness Testing is a method to determine the
hardness of a material. Generally, this refers to the indentation
hardness. There are several methods for testing indentation
hardness, including Rockwell, Vickers, and Brinell hardness tests.
Hardness Value: Degree to which a material resists deformation,
indentation or scratching. There are many numerical scales (and
thus methods) to measure the hardness value (example: Rockwell,
Brinell, Vickers, etc.).
Hardness : Are generally referred to the presence of calcium and
magnesium content of the water.
Hardpoint: A strengthened section of the under-wing or fuselage,
intended for the carriage of external weapons or stores, usually on
pylons.
Hard-sided caravan : A British term for a trailer with foldable, hard
wall panels
Hard-sided trailer : A trailer with foldable, hard wall panels
Hardtail : A term for a bike (motorcycle or bicycle) which has no rear
suspension
Hardtop : A two-door or four-door vehicle without a center door post,
i.e., no B-post. It gives the impression of uninterrupted glass along
the side of the car. The term is derived from Hardtop convertible.
Other generic names have included sports coupe, hardtop coupe, or
pillarless coupe. In the face of proposed rollover standards, nearly all
automakers turned away from the pillarless design to a pillared
version by 1976-77.
Hardtop convertible : An automobile with a fixed roof that does not
retract into the Trunk, but gives the appearance of being a
Convertible
Hardtop stand : A foldable stand that holds a detached hardtop in a
vertical position when stored
Hard-top trailer : A vacation trailer with a hard top and (most often)
canvas sides.
Hardy disc : A disc-style flexible coupling
Hardy-Spicer joint : A type of universal joint commonly used with
prop shafts
Hardy-Spicer universal joint : A type of universal joint commonly
used with prop shafts
Haring Cell: A four-electrode cell for measurement of electrolyte
resistance and electrode polarization during electrolysis.
Harley-Davidson : A motorcycle manufacturer
Harmonic Analysis: Harmonic Analysis is a method for
deconstructing individual signal frequencies from a complex
waveform. As an example, harmonic analysis can be used to
determine discrete vibration resonance frequencies from
experimentally measured vibration data as a function of time.
Harmonic balance wheel : A grooved wheel attached to the front
end of the crankshaft which is connected by accessory belts to the
fan, alternator, power steering pump, water pump, air conditioning
compressor, and other devices so that the rotating crankshaft can
drive these other parts as well. The crankshaft pulley usually has
timing marks located on it, and these are necessary for checking and
adjusting timing with a timing light.
Harmonic balancer : Also called Vibration damper. It usually is a
solid Crankshaft Fan belt Pulley that has a weight ring bonded by
rubber to the inner crankshaft-mounted ring. The outer ring absorbs
and cancels out Crankshaft vibrations that otherwise might cause the
Crankshaft to break. Formerly, two gearwheels carrying an
unbalanced weight, mounted in bearings below the middle main
crankshaft bearing, driven at twice engine speed and rotating in
opposite directions to counterbalance the secondary vibrations in a
four-cylinder reciprocating engine.
Harmonic Distortion: Condition associated with the critical speed of
the shaft in a turbine.
Harmonic Distortion: Condition associated with the critical speed of
the shaft in a turbine.
Harmonic Filters: Harmonic Current Filters are used to suppress
harmonic frequencies in line current that can result from the
presence of non linear load in the power system.
Harmonic voltage : A voltage whose frequency is a multiple of the
fundamental frequency.
Harness: Harnesses designed to secure vehicle occupants during a
collision.
Harness : 1. A belt system used with child seats and in cars,
consisting of two shoulder belts and two lap belt portions fastened by
a central buckle.2. A bundle of electrical wires. For convenience in
handling and for neatness, all wires going to certain part of the
vehicle are bundled together into a harness. A Wiring harness.
Harness ties : Self-tightening nylon straps used to bundle wires into
harnesses. Once tightened, they can't be removed unless they are
cut
Harness wrap : One of several materials used to bundle wires into
manageable harnesses
HARP: An abbreviation for “hot rolled annealed and pickled”.
Hartford loop : What you should know about the Hartford Loop
Harvey wallbanger : Trucker slang for a reckless driver as in "That
4-wheeler is a real harvey wallbanger."
Hat : The portion of a detachable brake disc that comes in contact
with the wheel hub
Hatch: Door or doorway, usually hermetically sealed.
Hatch : 1. The rear opening of a vehicle which allows passage into
its cab.2. An opening in a deck through which cargo and stores are
loaded or unloaded.
Hatch battens : Flat bars which are wedged against hatch coamings
to secure tarpaulin
Hatch beam : Portable beam across a hatch to support hatch covers
Hatch coaming : The vertical plating bounding a hatch for the
purpose of stiffening the edges of the opening and resisting water
entry
Hatchback: Hatchback is type of a vehicle calcified as a car, It have
long tail for luggage and 4 passenger vehicle with high class luxury.
Hatchback : A car design in which the rear Trunk and lid are
replaced by a rear hatch that includes the Backlight (i.e., rear
window). Usually the rear seat folds down to accommodate more
luggage. Originally a hatch was a small opening in the deck of a
sailing ship. The term hatch was later applied to airplane doors and
to passenger cars with rear liftgates. Various models appeared in the
early 1950s, but weather-tightness was a problem. The concept
emerged again in the early 1970s, when fuel economy factors began
to signal the trend toward compact cars. Technology had remedied
the sealing difficulties. By the 1980s, most manufacturers produced
one or more hatchback models, though the question of whether to
call them two-door or three-door never was resolved. Their main
common feature was the lack of a separate trunk. Liftback coupes
may have had a different rear-end shape, but the two terms often
described essentially the same vehicle.
Hatchback coupe : Originally a small opening in the deck of a
sailing ship, the term hatch was later applied to airplane doors and to
passenger cars with rear liftgates. Various models appeared in the
early 1950s, but weather-tightness was a problem. The concept
emerged again in the early 1970s, when fuel economy factors began
to signal the trend toward compact cars. Technology had remedied
the sealing difficulties. By the 1980s, most manufacturers produced
one or more hatchback models, though the question of whether to
call them two-door or three-door never was resolved. Their main
common feature was the lack of a separate trunk. Liftback coupes
may have had a different rear-end shape, but the two terms often
described essentially the same vehicle.
Hatched marking : Chevron markings on the road which help
separate traffic lanes
Hatchway : An opening in a deck through which cargo and stores
are loaded or unloaded
Hauling snow : The loading, removing, and disposing of snow piles
after snowplowing operations
Hawse pipe : Tube through which anchor chain is led overboard
from the windlass on the deck
Hawser : Strong rope or steel cable used for securing or mooring
ships
Hazard : Anything that could be a source of danger on the road
Hazard flasher switch : A switch (usually located on the steering
column below the steering wheel) which makes all the signal lights
flash simultaneously, to warn other vehicles that your car is disabled
or going very slowly down the road. Also called 4-way warning light
switch.
Hazard to aviation: Any object having a substantial adverse effect
upon the safe and efficient use of the navigable airspace by aircraft
or upon the operation of an air navigation facility.(Note
an obstruction is assumed to be a hazard unless determined not to
be a hazard by anFAA study.)
Hazard warning flasher : Actuates warning system of flashing front
and rear turn signal lamps
Hazard warning switch : A switch (usually located on the steering
column below the steering wheel) which makes all the signal lights
flash simultaneously, to warn other vehicles that your car is disabled
or going very slowly down the road. Also called 4-way warning light
switch.
Hazardous Area Glands: Hazardous Area Glands are specially
designed cable glands with consideration to explosive and/or
corrosive environments.
Hazardous Area Lighting: Hazardous Area Lighting is used in
areas were special consideration must taken in regards to the
service environment, typically concerning explosion risk.
Hazardous location : Any area or space where combustible dust,
ignitable fibers, or flammable, volatile liquids, gases, vapors or
mixtures are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to
produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
Hazardous wastes : Automotive wastes that are on the EPA's list of
hazardous materials or that have one or more hazardous
characteristics
Haze: Fine dry or wet particles of dust, salt, or other impurities that
can concentrate in a layer next to the Earth when air is stable.
Hazmat : Hazardous materials, as classified by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Transport of hazardous
materials is strictly regulated by the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
HAZWOPER: An acronym for Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response. It refers to many types of hazardous waste
operations and emergency response conducted in the United States
under Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Standard 1910.120 "Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
Response." The standard contains the safety requirements
employers and their sub-contractors or public sector responders
must meet in order to conduct clean-ups or emergency response
operations.
Hb- : Swiss nationality marks for aircraft registration
H-band Steel: Carbon, carbon-boron or alloy steel produced to
specified limits of hardenability; the chemical composition range may
be slightly different from that of the corresponding grade of ordinary
carbon or alloy steel.
H-Beam: (see Wide-flange Beam)
HCCI: Homogeneous charge compression ignition. An internal
combustion engine in which gasoline and air are compressed to the
point of auto-ignition.
Hdg sel : Heading select
Hdg : Heading
HDPE Pipes: HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) pipes are used for
a variety of applications, including domestic and industrial water
piping. HDPE is resistant to most solvents, relatively strong, and
economical to produce.
Head: The measure of the pressure of water expressed in feet of
height of water1 psi = 2.31 feet of water.
Head: The measure of pressure at the base or other reference point
of a column of fluid. Normally measured in feet of water.
Head: The measure of pressure at the base or other reference point
of a column of fluid. Normally measured in feet of water.
Head (Hydraulics): The pressure exerted by a fluid on a unit area
because of the height of the surface of the fluid above the point
where the pressure is measured; may be expressed as psi or “feet.”
Head airbags: See "Curtain airbags."
Head dynamic or total: In flowing fluid, the sum of the static and
velocity heads at the point of measurement.
Head gasket: Head gasket is the film of copper and some allows to
make the seals in engine. It is used as a bonding agent which
prevents the pressure leakage.
Head lamps: Head lamps are the feature in automotive vehicle for
lighting the road in night.
Head loss: The loss of energy as a result of friction; commonly
expressed in feet.
Head Metal: The reservoir of metal in the feeder or riser of a mold.
Head Metal: The reservoir of metal in the feeder or riser of a mold.
Head pressure control: Pressure-operated control which opens
electrical circuit if high-side pressure becomes too high.
Head pressure : Pressure which exists in condensing side of
refrigerating system.
Head room: Head room is the distance from the hip of a vehicle
occupant of the vehicle interior rooftop.
Head static : The static pressure of fluid expressed in terms of the
height of a column of the fluid, or of some manometric fluid, which it
would support.
Head unit: The central control unit for a vehicles entertainment
system.
Head velocity: Height of fluid equivalent to its velocity pressure in
flowing fluid.
Header: Length of pipe or vessel to which two or more pipe lines are
joined carries fluid from a common source to various points of use.
Header: 1. A pipe that carries plater solution from the plater pumps
to the cells. 2. The primary or first source of any given boiler system
or section.
Header tank: A small fuel tank connected between the main tank
and the engine. Its purpose is to capture air bubbles / foam that
would otherwise be going into the carburetor. This extra fuel tank is
mostly used by 3D helicopter fliers due to the nature of the their
flights. This small tank can also be used to see when you're about to
run out of gas, if you can't see your main fuel tank while the canopy
is on.
Header tank : This is a small fuel tank used in line between the main
tank and the carburetor. The purpose of the header tank is to ensure
that the fuel fed to the carb is free of bubbles, which can be caused
by foaming, or by the clunk falling away from fuel during complex
maneuvers.
Header Valves: A Header Valve is a valve that allows for the
removal of combustion gas in an internal combustion engine. The
valve vents into the exhaust manifold, also known as a header.
Headers: A steel pipe that connects the exhaust manifold to catalytic
converter.
Heading: The upsetting of wire, rod or bar stock in dies to form parts
that usually contain portions that are greater in cross-sectional area
than the original wire, rod or bar.
Heading error : A basic output from guidance to flight director,
indicating the difference between actual heading and desired
heading; Symbols: DELTA psi; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Heading hold (hh) or heading lock: A feature mode of some gyros
that stands out by its property to hold the heading of a helicopter and
resist the tendency to weathervane.
Heading hold : This describes a type of Gyro which senses rotation,
and maintains direction. This is accomplished by sensing the rate of
motion, and the time of motion, then compensating for the distance.
While this sounds complicated, the effect is that if you have the
aircraft dialed in, and point the nose north, with a heading hold gyro
on the yaw axis the aircraft will continue to face north until you
command it to yaw. See also Heading Lock. This is not
recommended for aircraft use while in flight due to the requirement to
use YAW (rudder) command to turn the aircraft. Often used for
ground use only for perfect take off and landing runs.
Heading lock : Slang term for Heading Hold Gyro.
Heading select (hdg sel) : A basic guidance mode, providing lateral
guidance to an operator selected heading (magnetic heading or true
heading, again, operator selectable);
Heading : Direction on a compass that aircraft is pointed, measured
with respect to true north or magnetic north; Symbols: psi; Typical
Units: rad, deg;
headland rings: L shaped cross sectional piston rings designed to
remove or prevent the unburnt fuel from the cylinder. They provides
the better sealing and 10 percent extended horsepower.
Headlight washers: A set of washer nozzles and/or wipers that
clean a vehicles headlights.
Headlights: A pair of bright lamps that provide visibility during
darkness.
Headsets: A pair of small speakers that, when placed close to a
passengers ears, enables the passenger to listen to a vehicles
sound system without disturbing other passengers.
Headstock: The fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similar machine
tool.
Headstock: The fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similar machine
tool.
Heads-up display: A digital display projected from a vehicles
dashboard onto its windshield to provide information within the
drivers direct line of sight.
Headway: The time interval between vehicles moving in the same
direction on a particular route
Health : Equipment status
Hearth: In a furnace, the portion that holds the molten metal or
bath.
Heat: Form of energy which acts on substances to raise their
temperature; energy associated with random motion of molecules.
Heat: An individual batch of metal as it is treated in a melting
furnace.
Heat: The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or
to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is
wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat. Heat is
measured in calories or British Thermal Units (BTU's). Once BTU is
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of
water one degree Fahrenheit. In the metric system one calorie is the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of
water from 3.5 C to 4.5 C (called a small calorie). If the temperature
change is from 14.5 C to 15.5 C, the unit is the normal calorie.
Heat Affected Zone 2: That portion of the base metal which was not
melted during brazing, cutting, or welding, but whose microstructure
and physical peoperties were altered by the heat.
Heat Analysis: The chemical analysis determined by the steel
producer as being representative of a specific heat of steel.
Heat balance: The equilibrium existing between the radiation
received and emitted by a planetary system.
Heat capacity : The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of a given mass one degree. Numerically, the mass
multiplied by the specific heat.
Heat Check: Fine cracks in the forging dies caused by excessive
heat or extended use without polishing. The pattern of these “heat
checks” is reproduced on the forged part.
Heat Check: Fine cracks in the forging dies caused by excessive
heat or extended use without polishing. The pattern of these ?heat
checks? is reproduced on the forged part.
Heat conductor : A material capable of readily conducting heat. The
opposite of an insulator or insulation.
Heat Cover: A cylindrical or rectangular inner cover placed over the
coils prior to placing the furnace on the base in the Batch Anneal.
Heat Cover: A cylindrical or rectangular inner cover placed over the
coils prior to placing the furnace on the base in the Batch Anneal.
Heat engine: Mechanical devices which convert heat to work, such
as the steam boiler, gas turbine, solar energy, refrigerators, steam
engines, steam turbines.
Heat exchanger: A device, such as a radiator, used to cool or heat
by transferring heat from it to the air.
Heat exchanger: Device used to transfer heat from a warm or hot
surface to a cold or cooler surface. (Evaporators and condensers are
heat exchangers.)
Heat Exchanger: A device that transfers heat from one fluid to
another. Oil coolers are common in mill circulating oil systems that
use water to cool hot oil from the return reservoir before returning it
to the mill units. (see Cooler) (see Intercooler)
Heat exchanger: See COOLER.
Heat flux (thermal flux): The amount of heat that is transferred
across a surface of unit area in a unit of time.
Heat island effect: A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban
area caused by the heat absorbed by structures and pavement.
Heat island effect: A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban
area caused by the heat absorbed by structures and pavement.
Heat lag : The time it takes for heat to travel through a substance
heated on one side.
Heat leakage : Flow of heat through a substance.
Heat Number: The alpha, numeric, or alphanumeric designator used
to identify a specific heat of steel.
Heat Number: In the Batch Anneal, this is the computerized
annealing sequence number used by the Firing Model to associate
target values to the Heat Sequence. It is required to run the Firing
Model. In the BOP a sequential number assigned to each batch of
steel.
Heat of compression : Mechanical energy of pressure changed into
energy of heat.
Heat of condensation : The latent heat given up by a substance as
it changes from a gas to a liquid.
Heat of fusion : The latent heat absorbed when a substance
changes from a solid state to a liquid state.
Heat of respiration : Process by which oxygen and carbohydrates
are assimilated by a substance; also when carbon dioxide and water
are given off by a substance.
Heat Of Steel: The product of a single melting operation in a
furnace, starting with the charging of raw materials and ending with
the tapping of molten metal and consequently identical in its
characteristics.
Heat of vaporization : The latent heat absorbed by a substance as
it changes from a liquid to a vapor.
Heat pipe : A refrigeration device with no moving parts, but
containing a refrigerants.
Heat pump : A device used to transfer heat from a low temperature
to a high temperature medium also a reversed cycle in which work is
the input and heat is rejected to a sink at a higher temperature than
the source.
Heat pump : A refrigerating system employed to transfer heat into a
space or substance. The condenser provides the heat while the
evaporator is arranged to pick up heat from air, water, etc. By shifting
the flow of air or other fluid, a heat pump system may also be used
to cool the space.
Heat resistance: The property or ability to resist the deteriorating
effects of the elevated temperatures.
Heat Resistant Alloy: An alloy developed for very high temperature
service where relatively hight stresses (tensile,thermal,vibratory or
shock) are encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently
required.
Heat shield: A device which protects people or equipment from
heat, such as a shield in front of a reentry capsule.
Heat Sink: A material that absorbs or transfers heat away from a
critical element or part.
Heat sink : Relatively cold surface capable of absorbing heat.
Heat Tinting: Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by
heating to reveal details of the microstructure.
Heat Tinting: Colouration of a metal surface through oxidation by
heating to reveal details of structure.
Heat transfer : Flow of heat by conduction, convection and
radiation.
Heat transfer : Movement of heat from one body or substance to
another. Heat may be transferred by radiation, conduction,
convection or a combination of these three methods.
Heat Transfer Oils: Oils utilized as heat transfer media; typical
applications include asphalt plants, grease plants, etc. These oils
have low volatility and contain additives to inhibit cracking and
sludging.
Heat Treat Stain: A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the
metal surface during solution heat treatment.
Heat Treat Stain: A discoloration due to non uniform oxidation of the
metal surface during solution heat treatment
Heat Treatable Alloy: An alloy that can be hardened by heat
treatment.
Heat Treatable Alloy: An alloy which may be strengthed by a
suitable thermal treatment
Heat Treating Film: A thin coating or film, usually an oxide, formed
on the surface of metals during heat treatment.
Heat Treatment: A combination of heating and cooling operations
applied to a metal or alloy to obtain desired microstructure conditions
or properties.
Heat Treatment: A controlled process of heating and cooling a solid
material such as steel or steel alloy intended to alter the
microstrucrure and obtain the desired properties.
Heat, sensible : Heat which is associated with a change in
temperature; specific heat exchange of temperature; in contrast to a
heat interchange in which a change of state (latent heat) occurs.
Heat, specific: The ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of a given mass of any substance one degree to the
quantity required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of a
standard substance (usually water at 59 F) one degree.
Heat, total (enthalpy) : The sum of sensible heat and latent heat
between an arbitrary datum point and the temperature and state
under consideration.
Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ): The part of a metal that is not melted
during cutting, brazing, or welding, but whose microstructure and
physical properties are altered by these processes.
Heated air temperature sensor: A device that provides information
needed by a vehicles computer to determine the temperature of the
air coming into the engine.
Heated Hoses: Heated Hoses incorporate a flexible electric heating
element underneath the hose jacket to prevent fluid from freezing in
cold conditions.
Heated mirrors: Sideview mirrors with internal electronic heating
coils designed to prevent fog and ice from obstructing visibility.
Heated windshield: A windshield with tiny embedded heating
elements that act to resist fogging.
Heated windshield wiper rests: Heating elements below the wipers
that melt ice and snow when they freeze to the glass.
Heater: A heat exchanger placed in the ventilation system that
diffuses heat from the engines cooling system into an airstream
generated by an inline fan.
Heater: An electro mechanical device that converts electricity into
heat, normally for use in raising the temperature of fluid stored in a
reservoir or tank.
Heater: An electro-mechanical device that converts electricity into
heat, normally for use in raising the temperature of fluid stored in a
reservoir or tank.
Heater hoses: Heater hoses is tubing that carries engine coolant
between a vehicles system and heater core.
Heater hoses: Tubing that carries engine coolant between a
vehicles cooling system and heater core.
Heat-exchanger materials : The metals or materials of construction
of a heat exchanger.
Heating coil : Heat transfer device consisting of a coil of piping,
which releases heat.
Heating control : Device which controls temperature of a heat
transfer unit which releases heat.
Heating Element: A submersible oil heater, often utilized for heavy
oil storage tanks. Since excessive temperatures of such heating
elements can degrade lubricants, they are sometimes derated in
watts/sq in. and placed in sealed wells to avoid this problem.
Heating surface : That surface which is exposed to the heating
medium for absorption and transfer of heat to the medium.
Heat-Resistant Alloy: An alloy developed for a very high-
temperature service where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal,
vibratory or shock) are encountered and where oxidation resistance
is frequently required.
Heat-transfer medium : The fluid, often water, which acts as the
agent or medium in a heat exchanger through which heat is
exchanged from one side to the other.
Heavy Coating: A condition caused by too much coating being
applied to the strip.
Heavy Coating: A condition caused by too much coating being
applied to the strip.
Heavy Gauge: Product with a thickness above the customer’s
maximum gauge tolerance.
Heavy Gauge: Product with a thickness above the customer's
maximum gauge tolerance.
Heavy Metal: A sintered tungsten alloy with nickel, copper and/or
iron, the tungsten content being at least 90 wt% and the density
being at least 16.8 g/cm3.
Heavy Rail: A high-speed transit mode that is an electric railway
with the capacity for a high volume of traffic
Heavy Rail Passenger Cars: Rail cars operated with electric power
configured for passenger traffic
Heavy Sections: Beams and columns used to build large structures
such as multi-storey buildings and bridges.
Heavy Structural Shapes: A general term given to rolled flanged
sections that have at least one dimension of their cross-sections
three inches or greater. The category includes beams, channels,
tees and zees if the depth dimension is three inches or greater, and
angles if the length of the leg is three inches or greater.
Heavy/Light Gauge: Steel plate not meeting customer gauge
specifications.
Heavy-Duty Engine Oils: Oils have oxidation stability, bearing
corrosion preventive properties and the detergent dispersant
characteristics necessary to make them generally suitable for use in
both high-speed diesel and gasoline engines under heavy-duty
service conditions.
Hedging: Taking an opposite position in the commodity futures
market to your position in the physical market.
Hedging: Hedging Policy: Financial mechanism used by Air France
KLM and other airlines to minimize the effects of hikes in the cost of
fuel. It involves buying a certain quantity of jetfuel at a certain date
at a prearranged price. Two other kinds of financial products, options
and swaps, are used in this type of financial strategy.
Heel: Molten steel left in the furnace after tapping.
Heel Block: A block or plate usually mounted on or attached to a
lower die in a forming or forging press that serves to prevent or
minimize the deflection of punches or cams.
Height: The distance between the tallest part of a vehicle and level
ground.
Height/velocity diagram: A diagram published, by a helicopter
manufacturer, which depicts altitude/airspeed combinations in which
a pilot would not have enough time to transition from powered flight
to autorotation in event of an engine failure.
Heinrich : German transmitter introduced to jam GEE.
Hel : Helicopter
Helical gear: A gear that has teeth cut at an angle at its centerline.
Helical Gear (Gears): Cylindrical in form with helical teeth.
Helical Screw Feeders: A Helical Screw Feeder is a material
conveyor that consists of a screw rotating inside a tube. As the screw
rotates, material is carried through the length of the tube.
Helicopter: A type of rotorcraft normally supported in the air by
airfoils (rotors) mechanically rotated about an approximately vertical
axis.
Helicopter: A heavier-than-air craft with a powered rotary wing.
Helicopter association international (hai): The industry trade
organization dedicated to the advancement of the
civil helicopter industry. Regular members of HAI are those members
who own and operate helicopters. Other classes of membership are
open to those individuals and organizations that support or have
supportive interests in the civil helicopter industry.
Helicopter transmitter: A transmitter with special features for flying
helicopters, the most important of which is mixing.
Helicopter : A rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion, depends
principally on its engine-driven rotors.
Helideck: A TLOF elevated above surrounding roof or terrain.
Helio-: Prefix referring to the Sun.
Heliocentric: Centered on the Sun.
Heliopause: The boundary theorized to be roughly circular or
teardrop-shaped, marking the edge of the Sun's influence, perhaps
100 AU from the Sun.
Heliosphere: The space within the boundary of the heliopause,
containing the Sun and solar system.
Helipad : A helicopter landing and/or parking area on an
airport. Also, a commonly used generic term for any helicopter
landing area.
Heliport: An area of land, water or structure used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters with appurtenant
buildings and facilities.
Heliport beacon: A beacon light intended to help pilots find the
general vicinity of a heliport.Heliport beacons sometimes consist of
only one color but more often have three colors, typically green-
white-yellow, to differentiate them from two-color airport
beacons. Beacons can have either a rotating or three-globe
sequentially flashing format.
Heliport : an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters
Helispot: A term sometimes used in place of helistop.
Helistop: A minimal heliport for boarding and discharging
passengers and/or cargo. For hospitals, this equates to patients
and/or organs. A helistop does not normally include refueling,
maintenance or helicopter storage facilities although, at some sites,
one helicopter may be stored on the landing
pad. The heliport/helistop relationship has been described as similar
to a bus terminal/bus stop relationship with respect to the extent of
services provided or expected.
Helium: A non-inflammable lifting gas tor lighter-than-air craft.
Helix: A path formed as a point advances uniformly around a
cylinder as the thread on a screw or the flutes on a drill.
Helix: A shape formed by spiraling a wire or other reinforcement
around the cylindrical body of a hose; typically used in suction hose.
Helix Angle: Angle of inclination to the axial direction, equivalent to
the angle between the normal plane through the “twisted tooth” and
the transverse plane of rotation, symbolized by ß.
Helle nachtjagd : ILLUMINATED NIGHT HUNT; German night
fighter system backed by searchlights
Helper spring : Helper springs are also known as secondary springs
which are used when load is high and unbearable for primary
springs.
Hematite: The oxide of iron of highest valency which has a
composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe2O3.
Hematite or Haematite: An iron oxide mineral (Fe2O3) widely used
in the production of pig iron in a blast furnace. It is generally cheaper
and easier to beneficiate than magnetite (Fe3O4), and also requires
a lot less energy to crush and grind. However, it can contain
impurities. (see Iron Ore)
Hemisphere: Half of the Earth, usually conceived as resulting from
the division of the globe into two equal parts, north and south or east
and west.
Hemming: A bend of 180° made in two steps. First, a sharp-angle
bend is made; next the bend is closed using a flat punch and a die.
Henry: The unit of self-inductance or mutual inductance in the metric
system. Its symbol is
Henry’s law : An expression for calculating the solubility of a gas in
a fluid based on temperature and partial pressure.
HEO: Highly Elliptical Orbit.
Heo : High Earth Orbit
Herbaceous: Green and leaf-like.
Herbivore: An animal that feeds on plants.
HERF: A common abbreviation for high-energy-rate forging or high-
energy-rate forming.
Hermetic compressor : Compressor which has the driving motor
sealed inside the compressor housing. The motor operates in an
atmosphere of the refrigerant.
Hermetic motor : Compressor drive motor sealed within same
casing which contains compressor.
Hermetic system : Refrigeration system which has a compressor
driven by a motor contained in compressor dome or housing.
Herringbone: See ?Streak, Herringbone?
Herringbone Gear (Gears): Two helical gears on the same shaft,
one with a right-hand helix and the adjacent one with a left-hand
helix, giving the appearance of a herringbone.
Hertz: A unit in the metric system used to measure frequency in
cycles per second. Its symbol is
Hertz: Term used to describe the frequency in an AC circuit.
Essentially the same as cycles. If a circuit is 60 Hz or 60 cycles, that
means that the AC wave has gone through 60 complete waves in
one second.
Hertz: A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second, named
after Heinrich Hertz.
Hertz (hz) : Cycles per second, used to describe radio frequencies;
usually with the prefix k for kilo (one thousand), M for mega (one
million) or G for giga (one billion).
Hertz Contact Stress: Stress (psi) measured along a narrow band
of contact between two gear teeth under load; based on formulas
devised by Hertz. Momentary stresses exceeding 200,000 psi are
not uncommon in heavily loaded gears. Also may occur at contact
points in rolling element bearings.
Heterosphere: The Earth atmosphere above 105 km altitude where
species-wise concentration profiles establish due to diffusive
equilibrium, with N2 dominance below 200 km, O dominance from
200 to 600 km, and He dominance as of 600 km altitude.
Heterotroph: An organism (most bacteria, fungi, and animals) that
breaks down and uses organic matter. This organism cannot
manufacture its own high-energy compounds from low-energy
inorganic raw materials. Bacteria and fungi depend mainly on
absorption as their mode of feeding, while animals may be
herbivores (eat green plants and obtain high-energy compounds
directly from the organisms that first made them), carnivores (eat the
animals that ate the plants), or omnivores (eat both animal and plant
material).
Hex: A term used for anything shaped like a hexagon.
Hexane: A straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbon containing six
carbon atoms (C6H12); useful as a solvent.
Hf: High Frequency.
Hf com : High Frequency Communication.
Hf : High Frequency radio equipment.
Hg : High Frequency
Hga: High-Gain Antenna.
Hickey: A coating defect consisting of a randomly oriented small
speckled appearance on coated plate after inks are applied.
Hidden demand charge : Electric bill charges that are based on
cents per kWh per kW demand contain a hidden demand charge. A
low load factor for a building then penalizes the energy user through
this "hidden" charge.
Hige : Hover In Ground Effect
High Alloy Steel: Ferrous alloy with more than 12 weight percent of
noncarbon additions.
High Angle Conveyors: A High Angle Conveyor is used to convey
material when a large lifting height is required over a short distance.
Two common methods are employed: Pocket Belt, which uses a
pocketed belt design to prevent material from falling; and Sandwich
Belt, which uses two parallel belts to apply compression and
sandwich the material.
High Brass: A copper-zinc alloy containing 35% zinc, 65% copper.
Possesses high tensile strength. Used for springs, screws, rivets,
etc.
High Brass: 65% A copper zinc alloy containing 35% zinc.
Possesses high tensile strength. Used for springs, screws, rivets,
etc.
High capacity aircraft: An aircraft that is certified as having a
maximum seating capacity exceeding 38 seats or maximum payload
exceeding 4,200kg.
High Carbon Steel 2: Steel with more than 0.3% carbon. The
carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the
tougher the steel becomes. High carbon steel?s hardness makes it
suitable for plow blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other
high wear applications.
High Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Include grades of steel with a
maximum carbon content exceeding 0.44 percent.
High Flotation Sizing System for Light Commercial
Vehicles: tyres with lower sidewalls and wider treads that yield
better traction on surfaces such as sand and soft soil found in
watery, off-road situations.
High Frequency Coil: A high frequency coil is designed with
primary and secondary windings that are loosely coupled. This
design results in a transformer circuit in which energy is alternately
transferred from one resonant circuit to the other over many cycles.
The result is a very high voltage gain at high frequencies. High
frequency coils are often used today in transformers for electronic
and computer devices.
High Frequency Resistance Welding: A group of resistance
welding process variations that uses high frequency welding current
to concentrate the welding heat at the desired location.
High limit control : A device which normally monitors the condition
of the controlled medium and interrupts system operation if the
monitored condition be comes excessive, for example a high level of
fluid in a storage tank.
High Modulus Undertread: Layer of rubber below grooves that
anchor the tread blocks to the casing plies for increased grip,
steering response and optimal handling.
High Pressure Hoses: High Pressure Hose is hose designed to
resist rupture under large pressures. It is typically reinforced with
steel or similar material to provide increased radial strength.
High Pressure Hydraulic Pumps: A High Pressure Hydraulic Pump
is designed to produce a large pressure increase. Designs feature
special considerations to protect against backflow and rupture due to
the large pressure difference between the input and output stages of
the pump.
High Pressure Metering Valves: A High Pressure Metering valve is
used to control flow rates with precision. They are designed to work
reliable with high pressure differentials.
High Pressure Mold: A strong high density mold, made by air,
hydraulic, or other squeeze process.
High pressure pump: High pressure pump is the type of pumps
which are used for flow of fuel or the substance with high density like
oil etc. It is compact in design but give more pressure the other type
of pumps.
High Pressure Regulators: A High Pressure Regulator is used to
dispense compressed fluid stored under high pressure at a lower
pressure.
High Residual Phosphorus Copper: Deoxidized copper with
residual phosphorus present in amounts (usually 0.013 to 0.04%)
generally sufficient to decrease appreciably the conductivity of the
copper.
High side : Parts of the refrigerating system subjected to condenser
pressure or higher; the system from the compression side of the
compressor through the condenser to the expansion point of the
evaporator. HIGH-PRESSURE CUT-OUT Electrical control switch
operated by the high-side pressure which automatically opens
electrical circuit if too high pressure is reached.
High Solvency Naphthas: Special naphthas characterized by their
high solvent power (low precipitating tendency) for various resins,
oils and plastics; their high aromatic content promotes solvency. (see
Kauri-butanol/KB Value)
High Speed Spindles: A spindle is a general term used to describe
any rotating, cylindrical device used to perform a task. For example,
high speed spindles are used in tools such as a CNC machines or
tools for sanding, polishing and routing. The tooling component, such
as a bit, is attached to the spindle by a nut, called a collet, that
tightens down onto the shaft of the bit.
High Speed Steel: The term ?high speed steel? was derived from
the fact that it is capable of cutting meta at a much hight rate than
carbon tool steel and continues to cut and retain its hardness even
when the point of the tool is heated to a low red temperature.
Ungsten is the major alloying element but it is also combined with
molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt in varying amounts. Although
replaced by cemented carbides for many applications it is still widely
used for the manufacture of taps, dies, twist drills, reamers, saw
blades and other cutting tools.
High Strength Low Alloy: (HSLA) A specific group of steel in which
higher strength, and in some cases additional resistance to
atmospheric corrosion or improved formability, are obtained by
moderate amounts of one or more alloying elements such as
columbium, vanadium, titanium, used alone or in combination.
High Stress Grinding Abrasion: Abrasion that occurs when the
abrasive is crushed between two opposing surfaces.
High Temperature Valves: A High Temperature Valve is a flow
control device designed for operation at elevated temperature.
High Temperature Wire: High temperature wire is any electrical
conductor designed such that the conductor and insulation material
are capable of operating effectively in high temperature applications.
Thermocouple wires are a common example of high temperature
wire.
High Water-Content/High Water-Base Fluids: Abbreviated HWBF.
Fire-resistant, thickened or unthickened water-based fluids, typically
containing 90–99% water.
High-Carbon Steel: Steel with more than 0.3% carbon. The more
carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the
tougher the steel becomes. High-carbon steel’s hardness makes it
suitable for plow blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other
high-wear applications.
High-conductivity Copper: Copper that, in the annealed condition,
has a minimum electrical conductivity of 100% lACS as determined
by ASTM test methods.
High-cycle Fatigue: Fatigue that occurs at relatively large numbers
of cycles. The arbitrary but commonly accepted dividing line between
high-cycle fatigue and low-cycle fatigue is considered to be about
10^4 to 10^5 cycles. In practice, this distinction is made by
determining whether the dominant component of the strain imposed
during cyclic loading is elastic (high cycle) or plastic (low cycle),
which in turn depends on the properties of the metal and on the
magnitude of the nominal stress.
High-energy particle detector: A device for measuring the energy
spectra of trapped energetic electrons, and the energy and
composition of atomic nuclei.
High-energy-rate Forming: A group of forming processes that
applies a high rate of strain to the material being formed through the
application of high rates of energy transfer. See also explosive
forming, high-energy-rate forging and electromagnetic forming. (see
Explosive Forming) (see High-energy-rate Forging) (see
Electromagnetic Forming)
High-energy-rate-forging (HERF): A closed-die hot- or cold-forging
process in which the stored energy of high-pressure gas is used to
accelerate a ram to unusually high velocities in order to effect
deformation of the workpiece. Ideally, the final configuration of the
forging is developed in one blow or at most a few blows. In high-
energy-rate forging, the velocity of the ram rather than its mass
generates the major forging force. Also known as HERF processing,
high-velocity forging and high-speed forging.
High-gain antenna: A dish-shaped spacecraft antenna principally
used for high rate communication with Earth This type of antenna is
highly directionally and must be pointed to within a fraction of a
degree of Earth.
Highlighting: Buffing or polishing selected areas of a complex
shape to increase the luster or change the color of those areas.
High-pass filter (hpf) : A filter that allows frequencies above a cutoff
frequency to pass while attenuating frequencies below the cutoff
frequency;
High-performance tyres: Also called maximum performance or
ultra-high-performance, etc. They offer a superior degree of
handling, grip and cornering ability than standard tyres. High-
performance tyres are also rated for operation at higher speeds than
non-high-performance tyres.
High-Pressure Indicator(s) (Lube Systems): Various divider valve
accessories that provide visual indications of line blockage or locked
pistons. Some also provide relief to atmosphere, permitting the
system to continue lubricating unaffected points; others that are
sealed require immediate system shutdown and repair.
High-Pressure Steam: Steam that is delivered from the boilers to
drive the turbo generators and turbo blowers. High-pressure steam is
produced at 800 psi and 825°F.
High-resolution infrared radiation sounder (hirs): Instrument
carried by NOAA polar-orbiting satellites that detects and measures
energy emitted by the atmosphere to construct a vertical
temperature profile from the Earth's surface to an altitude of about 40
km. Measurements are made in 20 spectral regions in the infrared
band.
High-side float : Refrigerant control mechanism which controls the
level of the liquid refrigerant in the high-pressure side of mechanism.
High-speed Machining: High-productivity machining processes that
achieve cutting speeds in excess of 600 m/min (2000 sfm) and up to
18,000 m/min (60,000 sfm).
High-Speed Steel: The term “high-speed steel” was derived from
the fact that it is capable of cutting metal at a much higher rate than
carbon tool steel and continues to cut and retain its hardness even
when the point of the tool is heated to a low red temperature.
Tungsten is the major alloying element but it is also combined with
molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt in varying amounts. Although
replaced by cemented carbides for many applications, it is still widely
used for the manufacture of taps, dies, twist drills, reamers, saw
blades and other cutting tools.
High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA): Steels designed to provide
better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to
atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels. They are not
considered to be alloy steels in the normal sense because they are
designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a
chemical composition (HSLA steels have yield strengths greater than
275 MPa or 40 ksi). The chemical composition of a specific HSLA
steel may vary for different product thicknesses to meet mechanical
property requirements. The HSLA steels have low carbon contents
(0.05 to 0.25% C) in order to produce adequate formability and
weldability, and they have manganese contents up to 2.0%. Small
quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen,
vanadium, niobium, titanium and zirconium are used in various
combinations.
High-Strength Steel: Low-alloy steels forming a specific class in
which enhanced mechanical properties and, in most cases, good
resistance to atmospheric corrosion are obtained by the
incorporation of moderate proportions of one or more alloying
elements other than carbon. The preferred terminology is now "high-
strength, low-alloy steels".
High-Temperature Alloy (Superalloy): Alloy that can withstand
very hot operating environments – up to 2,000°F (1,093°C) for some
alloys – and attendant corrosion and oxidation problems.
High-temperature Hydrogen Attack: A loss of strength and ductility
of steel by high-temperature reaction of absorbed hydrogen with
carbides in the steel resulting in decarburization and internal
fissuring.
High-vacuum pump : Mechanism which can create a vacuum in the
1000 to 1 micron range.
Highway fuel economy: The average number of miles a vehicle is
able to travel using one gallon of fuel according to EPA simulated
laboratory tests of highway driving conditions.
High-wing monoplane: An aircraft which has its single wing
mounted high on the fuselage.
High-Yield Strength Steel: Other terms used to describe this type
of steel are High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel or microalloyed
steel. It is a steel that with a combination of small amounts of
niobium (Nb), vanadium (V) or titanium (Ti), or a controlled
combination, and a controlled hot rolling practice has a yield strength
greater than that obtainable in a mild steel, (i.e., greater than
~250MPa).
Hill holder: A device that applies brake pressure when a vehicles
clutch is disengaged.
Himmelbett : FOUR POSTER BED; German radar-backed night
fighter system.
Hindered Contraction: Contraction where the shape will not permit
a metal casting to contract in certain regions in keeping with the
coefficient of expansion.
Hindered Contraction: Casting contraction during solidification and
cooling which is hindered by mold or core restraints.
Hinge: Hinge is a type of door of any vehicle.
Hinge type: The type of door hinge: standard, scissor, gullwing or
suicide-style.
Hip room: The distance from the drivers side lower door panel to the
front passengers lower side door panel.
HIRF : High intensity radiated field.
HIRL : High Intensity Runway Lights
HIS : Horizontal Situation Indicator
Histosol: Wet organic soils, such as peats and mucks.
Hit (or to be hit) : Sudden radio interference which causes your
aircraft to fly in an erratic manner. Most often caused by someone
turning on a radio that is on your frequency, but can be caused by
other radio sources miles away.
Hits : Highway In The Sky (Flight/NAV display concept)
HJ : Operating hours during daylight
HMI : Human Machine Interface
Hob: A cylindrical cutting tool shaped like a worm thread and used in
industry to cut gears.
Hob: A cylindrical cutting tool shaped like a worm thread and used in
industry to cut gears.
HOGE : Hover Out of Ground Effect
Hogging: Machining a part from bar stock, plate or a simple forging
in which much of the original stock is removed.
Hohmann transfer orbit: An interplanetary trajectory in which a
spacecraft is launched into an elliptical solar orbit whose perihelion
(inner planet) or aphelion (outer planet) reaches the orbit of the
target planet on the opposite side of the Sun. Uses least propellant.
Hoist: A suspended machinery unit which is used for lifting or
lowering a freely suspended (unguided) load.
Hoist Motion: That motion which lifts or lowers a load.
Hoist Speed: Hoist speed is the rate of motion that the load hook
attains while lifting rated load.
Hoist, Auxiliary: A supplemental hoisting unit, usually of lower load
rating and higher speed than the main hoist.
Hoist, Main: The primary hoist mechanism provided for lifting and
lowering the rated load of the crane.
HOL : Holidays (MON-TUE-WED-THU-FRI-SAT-SUN-HOL)
Hold: Coil type indicating that a produced coil or lift has problems
that need to be resolved by the Quality Assurance department.
Hold: Coil type indicating that a produced coil or lift has problems
that need to be resolved by the Quality Assurance department.
Hold baggage: Baggage carried in the aircraft hold, at the airline's
responsibility. Hold baggage is checked and labelled. Air France is
developing the "intelligent" baggage tag using RFID technology
allowing to track the bag's movements.
Hold Coil: A processed coil that does not meet customer
specifications that needs to be held for disposition.
Hold Down Rolls: Two small rolls used for holding force on the top
of the strip as it runs through slitter knives.
Hold Ticket: A ticket used to quarantine out of spec material.
Hold : To maintain some aspect (s) of aircraft state, such as
heading, airspeed, altitude, pitch
Holddown Plate (pressure pad): A pressurized plate designed to
hold the workpiece down during a press operation. In practice, this
plate often serves as a stripper and is also called a stripper plate.
Hold-Down Rolls: Two small rolls used for holding force on the top
of the strip as it runs through slitter knives.
Hold-in winding: One of two electromagnetic windings inside a
solenoid used to hold the moveable core in solenoid.
Holding: ln heat treating of metals, that portion of the thermal cycle
during which the temperature of the object is maintained constant.
Holding Brake: A friction brake for a hoist which is automatically
applied and prevents motion when power is off.
Holding Furnace: A small furnace for maintaining molten metal from
a larger melting furnace, at the right casting temperature (ladle
furnace).
Holding Temperature: In heat treating of metals, the constant
temperature at which the object is maintained.
Holding Time: Time for which the temperature of the heat treated
metal object is maintained constant.
Holdridge life zone: A climate category defined by three weighted
climatic indexes, namely, mean annual heat, precipitation, and
atmospheric moisture.
Hole: Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a non-metallic inclusion
during rolling.
Hole: Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a non metallic inclusion
during rolling
Hole Expansion Test: A simulative test in which a flat metal sheet
specimen with a circular hole in its center is clamped between
annular die plates and deformed by a punch, which expands and
ultimately cracks the edge of the hole.
Hole Flanging: The forming of an integral collar around the
periphery of a previously formed hole in a sheet metal part.
Hole Punch: A piece of equipment used to put small holes in the
strip where welds are made. Use of the hole punch is specified by all
customers. Used for weld detection.
Hole Punch: A piece of equipment used to put small holes in the
strip where welds are make. Use of the hole punch is specified by all
customers. Used for weld detection.
Hole Saw: A cutting tool used to cut a circular groove into solid
material.
Holidays: Discontinuities in a coating (such as porosity, cracks, gaps
and similar flaws) that allow areas of substrate to be exposed to any
corrosive environment that contacts the coated surface.
Hollow Drill Test (Trepanning): Removing a cylindrical sample from
a metal section or structure to determine soundness of the section.
Hollow Drill Test (Trepanning): Removing a cylindrical sample from
a metal section or structure to determine soundness of the section.
Hollow Extrusions: Hollow Extrusions are any extruded shape that
contains internal holes. Whereas solid extrusions can be made with
a single die, hollow extrusions generally require multi-part dies.
Hollow Structural Sections: Known in the market as HSS, this is
high strength, cold formed, electric welded structural tubing welded
steel tubing used as structural elements in a broad range of
construction and architectural applications, structural components for
vehicles and industrial machinery, buildings and other structures,
and a variety of manufactured products. It is produced in round,
square and rectangular shapes and a broad range of sizes.
Structural tubing?s basic advantages lie in it?s high strength to
weight ratio, attractive appearance and cost effectiveness.
Holocene: The most recent epoch of the Quaternary period,
covering approximately the last 10,000 years.
Homogeneous: Usually defined as having identical characteristics
throughout. However, physical homogeneity may require only an
identity of lattice type throughout while chemical homogeneity
requires uniform distribution of alloying elements.
Homogeneous Carburizing: Use of a carburizing process to
convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher
carbon content throughout the section.
Homogeneous Carburizing: Use of a carburizing process to
convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher
carbon content throughout the section.
Homogenizing: Is a process whereby ingots are raised to
temperatures near the solidus temperature and held at that
temperature for varying lengths of time. The purpose of this process
is to: 1. reduce microsegregation by promoting diffusion of solute
atoms within the grains of aluminum and 2. improve workability.
Homogenizing: Is a process whereby ingots are raised to
temperatures near the solidus temperature and held at that
temperature for varying lengths of time. The purposes of this process
are to (1) reduce microsegregation by promoting diffusion of solute
atoms within the grains of aluminum and (2) improve workability
Homogenizing Annealing: An annealing treatment carried out at a
high temperature, approaching the solidus temperature, for a
sufficiently long time that inhomogeneous distributions of alloying
elements are reduced by diffusional processes.
Homosphere: The Earth atmosphere below 105 km altitude where
complete vertical mixing yields a near-homogeneous composition of
about 78.1% N2, 20.9% O2, 0.9% Ar, and 0.1% CO2 and trace
constituents. The homopause (or turbopause) marks the ceiling of
the homosphere. The homosphere can be broadly divided into three
distinct regimes the troposphere (0 to 12 km), the stratosphere (12 to
50 km) and the mesosphere (50 to 90 km)
Honing: A low-speed finishing process used chiefly to produce
uniform high dimensional accuracy and fine finish most often on
inside cylindrical surfaces. In honing, very thin layers of stock are
removed by simultaneously rotating and reciprocating a bonded
abrasive stone or stick that is pressed against the surface being
honed with lighter force than is typical of grinding.
Honing Stones: Honing Stones are manufactured abrasive stones
used for honing. They are typically specified not only for size, but
also grain type, grit size, and hardness.
Hook: An abrupt deviation from straightness. Hook can be caused
by non uniform metal flow during breakthrough. See also ?Bow?
Hook Approach: The minimum horizontal distance between the
center of the runway rail and the hook.
Hook Approach, End: The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to
the runway, between the centerline of the hook(s) and the face of the
wall (or columns) at the end of the building.
Hook Approach, Side: The minimum horizontal distance,
perpendicular to the runway, between the centerline of a hook (main
or auxiliary) and the centerline of the runway rail.
Hook Suspended: Suspension of hoist from a trolley or rigid
structure by means of a hook(s) at top of hoist.
Hook : In the US Navy, a target cursor;
Hook; Latch Type: A type of hook with a mechanical device to
bridge the throat opening of the hook.
Hooke's Law: A law which states that when a material is behaving
elastically, the strain in the material is directly proportional to the
stress producing it.
Hoopes Process: An electrolytic refining process for aluminun using
three liquid layers in the reduction cell.
Hoppers: A hopper is a temporary storage container, usually for bulk
solids. They are typically filled from the top, and can be emptied from
the bottom.
Horizon: The line marking the apparent junction of Earth and sky.
Horizon scanner: A scanner which automatically seeks the horizon
for purposes of a spacecraft's orientation and control, e.g. one that
detects the sharp discontinuity in infrared intensity at the outer edge
of the Earth's tropopause.
Horizontal Aerators: A Horizontal Aerator is a used to inject oxygen
via surface agitation into raw sewage as part of an activated sludge
process in a sewage treatment or industrial wastewater plant.
Horizontal aerators float on the surface and have a series of rotors
that are driven to churn the water.
Horizontal Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in
which the axis of rotation of the mold is horizontal.
Horizontal Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in
which the axis of rotation of the mold is horizontal.
Horizontal Ball Mills: A Horizontal Ball Mill is used to grind large
solids into smaller pieces. It consists of a rotating horizontal cylinder
filled with balls (typically steel). As the cylinder rotates, the hard balls
grind the solids into the desired size.
Horizontal stabilizer: Also called the tail-plane. The horizontal
surface at the back of the fuselage, to which the elevators are
attached.
Horizontal stabilizer: The horizontal part of the tail. The horizontal
stabilizer helps to increase the stability of the aircraft. It is also
known as a tailplane.
Horizontal stabilizer (stab) : The horizontal tail surface at the back
of the fuselage which provides aerodynamic pitch stability to the
airplane.
Horizontal Vibrating Screens: A Horizontal Vibrating Screen is
used to sort bulk solids by size. Ore is placed on top of the screen
and ore smaller than the screen size fall through the screen as a
vibration is applied.
Horn: (1) In a resistance welding machine, a cylindrical arm or beam
that transmits the electrode pressure and usually conducts the
welding current. (2) A coneshaped member that transmits ultrasonic
energy from a transducer to a welding or machining tool. See also
ultrasonic impact grinding and ultrasonic welding. (see Ultrasonic
Impact Grinding) (see Ultrasonic Welding)
Horn Press: A mechanical metal forming press equipped with or
arranged for a cantilever block or horn that acts as the die or support
for the die, used in forming, piercing, setting down or riveting hollow
cylinders and odd-shaped work.
Horn Spacing: The distance between adjacent surfaces of the
horns of a resistance welding machine.
Horse latitudes: The subtropical latitudes (30-35 degrees), where
winds are light and weather is hot and dry. According to legend,
ships traveling to the New World often stagnated in this region and
had to throw dead horses overboard or eat them to survive, hence
the name horse latitudes.
Horse power: Measurement of an engine's ability to perform work.
One horsepower is defined as the ability to move 33,000 pound one
foot in one minute.
Horse Power: A unit of measurement for engine power that was
originally developed as a way to express the output of steam
locomotives in terms of the strength of draft horses.
Horsepower: Unit that measures the rate at which work is done and
rates power output; one hp is equal to 746 watts of electrical energy,
or the energy required to lift 33,000 pounds, one ft in one min.
Horsepower: The measure of energy used in description of the
normal power level in a system. 1 horsepower = 550 lb.-ft./ min. of
work.
Horsepower (Hp): The measure of energy used in description of the
normal power level in a system. 1 horsepower = 550 lb. ft./minute of
work.
Hose: A passage used to transport fluid between components in a
fluid power system. Normally a flexible conduit consisting of a tube,
reinforcement, and usually an outer cover
Hose Connectors: A Hose connector is used to connect two hoses
together. If the hoses are of different sizes, a hose connector might
also be referred to as a reducer.
Hose Couplings: A House Coupling is used to join the ends of one
or more hoses.
Hoses: A flexible rubber or neoprene tube for caring water, oil, and
other fluids.
Hospital heliport (helistop) : A heliport (helistop) limited to serving
helicopters engaged in air ambulance or other hospital-related
functions.
Hot Bands: (see Hot Rolled Sheet Products)
Hot Bands: See Hot Rolled Sheets.
Hot Bed: A large area containing closely spaced rolls or rails for
holding hot, partially rolled metal.
Hot Box Process: In foundry practice, resin-base (furan or phenolic)
binder process for molding sands similar to shell coremaking; cores
produced with it are solid sunless mandrelled out.
Hot Box Process: A furan resin based process similar to shell
coremaking; cores produced with it are solid unless mandrelled out.
Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI): Direct reduced iron that has been
processed into briquettes. Instead of using a blast furnace, the
oxygen is removed from the ore using natural gas and results in a
substance that is 90-92% iron. Because DRI may spontaneously
combust during transportation, HBI is preferred when the metallic
material must be stored or moved.
Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI): Direct reduced iron that has been
processed into briquettes. Instead of using a blast furnace, the
oxygen is removed from the ore using natural gas and results in a
substance that is 90% 92% iron. Because DRI may spontaneously
combust during transportation, HBI is preferred when the metallic
material must be stored or moved.
Hot Chamber Machine: A die casting machine in which the metal
chamber under pressure is immersed in the molten metal in a
furnace. The chamber is sometimes called a gooseneck, and the
machine is sometimes called a gooseneck machine.
Hot Corrosion: An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that
results from the combined effect of oxidation and reactions with
sulfur compounds and other contaminants, such as chlorides, to
form molten salt on a metal surface that fluxes, destroys or disrupts
the normal protective oxide. See also gaseous corrosion. (see
Gaseous Corrosion)
Hot Crack: A crack that develops in a weldment or casting during
solidification.
Hot deck : The heating section of a multizone system. HOT GAS
BYPASS Piping system in refrigerating unit which moves hot
refrigerant gas from condenser into low-pressure side.
Hot Dip: Covering a surface by dipping the surface to be coated into
a molten bath of the coating material. See also hot dip coating.(see
Hot Dip Coating)
Hot Dip: In steel mill practice, a process wherby ferrous alloy base
metals are dipped into molten metal, usually zinc, tin, or terne, for
the purpose of fizing a rust resistant coating.
Hot Dip Coating: A metallic coating obtained by dipping the
substrate into a molten metal.
Hot Dip Coating: A meatllic coating obtained by dipping the
substrate into molten metal.
Hot Dipped Galvanized: (see Galvanize)
Hot End: The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up
to, but not including, the hot-strip mill.
Hot End: The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up
to, but not including, the hot strip mill.
Hot Extrusion: A process whereby a heated billet is forced to flow
through a shaped die opening. The temperature at which extrusion is
performed depends on the material being extruded. Hot extrusion is
used to produce long, straight metal products of constant cross
section, such as bars, solid and hollow sections, tubes, wires and
strips. From materials that cannot be formed by cold extrusion.
Hot Forging: (1) A forging process in which the die and/or forging
stock are heated. See also hot-die forging and isothermal forging. (2)
The plastic deformation of a pressed and/or sintered powder
compact in at least two directions at temperatures above the
recrystallization temperature. (see Hot-die Forging) (see Isothermal
Forging)
Hot Forming: Working operations such as bending and drawing
sheet and plate, forging, pressing, and preformed metal heated to
temperatures above room temperature.
Hot gas defrost : Defrosting system in which hot refrigerant gas
from the high side is directed through evaporator for short period of
time and at predetermined intervals in order to remove frost from
evaporator.
Hot Idling: Unless a steelmaker plans major maintenance work on a
blast furnace, it is not usually allowed to cool down. If it does, the
refractory brick lining can be irreparably damaged, unless very
specific shut down procedures are followed, and a total reline be
required. This is a very time-consuming and expensive exercise
which steelmakers go to great lengths to avoid. Hot idling is a
procedure for temporarily maintaining a furnace on standby without
producing any iron. The main chamber is kept fully charged with
coke (but not with limestone and iron ore, the other two bulk
ingredients for ironmaking), and the amount of air entering the
furnace is significantly reduced, slowing combustion while
maintaining the refractory lining at temperatures that prevent
deterioration. The term "banking" is also used for this procedure.
Blast furnaces are not usually hot idled for more than a few weeks
unless all the iron is completely drained from the furnace, and they
can be returned to full ironmaking capacity within a matter of days.
Normally, blast furnaces can be operated continuously for up to
about 15 years between major maintenance work, a period known as
a "campaign".
Hot Isostatic Pressing: (1) A process for simultaneously heating
and forming a compact in which the powder is contained in a sealed
flexible sheet metal or glass enclosure and the so-contained powder
is subjected to equal pressure from all directions at a temperature
high enough to permit plastic deformation and sintering to take
place. (2) A process that subjects a component (casting, powder
forgings, etc.) to both elevated temperature and isostatic gas
pressure in an autoclave. The most widely used pressurizing gas is
argon. When castings are hot isostatically pressed, the simultaneous
application of heat and pressure virtually eliminates internal voids
and microporosity through a combination of plastic deformation,
creep and diffusion.
Hot junction : That part of thermoelectric circuit which releases
heat.
Hot Metal: The name for the molten iron produced in a blast
furnace. It proceeds to the basic oxygen furnace in molten form or is
cast as pig iron.
Hot Metal: The name for the molten iron produced in a blast
furnace. It proceeds to the basic oxygen furnace in molten form or is
cast as pig iron.
Hot Metal Stamping: Hot Metal Stamping refers to a stamping
process in which the sheet metal has been heated prior to placement
in the die. The heated sheet metal has improved formability over
traditional cold stamping techniques.
Hot metal/scrap ratio: The amount of scrap added to the BOF
charge of hot metal to be processed.
Hot Mill: The rolling mill that reduces a hot slab into a coil of
specified thickness; the whole processing is done at a relatively high
temperature (when the steel is still “red hot”).
Hot Plate/Crackle Test: Qualitative test to determine the presence
of entrained water in a high flash-point oil; when oil is dripped onto a
hot surface, an audible “crackle” indicates the presence of water.
Hot Press Forging: Plastically deforming metals between dies in
presses at temperatures high enough to avoid strain hardening.
Hot Pressing: Simultaneous heating and forming of a powder
compact. See also pressure sintering. (see Pressure Sintering)
Hot Pressure Welding: A solid-state welding process that produces
coalescence of materials with heat and application of pressure
sufficient to produce macrodeformation of the base material. Vacuum
or other shielding media may be used. See also diffusion welding
and forge welding. Compare with cold welding. (see Diffusion
Welding) (see Forge Welding)
Hot process : A water treatment process, when the water is heated
above the room temperature.
Hot process phosphate softening : A process whereby the
calcium and magnesium salts containing, constituting the hardness
of water, are chemically precipitated and removed with phosphate in
conjunction with caustic soda.
Hot Quenching: A process of quenching in a medium at a
temperature substantially higher than atmospheric temperature.
Hot Quenching: Cooling in a medium, the temperature of which is
substantially higher than room temperature.
Hot Roll: Product that is sold in its “as produced state” off the Hot
Mill with no further reduction or processing steps aside from being
pickled and oiled (if specified).
Hot Roll: Product that is sold in its as produced state off the Hot Mill
with no further reduction or processing steps aside from being
pickled and oiled (if specified).
Hot Roll Base: Hot rolled coils which have been pickled in an acid
solution to remove surface oxidation, then is oiled to prevent rust.
Coils that come directly off of No. 5 Pickler and were not cold roll
reduced on the tandem mill. These coils will usually have a 20 ID.
(Outside supplied hot roll base may have a 24 ID.
Hot Roll, P & O: Definition for a coil that is pickled to remove the
scale, and oiled to retard the formation of rust, with coil ends
cropped back to meet gauge tolerances.
Hot Rolled Band: 1. Manufactured by hot rolling slabs to the
required thickness. 2. Steel sheet that is processed to its final
thickness by rolling at high temperatures on a specially designed
hot-rolling facility.
Hot Rolled Sheets: Manufactured by hot rolling slabs to the
required thickness.
Hot Rolled Wide Strip: Hot rolled steel strip with a width of >600mm
that is rolled directly from slabs in a semi- or completely continuous
hot strip mill or, in the case of pure stainless products, in separate
Steckel mills. Hot-rolled strips can be used for specific applications
and especially as starting material for the cold rolling process.
Hot Rolling: A process whereby solidified steel, preheated to a high
temperature, is continuously rolled between rotating cylinders.
Hot Rolling Mill: See Hot Mill.
Hot Screens: A device used to remove hot fines that are less than
one fourth millimeter in diameter from the sinter before it goes to the
cooler.
Hot Short: Brittleness in hot metal.
Hot Shortness: Brittleness in hot metal.
Hot Shortness: Brittleness in metal in the hot forming range.
Hot Spot: Dark gray or black surface patches appearing after
anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness
and coarse magnesium silicide precipitate caused by non-uniform
cooling after extrusion.
Hot Spot: Dark gray or black surface patches appearing after
anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness
and coarse magnesium silicide precipitate Caused by non uniform
cooling after extrusion.
Hot Stand By: Describes the status of a boiler that is not in use and
not down for repairs, but that is on 225 warm up steam and
maintaining 200 psi of steam pressure with oil fire.
Hot start: The ability of a hot engine to start without the benefit of a
glow driver if you turn the propeller shaft. A very dangerous and
surprising situation.
Hot start : An engine which has been running will tend to remain hot
for a short time. During this period, it is possible to restart the engine
by turning the crankshaft without the glow plug being plugged in to a
glow starter. This is something to be aware of, as it could possibly
create an unsafe condition.
Hot Strength (Sand): Tenacity (compressive, shear or transverse)
of a sand mixture determined at any temperature above room
temperature.
Hot Strip: Hot rolled product with a rectangular cross-section and a
width of at least 600mm which is wound into accurate coils directly
after rolling. Produced on (wide) hot strip mills, mainly continuously
in thicknesses from 1.5 to 25.0 mm and widths up to 2,000 mm. Hot
strip is used as a starting material for sheet, plate and cold rolled
strip.
Hot Strip Mill: Facility for the production of wide hot strip. Fully
continuous lines consist of one or more roughing stands and a
finishing train with seven finishing stands.
Hot Strip Mill: A mill that rolls reheated slabs into coils. Also, Hot
Mill.
Hot Tear: A fracture formed in a metal during solidification because
of hindered contraction.
Hot Tear: A crack or fracture formed prior to completion of metal
solidification as a result of hindered contraction. A hot tear is
frequently open to the surface of the casting and is commonly
associated with design limitations.
Hot Top: A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess
molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage
of the ingot. Also called “shrink head” or “feeder head”.
Hot Top: An insulated reservoir on top of an ingot mold that retains
heat and holds excess molten metal that is drawn into the ingot as it
shrinks.
Hot Top: (1) A reservoir, thermally insulated or heated, to hold
molten metal on top of a mold to feed the ingot or casting as it
contracts on solidifying to avoid having pipe or voids.
Hot Top Compound: Insulating material placed on top of the molten
metal after the mold is filled.
Hot Trimming: The removal of flash or excess metal from a hot part
(such as a forging) in a trimming press.
Hot Upset Forging: A bulk forming process for enlarging and
reshaping some of the cross-sectional area of a bar or other product
form of uniform (usually round) section. It is accompanied by holding
the heated forging stock between grooved dies and applying
pressure to the end of the stock in the direction of its axis, by the use
of a heading tool, which spreads (upsets) the end by metal
displacement. Also called hot heading and hot upsetting. See also
heading and upsetting. (see Heading) (see Upsetting)
Hot well : A tank used to receive condensate from various sources
on its passage back to the boiler through a feed water system.
Hot Working: Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature
sufficiently high not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of
temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature.
Hot Working: The permanent deformation of metal accomplished by
applying mechanical forces to the heated metal’s surface.
Hot Working: Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature
sufficiently high not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of
temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature.
Hotchkiss drive: A drive axle in which the driving force is
transmitted to N the frame through rear spring or link arms that
connect the rear housing to the frame.
Hot-cold Working: (1) A high-temperature thermomechanical
treatment consisting of deforming a metal above its transformation
temperature and cooling fast enough to preserve some or all of the
deformed structure. (2) A general term synonymous with warm
working.
Hot-die Forging: A hot forging process in which both the dies and
the forging stock are heated; typical die temperatures are 110 to
225°c (200 to 400°F) lower than the temperature of the stock.
Compare with isothermal forging.
Hot-water heating boiler : A boiler in which no steam is generated
and from which hot water is circulated for heating purposes and then
returned to the boiler.
Hot-water re-circulating system : A heating system using water as
a heat-transfer medium through a heat exchanger or boiler to
terminal heating unit.
Hot-worked Structure: The structure of a material worked at a
temperature higher that the recrystallization temperature.
Hough : A standard model for computing earth data
Hour angle : The angular distance of a celestial object measured
westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing.
Hours flown: Flying time performed, measured on a wheels start to
wheels stop basis.
Hours flown : The airborne hours in domestic and international
scheduled and non-scheduled revenue service, computed from the
moment an aircraft leaves the ground until it touches the ground
again.
Housing: The inner side of the #1 and #2 feeders.
Housing Unit: Steel device used to hold the billy roll in place
between the slitter heads and knives.
Hover hold (hvr sym) : A basic guidance mode, providing lateral
guidance and longitudinal guidance to maintain an operator selected
north velocity and east velocity; if the selected velocities are zero,
then a position is held
Hover : The art of flying without moving. This can also be an illusion,
depending on wind speed. For airplanes, this is a 3D maneuver also
known as a "hanger". The aircraft is pointing straight upward,
hanging solely on the thrust from the propeller. The aircraft may be
drifting horizontally with the wind but should not climb or dive.
Hovering: A maneuver to keep the aircraft or helicopter stationary
relative to the ground.
HP : Horsepower
HPA : High-power amplifier.
HPF : High-pass filter
HQ : Horsepower
Hr: Hot rolling Rolling steel slabs into flat rolled steel after it has
been reheated.
HRAR: Hot Rolled As Rolled
Hrc Fuses: HRC (High Rupture Capacity) fuses are fuses that are
filled with silica sand and are used in scenarios where protection is
required from a heavy current overload. When an HRC fuses blows,
the sand acts as an insulator and prevents current from arcing
across the blown fuse.
HRM – High Reduction Mill: The roughing mill that works directly
connected with the casting line — typical of ISP/AST Technology.
Hsc: Hydrogen stress cracking.
Hscc -: Hydrogenassisted stress-corrosion cracking.
HSLA: (see High-strength Low-alloy (HSLA))
Hsla: High Strength Low Alloy Steel. Steel with relatively high
strength and impact properties. The carbon level is low and the
alloying additions are significantly less than 5 weight percent.
Hss Drill Bits: HSS (High Speed Steel) Drill Bits are cutting tools for
drilling holes. HSS refers to tool steels alloyed with tungsten to retain
hardness at elevated temperatures.
H-Steels: Steels made under specifications that include
hardenability tolerance.
HTP: High Test Peroxide.
HTPB: Hydroxy-terminator polybutadiene. A polymeric fuel binder.
Hub: A boss that is in the center of the forging and forms a part of
the body of the forging.
Hub: An airline’s central airport where arrivals and departures are
scheduled to coincide so that connecting times are reduced. At
Paris-Charles de Gaulle passengers arrive in six connecting time
bands throughout the day. Usually part of a ‘hub and spoke’
strategy, passengers and goods from surrounding airports (spokes)
are transferred via ‘feeder flights’ to their joint final destination or vice
versa.
Hub: A major airport used as a ‘base’ for an airline from where they
fly to other destinations within their network. Also usually a base for
flight crew, cabin crew and maintenance.
Hubbing: The production of forging die cavities by pressing a male
master plug, known as a hub, into a block of metal.
Hub-centric: Wheels are manufactured to fit either the hub or the
lugs. Hub-centric wheels match the hub hole of a custom wheel
perfectly to the diameter of the hub of the vehicle.
HUD : Heads-up display
Huey: Any of several versions of the Bell UH-1 helicopter - a
helicopter used by many U.S. and foreign military agencies.
Huey Test: A corrosion test for evaluating intergranular corrosion
resistance by boiling in refluxed 65% nitric acid for five consecutive
48-hour periods, each period starting with fresh acid. The weight of
metal lost is converted into loss in ipy (inches per year) or ipm
(inches per month). ASTM-A262 Practice C.
Hull: The water-tight fuselage or body of a flying-boat.
Hull Cell: A special electrodeposition cell giving a range of known
current densities for test work.
Human Machine Interface: A Human Machine Interface is general
term used to describe the system that an operator uses to control a
machine. It may refer to a simple mechanical interface or the
combination of mechanical and software interfaces.
Humidifier: A device to add moisture to air.
Humidifying: Adding of moisture to the air.
Humidifying effect : The latent heat of vaporization of water at the
average evaporating temperature times the weight of water
evaporated per unit of time. HUMIDISTAT A regulatory device,
actuated by changes in humidity, used for the automatic control of
relative humidity.
Humidity: Dampness of air.
Humidity Cabinet Test (ASTM D 1748): Metal panels are installed
in hot, moist controlled cabinet to test rust preventives; quality is
measured by the number of hours preceding initial corrosion.
Humidity ratio : The ratio of the mass of the water vapor to the
mass of dry air contained in the sample.
Humidity, absolute : The weight of water vapor per unit volume.
Humidity, percentage : The ratio of the specific humidity.
Humidity, relative : The ratio of the mol fraction of water vapor
present in the air, to the mol fraction of water vapor present in
saturated air at the same temperature and barometric pressure;
approximately, it equals the ratio of the partial pressure or density of
the water vapor in the air, to the saturation pressure or density,
respectively, of water vapor at the same temperature.
Humus: Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when
plant and animal matter decays.
Humus: Decomposed organic material.
Hunting: A surge of engine speed to higher number of revolutions
per minute, followed by a drop to normal engines speed without
manual movement of the throttle. Is often caused by a faulty or
improperly adjusted governor.
Hunting: Tendency for a system to oscillate continuously.
Hunting: Tendency for a system to oscillate continuously.
Hurricanes: Severe tropical storms whose winds exceed 74 mph.
Hurricanes originate over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic
and North Pacific oceans, where there is high humidity and light
wind. These conditions prevail mostly in the summer and early fall.
Since hurricanes can take days or even weeks to form, time is
usually available for preventive or protective measures.
HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Hvac : Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
Hvac boiler : Boiler for heating or air conditioning (Absorption
Refrigeration)
Hvac equipment : Apparatus or equipment used in heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning.
HVR SYM : Hover hold
HX : Head-Up Display
Hyatt Bearing (Flexible Bearing): Roller bearing with rollers
constructed of flexible coils of strip steel that are hardened, then
ground to size; designed to withstand considerable deflection in the
alignment of shaft or housing.
Hybrid degree: The level of hybrid technology used for a vehicle:
full, mild, power-assist or plug-in.
Hybrid drivetrain layout: The drivetrain layout in a hybrid vehicle:
parallel, series or combined.
Hybrid engine: Hybrid engine is a powertrain that combines an
electric motor and an alternative means of propulsion and/or power
generation (for example, hydrogen). A gas/electric hybrid engine is
the most common example of a hybrid engine.
Hybrid engine: A powertrain that combines an electric motor and an
alternative means of propulsion and/or power generation (for
example, hydrogen). A gas/electric hybrid engine is the most
common example of a hybrid engine.
Hybrid gas engine performance: A hybrid vehicles gasoline
engines ability to do work, expressed in terms of horsepower or
torque.
Hybrid performance: A hybrid engine and electric motors combined
ability to do work in terms of horsepower, torque or efficiency.
Hybrid power source: The source of power in a hybrid vehicle:
gas/electric, plug-in, fuel cell or pneumatic.
Hybrid vehicle: A vehicle that combines the use of internal
combustion and electricity as power sources.
Hydrated Grease/Soap: Soap grease one of whose structural
components is water, e.g., a water-stabilized calcium soap grease
that owes its stability to hydrated calcium soap.
Hydration: Absorption of water by a mineral that results in a change
in the nature of the mineral.
Hydraulic Balance: A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces
acting on a part in a hydraulic component.
Hydraulic balance: A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces
acting on a part in a hydraulic component.
Hydraulic Boom Truck Cranes:
Hydraulic Bottle Jacks: A Hydraulic Bottle Jack is a device that
uses a hydraulic cylinder to provide a mechanical lifting advantage.
Hydraulic Brakes: A hydraulic brake uses fluid power to stop
motion by transferring and amplifying force from a control unit (e.g.,
a brake pedal) into mechanical braking mechanism (e.g., brake
caliper).
Hydraulic Buffers: A Hydraulic Buffer is a device used to dampen
and reduce impact or recoil force via fluid transfer.
Hydraulic classification : The rearrangement of resin particles in
an ion-exchange unit. As the backwash water flows up through the
resin bed, the particles are placed in a mobile condition wherein the
larger particles settle and the smaller particles rise to the top of the
bed.
Hydraulic Control: A control, which is actuated by hydraulically
induced forces.
Hydraulic control: A control which is actuated by hydraulically
induced forces.
Hydraulic coupling: A fluid connection between a prime mover and
the machine it drives. It uses the action of liquid moving against
blades to drive the machine.
Hydraulic Cranes: A Hydraulic Crane uses fluid power to provide
lifting force. Hydraulic cranes are used widely in construction and
other heavy industry.
Hydraulic Crimping Tools: Hydraulic Crimping Tools use fluid
power to increase an applied operator force to a suitable crimping
force. They are most typically used for heavy gauge wire
applications.
Hydraulic Cutting Tools: A Hydraulic Cutting Tool uses fluid power
to increase applied operator force in to a suitable cutting force. They
are used for cutting large diameter wire, cable, and even steel rebar.
Hydraulic Cylinder Piston: A Hydraulic Cylinder Piston is a
component inside a hydraulic cylinder. It divides the cylinder into two
chambers. The piston is allowed to slide inside the cylinder, but seals
against the inside of the cylinder with a rubber o-ring or seal. A
increase in fluid pressure on either side of the piston will cause the
piston to move up (or down) in the cylinder; in this manner, a change
in pressure is converted to linear motion. A piston rod is attached to
one end of the piston and exits the cylinder through a sealed rod
gland.
Hydraulic Cylinders: A Hydraulic Cylinder is a device for converting
pressure change into mechanical motion. The cylinder has two
chambers separated by a piston. A hydraulic pump generates a
pressure difference between the chambers by alternately filling (push
stroke) and removing (pull stroke) fluid from each chamber. This
pressure difference creates motion of the piston inside the cylinder
body. A piston rod is attached to the piston and behaves as a linear
actuator in response to the movement of the piston.
Hydraulic Filters: A Hydraulic Filter removes particulate from a
hydraulic system. This is critical as grit introduced into the system
can degrade and destroy seals and precision sliding surfaces in the
system.
Hydraulic Flanges: A Hydraulic Flange is used to interface fluid
power components together. It is typically a machined precision
surface with a seal and can either be threaded or bolted to the
component. They are designed to withstand the large internal
pressures that can be seen in hydraulic systems without mechanical
failure.
Hydraulic Gear Motors: A Hydraulic Gear Motor converts fluid
pressure into rotary motion. Fluid pumped into the inlet side of the
gear motor flows past two closely fitting gears, causing the gears to
rotate, which drives an output shaft.
Hydraulic Gear Pumps: A Hydraulic Gear Pump creates a hydraulic
pressure from the mechanical rotation of gears. Fluid on the intake
side of the gears is forced through to the output side as the tightly
fitting gears rotate and mesh.
Hydraulic governor: The speed governors with hydraulic
attachments used to control the speed with action of fluid. Hydraulic
governors are more efficient over the mechanical governors because
having more accuracy in control of variable engine speeds.
Hydraulic Hammer: A gravity-drop forging hammer that uses
hydraulic pressure to lift the hammer between strokes.
Hydraulic head : The force exerted by a column of liquid expressed
by the height of the liquid above the point at which the pressure is
measured. Although head refers to a distance or height, it is used to
express pressure, since the force of the liquid column is directly
proportional to its height. Also called head or hydrostatic head.
Hydraulic Hoses: Hydraulic Hoses are used to carry fluid between
fluid power components. They are generally pressure rated for
applications and incorporate reinforcement, such as steel braid, to
prevent catastrophic failure.
Hydraulic Jacks: A Hydraulic Jack is a device that uses fluid power
to provide lifting force. It can be thought of as two cylinders
connected in series, used to provide a mechanical advantage.
Hydraulic lifter: A valve lifter that using simple valving and engine
oil pressure can adjust its length slightly their by magnetic zero
clearance in the valve train, Hydraulic lifter reduces valve train noise
and are maintence free.
Hydraulic Lifting Equipment: Hydraulic Lifting Equipment is any
technology that uses fluid power to produce a lifting force. This
includes both simple cylinder jacks as well as sophisticated hydraulic
systems like those used in earth moving equipment.
Hydraulic lock : Hydraulic lock happens when the engine becomes
flooded with fuel, to the point where the piston cannot compress it in
the combustion chamber. This can result in engine damage if the
crankshaft is forced through a rotation without relieving the pressure.
To cure, remove the glow plug, and pour out the excess fuel.
Hydraulic Machine Press: A Hydraulic Machine Press is used to
provide a large increase in force with fluid power. They can be used
for forming, stamping, bending, and other common manufacturing
processes.
Hydraulic Manifold: A component of a hydraulic system that
functions as a delivery point for the hydraulic pressures needed to
run the different cylinders in that system. Both the A. G. C. and the
C.V.C. systems use manifolds.
Hydraulic motor: See FLUID MOTOR.
Hydraulic Motors: See FLUID MOTOR.
Hydraulic Nut Splitters: A Hydraulic Nut Splitter is a device that is
used to remove nuts or other mechanical fasteners that have seized
or otherwise become stuck and must be destroyed to be removed.
Fluid power is used to drive a wedge shaped ram into the nut and
provide the force necessary for splitting.
Hydraulic Oil: Low-viscosity mineral oil for hydraulic and/or fluid
power systems, generally less than 500 SSU at 100ºF.
Hydraulic Oil: The oil that is pumped under pressure to supply force
to the different cylinders.
Hydraulic Power: See FLUID POWER.
Hydraulic power: See FLUID POWER.
Hydraulic Press: A press in which fluid pressure is used to actuate
and control the ram. Hydraulic presses are used for both open- and
closed-die forging.
Hydraulic Presses: A Hydraulic Press is used to provide a large
increase in force with fluid power. They can be used for forming,
stamping, bending, and other common manufacturing processes.
Hydraulic Pullers: A Hydraulic Puller is used to remove bearings,
pulleys and other components from shafts. They use fluid power to
provide uniform axial force.
Hydraulic Rams: A Hydraulic Ram is a mechanical actuator driven
by a hydraulic cylinder that is used to apply compressive force.
Hydraulic Rods: A Hydraulic Rod is a component in a hydraulic
cylinder. Also known as a piston rod, it is serves as the mechanical
actuator of the cylinder and moves in and out of the cylinder as
pressure acts on the piston.
Hydraulic Rope Excavators: A Hydraulic Rope Excavator is
excavating equipment, similar to crane or bucket lifter, that uses both
hydraulic cylinders and mechanical pulleys to provide motion and
lifting force.
Hydraulic Seals: Hydraulic Seals are used to prevent fluid leaks in
hydraulic systems. They must be able to withstand operating
pressures. Some hydraulic seals must also be able to slide with
components, such as in a hydraulic piston seal.
Hydraulic Shear: A shear driven by water or oil pressure.
Hydraulic Stack: A component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that
controls oil flow to an individual function of the system.
Hydraulic Stand: A component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that
is made up of many hydraulic stacks.
Hydraulic Steering Gear: A hydraulic steering gear is a component
used in automobile power steering systems that utilize a hydraulic
pump to deliver the steering assist. The steering wheel column is
usually connected to a torsion bar that transfers torque from the
steering wheel to the wheels. The steering gear is located between
the torsion bar and the wheel drive system in order to transfer
torque.
Hydraulic Toe Jacks: A Hydraulic Toe Jack is used to lift heavy
equipment. The toe refers to a specially designed ram with a lifting
surface offset to the action of the cylinder. This feature allows a toe
jack to be used to lift equipment that is too low to the ground for a
common bottle jack to be placed under.
Hydraulic Tools: Hydraulic Tools are any tools that use fluid power
to apply force, such as shears, hammers, or crimpers.
Hydraulic Turbines: A Hydraulic Turbine is used in power
generation. Mechanical power is created by the rotation of a shaft
driven by the flow of water through the turbine.
Hydraulic Valve: A Hydraulic Valve is used to control the flow of
hydraulic fluid. Valves can be manually or electronically actuated,
and are used to direct flow between the two sides of hydraulic
cylinder.
Hydraulic Winches : Hydraulic Winch: A Hydraulic Winch is a
winch that uses a hydraulic gear motor to drive spool rotation.
Hydraulic-mechanical Press Brake: A mechanical press brake that
uses hydraulic cylinders attached to mechanical linkages to power
the ram through its working stroke.
Hydraulics: Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and
flow.
Hydrazine: A rocket fuel which burns spontaneously with nitric acid
or nitrogen tetroxide. Can also be used as a mono-propellant when
passed through an iridium-bearing catalyst, it decomposes at high
temperature into constituent gases of ammonia, nitrogen and
hydrogen. Used in small thrusters for orbit modification and attitude
control of spacecraft. Also see MMH and UDMH.
Hydro Turbine Power Generation: Hydro Turbine Power
Generation uses flowing water to drive a turbine connected to an
electric generator to produce power. This is the typical scenario in a
hydroelectric dam, where water on the high side of the dam is
allowed to flow past the turbine on its way to the low side of the dam,
driving the turbine in the process. The mechanical energy of the
spinning turbine is converted to electrical power by the generator.
Hydro-aeroplane: Early term for an aircraft which could operate
from water.
Hydrocarbon: A compound composed of carbon and hydrogen, the
basic elements of countless organic compounds and the principal
constituents of petroleum. Hydrocarbons in petroleum fall into three
basic categories: the straight-chain paraffins (aliphatic); the cyclic
(ring) chain (naphthenic) and the cyclic chain (aromatic).
Hydrocarbon: A chemical containing only carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons are of prime economic importance because they
encompass the constituents of the major fossil fuels, petroleum and
natural gas, as well as plastics, waxes, and oils. In urban pollution,
these components--along with NOx and sunlight--contribute to the
formation of tropospheric ozone.
Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons are organic compound commonly
used as a fuel score consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds commonly used as a fuel
source consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and
carbon atoms in various combinations.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (hcfc): One of a class of compounds
used primarily as a CFC substitute. Work on CFC alternatives began
in the late 1970s after the first warnings of CFC damage to
stratospheric ozone. By adding hydrogen to the chemical
formulation, chemists made CFCs less stable in the lower
atmosphere enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone
layer. However, HCFCs do release chlorine and have contributed
more to atmospheric chlorine buildup than originally predicted.
Development of non-chlorine based chemical compounds as a
substitute for CFCs and HCFCs continues.
Hydrocyclones: A hydrocyclone uses centripetal force to sort and
separate particles suspended in liquid. Hydrocyclones can be used
to sort particles by both mass and size, and can also be used to
separate dissimilar fluids.
Hydrodynamic Couplings: A hydrodynamic coupling is a method
for transferring power between two rotating shafts. The end of each
shaft is enclosed in a sealed housing filled with fluid and the end of
each shaft is fitted with a turbine. The ratio of the turbines
determines the power transmission characteristics of the coupling.
Hydrodynamic couplings have reduced shock loading when
compared to other mechanical couplings.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication: Often referred to as “full film
lubrication”; a film of oil or other fluid completely separates moving
components under load, thus maintaining low friction and eliminating
wear.
Hydrodynamic Machining: Removal of material by the
impingement of a high-velocity fluid against a workpiece. See also
waterjet/abrasive waterjet machining. (see Waterjet/abrasive
Waterjet Machining)
Hydrodynamics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of
liquid flow and pressure.
Hydrodynamics: The study of fluid motion and fluid-boundary
interaction.
Hydrodynamics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of
liquid flow and pressure.
Hydroforming: A forming process in which a tube is placed into a
forming die. The tube is then formed to the shape of the die through
the application of internal water pressure. The hydroforming process
allows for severe shape deformation, making it ideal for automotive
structural parts such as engine cradles, radiator supports and body
rails. Various shaped and sized holes can be punched in the tube
almost anywhere during the process.
Hydroforming: A forming process in which a tube is placed into a
forming die. The tube is then formed to the shape of the die through
the application of internal water pressure. The hydroforming process
allows for severe shape deformation, making it ideal for automotive
structural parts such as engine cradles, radiator supports and body
rails. Various shaped and sized holes can be punched in the tube
almost anywhere during the process.
Hydrogen: An undesirable impurity if present in steel and a cause of
fine hairline cracks especially in alloy steels. Modern vacuum
treatment consists of pearlite and cementite.
Hydrogen: The lightest known lifting gas, used to inflate balloons
and airships, unfortunately highly inflammable.
Hydrogen (H): A gas which, when present in steel, can cause
embrittlement, hair-line cracking, or even complete fracture,
especially of high-strength steels. Is an option as a controlled
temperature annealing of grain oriented electrical steels.
Hydrogen Blistering: The formation of blisters on or below a metal
surface from excessive internal hydrogen pressure. Hydrogen may
be formed during cleaning, plating or corrosion.
Hydrogen Brazing: A term sometimes used to denote brazing in a
hydrogen-containing atmosphere, usually in a furnace; use of the
appropriate process name is preferred.
Hydrogen Brazing: A term sometimes used to denote brazing in a
hydrogen-containing atmosphere, usually in a furnace; use of the
appropriate process name is preferred.
Hydrogen cooled generator : High performance is provided by
effective cooling and loss reduction.
Hydrogen Cooler Pump: A pump that delivers diesel treated
cooling water to the hydrogen coolers in #8 and #9 Generators.
Hydrogen cycle : A complete course of cation-exchange operation
in which the adsorbent is employed in the hydrogen or free acid
form.
Hydrogen Damage: A general term for the embrittlement, cracking,
blistering and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is
present in some metals.
Hydrogen damage : A type of corrosion occurring beneath a
relative dense deposit. This type of damage can only occur if
hydrogen was present in the metal. Failure takes place at thick
edges in the form of fracture, rather then thinning. Hydrogen
produces the corrosion reaction, moving into underlying metal,
causing decarburization and intergranular fissuring of the structure.
Damages usually result in larger pieces of metal being blown away,
rather then just bursting.
Hydrogen Embrittlement: A process resulting in a decrease of the
toughness or ductility of a metal due to the presence of atomic
hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement has been recognized classically
as being of two types. The first, known as internal hydrogen
embrittlement, occurs when the hydrogen enters molten metal which
becomes supersaturated with hydrogen immediately after
solidification. The second type, environmental hydrogen
embrittlement, results from hydrogen being absorbed by solid
metals. This can occur during elevated-temperature thermal
treatments and in service during electroplating, contact with
maintenance chemicals, corrosion reactions, cathodic protection and
operating in high pressure hydrogen. In the absence of residual
stress or external loading, environmental hydrogen embrittlement is
manifested in various forms such as blistering, internal cracking,
hydride formation and reduced ductility. With a tensile stress or
stress-intensity factor exceeding a specific threshold, the atomic
hydrogen interacts with the metal to induce subcritical crack growth
leading to fracture. In the absence of a corrosion reaction (polarized
cathodically), the usual term used is hydrogen-assisted cracking
(HAC) or hydrogen stress cracking (HSC). In the presence of active
corrosion, usually as pits or crevices (polarized anodically), the
cracking is generally called stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), but
should more properly be called hydrogen-assisted stress-corrosion
cracking (HSCC). Thus, HSC and electrochemically anodic SCC can
operate separately or in combination (HSCC). In some metals, such
as high-strength steels, the mechanism is believed to be all HSC.
The participating mechanism of HSC is not always recognized and
may be evaluated under the generic heading of SCC.
Hydrogen Embrittlement: (1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from
the occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by product of pickling or by
co deposition in electroplating). (2) A condition of low ductility
resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed
subsequently. Electrolytic copper exhibits similar results when
exposed to reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures.
Hydrogen fuel cell: Hydrogen fuel cell is an energy conversion
device that produces electricity by means of electrochemical
reactions between hydrogen and an oxidant.
Hydrogen fuel cell: An energy conversion device that produces
electricity by means of electrochemical reactions between hydrogen
and an oxidant.
Hydrogen induced cracking : Caused by the introduction of
hydrogen during the welding process.
Hydrogen ion : A portion of the molecule of water containing one
atom of hydrogen which has a positive electric charge.
Hydrogen Loss: The loss in weight of metal powder or a compact
caused by heating a representative sample according to a specified
procedure in a purified hydrogen atmosphere. Broadly, a measure of
the oxygen content of the sample when applied to materials
containing only such oxides as are reducible with hydrogen and no
hydride-forming element.
Hydrogen Overvoltage: In electroplating, overvoltage associated
with the liberation of hydrogen gas.
Hydrogen Stress Cracking: Cracking of a metal resulting from the
combination of hydrogen and tensile stress.
Hydrogen Stress Cracking (HSC): See hydrogen
embrittlement. (see Hydrogen Embrittlement)
Hydrogen-assisted Cracking (HAC): See hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen-assisted Stress-corrosion Cracking (HSCC): See
hydrogen embrittlement. (see Hydrogen Embrittlement)
Hydrogen-Induced Cracking: Stepwise internal cracks that connect
adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the
metal surface.
Hydrogen-induced Cracking (HIC): Same as hydrogen
embrittlement.
Hydrogen-ion concentration : The degree or quantity of hydrogen
ions in a water solution.
Hydrokinetics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of
liquids in motion.
Hydrokinetics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of
liquids in motion.
Hydrologic budget: A quantitative accounting of all water volumes
and their changes with time for a basin or area.
Hydrologic cycle: The process of evaporation, vertical and
horizontal transport of vapor, condensation, precipitation, and the
flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in
determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, the
clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is
responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes' heat transport
from the equatorial to polar regions. See The Water Cycle
Hydrologic cycle: The process of evaporation, vertical and
horizontal transport of vapor, condensation, precipitation, and the
flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in
determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, the
clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is
responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes' heat transport
from the equatorial to polar regions.
Hydrologic cycle : The cycle of water from evaporation through
condensation to precipitation.
Hydrology: The science that deals with global water (both liquid and
solid), its properties, circulation, and distribution, on and under the
Earth's surface and in the atmosphere through evapotranspiration or
is discharged into oceans.
Hydrology: The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction between a mineral and water that
results in dissolution of the mineral.
Hydrometallurgy: Industrial winning or refining of metals using
water or an aqueous solution.
Hydrometer: A float device used to measure the specific gravity of
battery electrolyte to determine its state of change.
Hydrometer: Floating instrument used to measure specific gravity of
a liquid.
Hydrometer: An instrument for determining the specific gravity or
the API gravity of a liquid.
Hydronic system : A re-circulating water system used for heating
and/or comfort cooling.
Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water.
Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water; capable of uniting with
dissolving in water. (see Hygroscopic) (see Hydrophobic)
Hydrophobic: Lacking affinity for water: incapable of uniting or
mixing with water.
Hydropneumatics: Pertaining to the combination of hydraulic and
pneumatic fluid power.
Hydropneumatics: Pertaining to the combination of hydraulic and
pneumatic fluid power.
Hydroponics: Hydroponics is a method for growing plants without
soil. Instead, essential nutrients are provided in an enriched solution.
Hydrosphere: The water on or around the surface of a planet.
Hydrosphere: The totality of water encompassing the Earth,
comprising all the bodies of water, ice, and water vapor in the
atmosphere.
Hydrosphere: The aqueous envelope of the Earth, including the
oceans, freshwater lakes, rivers, saline lakes and inland seas, soil
moisture and vadose water, groundwater, and atmospheric vapor.
Hydrostatic Couplings: A Hydrostatic Coupling is used for power
transmission. Unlike a hydraulic gear motor, they do not have any
mechanical couplings, and all power is transferred via change in
static pressure inside the system components.
Hydrostatic equation: In the vector equation of motion, the form
assumed by the vertical component when all Coriolis effect, earth-
curvature, frictional, and vertical-acceleration terms are considered
negligible compared with those involving the vertical pressure force
and the force of gravity. The error in applying the hydrostatic
equation to the atmosphere for cyclonic-scale motions is less than
0.01%. In extreme situations, the strong vertical accelerations in
thunderstorms and mountain waves can be 1% of gravity.
Hydrostatic Extrusion: A method of extruding a billet through a die
by pressurized fluid instead of the ram used in conventional
extrusion.
Hydrostatic Level Measurement: Hydrostatic level measurement is
a technique that uses a direct measurement of the pressure exerted
by a column of fluid to determine the height of fluid in the column.
Hydrostatic Lubrication: System of lubrication that supplies the
lubricant under high pressure, to promote a fluid film between
opposing surfaces.
Hydrostatic Pressing: A special case of isostatic pressing that uses
a liquid such as water or oil as a pressure transducing medium and
is therefore limited to near room-temperature operation.
Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure at any point in a liquid at rest;
equal to the depth of the liquid multiplied by its density.
Hydrostatic Pumps: A Hydrostatic Pump is a hydraulic pump that
does not rely on dynamic fluid movement of mechanical coupling to
provide a pressure increase. A piston pump is an example of a
hydrostatic pump.
Hydrostatic Speed Variators: A Hydrostatic Speed Variator is a
hydrostatic transmission that is variable-stroke piston pump
connected to a fixed-stroke piston motor. Output RPMs are
proportional to pump speed.
Hydrostatic Tension: Three equal and mutually perpendicular
tensile stresses.
Hydrostatic Test: 600 psi feed water test on a down boiler to check
for leaks.
Hydrostatic Testing: A nondestructive test procedure that checks
for holes, cracks or porosity. Tubing is pressurized internally with
water to a high pressure, but does not exceed material yield
strength.
Hydrostatic testing: The use of liquid pressure to test a hose or
hose assembly fro leakage, twisting, and/or hose change in length.
Hydrostatics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of
liquids at rest.
Hydrostatics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of
liquids at rest.
Hydroxyl: The term used to describe the anionic radical (OH-) which
is responsible for the alkalinity of a solution.
Hydyne: A rocket fuel comprised of 60% UDMH and 40%
diethylene-triamine.
Hygrometer: Instrument used to measure degree of moisture in the
atmosphere.
Hygrometer: A Hygrometer is used to measure the relative humidity,
a measure of the water vapor pressure in an atmosphere compared
to the saturated water vapor pressure of the atmosphere for a
specific temperature.
Hygrometer: Instrument that measures water vapor content in the
air and communicates changes in humidity visibly and immediately
through a graph or a dial. There are three types of hygrometers: The
hair hygrometer uses a human hair as the sensing instrument. The
hair lengthens when the air is moist and contracts when the air is
dry, but remains unaffected by air temperature. However, the hair
hygrometer cannot respond to rapid fluctuations in humidity,An
electric hygrometer uses a plate coated with carbon. Electrical
resistance of the carbon coating changes as the moisture content of
the air changes--changes that translate into relative humidity. This
type of hygrometer is used frequently in the radiosonde,An infrared
hygrometer uses a beam of light containing two separate wave
lengths to gauge atmospheric humidity. One of the wavelengths is
absorbed by water vapor, the other is unaffected, providing an
extremely accurate index of water vapor for paths of a few inches or
thousands of feet. See psychrometer.
Hygroscopic: Capable of attracting or absorbing moisture.
Hygroscopic -: Ability of a substance to absorb and release
moisture and change physical dimensions as its moisture content
changes.
HYL I, HYL III: Processes for producing DRI and HBI developed by
Hylsa. The processes reduce iron ore lump or pellets with reformed
natural gas in a vertical shaft furnace. The HYL I process uses four
fixed-bed reactors; HYL III uses a single-shaft furnace.
Hyperbaric Equipment: Hyperbaric equipment refers to equipment
that designed to operate at pressures higher than atmospheric
pressure.
Hyperbolic: A trajectory path to a planet shaped like a hyperbola.
Hypereutectic Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any
alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element
compared with the eutectic composition and whose equilibrium
microstructure contains some eutectic structure.
Hypereutectoid Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any
alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element
compared with the eutectoid composition and whose equilibrium
microstructure contains some eutectoid structure.
Hypereutectoid Steel: A steel containing more than the eutectoid
percentage of carbon (0.83 wt.%).
Hypergolic: A term applied to an oxidizer and a fuel which ignite
spontaneously with each other.
Hypersonic: Velocity greater than five times the speed of sound.
The Hyper-X is a reusable launch vehicle that will fly into space and
return. It will fly at hypersonic speeds as it re-enters the atmosphere.
Hyperspectral: describes a sensor that observes hundreds or
thousands of virtually continuous wavelengths of electromagnetic
energy, or imagery from such a sensor
Hypoeutectic Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any
alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared
with the eutectic composition and whose equilibrium microstructure
contains some eutectic structure.
Hypoeutectic Alloy: In a eutectoid system, any alloy containing
more than the eutectoid concentration of solute.
Hypoeutectoid Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any
alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared
with the eutectoid composition and whose equilibrium microstructure
contains some eutectoid structure.
Hypoeutectoid Steel: A steel containing less than the eutectoid
percentage of carbon (0.83 wt.%).
Hypoid Gear Lubricant (Gears): Lubricant with extreme pressure
(EP) characteristics for use with hypoid gears, e.g., in the differential
of an automobile.
Hypoid Gear Lubricant (Gears): Lubricant with extreme pressure
(EP) characteristics for use with hypoid gears, e.g., in the differential
of an automobile.
Hypothesis: A prediction which needs to be tested to tell if it is
correct. An engineer can offer the hypothesis that a
particular wingshape will not create enough lift to enable
an airplane to fly. His or her hypothesis must then be tested using
one or more of the tools of aeronautics to determine if it is correct.
Hypsithermal period: The period about 4000 to 8000 years ago
when the Earth was apparently several degrees warmer than it is
now. More rainfall occurred in most of the subtropical desert regions
and less in the central midwest United States and Scandinavia. It is
also called the altithermal period and can serve as a past climatic
analog for predicting the regional pattern of climate changeshould
the Earth's mean surface temperature increase because of an
increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.
Hysteresis: When rubber stretches and compresses, it does not
render all the energy applied to it because energy is lost due to
internal friction. The mechanical energy is transformed into thermal
energy and the heat produced leads to both damage and energy
loss.
Hysteresis: The difference between the response of a unit or
system to an increasing signal and the response to a decreasing
signal.
Hysteresis: The difference between the response of a unit r system
to an increasing signal and the response to a decreasing signal.
Hysteresis (Hydraulics): A condition encountered particularly when
dealing with servo or proportional valves, in which a given input
signal produces different amounts of spool movement when
increasing and decreasing. It is caused by unevenly distributed
friction.
Hysteresis (magnetic): The lag of the magnetization of a substance
behind any cyclic variation ofthe applied magnetizing field.
Hysteresis (mechanical): The phenomenon of permanently
absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or
unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading.
Hysteresis : A function in which the algorithm for computing output
changes at defined events or thresholds, such that output follows
one path as input increases and another path as input decreases;
Hysteresis can be formalized: (0) at initialization, select algorithm-0
(1).if event-1 occurs, switch to algorithm-1 (2) if event-2 occurs,
switch to algorithm-2 ... (N) if event-n occurs, switch to algorithm-n
Frequently in avionics, hysteresis prevents a test from oscillating
near the transition point due to noise. Implementation is usually: (0)
at initialization, set y = 0 (1) if x sub c + h/2 le x, then set y = 1 (2) if x
sub c - h/2 lt x lt x sub c + h/2, then let y retain its value (3) if x le x
sub c - h/2, then set y = 0
Hz (Hertz): A measure of the number of cycles that occur in a
specific period of time. Usually the time base is the second, but the
time base may be any acceptable measure of time. Synonymous
term for cycles per second.
Hz (hertz): A measure of the number of cycles that occur in a
specific period of time. Usually the time base is the second, but the
time base may be any acceptable measure of time. Synonymous
term for "cycles per second".
Hz.hic: Hydrogen-induced cracking. (Same as hydrogen
embrittlement)
i : Short form for injection indicating that the engine is fuel-injected,
e.g., GTi, EFi, 1.6i, SSEi
I & C systems : Acronym for instrumentation and control systems
I Beams: Structural sections on which the flanges are tapered and
are typically not as long as the flanges on wide flange beams. The
flanges are thicker at the cross sections and thinner at the toes of
the flanges. They are produced with depths of 3 24 inches.
I head engine: An engine that houses both valves in the head.
I.D.: Inside diameter (of a coil or pipe).
I.D. Fan: (I.D. fan) Steam turbine or electric motor driven fan which
develops negative draft within the boiler to pull the hot exhaust
gases through the boiler.
I2R Loss : Power loss due to the current (I) flow through the
resistance (R) of a conductor.
IA : Acronym for Intake Air
IAA: Indian Astronautical Association.
IAA: International Academy of Astronautics (established August
1960).
IAC: Ideal gear control
IAC : Acronym for Idle air control valve
Iaca: International Air Carrier Association.
IACA : International Air Charter Association
IACV : Acronym for Idle Air Control Valve
IAF: International Astronautical Federation (formally inaugurated
1951).
IAF : Initial Approach Fix
Iaha: International Aviation Handlers’ Association.
Iaopa: International Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations.
IAOPA : International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot
Associations
IAOPA-EUR : IAOPA European Region
Iapa: International Airline Passengers Association.
IAR : Acronym for Integral alternator/Regulator
IAS : Acronym for Inlet Air Solenoid (Ford)
IAS : Indicated airspeed
IASCA : Acronym for International Auto Sound Challenge
Association.
IAS-TFB : Indicated Air Speed
IAT : Acronym for Intake Air Temperature
IATA: International Air Transport Association.
Iata: International Air Transport AssociationSet up in 1945 in
Havanna, Cuba, IATA represents most of the world’s airlines. It’s
mission is to encourage the development of air transport through the
unification and coordination of international standards and
regulations.
Iata: International Air Transport Association.
Iata airport code: International coding system defined by the IATA
association, comprising a 3-letter code.
Iata carrier: A carrier that is a member of the International Air
Transport Association (IATA).
Iata year: The fiscal calendar year adopted by many airlines,
including Air France, which begins on 1 April and ends on 31 March
of the following year, allowing carriers to monitor operations more
easily on the basis of IATA "defined seasons" (winter and summer).
Iatan: International Airlines Travel Agent Network (wholly owned
subsidiary of IATA)
Iatf: International Airline Training Fund.
IAWP : Initial Approach Waypoint
IBC : Ils Back Course
I-Beams: Structural sections on which the flanges are tapered and
are typically not as long as the flanges on wide-flange beams. The
flanges are thicker at the cross-section and thinner at the toes of the
flanges. They are produced with depths of 3-24 inches.
IBIT : Initiated built-in-test
IC: Integrated Circuit.
IC : Internal combustion engine.
IC : Interrogator Codes (II and SI codes)
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization.
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation: Set up at the
Chicago Convention in 1944, it was designed to define the texts,
standards and recommendations necessary to regulate civil aviation.
The headquarters are located in Montreal.
Icao: International Civil Aviation Organisation. A UN specialised
agency who are the global forum for civil aviation and works to
achieve safe, secure and sustainable development of civil aviation
through co-operation amongst member states.
Icao: International Civil Aviation Organisation.
ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organization (a UN-
Suborganisation)
ICBM: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (range >5,500 km).
Iccs: IATA Currency Clearance Service.
ICD : Interface Control Document
Ice age: A glacial epoch or time of extensive glacial activity
Ice age: A glacial epoch or time of extensive glacial activity. Also, as
Ice Age, which refers to the latest glacial epoch,
the PleistoceneEpoch.
Ice and snow albedo: The reflectivity of ice and snow-covered
surfaces. The albedo of freshly fallen snow may be as much as 90%,
while older snow may have values of 75% or less. The larger the
areal extent of snow and ice cover, the higher the albedo value. The
surface albedo will also increase as a function of the depth of snow
cover up to 13 cm and be unaffected by increased snow cover after
reaching that depth.
Ice and snow-albedo-temperature feedback: Interactions that can
be described as a theoretical concept of a feedback mechanism in
which the interacting elements are the areal extent of polar ice and
snow cover, the albedo of the polar region (dependent on areal
extent of ice and snow), absorption of solar radiation (dependent on
the albedo), temperature (dependent on the absorption of solar
radiation) and the area of ice and snow cover (dependent on
temperature). Less snowfall would mean more absorption of solar
radiation, therefore a surface warming would occur. Climate
modeling studies indicate an amplification effect (i.e., positive
feedback) of the iceand snow-albedo feedback on increased surface
air temperatures caused by increases in the atmospheric
concentration of carbon dioxide.
Ice core: A cylindrical section of ice removed from a glacier or an ice
sheet in order to study climate patterns of the past. By performing
chemical analyses on the air trapped in the ice, scientists can
estimate the percentage of carbon dioxide and other trace gases in
the atmosphere at that time.
Ice cover: During the present time, the extent, especially the
thickness, of glacier ice on a land surface. Also the same as ice
concentration, which is the ratio of an area of sea ice to the total
area of sea surface within some large geographic area.
Ice cream cabinet: Commercial refrigerator which operates at
approximately -18°C; used for storage of ice cream.
Ice flow: See glacier flow.
Ice front: The floating vertical cliff that forms the seaward face or
edge of a glacier or an ice shelf that enters water. It can vary from 2
to 50 meters in height.
Ice sheet (continental glacier): A glacier of considerable thickness
and more than 50,000 sq km in area. It forms a continuous cover of
ice and snow over a land surface. An ice sheet is not confined by the
underlying topography but spreads outward in all directions. During
the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North
America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar
regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica).
Ice sheet (continental glacier): A glacier of considerable thickness
and more than 50,000 sq km in area. It forms a continuous cover of
ice and snow over a land surface. An ice sheet is not confined by the
underlying topography but spreads outward in all directions. During
thePleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North
America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar
regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica).
Ice shelf: A thick mass of ice extending from a polar shore. The
seaward edge is afloat and sometimes extends hundreds of
kilometers over the sea. Ice shelves generally fall into three
categories: those fed by glaciers, those created by sea ice, and
composite shelves incorporating both glacier- and sea-ice-supplied
ice.
Ice shelf: A sheet of very thick ice with a level or gently undulating
surface. It is attached to the land on one side, but most of it is
floating. On the seaward side, it is bounded by a steep cliff (ice front)
2 to 50 meters or more above sea level. Ice shelves have formed
along polar coasts (e.g., Antarctica and Greenland); they are very
wide with some extending several hundreds of kilometers toward the
sea from the coastline. They increase in size from annual snow
accumulation and seaward extension of landglaciers. They decrease
in size from warming, melting, and calving.
Ich: IATA Clearing House.
Ici: Investment Casting Institute
ICING: Condition arising when atmospheric moisture freezes on the
external surfaces of an aircraft.
ICO: Intermediate Circular Orbit.
ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma): Quantitative analytical
technique for measuring metal contents of fluids.
Id: Inside diameter (of a coil).
Id Grinding: Term for internal (dimension) grinding.
ID : Identification
Ideal Critical Diameter: The largest diameter of a bar which, upon
quenching in an ideal quench, will exhibit 50% martensite at the
center of the bar.
Ideal Critical Diameter, D1: The largest diameter of a bar which,
upon quenching in an ideal quench, will exhibit 50% martensite at
the center of the bar.
Ideal Quench: A quench in which the temperature of an object being
quenched instantaneously drops to that of the quench bath and
remains constant.
Identification yarn: A yarn of single or multiple colors, usually
embedded in the hose wall, used to identify the manufacturer.
Idiomorph: A particle of a phase the has a regular external shape.
Idiomorphic Crystal: An individual crystal that has grown without
restraint so that the habit planes are clearly developed. Compare
with allotriomorphic crystal.
IDL : Interface Definition Language
Idle Pump: A pump on an oil system that is not being used. The
pump's selection button is in the off mode.
Idle speed: The crankshaft rotational speed in an engine with a
closed throttle plate.
Idle speed: The RPM of the engine free from load (all accessories
off), at normal operating temperature and in neutral (or, in the case
of an automatic transmission, park or neutral).
Idle thrust : the jet thrust obtained with the engine power control
level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it can be
placed
Idle up: A feature on most transmitters that will not allow the throttle
to fall below a minimum setting. This is useful on a helicopter
because the vertical portion of the left stick simultaneously controls
throttle and collective.
Idler Gear (Gears): Gear placed between two other gears to change
a mechanism’s direction of rotation.
Idler pulley: A guide or tightening pulley for a belt or chain.
Idler Sheave: A sheave used to equalize tension in opposite parts of
a rope. Because of its slight movement, it is not termed a running
sheave.
IDS : Infrared Detecting Set
IF Steel: Interstitial-free steel (generally Ultralow-carbon).
Ifalpa: International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations.
Ifatca: International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’
Associations.
IFE: In Flight Entertainment: An electronic entertainment system
provided for passengers including video, audio and telephony. In the
most recent cabin fittings this is also interactive.
IFF: Identification, friend or foe; an electronic device to interrogate
approaching aircraft.
IFF : IDENTIFICATION FRIEND OR FOE. Equipment carried by
aircraft of both sides which issued a signal identifying it as friendly.
IFPS : Integrated Flight plan Processing System of Euro control
IFPUV : IFPS Validation System (offline Route Verification by
Internet)
IFR: Instrument Flight Rules; i.e. flight by reference to on-board
instruments under conditions of poor visibility or darkness.
IFR: Instrument flight rules (IFR) are a set of regulations and
procedures for flying aircraft whereby aircraft instruments provide
navigation and obstacle clearance (together with instructions from
the Air Traffic Control). See also VFR (visual flight rules).
Ifr: Instrument Flight Rules. Required for flight in 'non-visual
meteorological conditions'. Rough translation: The weather is so bad
you can't see out the windows.
Ifr aircraft/ifr flight : An aircraft conducting flight in accordance with
instrument flight rules.
Ifr conditions : weather conditions below the minimum for flight
under visual flight rules
Ifr over-the-top : with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the
operation of an aircraft over-the-top on an IFR flight plan when
cleared by air traffic control to maintain "VFR conditions" or "VFR
conditions on top"
IFR : Instrument Flight Rules ("all" weather operations rules) IG (al)
Imperial Gallon (4,54 Liter)
IFRS: International Financial Reporting Standards:Accounting
standards used by listed companies in the European Union for their
consolidated accounts. Adopted on 1 January 2005, it has made it
easier for investors to compare the financial perforamance of
European companies.
Ifsp: In-flight security personnel.
Ignition Furnace Fan: A small series of fans used to mix air with
gas for the ignition of the furnace.
Ignition quality: The ability of a fuel to ignite when it is injected into
the compressed-air charge in a diesel cylinder. It is measured by an
index called the cetane number.
Ignition system: The system in which the fuel will get burnt with
some fire works like spark plug in petrol engine and injector in diesel
engine.
Ignition timing: Ignition timing is the time when ignition in fuel take
place, It is set by according to vehicle engine timings and firing order.
Ignition timing: The process of setting the time that a spark will
occur in the combustion chamber (during the power stroke) relative
to piston position and crankshaft angular velocity.
Ignitors: Devices which employ a high-energy electrical spark to
ignite the pilot gas flame.
Ignitors: Devices which employ a high energy electrical spark to
ignite the pilot gas flame.
IGY: International Geophysical Year (1957-58).
Ii : Interrogator Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder)
Iinterstate air commerce : the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State
of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in any
other State of the United States, or the District of Columbia; or
between places in the same State of the United States through the
airspace over any place outside thereof; or between places in the
same territory or possession of the United States, or the District of
Columbia
ILEV: Inherently low-emission vehicle. An emissions standard for
alternative-fuel vehicles with closed and pressurized fuel systems.
Illinois Inclusion Count Method: A determination of the index
number of cleanliness of steel.
Illite: A mineral, typically KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, found in many clays,
large working of which are found in Illinois and Michigan.
ILS: Instrument Landing System.
ILS: ILS (Instrument Landing System) is a radio system used for
precision guidance when landing aircraft, particularly in bad visibility.
This equipment significantly improves landing precision by
combining lateral and vertical guidance.
Ils: Instrument Landing System.
Ils approach : Instrument Landing System
Ils back course (ibc) : Operation of ILS in which the runway is
approached in reverse direction, giving only lateral guidance;
Compare: ILS Front Course;
Ils front course : Operation of ILS in which the runway is
approached in forward direction, giving lateral, longitudinal, and
vertical guidance; sometimes called ILS Compare: ILS Back Course;
Ils : Instrument Landing System. A precision instrument approach
system, generally used to land at fields experiencing weather.
Im : Instrument Landing System
Imager: A satellite instrument that measures and maps the Earth
and its atmosphere. Imager data are converted by computer into
pictures.
Imaginary surface: Specified geometric plane in the airspace
around a heliport or runway that is used to identify areas that should
be kept free of obstructions. The dimensions and slopes of the
various imaginary surfaces are defined in FAR Part 77 and, in this
Glossary, under "approach surface," "primary surface" and
"transitional surface."
Imc : Instrument Meteo Conditions (weather requiring IFR flight)
IMIS: Integrated Manufacturing Information System.
Immelmann : A maneuver originally used to reverse direction in
combat. The airplane noses up and over onto its back. It then rolls
upright and continues in the direction opposite to the original
direction. It was invented by the World War I German pilot Max
Immelmann, whose airplane could perform the maneuver, and
other`s could not. It got him out of a lot of trouble in combat until the
Allied aircraft designs caught-up and allowed their planes to perform
the maneuver, too.
Immersed Scanning: In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic
movement of the beam relative to the object being inspected, the
search unit being coupled to this object through a column of liquid. In
most cases, the object and the search unit are submerged in water.
Immersed Scanning: In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic
movement of the beam relative to the object being inspected, the
search unit being coupled to this object through a column of liquid. In
most cases the object and the search unit are submerged in water.
Immersed-electrode Furnace: A furnace used for liquid carburizing
of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes
immersed in the liquid. See also submerged-electrode furnace. (see
Submerged-electrode Furnace)
Immersion Cleaning: Cleaning in which the work is immersed in a
liquid solution.
Immersion Coating: A coating produced in a solution by chemical
or electrochemical action without the use of external current.
Immersion Plating: Depositing a metallic coating on a metal
immersed in a liquid solution without the aid of an external electric
current. Also called dip plating.
Immersion Sample: Sample taken directly from the molten steel for
chemical analysis.
Immiscible : Not capable of mixing (as oil and water).
Impact: A part formed in a confining die from a metal slug, usually
cold, by rapid single stroke application of force through a punch,
causing the metal to flow around the punch and/or through an
opening in the punch or die.
Impact Energy: The amount of energy, usually given in joules or
foot-pound force, required to fracture a material; usually measured
by means of an lzod test or Charpy test. The type of specimen and
test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified.
Impact Energy (Impact Value): The amount of energy required to
fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod or Charpy
test. The type of speciment and testing conditions affect the values
and therfore should be specified.
Impact Extrusion: The process (or resultant product) in which a
punch strikes a slug (usually unheated) in a confining die. The metal
flow may be either between punch and die or through another
opening. The impact extrusion of unheated slugs is often called cold
extrusion.
Impact Factor: Additional hook load assumed to result from the
dynamic effect of the live load.
Impact Line: A blemish on a drawn sheet metal part caused by a
slight change in metal thickness. The mark is called an impact line
when it results from the impact of the punch on the blank; it is called
a recoil line when it results from transfer of the blank from the die to
the punch during forming or from a reaction to the blank being pulled
sharply through the draw ring.
Impact Load: An especially severe shock load such as that caused
by instantaneous arrest of a falling mass by shock meeting of two
parts (in a mechanical hammer, for example) or by explosive impact,
in which there can be an exceptionally rapid buildup of stress.
Impact loading: The minimum load that an elevated TLOF should
be designed to accommodate to allow for hard landings. Impact
loading is normally 1.5 times the weight of the heaviest helicopter
expected to use the facility.
Impact Strength: The resistance to impact loads; usually expressed
as the foot pounds of energy absorbed in breaking a standard
specimen. (see Charpy (Charpy Impact Test))
Impact Strength: The resistance to impact loads; usually expressed
as the foot pounds of energy absorbed in breaking a standard
specimen. See Charpy Impact Test.
Impact Test: A test for determining the behavior of materials when
subjected to high rates of loading under conditions designed to
promote fracture, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity
measured is the energy absorbed when the specimen is broken by a
single blow.
Impact Tests: 1. Tests to determine the energy absorbed in
fracturing a test specimen at high velocity. There are various kinds of
impact tests, such as charpy, izod, drop weight, etc. 2. A test which
is intended to evaluate the brittleness, toughness, adhesion and
hardness of paint films applied to metals by subjecting them to an
indent impact force.
Impact Wear: Wear of a solid surface resulting from repeated
collisions between that surface and another solid body. The term
erosion is preferred in the case of multiple impacts and when the
impacting body or bodies are very small relative to the surface being
impacted.
Impedance: The combination of AC and DC resistance in a circuit
measured in ohms.
Impeller: A wheel like device that has fins cast into it. It is mounted
on water pump shaft to turn for pumping coolant.
Impeller : A rotating set of vanes designed to impart rotation to a
mass of fluid.
Impingement: High-velocity flow of water or gas over a metal
surface, causing premature failure by abrasion.
Impingement: A process resulting in a continuing succession of
impacts between liquid or solid particles and a solid surface.
Impingement: Loss of any constituent from an alloy or from
localized areas of an alloy by oxidation, liquidation, volatilization, or
changes in the solid state. The term depletion is also used,
particularly in referring to the lowering of the concentration of solute
in a solid solution, around particles precipitated from solid solution.
Impingement Attack: Corrosion associated with turbulent flow of
liquid. May be accelerated by entrained gas bubbles. See also
erosion-corrosion and impingement corrosion. (see Erosion-
corrosion) (see Impingement Corrosion)
Impingement Corrosion: A form of erosion-corrosion generally
associated with the local impingement of a high-velocity, flowing fluid
against a solid surface.
Impingement Erosion: Loss of material from a solid surface due to
liquid impingement. See also erosion.
Impregnation: (1) Treatment of porous castings with a sealing
medium to stop pressure leaks. (2) The process of filling the pores of
a sintered compact, usually with a liquid such as a lubricant. (3) The
process of mixing particles of a nonmetallic substance in a cemented
carbide matrix, as in diamond-impregnated tools
Impregnation: The treatment of castings with a sealing medium to
stop pressure leaks, such as soaking under pressure with or without
prior evacuation and either with hot or cold application. Mediums
used include silicate of soda, drying oils with or without styrene,
plastics, and proprietary compounds.
Impressed Cathodic Protection: When two metals are placed in an
environment that is electrolytically conducting, such as soil or salt
water, a galvanic couple can be created between the two metals. In
this situation, the more active metal corrodes at a faster rate than the
other metal, a process called galvanic corrosion. Cathodic protection
involves the use of a sacrificial anode - an active metal is placed on
the surface to act as the anode in an electrochemical reaction. As a
result, the anode takes on the galvanic corrosion. On large surfaces,
it is necessary to link the anode to a DC power supply in order to
drive more current through the anode. This process is referred to as
Impressed Current Cathodic Protection.
Impression: A design formed during vulcanization in the surface of
a hose by a method of transfer, such as fabric impression or molded
impression.
Impression Die Forging: A forging that is formed to the required
shape and size by machined impressions in specially prepared dies
that exert three-dimensional control on the workpiece.
Impression Die Forging: A forging that is formed to the required
shape and size by machined impressions in specially prepared dies
that exert three dimensional control on the work piece.
IMPULSE: The product of the average force acting on a body and
the interval of time during which it acts, being a vector quantity equal
to the change of momentum of the body during the same time
interval.
Impulse: An application of force in a manner to produce sudden
strain or motion, such as hydraulic pressure applied in a hose.
Impulse principle:
Impulse service: An application parameter characterized by
continuous cyclical pressure changes from low to high.
Impurities: (1) Elements or compounds whose presence in a
material is undesirable. (2) In a chemical or material, minor
constituent(s) or component(s) not included deliberately; usually to
some degree or above some level, undesirable.
Impurities: Elements or compounds whose presence in a material is
undesired.
Impurity: An element unintentional allowed in a metal or alloy. Some
impurities have little effect on properties; others will grossly damage
the alloy.
IMU: Inertial Measurement Unit.
In revenue: A train or bus that is being used to service paying
customers; it is being used to generate revenue.
In Service: Term that means in use.
In situ: Latin for 'in original place.' Refers to measurements made at
the actual location of the object or material measured. Compare
remote sensing.
In Tandem: An arrangement of stands in a rolling mill, one after
another, so that the piece being rolled can travel in one direction
through a number of stands. Contrast with “in train”. (see Continuous
Mill)
Inboard Bearing: Pump bearing that is nearest the driver.
Inboard Bearing (Bearings): The bearing supporting a shaft
nearest the coupling or drive mechanism.
Inboard brakes: A braking system that is located within the chassis
of a vehicle instead of at its hubs.
In-car cellular phone: A cellular phone that either (i) has a handset
built into the vehicle, or (ii) is a portable unit with an accompanying
dock built into the vehicle that enables operation through the
vehicles entertainment and stereo system.
Incentive: Any kind of financial assistance from a vehicle
manufacturer that, by reducing either the net price or the cost of
financing/leasing, motivates customers to buy/lease a new vehicle.
The most common incentives are customer cash rebates, low-
interest financing and leases that are subsidized by the
manufacturer.
Incentives and rebates: An auto industry term that encompasses
all methods by which manufacturers attempt to stimulate vehicle
sales and leases by reducing the net cost to consumers without
reducing the vehicles MSRPs, which includes customer rebates,
dealer cash incentives and special leases.
Incidence meter : Used to measure the angle of attack of an airfoil,
can be used to measure blade pitch, or paddle pitch.
Incidence : The angle of one portion of a aircraft when compared to
another portion of the aircraft. For example, if the stabilizer is
perfectly parallel to the ground and the leading edge of the wing
points up 2 degrees when compared to the stabilizer, the wing has a
2 degree positive incidence when compared to the stabilizer. Up or
down thrust angle are also called engine incidence. Having these 3
measurements in proper relation to one another affects how well the
aircraft flies, particularly on vertical lines. An improper engine-to-wing
incidence often results in a aircraft which cannot be trimmed on pitch
because at higher throttle the engine is pulling the aircraft upward
and at lower throttle it is pulling the aircraft downward, or vice versa.
Incidence : The angle of the wing measured from the centerline of
the fuselage.
Incident : An occurrence other than an accident associated with the
operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of
operations.
Inclinable Press: A press that can be inclined to facilitate handling
of the formed parts. See also open-back inclinable press. (see Open-
back Inclinable press)
Inclination: The angular distance between a satellite's orbital plane
and the equator of its primary.
Inclination: One of the six Keplerian elements, it indicates the angle
of the orbit plane to the central body's equator. See Keplerian
elements for diagram.
Inclusion: Impurities in metal, usually in the form of particles in
mechanical mixture.
Inclusion Count: A quantitative assessment of the inclusion
population of a metallic alloy. It is carried out microscopically on a
prepared sample of the alloy and may include one or more of the
following assessments: the number of inclusion particles present,
their size, their shape, their type and their distribution.
Inclusion Count: A method of assessing the number and size of
non metallic inclusions present in metal.
Inclusion Shape Control: The use of calcium alloys or rare earth
metals to control the morphology of inclusions, in order to provide
improved mechanical properties for select applications.
Inclusion, Stringer: An impurity, metallic or non metallic, which is
trapped in the ingot and elongated subsequently in the direction of
working. It may be revealed during working or finishing as a narrow
streak parallel to the direction of working
Inclusions: Particles of non-metallic impurities that are mechanically
held in steel during solidification, usually oxides, sulfides and
silicates.
Incomplete Fusion: In welding, fusion that is less than complete.
Inconel: An oxidation-resistant alloy, 80% Ni, 14% Cr and 6% Fe.
Incoterms: International commercial terms (Incoterms) are standard
trading definitions which are widely used in commercial transactions
to clearly apportion costs, responsibilities and risks between buyer
and seller. They were devised by the International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC), and first appeared in 1936. In international trade,
language differences can very easily lead to misunderstandings in
contract terms, in conditions and in definitions, hence the need for
clearly defined commercial terms which mean the same to everyone
wherever they operate. Included in the Incoterms vocabulary are
terms like FOB (free on board) and CFR (cost and freight) – see
separate entries. The ICC says that correct use of Incoterms goes a
long way towards providing the legal certainty upon which mutual
confidence between business partners must be based. The latest
edition is "Incoterms 2000", published on 1 January, 2000.
Indentation: A normal, safe occurrence in a tyre’s sidewall where
overlapping splices of fabric cords form indentations. This cannot
occur on tread due to steel cable implantation.
Indentation: 1) The extent of deformation by the indentor point of
any one of a number of standard hardness testing instruments. 2) A
recess in the surface of a hose.
Indentation Hardness: The resistance of a material to indentation.
This is the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded
indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially static load.
Indentation Hardness: The resistance of a material to indentation.
This is the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded
indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially static load.
See Brinell Hardness and Hardness
Indenter: In hardness testing, a solid body of prescribed geometry,
usually chosen for its high hardness, that is used to determine the
resistance of a solid surface to penetration.
Independent Chuck: A chuck in which each jaw may be moved
independently of the others.
Independent suspension: A suspension system that allow each
wheel to move up and down without influence from the other wheel
on that axle.
Index Plate: A metal disk or plate punched with many holes
arranged in a series of rings. One outside the other each ring
containing a different number of holes.
Index Start: Start time for the first coil processed on a new index
number.
Indexing: The process of positioning a workpiece for machining it
into equal spaces. Dimensions or angles using an index or dividing
head.
Indexing: The praocess of positioning a workpiece for maching it
into equal spaces. Dimensions or angles using an index or dividing
head.
Indian Ores: Indian ore is generally rich in iron (Fe) content but the
Alumina content is very high which call for special
adjustments/techniques for production of iron/steel at the cost of
productivity and quality.
Indicated airspeed (ias) : means the speed of an aircraft as shown
on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard
atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for
airspeed system errors
Indicated airspeed : means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its
pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard
atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for
airspeed system errors
Indicated altitude : The altitude as shown by an altimeter.
Indicated horse power: Indicated horsepower is known as IHP. The
measure of power produced by burning within the cylinder.
Indicated Power: It is the total energy induced into the cylinder by
burning of fuel. It no includes any power losses.
Indicator: A mechanical device with points to a scale to provide a
visual perspective of the state of a component.
Indicator: A mechanical device with points to a scale to provide a
visual perspective of the state of a component. See NEEDLE.
Indicator (Lube Systems): Device that shows movement of
discharge piston.
Indigenous Inclusion: An inclusion that is native, innate or inherent
in the molten metal treatment. Indigenous inclusions include sulfides,
nitrides and oxides derived from the chemical reaction of the molten
metal with the local environment. Such inclusions are small and
require microscopic magnification for identification. Compare with
exogenous inclusion.
Indirect Arc Furnace: An AC (Alternating Current) electric arc
furnace in which the metal is not one of the poles.
Indirect-arc Furnace: An electric arc furnace in which the metallic
charge is not one of the poles of the arc.
Indium: Chemical symbol In. Grayish-white minor metal obtained by
treating smelter flue dusts and slags or other residue of base metal
concentrates. Capable of marking paper (just as lead does), indium
is used in low-melting alloys, solders, electrical contact coatings,
infrared detectors, nuclear reactor control rods and various electronic
components.
Indium: Chemical symbol In. Grayish white minor metal obtained by
treating smelter flue dusts and slags or other residue of base metal
concentrates. Capable of marking paper (just as lead does), indium
is used in low melting alloys, solders,electrical contact
coatings,infrared detectors,nuclear reactor control rods, and various
electonic components.
Individual monitors: More than one video monitor in the rear
passenger area of a vehicle with a rear seat entertainment system.
Inductance : The single cost by the sudden change of magnetic
field for example the turning off of the current through a solenoid
generates a voltage spike across the solenoid.
Induction: The capture of part of the ambient air by the jet action of
the primary air stream discharging from a controlled device.
Induction Brazing: Brazing in which the required heat is generated
by subjecting the workpiece to electromagnetic induction.
Induction Furnace: Unlike the electric arc furnace (EAF) which
provides heat energy via electrodes submerged within the furnace
charge, induction furnaces heat the charge indirectly. An alternating
electrical current is passed through a coil surrounding the refractory-
lined furnace vessel. This creates magnetic fields which cause
electrical currents (eddy currents) in the iron/steel scrap charge,
heating and melting it. Once the charge is in a molten state the eddy
currents generate a stirring action. The capital cost of the induction
furnace is lower than the EAF, it uses less power per tonne melted
and there are no recurring electrode costs. However, there is a size
constraint. They typically range from 5-100t capacity for steel
melting, but most operating units are towards the lower end. This
makes them smaller than most EAFs. Induction furnaces are mainly
used by foundries, except in India where they also account for
several million tonnes/year of mainstream steel production. Although
cleaner than the cupola furnace, which is also popular with
foundries, the induction furnace does require a reliable electricity
supply.
Induction Furnace: A AC melting furnace which utilizes the heat of
electrical induction.
Induction Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by
heating it above the transformation range by means of electrical
induction, and then cooling as required.
Induction heating: Heating by combined electrical resistance and
hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to varying magnetic
field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current.
Induction Heating: A process of heating by electrical induction.
Induction Heating: A process of heating by electrical induction.
Induction Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required
is obtained from the resistance of the workpieces to induced electric
current.
Induction Tempering: Tempering of steel using low-frequency
electrical induction heating.
Induction Welding: A welding process that produces coalescence
of metals by the heat obtained from the resistance of the workpieces
to the flow of induced high-frequency welding current with or without
the application of pressure. The effect of the high-frequency welding
current is to concentrate the welding heat at the desired location.
Induction Work Coil: The inductor used when induction heating and
melting as well as induction welding, brazing and soldering.
Inductive Load: An electrical load which has a lagging power
factor.
Inductive loads: Loads whose voltage and current are out-of-phase.
True power consumption for inductive loads is calculated by
multiplying its voltage, current, and the power factor of the load.
Inductive reactance: An opposite current created in conductor
when over their is charging current flow in a conductor.
Inductor: A device consisting of one or more associated windings
for introducing inductance into an electric circuit with or without a
magnetic core.
Inductor : A fundamental element of electrical systems constructed
of numerous turns of wire around a ferromagnetic or air core.
Industrial Air Heaters: Industrial air heaters are heating units
designed to deliver high temperatures used in manufacturing and
drying processes. These air heaters are typically sized to deliver
millions of BTU per hour with temperatures exceeding 1000 degrees
Fahrenheit. Industrial air heaters are usually refractory systems that
air fired by gas and/or oil.
Industrial Atmosphere: An atmosphere in an area of heavy
industry with soot, fly ash and sulfur compounds as the principal
constituents.
Industrial Duty Crane: Service classification covered by CMAA
Specification No. 70, ‘Specifications for Electric Overhead Traveling
Cranes’.
Industrial or Standard Quality Wire Rods: Produced from low or
medium low carbon steel and are generally intended for drawing into
industrial, merchant or standard quality wire. Rods of this type are
usually available as rolled, or in thermally treated conditions.
Generally speaking there are practical limitations on drawing this
quality of steel rods without intermediate annealing. As an example,
low carbon rods starting at 7/32” (5.5 mm) can be drawn to 0.80” in
five drafts without annealing.
Industrial Powder Mixers: Industrial powder mixers are used to
combine multiple substances into a well-mixed, homogeneous
compound. These mixers may incorporate any combination of
rolling, shaking, or active mixing with mechanical parts. Industrial
powder mixers are used in many different industries, including the
chemical and food products industries.
Inert Anode: An anode that is insoluble in the electrolyte under the
conditions prevailing in the electrolysis.
Inert Gas: A gas that will not support combustion or sustain any
chemical reaction; e.g., argon or helium.
Inert Gas: A gas that will not support combustion or sustain any
chemical reaction; e.g., argon or helium.
Inert Gas Shielded Arc Welding: Arc welding in an inert gas such
as argon or helium.
Inertial guidance: An on-board system for launch vehicles and
spacecraft where gyroscopes, accelerometers and other devices
satisfy guidance requirements.
Inertial measurement unit: An on-board instrument system that
measures the attitude of a spacecraft. It includes accelerometers
and gyroscopes.
Inertial navigation system (ins) : A totally self-contained system
which requires no information from outside references. Provides
aircraft position and navigation information in response to signals
resulting from inertial effects on components within the system.
Inertial navigation unit: A computer that tells the aircraft where it is
in relation to the Earth's surface in three dimensions, with no external
radio or satellite assistance.
Inertial navigation unit (inu) : A self-contained Inertial Navigation
System;
Inertial : Based on inertia, such as with an INS or an AHRS
Inferior conjunction: Alignment of Earth, Sun, and an inferior
planet on the same side of the Sun.
Inferior planets: Planets whose orbits are closer to the Sun than
Earth's, i.e. Mercury and Venus. Also called inner planets.
In-fill Station: A Metrorail station that is built between two existing
stations after the stations on either side of it are already in use
Infiltration: Air flowing inward as through a wall, crack, etc.
Infiltration: The process of filling the pores of a sintered or
unsintered compact with a metal or alloy of lower melting
temperature.
Infiltration (soil): Movement of water from the ground surface into
the soil.
Inflation: The act of putting air into tyres.
Influent: The solution which enters an ion-exchange unit.
Information system: All of the means and mechanisms for data
receipt, processing, storage, retrieval, and analysis. Information
Systems can be designed for storage and dissemination of a variety
of data products--including primary data sets and both intermediate
and final analyses--and for an interface providing connections to
external computers, external data banks, and system users. To be
effective, the design and operation of an information system must be
carried out in close association with the primary producers of the
data sets, as well as other groups producing integrated analyses or
intermediate products.
Infrared: Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths between 7500
A, the limit of the visible light spectrum at the red end, and
centimetric radio waves.
Infrared Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is
furnished by infrared radiation.
Infrared detecting set (ids) : Forward-Looking Infrared;
Infrared Dryer: A core or mold dryer employing infrared lamps.
Infrared radiation: Electromagnetic radiation lying in the wavelength
interval from 0.7 micrometers to 1000 micrometers. Its lower limit is
bounded by visible radiation, and its upper limit by microwave
radiation. Most of the energy emitted by the Earth and its
atmosphere is at infrared wavelength. Infrared radiation is generated
almost entirely by large-scale intra-molecular processes. The tri-
atomic gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone,
absorb infrared radiation and play important roles in the propagation
of infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Abbreviated IR; also called
"longwave radiation".
Infrared radiation (ir): Infrared is electromagnetic radiation whose
wavelength spans the region from about 0.7 to 1000 micrometers
(longer than visible radiation, shorter than microwave radiation).
Remote sensing instruments work by sensing radiation that is
naturally emitted or reflected by the Earth's surface or from the
atmosphere, or by sensing signals transmitted from a satellite and
reflected back to it. In the visible and near-infrared regions, surface
chemical composition, vegetation cover, and biological properties of
surface matter can be measured. In the mid-infrared region,
geological formations can be detected due to the absorption
properties related to the structure of silicates. In the far infrared,
emissions from the Earth's atmosphere and surface offer information
about atmospheric and surface temperatures and water vapor and
other trace constituents in the atmosphere. Since IR data are based
on temperatures rather than visible radiation, the data may be
obtained day or night.
Infrared Radiation Pyrometer: This instrument which uses the ratio
of the radiated energy from a body in two wavelength bands and
then is a measure of the body's surface temperature. Temperatures
down to 200 C (392 F) may be measured.
Infrared radiometer: A telescope based instrument that measures
the intensity of infrared energy radiated by the targets.
Infrared Rays: Pertaining to or designating those rays which lie just
beyond the red end of the visible spectrum, such as are emitted by a
hot non incandescent body. They are invisible and nonactinic and
are detected y their thermal effect. Their wave lengths are longer
than those of visible light and shorter than those of radio waves. Can
be applied in the foundry for drying or core baking operations and for
heating dies. Infrared radiant heat are synonymous.
Infrared Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required
is furnished by infrared radiation.
Infrared Spectroscopy: The study of the interaction of material
systems with electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the
spectrum. The technique is useful for determining the molecular
structure of organic and inorganic compounds by identifying the
rotational and vibrational energy levels associated with the various
molecules. See also electromagnetic radiation. (see Electromagnetic
Radiation)
Ingates: The channels through which molten metal enters the mold
cavity. See Gate
Ingot: An intermediate product made by pouring molten steel into
molds of given dimensions. The ingots are transformed first to simple
shape semi-finished products like blooms or slabs, and then fed to
hot rolling mills. Ingot casting is now largely replaced by continuous
casting.
Ingot: Steel cast in a metal mold ready for rolling or forging. It is
distinct from a casting, which is not rolled or forged. Ingots are
usually rectangular, called slabs; square, called blooms; polygonal,
eight or 12 sided for forging. Squares and polygonal ingots can be
fluted or corrugated to increase the surface area and reduce the
tendency to crack while cooling.
Ingot Iron: Steel so low in carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus,
sulfur and other metalloid content that it is commonly called “pure
iron”. Ingot iron is sometimes used for making enameling sheets.
Also, silicon is sometimes added to "pure iron" to make high-grade
electrical sheets.
Ingot Iron: Iron of comparatively high purity produced in open hearth
furnace under conditions that keep down the carbon, manganese,
and silicon content; e.g., Armco Iron
Ingot Mold: A form into which molten steel is poured to solidify.
Ingot Mould: The receptacle into which molten steel is poured to
form an ingot. After solidification the steel is suitable for subsequent
working, i.e. rolling or forging.
Ingot Steel (ingots): a) The primary solid product obtained upon
solidification of liquid steel in conventional, vertical, Cast Iron Molds
which are intended for rolling into intermediate/semi-finished
products after re-heating. B) Ingots are normally very large and
heavy weighing several tonnes (up to 5-30 tonnes).
Inhg : inches of Mercury (unit of pressure)
Inhibitor: An additive used to retard undesirable chemical action in a
product. It is added in small quantities to gasoline’s to prevent
oxidation and gum formation, to lubricating oils to stop color change,
and to corrosive environments to decrease corrosive action.
Inhibitor: Additive that prevents or retards undesired chemical
changes, especially to metal surfaces; common inhibitors prevent
oxidation, corrosion and rust.
Initial position: (helicopters) The position and location of the model
before take-off. Usually, when training, the initial position is with the
model's nose into the wind and the tail pointed towards the pilot. The
distance from the pilot and the initial position should be
approximately 7 metres.
Initialization : A basic control to a data source from controls and
displays for initializing a device. Initiated by power-on, operator,
driver, or MC; During initialization, the device is usually not available;
Also, a procedure to reset physical devices to a known state; Values:
initialization in progress, not initialized, unreliable, normal,
redundant, degraded, failed. See Also: alignment, bore sighting,
calibration;
Initiated built-in-test (ibit) : Self tests running internal to a device
initiated external to the device, usually an operator, causing the
device to temporarily cease normal operation; Compare: periodic
built-in-test;
Injection angle: The angle at which a spacecraft's return trajectory
intersects the Earth's atmosphere.
Injection Molding: A part-forming process in which metallic or
ceramic powders, mixed with a binder, are pushed into a custom
mold to make intricate parts. The parts may have irregular features
on all three axes.
Injector: Typically, a perforated plate through which liquid fuel and
oxidizer are injected into the combustion chamber at a controlled
rate.
Injector (Lube Systems): Part that dispenses a measured amount
of lubricant to a point of lubrication.
Injector Body (Lube Systems): Steel cylinder that serves as a
container for lubricant passage, valve port, line connections and
grease fitting assembly.
Inlet Disc (Lube Systems): Channel-lipped disc that directs
lubricant through the valve port.
Inlet port: Port through which air and fuel is admitted to the cylinder.
Inlet Section (Lube Systems): Top section of divider valve that
contains the inlet connection, internal porting, tie rod holes and
mounting holes.
In-line engine: Engine in which the cylinders are one behind
another, in straight lines.
In-line engine : An engine in which the cylinders are mounted in a
straight line or else in two, connected at an angle.
In-Line Strip Production ISP-Patented: A process technology
which consists of casting thin slabs of steel, the stock thickness
being reduced while passing through the curved roll girder behind
the mold and an in-line rolling mill, having said strip approximately
800 to 1700 mm in width, followed by inductive heating of the strip
and rolling temperature homogenization of the coiled strip through a
gas-fired coiler furnace (the strip at this stage having a thickness of
approximately 10 to 20 mm) and then hot rolling of the strip in a
finishing train to a final thickness. The continuously cast thin slab is
cut to bars of a certain length before the inductive heating. The
finishing train is therefore operating in a batch rolling mode.
Inmetco: Inmetco is a coal-based process similar to FASTMET that
uses iron oxide fines and pulverized coal to produce a scrap
substitute. Mill scale and flue dust, inexpensive byproducts of
steelmaking, can be mixed with the iron oxide fines. Inmetco, unlike
other direct reduction products, is intended to be hot charged into an
EAF, with attendant energy savings. The process includes three
steps. First, iron oxide fines, pulverized coal and a binder are formed
into pellets. Second, the pellets, two to three layers deep, are heated
in a gas-fired rotary hearth furnace for 15-20 minutes to produce
sponge iron. Subsequently, the iron must be desulfurized. The coal
in the pellets provides much of the energy required in the second
phase.
Inmetco: Coal based process similar to FASTMET that uses iron
oxide fines and pulverized coal to produce a scrap substitute. Mill
scale and flue dust, inexpensive byproducts of steelmaking, can be
mixed with the iron oxide fines. Inmetco, unlike other direct reduction
products, is intended to be hot charged into an EAF, with attendant
energy savings. The process includes three steps. First, iron oxide
fines, pulverized coal and a binder are formed into pellets. Second,
the pellets, two to three layers deep, are heated in a gas fired rotary
hearth furnace for 15 20 minutes to produce sponge iron.
Subsequently, the iron must be desulfurized. The coal in the pellets
provides much of the energy required in the second phase.
Inner liner: The innermost layer of a tubeless tyre, compounded
with virtually impermeable butyl rubber. Some air loss over time will
occur. Check your pressures monthly to ensure safe reliable
operation of your tyres.
Inner marker : Innermost marker beacon on an ILS
Inoculant: Material which when added to molten metal modifies the
structure, and thereby changes the physical and mechanical
properties to a degree not explained on the basis of the change in
composition resulting from its use.
Inoculant: Material which when added to molten metal modifies the
structure, and thereby changes the physical and mechanical
properties to a degree not explained on the basis of the change in
composition resulting from its use.
Inoculation: The addition of a material to molten metal to form
nuclei for crystallization. See also inoculant. (see Inoculant)
Inoculation: Addition to molten metal of substances designed to
form nuclei for crystallization. Also see Inoculant
Inorganic material: Are substances not derived from living things.
Input: Incoming signal to a control unit or system.
In-runner: A type of brushless motor where the wound rotor and
motor shaft rotates within the fixed stator where the permanents
magnets are located, as in a normal brushed motor. In-runners don't
provide a lot of torque so usually need to be geared.
INS: Inertial navigation system, in which highly sensitive
accelerometers record, via a computer, the complex accelerations of
an aircraft about its three axes, thus integrating its linear
displacement from the beginning of a selected course and
pinpointing the aircraft's position at all times.
Ins : Inertial Navigation System
Insert: (1) A part formed from a second material, usually a metal,
which is placed in the molds and appears as an integral structural
part of the final casting. (2) A removable portion of a die or mold.
Insert: A part usually formed from metal, which is placed in a mold
and may become an integral part of the casting.
Insert Die: A relatively small die that contains part or all of the
impression of a forging and that is fastened to a master die block.
Inserted Tooth Cutter: A milling cutter designed with replaceable
cutting tooth inserts to save the expense of a new cutter whenever
the teeth become damaged or worn. Generally, they are made 6
inches or more in diameter.
Inserted-blade Cutters: Cutters having replaceable blades that are
either solid or tipped and are usually adjustable.
Insolation: Solar radiation incident upon a unit horizontal surface on
or above the Earth's surface.
Insolation: The solar radiation incident on a unit horizontal surface
at the top of the atmosphere. It is sometimes referred to as "solar
irradiance". The latitudinal variation of insolation supplies the energy
for the general circulation of the atmosphere. Insolation depends on
the angle of incidence of the solar beam and on the solar constant.
Insolubles (Grease): ASTM D 128. Components of a lubricating
grease that are insoluble in the prescribed reagents; generally
denotes fillers, additives and certain types of thickeners as well as
impurities.
Insolubles (Oil): ASTM D 893. A term used in the analysis of used
oil, especially when determining the presence of oxidation products.
The procedure dilutes the sample with pentane, causing the
precipitation of oxidized material and other contaminants, collectively
known as pentane insolubles. These insolubles are then treated with
toluene to dissolve the oxidation products. The difference in weight
between the pentane and toluene insolubles is called insoluble
resins or oxidation products.
Inspection Lot: See ?lot, inspection?
Instantaneous rate: Method for determining when load shedding
should occur. Actual energy usage is measured and compared to a
present kilowatt level. If the actual kilowatt level exceeds a
designated set point, loads will be shed until the actual rate drops
below the set point.
Instantaneous transpiration efficiency: A measure at the
physiologic level of how well plants use available water
in photosynthesis. The assimilation rate is divided by
the transpiration rate; the moles of CO2 taken up are divided by the
moles of water lost through transpiration in a unit of time.
Instructor rating: A flight crew rating that indicates that a pilot is
qualified to train other pilots.
Instrument flight rule (ifr) : A set of rules governing the conduct of
flight under instrument meteorological conditions.
Instrument landing system (ils) : Inertial Navigation System
Instrument meteorological conditions(imc) : Meteorological
conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and
ceiling less than minima specified for visual meteorological
conditions.
Instrument operations : Arrivals or departures of an aircraft in
accordance with an IFR flight plan or special VFR procedures or an
operation where IFR separation between aircraft is provided by a
terminal control facility. There are three kinds of instrument
operations: 1. Primary Instrument Operations: arrivals and
departures at the primary airport which is normally the airport at
which the approach control facility is located. 2. Secondary
Instrument Operations: arrivals and departures at airports other than
the primary airport. 3. Over flights: operations in which an aircraft
transits the area without intent to land.
Instrument rating: A flight crew rating that indicates that a pilot is
qualified to fly an aircraft by sole reference to the aircraft's
instruments.
Instrument : means a device using an internal mechanism to show
visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or
aircraft part
Instrumentation: Digital and/or analog displays used to convey to
the driver information such as dynamic engine parameters, operating
conditions, RPM, speed and water temperature.
Instrumentation Cable: Instrumentation cable is a generic terms
applied to any conductor wire used to carry signals to and from
sensors, measurement devices, systems, and other electrical
components. Instrumentation cables can be purchased in standard
sizes and voltage/current ratings, though many companies also offer
custom design and fabrication of instrumentation cables.
Instrumentation : Hardware to measure and to monitor a system
Instrumented Impact Test: An impact test in which the load on the
specimen is continually recorded as a function of time and/or
specimen deflection prior to fracture.
Instrumented testing: The analysis of a vehicles performance
characteristics using precise scientific equipment.
Instruments: Devices used to indicate aircraft position, orientation,
and performance to the pilot or ground operators.
Instruments: Tools used to observe, measure and control . For
example, pilots use instruments to measure and observe the altitude,
speed and direction of an aircraft.
Insulating Oil/Transformer Oil: Clean, dry, high-quality, oxidation-
resistant oil of low viscosity and high dielectric strength, designed for
extended service in circuit breakers, transformers, switches and
other electrical apparatus; most commonly utilized for cooling
transformers.
Insulation Class: Motor winding insulation rating which indicates its
ability to withstand heat and moisture.
Insulation, thermal: Material which is a poor conductor of heat;
used to retard or slow down flow of heat through wall or partition.
Insulator: A material that does not readily conduct electricity and
heat a non-matel material that contains more than four electrons in
its atom of outer shell.
Insulator: The protective covering along the third rail
Insulator: A material of such low electrical conductivity that a flow of
current through it can usually be neglected. Similarly, a material of
low thermal conductivity, such as that used to insulate structures.
Insulator: A material that blocks the flow of current which is used for
a short circuit and shock prevention.
Insulator : Insulator is the material which is used to protect the
passengers from shake.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety: Sometimes referred to as
the "IIHS." An organization created by the insurance industry for the
purpose of reducing the losses (deaths, injuries and property
damage) from vehicle crashes.
Int : Interior
Intake air temperature (IAT): A sensor that measure the
temperature of the air entering the engine.
Intake line: A passage at the inlet port of a component, normally at
the inlet port of a pump.
Intake manifold: Intake manifold is the cast iron or aluminum tube
used for caring the air fuel mixture or Air from carburetor or
environment to engine intake port. It separate the opening of every
cylinder.
Intake stroke: it is the first stroke of the four stroke internal
combustion engine. In his condition inlet valve (four stoke engine) or
port (in case of two stroke engine) remains open and exhaust valve
close. The piston moves to BDC from TDC and suck the air fuel
mixture from inlet.
Intake : An air inlet on an aircraft. You can have a carburetor intake,
cooling intake, air conditioning intake (on full-size aircraft), and so
on. Named because it "takes in" air, and because "intake" is a better-
sounding word than "takes in".
Integral: A device that is formed as part of another unit.
Integral Dose (Volume Dose): A measure of the total energy
absorbed by man or any object during exposure to radiation.
Integrate : To combine multiple systems; Also, to compute to integral
of;
Integrated avionics computer(iac) : Central processor of a
Honeywell integrated cockpit system.
Integrated avionics processingsystem (iaps) : Central processor
of a colins integrated cockpit system
Integrated Manufacturing Information System: (IMIS) Computer
system used to record production information.
Integrated Mills: These facilities make steel by processing iron ore
and other raw materials in blast furnaces. Technically, only the hot
end differentiates integrated mills from mini-mills. However, the
differing technological approaches to molten steel imply different
scale efficiencies and, therefore, separate management styles, labor
relations and product markets. Nearly all domestic integrated mills
specialize in flat-rolled steel or plate.
Integrated Mills: These facilities make steel by processing iron ore
and other raw materials in blast furnaces. Technically, only the hot
end differentiates integrated mills from mini mills. However, the
differing technological approaches to molten steel imply different
scale efficiencies and, therefore, separate management styles, labor
relations and product markets. Nearly all domestic integrated mills
specialize in flat rolled steel or plate.
Integrated Plant: A mill that produces steel from basic raw materials
from the ore pile to a finished product.
Integrated Steel Producer: A steel company which manufactures
solid steel products; starts with raw materials such as iron ore, flux,
etc, to make molten iron; converts the molten iron to liquid steel in
the steelmaking furnaces and processes liquid to solid steel
products. Traditionally, this process required coke ovens, blast
furnaces, steelmaking furnaces and rolling mills. (see Minimill Steel
Producer)
Integrated Steel Producer: A steel company which manufactures
solid steel products; starts with raw materials such as iron ore, flux,
etc, to make molten iron; converts the molten iron to liquid steel in
the steelmaking furnaces and processes liquid to solid steel
products. See Minimill Steel Producer.
Integrated turn signal: A turn signal light that is mounted on or in a
vehicles sideview mirror.
Integrator : A function that integrates; Many types of integrators
exist; in fact, they constitute entire books. Avionics software usually
relies on rectangular, single integrators, but occasional uses
trapezoidal or double integrators.
Intelligent alternator: An alternator that operates primarily when the
engine has no need for power, i.e., when coasting or during braking.
The alternator remains passive while the vehicle is under power, with
needed electrical power provided by the battery, for the purpose of
improving the vehicles fuel efficiency.
Intelligent car: A vehicle that employs the latest in telemetrics,
driver awareness and/or pedestrian safety technology.
Intelsat: Organization of 105 countries (July 1980) owning or
operating systems of satellites used by 144 countries and territories
around the world for international communications, and by 16
countries for domestic communications.
Intense Quenching: Quenching in which the quenching medium is
cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still
water. See also Grossmann number. (see Grossmann Number (H))
Intensifier (Hydraulics): Device that converts low pressure
hydraulic or pneumatic power to high-pressure hydraulic power.
Intensity (Radiology): Amount of energy per unit time passing
through a unit area perpendicular to the line of propagation at the
point in question. Often this term is used incorrectly in the sense of
dose rate.
Inter Chemical Gauge: Wet film thickness can also be measured
using an Inter chemical Gauge. A graduated circular cam is rolled
against the plate between two parallel rollers. The wet film thickness
is then read directly on cam at demarcation of coating wetting the
cam.
Intercast Process: A patented procedure for die casting cast
assemble units with moving parts.
Intercept Method: A quantitative metallographic technique in which
the desired quantity, such as grain size or inclusion content, is
expressed as the number of times per unit length a straight line on a
metallographic image crosses particles of the feature being
measured.
Interconnected Porosity: A network of connecting pores in a
sintered object that permits a fluid or gas to pass through the object.
Also referred to as interlocking or open porosity.
Intercooled cycle : Refers to a gas turbine employing two
compressors. The compressed air from the first compressor is
cooled before being discharged to second compressor.
Intercooler: Intercooler in the Colling device for cooling the
compressed air from turbocharger and further send it to the intake
manifold. This is the same as radiator but only cool done the air.
Inter-cooling : Removal of heat from compressed gas between the
compression stages.
Intercritical Annealing: Any annealing treatment that involves
heating to and holding at a temperature between the upper and
lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed
by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower
critical temperature.
Intercrystalline: Between crystals, or between grains. Same as
intergranular.
Intercrystalline Corrosion: Corrosive attack occurring preferentially
in the grain boundary regions of an alloy. It is also known as
intergranular corrosion.
Intercrystalline Corrosion: Chromium nickel austenitic stainless
steels are prone to this form of corrosion when they are welded and
subsequently in contact with certain types of corrosive media. When
heated within a temperature range of 450 800oC precipitation of the
chromium carbides takes place at the grain boundries in the area of
the weld and these areas not longer have the protection of the
chromium on the peripneries of the grains. This type of corrosion is
also known as Weld Decay and Intergranular Corrosion. The most
common way to avoid the problem is to select a grade of steel that is
very low in carbon i.e. 0.03% or less, or one that is stabilzed with
niobium or titanium.
Intercrystalline Failure: Cracks or fractures that follow along the
grain boundaries in the microstructure of metals and alloys.
Interdendritic Attack: A type of electrochemical corrosion that
sometimes occurs in as cast alloys or alloys that have had very little
working.
Interdendritic Corrosion: Corrosive attack that progresses
preferentially along interdendritic paths. This type of attack results
from local differences in composition, such as coring commonly
encountered in alloy castings.
Interdendritic Porosity: Voids occurring between the dendrites in
cast metal.
Interface: The boundary between any two phases. Among the three
phases (gas, liquid, and solid), there are five types of interfaces: gas-
liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid and solid-solid.
Interfacial Tension (IFT): The energy per unit area existing at the
boundary of two immiscible liquids, like water and oil; obtained by
measuring the force required to rupture the interface. ASTM D 971
measures the force required to draw a platinum ring through the
interface in dynes/cm. A lowered IFT promotes emulsification and
indicates that oxidized products are forming in the oil.
Interferometer: Any of several optical, acoustic, or radio frequency
instruments that use interference phenomena between a reference
wave and an experimental wave or between two parts of an
experimental wave to determine wavelengths and wave velocities,
measure very small distances and thicknesses, and measure indices
of refraction.
Intergranular Corrosion: Preferential corrosion cracking at or along
the grain boundaries of a metal.
Intergranular Corrosion: Corrosion in a metal taking place
preferentially along the grain boundaries.
Inter-granular cracking: Cracking or fracturing that occurs between
the grains or crystal in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called
intercrystalline cracking. Contrast with Tran granular cracking.
Intergranular Fracture: Brittle fracture of a polycrystalline material
in which the fracture is between the grains or crystals that form the
material. Also called intercrystalline fracture. Contrast with
transgranular fracture.
Intergranular Penetration: In welding, the penetration of it filler
metal along the grain boundaries of a base metal.
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking: Stress corrosion
cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries.
Interior lighting: Halogen lamps or light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
used to illuminate a vehicles interior space.
Interior trim: Wood, composite, leather or metal adornments
intended to supplement the aesthetic elements of a vehicles interior.
Interleaving: The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent
layers of metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular
sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching.
Interleaving: The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent
layers of metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular
sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching.
Interline: Using multiple airlines to fly from A to B where the various
airlines used have a formal ticketing and baggage transfer
relationship. Eg A ticket for travel from Sydney to Beijing with Qantas
and China Eastern Airlines via Shanghai. Qantas carries the
passenger from Sydney to Shanghai and China Eastern Airlines
carries the passenger from Shanghai to Beijing. The passenger’s
luggage is checked in at the start of the journey with Qantas and is
handled by the airlines until arrival in Beijing without the passenger
having to re-claim the luggage.
Interlock Mechanism: A mechanical device to lock together the
adjacent ends of two cranes or a crane to a crossover or spur track
to permit the transfer of carriers from one crane or track to the other.
Interlocking: The part of the railroad where tracks can cross each
other or change to direct trains along different routes. The
interlocking itself is an arrangement of signals and signal appliances
that permit train movements over controlled routes only if safe
conditions exist.
Interlocking Crane: A crane with an interlock mechanism on one or
both ends enabling it to be mechanically locked to another crane,
crossover, or spur track for the purpose of transferring a carrier from
one to another.
Interlocking Mechanism: A mechanical device to lock together the
adjacent ends of two cranes, or a crane to a fixed transfer section or
spur track, to permit the transfer of carriers from one crane or track
to the other.
Interlocking Sipes: S-shaped sipes that interlock, creating greater
sipe length for extra tractive grip.
Intermediate Annealing: Annealing wrought metals at one or more
stages during manufacture and before final treatment.
Intermediate Annealing: An annealing treatment given to wrought
metals following cold work hardening for the purpose of softening
prior to further cold working.
Intermediate Electrode: Same as bipolar electrode.
Intermediate Gear: See Idler
Intermediate Phase: In an alloy or a chemical system, a
distinguishable homogeneous phase whose composition range does
not extend to any of the pure components of the system.
Intermediate Temper: A cold rolled hardness range specified with a
15 point Rockwell B spread. See Quarter Hard Temper and Half
Hard Temper.
Intermetallic Compound: An intermediate phase in an alloy
system, having a narrow range of homogeneity and relatively simple
stoichiometric proportions; the nature of the atomic binding can be of
various types ranging from metallic to ionic.
Intermetallic Phases: Compounds or intermediate solid solutions
containing two or more metals that usually have compositions,
characteristic properties and crystal structures different from those of
the pure components of the system.
Intermittent: Irregular a condition that happens with no apparent or
predictable patterl.
Intermittent blow down: The blow down is taken from the mud
drum, waterwall headers or the lowest point of circulation.
Intermittent codes: Computer diagnostic code that does not return
immediately after it has been cleared.
Intermittent Weld: A weld in which the continuity is broken by
recurring unwelded spaces.
Intermittent wipers: A wiper setting that causes the wipers to pause
for a driver-selected period between wipes.
Internal Cleanliness: Measure of number and types of non-metallic
inclusions such as oxides, sulfides or silicates.
Internal Cleanliness: Measure of number and types of non metallic
inclusions such as oxides, sulfides or silicates.
Internal combustion (IC): The fuel combustion process in which the
combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder. It occurs at
high temperature.
Internal combustion engine (IC): Internal combustion (IC) engines
are the type of heat engines that burn the fuel inside of the cylinder.
In IC engines burnt fuel produces the pressure which is used to force
the piston which further rotates the crankshaft through crankshaft.
Internal Friction: The conversion of energy into heat by a material
subjected to fluctuating stress.
Internal Friction: Ability of a metal to transform vibratory energy into
heat; generally refers to low stress levels of vibration; damping has a
broader connotation since it may refer to stresses approaching or
exceeding yield strength.
Internal Grinding: Grinding an internal surface such as that inside a
cylinder or hole.
Internal Oxidation: The formation of isolated particles of corrosion
products beneath the metal surface. This occurs as the result of
preferential oxidation of certain alloy constituents by inward diffusion
of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and so forth. Also called subscale
formation.
Internal Oxidation: Formation of oxides beneath the surface of a
metal.
Internal Shrinkage: A void or network of voids within a casting
caused by inadequate feeding of that section during solidification.
Internal Shrinkage: A void or network of voids within a casting
caused by inadequate feeding of that section during solidification.
Internal Stresses (Or Thermal Stresses): Generally stresses which
occur during the cooling of a part.
International civil aviation organisation: See ICAO.
International geosphere-biosphere programme (igbp): The
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) is an
interdisciplinary scientific activity established and sponsored by the
International Council for Science (ICSU). The program was instituted
by ICSU in 1986, and the IGBP Secretariat was established at the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1987 and is focused on
acquiring basic scientific knowledge about the interactive processes
of biology and chemistry of the earth as they relate to Global
Change. See IGBP web site
International system of units (si): The International System of
Units prescribes the symbols and prefixes shown in the table to form
decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units.
International : A standard model for computing earth data
Interpass Temperature: In a multiple-pass weld, the temperature
(minimum or maximum as specified) of the deposited weld metal
before the next pass is started.
Interplanetary magnetic field: The weak magnetic field filling
interplanetary space, with field lines usually connected to the Sun.
The IMF is kept out of the Earth's magnetosphere, but the interaction
of the two plays a major role in the flow of energy from the solar wind
to the Earth's environment.
Interplanetary probe: Unmanned instrumented spacecraft capable
of reaching the planets.
Interplanetary shock: The abrupt boundary formed at the front of a
plasma cloud (e.g. from a coronal mass ejection) moving much
faster than the rest of the solar wind, as it pushes its way through
interplanetary space.
Interpolate : Function to determine intermediate values from two or
values in a table; usually linear but can be higher order; endpoints
are either extrapolated or limited;
Interrogation : A request of data
Interrupted Aging: Aging at two or more temperatures by steps and
cooling to room temperature after each step. See also aging and
compare with progressive aging and step aging. (see Aging)
Interrupted Aging: The aging of an alloy at two or more
temperatures by steps, and cooling to room termperature after each
step. Compare with progressuve aging.
Interrupted Quench: Removing the casting from a quenching bath
before it has reached the temperature of the bath.
Interrupted Quenching: A quenching procedure in which the
workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature
substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected
to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than
the first.
Interrupted Quenching: A quenching procedure in which the
workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature
substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected
to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than
the first.
Interrupted Quenching: Quenching in which the metal object being
quenched is removed from the quenching medium while the object is
at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenching
medium.
Interrupted-current Plating: Plating in which the flow of current is
discontinued for periodic short intervals to decrease anode
polarization and elevate the critical current density. It is most
commonly used in cyanide copper plating.
Inter-stage differential: In a multistage HVAC system, the change
in temperature at the thermostat needed to turn additional heating or
cooling equipment on.
Interstallar probe: Unmanned instrumented spaceship with artificial
intelligence capable of reaching the nearer stars.
Interstate air transportation : means the carriage by aircraft of
persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire,
or the carriage of mail by aircraft in commerce: (1) Between a place
in a State or the District of Columbia and another place in another
State or the District of Columbia; (2) Between places in the same
State through the airspace over any place outside that State; or (3)
Between places in the same possession of the United States;
Whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraft
and partly by other forms of transportation
Interstellar ark: Hypothetical space colony capable of transporting
human intelligence to the stars.
Interstitial Free Steel: A recently developed sheet steel product
with very low carbon levels that is used primarily in automotive deep
drawing applications. Interstitial Free Steel's improved ductility
(drawing ability) is made possible by vacuum degassing.
Interstitial Free Steel ("IFS"): A sheet steel product with very low
carbon levels used primarily in automotive deep-drawing
applications. Interstitial Free Steel’s improved ductility (drawing
ability) is made possible by vacuum degassing.
Interstitial Solid Solution: A type of solid solution that sometimes
forms in alloy systems having two elements of widely different atomic
sizes. Elements of aII atomic size, such as carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen often dissolve in solid metals to form this solid solution. The
space lattice is similar to that of the pure metal. And the atoms of
carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen occupy the spaces or interstices
between the metal atoms. See also substitutional solid solution. (see
Substitutional Solid Solution)
Interstitial Solid Solution: A solid solution in which the solute
atoms occupy (interstitial) positions between the atoms in the
structure of the solvent.
Intertropical convergence zone (itcz): A discontinuous belt of
thunderstorms paralleling the equator and marking the convergence
of the northern and southern hemisphere surface trade winds.
See El Niño's Extended Family
Intlim : Path integral limit
Intmaglim : Altitude integral limit
Intracrystalline: Within or across the crystals or grains of a metal;
same as transcrystalline and transgranular.
Intracrystalline: Within or across crystals or grains. Same as
transcrystalline and transgranular.
Intrastate air transportation : means the carriage of persons or
property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-
powered aircraft capable of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly
within the same State of the United States
Intrinsically Safe Equipment: Intrinsically safe equipment is
equipment that has been designed so that its electronic elements
(e.g., circuits, switches, connectors) are incapable of igniting the
surrounding atmosphere. Electronics are designed to be low energy
and spark free. Intrinsically Safe Equipment also incorporates circuit
design which aims to control device level temperature from reaching
unsafe levels which could lead to atmosphere ignition.
Intval : Path integral value
Inu : Inertial Navigation Unit
Invalid : An indication that data from a device is bad and cannot be
trusted
Invar: An alloy having practically no expansion when heated; 36%
Ni, 0.5% Mn, 0.2% C, and the balance Fe.
Invar: An alloy having practically no expansion when heated; 36%
Ni, 0.5% Mn, 0.2% C, and the balance Fe.
Inverse Chill: The condition in a casting section in which the interior
is mottled or white while the other sections are gray iron. Also known
as reverse chill, internal chill and inverted chill.
Inverse Chill: The condition in a casting section where tht einterior
is molttled or white, while the other sections are gray iron. Also
known as Reverse Chill, Internal Chill and Inverted Chill.
Inverse Segregation: A concentration of low-melting constituents in
those regions of an alloy in which solidifcation first occurs
Inverse Segregation: A concentration of certain alloy constituents
that have lower melting points in the region corresponding to that
first solidifying; caused by interdendritic flow of enriched liquid
through channels where the pressure drops with contraction of
dendrites. The internal evolution of hydrogen may also give a
positive pressure, aiding this flow and causing a liquidated surface
as tin sweat. See also Segregation
Inverse-square law: The mathematical description of how the
strength of some forces, including gravity, changes in inverse
proportion to the square of the distance from the source.
Inversion: An anomaly in the normal positive lapse rate; usually
refers to a thermal inversion, in which temperature increases rather
than decreases with height.
Inversion Casting: 1. The metal is fed through a bottom feeder, the
mold being inverted for pouring. 2. The mold is directly attached to
the electric furnace in which the metal is melted in a reducing
atmosphere so no slag is formed. On inverting the furnace the metal
runs into the mold. There are no heavy feeders and oxidation is
prevented.
Invert Emulsion: Water-in-oil emulsion, typically containing 40%
water, utilized as a fire-resistant fluid; oil is the outer or continuous
phase of an invert emulsion, in contrast to the normal (oil-in-water)
emulsion, where water is the outer phase.
Inverted : Flying upside down. Note that elevator and rudder seem
to work backward from the ground, as elevator, aileron and rudder
inputs are all based upon the aircraft`s orientation (as if you were
sitting inside).
Inverter (Variable Frequency Drive): A method of Bridge Crane
Control by which the fixed line voltage and frequency is changed to a
three-phase system with infinitely variable voltage and frequency.
Investing: In investment casting, the process of pouring investment
slurry into a flask surrounding the pattern to form the mold.
Investing: The process of pouring the investment slurry into the
flask surrounding the pattern to form the mold.
Investment: A flowable mixture a graded refractory filler, a binder or
slurry, and a liquid vehicle that conforms to their shape. The mixture
subsequently sets hard to form the investment mold when poured
around the patterns.
Investment Casting: (1) Casting metal into a mold produced by
surrounding or investing an expendable pattern with a refractory
slurry coating that sets at room temperature, after the wax or plastic
pattern is removed through the use of heat prior to filling the mold
with liquid metal. Also called precision casting or lost wax process.
(2) A part made by the investment casting process.
Investment Casting: Casting produced in a mold obtained by
investing an expendable pattern with a refractory to produce a shell.
The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other material
and is removed prior to filling the mold with liquid metal.
Investment Compound: A mixture of a graded refractory filler, a
binder and a liquid vehicle used to make molds for investment
casting.
Investment Precoat: An extremely fine investment coating applied
as a thin slurry directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce
maximum surface smoothness. The coating is surrounded by a
coarser, cheaper and more permeable investment to form the mold.
See also dip coat and investment casting. (see Dip Coat) (see
Investment Casting)
Investment Precoat: An extremely fine investment coating applied
as a thin slurry directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce
maximum surface smoothness. The coating is surrounded by a
coarser, cheaper, and permeable investment to form the mold. See
Dip Coat
Investment Shell: Ceramic mold obtained by alternately dipping a
pattern set up in dip coat slurry and stuccoing with coarse ceramic
particles until the shell of desired thickness is obtained. See also
investment casting. (see Investment Casting)
Invoice: Also referred to as "Invoice Price." The price that appears
on the invoice that the manufacturer sends to the dealer when the
dealer receives a vehicle from the factory. More information on
invoice price.
Involute Tooth Form: Profile of a tooth face generated by unwinding
a line from a base circle where the end of the line scribes the
involute shape.
Inwall Brick: Refractory lining of the inwall section of a blast furnace
or cupola.
Inwall Brick: Refractory lining of the inwall section of blast furnace
or cupola.
Iodine Number: The amount of iodine absorbed by an oil under
prescribed conditions; like the bromine number, it measures the
percentage of unsaturates in an oil.
Ion: An atom or radical in solution carrying an integral electric
charge, either positive (cat ion) or negative (anion).
Ion: An atom or group of atoms that by loss or gain of one or more
electrons has acquired an electric charge. If the ion is formed from
an atom of hydrogen or an atom of a metal, it is usually positively
charged; if the ion is formed from an atom of a nonmetal or from a
group of atoms, it is usually negatively charged. The number of
electronic charges carried by an ion is termed its electrovalence. The
charges are denoted by superscripts that give their sign and
number.
Ion: An atom that has lost or acquired one or more electrons.
Ion: Atom or molecule that has acquired an electric charge by the
loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Ion Carburizing: A method of surface hardening in which carbon
ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of
high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing
or glow-discharge carburizing.
Ion engine: A rocket engine, the thrust of which is obtained by the
electrostatic acceleration of ionized particles.
Ion exchange: A reversible process by which ions are interchanged
between solids and a liquid.
Ion Exchange: The reversible interchange of ions between a liquid
and solid with no substantial structural changes in the solid.
Ion Implantation: The process of modifying the physical or chemical
properties of the near surface of a solid (target) by embedding
appropriate atoms into it from a beam of ionized particles.
Ion Nitriding: A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions
are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-
voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glow-
discharge nitriding.
Ion Plating: A generic term applied to atomistic film deposition
processes in which the substrate surface andlor the depositing film is
subjected to a flux of high-energy particles (usually gas ions)
sufficient to cause changes in the interfacial region or film
properties.
Ionic strength: A measure of strength of a solution based on both
the concentrations and valences of the ions present.
Ionization: The process of separation of a molecule into its
electrically charged atoms or parts.
Ionization: Formation of electrically charged particles. Can be
produced by high-energy radiation such as light or UV rays, or by
collision of particles in thermal agitation.
Ionization Chamber: An instrument designed to measure quantity
of ionizing radiation in terms of the charge of electricity associated
with ions produced within a defined volume.
Ionosphere: An atmospheric layer dominated by charged, or
ionized, atoms that extend from about 38 to 400 miles above the
Earth's surface.
Iosa: IOSA certification is obtained after a series of audits carried out
within airlines. These audits are conducted by organizations
accredited by IATA and are based on close to a thousand different
aspects related to the safety of air operations, such as flight and
ground operations, operational control and even
maintenance. IOSAcertification ensures that the airline's safety
procedures meet the highest standards of the international aviation
industry. Air France has obtained IOSA certification.
Iosa: IATA Operational Safety Audit.
Iosa certification: IOSA certification is obtained after a series of
audits carried out within airlines. These audits are conducted by
organizations accredited by IATA and are based on close to a
thousand different aspects related to the safety of air operations,
such as flight and ground operations, operational control and even
maintenance. IOSAcertification ensures that the airline's safety
procedures meet the highest standards of the international aviation
industry. Air France has obtained IOSA certification.
Ipcc: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was
created in 1988 by two UN bodies; the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP). The IPCC’s role is to provide decision-makers
with objective information on climate change in a clear and
methodical manner based on the latest scientific, technical and
socio-economic literature. In 2007 the IPCC was awarded the Nobel
Peace prize.
IPG : Inertial Navigation System
Ipm: An identifiable piece of steel; can be a slab, coil, or a bundle of
sheets, or several slit mults banded together.
IPM Number: In-process Material. A seven-character number,
consisting of the unit I.D. and sequential production number, used to
track production history of a coil. The letter and first digit are used to
identify the production unit and the last five digits are the sequential
production identifying number.
Ipm Number: (In Process Material) A seven character number,
consisting of the unit ID and sequential production number, used to
track production history of a coil. The letter and first digit are used to
identify the production unit and the last five digits are the sequential
production identifying number.
IPPL : National (ICAO) Private Pilots License (AOPA internal
abbreviation)
IR: Infrared.
IR : Instrument Rating
Ir, reheating : AIn an air conditioning system, the final step in
treatment, in the event the temperature is too low.
IRBM: Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (range 2,400-5,500 km).
IRE : Instrument Rating Examiner
IRFNA: Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid; RFNA + 0.6% HF as
corrosion inhibitor.
Iridium: A noble metal of the platinum group. Usually extensively as
a radiation source. For radiography of thin-walled castings.
Iridium: A noble metal of the platinum group. Usually extensively as
a radiation source. For radiography of thin walled castings.
Iris Valve: Iris valves are mechanical devices used to restrict or
shut-off the flow of a substance and are usually found in dry bulk
handling systems. Iris valves use either a series of overlapping
leaves or flexible sleeve of material. As a control handle is rotated
around the outside of the valve, the leaves or material twist on top of
each other until the valve is closed.
Irom: (Chemical symbol Fe.) Element No. 26 of the periodic system;
Atomic weight 55.85. A magnetic silver white metal of high tensile
strength, ductile and malleable. Melting point of pure iron about 2795
(degrees) F. Chemically iron is chiefly base forming. The principal
forms of commercial iron are steel, cast iron and wrought iron.
Iron: The refined metal from iron is in furnace.
Iron: A metallic element found as an impurity in water in very small
amounts. Also a metal which is widely used in the construction of
HVAC and plumbing equipment; the major component of steel.
Iron: A pure metal that serves as the basis for steel, cast-iron and
stainless steel. Iron is relatively weak and soft when in its pure form.
Iron bacteria: Are filamentous organisms encountered in iron-
bearing water.
Iron Carbide: One of several substitutes for high-quality, low-
residual scrap for use in electric furnace steelmaking. Iron carbide
producers use natural gas to reduce iron ore to iron carbide.
Iron Carbide: One of several substitutes for high quality, low
residual scrap for use in electric furnace steelmaking. Iron carbide
producers use natural gas to reduce iron ore to iron carbide.
Iron Carbon (Graphite) Diagram: A diagram representing stable
equilibrium conditions between iron and graphite (pure carbon)
phase over the entire range of iron and steel.
Iron Iron Carbide Diagram: A phase diagram representing
metastable equilibrium conditions between Fe and Fe3C over the
entire range of carbon steels and cast irons.
Iron Ore: The primary raw material in the manufacture of steel.
Iron Ore: Mineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable
source of the element for use in steelmaking. Except for fragments of
meteorites found on Earth, iron is not a free element; instead, it is
trapped in the earth's crust in its oxidized form.
Iron Oxide: This material as prepared for foundry use generally
contains about 85% ferric oxide and is produced by pulverizing a
high grade of pure iron ore. It can be added to core sand mixes to
assist in keeping the core from cracking before the metal solidifies
during the casting operation and also helps to resist metal
penetration during this period. Added to molding sand mixtures for
control of finning and veining. Also may reduce carbon pickup.
Iron Oxide: This material as prepared for foundry use generally
contains about 85% ferric oxide and is produced by pulverizing a
high grade of pure iron ore. It can be added to core sand mixes to
assist in keeping the core from cracking before the metal solidifies
during the casting operation and also helps to resist metal
penetration during this period. Added to molding sand mixtures for
control of finning and veining. Also may reduce carbon pick up.
Iron Rot: Deterioration of wood in contact with iron-base alloys.
Iron Sand: See Iserine
Iron Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is
obtained from a soldering iron.
Iron Zinc Alloy Coating: See Galvanized.
Iron, Malleable: A mixture of iron and carbon, including smaller
amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur, which after
being cast (white iron, carbon in combined form as carbides) is
converted structurally by heat treatment into a matrix of ferrite-
containing nodules of temper carbon (graphite).
Iron, Pearlitic Malleable: A malleable iron having a more or less
pearlitic matrix.
Iron-Based Superalloys: These alloys are at the highest end of the
range of temperature and strength. Additives such as chrome, nickel,
titanium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon and carbon
may be used. These superalloys are also referred to as "super
chrome stainless steels".
Iron-Based Superalloys: These alloys are at the highest end of the
range of temperature and strength. Additives such as chrome, nickel,
titanium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and carbon
may be used. These superalloys are also referred to as “super
chrome stainless steels.”
Ironing: An operation used to increase the length of a tube or cup
through reduction of wall thickness and outside diameter while the
inner diameter remaining unchanged.
Ironing: Thinning the walls of deep drawn articles by reducing the
clearance between punch and die.
Iron-Zinc Alloy Coating: (see Galvanize)
IRP: Infrastructure Renewal Program
Irradiance: The total radiant flux received on a unit area of a given
real or imaginary surface. Also called the radiant flux density.
Irradiation: The exposure of a material or object to x-rays, gamma
rays, ultraviolet rays or other ionizing radiation.
ISA: Agreed International Standard Atmosphere (1013.2 millibars at
15'C) to permit accurate comparison of aircraft performance figures.
ISA : ICAO Standard Atmosphere
ISAS: Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science; University of
Tokyo (Japan).
Isentropic process: A process carried out reversibly without energy
interchange as heat. Also a processes carried out with no entropy
change.
Iserine: A black sand which consists mainly of magnetic iron ore but
also contains a considerable amount of titanium.
ISO: International Standards Organization. www.iso.org
Iso 14001: International standard promoting the quality of
environmental policies. First published in 1996, ISO 14001 has
become a strategic reference in terms of environmental
management.The company which requests certification is audited by
an accredited, international independent body.ISO 14001 is based
on three requirements:• ensure compliance with environmental
regulations;• prevent pollution;• constantly seek to improve
environmental performance.Air France entrusted the Quality,
Environment and SustainableDevelopment Division with the task of
obtaining ISO 14001 Certification in October 2007. The target is to
achieve certification by summer 2008.
ISO Viscosity Classification System: Internationally accepted
system in which each viscosity grade (VG) corrosponds to the
midpoint of the viscosity range expresses in centistokes at 40°C;
originated with a Saybolt (SUS) system developed jointly by ASTM
and STLE, later change to centistokes to gain international
acceptance. The original Saybolt system rated viscosity at 100°F;
ISO system rates viscosity at 104°F.
Isobaric process -: An isobaric process is a thermodynamic
process in which the pressure remains constant. This is usually
obtained by allowed the volume to expand or contract in such a way
to neutralize any pressure changes that would be caused by heat
transfer.
Isobars: Lines drawn on a weather map joining places of equal
barometric pressure.
Isochoric process or isometric: A process during which the
specific volume remains constant.
Isocorrosion Diagram: A graph or chart that shows constant
corrosion behavior with changing solution (environment) composition
and temperature.
Isocure: Proprietary name for a binder system developed for use in
Ashland (Cold Box) Process, itself a proprietary process.
Isocyanate Acid: Isomeric cyanic acid (HNCO).
Isolate: (Isolation) To remove a boiler, or any particular part or
system of a boiler, form service by closing the manual valves.
Isolation: The process of de energizing, line blanking, bleeding, and
locking, tagging and trying to secure a system or piece of equipment
for work.
Isometric process: A process carried out at constant volume.
Isomorphous: Having the same crystal structure. This usually refers
to intermediate phases that form a continuous series of solid
solutions.
Isomorphous: Phases with crystal structures of the same type.
Isopynic: A line on a chart that connects all points of equal or
constant density.
Isostatic adjustment (isostatic compensation): The process
whereby lateral transport at the Earth's surface from erosion or
deposition is compensated for by movements in a subcrustal layer to
maintain equilibrium among units of varying masses and densities.
Isostatic Pressing: A process for forming a powder metallurgy
compact by applying pressure equally from all directions to metal
powder contained in a sealed flexible mold. See also cold isostatic
pressing and hot isostatic pressing. (see Cold Isostatic Pressing
(CIP)) (see Hot Isostatic Pressing)
Isotherm: A line on a chart that connects all points of equal or
constant temperature.
Isothermal: Changes of volume or pressure under conditions of
constant temperature.
Isothermal: Of or indicating equality of temperature.
Isothermal Annealing: Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then
cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite
transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate.
Isothermal Annealing: Austenitizing a ferrous alloy, then cooling to
and holding at a temperature at which austenite transfonns to a
relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate. See also austenilizing. (see
Austenilizing)
Isothermal Annealing: A process in which a ferrous alloy is heated
to produce a structure partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled
to and held at a temperaure that causes transformation of the
austenite to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate.
Isothermal expansion and contraction : Action which takes place
without a temperature change.
Isothermal Forging: A hot-forging process in which a constant and
uniform temperature is maintained in the workpiece during forging by
heating the dies to the same temperature as the workpiece.
Compare with hot-die forging.
Isothermal process : For a constant temperature process involving
an ideal gas,
Isothermal Transformation: 1. The process of austenite in a
ferrous alloy to ferrite or a ferrite-carbide aggregate at any constant
temperature within the transformation range. 2. Transformation of
one phase in an alloy system to another phase at any constant
temperature.
Isothermal Transformation: 1) The process of transforming
Austenite in a ferrous ally to Ferrite or a ferrite carbide aggregate at
any constant temperature within the transformation range, 2)
transformation of one phase in an alloy system to another phase at
any constant temperature.
Isothermal Transformation (It) Diagram: A diagram that shows the
isothermal time required for transformation of austenite to
commence and to finish as a function of temperature. Same as time
temperature transformation (TTT) diagram or S curve.
Isotherms: Lines connecting points of equal temperature on a
weather map.
Isothernal Transformation Curve: Also known as the Time
Temperature Transformation Curve. If a small piece of steel is
heated sufficiently slowly for it to become austenitic and then
plunged into a salt bath and held at a constant temperature below
the upper critical point for a definite time followed by rapid
quenching, it is possible by examination to determine the extent to
which the transformation of the austentite has occurred. By taking
anumbet of speciments of the same steel and treating them in the
same way, but varying the holding temperature and time behavior of
the steel with time and temperature can be studied. The information
obtained can be plotted as time temperature transformation curves
which is useful in heat treatment practice, particularly for
martempering and austempering.
Isotope: One of several different nuclides having the same number
of protons in their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic
number, but differing in the number of neutrons and therefore in the
mass number.
Isotope: One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic
number (i.e., the same number of protons in their nuclei) but have
different mass numbers.
Isotropic: Having uniform properties in all directions. The measured
properties of an isotropic material are independent of the axis of
testing.
Isotropic: A property of a distribution of particles where the flux is
constant over all directions.
Isotropy: The condition of having the same values of properties in
all directions.
ISP: Specific Impulse. Also abbreviated SI.
ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization.
ISS: Iron & Steel Society
ISS: Iron and Steel Society. Now AIST; The Association for Iron and
Steel Technology.
Iss: IATA Settlement Systems.
Isthmus: Narrow strip of land located between two bodies of water,
connecting two larger land areas.
ITC : Investment tax credit.
Itf: International Transport Workers Federation.
Itss: IATA Travel Settlement Services.
ITU : International Telephone Union, refers to certain HF channels.
ITW : Initial Training Wing (Ground School)
IVSI : Instantaneous vertical speed indicator.
IWFNA: Inhibited White Fuming Nitric Acid; WFNA + 0.6% HF as
corrosion inhibitor.
Izod Impact Test: An Izod impact test is similar to a Charpy test in
that the notched specimen is of the same dimensions as a Charpy
test piece and the energy absorbed when the specimen is fractured
by a falling pendulum is used to assess the toughness of the steel
sample. In the Izod test, the specimen is struck by the pendulum
when it is held vertically in a vice, whereas in the Charpy test the
specimen is struck when in a horizontal position.
Izod Impact Test: A test specimen, usually of squaare crossed
section is notched and held between a pair of jaws, to be broken by
a swinging or falling weight. When the pendulum of the Izod testing
machine is released it wsings with a downward movement and when
it reaches the vertical, the hammer makes contact with the specimen
which is broken by the force of the blow. The hammer continues its
upward motion by the energy absorbed in breaking the test piece
reduces its momentum. A graduated scale enables a reading to be
taken of the energy used to fracture the test piece. To obtain a
representative result the average of three tests is used and to ensure
that the results conform to those of the steel specification the test
specimens should meet the standard dimesions laid down in BS 131.
Izod Test: A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen
mounted vertically is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the
weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break
off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of
the material. Contrast with Charpy test.
J Integral: A mathematical expression used to characterize the
fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity prior to
fracture. The J integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior
of the material near the crack tip. Units are MN/m or in in lb/in2.
Jaa: Joint Aviation Authorities
JAA : Joint Aviation Authorities (CAA of Europe)
Jabo (jagdbomber) : Bf 109s converted to carry 250Kg bombs and
carry out nuisance raids. A very effective tactic.
Jack : 1. To lift a vehicle off the ground in order to effect repairs 2. A
characteristic of swing-axle Rear suspensions. Cornering forces can
act on these suspensions to lift the body of the vehicle so that the
outer wheel tucks or jacks under the vehicle. When carried to the
extreme, jacking forces could tip the vehicle over.
Jack Arch: A spring arch, flat or horizontal on the underside.
Jack knife : 1. The action of a vehicle (tractor) with a trailer in which
the trailer and the vehicle form a V instead of normally being pulled
in a straight line. Usually this is the result of a Skid in which the
trailer swings around dangerously and tries to overtake the cab.2.
Skidding of an articulated vehicle sometimes results in rotation at the
articulation (hitch) point so that the tractor is rotated against the
trailer in a manner similar to the closing of a jackknife. 3. To place
the trailer at a very sharp angle to the tractor.
Jack stand : A safety device that keeps the vehicle from falling to
the ground if the lifting jack is removed or faulty. Most jobs require
two jack stands for safety. Also called an Axle stand or Safety stand.
Jack up : To raise using a Jack
Jacket: A seamless tubular braided or woven ply generally on the
outside of a hose.
Jacket : The enclosure on a water heater, furnace, or boiler.
Jacking oil pump : It may be a large dial micrometer with alarm
setting for an axial movement of 0.4 millimeter and shutdown at 0.8
millimeter, or An oil pressure gauge connected to an oil leak-off
device may also be used as an axial position indicator. The oil is
supplied at say 500 kPa, flows through an orifice and leaks off
through a nozzle. The pressure between the orifice and nozzle
depends on the distance between the nozzle and shaft thrust collar;
the larger the distance the lower the pressure. The pressure gauge
can be calibrated in millimeter clearance and may have alarm and
shutdown settings
Jacking oil pump : provides oil supply when the turbine is placed
on barring (slow rotation to stop the turbine from sagging or hogging)
Jacking point : A strengthened place on the underbody to put the
jack. Small cars have one point on each side but larger cars may
have two
Jackson Head : A machine screw with a small oval head.
Jacobs Chuck: Common term for the drill chuck used in either the
headstock spindle or in the tailstock for holding straight-shank drills,
taps, reamers or small diameter workpieces.
Jacobs Chuck: Common term for the drill chuck used in either the
headstock spindle or in the tailstock for holding straight?shank
drills,taps,reamers or small diameter workpieces.
Jagd geschwader : Luftwaffe day fighters
Jagdschloss : Rotating long range early warning radar
Jaguar Drophead : A vehicle brand of which the 1951 Mark V
Drophead is a Milestone car.
Jaguar E-type : A model of automobile manufactured by Jaguar in
England. The 1961-67 E-Type models are Milestone cars.
Jake brake : A device which shuts off the Exhaust valves manually
so that in the Exhaust stroke, the burned gasses cannot escape
through the Exhaust valves. Instead they press against the Head of
the piston and causes the Piston to slow down. When the Intake
valve opens, some of the exhaust escapes out the intake valve and
gives a distinctive loud rapping noise. Jake brakes are used in large
truck engines to assist in slowing the vehicle. Many municipal bylaws
prohibit the use of jake brakes because of the excessive noise. The
most common type is called a Jake Brake because the predominant
manufacturer is Jacobs Vehicle Equipment Co. Other types of
retarders include exhaust retarders, transmission-mounted hydraulic
retarders and axle-mounted electromagnetic retarders. Also called a
retarder.
Jalopy : A worn-out old car
Jam nut : 1. A second nut (usually thinner) on a screw or bolt which
locks against the first nut (i.e., jams against it) so that the nut won't
come loose. 2. A self-locking nut
Jam on the brakes : The action of quickly depressing the brake
pedal (pulling the brake lever on a motorcycle or bicycle) especially
in an emergency situation.
Jam the brakes : The action of quickly depressing the brake pedal
(pulling the brake lever on a motorcycle or bicycle) especially in an
emergency situation.
JAMA : Acronym for Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Jamb: Usually an upright structural member forming the side of an
opening in a refractory or furnace wall.
Jamb: Usually an upright structural member forming the side of an
opening in a refractory or furnace wall.
Jamb Brick: A brick modified so one corner is rounded.
Jamb switch : A push-button light switch located in a door jamb
(e.g., for courtesy lights, trunk light)
JANSKY: Unit used to express flux. 1 Jansky = 10-26 W m-2 Hz-1
Bandwidth.
JAP : English engine manufacturer. Founded in 1903 by John A.
Prestwich, the company was bought by Villiers in 1957
Japanese lantern-type jacket tube : A web-type jacket tube of a
steering column which, on impact, folds like a Japanese lantern
Japanese national space development agency (nasda): The
agency reports to the Japanese Ministry of Science and Technology.
Jar Ramming: Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping on a
table the sand, pattern, and flask. Jolt squeezers, jarring machines,
and jolt rammers are machines using this principle.
JAR : Joint Aviation Recommendation (as used in some JAA
documents, reported false!)
JAR-1 : JAR on Definitions and abbreviations
JAR-145 : JAR on Approved Maintenance Organizations
JAR-147 : JAR on Maintenance Training
JAR-22 : JAR on Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
JAR-25 : JAR on Large Airplanes
JAR-36 : JAR on Aircraft Noise
JAR-APU : JAR on Auxiliary Power Units
JAR-AWO : JAR on All Weather Operations
JAR-E : JAR on Engines
JAR-FCL : JAR on Flight Crew Licensing
JAR-MED : JAR on Medical
Jarno: A standard taper having 0.600 inch taper per foot used in
some machine tools.
JAR-OPS : JAR on Flight Operations
JAR-P : JAR on Propellers
JAR-TSO : JAR on Technical Standard Orders
JAR-VLA : JAR on Very Light Airplanes
JAS : Acronym for Jet Air System: (Mitsubishi)
JASDF: Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
Jason-1: Jason-1 is an oceanography mission to monitor global
ocean circulation, discover the tie between the oceans and
atmosphere, improve global climate predictions, measure sea level
rise and monitor events such as El Nino conditions and the Pacific
Decadal Oscillation. The Jason-1 satellite carries a radar altimeter
and it is a follow-on mission to the highly successful
TOPEX/Poseidon mission. It is joint mission between France and
USA.The satellite will be launched in late 2000. Jason web site
JATO: Jet-assisted take-off, utilising solid or liquid fuel rockets to
augment the take-off power of an aircraft's engines. See also RATO.
Javelin : An automobile manufactured by AMC
Jaw Crusher: A machine for the primary disintegration of metal
pieces, ores or agglomerates into coarse powder.
JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (formed in 2003 by
merger of ISAS, NAL and NASDA).
JERK : Rate of change of acceleration, either scalar or vector, often
with subscripts such as ENU or XYZ to denote the coordinate frame;
time derivative of acceleration; Symbols: j, J; Typical Units: ft/s-
cubed; Dimensions: Length / Time-cubed;
Jersey Fireclay Brick: Highly siliceous clay brick, semisilica brick.
Jesus bolt: Most helicopters have two of these very important bolts.
These bolts hold the main mast to the frame, and the head to the
main mast. If you lose either one of these bolts the entire rotor-head
will separate from your helicopter.
Jet: An orifice used to control the flow of gasoline in various part of a
carburetor.
Jet compressor : A device employing a venture tube so that a high
pressure stream flowing through the nozzle creates a lower pressure
or a vacuum into which the gas to be compressed flows. The gas is
discharged from the nozzle with the expanded high-pressure
medium.
Jet Cooler: Device that controls the cooling of the strip before it
enters the hot-dip galvanize pot.
Jet Cooler: Device that controls the cooling of the strip before it
enters the hot dip galvanize pot.
Jet engine: An engine that works by creating a high-velocity jet of
air to propel the engine forward.
Jet prop : Describes aircraft using turbine engines to drive
propellers.
Jet propulsion: Reaction propulsion in which the propulsion unit
obtains oxygen from the air as distinguished from rocket propulsion
in which the unit carries its own oxygen-producing material.
Jet propulsion laboratory (jpl): Located in Pasadena, California,
JPL is operated under contract to NASA by the California Institute of
Technology. Its primary focus is the scientific study of the solar
system, including exploration of the planets with automated probes.
Most of the lunar and planetary spacecraft of the 1960s and 1970s
were developed at JPL. JPL also is the control center for the
worldwide Deep Space Network, which tracks all planetary
spacecraft. JPL Web Site
Jet Scrubber: In air pollution control, a high-velocity water jet
directed into the throat of a venture section of a cupola to separate
out particulates.
Jet Scrubber: IN air pollution control, a high velocity water jet
directed into the throat of a venture section of a cupola to separate
out particulates.
Jet stream: Rivers of high-speed air in the atmosphere. Jet streams
form along the boundaries of global air masses where there is a
significant difference in atmospheric temperature. The jet streams
may be several hundred miles across and 1-2 miles deep at an
altitude of 8-12 miles. They generally move west to east, and are
strongest in the winter with core wind speeds as high as 250 mph.
Changes in the jet stream indicate changes in the motion of the
atmosphere and weather.
Jet stream : A migrating stream of high-speed winds present at high
altitudes.
Jet Tapping: A method of tapping a melting furnace by firing a small
explosive charge instead of using an oxygen lance. The tapper
consists of an explosive charge enclosed in a plastic case
surrounded by a hollow bullet-shaped body.
Jet Tapping: A method of tapping a melting furnace by firing a small
explosive charge instead of using an oxygen lance. The tapper
consists of an explosive charge enclosed in a plastic case
surrounded by a hollow bullet shaped body.
Jet-a1 : Jet Fuel type A1
Jetway: A jetway or overhead walkway may be more or less at a
slope and is used to connect an aircraft to the airport building.
JGB: Jackson Graham Building, the main headquarters for Metro
JGSDF: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.
Jib: An extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom
length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom
or offset to various angles in the vertical plane of the boom.
Jib: Protecting part of the crane from which the lifting chain or gear
is suspended.
Jib: Projecting part of crane from which lifting chain or gear is
suspended.
Jib Boom: A horizontal cantilever track for supporting the carrier.
Jig: Any device so arranged that it will expedite a hand or a machine
operation.
Jig Boring: Boring with a single-point tool where the work is
positioned upon a table that can be located so as to bring any
desired part of the work under the tool. Thus, holes can be
accurately spaced. This type of boring can be done on milling
machines or jig borers.
Jig Saw Steel: Hardened, tempered and bright polished with round
edges. Carbon content .85. Ranges of sizes .039 to 393 in width and
.016 to .039 in thickness.
J-integral: A mathematical expression; a line or surface integral that
encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other used to
characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable
plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to
describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by
considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front.
JMSDF: Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
Jobbing Foundry: A foundry engaged in the manufacture of
numerous types of castings.
Jog: Act of moving the strip forward or backward. This can be done
with the pinch rolls or the reel.
Jog: Act of moving the strip forward or backward. This can be done
with the pinch rolls or the reel.
Johannson Blocks (Jo Blocks): Common term for the precision
gauge blocks used and accepted as dimensional standards by
machinists, toolmakers and inspectors.
Johannson Blocks (Jo Blocks): Common term for the precision
gage blocks used and accepted as dimensional standards by
machinists,toolmaker and inspectors.
Johnson space center (jsc): The Lyndon B. Johnson Space
Center, located between Houston and Galveston, Texas, is the lead
center for NASA's manned space flight program. JSC has been
Mission Control for all piloted space flights since 1965, and now
manages the Space Shuttle program. JSC's responsibilities include
selecting and training astronauts; designing and testing vehicles and
other systems for piloted space flight; and planning and executing
space flight missions. The center has a major role in developing the
Space Station. In addition, JSC directs operations at the White
Sands Test Facility in New Mexico, which conducts Shuttle-related
tests. The nearby White Sands Missile Range also serves as a
backup landing site for the Space Shuttle. JSC Web Site
Join: IMIS action type indicating that parts of two or more coils have
been combined to produce a single unit.
Join Count: Field incremented by one each time coil contains more
than 1 Consumed IPM number 2 coils welded together to make
jumbo.
Joint: The location where two or more members are fastened
together mechanically or by welding, brazing, soldering or adhesive
bonding.
Joint Bars: Band uniform section at right angles to the direction of
rolling, weighing 60 lbs. per pair and heavier used for the purpose of
securely joining two sections of rail.
Joint Clearance: The distance between the faying surfaces of a
joint. In brazing, this distance is referred to as that which is present
before brazing, at the brazing temperature or after brazing is
completed.
Joint education initiative (jei): The JEI project was developed by
USGS, NOAA, NASA, industry, and teachers to enable teachers and
students to explore the massive quantities of Earth science data
published by the U.S. Government on CD-ROM. JEI encourages a
research and analysis approach to science education.
Joint Efficiency: The ratio of the strength of a welded joint to the
strength of the base metal expressed in percent.
Joint Implementation (JI): Joint Implementation is the mechanism
under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by which
developed (Annex 1) countries can invest in emissions reduction
projects in other developed countries. Each project is awarded with a
number of Emission Reduction Units equal to the amount of
emissions saved.
Joint services agreement (jsa): The co-ordination of products and
services between two airlines in a particular market. These include
scheduling, marketing, sales, freight and customer service activities
and usually require regulatory approval. Examples include Qantas
and British Airways on the Sydney to London ‘Kangaroo route’,
British Airways and American Airlines across the Atlantic and Delta
Airlines and V Australia across the Pacific.
Joint Welding: Production welding used to weld cast components
together to obtain an integral unit.
Jolt Ramming: Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping the
sand, pattern, and flask on a table. Jolt-type, jolt squeezers, jarring
machines and jolt rammers are machines using this principle. Also
called jar ramming.
Jolt Ramming: See Jar Ramming
Jolt Squeezer Machine: A combination machine that employs a jolt
action followed by a squeezing action to compact the sand around
the pattern.
Jominy: A hardness test on a special shaped test specimen which
has been heated and quenched from a test sample taken in the
Primary (melting) phase of production.
Jominy: A hardenability test for steel to determine the depth of
hardening abtainable by a specified heat treatment.
Jominy Test: Hardenability test usually performed on alloy steels.
Jostle : British airborne jamming device to disrupt enemy RT
transmissions.
Joule: Metric unit of measurement for energy or work equal to a
force of one Newton applied through a distance of one meter. One
joule is equivalent to 0.737324 ft-lbs.
Joule: A unit of work, energy, or heat. 1 J (joule) = 1 Nm (Newton
meter).
Joule : English Scientist James Prescott Joule (1818 1889)
Joule : JOULE The unit used to measure heat, work, and energy in
the metric system. Its symbol is J. It is the amount of energy required
to move an object of 1 kg mass to a height of 1 m. Also called a
newton-metre.
Joule-thomson effect : The change in gas temperature which
occurs when the gas is expanded adiabatically from a higher
pressure to a lower pressure. The effect for most gases, except
hydrogen and helium, is a cooling of the gas.
Journal: The part of the shaft or axle that actually contacts a
bearing.
Journal: That part of a shaft or axle that rotates relative to a radial
bearing.
Journal: The part of a shaft or axle that rotates or angularly
oscillates in or against a bearing, or about which a bearing rotates or
angularly oscillates.
Journal Bearing: A sliding bearing of either rotating or oscillatory
motion inside which a journal operates.
Jovian planet: Any of the four biggest planets Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune.
Jp: 1) Fully alloyed galvanneal product. 2) On Galvanize the
aluminum percentage is reduced from the pot on the Galvanize lines;
primarily zinc left; produces a flat, dull coating on the steel (Jet
Process).
Jp Bazooka: Device that introduces a flame to the strip as it exits
the pot (used to produce JP product).
Jpl: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California).
Jppl : JAR-FCL Private Pilots License (AOPA internal abbreviation)
Jsa: See Joint Services Agreement.
Jsa : Joint Steering Assembly (JAA)
Jsc: Johnson Space Center (Houston, Texas).
Judi: A term referring to the Judiciary Square Metrorail station
Jug : Nickname for the P-47
Jumbo Coil: A single coil produced by welding two or more coils.
Jumbo Coil: A single coil produced by welding two or more coils.
Jumper: An unauthorized person on the tracks
Jumping Coil In: Moving a coil ahead of other coils in a line up.
Junction: A location where train routes converge and diverge
Junction Header: First steam distribution point after exiting the
boiler drum.
Junction Header: First steam distribution point after exiting the
boiler drum.
Junk Batteries: This term usually refers to spent automotive lead
acid batteries, which are purchased by secondary lead smelters. The
standard form of shipment is in the whole and undrained state to
meet environmental regulations. Lead metal constitutes around half
the weight of a junk battery. Other parts, including the plastic case,
also are recycled.
Jupiter: Fifth planet from the Sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
Jurg : Joint User Requirement Group
Jv: JV or Joint Venture: a joint company with two or more partners,
usually holding equal stakes of 50% each. This type of share
structure enables special joint projects to be set up through industrial
or technological alliances.
K Factor: Denotes Buckingham’s surface durability analysis, based
on gear geometry, harness and surface endurance limits; the higher
the K factor, the greater the surface durability.
K Factor: Tensile strength in pounds per square inch divided by the
Brinell Hardness number.
K Plate: Tin plate with superior corrosion resistance to mild acid food
products; must meet four (4) special property tests 1. Pickle lags 10
or less. 2. in crystal size ASTM 9 or larger. 3. ISV (iron solution
value) 20 micro rams Fe or less. 4. ATC (Alloy tin couple American
Can test) or AMP (Aerated Media Polarization test) Avg. 0.050 micro
amps/sq. cm. Or less 95% 0.085 or less. No test over 0.120.
K : Airspace Euro control Project Class K (all traffic known)
Kadenacy effect : When a port of a two-stroke engine opens
abruptly, as is the case with a rectangular exhaust port, the cylinder
pressure gives rise to a positive pressure wave transmitted down the
exhaust pipe at the speed of sound
Kahlbaum Iron: An iron of more than 99.975% purity, produced in
Germany.
Kahlbaum Iron: An iron of more than 99.975% purity, produced in
Germany.
KAIDA : Acronym for Korea Automobile Importers and Distributors
Association.
Kaiser : A vehicle brand of which the 1954 Darrin 161 is a Milestone
car. The 1951-52 Deluxe and Deluxe Virginian are Milestone cars.
The 1951-53 Dragon models are Milestone cars. The 1954-55
Manhattan models are Milestone cars. The 1949-50 Vagabond
models are Milestone car. The 1949-50 Virginian (Hardtop) models
are Milestone cars.
Kaizen Activities : Activity through which continuous improvement
is sought.
Kaldo Process: A method of producing steel from molten iron, using
an inclined rotating converter and a water cooled oxygen lance
inserted through the converter mouth. Originating in Sweden, this
process is no longeer in use in the UK
Kalling Dommarfvet Process: A desulfurizing process using
powdered burnt iron.
Kalling-Dommarfvet Process: A desulfurizing process using
powdered burnt iron.
Kalman filter : A filter for putting together multiple data sources, of
different types, to return an estimate better than any one source;
Kaltint : Altitude integral advantage.
KAMA : Acronym for Korean Automotive Manufacturers Association
Kamm back : It was once thought that a long tapered end in the
shape of a vehicle would give it the most aerodynamic configuration.
W. Kamm discovered that the length of the end would have to be so
long as to make the vehicle impractical. There would also be an
increase in surface area which would also create its own
FrictionDrag. He found that if he cut the theoretically long tail in half
he would have both good Aerodynamics and minimal surface Drag.
This sharply cut off rear end is named after him.
Kamm tail : It was once thought that a long tapered end in the
shape of a vehicle would give it the most aerodynamic configuration.
W. Kamm discovered that the length of the end would have to be so
long as to make the vehicle unpractical. There would also be an
increase in surface area which would also create its own
FrictionDrag. He found that if he cut the theoretically long tail in half
he would have both good Aerodynamics and minimal surface Drag.
This sharply cut off rear end is named after him.
Kammhuber-li : RAF nickname for the zonal system of air defense
set up by General Joseph Kammhuber.
Kampf geshwader; : Luftwaffe Bomber wing
Kangarooing : A colloquial term for moving forward in a succession
of sudden jerks as a result of improper use of the clutch, (a
characteristic of beginner drivers or those not used to standard
shifting)
Kaolin: The purest form of China clay consisting of silicate of
aluminum.
Kaplan turbine : A type of turbine that that has two blades whose
pitch is adjustable. The turbine may have gates to control the angle
of the fluid flow into the blades.
Kappa Carbide: A carbide of iron (Fe23, C6) in which all or part of
the iron may be replaced by chromium, molybdenum, and/or
tungsten.
KAPWR : Acronym for Direct Battery Power
Karat: A unit for designating the fineness of gold in an alloy. In this
system, 24 karat (24 k) is 1000 fine or pure gold.
Karosserie : German term for Coachwork.
Kata thermometer : Large-bulb alcohol thermometer used to
measure air speed or atmospheric conditions by means of cooling
effect.
Kata thermometer : Large-bulb alcohol thermometer used to
measure air speed or atmospheric conditions by means of cooling
effect.
Kauri-Butanol/KB Value: Measure of the aromatic properties of a
solvent, based on its power to dissolve kauri gum; aromatics have
high KB values, paraffinic solvents low KB values.
Kawasaki : A motorcycle manufacturer
Kayser Hardness Test: A method for determining the true hardness
of metals at high temperatures.
Kayser Hardness Test: A method for determining the true hardness
of metals at high temperatures.
K-band: A range of microwave radio frequencies in the
neighborhood of 12 to 40 GHz, used for high speed data
transmission on shuttle flights (~15 Ghz).
Kc (Plane Stress Fracture Toughness): The value of stress
intensity at which crack propagation becomes rapid in sections
thinner than those in which plane strain conditions prevail. Units are
MPa/m or ksi/in.
Keel Block: A standard test casting for steel and other high-
shrinkage alloys consisting of a rectangular bar that resembles the
keel of a boat attached to the bottom of a large riser or shrinkhead.
Keel blocks that have only one bar are often called Y-blocks. Keel
blocks having two bars are called double keel blocks. Test
specimens are machined from the rectangular bar and the
shrinkhead is discarded.
Kelvin: Scale of temperature named after the English physicist Lord
Kelvin, based on the average kinetic energy per molecule of a
perfect gas. Absolute zero is equivalent to -273.16oC (-459.69oF).
Kelvin: The standard unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is
defined as 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple point of water
above absolute zero. The symbol for this is K. Kelvin is measured by
the same temperature steps as Celsius but is shifted downwards so
that 0 degrees K is absolute zero; water freezes at 273 K and boils
at 373 K.
Kelvin scale (k): Thermometer scale on which unit of measurement
equals the Celsius degree and according to which absolute zero is 0
degree, the equivalent of -273.16°C. Water freezes at 273.16 K. and
boils at 373.16 K. The relationshipTK = TC + 273.16
Kelvin Temperature Scale: One in which the unit of measurement
equals that of the centigrade degree and according to which
absolute zero is 0°, equivalent to -273.16°C.
Kelvin Temperature Scale: One in which the unit of measurement
equals that of the centigrade degree and according to which
absolute zero is 0 degrees, equivalent to 273.16 C.
Kennedy space center (ksc): Located near Cape Canaveral,
Florida, KSC is NASA's primary launch site. The Center handles the
preparation, integration, checkout, and launch of space vehicles and
their payloads. All piloted space missions since the Mercury program
have been launched from here, including Gemini, Apollo, Skylab,
and Space Shuttle flights. KSC is the Shuttle's home port, where
orbiters are serviced and outfitted between missions, and then
assembled into a complete Shuttle 'stack' before launch. The Center
also manages the testing and launch of unpiloted space vehicles
from an array of launch complexes, and conducts research programs
in areas of life sciences related to human spaceflight. KSC Web Site
Kerf: Buildup from casting on a slab surface
Kerf: The void left after metal has been removed by thermal cutting.
Kerf: The width of a cut.
Kerosene: A mixture of hydrocarbons distilled from crude
petroleum; see RJ-1, RP-1.
Kerosene : a light, hydrocarbon fuel or solvent.
Key: One of several types of small metal objects designed to fit
mating slots in a shaft and the hub of a gear or pulley to provide a
positive drive between them. Alos, the name of the T handle wrench
used on chucks.
Key Rings: Devices used to hold fibers on slitter knives. Sometimes
referred to as 'snap rings'.
Key Seat: A recessed groove (slot) machined into a shaft or a part
going on the shaft (usually a wheel or gear).
Key Seat: A recessed groove (slot) machined into a shaft or a part
going on the shaft (usually a wheel or gear).
Keyhole: A technique of welding in which a concentrated heat
source, such as a plasma arc, penetrates completely through a
workpiece forming a hole at the leading edge of the molten weld
metal. As the heat source progresses, the molten metal fills in
behind the hold to form the weld bead.
Keyhole Specimen: A type of specimen containing a hole-and-slot
notch shaped like a keyhole usually used in impact bend tests. See
also Charpy test and hod test. (see Charpy Test) (see Hod Test)
Keyhole Specimen: A type of notched impact test specimen which
has a hole and slot notch shaped like a keyhole.
Keyless ignition: Key less ignition is a feature in modern cars in
which no need of key hole only keys are in the pocket of driver or in
the car. It is an electronic programing for increasing the human
factor.
Keyless ignition: A system that allows the activation by the driver of
a push-button to start a vehicle if proximity sensors detect the
electronic key inside the vehicle.
Keystone Valve: A gas control valve that is used as a shutoff valve
for the ignition furnace.
Keystone Valve: A gas control valve that is used as a shut off valve
for the ignition furnace.
Keyway: Mechanical locking device located on the slitter head
spindle shaft that holds the knives and spacers in place.
Khz: Kilohertz, equal to 1,000 Hertz.
KIAS : Knots Indicated Air Speed; IAS, in knots.
Kic (Plane Strain Fracture Toughness): The minimum value of KC.
Represents the fracture toughness of a material independent of
crack length, or loading system. Units are MPa/m or ksi/in.
Kick Off Plate: (KOP) A product that has went through the reversing
mill and the #5 rougher.
Kicked Out: Loss of electrical power to any operating unit in the mill.
Kicker rail: A short third rail section
Kieselguhr: Diatomaceous earth, a finely porous material used for
thermal insulation to 1100 C (2012 F).
Killed Steel: Steel that is deoxidized by silicon or aluminum to
reduce the oxygen content in the molten steel to a minimum prior to
solidification of the metal. Killed steels have more uniform properties
and chemical composition than other types.
Killed Steel: The term killed indicates that the steel has been
sufficiently deoxidized to quiet the molten metal when poured into
the ingot mold. The general practice is to use aluminum ferrosilicon
or manganese as deoxidizing agents. A properly killed steel is more
uniform as to analysis and is comparatively free from aging.
However, for the same carbon and manganese content Killed Steel
is harder than Rimmed Steel. In general all steels above 0.25%
carbon are killed, also all forging grades, structural steels from
0.15% to 0.25% carbon and some special steels in the low carbon
range. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steel.
Kiln: A furnace for the calcination or firing of ceramic materials,
including refractories.
Kiln: An oven or furnace for burning, calcimining or drying a
substance.
Kiln Dried: Lumber artificially dried in a specially designed
enclosure or lumber kiln.
Kiln Furniture: Embraces all those products used to support, hold
or position ceramic articles in highly heated kilns during the baking or
firing process, including biscuit, glost and enamel firings. Different
types of kiln furniture include spurs, stilts, thimbles, pin crank
systems and pins (including sagger pins), batts, cross bar systems
with beams, foot support systems with setters, box type plate setters,
tile boxes and cassettes, and tile cranks.
Kiln Marks: Irregularities on the surface of refractors caused by
deformation under load during burning.
Kilo: Metric unit prefix denoting the value of 1000
Kilo calorie : This is the amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise
the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C. (Kilo calorie = kcal)
Kilo grain : A unit of weight; 1000 grains.
Kilobit: 1024 bits. Also represented as Kb.
Kilogram: The standard unit of mass in the metric system.
Kilometer (km): Metric unit of distance equal to 3,280.8 feet or .621
statute miles.
Kilopascal (kPa): The metric unit for air pressure. One psi is equal
to 6.9 kPa.
Kilovolt (kV): Unit of electrical potential equal to 1,000 volts.
Kilovolt (Kv): Unit of electrical potential equal to 1,000 volts.
Kilovolt ampere: Product of the voltage times the current. Different
from kilowatts because of inductive loads in an electrical system.
AbbreviatedKVA kilo watts is equal to KVA times power factor.
Kilowatt1000 watts. AbbreviatedkW.
Kilovolts Constant Potential: The potential in kilovolts of a
constant voltage generator.
Kilovolts Peak: The crest value of the potential wave in kilovolts.
When only one half of the wave is used, the crest value is to be
measured on this half of the wave.
Kilowatt: A measure of electrical horsepower. A metric unit of
power equal to approximately 1.34 horsepower.
Kilowatt-hour: A measure of electrical energy consumption. 1000
watts being consumed per hour. AbbreviatedkWh.
Kinematic Viscosity: Value obtained by dividing the absolute
viscosity of a fluid by its mass density.
Kinetic energy: An object's energy of motion; for example, the force
of a falling body.
Kinetic energy: Energy that a substance or body has by virtue of its
mass (weight) and velocity.
Kinetic energy : The ability of an object to do work by virtue of its
motion. (Water moving in a pipe has kinetic energy.) The energy
terms that are usually used to describe the operation of a pump are
"pressure" and "head". In classical mechanics, equal to one half of
the body’s mass times the square of its speed.
Kinetic heating: Heating of an aircraft's structure as a result of air
friction.
Kinetic/Dynamic/Sliding Friction: The resistance to a force
maintaining a relative motion between two surfaces, sliding instead
of rolling; varies with surface conditions, surface materials, presence
and type of lubricant. (see Friction Bearing)
King pin: A hardened steel shaft around which the steering knuckle
pivots. Normally used on large trucks.
King pin inclination: The angle between the vertical line and centre
of the king pin or steering axle, When viewed from the front of the
vehicle is known as king pin inclination or Steering axle inclination.
King valve : Liquid receiver (refrigeration only) service valve.
Kingpin bushings: Lubricated solid bearings or bushings usually
present between the kingpin and steering knuckle.
Kink: 1. For rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from flat
which is caused by localized bending during handling. 2. For
extrusions, an abrupt deviation from straightness. A kink can be
caused by handling.
Kink: (1) for rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from flat
which is caused by localized bending during handling. (2) for
extrusions, an abrupt deviation from straightness. A kink can be
caused by handling.
Kinking: A temporary or permanent distortion of the hose induced
by bending beyond the minimum bend radius.
KINT : Path integral gain
Kiosk: The octagonal structure near a rail station entrance that
serves as the station manager's office/booth and the hub of
communications for a Metrorail station
Kip: A unit of force, equivalent to 1,000 pounds.
Kip: A unit load of 1000 lbs.
Kirchoff’s second law: The law stating that, at each instant of time
the increase of voltage around a close loop in a network is equal to
the algebraic sum of the voltage drop.
Kish: Free graphite that forms in molten hypereutectic cast iron as it
cools. In castings, the kish may segregate toward the cope surface,
where it lodges at or immediately beneath the casting surface.
Kish: Free graphite which separates upon slow cooling of molten
hypereutectic iron.
Kissing (Touching): Gating with minimum metal left at casting
breakoff point, having a gate just kiss the surface.
KIT : A Kit is an unassembled aircraft, it arrives as packages of parts
it must be assembled, as opposed to an ARF; Almost Ready to Fly,
which is mostly pre-assembled.
Kite: Usually tethered heavier-than-air craft, sustained in the air by
its airfoil surfaces being inclined to the wind to generate lift.
KITE : means a framework, covered with paper, cloth, metal, or
other material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope or cable,
and having as its only support the force of the wind moving past its
surfaces
KLA : Reference Acceleration Gain.
Knee airbags: Small airbags that deploy under the dashboard by
the knees, typically on the driver's side where the steering column
and other hard vehicle parts are located.
Knickebein : German radio beam/beams used to guide bombers to
their targets.
Knife Buildup: Excess metal that attaches to slitter knives. Excess
metal can also attach to welder wheels, in which case it is called
'welder wheel buildup'.
Knife Gate Valve: Knife gate valves are mechanical devices used to
restrict or shut-off the flow of a fluid or gas in a piping system. Knife
gate valves use a flat plate, the knife, which slides in a channel into
the path of the flow. Knife gate valves are most often associated with
slurry solutions such as those seen in wastewater processing plants.
Knife Mark: See ?mark, knife?
Knife Wrench: Tool used to remove nuts on the knives when making
knife changes or adjustments.
Knife-line Attack: Intergranular corrosion of an alloy usually
stabilized stainless steel along a line adjoining or in contact with a
weld after heating into the sensitization temperature range.
Knives: Circular metal discs that rotate on the slitter to sidetrim a
coil to customer's spec. The distance between them determines the
width of the coil.
Knock: In a spark ignition engine, uneven burning of the fuel/air
charge that causes violent, explosive combustion and an audible
metallic hammering noise. Knock results from premature ignition of
the last part of the charge to burn.
Knock Out Mark: See ?Mark, knock out?
Knock Out Pins (Ejector Pins): Small diameter pins affixed to a
pattern back up plate for removing cured mold in the shell molding
process.
Knock sensor: Engine sensor that detect pre-ignition, detonation,
and knocking.
Knock sensor : Sensors that detect engine spark knock.
Knocking: Engine noise caused by detonation, pre-ignition, or a
worn mechanical part.
Knockout: (1) Removal of sand cores from a casting. (2) Jarring of
an investment casting mold to remove the casting and investment
from the flask. (3) A mechanism for freeing formed parts from a die
used for stamping, blanking, drawing, forging or heading operations.
(4) A partially pierced hole in a sheet metal part, where the slug
remains in the hole and can be forced out by hand if a hole is
needed.
Knockout: (1) Removal of sand cores from a casting. (2) Jarring of
an investment casting mold to remove the casting and investment
from the flask. (3) A mechanism for freeing formed parts from a die
used for stamping, blanking, drawing, forging or heading operations.
(4) A partially pierced hole in a sheet metal part where the slug
remains in the hole and can be forced out by hand if a hole is
needed.
Knoop Bardness Test: An indentation hardness test using
calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond
indenter having specified edge angles under specified conditions into
the surface of the material under test and to measure the long
diagonal after removal of the load.
Knoop Hardness Number (HK): A number related to the applied
load and to the projected area of the permanent impression made by
a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having included edge
angles of 172° 30' and 130° 0'.
Knoop Hardness Number (Hk): A number related to the applied
load and to the projected area of a rhombic based diamond indentor,
with edge angles of 172 1/2 30' and 130 1/2.
Knoop Hardness Test: A micro hardness test in which an elongated
pyramidical diamond is pressed into the surface.
Knot: Unit used to measure airspeed. I knot = 1.852 kilometers an
hour or 1.1507 miles per hour
Knot: One nautical mile, about 1.15 statute miles (6,080'); e.g.:
125kts = 143.9mph.
Knot: Unit of speed of one nautical mile (6,076.1 feet) an hour.
Knot : One nautical mile/hour, which is about 1.15 stature
miles/hour.
Known icing : FAA certified to fly into icing conditions.
Knuckle-lever Press: A heavy short-stroke press in which the slide
is directly actuated by a single toggle joint that is opened and closed
by a connection and crack. It is used for embossing, coining, sizing,
heading, swaging and extruding.
Knurdle: An accumulation of porous solid steel that surrounds or
covers a tuyere in a bottom blown converter.
Knurl: A decorative gripping surface of straight line or diagonal
design made by uniformly serrated rolls called knurls.
Knurling: Impressing a design into a metallic surface usually by
means of small, hard rollers that carry the corresponding design on
their surfaces.
Kop Pusher: A machine that pushes the KOP on the ground, off the
table after processing.
Kop Recirculating Filter: A filter that cleans the KOP pusher tank
hydraulic oil by constantly recirculating the oil from the tank through
the filter and then back to the tank.
KORFU : (FuG 351) German ground radar often used to produce
fixes on the bombers H2S equipment.
KOSIF : knots Indicated Air Speed.
Kosmobuksir: Russian name for "space tug".
Kosmolyot: Russian name for "spaceplane".
KPH: Kilometers per hour
KPH : Kilometers/hour
KPI : Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
K-Plate: Tin plate with superior corrosion-resistance to mild acid
food products; must meet four special property tests. 1. Pickle lags
10 or less. 2. In crystal size ASTM 9 or larger. 3. ISV (Iron Solution
Value) 20 microrams Fe or less. 4. ATC (Alloy Tin Couple –
American Can Test) or AMP (Aerated Media Polarization Test). Avg.
0.050 microamps/sq cm or less – 95% 0.085 or less. No test over
0.120.
Kraft process: A wood-pulping process in which sodium sulfate is
used in the caustic soda pulp-digestion liquor. Also called Kraft
pulping or sulfate pulping.
Krakatoa (krakatau): Active volcano 2667 ft (813 m) high in West
Indonesia. It forms an island between Java and Sumatra. Its eruption
in 1883, which was one of the most violent in modern times,
scattered debris and darkened skies over vast areas. The 1883
eruption is the reference dust veil index for comparing the magnitude
of volcanic eruptions. Additional eruptions occurred in late 1927 and
in the l960s. See dust veil index.
Kroll Process: A process for the production of metallic titanium
sponge by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with a more active
metal, such as magnesium or sodium. The sponge is further
processed to granules or powder.
KSC: Kennedy Space Center (Florida).
KSI: Kips per square inch, measurement of stress intensity.
Equivalent to 1,000 pounds.
KT: Kilotonne, equal to 1,000 tonnes.
KT(S) : knots true air speed (KT)
KTAE : Track angle error gain (KTAE)
KTAS : Knots True Air Speed (KTAS). TAS, in knots.
Ku-band: Radar and microwave band in which the wavelengths vary
from 1.67-2.4 cm.
Kuiper belt: A swarm of cometary bodies thought to orbit the Sun
beyond Neptune at distances between 30 and 50 AU.
KVA: Stands for kilo-volt-amperes. It is a measurement of electrical
power. It is made up of reactive power (KVAR) and real power (KW).
It can be derived by multiplying the voltage by the current.
Kva: Stands for kilo volt amperes. It is a measurement of electrical
power. It is made up of reactive power (KVAR) and real power (KW).
It can be derived by multiplying the voltage by the current.
Kva : Kilo Volt Amp
KVSF : Velocity error scale factor (KVSF)
Kw demand : The maximum rate of electric power usage required to
operate a facility during a period of time, usually a month or billing
period. Often called "demand".
Kwh consumption: The amount of electric energy used over a
period of time; the number of kWh used per month. Often called
"consumption".
KXTKD : Cross track deviation gain (KXTKD)
KXTKR : Cross track deviation rate gain (KXTKR)
Kyoto convention: International Convention on the simplification
and harmonization of customs procedures.
Kyoto protocol: The purpose of the Kyoto Protocol is to combat
climate changeby reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The Earth
Summitin Rio in 1992 marked the awareness on an
internationalscale of the risk of climate change. The richest
countries, for which a reduction in growth did not seem
acceptablebut which were responsible for most of the emissions,
made acommitment to stabilize their emissions at 1990 levelsby the
year 2000. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 reflectsthis determination in
terms of quantitative, legally-restrictive commitments.In the protocol,
39 industrialized countries including Europe,Russia, Japan and
Australia which ratified the agreementIn December 2007, will reduce
their emissions of six greenhouse gases between 2008 and 2012 by
5.2% comparedto the year 1990, in order to combat global
warming.The targets differ from one country to another: Target for
Europe: - 8%Target for France: 0% (given its nuclear power
stations,France only needs to maintain the same level of
emissionsas in 1990).
KZSF : Altitude error scale factor (KZSF)
L : 1. Low gear in an automatic transmission. 2. Designation for
luxury or Luxe 3. The symbol for Inductance 4. Acronym for Liters
L D Process: An oxygen steel making Process named after the
towns in Austria, Linz and Donawitz, where it was first developed. It
is a modified Bessemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom
converter by injection of oxygen into the molten iron bath from a
water cooled lance inserted through the converter mouth. Present
day BOS (basic oxygen steelmaking) plants are developments of the
L D Process.
L head engine: An engine design that incorporated both valves on
one side of the engine cylinder.
l/100 km : This is the metric measurement of fuel consumption or
Fuel economy. The lower the number the more economical the
vehicle. Thus a vehicle that gives 7 l/100 km is better than one that
gives 8 l/100 km. A vehicle that gives 7.3 l/100 km is giving 32.2 mpg
US and 38.7 mpg Imperial.
L4 : Acronym for Four Cylinder Inline Engine
La: Chemical symbol for Lanthanum
La navette shuttle service: La Navette shuttle service or La
Navette, introduced in 1996, links Paris-Orly airport to Bordeaux,
Marseille, Nice and Toulouse with frequent flights throughout the day
on the hour or every half hour at peak times
La niña: A period of stronger-than-normal trade winds and unusually
low sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean; the opposite of El Niño. See La Niña fact sheet.
LAADA : Acronym for Latvian Authorized Automobile Dealers
Association.
LAAS : Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
Labor : An engine which is struggling to keep turning due to lack of
revs or the use of too high a gear
Laboring : An engine that is Lugging because it has difficulty in
turning over.
Labyrinth Seal: A series of grooves or “labyrinths” cut into the metal
or housing surrounding a shaft to act as a seal or packing and
frequently used for steam turbine shafts; controlled clearance seals
without any rubbing contact that allow some tolerable leakage. They
function by causing the fluid to accelerate and decelerate in
succession through the labyrinth, dissipating its pressure energy and
thus reducing the flow of leakage.
Labyrinth seal : A labyrinth seal consists of a number of rings 1 2
millimeters thick fixed to the shaft, tapered at the outer periphery to
nearly knife-sharp with a clearance to the casing of a few hundreds
of a millimeter. The rings are of brass or stainless steel, the sharp
edge gives better sealing and rubs off easily without excessive
heating in case of a slightly eccentric shaft. Some labyrinth seals are
very simple, others are complicated.
Lacac: Latin American Civil Aviation Commission.
Lace: Area where the strip is joined together (with wire, bands, etc.)
after being broken.
Lack of Fusion (LOF): A condition in a welded joint in which fusion
is less than complete.
Lack of parallelism : A measurement of brake rotor thickness
variation at various points around a rotor.
Lack of Penetration (LOP): A condition in a welded joint in which
joint penetration is less than that specified.
Lacquer: A coating composition which is based on synthetic
thermoplastic film forming material dissolved in organic solvent and
which dries primarily by solvent evaporation during stoving
operations.
Lacquer: A coating composition which is based on synthetic
thermoplastic film forming material dissolved in organic solvent and
which dries primarily by solvent evaporation during stoving
operations.
Lacquer : 1. A fast drying automotive body pyroxylin paint. 2. A
glossy coating made by dissolving cellulose derivatives in a rapidly
evaporating solvent. 3. Protective coating or finish which dries to
form a film by evaporation of a volatile (easily goes from liquid to
gas) constituent.
lACS: International annealed copper standard; a standard reference
used in reporting electrical conductivity.
Ladder bars : A rigid triangular suspension devices used to locate
an axle front to rear. These are used almost exclusively in drag race
cars due to the fact that they bind when cornering. A panhard rod or
a watts link is used to locate the axle side to side.
Ladder diagram : Electrical diagram that indicates order of electrical
devices in a specific electrical circuit.
Ladder frame : A type of Frame design which has two long parallel
sections which run from the front to the rear of the vehicle. In various
places there are shorter sections which connect the long sections.
The result looks like a ladder. The connecting pieces hold various
Components such as the engine. This design is not used today
because it is too heavy and lacks rigidity. Also called ladder chassis
Laden : Vehicle carrying some or full payload.
Ladies' frame : The type of Frame in which the Top tube is replaced
by a second down tube to make mounting and dismounting the bike
easier.
Lading : The load or freight that a vehicle carries.
Ladle: A vessel for receiving and handling liquid steel. It is
constructed of a refractory-lined steel shell.
Ladle Free Open: Occurs when sand in the upper nozzle falls after
the ladle slidegate is opened, and liquid steel flows freely from the
ladle into the tundish.
Ladle Furnace: A furnace used for refining hot metal between the
converter or electric arc furnaces and casting.
Ladle Metallurgy: The process whereby conditions (temperature,
pressure and chemistry) are controlled within the ladle of the
steelmaking furnace to improve productivity in preceding and
subsequent steps and the quality of the final product.
Ladle Non-Free Open: Occurs when liquid steel flux from steel ladle
to tundish is not free, or when an oxygen lance is needed to open
the slidegate to flow steel into the tundish. A non-free open ladle
raised safety concerns for caster operators and causes a possible
downgrade of steel being cast.
Ladle Refining System (LRS): System where alloys are added to
meet exact chemistries, gases are removed by vacuum, and argon
bubbles stir the molten mixture to remove impurities and mix the
alloying elements. Arc heating maintains steel temperature.
Lag: A delay in the effect of a changed condition at one point in the
system, on some other condition to which it is related. Also, the
delay in action of the sensing element of a control, due to the time
required for the sensing element to reach equilibrium with the
property being controlled; i.e., temperature lag, flow lag, etc.
Lag: One of two types of relationships between voltage and current
that describes what the power factor is doing. The other is lead. In a
typical motor circuit that has much inductance, the current will lag the
voltage and power factor is said to be lagging.
Lag: Preferred engineering term for delay in response (usually in
degrees).
Lag : Delay in response.
Lag bolt : A full-bodied fastener with hex head or a square head,
spaced coarse-pitch threads and gimlet or cone point. Designed for
insertion in wood or other resilient materials and producing its own
mating thread. Also called lag screw.
Lagging: Slack in the strip.
Lagging : The process of covering hot fluid lines with a non-
conducting material in order to maintain its temperature.
Lagging power factor : A designation of the relative instantaneous
direction of the currents to the voltages: (angle is 0 to +90°)
Lagonda : A vehicle brand of which all 1925-48 models except
Rapier are Classic cars. The 1948-49 V-12 models are Milestone
cars.
Lagonda Drophead : A vehicle brand of which the 1949-53 2.5 Liter
Drophead Coupes are Milestone cars.
Lahar: A flood of mud and rocks from the slopes of a volcano. May
be triggered by earthquakes, landslides, or when the rim of a caldera
lake is breached. See When Rivers of Rock Flow
LAHSO : Land And Hold Short Operation. (to cross intersecting
runway).
Lake: A body of fresh or salt water entirely surrounded by land.
Lake pipes : Nonfunctional side pipes attached along the lower
sides of a vehicle for decorative purposes only. Also called Lakes
pipes or lakers
Laker : A type of ship which trades only in the Great Lakes of North
America. The cargo is usually grain and ore.
Lakers : Nonfunctional side pipes attached along the lower sides of
a vehicle for decorative purposes only. Also called lake pipes or
Lakes pipes
Lakes pipes : Nonfunctional side pipes attached along the lower
sides of a vehicle for decorative purposes only. Also called lake
pipes or lakers
Lambda : 1. Eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet. Upper case=Λ
(looks like A without the cross bar), lower case=λ (looks like an up-
side-down y). 2. Bosch's term for oxygen
Lambda control : Bosch's term for a closed loop system that
adjusts the air-fuel ratio to lambda-1, based on sensing the amount
of excess oxygen in the exhaust
Lambda sensor: An oxygen sensor or O2 sensor. Lambda is the
Greek letter that represent ratio as in air-fuel ratio.
Lambda valve : In Bosch CIS, a device that regulates pressure in
the lower chamber of the differential-pressure valve, in response to a
signal from the lambda (oxygen) sensor. Also called Frequency valve
or a Timing valve
Lambda window : A narrow range (where lambda = 1), which yields
the lowest emission values for CO, NOx, and HC
Lambda-sond : A device that senses if the fuel mixture is rich or
lean and adjust the control units Lambda regulator accordingly so
that the catalytic converter can operate most effectively
Lamborghini : A model of automobile manufactured in Italy
LAMBSE : Acronym for Short Term Fuel Trim
Lamellar Tear: A system of cracks or discontinuities aligned
generally parallel to the worked surface of a plate. Usually
associated with a fusion weld in thick plate.
Lamellar Tear: A system of cracks or discontinuities aligned
generally parallel to the worked surface of a plate. Usually
associated with a fusion weld in thick plate.
Laminar flow: A condition of flow in a passage that is typified by
slow movement of fluid in a relatively straight path along the
centerline of a passage. See TURBULENT FLOW.
Laminar flow : A non-turbulent flow regime in which the stream
filaments glide along the pipe axially with essentially no transverse
mixing.
Laminar Flow : A condition of flow in a passage that is typified by
slow movement of fluid in a relatively straight path along the
centerline of a passage.
Laminar-flow airfoil: A low-drag airfoil designed to maintain laminar
(smooth, continuous) flow over a high percentage of the CHORD
about itself. Often relatively thin, especially along the leading edge,
with most of its bulk near the center of the chord.
Laminate: (1) A composite metal usually in the form of flat sheets
composed of two or more metal layers so bonded that the composite
metal foons a structural member. (2) To form a metallic product of
two or more bonded layers.
Laminate : 1. To build up or construct out of a number of thin sheets
which are bonded together. The MagnetoCoil has a laminated Core.
2. A sheet of material made of several different bonded layers.
Laminated : Something made up of many layers.
Laminated contact : The contacts of a switch with several layers so
that as you apply more and more pressure the resistance is reduced
and more voltage is permitted.
Laminated glass : A sandwich-type construction of two or more
panes of glass laminated together with an extremely tough, crystal-
clear plastic film; on severe impact, laminated glass will crack, but
not shatter like ordinary glass, nor craze over like toughened glass
Laminated iron core : The core of an ignition coil consisting of
pieces of soft iron laminations, insulated from one another
Laminated spring : A series of curved or flat spring steel used to
support suspension. Also called leaf spring
Laminated windshield : Older safety Windshields were made of
Tempered glass which is heat treated so that the surface is very
tough. When a vehicle with tempered glass is involved in an
accident, the windshield shatters into a spider web of little crystals.
Its adhesive property is greatly diminished so that an object (your
body) can easily be ejected through the windshield. Laminated
windshields, however, are made with two sheets of glass with a thin
layer of rubbery plastic in between. When your head hits the
windshield, the windshield bows out without being punctured. The
plastic sandwich prevents the glass from splintering. The plastic
sandwich can also contain a tint to reduce heat in the passenger
compartment and protect the eyes from glare (like sunglasses).
Compare Toughened windshield
Laminating : Covering sheets with a particular layer or covering
molded parts with a specific plastic film
Lamination: An abnormal structure resulting in a separation or
weakness aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of the
metal.
Lamination : 1. The act of laminating. The process of bonding two
or more layers or plies of material together with an adhesive.2. A thin
layer. 3. A structure made up of thin layers
Laminations: Imperfections resulting from the presence of foreign
inclusions, laps, or blisters typically aligned parallel to the worked
surface or rolling direction of the metal.
Lamp : 1. A device for giving off light without being consumed itself.
2. Artificial light. The term is often used when referring to a bulb or
tube.
Lamp aperture : An opening in a sheet metal panel for mounting the
headlight or taillight
Lamp blackening : The blackening of a light bulb; gradual
blackening of conventional, i.e., non-halogen light bulbs, occurs as a
result of metal vapor deposition on the glass envelope which
reduces light emission; severe blackening indicates imminent bulb
failure
Lamp cluster : A group of lights behind a cover; the rear lights of
most cars are grouped together in clusters.
Lamp panel : A panel that encloses part or all of the headlight or
taillight cutout and may extend across the width of the car to include
both cutouts; in the latter case, it forms an additional panel to be
joined to the smaller front or rear valances
Lamp socket : A device which holds a light bulb and provides
electricity to the bulb. The British term is Bulb holder
Lamp unit : A sealed light unit with reflector and lens all-in-one
Lance, Oxygen: A device, consisting of steel pipe, tubing, oxygen
source and controls which uses the heat of burning steel pipe for
melting. Frequently used to open frozen tape or slag holes.
Lance, Oxygen: A device, consisting of steel pipe, tubing, oxygen
source, and controls which uses the heat of burning steel pipe for
melting. Frequently used to open frozen tape or slag holes.
Lanchester : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with
required application are Classic cars.
Lancia : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with
required application are Classic cars. The 1959-64 Flaminia Zagato
models are Milestone cars. The 1961-63 Flaminia GT Two
Passenger Coupe or Convertible are Milestone cars. The 1962-66
Flavia Coupe are Milestone cars. The 1951-59 Aurelia B.20 and
B.2O Coupe are Milestone cars. The 1953-59 Aurelia B.24 Spyder
and Convertible are Milestone cars.
Land: (1) For profile-sharpened milling cutters, the relieved portion
immediately behind the cutting edge. (2) For reamers, drills and taps,
the solid section between the flutes. (3) On punches, the portion
adjacent to the nose that is parallel to the axis and of maximum
diameter.
Land: The surface on the periphery of a rotary cutting tool such as a
milling sutter,drill tap or reamer which joins the face of the flute or
tooth to make up the basic cutting edge.
Land : The smooth, open area of a grooved surface, such as the
bands of metal between the grooves in a piston which carry the
piston rings. The metal separating a series of Grooves.
Land breeze: A nocturnal coastal breeze that blows from land to
sea. In the evening the water may be warmer than the land, causing
pressure differences. The land breeze is the flow of air from land to
sea equalizing these pressure differences. See sea breeze.
Land cover: The characteristics of a land surface as determined by
its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land
cover reflects and absorbs light).
Land Rover : An SUV built in England including Defender 90 (1994-
97), Defender 110 (1993), Discovery (1994-2004), Discovery Series
II (1999-2002), Freelander (2002-05), LR3 (2005-07), Range Rover
(1970-2007), and Range Rover Sport (2006-07)
Land tractor : Commonly called "an agricultural tractor," or "farm
tractor" - these vehicles are designed to work on land in connection
with agricultural, forestry or land drainage-type operations and are
driven on a public road only when proceeding to or from the site of
such work
Landau : A closed-type body on the sides, it has provision for
opening or folding the fabric top over the rear quarter. This precludes
the use of rear quarter windows. Landau irons are fairly common but
not a mandatory feature.
Landau bars : S-shaped bars or irons on the C-post. On
Convertibles, they are functional; but decorative on other body
styles.
Landaulet : A classic car style characterized by the fact that only the
rear seats were protected by a hard or convertible top, whereas the
driver was exposed to the open air in order to be more aware of road
and weather conditions; an imitation landaulet style is still found on
some American sedans. Also called Landau
Landaulet sedan : This body style is similar to the landau Sedan in
appearance, but with a stationary rear quarter. Landau irons are
mounted on the rear quarter but are non-functional.
Lander spacecraft: A spacecraft designed to reach the surface of a
planet or moon and survive long enough to telemeter data back to
Earth.
Landfill gas : Gas that is generated by decomposition of organic
material at landfill disposal sites. The average composition of landfill
gas is approximately 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon
dioxide and water vapor by volume. The methane percentage,
however, can vary from 40 to 60 percent, depending on several
factors including waste composition: (e.g. carbohydrate and cellulose
content). The methane in landfill gas may be vented, flared,
combusted to generate electricity or useful thermal energy on-site, or
injected into a pipeline for combustion off-site.
Landing: The action of bringing your model safely back down to
earth
Landing gear: Also called the undercarriage. Refers to all wheels
and associated bits. Landing gear can be fixed or retractable up into
the underside of the wing or fuselage (called 'retracts', usually only
found on models with 5 channels or more).
Landing gear: Another word for undercarriage. The landing gear is
often retractable - it can be pulled into the fuselage of the aircraft to
reduce drag.
Landing Gear : The retracting legs which support the front of a
semitrailer when it is not coupled to a tractor.
Landing gear (lg) : The assemblies this includes the wheels and the
wheel struts.
Landing gear extended speed : the maximum speed an aircraft
can be safely flown while the landing gear is extended
Landing gear operation speed : the maximum speed at which
landing gear can be extended or retracted safely.
Landing skid : The rail type landing equipment used aircrafts which
have no wheels.
Landing weight: Normal maximum weight at which an aircraft is
permitted to land.
Landing wires: External bracing wires, usually of streamline
section, which support the wings when the aircraft is on the ground.
Landing wires: Inter-plane bracing wires that help support wing-
loads when the plane is on the ground. Direction of travel is
downward and outward from the fuselage. Opposite of FLYING
WIRES.
Landline : Slang for telephone as in "It is hard to find a landline
when you need one."
Landplane: A heavier-than-air craft which is equipped to operate
from land surfaces only.
Lands : The Piston metal between the Ring grooves.
Landsat: Land Remote-Sensing Satellite, operated by the U.S.
Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT). Commercialized
under the Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984,
Landsat is a series of satellites (formerly called ERTS) designed to
gather data on the Earth's resources in a regular and systematic
manner. Objectives of the mission are: land use inventory,
geological/mineralogical exploration, crop and forestry assessment,
and cartography.
Lane : 1. A narrow road, often in the country. 2. A track on a road,
defining lines of traffic.
Lane departure warning system: A system of electronic
components designed to warn a driver when a vehicle strays out of
its lane.
Lane mile : A measure of road length that reflects the number of
miles in each driving lane. For example: Three miles of a four-lane
highway equals twelve lane miles.
Lane splitting : Riding between lanes of traffic on a freeway (i.e.,
straddling the white line)
Lane watch: A system developed by Honda that shows real time
video of a vehicle's right side blind spot when the turn signal is
activated. Read more.
Langelier saturation index: An index (SI) based upon the pH of
saturation of calcium carbonate; used to determine the tendencies of
a water supply toward corrosion or scaling. A positive index indicates
scaling tendencies; a negative one means corrosion tendencies.
(Langlier Index = pHpHs, where pH = actual pH of water and pHs =
pH at which water having the same alkalinity and calcium content is
just saturated with calcium carbonate.
Langley : A unit or measure of solar radiation; 1 calorie per square
centimeter or 3.69 Btu per square foot.
Langley research center (larc): Oldest of NASA's field centers,
LaRC is located in Hampton, Virginia, and focuses primarily on
aeronautical research. Established in 1917 by the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics, the Center currently devotes two-thirds
of its programs to aeronautics, and the rest to space. LaRC
researchers use more than 40 wind tunnels to study improved
aircraft and spacecraft safety, performance, and efficiency. LaRC
Web Site
Langrangian point: In a system dominated by two attracting bodies
(such as Sun and Earth), a point at which a third, much smaller body
(such as a satellite) keeps the same position relative to the other
two. Theoretically, the Sun-Earth system has 5 Lagrangian points,
but only two are important L1, on the sunward side of Earth, about 4
times the distance of the Moon, and L2 at approximately the same
distance on the midnight side. The only two lagrangian stable points,
L4 and L5, lie in the orbit of the primary body, leading and trailing it
by a 60-degree arc. Jupiter's trojan asteroids can be found orbiting
around the Jupiter-Sun L4 and L5 points.
Lantern Ring: A metal spacer, placed at the midpoint of a series of
packing rings, with holes around its circumference to permit the
introduction of lubricant into a packed stuffing box.
Lanthanides: Commonly referred to as “rare earth” metals.
Examples of these are: neodymium, lanthanum and yttrium.
Lanthanides: Commonly referred to as 'Rare Earth' metals.
Examples Neodymium, Lanthanum and Ytrrium.
Lanyard: Small rope or cord.
Lanyard : A line (made of rope, nylon, etc.) which is attached at one
end to a frame or large item while the other end is attached to a
smaller piece that might get lost. The picture shows a lanyard
attached to a hitch pin.
Lap: A surface imperfection with the appearance of a seam caused
by hot metal, fins or sharp cornen being folded over and then being
rolled or forged into the surface but without being welded.
Lap: A surface defect, appearing as a seam, caused by fording over
hot metal,fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into
the surface, but not welding them.
Lap : 1. One complete trip around a race track or route laid out for
racing. 2. To fit two surfaces together by Coating them with Abrasive
and then rubbing them together (e.g., to lap valves into valve seats).
Lap belt : A 2-point belt pulled across the hips, or lap belt portion of
a combined lap/shoulder belt; mostly only on the rear center seat, on
some models on all rear seats.
Lap joint : 1. A piston ring gap in which the two ends of the ring are
shaped like the letter L. 2. A welding term describing a union in
which the edges of the two metals to be joined overlap one another
Lap Weld: Coil ends are “lapped” over one another and welded; it
doubles the thickness of the steel at the weld and is usually marked
by a hole punch.
Lap Weld: A term applied to a weld formed by lapping two pieces of
metal and then pressing or hammering, and applied particularly to
the longitudinal joint produced by a welding process for tubes or
pipe, in which the edges of the skelp are beveled or scarfed so that
when they are overlapped they can be welded together.
Laplace transform : A mathematical relationship to model. A
continuing function in the complex frequency domain (S-plane).
Laplace transforms are usually used by systems engineers to
explain avionics systems; Compare: difference equation, differential
equation, continuous-time equation, state-space model, Z transform;
See Also: first-order filter,discrete-time equation, integrator, second-
order filter, unit functions;
Lapping: A finishing operation using fine abrasive grits loaded into a
lapping material such as cast iron. Lapping provides major
refinements in the workpiece including extreme accuracy of
dimension, correction of minor imperfections of shape, refinement of
surface finish and close fit between mating surfaces.
Lapping : Smoothing a metal surface to high degree of refinement
or accuracy using a fine abrasive.
Lapse rate: The rapidity with which temperature decreases with
altitude. The normal lapse rate is defined to be 3.6 degrees F per
1000 feet change in altitude. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is about
5.5 degrees F per 1000 feet, and the wet adiabatic lapse rate varies
between 2 and 5 degrees F per 1000 feet.
Lard Oil: Animal oil prepared from the fat of swine, principally
composed of olein, the glycerol ester of oleic acid (glyceryl
trioleate).
Lard Oil: A cutting oil made from animal fats usually mixed with
mineral oils to reduce its cost and improve its quality.
Large aircraft : Aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds. Maximum
certificated takeoff weight
Large Format Scanning: Large format scanning is a document
scanning service predominately used in engineering, architecture
and construction for the transfer of blueprints to computer aided
design (CAD) software. Large format scanning is supported by both
the hardware (scanner) and software solutions customized to
accurately interpret the information relevant to the industry of
interest. In CAD conversion, the scanning software will interpret
drawings, dimensions, and annotation, converting all of the entities
to their CAD equivalents. Large format scanning is also used in
some other industries, including mapping and art.
Large pickup truck : A pickup truck weighing between 4,500-8,500
lbs gross vehicle weight: (GVW).
Large SUV : Long wheelbase sport utility vehicle based on a pickup
truck chassis. Some examples are the Chevrolet Suburban,
Chevrolet Tahoe, Ford Expedition, GMC Yukon, Nissan Armada, and
Toyota Sequoia.
Larry Car: A car moving on rails and equipped on its underside with
a hopper, used to charge coke ovens and melting furnace ladles
from above. Also called "Larry."
LaSalle : A vehicle brand of which the 1927-1933 models are
Classic cars.
Laser: A device that produces a concentrated coherent light beam
by stimulating electronic or molecular transitions to lower energy
levels. Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation.
Laser: Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
A device for producing a coherent monochromatic high-intensity
beam of light.
Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation): Active instrument that produces discretely coherent
pulses of light (light waves with no phase differences, or with
predictable phases differences, are said to be coherent).
Laser Beam Machining: Use of a highly focused monofrequency
collimated beam of light to melt or sublime material at the point of
impingement on a workpiece.
Laser Beam Welding (LBW): A welding process that produces
coalescence of materials with the heat obtained from the application
of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the joint.
Laser Cutting: Laser Cutting uses a high energy laser to remove
material by melting, vaporizing, or burning. Laser cutting processes
are common for engraving applications and also thin workpieces
such as sheet metal.
Laser Cutting and Welding: Laser cutting is a process in which a
laser beam is used to cut, e.g., blanks from a sheet of metal.
Because of the intense and highly localized nature of a laser beam,
a high degree of precision can be achieved. Provided the material
being cut is of adequate quality, the risk of distortion is greatly
reduced. The cut is much cleaner than one produced by any other
means. Laser welding is the reverse of cutting; in this case the
intense heat of a laser beam is being used to execute a precision
weld of high quality.
Laser Engraving: Laser engraving is a process used to etch
patterns and alphanumeric characters onto a surface. Laser
engraving uses the heat generated by the laser to alter the surface,
either by melting the material or causing it to fracture or flake. Laser
engraving systems typically include the laser, a table to mount the
workpiece onto, and a control mechanism used to move the laser
and/or workpiece, and a controller used to automate the engraving
process.
Laser Etched Awards: Laser etched awards are trophies, plaques
or other awards made from glass or crystal. Words or images are
etched on the surface using a laser engraving process.
Laser Etching: See Laser Engraving
Laser Hardening: A surface-hardening process that uses a laser to
quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part
will quickly cool the surface leaving a shallow martensitic layer.
Laser irs : An inertial reference system getting angular rate
information by measuring doppler shift between two counter-rotating
light beams.
Laser Marking: Laser marking is a process used to engrave or mark
patterns and alphanumeric characters onto a surface. Laser marking
uses the heat of the laser to alter the surface, a coating, or a bonding
agent in order to place the marking on the surface or remove
material in order to engrave the mark.
Laser Marking Machine: See Laser Marking Systems
Laser Marking Systems: Laser marking is a process used to
engrave or mark patterns and alphanumeric characters onto a
surface. Laser marking uses the heat of the laser to alter the surface,
a coating, or a bonding agent in order to place the marking on the
surface or remove material in order to engrave the mark. Laser
marking systems typically include the laser, a table to mount the
workpiece onto, and a control mechanism used to move the laser
and/or workpiece, and a controller used to automate the marking
process.
Laser obstacle avoidance/terrainavoidance sensor (oa/ta) : A
sensor that warns for long, thin objects (IE: like wires); it has at least
a 20deg x 30deg FOV. Itis both velocity tracked and pitch stabilized;
it provides warnings (every 2.5 seconds) for long, thin obstacles (like
wires) at 400 meters detection range and contour flight at 80-120
knots.
Laser ranging: The use of lasers to measure distances.
Laser Surface Processing: The use of lasers with continuous
outputs of 0.5 to 10 kW to modify the metallurgical structure of a
surface and to tailor the surface properties without adversely
affecting the bulk properties. The surface modification can take the
following three forms. The first is transformation hardening in which a
surface is heated so that thermal diffusion and solid-state
transformations can take place. The second is surface melting,
which results in a refinement of the structure due to the rapid
quenching from the melt. The third is surface (laser) alloying in which
alloying elements are added to the melt pool to change the
composition of the surface. The novel structures produced by laser
surface melting and alloying can exhibit improved electrochemical
and tribological behavior.
Lash : 1. The amount of free motion between two components (e.g.,
two gears). The British term is free play. 2. Acronym for Lighter
aboard Ship a ship designed to carry floating containers or Lighters.
Last station memory : An audio and video term describing the
circuit which ensures that when the unit is turned on, the tuner
automatically tunes to the station that was received before the unit
was turned off .
Lat : Latitude
Latch : A fastening device for a door or panel. It consists of a small
metal bar, either mounted on the movable part (always on doors and
on some tailgates), or on the car body (always on hoods and trunks),
which engages with a striker on the opposite part.
Latching Type valve : A manual gas valve which requires at least
two separate actions or movements to turn on the valve, as for
example, pushing in on the valve handle to unlatch the valve before
the valve handle can be rotated to turn on the fuel.
Late braking : Braking later into the turn, thus moving the entry
point and axis of the vehicle
Latent Heat: Thermal energy absorbed or released when a
substance undergoes a phase change.
Latent heat: The heat that is either released or absorbed by a unit
mass of a substance when it undergoes a change of state, such as
during evaporation, condensation, or sublimation.
Latent heat: Energy transferred from the earth's surface to the
atmosphere through the evaporation and condensation processes.
Latent heat : The heat absorbed or radiated during a change of
state (i.e., melting, vaporization, fusion) at constant temperature and
pressure. Called latent cause it is hidden -- cannot be felt or
measured with a thermometer
Latent heat : Change of enthalpy during a change of state, usually
expressed in Btu per lb. With pure substances, latent heat is
absorbed or rejected at constant pressure.
Latent heat : Heat energy absorbed in process of changing form of
substance (melting, vaporization, fusion) without change in
temperature or pressure.
Latent heat of condensation : The amount of heat given off when a
substance changes from a vapor to the liquid without changing
temperature
Latent heat of condensation : Amount of heat released (lost) by a
pound of a substance to change its state from a vapor (gas) to a
liquid.
Latent heat of evaporation : The amount of heat required to
change a liquid into a vapor without raising the temperature of the
vapor above that of the original liquid
Latent heat of fusion: The heat required to change 1.0 kg of a
substance from the solid to the liquid state.
Latent heat of vaporization : Amount of heat required, per pound of
substance, to change its state from a liquid to a vapor (gas).
Latent heat of vaporization : The energy required to produce
saturated vapor from saturated liquid at constant pressure per unit
mass of fluid.
Lateral : Relating to the side.
Lateral acceleration : The acceleration created when a vehicle
corners that tends to push a vehicle sideways. Because of
Centrifugal force, the vehicle is pushed outward. For this reason, you
need to accelerate a little as you reach the Apex of the curve to pull
you through the curve. An inexperienced Driver may panic in a curve
as the lateral acceleration pushes his vehicle into the left lane. He
might hit the brakes to slow the motion only to find that the problem
actually increases. The proper way to take a sharp corner is to slow
down before the curve, then accelerate at the Apex of it to bring the
vehicle around. To increase your frustration, try following an
inexperience Driver as he drives on mountain roads. He maintains
his Speed to the corner and brakes at the Apex.
Lateral acceleration sensor : A device that signals the ECU when
the vehicle is being subjected to high g-force from a turn; the signal
voltage varies according to the amount of g-force
Lateral acceleration switch : Similar to a lateral acceleration
sensor, but the switch provides a simple on-off signal, rather than the
variable voltage signal provided by the sensor
Lateral air passage : A passage at the nozzle of a spray gun for
shaping the spray pattern to a long or elongated oval
Lateral arm : A suspension member connecting the upright to the
chassis.
Lateral atomization orifice : An additional passages at the nozzle
of a spray gun for supplying additional air to break up the paint into
smaller droplets
Lateral axis: The axis extending through the center of gravity of
anaircraft, and parallel to a line connecting the tips of thewings. The
lateral axis is sometimes called the "y" axis.Pitch is a motion around
the lateral axis.
Lateral axis : The axis about which an aircraft pitches, extending out
along each wing.
Lateral Bow: See ?Bow, Lateral?
Lateral clearance : The smallest distance laterally between the tire
and the nearest fixed point of the vehicle.
Lateral control : The ability to make an airplane roll, or turn around
its long axis, according to its pilot`s wishes
Lateral cue : A cue to control heading; lateral cyclic cue See Also:
wheel cue,
Lateral cyclic cue : A lateral flight director cue for rotary-wing
aircraft, primarily to control heading, by changing roll; Compare:
wheel cue; Symbols: Gamma sub "LAT"; Typical Units: percent, in;
Lateral cyclic : A flight control operated by moving left or right with
hand in rotary-wing aircraft, primarily to control roll (heading);
controls differential pitch of the rotors as they rotate from one side to
the other on a rotary-wing aircraft;
Lateral Expansion: A measured property used in Charpy Impact
Testing. Refers to the increased width of the specimen after fracture.
Lateral Expansion: A measured property used in Charpy Impact
Testing. Refers to the increase width of the specimen after fracture.
Lateral Extrusion: An operation in which the product is extruded
sideways through an orifice in the container wall.
Lateral Forces: Horizontal forces perpendicular to the axis of the
member being considered.
Lateral grip : The ability of a tire to maintain its course, or remain
under normal steering control, while being subjected to directionally
disturbing influences
Lateral guidance : Calculations for the lateral axis of the
appropriate guidance modes. The control law lateral axis input data
are: Cross Track Deviation, Cross Track Deviation Rate, Cross Track
Deviation Rate Gain, Track Angle Error, Track Angle Error Gain,
Course Cut Limit, Path Integral Limit, Path Integral Gain. The major
output from Longitudinal Guidance is the speed error for the selected
longitudinal guidance mode.
Lateral Hook Travel: The lateral movement of the load hook
between its position at the upper limit of travel and its position at the
lower limit of travel.
Lateral impact : A side crash
Lateral link : A Suspension link that is aligned to resist sideways
motions in a wheel.
Lateral runout: Side-to-side wobbling of a wheel as it rotates; a
shimmy.
Lateral run-out : Amount of side (i.e., side-to-side) movement of a
rotating wheel, tire, or the rotor from the vertical.23. A measurement
of the lateral change in position of the disk-brake-rotor surface during
one revolution. 3. A tire assembly that does not run true to its plane;
i.e., a damaged wheel moving in a wobbling, side to side manner.
Lateral stability : Limiting side movement. (1) Tread grooves
running circumferentially around the tire resist side forces for
maximum traction on sums. (2) Stabilizing tread plies limit side to
side movement of the tread ribs caused by the expansion and
contraction of tread areas as sidewalls flex. Also called Lateral grip
Lateral stability : Stability about an airplane`s longitudinal (nose to
tail) axis.
Lateral stiffness : The resistance of a vehicle body structure to
lateral impact
Lateral tire clearance : The distance between the tire sidewall and
the nearest point on the vehicle, reduced by any increase in rim
offset and 1/2 any increase in tire section from the existing tire.
Lateral weight transfer: When a vehicle travels through a curve,
weight is transferred from the wheels on the inside of the curve to
the wheels on the outside of the curve. This is a result of the
centrifugal force, or lateral force acting on the vehicle.
Lateral : Related to latitude; across an aircraft left to right
Latex : An artificial rubber compound used in tires, tubes, etc.
Latex tube : A bicycle inner tube for tires because of its lighter
weight. Can be hard to repair, must be reinflated for each ride.
Lath Martensite: Martensite formed partly in steels containing less
than approximately 1.0% C and solely in steels containing less than
approximately 0.5% C as parallel arrays of packets of lath-shape
units 0.1 to 0.3 um thick.
Lath Martensite: Martensite formed, partly in steel containing less
than about 1.0% C and solely in steels containing less than about
0.5% C, as parallel arrays or packets of lath shape units about 0.1 to
0.3 m thick, and having a habit plane that is close to {111}.
Lathe : A device for shaving the metal from the outside or inside of a
Cylinder.
Lathe-cut : A process of cutting rubber seals to a precise shape on
a rotating drum.
Latitude: A geographic coordinate expressing a point's location as
degrees, minutes and seconds north or south of the equator
(0°). Used with longitude to define a specific location on the earth's
surface. Coordinates for a heliport normally define the center of the
TLOF or, in the case of multiple TLOF's the centroid.
Latitude: Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining
north-south measurements, also called parallels.
Latitude (aka the geodetic latitude): The angle between a
perpendicular at a location, and the equatorial plane of the Earth.
Latitude : Position on earth, north or south of the equator; See Also:
astronomical latitude, geocentric latitude, geodetic latitude; Symbols:
Phi; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Lattice: Space lattice. Lattice lines and lattice planes are lines and
planes chosen so as to pass through collinear lattice points, and non
collinear lattice points, respectively.
Lattice Parameter: The length of any side of a unit cell of a given
crystal structure. The term is also used for the fractional coordinates
x, y and z of lattice points when these are variable.
Lauders lines: Elongated surface markings or depressions caused
by localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in
homogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lauders bands, Hartmann
lines, Piobert lines, or stretcher strains.
Lauders Lines: Elongated surface markings or depressions caused
by localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in
homogeneous) yielding. Also known as lauders bands, hartmann
lines, piobert lines or stretchers.
Launch complex: The complex of site, facilities and equipment
used to launch a missile or space rocket.
Launch pad: The load-bearing base from which a rocket or
spacecraft positioned on its launcher is fired.
Launch window: An interval of time during which a space vehicle
can be launched to accomplish a given mission, e.g. a flight to Venus
or Mars.
Launder: (1) A channel for transporting molten metal. (2) A box
conduit conveying particles suspended in water.
Lava dome: lava that piles up over a volcanic vent, usually in a
rounded mass
Law of partial pressure, dalton’s : Each constituent of a mixture of
gases behaves thermodynamically as if it alone occupied the space.
The sum of the individual pressures of the constituents equals the
total pressure of the mixture.
Lay: Direction of predominant surface pattern remaining after
cutting, grinding, lapping or other processing.
Lay shaft: Lay shaft is the secondary shaft located in the gear box
right under the main shaft which is used for supporting the gears for
meshing.
Lay shaft gear: Lay shaft is the secondary shaft located in the gear
box right under the main shaft which is used for supporting the gears
for meshing.
Lay-by : A British term for a rest stop, i.e., a place at the side of a
road where drivers can stop (to rest)
Layer : A certain weld metal thickness made of one or more passes.
Layer of pure zinc : The top layer on hot-dip galvanized steel
which, in contrast to zinc-iron alloy layers, almost completely
consists of zinc
Layer thickness : A coating thickness (indicated in micrometers or
millimeters)
Layering : This occurs in tanks when a high density fuel is mixed
with a low density fuel.
Laying the bike down : A crash where you slide down on one side
of the bike .
Laying up : The process of adding several layers of fibreglass mat
and resin to form a GRP shell
Layout Sample: A prototype forging or a ?cast? used to determine
conformance for designed demensions
Layover: A long, usually over-night, stop between flights usually
involving a change of flight number and/or aircraft.
Layrub coupling : A universal joint using four molded rubber inserts
mounted on a round steel plate
Layshaft : A British term for a Countershaft - the intermediate shaft
between and parallel to the input and output shafts, carrying the two
pairs of gearwheels which provide the required changes in gear ratio
Lay-up resin : The resin substance used to laminate GRP parts.
The resin available on the do-it-yourself market for fibreglass mat
repairs also belongs to this category
Lazy tongs : 1. Any device with extensible arms (often in the form
of a series of crossed, hinged bars) for handling objects at a
distance. 2. A specific type of pop rivet gun with such arms
LBA: Luftfahrtbundesamt; the Federal German Civil Aviation
Authority.
LBA : Luftfahrt-Bundes-Amt (German CAA)
L-band: A range of microwave radio frequencies in the
neighborhood of 1 to 2 GHz.
L-BAND : A radio frequency between 890 and 1550 MHz.
LBST : Pounds of static thrust
Lc: Launch Center.
LCD : Liquid-crystal display.
L-D Process: Also referred as BOS (Basic Oxygen Steelmaking) or
BOP (Basic Oxygen Process) is an oxygen steelmaking process
named after the towns in Austria, Linz and Donawitz, where it was
first developed. It is a modified Bessemer process, steel is produced
in a solid bottom converter by injection of oxygen into the molten iron
bath from a water-cooled lance inserted through the converter
mouth. Variations from this process are also the KOBM (Kloeckner
Oxygen Blown Maxhuette) and Q-BOP (Oxygen and Lime Bottom
Blowing) processes.
LDA : Landing Distance Available
LDG : Landing
Le chatelier's principle: When an external force is applied to an
equilibrium system, the system adjusts to minimize the effect of the
force.
Leaching: A process in which metal is extracted from mined ore by
means of adding a soluble substance. Commonly used in gold
mining.
Leaching: A process in which metal is extracted from mined ore by
means of adding a soluble substance. Commonly used in gold
mining.
Lead: Chemical symbol Pb. Very soft, bluish-white metal; highly
malleable and ductile; poor conductor of electricity, but good noise-
dampening material; resistant to corrosion and radiation. Obtained
from galena ore. Major end-use is storage batteries, which accounts
for 60% of world lead consumption. Also used in ammunition, but
has declining use in paints, plumbing equipment and cable coverings
because of its toxicity. Metal also used to dampen noise in
containers for corrosive liquids and as radiation shields for x-ray and
nuclear reactors.
Lead Angle (Gears): The angle between any helix and a plane of
rotation, the complement of the helix angle; used for convenience in
worms and hobs, and understood to be at the pitch diameter unless
otherwise specified. Formerly, in screw thread practice, “helix angle”
was used instead of “lead angle.”
Lead peroxide: The positive plate of an automotive style battery the
chemical symbols is Pbo2.
Lead Screw: The long precision screw located in front of the lathe
bed geared to the spindle and used for cutting threads. Also, the
table screw on the universal milling machine when geared to the
indexing head for helical milling.
Lead sulfate: Both battery plates become lead sulfate when the
battery discharge the chemical symbol for lead sulfate is PbSO4.
Lead Time: Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from
a source location to a destination via a specific route. Detail is
specific to the level of the location. Also the time to produce a
customer's order from order placement to shipment.
Leaded Steels: When added to steel, lead does not into the
solution, but exists in a very finely divided state along the grain
boundries. It greatly assists machinability as it acts as a lubricant
between the steel and the tool face. Lead is normally added in
amounts between 0.15-0.35% and when combined with similar
amounts of sulfur, optimum machinability is attained.
Leaded Steels: When added to steel, lead does not go into solution
but exists in a very finely divided state along the grain boundries. It
greatly assists machinability as it acts as a lubricant between the
steel and the tool face. Lead is normally added in amounts between
0.15 0.35% and when combined with similar amounts of sulphur,
optimum machinability is attained as in such steel as B 970 230M07
Pb.
Leading and trailing edges : The foremost and rearmost edges of
a wing.
Leading edge: The forward or entry point to the airstream of a flying
surface.
Leading edge: The front edge of the wing, tail-plane or rudder.
Leading edge: The front edge of an airfoil. The leading edge is
normally rounded and thicker than the trailing edge.
Leading edge : Refers to the point where the steam enters the
blade of an impulse turbine.
Leading edge (le) : The very front edge of the wing or stabilizer.
This is the edge that hits the air first.
Leading side: For a satellite that keeps the same face toward the
planet, the hemisphere that faces forward, into the direction of
motion.
Leading-edge: The edge of an airfoil which first meets the airstream
in normal flight.
Lead-Time: Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from
a source location to a destination via a specific route. Detail is
specific to the level of the location. Also the time to produce a
customer’s order from order placement to shipment.
Leaf area index (lai): The area of foliage per unit area of ground.
Conventionally this refers to the ratio of the area of the upper side of
the leaves in a canopy projected onto a flat surface to the area of the
surface under the canopy. Occasionally this has been used in
reference to both sides of the leaves.
Leaf ends: Leaf ends means to the joining parts of any leaf spring
with side to side and up to down. Both height and length of the
bundle.
Leaf sections: Leaf section is the section of leaf spring suspension
in this the number of leafs in the vehicle.
Leaf spring: Suspension springs made of steel leaves bound
together. A varying number of steel leaves are used depending on its
intended use. Some leaf springs are solid units made of fiberglass.
Leak detector : Device or instrument such as a halide torch, an
electronic sniffer; or soap solution used to detect leaks.
Leak Testing: A nondestructive test for determining the escape or
entry of liquids or gases from pressurized or into evacuated
components or systems intended to hold these liquids. Leak testing
systems, which employ a variety of gas detectors, are used for
locating (detecting and pinpointing) leaks, determining the rate of
leakage from one leak or from a system or monitoring for leakage.
Leak Through: Unwanted steam or water flow through a closed
valve.
Leakage: In water treatment, it refers to the passing of impure steam
or boiler water through the drum internals.
Leakage: In water treatment, the phenomenon in which some of the
influent ions are not adsorbed and appear in the effluent when a
solution is passed through an under regenerated exchange resin
bed.
Leakoff: Excess steam and condensate water that leaks out through
the packing gland.
Lean or too lean: This means that fuel to air ratio is too low, and
the engine will run hot. This can rapidly damage the engine. Richen
the engine by turning the needle valve counterclockwise which adds
more fuel to the same quantity of air.
Lean run : This happens when an engine develops a lean condition.
Possible causes are improper tuning, improper fuel choice, fuel
foaming due to excessive vibration, or a leak developing in the fuel
delivery system. The air in the fuel line will cause the engine to run
lean.
Lean : Refers to carburetor setting. When an engine is run too lean it
will overheat, causing damage, and likely an in flight engine failure.
Tuning a carburetor is best accomplished by starting rich, and
working gradually to the condition which produces maximum power,
while allowing a small amount of unburned fuel mixture to lubricate
and cool the engine.
Leap year: Every fourth year, in which a 366th day is added since
the Earth's revolution takes 365 days 5 hr 49 min.
Lease: An agreement under which a property owner allows an
operating carrier to use a means of transport during a specified
period. There are two main types of lease: dry lease and wet lease.
Lease incentive: An incentive offered by the manufacturer to reduce
the cost of a vehicle lease, either by reducing the interest rate or
increasing the residual value of the vehicle.
Lease term: The number of months that constitute the term of a
vehicle lease.
LED : Light-emitting diode.
Ledeburite: The eutectic of the iron-carbon system, the constituents
being austenite and cementite. The austenite decomposes into
ferrite and cementite on cooling below the Ar1.
LEFM (Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics): A method of fracture
analysis that can determine the stress required to induce fracture
instability in a structure with a crack like flaw of know size and
shape.
Left hand drive: Left hand drive is the driven mode of a vehicle, In
this steering is in left side of the vehicle, means drier will sit in left
side.
Lefthand End: A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s
left of the centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder
side of the crane.
Leg room: Leg room is the space in which passenger can stretch
their legs comfortably or the space for keeping the one's leg in the
comfortable position in vehicle.
Leg room: The distance from the floor of a vehicle (a persons ankle
point) to the centerline of the seat (a persons hip joint).
LEG : A segment of a flight plan; flight path between two waypoints
Legacy Costs: Any costs that are associated with prior operations.
Employee liabilities (pensions and health care benefits) and
environmental cleanup costs usually are included under this
moniker.
Legacy Costs: Any costs that are associated with prior operations.
Employee liabilities (pensions and health care benefits) and
environmental cleanup costs usually are included under this moniker.
Legend: A listing that contains symbols and other information about
a map.
Leidenfrost Phenomenon: Slow cooling rates associated with a hot
vapor blanket that surrounds a part being quenched in a liquid
medium such as water. The gaseous vapor envelope acts as an
insulator, thus slowing the cooling rate.
Lemon: A vehicle that is found to have numerous or severe defects
not readily apparent before its purchase. Used both informally to
mean a vehicle that proves to be defective, imperfect or
unsatisfactory, and with more precise meaning in various states
"lemon laws" that provide vehicle purchasers certain rights.
Length: The distance from the most forward-facing point of a vehicle
to the most rearward point.
LEO: Low Earth Orbit.
LEO : Low Earth Orbit
Lessee: The person or entity that leases a vehicle.
Lessor: The entity that owns the vehicle being leased. Although
most leases are arranged by a dealership, in almost all cases the
lessor is either a financial institution or a division of the vehicle
manufacturer.
LEV: Low emission vehicle. A vehicle that meets the average
emissions standard within the LEV program.
LEV Program: See "Low Emissions Vehicle (LEV) Program."
Level Indicator: A device (electronic or mechanical) that shows the
volume of oil in a tank.
Level Switch: An electro mechanical device which senses the level
of fluid in a chamber and opens or closes a digital switch to indicate
a change of state.
Level switch: An electro-mechanical device which senses the level
of fluid in a chamber and opens or closes a digital switch to indicate
a change of state. See LEVEL TRANSMITTER.
Level Transmitter: An electromechanical device, which senses the
level of fluid in a chamber and produces an analog signal that,
corresponds with the change of state in the chamber.
Level transmitter: An electro-mechanical device which senses the
level of fluid in a chamber and produces an analog signal that
corresponds with the change of state in the chamber. See LEVEL
SWITCH.
Leveler Chatter: See ?Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveler)?
Leveler Mark: See ?Dent, Repeating?
Leveler Streak: See ?Streak, Leveler?
Leveling: The process by which a leveling machine flattens metal
strip, coil, or sheets by bending it up and down over the interrupting
arcs of upper and lowers sets of long, slender work rolls.
Leveling Line: A machine that smoothes any physical deficiencies
in the sheet before it is shipped to the customer.
Leveling Line: A process to flatten any shape deficiencies (wavy
edges and buckles) in the sheet, prior to final shipment. Most cold
rolled sheet initially has a crowned cross section that, if such a
shape is undesirable to the customer, must be flattened in the
leveling line.
Leveling Rolls: A set of adjustable rolls that flatten or level the front
end strip of steel.
Leveling Rolls: A set of five adjustable rolls that flatten or level the
front end strip of steel when running through the #1 and #2 feeders.
Leveling, Stretcher: Leveling carried out by uniaxial tension
Leverage: A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the
distance moved. Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.
Leverage: A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the
distance moved. Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.
Levigalion: (1) Separation of fine powder from coarser material by
forming a suspension of the fine material in a liquid. (2) A means of
classifying a material as to particle size by the rate of settling from a
suspension.
Levitation Melting: An induction melting process in which the metal
being melted is suspended by the electromagnetic field and is not in
contact with a container.
LF ADF : Low Frequency Automatic Direction Finding
LFR : low-frequency radio range.
LGA: Low-Gain Antenna.
LH : Left-hand
LH2: 2 Liquid Hydrogen.
Li: Chemical symbol for Lithium.
Lichtenstein sn-2 : (FuG 220) AI search radar effective at 2 miles
Lichtenstein : (FuG 212) German air interception radar
Lidar: Acronym for 'Light Detection and Ranging,' a technique for
performing accurate remote measurements of atmospheric trace gas
concentration over ranges of several meters to tens of kilometers.
This is done by probing the absorption lines of the gases with narrow
spectral laser radiation using the differential absorption lidar
technique.
Life Cycle Costing: An accounting method of costing where
expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs
are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a
higher initial outlay, because stainless products generally last longer
and require little maintenance.
Life Cycle Costing: An accounting method of costing where
expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs
are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a
higher initial outlay, because stainless products generally last longer
and require little maintenance.
Life Maximised Adherence Compounding: A street-optimised
compound for predictable handling, sustained levels of grip and
excellent traction throughout the tyre’s life.
Life zone: A climatically-defined class that can be associated with
regions of soil and biota with a high uniformity in species
composition and environmental adaptation. See Holdridge life zone.
Lift: The maximum vertical distance through which the load hook
can travel, and the total allowable hook movement between its upper
limit of travel and its position when at the lower limit of travel.
Lift: The measure of the capability of a pump to raise fluid from a
lower to higher level at its inlet port without damage to the pump.
Lift: The force generated by an airfoil section, acting at right angles
to the airstream flowing past it
Lift: The force exerted on the top of a moving airfoil as a low-
pressure area [vacuum] that causes a wing-form to rise. Air pressure
over the wing is less than the pressure below the wing and so the
wing, along with the rest of the model, is pushed upwards.
Lift: A force that is perpendicular to the airflow around anaircraft. In
normal, forward flight, the lift force "lifts" theaircraft into the
air. Engineers design airplanes so that the lift created by
the wings opposes the weight force.
Lift: The measure of the capability of a pump to raise fluid from a
lower to higher level at its inlet port without damage to the pump.
Normally expressed in feet of water.
Lift (Hook Travel): The maximum vertical distance through which
the hook(s) can move, as determined by the length of rope and/or
the number of grooves on the drum.
Lift Cycle: Single lifting and lowering motion (with or without load).
Lift Limiting Device: An electrical, mechanical, or
electromechanical device for limiting the upward or downward travel
of the load hook at the extremities of lift. This device may limit lift at
any point within the extremities of lift, if designed to be adjustable.
Lift Section: A mechanism which will lift a section of track out of
alignment with a stationary track.
Lift wires: Inter-plane bracing wires that help support wing-loads
when the plane is in flight. Direction of travel is upward from the
bottom of the fuselage to the top of the inter-plane struts. Also known
as FLYING WIRES, the opposite of LANDING WIRES.
Lift : Force created by an airfoil moving through atmosphere,
perpendicular to the direction of motion.
Lift-drag ratio: The lift coefficient of a wing divided by the drag
coefficient, as the primary measure of the efficiency of an aircraft;
aka L/D Ratio.
Liftgate window: The window integrated into the hinged lid of a
hatchback, wagon, SUV or crossover that swings upward to provide
access to the cargo area.
Lifting Beam (Spreader Beam): A load supporting lifter.
Lifting Devices: Devices which are not normally reeved onto the
hoist rope or chain, such as hook-on buckets, magnets. grabs. and
other supplemental devices used for ease of handling certain types
of loads. The weight of these devices is to be considered part of the
load to be lifted.
Lifting Magnets: A magnet is an object that attracts ferromagnetic
materials such as iron. The magnet creates a magnetic field that
generates the attractive force. Lifting magnets are high strength
magnets that generate a very strong magnetic field and attractive
force. The attractive force can then be used to lift and move large
metal objects. Lifting magnets are typically found in industrial
environments and are used to move large pieces of material from
one place to another.
Liftoff: The start of a rocket's flight from its launch pad. Colloquially,
"blast-off".
Lifttodrag: The lift divided by drag is called the L/D ratio L over D).
The higher the L/D, the lower the glide angle, and the greater the
distance that an aircraft can travel across the ground for a given
change in altitude and so measures an aircraft's efficiency.
Light: Electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the eye, in the
neighborhood of 1 nanometer wavelength.
Light: 1. Form of radiant energy that acts upon the retina of the eye,
optic nerve, etc., making sight possible. This energy is transmitted at
a velocity of about 186,000 miles per second by wavelike or
vibrational motion.
Light bar: Additional lighting mounted on a metal or plastic frame
that is attached to a vehicles roof, and that is typically available on
trucks and SUVs.
Light commercial vehicle: Automotive industry term for smaller
vans, pick-ups, passenger vans or estate cars/4x4s.
Light crude oil : A crude oil of relatively high API gravity (usually
40°C degrees or higher).
Light Drawn: An imprecise term applied to drawn products such as
wire and tubing that indicates a lesser amount of cold reduction than
for hard drawn product.
Light emitting diode : A low current and voltage light used as an
indicator on load management equipment. AbbreviatedLED.
Light Gauge (Defect): Product with a thickness below the
customer’s minimum gauge tolerance.
Light Gauge Steel: Very thin steel sheet that has been temper
rolled or passed through a cold reduction mill. Light gauge steel
normally is plated with tin or chrome for use in food containers.
Light Metal: One of the low-density metals such as aluminum,
magnesium, titanium, beryllium or their alloys.
Light Metal: One of the low density metals such as aluminum,
magnesium, titanium, beryllium, or their alloys.
Light Rail: A means of transit that is an electric railway with a light
capacity compared to heavy rail
Light Rails: Rails weighing 60 lbs. or less per lineal yard.
Light Sections: Small-sized structural steel sections (usually <80-
100mm).
Light Special Treatment: A surface treatment of dried in place
chromate for Weirton Steel's electrogalvanized product (Weirzin)
which provides corrosion resistance. A lighter film weight is applied
as compared to special treatment. (See Special Treatment).
Light speed: 299,792,458 meters per second ± 1.2 m/sec
(186,282.39 miles/sec). U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 1971.
Light time: The amount of time it takes light or radio signals to
travel a certain distance at light speed.
Light Weighting: Steel processes that minimize steel weight without
sacrificing the steel’s mechanical properties.
Light year: The distance light travels in one year, approximately
9.46 trillion km (5.88 trillion miles).
Lighter-than-air aircraft : aircraft that can rise and remain
suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that is
displaced by the gas
Light-Gauge Stainless Steel: A very thin sheet of stainless steel
that has either been temper rolled or passed through a cold
reduction mill.
Lightly Coated Electrode: A filler-metal electrode used in arc
welding, consisting of a metal wire with a light coating usually of
metal oxides and silicates applied subsequent to the drawing
operation primarily for stabilizing the arc. Contrast with covered
electrode.
Lightning: A discharge of atmospheric electricity accompanied by a
vivid flash of light. During thunderstorms, static electricity builds up
within the clouds. A positive charge builds in the upper part of the
cloud, while a large negative charge builds in the lower portion.
When the difference between the positive and negative charges
becomes great, the electrical charge jumps from one area to
another, creating a lightning bolt. Most lightning bolts strike from one
cloud to another, but they also can strike the ground. These bolts
occur when positive charges build up on the ground. A negative
charge called the 'faintly luminous streamer' or 'leader' flows from the
cloud toward the ground. Then a positively charged leader, called the
return stroke, leaves the ground and runs into the cloud. What is
seen as a lightning bolt is actually a series of downward-striking
leaders and upward-striking return strokes, all taking place in less
than a second.
Lightning imaging sensor (lis): A small, highly sophisticated
instrument that detects and locates lightning over the tropical region
of the globe. Looking down from a vantage point aboard the Tropical
Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observatory, 218 miles (350
kilometers) above the Earth, the sensor is providing information that
could lead to future advanced lightning sensors capable of
significantly improving weather "nowcasting." The Lightning Imaging
Sensor is three times more sensitive than a predecessor instrument
known as the Optical Transient Detector. The LIS will study both day
and night cloud-to-ground, cloud-to-cloud and intra-cloud lightning
and its distribution around the globe. See LIS web site
Li-ion: Li-ion (Lithium-ion) battery is a type of rechargeable battery
that offers better performance versus conventional rechargeable
batteries such as NiCad (Nickel-Cadmium) and NiMH (nickel-metal
hydride). Lithium-ion offers more power and less weight, which offers
an extended driving range. However, Li-ion batteries are more fragile
and can be damaged by extreme temperatures.
Lime : A common water treatment chemical.
Lime-Based Grease: Term formerly applied to calcium soap
greases. Such greases are water-resistant but limited to low
temperatures and cannot be used as multipurpose greases.
Limestone: Or calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is used by the steel
industry to remove impurities from the iron made in blast furnaces.
Magnesium-containing limestone, called dolomite, is also sometimes
used in the purifying process.
Limit Device: A device which is operated by some part or motion of
a power driven hoist to limit motion.
Limit of Proportionality: The maximum level of stress which a
metal can withstand and still obey Hooke’s Law, i.e., it is the point on
the stress-strain which any increase in stress will cause a deviation
from linearity. In practice, this means a permanent set.
Limit Switch: A device designed to cut off the power automatically
at or near the limit of travel for the crane motion.
Limited production vehicle: Limited production vehicle are some
editions of cars which are not made for production or limited pieces
are available in market.
Limited production vehicle: A vehicle for which the manufacturer
has established a limit on the number units to be produced, without
regard to the maximum number the manufacturer may be able to
sell. These vehicles typically have special interior and/or exterior trim
and/or costly performance enhancements that distinguish them from
their mainstream counterparts.
Limited warranty: A vehicle warranty that is in effect for a specified
number of years and/or miles driven.
Limited-slip: Limited-slip differential is a type of automotive
differential which have difference gear arrangement for locking gear
abilities, It is used in turning of vehicle used in tractors etc.
Limited-slip differential: A differential unit designed to provide
superior traction by transferring the driving torque to the wheel with
the best traction. Extremely useful in wet or icy conditions.
Limiter : A filter that passes the input to the output, except that the
output is limited to a minimum value and a maximum value;
Compare: rate limiter;
Limiting Current Density: The maximum current density that can
be used to obtain a desired electrode reaction without undue
interference such as from polarization.
Limiting Dome Height (LDH) Test: A mechanical test usually
performed unlubricated on sheet metal that simulates the fracture
conditions in a practical pressforming operation.
Limiting Range Of Stress: The greatest range of stress that a
metal can withstand for an indefinite number of cycles without failure.
If exceeded, the metal fractures after a certain number of cycles,
which decreases as the range of stress increases.
Limiting Ruling Section: The maximum diameter of cross section
of a bar or compnent in which certain specified mechanical
properties are achieved after heat treatment.
Limits: A term used to determine a minimum and maximum. In a
mechanism, it should denote the minimum and maximum sizes for
each part, between which the parts will function properly in
conjunction with each other an outside of which they will not. The
words "limits" and "tolerances" are often interchanged, "tolerance"
represents the difference between the minimum and maximum
limits.
Limits Of Proportionality: The stress )load divided by original area
of cross section of the test piece) at which the strain (elongation per
unit of gauge Legth) ceases to be proportional to the corresponding
stress. It is usually determined from a load elongation line ceases to
be straight.
Limousine: Limousine is a large, luxurious car. Used for carrying
people one place to another from airport.
Line: The route that a vehicle takes to get to its destination, usually
designated as a number for a bus route or a color for a rail route
Line: A connection between components, a passage for fluid or gas
transfer. See PIPE, and TUBE and HOSE.
Line Contactor: A contactor to disconnect power from the supply
lines.
Line Marking: Lines are used as the identifying marks on the heavy
Tin coated side of the strip to identify it to the customer.
Line Marking: Lines are used as the identifying marks on the heavy
Tin coated side of the strip to identify it to the customer.
Line of Action (Gears): Line tangent to the base circles of the
mating gears, normal to the mating profiles and passing through the
pitch point. All points of tooth contact fall on this line.
Line Pipe: Used for transportation of gas, oil or water generally in a
pipeline or utility distribution system.
Line Pipe: Pipe used in the surface transmission of oil, natural gas
and other fluids.
Line Reaming: Simultaneous reaming of coaxial holes in various
sections of a workpiece with a reamer having cutting faces or piloted
surfaces with the desired alignment.
Line Speed: Speed at which the coil is processed through the line.
Line Speed: Speed at which the coil is processed through the line;
Platers may run 1800+ feet per minute.
Line voltage : In the control industry, the normal electric supply
voltages, which are usually 120 or 240 volts.
Lineage Structure: 1) Deviations from perfect alignment of parallel
arms of a columnar dendrite as a result of interdendritic shrinkage
during solidification from a liquid. This type of deviation may vary in
orientation from a few minutes to as much as two degrees of arc. (2)
A type of substructure consisting of elongated subgrains.
Lineal Footage Counter: Electronic device used to count lineal
footage of a coil.
Lineal Footage Counter: Electronic device used to count lineal
footage of a coil.
Linear Actuator: A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear
motion, i.e. a cylinder or ram.
Linear actuator: A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear
motion, i.e. a cylinder or ram.
Linear Bearings: A linear bearing is used to constrain motion in only
one direction - linear translation. Linear bearings are also known as
linear slides and are categorized as either rolling element bearings
or plain bearings. Rolling element bearings use balls or cylinders
between the bearing surfaces, while plain bearing do not include any
additional components between the bearing surfaces.
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: A method of fracture analysis
that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture
instability in a structure containing a crack-like flaw of known size
and shape. See also fracture mechanics and stress-intensity factor.
(see Fracture Mechanics) (see Stress-intensity Factor)
Linear Gantry: A linear gantry is a support structure used to
suspend and translate a platform over another area. A linear gantry
can be large, as in the case of a gantry crane, or small, such as in an
automated milling machine.
Linear Guide System: A linear guide system is made up of slide
rails and guide blocks or guide rollers that are used to translate a
carriage along the rails. Linear guide systems are used in many
different applications and come in many different designs. The guide
systems are typically low friction to provide for easy actuation of the
carriage unit.
Linear Incremental Encoders: An encoder is is any device or
method used to translate information from one format to another. In
the case of machinery systems, encoders are typically used to
convert transducer signals measure position and orientation to a
signal that is sent to a processed by a control system. Incremental
encoders are used in conditions where the position can be reported
relative to the last known position and a fixed reference position is
not necessary. In a linear incremental encoder, the position is
measured from a linear scale and the output is in the form of
sine/cosine signals.
Linear Rail Slides: Linear rail slides are mechanisms used in
industrial machines and complex systems to precisely move
components in a linear direction. There are many different designs of
linear rail slides, depending on the specific application and
requirements.
Linear Strain (tensile or compressive) Strain: The change per
length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in
length is considered positive.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (Lvdt): An
electromechanical linear device that produces an analog signal in
proportion to the difference in distance between a magnet and
separate fixed coil.
Linear variable differential transformer (lvdt): An electro-
mechanical linear device that produces an analog signal in
proportion to the difference in distance between a magnet and
separate fixed coil.
Linear Variable Transformer (LVT): An electro mechanical linear
device that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference
in velocity between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Linear variable transformer (lvt): An electro-mechanical linear
device that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference
in velocity between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Linearity: A term used to characterise steering response.
Linearity (servovalve): The degree of straightness of the hysteresis
plot.
Liner: A separator, generally in the shape of the container; in grease
drums or kegs, a disposable plastic liner reduces the amount of
unusable grease left in the container and facilitates lawful disposal.
Liner: The slab of coating metal that is placed on the core alloy and
is subsequently rolled down to clad sheet as composite
Lining: Inside refractory layer of firebrick, clay, sand or other
material in a furnace or ladle.
Lining: Inside refractory layer of firebrick, clay, sand, or other
material in a furnace or ladle.
Lining, Monolithic: A lining made without the customary layers and
joints of a brick wall. Usually made by tamping or casting refractory
material into place, drying, and then burning in place on the job.
Link: A pipe loop that connects one header to another.
Lioh: Lithium Hydroxide.
Lip Of A Drill: The sharp cutting edge on the end of a twist drill.
Lip Seal: Better known as an “oil seal”; a circumferential dynamic
seal composed of a flexible sealing element made from an elastomer
that is “bonded” to a metal casing or “cased” by a metal locking ring
in a metal casing. Through the interference fit created by a metallic
spring or the lip elastomer, between the single or multiple lip and the
shaft, the lip exerts a force on the shaft sufficient to seal the fluid.
Lip spoiler: A spoiler that is flush-mounted to a vehicles trunk lid or
liftgate that allows air to flow over it but not under it (and that is
usually installed for aesthetic purposes).
Li-po: Stands for lithium ion polymer battery. These are the most
modern kind of battery pack being used in electric aircraft. They
provide enormous amounts of power for their size, especially when
used in conjunction with a brushless motor.
Lip-pour Ladle: Ladle in which the molten metal is poured over a
lip, similar to water is poured out of a bucket.
Liquation: (1) The separation of a low-melting constituent of an alloy
from the remaining constituents usually apparent in alloys having a
wide melting range. (2) Partial melting of an alloy usually as a result
of coring or other compositional heterogeneities.
Liquation: Partial melting of an alloy.
Liquation Temperature: The lowest temperature at which partial
melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible
degree of segregation.
Liquefaction : The change of state from a gas to a liquid. (The term
liquefaction is usually used instead of condensation when referring to
substances which are in a gaseous state at ordinary pressures and
temperatures.)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): LPG is a gas which is used as a
fuel, this is simply like as propane and butane. It is highly flammable
And used in home for cooking.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): The popular cooking gas is a mix
of hydrocarbonate gases used as heating fuel. An odorless product
by nature, a sulfur-based substance is added to produce its
characteristic smell and make easier the detection of leakages.
Liquid : Substance whose molecules move freely among
themselves, but do not tend to separate like those of gases.
Liquid absorbent : Chemical in liquid form which has the property
to "take on" or absorb other fluids. Glycol is such a liquid and widely
use in the petroleum chemical industry
Liquid Carburizing: A widely used method of case-hardening steel
that eliminates scaling and the tendency to decarburization and
results in clean components. Sodium cyanide in the common media
for this process, usually heated within the range of 900-930°C. It is
advisable to preheat the components in neutral salts to avoid a
temperature drop resulting from immersing cold components into the
cyanide. After carburizing, either single quench hardening or refining
and hardening and tempering is carried out.
Liquid Carburizing: A widely used method of case hardening steel
that eliminates scaling and the tendency to decarburisation and
results in clean components. Sodium cyanide is the common media
for this process, usually heated within the range of 900 930oC. It is
advisable to pre heat the components in neutral salts to avoid a
temperature drop resulting from immersing cold components into the
cyanide. After carburising, either single quench hardening or refining
and hardening and tempering is carried out.
Liquid coupling: Liquid coupling is also known as hydraulic
coupling and fluid coupling, This is a hydrodynamic device used for
transmitting the mechanical torque. It is used in automobile
transmission as a clutch for transmitting the engine power to gear
box.
Liquid Homing: Producing a finely polished finish by directing an
air-ejected chemical emulsion containing fine abrasives against the
surface to be finished.
Liquid hydrogen: A cryogenic rocket fuel which becomes liquid at
-423oF.
Liquid impingement : Material removal due to action of an
impingement stream of a fluid.
Liquid indicator : Device located in liquid line which provides a
glass window through which liquid flow may be watched.
Liquid Level Gauge: Gauge to visually indicate the fluid level in a
reservoir or tank.
Liquid level gauge: Gauge to visually indicate the fluid level in a
reservoir or tank.
Liquid line : Tube which carries liquid refrigerant from the
condenser or liquid receiver to the refrigerant control mechanism.
Liquid line charging valve : The line used for charging from the
high side of the refrigeration system.
Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME): Catastrophic brittle failure of a
normally ductile metal when in contact with a liquid metal and
subsequently stressed in tension. See also solid metal
embrittlement. (see Solid Metal Embrittlement)
Liquid Nitriding: A method of surface hardening in which molten
nitrogen-bearing fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and
cyanates are exposed to parts at subcriticaI temperatures.
Liquid Nitrocarburizing: A nitrocarburizing process utilizing molten
liquid salt baths below the lower critical temperature. Both carbon
and nitrogen are absorbed into the surface.
Liquid nitrogen : Nitrogen in liquid form which is used as a low
temperature refrigerant in expendable or chemical refrigerating
systems.
Liquid oxygen: A cryogenic oxidizer which becomes liquid at
-279oF.
Liquid Penetrant Inspection: A type of nondestructive inspection
that locates discontinuities that are open to the surface of a metal by
first allowing a penetrating dye or fluorescent liquid to infiltrate the
discontinuity, remove the excess penetrant and then apply a
developing agent that causes the penetrant to seep back out of the
discontinuity and register as an indiocation. Liquid penetrant
inspection is suitable for both ferrous and nonferrous materials but is
limited to the detection of open surface discontinuities in nonporous
solids.
Liquid penetrant inspection : A type of nondestructive inspection
that locates discontinuities that are open to the surface of a metal by
first allowing a penetrating dye or fluorescent liquid to infiltrate the
discontinuity, removing the excess penetrant, and then applying a
developing agent that causes the penetrant to seep back out of the
discontinuity and register as an indication.
Liquid Phase Sintering: Sintering a powder metallurgy compact
under conditions that maintain a liquid metallic phase within the
compact during all or part of the sintering schedule. The liquid phase
may be derived from a component of the green compact or may be
infiltrated into the compact from an outside source.
Liquid Phase Sintering: Sintering of a compact or loose powder
aggregate under conditions where a liquid phase is present during
part of the sintering cycle.
Liquid receiver : Cylinder (container) connected to condenser outlet
for storage of liquid refrigerant in a system.
Liquid receiver service valve : Two or three-way manual valve
located at the outlet of the receiver and used for installation and
service purposes. It is sometimes called the king valve.
Liquid Shrinkage: The reduction in volume of liquid metal as it
cools to the liquidus.
Liquid Steel: The immediate hot molten steel product from steel
melting shop (LD Converter/Electric Arc Furnace/Electric Induction
Furnace/Energy Optimising Furnace). It is further cast into
Ingots/Semis. The by-product from SMS is called SMS slag.
Liquidation: In commodities market parlance, selling long positions
to counterbalance previous buying.
Liquidus: (1)The lowest temperature at which a metal or an alloy is
completely liquid. (2) In a phase diagram, the locus of points
representing the temperatures at which the various compositions in
the system begin to freeze on cooling or finish melting on heating.
See also solidus. (see Solidus)
Liquidus: In a constitutional diagram, the locus of points
representing the temperatures at which various components
commence freezing on cooling or finish melting on heating.
Liquor : Solution used in absorption refrigeration.
LI-R5 : LI=Italy, R5=Restricted Area No. 5
LIRL : Low Intensity Runway Lights
Liter: A metric measure of volume. One (1) liter = 0.2642 gallons.
Lithium bromide : A chemical used in combination with water in
absorption cooling systems.
Lithium-Based Greases: Normally, greases formed with a lithium
soap known as 12-hydroxy stearate soap, the thickener for many
multipurpose greases; they are reasonably water-resistant, highly
shear stable and capable of operating at temperatures of up to
350ºF before melting.
Lithium-ion battery: A lithium-ion battery is the rechargeable
battery type which is used for small electronics devices like phones
and laptops. The working phenomena of this type of batteries are,
ions move from negative electrode to positive electrode during
discharging and back when charging.
Lithosphere: The crust of a planet.
Lithosphere: The component of the Earth's surface comprising the
rock, soil, and sediments. It is a relatively passive component of the
climate system, and its physical characteristics are treated as fixed
elements in the determination of climate.
Lithosphere: The component of the Earth's surface comprising the
rock, soil, and sediments. It is a relatively passive component of the
climate system, and its physical characteristics are treated as fixed
elements in the determination of climate.
Litre: Litre is unit of capacity, simply defines the liquid like one
kilogram of water in litre.
Litter: Undecomposed plant residues on the soil surface.
Little ice age: A cold period that lasted from about A.D. 1550 to
about A.D. 1850 in Europe, North America, and Asia. This period
was marked by rapid expansion of mountain glaciers, especially in
the Alps, Norway, Ireland, and Alaska. There were three maxima,
beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by
slight warming intervals.
Little ice age: A cold period that lasted from about A.D. 1550 to
about A.D. 1850 in Europe, North America, and Asia. This period
was marked by rapid expansion of mountain glaciers, especially in
the Alps, Norway, Ireland, and Alaska. There were three maxima,
beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by
slight warming intervals.
LLWAS : Low Level Wind Shear Alert System
LLZ : Localizer (approach system)
LM: Lunar Module.
LMB : Light marker beacon.
LMF: Ladle Metallurgy Facility. An area of the BOF complex which
adjusts the chemistry, temperature, and inclusions prior to the
caster.
LMM : compass locator at middle marker
LNAV : Lateral navigation guidance.
LNG: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a natural gas contain methane
and convert in liquid form for easy transportation and storage. It is
the gas without odourless, colourless, non-toxic and non-corrosive.
LNG: LNG (Liquefied natural gas) is natural gas (CH4) that has been
refined and liquefied. The Process of liquefying natural gas requires
the removal of contaminants like helium, water, and heavy
hydrocarbons then condensed into a liquid state close to
atmospheric pressure 3.6 psi (25 kPa) by cooling it to approximately
?260 °F (?163 °C).
LO: 2 Liquid Oxygen. Also abbreviated LOX.
Load: The total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.
Load : The amount of heat per unit time imposed on a refrigeration
system or the required rate of heat removal.
Load (air conditioning) : The amount of heat per unit time imposed
on a refrigeration system or the required rate of heat removal.
Load (Capacity), Rated: The maximum load that the lifting magnet
is designated to handle by the manufacturer.
Load (Capacity), Specified Application: A load applied to the
lifting magnet when it is used to handle a specified load.
Load (Maximum), Specified: A load identified by part number or
other bridge crane controlled definition.
Load (working): The external load in pounds/kilograms applied to
the crane, including the weight of load attaching equipment such as
lower load block, shackles, slings, etc.
Load Bar: A load-carrying member between carriers load block the
assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and
frame suspended by the hoist rope or load chain. This shall include
any appurtenances reeved in the hoisting rope or load chain.
Load Block: The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing,
sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope or load
chain. This shall include any appurtenances reeved in the hoisting
ropes.
Load Carrying Flange: The lower flange of the track on which the
load bearing wheels roll.
Load Cycle: One lift cycle with load plus one lift cycle without load.
Load factor: The percentage of seats sold on an aircraft irrespective
of fare.
Load factor (g): The proportion between lift and weight commonly
seen as (sometimes capitalized)—a unit of force equal to the force
of gravity times one.
Load factor : The ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the
aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the
following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water
reactions.
Load height: The minimum height to which an item must be lifted in
order to be loaded into a vehicles cargo area.
Load Hook: The hook used to connect the load to the hoist.
Load index: An assigned number ranging from 0 to 279 that
corresponds to the load-carrying capacity of a tyre.
Load Limit for Wear (Gears): Value computed from equations
developed by Buckingham; uses the endurance limit stress for the
materials used in the gear set.
Load range: Defines a range of maximum loads that tyres can carry
at a defined pressure.
Load rating: See "Tire load index."
Load Suspension Parts: The load suspension parts of the hoist are
the means of suspension (hook or lug). The structure or housing
which supports the drum or load sprocket. The drum or load
sprocket. The rope or load chain, the sheaves or sprockets. And the
load block or hook.
Load turbine (gas) : Is the turbine which is directly coupled to the
load, which can only be the case with a multishaft gas turbine
arrangement.
Load Wear Index: A measure of the ability of a lubricant to minimize
wear at applied loads; one of the numbers reported when a lubricant
is tested according to ASTM D 2783. Higher numbers naturally
indicate greater wear-minimizing characteristics.
Load, Dead: The load(s) on a portion of the crane, which remain(s)
in affixed position relative to the member being considered.
Load, Live: A load which moves or varies relative to the member
being considered. For the trolley, the live load consists of the rated
load plus the weight of the block. For the bridge, the live load
consists of the rated load plus the weight of the trolley.
Load, Rated: The maximum load designated by the manufacturer
for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built.
Load-carrying capacity: Indicates how much weight a tyre is
certified to carry at maximum inflation pressure.
Loaded radius: The measurement in inches from the wheel axle
centre line to the ground when the tyre is properly inflated for the
load.
Loaded section height: The height of the section of the tyre that is
making contact with the road.
Loading: (1) In cutting, building up of a cutting tool back of the
cuning edge by undesired adherence of material removed from the
work. (2) In grinding, filling the pores of a grinding wheel with
material from the work usually resulting in a decrease in production
and quality of finish. (3) In powder metallurgy, filling of the die cavity
with powder.
Loading: A condition caused by grinding the wrong material with a
grinding wheel or using too heavy a grinding action.
Loading Line Valve: Valve which isolates or stops a loading line
signal.
Loading Lines: Lines that supply a pressure signal to a control
device or measuring instrument.
Loading : a.k.a wing loading. The load placed on the airfoil of a
flying machine. In the case of an aircraft, this would be wing loading.
Typically found by dividing the weight of the aircraft by the total area
of the main wing (s). Note that wing loading is only a good
comparison between aircrafts of the same size. Larger aircrafts
appear to have a far higher wing loading while displaying similar
flight characteristics.
Loam: A molding material consisting of sand, silt and clay used over
brickwork or other structural backup material for making massive
castings usually of iron or steel.
Lobe: Lobe is like the owl shape or little excluded at any angle or
tangentially of circle.
Loc : Localizer receiver and indicator.
Local Action: Corrosion due to the action of local or galvanic cells
resulting from inhomogeneities between adjacent areas on a metal
surface exposed to an electrolyte.
Local Cell: A galvanic cell resulting from inhomogeneities between
areas on a metal surface in an electrolyte. The inhomogeneities may
be of physical or chemical nature in either the metal or its
environment.
Local Current Density: Current density at a point or on a small
area.
Local time: Time adjusted for location around the Earth or other
planets in time zones.
Localized Corrosion: Corrosion at discrete sites, for example,
crevice corrosion, pitting and stress-corrosion cracking.
Localized Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid
solution similar to continuous precipitation except that the precipitate
particles form at preferred locations, such as along slip planes, grain
boundaries or incoherent twin boundaries.
Localized Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid
solution similar to continuous precipitation, except that the precipitate
particles form at preferred locations, such as along slip planes, grain
boundaries, or incoherent twin boundaries.
Localizer (loc) : Part of ILS that provides lateral deviations from a
preset course;
Location: A coding system that defines the physical placement of
materials, usually to a high degree of specificity.
Location Id: The building, floor, and cluster segments of the location
string.
Lock: In forging, a condition in which the flash line is not entirely in
one plane. Where two or more plane changes occur, it is called
compound lock. Where a lock is placed in the die to compensate for
die shift caused by a steep lock, it is called a counterlock.
Lock: A condition in which the parting line of a forging is not all in
one plane
Lock Bar Sheer Lifter: A supporting lifter.
Lock cylinders: The part of a hatch or doors latching mechanism
into which the key is inserted.
Lock Out : Terminology used to describe the process of securing an
energy source so that work may be done. This is accomplished by
locking out all the energy sources pertaining to the device, tagging
out the resources, and trying out the device to make sure that it is de
energized and safe for work to be done.
Lock Out/Tag Out: Terminology used to describe the process of
securing an energy source so that work may be done. This is
accomplished by locking out all the energy sources pertaining to the
device, tagging out the resources, and trying out the device to make
sure that it is de-energized and safe for work to be done.
Locked rotor current : See "Inrush Current".
Lockout: Lockout is a feature in modern automotive vehicles to
protect the vehicle from theft. This is an electronics based program
which is primary used to make safe parking. Theft is the major
reason to increase the lockout production.
Locks: A device or system of devices that prevents a vehicle from
being entered without a key or an electronic keyless entry remote
control.
Lockseam Test: A test performed on a galvanized product to
evaluate the adherence of the zinc to the steel substrate.
Lockseam Test: A test performed on a galvanized product to
evaluate the adherence of the zinc to the steel substrate.
Loctite: (Red / Blue) A glue for holding metal to metal screws in
their sockets so they don't come loose in a strong vibration
environment. Loctite® is color coded by strength, red being the
strongest and blue being medium. Most people use blue Locktite®
because if red is used the screws may never come out again.
Loess: A buff-colored, wind-blown deposit of fine silt, which is
frequently exposed in bluffs with steep faces. The thickness can
range from 6 to 30 meters. The loess of the USA and Europe is
thought to be the fine materials first transported and deposited by the
waters of melting ice sheets during the glacial period. It was later
blown considerable distances with, in some cases, deposition in
lakes. The origin of Asiatic loess, however, is apparently wind-blown
dust from central Asian deserts.
Log: See ?Extrusion Log?
Logbook : A pilot`s record of his flying achievements, including flight
time, takeoffs, landings, and maneuvers mastered.
Logic circuit: A digital circuit (also called a gate) that has binary
inputs and outputs and is capable of performing a decision making
function.
Logistics: The science of identifying, maintaining and transporting
materials.
Logistics: The science of identifying, maintaining, and transporting
materials.
LOI: Lunar Orbit Insertion.
Lom : compass locator at outer marker.
Long: In commodities market parlance, buying more futures
contracts than you sell.
Long and Short Addenda: Process of lengthening the addendum of
the driving gear teeth and shortening that of the driven gear teeth,
effectively increasing the thickness of the driving teeth and
decreasing that of the driven teeth, which are loaded less frequently
than the driving gear.
Long Belt: An adjustable belt, located on the seventh floor of the
boiler house, which carries coal to the desired coal bay.
Long haul: Long-haul flights usually last over five hours.
Long haul: A long distance international flight. Typically inter-
continental and of at least six hours in duration.
Long Products: Long products are used in all industrial sectors,
particularly in the construction and engineering industries. They
include all types of bars, wire rod, and a wide range of cold formed
profiles like closed profile, S-shape profile, E-shape profile, trough-
shape profile, angle profile and others. They also include pipes with
circular, oblong and semi-oblong, square and rectangular cross-
sections of a wide range of sizes.
Long Products: Classification of steel products that includes bar,
rod and structural products, that are long, rather than flat.
Long stem nozzle: Long stem nozzle is the type of nozzle with a
long stem, This kind of nozzle are used in heavy duties trucks
because of their big cylinders. Due to long stem they known as long
stem nozzle.
Long Terne: A term applying to steel sheets that have been terne
coated (Lead and Tin) by immersion in a bath of Terne Metal.
Long Transverse Direction: For plate, sheet and forgings, the
direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction which is also at
right angles to the thickness of the product. See also ?Longitudinal
Direction?
Long : Lateral Navigation (GLS)
Longitude: A geographic coordinate expressing a point's location
as degrees, minutes and seconds east or west of the Prime Meridian
(0°), which passes through Greenwich, England.Used with latitude to
define a specific location on the earth's surface. Coordinates for
aheliport normally define the center of the TLOF or, in the case of
multiple TLOF's the centroid.
Longitude: Great circles that pass through both the north and south
poles, also called meridians.
Longitude: The angular distance from the Greenwich meridian (0
degree), along the equator. This can be measured either east or
west to the 180th meridian (180 degrees) or 0 degree to 360
degrees W.
Longitude of ascending node: In an orbit, the celestial longitude
of the ascending node.
Longitude : Position on earth, east or west of the prime meridian;
Symbols: lambda; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Longitudinal axis: The fore-and-aft line through the center of a
space vehicle.
Longitudinal axis: The axis extending through the center of
the fuselage from the nose to the tail. The longitudinal axis is
sometimes called the "x" axis. Roll is a motion around the
longitudinal axis.
Longitudinal axis : The axis about which an aircraft rolls, extending
from nose to tail.
Longitudinal cue : A cue to control pitch; longitudinal cyclic cue See
Also: throttle cue,
Longitudinal cyclic cue : A longitudinal flight director cue for rotary-
wing aircraft, primarily to control speed, by changing pitch; Compare:
throttle cue; Symbols: Gamma sub "LONG" ; Typical Units: percent,
in;
Longitudinal cyclic : A flight control operated by moving fore or aft
with hand in rotary-wing aircraft, primarily to control pitch (speed);
controls differential pitch of the rotors as they rotate from nose to tail
on a rotary-wing aircraft;
Longitudinal Direction (L): In the rolling direction.
Longitudinal Field: A magnetic field that extends within a
magnetized part from one or more poles to one or more other poles
and that is completed through a path external to the part.
Longitudinal guidance : Calculations for the longitudinal axis of the
guidance modes. The control law longitudinal axis input data are:
Reference Acceleration, Reference Acceleration Gain, Desired
Velocity, Velocity Error Scale Factor. The major output from
Longitudinal Guidance is the speed error for the selected longitudinal
guidance mode.
Longitudinal Resistance Seam Welding: The making of a
resistance seam weld in a direction essentially parallel to the throat
depth of a resistance welding machine.
Longitudinal seam : A riveted or welded seam along the
longitudinal axis of a boiler shell or drum.
Longitudinal stability : The characteristic of returning to the
trimmed angle of attack after a displacement.
Longitudinal Stiffeners: Horizontal members attached to the web
of the bridge girder to prevent web buckling.
Longitudinal : Related to longitude; lengthwise along the center line
of an aircraft forward
Longwave radiation: The radiation emitted in the spectral
wavelength greater than 4 micrometers corresponding to the
radiation emitted from the Earth and atmosphere. It is sometimes
referred to as 'terrestrial radiation' or 'infrared radiation,' although
somewhat imprecisely.
Longwave radiation: The radiation emitted in the spectral
wavelength greater than 4 micrometers corresponding to the
radiation emitted from the Earth and atmosphere. It is sometimes
referred to as terrestrial radiation or infrared radiation, although
somewhat imprecisely.
Looks per minute : Scanning or sweep rate of a weather radar
antenna.
Loop: An aerobatic maneuver whereby the airplane flies a vertical
circle in the air.
Loop Cellar: Area under the line where the strip accumulates for
making a weld while the line is running (entry end loop cellar), or for
taking a coil off while the line is running (delivery end loop cellar).
Loop installation: The assembly is installed in a loop or “U” shape
and is most often used when frequent and/or large amounts of
motion are involved.
Loop Section: Area where the strip accumulates in order for the line
to run continuously while other sections of the line are stopped to
begin and complete the processing of another coil.
Loop System (Lube Systems): System in which the two main
supply lines form a loop, usually installed when lubrication points are
within a relatively confined area.
Loop Tower: Area where the strip accumulates enabling the line to
continue running while making a weld. This enables the Entry or
Delivery End of the line to stop without stopping production.
Loop Tower: 1) Area at the entry end of #5 Line where the strip
accumulates enabling the line to continue running while making a
weld. 2) Collecting unit used for storing steel. This enables the Entry
or Delivery End of the line to stop without stopping production.
Loop : A vertical circle in the air. The plane noses up, keeps rotating
until it`s on its back, and then comes down and around to describe a
vertical circle in the air.
Looper Cars: Strip accumulators that allow for continuous running
of the line while welds are made. On #5 Pickler, one looper car,
which can accumulate about 900 ft., is located in the basement on
No. 1 level (entry end). The second looper car, located on No. 2 level
halfway between the basement and the floor level, will also
accumulate about 900 ft. There is a total of four loop sections.
Looper Line: See ?Line Looper?
Looping Mill: An arrangement of hot rolling stands such that a hot
bar is fed into a second stand in the opposite direction while being
discharged from one stand.
Loose Material: During forging operations, pieces of flash often
break loose necessitating cleaning of the dies between forging
blows; this is usually accomplished by lubricating the die while air is
blown on it. Insufficient cleaning results in pieces of flash becoming
imbedded in the surface of the forging. Such forgings are often
salvaged by removing the loose pieces and hot re forging to fill out
the depressions.
Loose Metal: Refers to an area in a formed panel that is not stiff
enough to hold its shape. This term may be confused with oil
canning.
Loose Molding: The molding process utilizing unmounted patterns.
Gates and runners are usually cut by hand.
Loose Piece: 1) Core box: part of the core box which remains
embedded in the core and is removed after lifting off the core box. 2)
Pattern: laterally projecting part of a pattern so attached that it
remains in the mold until the body of the pattern is drawn. Back draft
is avoided by this means. 3) Permanent mold: part which remains on
the casting and is removed after the casting is ejected from the mold.
Loose Wrap: A coil that is not wound tight. Using too little tension
when winding causes this condition.
Loose Wrap: A coil that is not wound tight. Using too little tension
when winding causes this condition.
Lop : Line of position.
Loran: A long-range radio-based navigation aid.
Loran : LOng RANge version of GEE
Loran(-c) : Long Range Navigation
Loran-c : Hyperbolic grid navigation system based upon measured
time differences (TD) from pulse transmissions.
Lost baggage: Checked baggage is considered lost after a period of
21 days. It is extremely rare for baggage to be permanently lost.
Lost Foam: A casting process in which a foam pattern is replaced
by molten in a flask filled with loose sand to form a casting.
Lost Foam Casting: An expendable pattern process; an
expandable polystyrene pattern surrounded by the unbonded sand is
vaporized during pouring of the molten metal.
Lost Foam Process: Casting process in which a foam pattern is
removed from the cavity by the molten metal being poured.
Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR): LITFR is the number of
injuries which has resulted in an employee or contractor being away
from work at least one day after the day it occurred, per million hours
worked.
Lost Wax Process: An investment casting process that uses a wax
pattern.
Lost-Time Accidents (LTA): Work accidents that require a
temporary release of the employee from his activities in the
company.
Lot: (1) A specific amount of material produced at one time using
one process and constant conditions of manufacture that is offered
for sale as a unit quantity. (2) A quantity of material that is thought to
be uniform in one or more stated properties such as isotopic,
chemical or physical characteristics. (3) A quantity of bulk material of
similar composition whose properties are under study. Compare with
batch.
Lot No.: Identifies groups of coils for a particular customer order to
be processed at a certain time; identifies a particular group of coils to
load.
Lot Number: Identifies groups of coils for a particular customer
order to be processed at a certain time; identifies a particular group
of coils to load.
Louvers: Mechanical devices that control air intake of F.D. and I.D.
fans.
Louvers: Mechanical devices that control air intake of F.D.and
I.D.fans.
Low Brass: 80% cu. A copper Zinc alloy containing 20% zinc. Is a
light golden color, very ductile, suitable for cupping, drawing,
forming, etc. Because of its good strength and corrosion resistance it
is used for flexible metal gose, metal bellows, etc.
Low Carbon Steel: Steel with less than 0.005% carbon is more
ductile (malleable): It is capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for
use in automotive body applications. Carbon is removed from the
steel bath through vacuum degassing.
Low Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Encompass grades of steel to 0.15
percent maximum carbon content, inclusive.
Low Coating: A condition that occurs when the coating thickness is
less than customer or UL specifications.
Low Coating: A condition that occurs when the coating thickness is
less than customer or UL specifications
Low earth orbit: An orbit in the region of space extending from the
Earth's surface to an altitude of 2,000 kilometers. Given the rapid
orbital decay of objects close to Earth, the commonly accepted
definition is between 160-2,000 km above the Earth's surface.
Low Emissions Vehicle (LEV) Program: The National Low
Emissions Vehicle Program. An EPA-sponsored initiative to reduce
the amount of emissions per vehicle.
Low frequency automatic directionfinding (lf adf) : Equipment
that determines bearing to a radio station on a low frequency band,
usually the standard AM band;
Low fuel warning indicator: An alert, usually in the form of a
halogen lamp or LED, warning the driver of a low fuel supply.
Low or low-pressure system: A horizontal area where the
atmospheric pressure is less than it is in adjacent areas. Since air
always moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure,
air from these adjacent areas of higher pressure will move toward
the low pressure area to equalize the pressure. This inflow of air
toward the low will be affected by the Earth's rotation (see Coriolis
force) and will cause the air to spiral inward in a counterclockwise
direction in the northern hemisphere. The air eventually rises near
the center of the low, causing cloudiness and precipitation.
Low profile tires: Low profile tire are with small clearance between
road and wheel, They are designed for less height but have more
width, less rubber is used with deep threads cut for more friction.
Low side : The refrigerating system from the expansion point to the
point where the refrigerant vapor is compressed; where the system
is at or below evaporated pressure.
Low temperature cutout, refrigeraton: A pressure or temperature
actuated device with sensing element in the evaporator, which will
shut the system down at its control setting to prevent freezing chilled
water or to prevent coil frosting. Direct expansion equipment may not
use this device.
Low voltage : In the control industry, a power supply of 25 volts or
less.
Low-alloy Steels: A category of ferrous materials that exhibit
mechanical properties superior to plain carbon steels as the result of
additions of such alloying elements as nickel, chromium and
molybdenum.Total alloy content can range from 2.07% up to levels
just below that of stainless steels, which contain a minimum of 10%
Cr.
Lowboy: (or Stabilizer Roll) Submerged roll in the pot used to
stabilize the strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies.
Lowboy (or Stabilizer Roll): Submerged roll in the pot used to
stabilize the strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies.
Low-Carbon Steel: Contain from 0.10 to 0.30% carbon and less
than 0.60% manganese. (The product of Basic Oxygen, Bessemer,
Open Hearth or Electric Processes). Steel with less than 0.005%
carbon is more ductile (malleable): It is capable of being drawn out
or rolled thin for use in automotive body applications. Carbon is
removed from the steel bath through vacuum degassing.
Low-cycle Fatigue: Fatigue that occurs at relatively small numbers
of cycles. Low-cycle fatigue may be accompanied by some plastic or
permanent deformation. Compare with high-cycle fatigue
Low-energy charged particle detector: A device designed to
characterize the composition, energies, and angular distributions of
charged particles in interplanetary space and within planetary
systems.
Lower Ram: The part of a pneumatic or hydraulic press that is
moving in a lower cylinder and transmits pressure to the lower
punch.
Low-gain antenna: An omni-directional spacecraft antenna that
provides relatively low data rates at close range, several AU for
example.
Low-hydrogen Electrode: A covered arc welding electrode that
provides an atmosphere around the arc and molten weld metal that
is low in hydrogen.
Low-interest financing: A loan offered by the manufacturers
captive finance company at a below-market interest rate.
Low-pass filter (LPF) : A filter that allows frequencies below a cutoff
frequency to pass while attenuating frequencies above the cutoff
frequency; See Also: first-order filter
Low-Pressure Steam: Steam generated as exhaust from the turbo
generators and/or desuperheaters used to meet process and plant
heating requirements. Low-pressure steam is produced at 225 psi
and 550°F.
Low-residual-phosphorus Copper: Deoxidized copper with
residual phosphorus present in amounts (usually 0.004 to 0.012%)
generally too small to decrease appreciably the electrical
conductivity of the copper.
Low-side float valve : Refrigerant control valve operated by level of
liquid refrigerant in low-pressure side of system.
Low-side pressure : Pressure in cooling side of refrigerating cycle.
Low-side pressure control : Device used to keep low side
evaporating pressure from dropping below certain pressure.
Low-wing monoplane: An aircraft which has its single wing
mounted low on the fuselage.
LOX: Liquid Oxygen. Also abbreviated LO2.
LPF : Low-pass filter
LPG: Liquefied petroleum gas. Also referred to as "GPL," "LP Gas"
or "autogas." A blend primarily of two hydrocarbon gases, propane
and butane. Propylene and butylenes can also be present in small
concentration. Ethanethiol, a powerful odorant, is also added so that
leaks can be detected.
LPG: Liquified Petroleum Gas.
LRBM: Long Range Ballistic Missile.
LRT : Long range fuel tanks.
LRU : Line replaceable unit
LRV: Lunar Roving Vehicle.
LS: Limited service ? pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected
at the mill
LSC : Local Signaling Channel (VDL-4)
LS-D12 : LS=Switzerland, D12=Danger Area No. 12
LT: Loaded trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller fee for
handling
LT: Launch Time.
LT : Local Time
LTC: Long thread and coupling (OCTG casing connection)
LTE : Long Term Exception (JAR-FCL)
Lubricant: The liquid or semi liquid compounds used to prevent
friction between two or more mating parts like gear box, engine and
other machines.
Lubricant: Substance interposed between two surfaces in relative
motion for the purpose of reducing the friction and/or wear between
them.
Lubricant : A substance usually petroleum based, that is used to
reduce friction between two moving parts.
Lubricant : The agent used to aid in the reduction of friction
between two parts. This term is used for many substances, which in
turn are used in many different ways. They are all, however, used to
reach the same objective, that being the reduction of wear between
parts. In the case of engine fuel, the lubricant is added to the fuel at
the factory in many cases. This might be castor, a synthetic, or a
blend. The percentage of lubricant required in the fuel will depend on
the type of fuel, the engine, and the aircraft requirement.
Lubricant, bonded solid : A solid lubricant dispersed in a
continuous matrix of a binder or attached to a surface by an
adhesive material.
Lubricant, chlorinated: A lubricant containing a chlorine compound
that reacts with a rubbing surface at elevated temperatures to protect
it from sliding damage, (see extreme pressure lubricant).
Lubricant, synthetic: A lubricant produced by synthesis rather than
by extraction or refinement.
Lubricate: Lubricate is the process to reduce the friction between
the two surfaces in contact.
Lubrication: Reduction of friction or wear between two load-bearing
surfaces by the application of a lubricant; includes boundary
lubrication (thin or interrupted fluid film, especially bearings where
wear occurs); mixed film, where some liquid pools support the load;
elastohydrodynamic (high-pressure loads increase the lubricant’s
viscosity and load carrying capacity, especially in gears);
hydrodynamic (a thick fluid film lubrication, especially in journal
bearings) and hydrostatic (external pump pressure used to form a
thick fluid film, as in start-up of journal bearings).
Lubrication Zone (Lube Systems): Part of a larger lubrication
system that can be isolated from other portions of the system for
control purposes; generally contains some type of inlet valve, a
master divider, secondary dividers and distribution tubing network to
lubrication points.
Lubrication, aerodynamic: (see gas lubrication).
Lubrication, aerostatics: , (see pressurized gas lubrication).
Lubrication, bath: , (see lubrication, flood).
Lubrication, boundary : , A condition of lubrication in which the
friction and wear between two surfaces in relative motion are
determined by the properties of the surfaces and by the properties of
the lubricant other than bulk viscosity.
Lubrication, drip feed: , A system of lubrication in which the
lubricant is supplied to the bearing surface in the form of drops at
regular intervals.
Lubrication, dry film : Lubrication that involves the application of a
thin film of solid lubricant to the surface or surfaces to be lubricated.
Lubrication, flood : , A system of lubrication in which the lubricant
is supplied in a continuos stream at low pressure and subsequently
drains away.
Lubrication, full film: , A type of lubrication wherein the solid
surfaces are separated completely by an elstohydrodynamic fluid
film.
Lubrication, magneto hydrodynamic: , Hydrodynamic lubrication
in which a significant force contribution arises from electromagnetic
interaction.
Lubrication, melt: Lubrication provided by steady melting of
lubricating species. Also phase-change lubrication.
Lubrication, oil fog -: (see mist lubrication).
Lubrication, oil ring -: A system of lubrication for horizontal shafts.
A ring of larger diameter rotates with the shaft and collects oils from
a container beneath.
Lubrication, pad : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
delivered to a bearing surface by a pad of felt or similar material.
Lubrication, pressurized gas : A system of lubrication in which a
gaseous lubricant is supplied under sufficient external pressure to
separate the opposing surfaces by a gas film.
Lubrication, solid-film: Lubrication by application of a solid
lubricant.
Lubrication, splash : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant
is splashed onto the moving parts.
Lubrication, thick film : (also known as flood lubrication).
Lubrication, thin film : (also known as boundary lubrication).
Lubrication, vapor-phase : A type of lubrication in which one or
more gaseous reactants are supplied to the vicinity of the surface to
be lubricated and which subsequently react to form a lubricious
deposit on that surface.
Lubrication, waste : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
delivered to a bearing surface by cloth waste or yarn.
Lubrication, wick : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
delivered to a bearing surface by means of a wick.
Lubricator: A mechanical device, which is used to inject, drops or
mist of oil into an airline for lubrication purposes.
Lubricator: A mechanical device which is used to inject drops or
mist of oil into an air line for lubrication purposes.
Lubricity: The ability of a lubricant to reduce wear and friction, other
than by its pure viscous properties.
Lüder's Lines (Coil Breaks): 1. Creases or ridges which appear as
parallel lines, transverse to the direction of rolling, and which
generally extend across the width of the sheet. 2. A discontinuous
curvature in the strip in the direction in which the material was rolled
or uncoiled.
Luftwaffe-helferinnen : . "BLITZ MAIDENS";. German female radar
plotters.
Lug: A mechanical device fixed to the end truck or wheel yoke which
will prevent the crane or carrier from falling in the event of a wheel or
axle failure.
Lug Suspended: A hoist suspended from a trolley or permanent
structure by means of bolt(s) or pin(s) through a rigid or swivel type
lug.
Lug-centric: Wheels are manufactured to fit either the hub or the
lugs. Lug-centric is matching the lug holes of a custom wheel
perfectly to the lug pattern of the vehicle.
Luggage capacity: Luggage capacity is means to the space in the
cabin where all luggage is kept. It is measured by litres (in some
countries in cm). 1 L = 1000cm cube.
Luggage capacity: A measurement of a vehicles trunk/cargo
volume with all standard seats in place.
Luggage room: Luggage room is the total space covered by the
luggage in a vehicle, It also known as boot space.
Lumbar support: A mechanical or pneumatic device that matches a
vehicles seat back to the contours of the driver or passenger.
Lumpy/Fine Ore: Iron Ore is traded in lumps (i.e. sized ore) or in
fines. Production/availability of lumps is limited by virtue of the
natural occurrence and also because of generation of lot of fines
during crushing of large lumps present in the run-of -mines.
LUNAR: Of or pertaining to the Moon.
Lunar module: The craft used by Apollo missions for Moon
landings. The lunar module consisted of a descent stage, used to
land on the Moon and as a platform for liftoff, and an ascent stage,
used as crew quarters and for returning to the orbiting command
module.
Lunar roving vehicle: A battery powered wheeled vehicle used by
Apollo astronauts to explore the lunar surface.
Luster: Described as refelective,frosted,shiny or dull
Luster Finish: A bright as-rolled finish proouced on ground metal
rolls; it is suitable for decorative painting or plating but usually must
undergo additional surface preparation after forming.
Luxury performance touring tyres: Generally designed for luxury
saloon cars, this breed of tyres blends performance handling with a
comfortable, smooth ride.
Lv: Launch Vehicle.
LVDT: Abbreviation used for “linear variable differential transformer,”
a position sensor used to control the armature stroke of a solenoid
on a servo or proportional hydraulic valve.
LYC : Avco-Lycoming (Engine mfr.)
M B Grade: A term applied to Open Hearth steel wire in the .45/.75
carbon range either hard drawn or oil tempered. Oil tempered wire of
M B and W M B types are the most widely used of all spring wires.
Oil tempered wire is more suitable to precision forming and casting
operations than hard drawn wire, because of close control of tensile
strength and superior straightness. . NOTE M B, H B and extra H B
designate Basic Open Hearth steels, while W M B, W H B and extra
W H B designate Acid Open Hearth Steels. The chemical
composition and the mechanical properties are the same for both
basic and acid steel.
M Sections : Light footweight beams primarily used in the
construction of pre engineered housing. These beams are produced
in lighter footweights, usually six to 10 pounds per foot, than
traditional structural products.
M Sections (Bantam Beams, Junior Beams): TMTMLight
footweight beams primarily used in the construction of pre-
engineered housing. These beams are produced in lighter
footweights, usually six to 10 pounds per foot, than traditional
structural products.
M : means mach number.
M$ : Mega dollars (1`000`000 US dollars)
M+S : Acronym for mud and snow, as in M+S tire. A tire with a tread
design (usually large lugs with wide spaces between them) which
gives the maximum traction in mud and snow.
M+S tire : Acronym for mud and snow tire, as in M+S tire. A tire with
a tread design which gives the maximum traction in mud and snow.
M+S, M/S or M & S: All-season rating designation for tyres that can
perform at certain levels in mud and snow conditions. Meets the
Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) definition of a mud and
snow tyre.
M100 : 100% (neat) Methanol
M85: M85 is a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline. It is not
commonly used because Methanol and Methanol fumes are
poisonous.
M85 : 85% Methanol and 15% unleaded Gasoline by volume, used
as a motor fuel in FFVs.
MAA : maximum authorized IFR altitude.
Mac: Military Airlift Command (USAF).
MAC : Mean Aerodynamic Chord
Mach: The ratio of the speed of a vehicle (or of a liquid or gas) to
the local speed of sound.
Mach number: Named after the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, a
means of recording the speed of a body as a ratio of the speed of
sound in the same ambient conditions. The speed of sound in dry air
at 32"F (CTC) is approximately 1087ft/sec (331m/sec); 741mph
(1193km/h). Hence Mach 0.8 represents eight-tenths of the speed of
sound.
Mach number : Ratio of airspeed to the local speed of sound (Mach
1 is the speed of sound under current atmospheric conditions);
Symbols: M;
Machinability: A term used to describe the ease with which a metal
can be machined.
Machinability Index: A relative measure of the machinability of an
engineering material under specified standard conditions.
Machinability Index: A relative measure of the machinability of an
engineering material under specified standard conditions.
Machine Allowance: Stock added to the part to permit machining of
the part to final dimensions.
Machine Allowance: Stock added to the part to permit machining of
the part to final dimensions.
Machine Drawing: An engineering drawing which depicts the final
size and shape of the part for its end-use.
Machine Drawing: An engineering drawing which depicts the final
size and shape of the part for its end use.
Machine Forging: Forging performed in upsetters or horizontal
forging machines.
Machine Lock Forming: See Lockseam.
Machine Tool: A power driven machine designed to bore,cut,drill or
grind metal or other materials
Machine Welding: Welding with equipment that performs the
welding operation under the constant observation and control of a
welding operator. The equipment mayor may not load and unload the
workpiece. See also automatic welding. (see Automatic Welding)
Machining: The cutting away of the surface of metal by means of
power-driven machinery. Free-machining stainless steels are easier
to machine, extending tool life and improving throughput.
Machining Damage: Irregularities or changes in the surface of a
material due to machining or grinding operations that may
deleteriously affect the performance of the material/part.
Machining Stress: Residual stress caused by machining.
Machinist: A person who is skilled in the operation of machine tools.
He must be able to plan his own procedure and have knowledge of
heat-treating principles.
Machinist: A person who is skilled in the operation of machine tools.
He must be able to plan his own procedure and have knowledge of
heat treating principles.
Macpherson strut front suspension: A suspension system in
which the wheel assemblies are attached to a long telescopic,
shock-like strut-like strut. It permits the wheel to pivot while acting as
a shock absorber.
Macro Etch: A test consisting of immersing a prepared sample in
hot acid to evaluate the homogeneity and soundness of the product.
Macro Etch: Etching of a metal surface for accentuation of gross
structural details and defects for observation by the unaided eye or
at magnifications not exceeding 10 diameters.
Macroetch: A testing procedure for conditions such as porosity,
inclusions, segregations, caburization, and flow lines from hot
working. After applying a suitable etching solution to the polished
metal surface, the structure revealed by the action of the reagent can
be observed visually.
Macroetch Test: Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section
of the steel in hot acid and of examining the etched surface to
evaluate the soundness and homogeneity of the product being
tested.
Macroetching: Etching of a metal surface with the abjective of
accentuating gross structural details, for observation by the unaided
eye or at magnifications not exceeding ten diameters.
Macrograph: A graphic representation of the surface of a prepared
specimen at a magnification not exceeding 25x. When
photographed, the reproduction is known as a photomacrograph.
Macrograph: A graphic reproduction of a prepared surface of a
specimen at a magnification not exceeding ten diameters. When
photographed, the reproduction is known as a photomacrograph (not
a macrophotograph).
Macrohardness Test: A term applied to such hardness testing
procedures as the Rockwell or Brinell hardness tests to distinguish
them from mircoindentation hardness tests such as the Knoop or
Vickers tests.
Macroscopic: Visible either with the naked eye or under low
magnification (as great as about ten diameters.
Macroscopic Stress: Residual stress in a material in a distance
comparable to the gage length of strain measurement devices (as
opposed to stresses within very small, specific regions, such as
individual grains). Compare with microscopic stress.
Macroshrinkage: lsolated, clustered or interconnected voids in a
casting that are detectable macroscopically. Such voids are usually
associated with abrupt changes in section size and are caused by
feeding that is insufficient to compensate for solidification shrinkage.
Macrostructure: The structure of metals as seen when viewed with
the naked eye or at low magnification.
Macrostructure: The structure of a metal as revealed by
examination of the etched surface at a magnification not exceeding
ten diameters.
Mad: Magnetic anomaly detector carried, for example, by maritime
reconnaissance aircraft to locate a submarine beneath the surface of
the sea.
Madden-julian oscillation: A "wave" of disturbed tropical weather
that spreads eastward around the globe on a 30-to-60-day cycle,
usually beginning in the Indian Ocean. The disturbance brings
periods of enhanced tropical rainfall followed by periods of
suppressed rainfall, and it also influences cloudiness and sea
surface temperature. Although the Madden-Julian Oscillation
originates in the tropics, it influences weather in the subtropics and
mid-latitudes as well.
Magnesia Carbon Refractory: A refractory made out of magnesia
and carbon, and is used mostly in various steelmaking processes (in
large quantities in BOF’s) and other metallurgical processes.
Magnesia Grain: Magnesium oxide.
Magnesite: A mineral consisting essentially of magnesium
carbonate. It is the main ingredient used in basic refractories.
Magnesite Grain: Dead-burned magnesia in granular form of size
suitable for refractory purposes.
Magnesium: A scale forming element found in some boiler feed
water.
Magnesium: Chemical symbol Mg. A silvery, moderately hard,
strong and light metal. Used in ductile iron production, steel
desulfurization and chemical reduction. Growing use as a substitute
for aluminum and zinc in die casting, due to light weight and high
strength.
Magnet: An electromagnetic device carried on a hoist hook, used to
pick up and carry loads magnetically.
Magnet Steels: These are an example of alloy electrical steels. The
outstanding property of these steels is their retentivity or ability to
retain magnetism. Cobalt, chromium, and tungsten are the alloying
elements commonly used to enhance this characteristic.
Magnet, Lifting: (A) electromagnet, battery-powered — a magnet
which requires continuous current supplied by a battery to maintain
holding force. (B) electromagnet, externally powered — a magnet
suspended from a crane which requires power from a source
external to the crane (C) permanent magnet, electrically Bridge
Crane Controlled — a magnet which derives holding force from
permanent magnet material and requires current only during the
period of attachment or release. (D) permanent magnet. manually
bridge crane controlled — a magnet which derives holding force from
permanent magnet material and requires a manual effort during
period of attachment or release.
Magnet, Lifting, Close Proximity Operated: A lifting magnet used
in such a fashion that the operator manually positions the magnet on
the load, and manually positions the magnet and load during a lift.
Magnet, Lifting, General Application: Lifting magnets that are
intended by the manufacturer to be used on a number of different
geometrical shapes and do not fall under the category of remotely-
operated lifting magnets.
Magnet, Lifting, Remotely Operated: A lifting magnet which does
not require the operator or other personnel to be in close proximity to
the magnet or its load while the magnet is in use.
Magnet, Lifting, Specified Application: Lifting magnets that are
designed for lifting specified geometrical configurations and weights
of designated parts, identified by part number or other Bridge Crane
Controlled definition and used in a Bridge Crane Controlled manner.
Magnet, Lifting, Submersible: A special magnet that has been
designed to be immersed in liquid.
Magnetic Alloys: Alloys that have special magnetic properties.
Magnetic Analysis Inspection: A nondestructive method of
inspection to determine the existence of variations in magnetic flux in
ferromagnetic materials of constant cross section as might be
caused by discontinuities and variations in hardness. The variations
are usually indicated by a change in pattern on an oscilloscope
screen.
Magnetic bearing: True bearing corrected for magnetic
declination to account for geographical difference between the true
and magnetic north poles. Normally used to indicate flight path
alignment.
Magnetic Bridge Crane Control: A means of Bridge Crane
Controlling direction and speed by using magnetic contactors and
relays.
Magnetic Chuck: A flat, smooth surfaced workholding device which
operates by magnetism to hold ferrous metal workpieces for
grinding.
Magnetic Chuck: A flat, smooth surfaced work holding device which
operates by magnetism to hold ferrous metal workpieces for
grinding.
Magnetic clutch: An electromagnetic clutches that engaged and
disengaged the air conditioning pulley.
Magnetic Coil: An electrical device mounted on the solenoid valves
that supply the energy needed to shift the valve.
Magnetic Coil: An electrical device mounted on the solenoid valves
that supply the energy needed to shift the valve.
Magnetic declination: The correction to a true bearing to account
for the geographic difference between the true and magnetic
poles. The declination value varies, depending on location on the
earth's surface.
Magnetic field: A region of space near a magnetized body where
magnetic forces can be detected.
Magnetic field : The region within which a body or current
experiences magnetic force.
Magnetic field line: Lines everywhere pointing in the direction of
the magnetic force, used as a device to help visualize magnetic
fields. In a plasma, magnetic field lines also guide the motion of ions
and electrons, and direct the flow of some electric currents.
Magnetic flux : The rate of flow of magnetic energy across or
through a surface.
Magnetic Head Pulley: A head pulley is the lead, or head, pulley
used to drive a conveyor belt system. When magnetized, the head
pulley can be used as a separator to remove metal pieces from the
material being transported on the conveyor system. The metal
material clings to the conveyor as it rotates around the head pulley
and is either scraped or allowed to fall of the belt on the underside of
the conveyor.
Magnetic iron oxide (fe: 32Partially oxidized iron.
Magnetic Particle Inspection: A nondestructive method of
inspection for determining the existence and extent of possible
defects in ferromagnetic materials. Finely divided magnetic particles,
applied to the magnetized part, anre attracted to and outline the
pattern of any magnetic leakage fields created by discontinuities.
Magnetic particle inspection : A nondestructive method of
inspection for determining the extent of surface cracks and similar
imperfection in ferromagnetic materials.
Magnetic Particle Testing: A non-destructive test method of
inspecting areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials.
The metal is magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder
adheres to lines of flux leakage, revealing surface and near surface
discontinuities. Magnetic particle testing is used in both raw material
acceptance testing and product inspection. Quality levels are usually
agreed on in advance by the producer and purchaser.
Magnetic Particle Testing: A non destructive test method of
inspecting areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials.
The metal is magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder
adheres to lines of flux leakage, revealing surface and near surface
discontinuities. Magnetic particle testing is used both raw material
acceptance testing and product inspection. Quality levels are usually
agreed on in advance by the producer and purchaser.
Magnetic Pole: The area on a magnetized part at which the
magnetic field leaves or enters the pan. It is a point of maximum
attraction in a magnet.
Magnetic pole: Two meanings (1) the points on Earth towards
which the compass needle points. (2) A concentrated source of
magnetic force, e.g. a bar magnet has two magnetic poles near its
end.
Magnetic pole : -The area on a magnetized part at which the
magnetic field leaves or enters the part. It is the point of maximum
attraction in a magnet.
Magnetic refrigeration : Where very low temperatures are obtained
by using paramagnetic salts with magnets.
Magnetic Separator: A device used to separate magnetic from less
magnetic or nonmagnetic materials. The crushed material is
conveyed on a belt past a magnet.
Magnetic storm: A disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field
initiated by a solar flare or sunspot.
Magnetic timing : A method of measuring ignition that uses a
magnet pickup tool to sense the location of a magnet on the
harmonic balancer.
Magnetic variation (mvar, magvar) : Difference between true north
and magnetic north, varying with position; magnetic variation drifts
with time; Symbols: nu; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Magnetically Hard Alloy: See permanent magnet material. (see
Permanent Magnet Material)
Magnetically Soft Alloy: See soft magnetic material.
Magneting heading : Heading of the aircraft relative to magnetic
north; A Magnetic Heading Sensor provides this heading data.
Symbols: psi sub M; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Magnetism: Commonly expressed as permeability which is the ratio
of the magnetic induction to the magnetic intensity. The important
factor to remember is that the permeability increases as the material
becomes more magnetic. The 300 Series stainless is non-magnetic
in the annealed condition.
Magnetite: The oxide or iron of intermediate valence which has a
composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe3O4.
Magnetizing Force: A force field resulting from the flow of electric
currents or from magnetized bodies that produces magnetic
induction.
Magnetohydrodynamics: The study of plasma motion and
dynamics in the presence of a magnetic field.
Magnetometer: A device for measuring the strength and direction
of the interplanetary and solar magnetic fields.
Magnetopause: The boundary of the magnetosphere, lying inside
the bow shock. The location in space where Earth's magnetic field
balances the pressure of the solar wind. It is located about 63,000
km from Earth in the direction of the Sun.
Magnetosphere: That region of space surrounding the Earth which
is dominated by the magnetic field.
Magnetosphere: The region surrounding a celestial body where its
magnetic field controls the motions of charged particles. The Earth's
magnetic field is dipolar in nature. That is, it behaves as if produced
by a giant bar magnet located near the center of the planet with its
north pole tilted several degrees from Earth's geographic north pole.
Magnetostriction: Changes in dimensions of a body resulting from
application of a magnetic field.
Magnetron: A vacuum tube in which the flow of electrons is subject
to the control of an external magnetic field.
Magvar : Magnetic variation
Mahmoud : RAF night fighter operation conducted against Luftwaffe
night fighters with a single mosquito joining the landing pattern
Mahwp : Missed Approach Holding Waypoint
Main Drives: Large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill’s
pinion drives.
Main Drives: Large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill's
pinion drives.
Main Filter: Filter used to clean the hydraulic oil supplied by the
main pumps before the oil goes to the system’s cylinders.
Main Filter: Filter used to clean the hydraulic oil supplied by the
main pumps before the oil goes to the system's cylinders.
Main gear: The primary landing wheel and tire assembly and the
fixture to which they are attached to the fuselage or airframe.
Main gear : Also Main Landing Gear. The large, heavy-duty landing
gear struts and wheels that support most of the weight of the
airplane. They are usually under the wing or under the fuselage near
the center of the aircraft. Any other landing gear struts and wheels
are noticeably smaller.
Main Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the main part of the
weld.
Main Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the main part of the
weld.
Main Hoist: The primary hoist mechanism provided for lifting and
lowering the rated load.
Main hoist line: The primary rope system usually of higher load
capacity than that provided by the auxiliary rope system.
Main Line Contactor: A magnetic contactor used in the incoming
power circuit from the main line collectors.
Main Line Disconnect Switch: A manual switch which breaks the
power lines leading from the main line collectors.
Main Oil Pump: A pump that pumps oil to the bearings and the
controls of a blower when the blower is up to speed.
Main Oil Pump: A pump that pumps oil to the bearings and the
controls of a blower when the blower is up to speed.
Main Pump: The pumps that produce the hydraulic pressure for the
AGC and CVC reducing station.
Main Pump: The pumps that produce the hydraulic pressure for the
A.G.C. and C.V.C. reducing station.
Main rotor: The large rotor on top of a helicopter that provides the
primary lift and propulsion for the aircraft.
Main rotor: A large rotor in the horizontal plane of a helicopter that
provides the lift.
Main shaft: Main shaft is the counter shaft inside the transmission or
gear box which carries the gears arrangement and help to shift the
gears.
Main Steam Header Valve: A valve located before the throttle valve
on the main steam line coming into the turbine.
Main Steam Header Valve: A valve located before the throttle valve
on the main steam line coming into the turbine.
Main Trip Valve: Electrically-operated valve that stops or allows flow
through a line.
Main Trip Valve: Electrically operated valve that stops or allows flow
through a line.
Maintenance : Indicates device is in a maintenance mode; Values:
non-maintenance, calibration, alignment, bore sight
Major axis: The maximum diameter of an ellipse.
Major use permit : See Use Permit.
Make: For a vehicle, either the name of its manufacturer or, if the
manufacturer has more than one operating unit, the name of that
unit.
Make Up: Water that is added to accumulator drum to ensure proper
water level.
Make Up Tank: A component of the cooling system that allows
additional coolant to be added to the system as needed.
Makeup: Water that is added to accumulator drum to ensure proper
water level.
Makeup Tank: A component of the cooling system that allows
additional coolant to be added to the system as needed.
Makeup water : Water fed to a system to replace that which is lost
for example, water fed to a boiler to replace that lost as steam or
condensate; water fed to a cooling tower to replace that lost by
evaporation, drift, or other causes.
Malfunction indicator lamp: This amber dashboard warning light
may be labeled check engine or service engine soon.
Malleability: The characteristic of metals that permits plastic
deformation in compression without fracture.
Malleability: The property that determines the ease of deforming a
metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering. The more
malleable metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheet more
easily than others.
Malleabilizing: A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way
that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic
or free carbon or, in some instances, part of the carbon is removed
completely.
Malleabilizing: A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way
that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic
or free carbon or, in someinstances, part of the carbon is removed
completely.
Malleable: Capable of being extended or shaped by hammering or
rolling.
Malleable Iron: A cast-iron made by prolonged annealing of white
iron in which decarburization, graphitization or both take place to
eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of
temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the
product will exhibit a light fracture surface; hence whiteheart
malleable. Otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark; hence
blackheart malleable. Only the blackheart malleable is produced in
the United States. Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic
matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlite, spheroidite or
tempered martensite, depending on heat treatment and desired
hardness.
Malleable Iron: A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white
iron in which decarburization,graphitization or both take place to
eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of
temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the
product will exhibit a light fracture surface; hence whiteheart
malleable. Otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark;hence
blackheart malleable. Only the blackheart malleable is produced in
the United States. Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic
marix;pearlitic malleable may contain peaaaarlite,spheroidite or
tempered marensite, depending on heat treatment an desired
hardness.
Mallet: Wooden hammer.
Mals : medium intensity approach light system.
Malsr : medium intensity approach light system with runway
alignment indicator lights
Mammut : MAMMOTH. German long range radar with a range of up
to 300Km.
Man Trolley: A trolley having an operator’s cab attached to it.
Mandrel: 1. A rod used to retain the cavity in hollow metal products
during working. 2. A metal bar around which other metal may be
cast, bent, formed or shaped.
Mandrel: 1) A form, generally of elongated round section used for
size and to support hose during fabrications and/or vulcanization. It
may be rigid or flexible. 2) A tapered expanding device, fixed in
diameter which is pulled through a shank of a fitting thus expanding
the diameter to exert force on the hose between the shank and
ferrule.
Mandrel Forging: The process of rolling and forging a hollow blank
over a mandrel in order to produce a weldless, seamless ring or
tube.
Mandrel : Airborne radar jamming device operating in the 85-135
MHz waveband to counter the Freya early warning system.
Manganese: A metallic element occasionally found in very small
amounts as an impurity in well-water supplies.
Manganese (Mn): A most useful additive to steels. Mild deoxidizer.
Combines with sulfur and so decreases the chance of the steel
suffering from hot shortness. Improves the toughness of ferrite-
pearlite steels. Improves hardenability. Hadfield's manganese steel,
which is characterized by its great resistance to wear, contains
around 13% Mn. It is used in some grades of austenitic stainless
steel to replace the more expensive nickel as it is an austenite
stablilizer.
Man-Hours Per Ton: This is a measure of labor efficiency<=""
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Manifold: A pipe or series of pipes connecting a series of ports to a
common opening.
Manifold: A conductor with multiple connection ports, generally
made from a solid block of metal with internally drilled passageways
to minimize the amount of piping required.
Manifold: A fabricated system of passages to which various
components are attached to form a working assembly or
subassembly.
Manifold (Lube Systems): Two or more injectors in the same
mounting assembly.
Manifold absolute pressure: A sensor used to measure the
pressure inside the intake manifold compared with a perfect vacuum.
Manifold heat control valve: A thermostatic device that routes
exhaust heat to the intake manifold in order to promote fuel
vaporization and reduce warm-up time.
Manifold pressure sensor: Computer sensor used to measure the
barometric pressure in relation to intake vacuum. Sometimes called
a barometric pressure sensor.
Manifold vacuum: Low pressure measured at the intake manifold of
a running engine.
Manifold, service : Chamber equipped with gauges and manual
valves, used by service technicians to service refrigerating systems.
Manifolding : A method of circulating the refrigerant through
separate rows of tubes and mostly used with direct-expansion or dry
evaporators.
Manipulating Lifter: A lifter that rotates the load about one or more
axes during the lifting process.
Manned maneuvering unit: A portable jet-pack device used by
astronauts to propel themselves through space independent of a
spacecraft.
Mannesmann Process: A process for piercing tube billets in malting
seamless tubing. The billet is rotated between two heavy rolls
mounted at an angle and is forced over a fixed mandrel.
Manometer: A device to measure small to moderate pressure
differentials. Device is general constructed from glass or plastic
tubes filled with water, oil, alcohol or other suitable fluids.
Manometer: Pressure measuring device.
Manometer : An instrument for measuring pressuresespecially a U-
tube partially filled with a liquid, usually water, mercury, or a light oil,
so constructed that the amount of displacement of the liquid
indicates the pressure being exerted on the instrument.
Mantle: Middle layer of the Earth; between the crust and the core.
Manual Control: A control actuated by the operator.
Manual control: A control actuated by the operator.
Manual extending mirrors: A sideview mirror that can be manually
moved further away from a vehicle when it is towing an object.
Manual frost control : Manual control used to change operation of
refrigerating system to produce defrosting conditions.
Manual Override: A means of manually actuating an automatically
controlled device.
Manual override: A means of manually actuating an automatically-
controlled device.
Manual transmission: A driver operated (shifted) transmission or
transaxle.
Manual transmission: A transmission that uses a clutch and a shift
(gear) selector to change gears.
Manual transmission fluid: The fluid used for lubricating and
cooling a manual transmission.
Manual Welding: A welding operation performed and controlled
completely by hand. See also automatic welding, machine welding
and semiautomatic welding.
Manual Welding: Welding where in the entire welding operation is
performed and controlled by hand.
Manual-Magnetic Disconnect Switch: A power disconnecting
means consisting of a magnetic-contactor that can be operated by
remote pushbutton and can be manually operated by a handle on
the switch.
Manufacturer’s identification: A code symbol used on or in some
hose to indicate the manufacturer.
Manufacturers engine code: An alphanumeric code given to an
engine by its manufacturer in order to distinguish it from other
engines.
Map: Manifold absolute pressure.
Map storage: The media on which the maps for a vehicles
navigation system are stored (generally CD, DVD or hard drive).
Map : Equipment that produces a map image; See Also: Digital Map
Generator
Maraging: A precipitation-hardening treatment applied to a special
group of high-nickel iron-base alloys (maraging steels) to precipitate
one or more intermetallic compounds in a matrix of essentially
carbon-free martensite.
Maraging: A precipitation hardening treatment applied to a special
group of high nickel iron base alloys (maraging steels) to precipitate
one or more intermetallic compounds in matrix of essentially carbon
free martensite.
Maraging Steel: A high-alloyed steel that is hardened by both
martensite transformation and age-hardening.
Maraging Steel: A high alloyed steel that is hardened by both
martensite transformation and by age hardening.
MARC: Maryland Area Regional Commuter Train Service
Marforming Process: A rubber-pad forming process developed to
form wrinkle-free shrink flanges and deep-drawn shells. It differs
from the Guerin process in that the sheet metal blank is clamped
between the rubber pad and the blankholder before forming begins.
Maria: Dark areas on the Moon, actually lava plains, once believed
to be seas.
Marine Heat Exchanger: A heat exchanger is any type of device
used to transfer heat from between mediums. Marine heat
exchangers are specifically designed to help remove heat from
marine engines during operation. Water is pumped from the water in
which the boat is operating, requiring an inlet to be below the
waterline at all times. The water is circulated through the heat
exchanger, helping to dissipate heat from the coolant mix circulating
from the marine engine through the tubes of the heat exchanger.
When marine heat exchangers are used in salt water, a sacrificial
zinc anode must be placed on the heat exchanger to absorb the
effects of corrosion due to the salt water.
Mark: Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often
described by source.
Mark: Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often
described by source.
Mark, Arbor: Surface damage in the vicinity of a coil I.D. caused by
contact with a roughened, damaged or non-circular arbor.
Mark, Bearing: A depression in the extruded surface caused by a
change in bearing length in the extrusion die.
Mark, Bite: A line which is generally perpendicular to the rolling
direction.
Mark, Bristle: Raised surface about one inch long, crimped wire
shaped and oriented in any direction.
Mark, Carbon: Gray or black surface marking caused by contact
with carbon runout blocks.
Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveler): Numerous intermittent lines or
grooves that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling or
extrusion direction.
Mark, Edge Follower: Faint intermittent marks at the edge of a cold
rolled product which are usually perpendicular to the rolling direction.
This mark is caused by action of devices designed to rewind coils
without weave.
Mark, Handling: 1. For rolled products, an area of broken surface
that is introduced after processing. The mark usually has no
relationship to the rolling direction. 2. For extrusions, damage that
can be imparted to the surface during handling operations.
Mark, Heat Treat Contact: Brownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped
stain with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the boundary
of the stain. It is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the
quenching of solution heat-treated flat sheet or plate.
Mark, Inclusion: Appearance of surface (which may also be
creased) near a slit edge, caused by sheet contacting the slitter
knife.
Mark, Roll: 1. For rolled products, a small repeating raised or
depressed area caused by the opposite condition on a roll diameter.
2. For extrusions, a longitudinal groove or indentation caused by
pressure from contour rolls as a profile (shape) passes through them
for dimensional correction.
Mark, Roll Skid: A full width line perpendicular to the rolling
direction and repeating as a function of a work roll diameter.
Mark, Rub: A large number of very fine scratches or abrasions. A
rub mark can occur by metal-to-metal contact, movement in handling
and movement in transit.
Mark, Snap: A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an
extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A snap mark occurs
whenever there is an abrupt change in the extrusion process. (see
Mark, Stop)
Mark, Stop: A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an
extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A stop mark occurs
whenever the extrusion process is suspended. (see Mark, Snap)
Mark, Whip: A surface abrasion which is generally diagonal to the
rolling direction. It is caused by a fluttering action of the metal as it
enters the rolling mill.
Marker beacon (mb) : Part of Instrument Landing System that
signals crew members of distance to runway, consisting of three
markers:. inner, middle, and outer;
Marketing support: An auto industry term that describes programs
that manufacturers provide to stimulate sales or assist dealers in the
advertising and marketing of their vehicles.
Marquenching: (see Martempering)
Married pair: Two transit rail cars that are semi-permanently
coupled to each other and that share certain common equipment.
Metrorail trains only operate trains with an even number of cars
because it operates married pairs.
Mars: Fourth planet from the Sun, a terrestrial planet.
Marsensite Range: The interval between the martensite start and
the martensite finish temperatures.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat
deposits and is dominated by herbacious vegetation. Marshes may
be fresh- or saltwater, tidal or nontidal.
Marshall space flight center (msfc): The George C. Marshall
Space Flight Center, located in Huntsville, Alabama, is responsible
for developing spacecraft hardware and systems, and is perhaps
best known for its role in building the Saturn rockets that sent
astronauts to the Moon during the Apollo program. It is NASA's
primary center for space propulsion systems and plays a key role in
the development of payloads to be flown on the shuttle (such as
Spacelab). MSFC also manages two other NASA sites: the Michoud
Assembly Facility in New Orleans where the Shuttle's external tanks
are manufactured, and the Slidell Computer Complex in Slidell,
Louisiana, which provides computer support to Michoud and to
NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. MSFC Web Site
Martempering: Quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium
at a temperature in the upper part of the martensite range, or slightly
above that range, and holding it in the medium until the temperature
throughout the alloy is substantially uniform. The alloy is then
allowed to cool in air through the martensite range.
Martempering: A hardening treatment of a steel involving a slow
cool through the martensitic transformation range to reduce stresses
associated with the quenching of austenite. An important aspect of
martempering is that no transformation product other than martensite
should form.
Martensite: A microstructural form found in steel when it has been
cooled from its austenitic state to room temperature at a greater than
the critical cooling rate of the steel. It is a metastable solid solution
with a body-centered tetragonal structure and its hardness depends
primarily upon the carbon content of the steel.
Martensite: A distinctive neddle like structure existing in steel as a
transition stage in the transformation of austenite. It is the hardest
constituent of steel of eutectoid composition. It is produced by rapid
cooling from quenching temperature and is the chief constituent of
hardened carbon tool steels. Martensite is magnetic.
Martensitic: Small category of stainless steel characterized by the
use of heat treatment for hardening and strengthening. Martensitic
stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel
content. They are utilized in equipment for the chemical and oil
industries and in surgical instruments. The most popular martensitic
stainless steel is type 410 (a grade appropriate for non-severe
corrosion environments requiring high strength).
Martensitic Hardening: Martensitic stainless steels can be
hardened by heating above the transformation range to
temperatures of 1,700 to 1,950°F, followed by cooling in air or oil.
This process provides the maximum toughness.
Martensitic Hardening: Martensitic stainless steels can be
hardened by heating above the transformation range to
temperatures of 1700 to 1950 degrees F., followed by cooling in air
or oil. This process provides the maximum toughness.
Martensitic Stainless Steels: A corrosion-resistant ferrous alloy
with a predominant martensitic phase.
Martensitic Stainless Steels: A corrosion resistant ferrous alloy
with a predominant martensitic phase. Mass Effect . . . The effect
that the mass of a component has on the properties of the material
from which the part is made. In castings, such effects may arise due
to the effect of mass on the solidification rate and on the rate of
temperature change during heat treatment.
Martensitic Transformation: A reaction that takes place in some
metals on cooling with th formation of an acicular structure called
martensite.
Mas uac : Maastricht Upper Airspace Center
Mas : Map section of AIP
Masp : Minimum Aviation System Performance
Mass: The quantity of matter in a body as measured by the ratio of
the force required to produce a given acceleration, to the
acceleration.
Mass: The quantity of matter in a body. It can be determined by
measuring the force of gravity (weight) acting on it and dividing this
by the gravitational acceleration at that point. Thus, the mass of a
given body remains the same everywhere, while its weight changes
with the gravitational attraction.
Mass air flow (MAF): The volume of air passing into the engine
where is varies with temperature and humidity and used in
calculating injector operation and spark timing.
Mass balance: _ see flutter Pictured below a mass balance arm on
an aileron.
Mass balance: The term ‘mass balance’ is often used by
glaciologists to describe the difference between all of the ice that is
added to a glacier, and all of the ice the glacier loses over a period of
time. Ice sheets and glaciers can lose mass due to melting, calving,
evaporation, etc. They can gain mass from direct precipitation,
avalanching, and windblown snow. The net result of all these outputs
and inputs of ice are then the glacier’s mass balance.
Mass balance: The application of the principle of the conservation of
matter. For example, the mass of a glacier is not destroyed or
created; the mass of a glacier and all its constitutive components
remains the same despite alterations in their physical states. The
mass balance of a glacier is calculated with the input/output
relationships of ice, firn, and snow, usually measured in water
equivalent. Output includes all ablation processes of surface melting,
basal melting, evaporation, wind deflation, calving, and internal
melting. Input includes direct precipitation, avalanching, and the
growth of superimposed ice.
Mass Effect: A term used to emphasize the effect of section size on
the rate at which a steel can be cooled through its austenitic
transformation, and hence the effect of section size on the
microstructure and mechanical properties than can be produced in a
steel of a particular chemistry when cooled in this manner.
Mass flow rate: The mass of fluid per unit of time passing through a
given cross-section of a flow passage in a given direction.
Mass fraction: Mass of a component divided by the total mass of
all components in the system.
Mass ratio: Ratio of the total mass of a rocket vehicle to the mass
remaining when all the propellant is consumed.
Massaged : Filtered, estimated, or derived, or some combination of
the three
Massaging seats: Seats that contain moving mechanical elements
in the seatback, usually with several selectable settings.
Master (central) control : Control of all outlets from one point.
Master air waybill (mawb): The carrier's airbill issued to cover a
consolidated shipment tendered by a forwarder or consolidator
Master Alloy: An alloy rich in one or more desired addition
elements. That is added to a metal melt to raise the percentage of a
desired constituent.
Master Alloy Powder: A prealloyed metal powder of high
concentration of alloy content designed to be diluted when mixed
with a base powder to produce the desired composition. See also
prealloyed powder.
Master caution : A signal which indicates that one or more caution
lights has been activated (from MIL-STD-1472D);
Master cylinder: Master cylinder plays an important role in
automotive brakes system. The master cylinder is a controlling unit
which converts the mechanical force by driver into hydraulic
pressure. This system further controls the slave cylinder located near
the wheels.
Master Divider Valve (Lube Systems): In a series-progressive
system, the first divider valve downstream from the pump; or the first
divider valve in a lubrication zone. Output is directed to secondary
divider valves and/or lubricant points.
Master Pattern: The object from which a die can be made; generally
a metal model of the part to be cast with process shrinkage.
Master Pattern: The object from which a die can be made; generally
a metal model of the part to be cast with process shringage.
Master Switch: A manually operated device which serves to govern
the operation of contactors and auxiliary devices of an electric Bridge
Crane Control.
Master warning : A signal which indicates that one or more warning
lights has been activated (from MIL-STD-1472D);
Matalloid: (a) Element intermediate in luster and conductivity
between the true metals and non metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron,
tellurium, and selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids;
frequently one allotropic modification of an element will be non
metallic, another metalloid in character. Obviously, no hard and fast
line can be drawn. (b) In steel metallurgy, metalloid has a
specialized, even if erroneous, meaning; it covers elements
commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus,
silicon and sulfur.
Match: A condition in which a point in one metalforming or forging
die half is aligned properly with the corresponding point in the
opposite die half within specified tolerance.
Match mounting: Technique that matches the harmonic high point
of a tyre with a low point of the wheel to ensure optimal ride
performance.
Matched Edges: Two edges of the die face that are machined
exactly at 90° to each other and from which all dimensions are taken
in laying out the die impression and aligning the dies in the forging
equipment. Also referred to as match lines.
Matchplate: A plate of metal or other materials on which patterns
and gating systems, split along the parting line, are mounted back-
to-back to form an integral piece.
Matchplate: A plate of metal or other materials on which patterns
and gating systems, split along the parting line, are mounted back to
back to form an integral piece.
Material Processing: Material processing is the process by which
raw materials are refined, combined, or treated in order to achieve
new material properties or to create a component. For example, the
term material processing can be used in reference to the production
of stainless steel and other alloys.
Material Safety Data Sheets: (MSDS) Sheets that document safety
issues associated with various materials used.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): Sheets that document safety
issues associated with various materials used.
Matrix: The continuous or principal phase in which another
constituent is dispersed.
Matse : ECAC Transport Ministers Meeting on the Air Traffic System
in Europe
Matt Finish: A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on
rolls which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or
electrical means to various degrees of surface texture.
Matte: An intermediate product of smelting; an impure metallic
sulfide mixture made by melting a roasted sulfide ore such as an ore
of copper, lead or nickel.
Matte Finish: A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling
on rolls which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or
electrical means to various degrees of surface texture.
Matte Surface: A dull surface appearance on a tin plate product;
non reflowed tinplate. See Re flowed Surface.
Matte Surface (Tinplate): A dull surface appearance on a tin plate
product; non-reflowed tinplate. (see Reflowed surface)
Mattscheibe : FOCUSING SCREEN. German name for the glow in
the sky from searchlights, flares and fires against which the bombers
were silhouetted.
Matz : Military ATZ
Mauna loa: An intermittently active volcano 13,680 ft (4,170 m) high
in Hawaii. Last eruption was in 1984. Also see Mauna Loa record.
Mauna loa record: The record of measurements of atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentrations taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory,
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, since March 1958. The Mauna Loa record is the
longest reliable daily record of atmospheric carbon dioxide
measurements in the world.
Maunder minimum: The period from 1654 to 1714 when it was
believed that there were no sunspots. It is now thought that there
were some sunspots during that time but less than the numbers
counted after 1800.
Mauw : Maximum All-Up Weight
Mawp : Missed Approach Waypoint
Max Coil: Largest size coil a customer will take; Tin Mill may have to
split a coil to achieve this weight.
Max HP RPM: The speed of an engine at which it generates its
maximum horsepower.
Max q: Maximum dynamic pressure; the point during launch when
the vehicle is subjected to its greatest aerodynamic stress.
Max Torque RPM: The speed of an engine at which it generates its
maximum torque.
Maximum cargo capacity: A measurement of a vehicles cargo
volume when the rear seats (including a third row if applicable) are
folded or removed.
Maximum gross takeoff weight (mgtow): The maximum weight
with which an aircraft is permitted to takeoff. MGTOW includes the
aircraft's empty weight plus the weight of fuel, oil, crew, passengers,
baggage, cargo and removable equipment.
Maximum inflation pressure: The maximum air pressure to which
a cold tyre may be inflated; can be found moulded onto the sidewall.
Maximum payload : Maximum Zero Fuel Weight - (minus) Basic
Operating Weight
Maximum Stress: In testing of the strength of a steel, a sample is
machined into a standard test piece and is stretched in a tensile
testing machine until it breaks. The results are expressed in
N/mm2 and is the value of the maximum load reached in the test
divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Maximum Stress: In testing of the strength of steel a sample is
machined into a standard test piece and is stretched In a tensile
testing machine until it breaks. The results are expressed in N/mm2
and is the value of the maximum load reached in the test divided by
the original cross sectional area of the specimen.
Maximum Stress Intensity Factor: The maximum value of the
stress-intensity factor in a fatigue cycle.
Mayday : The international radiotelephony distress signal. When
repeated three times, it indicates imminent and grave danger and
that immediate assistance is requested.
MB : Marker Beacon
Mbb: See Eurocopter
MC : Mission computer
MCA : Minimum Controllable Airspeed. The speed below which your
control surfaces do not generate sufficient lift to control the aircraft.
MCC : Millibar (replaced by hPa)
MCI : Mobile Communication Infrastructure
McKay Leveler: A series of four rolls (two top, two bottom)
necessary to level or remove coil set in order to feed coil ends
through the shear.
Mckay Leveler: A series of four rolls (two top, two bottom)
necessary to level or remove coil set in order to feed coil ends
through the shear.
Mcm: Thousand circular mill used to describe large wire sizes.
McPherson strut suspension: The part of the hydraulic brake
system in which system pressure is generated.
Mcquaid Ehn Grain Size Test: A method of assessing grain size. It
consists of a test piece at 927oC for 8 hours by slow cooling anmd
subsequent microscopical examination. The grain size is measured
at x100 magnification and compared to standard chars, the figures
range from No.1 very coarse to No. 8 very fine.
McQuaid-Ehn Test: A test to reveal grain size after heating into the
austenitic temperature range. Eight standard McQuaid-Ehn grain
sizes rate the structure, No. 8 being finest, No. 1 coarsest.
Mct: See Minimum Connecting Time.
MCTR : Military CTR
MCU : Minimum configuration unit.
Md helicopters: A U.S.-based helicopter manufacturer.
MD : Medical Doctor
MDA : Minimum Descent Altitude
MDAU : Maintenance data acquisition unit.
MDF : demonstrated flight diving speed.
MDH : Major damage history.
ME : Multi Engine
MEA : Minimum Enroute Altitude
Meallographic Structure: The nature, distribution, and amounts of
the metallographic constituents in a metal.
Mean: Synonym for average.
Mean aerodynamic chord (mac) : The average chord of the wing
span or the total distance from one wing tip to the other.
Mean camber line: A plot of points that lie halfway between the
upper and lower surfaces of the wing or airfoil cross section. See
also Airfoil, Camber and Chord.
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: This is the amount that a
material will ‘grow’ in size when subjected to a temperature rise. It is
measured in inches/inch/°F. This number multiplied by the length of
the tubing (in inches) and by the temperature rise (in °F) indicates
how much the tube length will expand (in inches). If the temperature
decreases, the tube will shrink by a similar amount.
Mean Diameter: The average of two measurements of the diameter
at right angles to each other.
Mean Diameter: The average of two measurements of the diameter
at right angles to each other
Mean diameter: The mid-point between the inside diameter and the
outside diameter of a corrugated/convoluted hose.
Mean Effective Load: A load used in durability calculations
accounting for both maximum and minimum loads.
Mean piston speed: The mean piston speed is the average speed
of the piston speed in a reciprocating engine. It is a function of stroke
and RPM.
Mean sea level: The average height of the sea surface, based upon
hourly observation of the tide height on the open coast or in adjacent
waters that have free access to the sea. In the United States, it is
defined as the average height of the sea surface for all stages of the
tide over a nineteen year period. Mean sea level, commonly
abbreviated as MSL and referred to simply as 'sea level,' serves as
the reference surface for all altitudes in upper atmospheric studies.
Mean sea level: The average height of the sea surface, based upon
hourly observation of the tide height on the open coast or in adjacent
waters that have free access to the sea. In the United States, it is
defined as the average height of the sea surface for all stages of the
tide over a nineteen-year period. Mean sea level, commonly
abbreviated as MSL and referred to simply as "sea level", serves as
the reference surface for all altitudes in upper atmospheric studies.
Mean sea level (msl) : The average height of the surface of the sea
for all stages of tide; used as a reference for elevations throughout
the U.S.
Mean solar time: Time based on an average of the variations
caused by Earth's non-circular orbit.
Mean Stress: The algebraic average of the maximum and minimum
stresses in one cycle. Also referred to as steady component of
stress.
Mean sea level (msl): Official elevations of runways and heliports
are reported in feet above mean sea level (the midpoint between the
highest and lowest sea levels)
Measured : Raw data converted to standard units; Compare:
derived, estimated, filtered, raw, selected, smoothed
Measurements of pollution in the troposphere (mopitt): MOPITT
will fly aboard Terra as part of NASA's Earth Observing
System(EOS). It is an instrument designed to enhance our
knowledge of the lower atmosphere and to particularly observe how
it interacts with the land and ocean biospheres. MOPITT is a
scanning radiometer employing gas correlation spectroscopy to
measure upwelling and reflected infrared radiance in three
absorption bands of carbon monoxide and methane.
Measuring Table: A precise measuring device.
Measuring Valve (Lube Systems): Component that dispenses a
measured amount of lubricant to a point of lubrication.
Mechanical advantage: Mechanical advantage is the measurement
of the force amplification achieved with a tool or any mechanical
system.
Mechanical Alloying (MA): An alternate cold welding and shearing
of particles of two or more species of greatly differing hardness. The
operation is carried out in high-intensity ball mills, such as attritors
and is the preferred method of producing oxide-dispersion-
strengthened (ODS) materials. See also attritor grinding and
dispersion-strengthened material. (see Attritor Grinding) (see
Dispersion-strengthened Material)
Mechanical Assembly: Mechanical assembly is a production and
assembly service offered in many different industries. The assembly
company may offer services including fabrication, assembly,
packaging and distribution. The service may be offered on individual
components or on complete systems. For example, one company
may offer the production and assembly of a computer hard drive,
while another provider may receive all of the individual components
and provide the assembly of the entire computer system.
Mechanical Braking Means: A method of bridge crane controlling
or reducing speed by friction.
Mechanical Control: A control actuated by linkages, gears, screws,
cams or other mechanical elements.
Mechanical control: A control actuated by linkages, gears, screws,
cams or other mechanical elements.
Mechanical De-scaling: The process of removing oxides or mill
scale by mechanical means. Frequently used to prepare hot rolled
wire rods prior to cold rolling or drawing.
Mechanical efficiency: An engine's rating as to how much potential
horsepower is lost through friction within its moving parts.
Mechanical Galvanizing: A batch process used to produce a zinc
coating on manufactured steel items by shot peening. Small iron and
steel parts are coated with zinc by drum-tumbling with a mixture of
promoter chemicals, zinc powder and glass beads. The tumbling
action peens the zinc powder onto the part.
Mechanical governor: The unit placed on the extended camshaft of
the fuel pump to control the required fuel delivery of fuel. It works on
the principle of the centrifugal force.
Mechanical Hysteresis: Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of
loading and unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the
closed loop of the stress-strain curves for loading and unloading.
Sometimes referred to as elastic, but more properly mechanical.
Mechanical Level Indicator: Device that uses a float to measure
the level of oil in a tank.
Mechanical Level Indicator: Device that uses a float to measure
the level of oil in a tank.
Mechanical Load Brake: An automatic type of friction brake used
for bridge crane controlling loads in a lowering direction. This
unidirectional device requires torque from the motor to lower a load
but does not impose additional load on the motor when lifting a load.
Mechanical Metallurgy: The science and technology dealing with
the behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces; often
considered to be restricted to plastic working or shaping of metals.
Mechanical Platform Scales: Mechanical platform scales are
weight measurement devices, often designed to be portable and sit
on the floor in industrial, commercial, or shipping and receiving
facilities. A mechanical scale makes use of a leveling beam or a dial
to report the weight of an object. Floor scales may be designed for
small package size application or for much larger-scale
measurement needs.
Mechanical Plating: Plating wherein fine metal powders are peened
onto the work by tumbling or other means. The process is used
primarily to provide ferrous parts with coatings of zinc, cadmium, tin
and and alloys of these metals in various combinations.
Mechanical Polishing: A process that yields a specularly reflecting
surface entirely by the action of machining tools, which are usually
the points of abrasive particles suspended in a liquid among the
fibers of a polishing cloth.
Mechanical Polishing: A method of producing a specularly
reflecting surface by use of abrasives.
Mechanical Press: A press whose slide is operated by a crank,
eccentric, cam, toggle links or other mechanial device.
Mechanical Properties: Those properties of a material that reveal
the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that
involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the
modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and fatigue limit.
Mechanical Properties: Properties of a material that reveal its
strength and elastic behavior.
Mechanical Seal: A dynamic interfacial spring-loaded mechanical
device consisting of a stationary face component in a housing and a
rotating face component on the shaft. Sealing takes place between
the two flat sealing faces perpendicular to the shaft axis.
Mechanical seals : A mechanical device used to control leakage
from the stuffing box of a pump. Mechanical seals are usually made
of two flat surfaces, one of which rotates on a shaft. The two flat
surfaces are of such tolerances as to prevent the passage of water
between them.
Mechanical Spring: Any spring produced by cold forming from any
material with or without subsequent heat treatment.
Mechanical Stability: See shear stability.
Mechanical Testing: The methods by which the mechanical
properties of a metal are determined.
Mechanical Testing: Mechanical testing is a term that covers a
broad range of engineering services. Mechanical testing may include
the analysis of material properties and the analysis of component
characteristics such as stress, strain, failure and fatigue.
Mechanical Tubing: Welded or seamless tubing produced in a large
number of shapes to closer tolerances than other pipe.
Mechanical Tubing: Steel tubing products used in the manufacture
of hydraulic cylinders, in mechanical parts for autos and trucks,
construction and farm equipment and in furniture,bicycles and many
other applications.
Mechanical Twin: A twin formed in a crystal by simple shear under
external heating.
Mechanical Twin: A twin formed in a metal during plastic
deformation by simple shear of the structure.
Mechanical wear : Removal of material due to mechanical process
under conditions of sliding, rolling, or repeated impact. Included are
abrasive wear, fatigue wear and adhesive wear, but not the corrosive
and thermal wear.
Mechanical Working: Plastic deformation or other physical change
to which metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing, etc. to
change its shape, properties or structure.
Mechanical Working: Plastic deformation or other physical change
to which metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing., etc. to
change its shape, properties or structure.
Mechanically Interlocked: A mechanical device which prevents
operation of opposite bridge crane controls at the same time.
Median Fatigue Life: The middle value when all of the observed
fatigue life values of the individual specimens in a group tested
under identical conditions are arranged in order of magnitude. When
an even number of specimens are tested, the average of the two
middlemost values is used. Use of the sample median rather than
the arithmetic mean (or average) is usually preferred.
Median Fatigue Strength at N Cycles: An estimate of the stress
level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The
estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life
distribution, since there is no test procedure by which a frequency
distribution of fatigue strengths at N cycles can be directly observed.
Also known fatigue strength at N cycles.
Median Life: Approximately five times the L10 (rating) life of a
bearing.
Medium Carbon Steel: Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and
less than 1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard
processes. See Low Carbon Steel and High Carbon Steel
Medium earth orbit: An orbit in the region of space above low
Earth orbit (2,000 kilometers) and below geosynchronous orbit
(35,786 kilometers). Sometimes called Intermediate Circular Orbit.
Medium haul: Medium-haul flights usually lasts less than five hours
and for Air France generally refer to European flights.
Medium High Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Encompass grades of
steel with a maximum carbon content exceeding 0.23 to and
including 0.44 percent.
Medium Low Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Encompass grades of steel
with a maximum carbon content exceeding 0.15 to and including
0.23 percent.
Medium Sections: Medium-size structural steel sections (usually
100-400mm).
Medium-Carbon Steel: Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and
less than 1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard
processes. (see Low-Carbon Steel) (see High-Carbon Steel)
Medium-gain antenna: A spacecraft antenna that provides greater
data rates than a low-gain antenna, with wider angles of coverage
than a high gain antenna, about 20-30 degrees.
Meehanite: A trade name applied to a certain type of cast iron.
Megabit: (mbps) Millions of bits per second. A unit of information
transfer rate -- e.g. Ethernet can carry 10 mbps.
Mel : Minimum Equipment List
Meltdown: The process in which steel is transferred from the solid
state into the liquid state by introducing electrical power to the scrap
in the electric furnace.
Melting point: For a given pressure, the temperature at which the
solid and liquid phases of the substance are in equilibrium.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid begins to melt.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a pure metal, compound or
eutectic changes form solid to liquid; the temperature at which the
liquid and the solid are in equilibrium.
Melting point : Temperature at atmospheric pressure at which a
substance will melt.
Melting Range: The range of temperatures over which an alloy
other than a compound or eutectic changes from solid to liquid; the
range of temperatures from solidus to liquidus at any given
composition on a phase diagram.
Melting Range: The range of temperature in which an alloy melt;
that is the range between solidus and liquidus temperatures.
Melt-through: Complete joint penetration for a joint welded from one
side.
Membrane: A barrier, usually thin, that permits the passage only of
particles up to a certain size or of special nature.
Membrane: A thin sheet or layer.
Memory: The faculty of an electronic device to record and store
data and/or instructions for future action on a command.
Memory settings: Preset positions and settings (for power seats,
mirrors or steering column positions for a vehicles driver) or for the
HVAC system, audio system, exterior mirrors or navigation system,
that can be recalled using a button.
Mender: A fitting or device used to join two sections of hose.
Meo: Medium Earth Orbit.
Meo : Medium Earth Orbit
Mep : Member of Parliament
Mercaptan : A compound chemically similar to alcohol, with sulfur
replacing the oxygen in the chemical structure. Many mercaptans
have an offensive odor and are used as deodorants in natural gas.
Merchant Bar: A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of
rounds, squares, flats, strips, angles and channels, which
fabricators, steel service centers and manufacturers cut, bend and
shape into products. Merchant products require more specialized
processing than reinforcing bar.
Merchant Bar: A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of
rounds, squares, flats, strips, angles, and channels, which
fabricators, steel service centers and manufacturers cut, bend and
shape into products. Merchant products require more specialized
processing than reinforcing bar.
Merchant Mill: A mill consisting of a group of stands of three rolls
each arranged in a straight line and driven by one power unit, used
to roll rounds, squares or flats of smaller dimensions than would be
rolled on a bar mill.
Merchant Pig Iron: Most pig iron is produced in blast furnaces for
subsequent steelmaking at integrated steelworks, and is transferred
as molten iron from BF to nearby oxygen converters. But a much
smaller tonnage is produced for sale as a steelmaking or foundry
raw material. This merchant pig iron is mostly made in coke or
charcoal-fueled blast furnaces and sold as ingot. Electric arc
furnaces (EAF) steelmaking, rather than foundry castings, is the
main application. Some integrated steel mills also sell surplus pig
iron. Total global merchant trade is around 25m tonnes/year, with
some 17m tonnes/year internationally traded, according to
International Pig Iron Association data. The figures exclude China,
which has a very large, but difficult to quantify, domestic market, and
is an occasional exporter. Pig iron is a supplement to ferrous scrap in
the EAF, and may be used instead of, or in addition to direct reduced
iron or hot briquetted iron in order to make higher grades of steel that
may not be achievable using only scrap.
Mercury: First planet from the Sun, a terrestrial planet.
Meridian: Great circle that passes through both the north and south
poles, also called line of longitude.
Meridian radius of curvature : Radius of the earth in the east/west
direction at a given position; Synonyms: earth radius north/south;
Symbols: rho sub M; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Mesh: (1) The number of screen openings per linear inch of screen;
also called mesh size. (2) The screen number on the finest screen of
a specified standard screen scale through which almost all of the
particles of a powder sample will pass. See also sieve analysis and
sieve classification. (see Sieve Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Mesh: 1. To engage, as the teeth between two gears. 2. Steel rods
or bars welded into an open lattice for reinforcing flat concrete
structures.
Mesh: To engage, as the teeth between two gears.
Mesh Quality Wire Rods: Generally produced from low or medium
low carbon steel and are intended for drawing or cold rolling into
smooth or deformed wire, which will subsequently be cross-wire
resistance welded in to wire mesh for use as concrete reinforcement.
Rods of this type are usually available as rolled and are frequently
mechanically de-scaled in-line with the rolling or wire drawing
process. Generally speaking there are practical limitations on
drawing this quality of steel rods without intermediate annealing. As
an example, low carbon rods starting at 7/32” (5.5 mm) can be
drawn to 1.06” (2.69 mm) in four drafts without annealing.
Mesh-belt Conveyor Furnace: A continuously operating furnace
that uses a conveyor belt for the transports of the charge
Mesic environment: A habitat with a moderate amount of water.
Mesopause: The upper boundary of the mesosphere where the
temperature of the atmosphere reaches its lowest point.
Mesoscale eddies (mode eddies): In the ocean, dense and
irregularly-oval high- and low-pressure centers about 400 km in
diameter. The intensities of currents in these centers are about 10
times greater than the local means.
Mesosphere: A division of the Earth's atmosphere extending from
altitudes ranging 18-30 miles to 48-55 miles.
Mesosphere: The atmospheric layer above the stratosphere,
extending from about 50 to 85 kilometers altitude. The temperature
generally decreases with altitude.
Messenger Track: A horizontal member, mounted along a handrail
or girder, supporting movable carriers from which festooned wires
are hung. The festooned wires may be used to transmit current from
the bridge to the trolley or from the bridge to a pendant Bridge Crane
Control unit.
Mestastable (Unstable): A state of pseudo-equilibrium.
MET : Multi Engine Piston
Metabolism: the sum of all the chemical and physical processes
within a living organism, including anabolism and catabolism
Metadata: Information describing the content or utility of a data set.
For example, the dates on which data were procured are metadata.
Metal: An opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that is a good
conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector
of light. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general,
denser than other substances.
Metal: An opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that is a good
conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector
or light. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general,
denser than other substances.
Metal Arc Cutting: Any of a group of arc cutting processes that
severs metals by melting them with the heat of an arc between a
metal electrode and the base metal. See also gas metal arc cutting
and shielded metal arc cutting. (see Gas Metal Arc Cutting) (see
Shielded Metal Arc Cutting)
Metal Arc Welding: Any of a group of arc welding processes in
which metals are fused together using the heat of an arc between a
metal electrode and the work. Use of the specific process name is
preferred.
Metal Cored Electrode: A composite filler metal welding eloctrode
consisting of a metal tube or other hollow configuration containing
alloying ingredients. Minor amounts of ingredients facilitate arc
stabilization and fluxing of oxides. External shielding gas may or may
not be used.
Metal Dusting: Accelerated deterioration of metals in carbonaceous
gases at elevated temperatures to form a dustlike corrosion product.
Metal Electrode: An electrode used in arc welding or cutting that
consists of a metal wire or rod that is either bare or covered with a
suitable covering or coating.
Metal Matrix Composite: Formed by infiltrating a ceramic preform
with a molten metallic product. Once solidified, the resulting product
combines the best features of ceramics and metals.
Metal Penetration: A surface condition in metal castings in which
metal or metal oxides have filled voids between sand grains without
displacing them.
Metal Powder: Elemental metals or alloy particles, usually in the
size range of 0.1 to 1000 um.
Metal Powder Cutting: A technique that supplements an oxyfuel
torch with a stream of iron or blended iron-aluminum powder to
facilitate flame cutting of difficult-to-cut materials. The powdered
material propagates and accelerates the oxidation reaction, as well
as the melting and spalling action of the materials to be cut.
Metal Spraying: A process for applying a coating of metal to an
object. The metal, usually in the form of wire, is melted by an
oxyhydrogen or oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is
proficted at high speed by gas pressure against the object being
coated.
Metal Spraying: A process for applying a coating of metal to an
object. The metal, usually in the form of wire, is melted by an
oxyhydrogen or oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is
proficted at high speed by gas pressure against the object being
coated.
Metallic Elements: In general these elements are distinguished by
their luster, malleability, conductivity, and ability to form positive ions.
Iron, Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Titanium among
others are metallic. Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, etc. are
nonmetallic.
Metallic Glass: A noncrystalline metal or alloy commonly produced
by drastic supercooling of a molten alloy by molecular deposition,
which involves growth from the vapor phase (e.g., thermal
evaporation and sputtering) or from a liquid phase (e.g., electroless
deposition and electrodeposition), or by external action techniques
(e.g., ion implantation and ion beam mixing).
Metallizing: A process used to produce a zinc coating on
manufactured steel items by metal spraying. Zinc metal wire or
powder is fed into a spray gun where it is melted and sprayed onto
the part to be coated. Melting is accomplished either by combustion
in an oxygen-fuel gas flame or an electric arc. Combustion gases
and/or auxiliary compressed air provide the necessary velocity to
spray the liquid metal onto the part.
Metallograph: An optical instrument designed for visual observation
and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque materials at
magnifications of 25 to approximately 2000x. The instrument
consists of a high-intensity illuminating source, a microscope and a
camera bellows. On some instruments, provisions are made for
examination of specimen surfaces using polarized light, phase
contrast, oblique illumination, dark-field illumination and bright-field
illumination.
Metallographic Structure: The nature, distribution and amounts of
the metallographic constituents in a metal.
Metallography: The study of the structure of metals and alloys by
various metals, especially by optical and electron microscopy.
Metallography: The science concerning the constituents and
structure of metals and alloys as revealed by the microscope.
Metalloid: 1. An element intermediate between metals and non-
metals possessing both metallic and non-metallic properties, as
arsenic. 2. Sometimes applied to elements commonly bonded in
small amounts in steel, as carbon, manganese, boron, silicon, sulfur
and phosphorus.
Metalloid: 1. Element intermediate in luster and conductivity
between the true metals and non-metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron,
tellurium, selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids;
frequently one allotropic modification of an element will be non-
metallic, another metalloid in character. Obviously, no hard and fast
line can be drawn. 2. In steel metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized,
even if erroneous, meaning; it covers elements commonly present in
simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur.
Metalloid: 1) An element intermediate between metals and
nonmetals possessing both metallic and nonmetallic properties, as
arsenic, 2) sometimes applied to elements commonly bonded in
small amounts in steel, as carbon, manganese, boron, silicon, sulfur,
and phosphorus.
Metallstatic Pressure: A compound phase referring to hydrostatic
pressure, substituting Metall since Hydro connotes water.
Metallurgical Bond: The bond between two metals whose interface
is free of voids, oxide films or discontinuities.
Metallurgical Bond: The principal bond that holds metal together
and is formed between base metals and filler metals in all welding
processes. This is a primary bond arising from the increased spatial
extension of the valence electron wave functions when an aggregate
of metal atoms is brought close together. Also referred to as metallic
bond.
Metallurgical Bond: The bond between two metals whose interface
is free of voids, oxide films, or discontinuities.
Metallurgical Coke: A coke, usually low in sulfur, having a very high
compressive strength at elevated temperatures; used in metallurgical
furnaces not only as fuel, but also to support the weight of the
charge.
Metallurgical factor : The condition of the metal, such as inclusions,
chemical segregation’s, cold work and others, which have an impact
upon the rate of electrochemical corrosion rates.
Metallurgy: The science which deals with the extraction of metals
from their ores and the adaptation and application of these metals to
the uses for which they are intended.
Metallurgy: The science and technology of metals, a broad field that
includes but is not limited to the study of internal structures and
properties of metals and the effects on them of various processing
methods.
Metallurgy Testing: See Engineer Services : Metallurgical
Metalock: A method of cold repair of castings and forgings.
Metalock: A method of cold repair of castings and forgings.
Metalograph: An optical instrument designed for both visual
observation and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque
materials at magnifications ranging from about 25 to about 1500
diameters.
Metals Comparator: An instrument for testing or identifying metallic
and nonmetallic parts. Parts are placed in an electromagnetic field
and a standard parts in a matched electromagnetic field. Distortions
of the magnetic fields are compared on an oscilloscope.
Metamic: A metal ceramic high in Cr Al2O3.
METAR : Meteorological Actual Report (current weather)
Metastable: (1) Of a material not truly stable with respect to some
transition, conversion or reaction but stabilized kinetically either by
rapid cooling or by some molecular characteristics as, for example,
by the extremely high viscosity of polymers. (2) Possessing a state
of pseudoequilibrium that has a free energy higher than that of the
true equilibrium state.
Metastable: Possessing a state of pseudo equilibrium that has a
free energy higher than that of the true equilibrium state but from
which a system does not change spontaneously.
Meteor: The luminous phenomenon seen when a meteoroid enters
the atmosphere, commonly known as a shooting star.
Meteor: The former Soviet Union's series of polar orbiting weather
satellites. The Meteor satellites transmit images in a system
compatible with the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites.
Meteorite: A part of a meteoroid that survives through the Earth's
atmosphere.
Meteorite: a solid mass of mineral or rock matter that has fallen to
the earth's surface from outer space without being completely
vaporized in the atmosphere.
Meteoroid: A solid body, moving in space, that is smaller than an
asteroid and at least as large as a speck of dust. Nearly all
meteoroids originate from asteroids or comets.
Meteorology: Study of the atmosphere and its phenomena.
Meteosat: (METEOrological SATellite) Europe's geostationary
weather satellite, launched by the European Space Agency and now
operated by an organization called Eumetsat.
Meter: Metric unit of length approximately 39.375 inches or
1,000mm.
Meter: To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.
Meter: 39.37 inches. The measure of distances in the metric system.
Meter In: To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or
system.
Meter Out: To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid out of an
actuator or system.
Meter-in: To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or
system.
Meter-out: To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid out of an
actuator or system.
Meth Panel: Base Line Methodology Panel is a terminology given to
a working group of the United Nations' Clean Development
Mechanism Executive Council responsible for evaluating carbon
credit projects.
Methane (ch4): A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas. Methane is
produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of
waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes,
production and distribution of natural gas and oil, coal production ,
and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric
concentration of methane has been shown to be increasing at a rate
of about 0.6% per year and the concentration of about 1.7 parts per
million by volume (ppmv) is more than twice its preindustrial value.
However, the rate of increase of methane in the atmosphere may be
stabilizing.
Methanol ( wood alcohol): Typically manufactured from natural
gas. Methanol content, including co solvents, in unleaded gasoline in
a limited by law to 5%.
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE): A fuel oxygenate that is
permitted in unleaded gasoline up to a level of 15%.
Metric tyre size system: One system used to describe a tyre’s size.
It is the standard system of the ETRTO(European tyre and Rim
Technical Organisation).
Metro: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
MetroAccess: Paratransit service that Metro provides for people
with disabilities who are certified eligible to receive this service
because they are unable to access Metrorail, Metrobus or other
fixed-transit services
MEV: One million electron volts.
Mexico Bay Sand: A sand similar to Michigan City dune sand mined
at Selkirk Beach, near Mexico NY., on Lake Ontario. It has a silica
content of 90% and over.
Meyer Hardness Test: A test to determine the tendency of a metal
to harden when deformed plastically. A series of indentations are
made in the metal using a fixed-diameter ball and progressively
increasing loads.
Meyer Hardness Test: A test to determine tendency of a metal to
harden when deformed plastically. A series of indentations are made
in the metal using a fixed diameter ball and progressively increasing
loads.
Mezzanine: The area of a Metrorail station that is near the entrance
level that contains the faregate, fare vendors, and kiosk
Mf: The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during
cooling.
Mf: The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during
cooling.
Mf Temperature: The temperature at which martensitic
transformation is essentially complete during cooling after
austenitization.
MFD : Multi Function Display
Mg: The chemical symbol for Magnesium.
Mg: Chemical symbol for Magnesium
MH : Magnetic Heading
MHP : Mental Health Professional (or: psychologist)
MHZ: Megahertz, equal to one million hertz.
MHZ : Megahertz (1`000 kHz)
Mic; Mike: A term used for micrometer or to measure with a
micrometer.
Mica: Mica is a mineral which is found in layered structure normally
founds in granite and other rocks or in crystal. It is a good electrical
insulator and used as a thermal insulator.
Mica : A silicate material used with high pressure gauge glasses on
boilers.
Mica Schist: A type of micaceous refractory rock used for lining
cupolas and other melting furnaces.
Mica Strainer: A skim core made of thin mineral silicates
crystallizing in monoclinic form.
Michel thrust bearing : -
Michelin Man: The Michelin Man has represented the Michelin
corporation for more than 100 years.
Michigan Sand: Core sands of dune or lake sand and bank sands
found in Michigan.
Micro filtration : A membrane filtration process, which forces water
through a porous barrier. Pores are usually between 0.1 to 20 m m,
when used for water purification. For filtering purposes, pore sizes
are .045 m m.
Micro Laser Welding: Micro Laser Welding is a metal joining
process that uses a laser to precisely apply the thermal energy
necessary for joining. The term micro refers to the use of small spot
sizes less than 1 mm in diameter. Laser welding has several
advantages over arc welding: It limits the heat-affected zone and can
be used to produced narrow, deep welds.
Micro Limit Switch: A micro limit switch is a small mechanical
device used to turn on or off another device. A micro limit switch is
operated by very small movements of an actuator, responding to the
movement of other components in a system.
Micro Pipes : Tiny cavities, a fraction of a millimeter in diameter,
with irregular outlines, which occur in castings. Etching shows they
occur at intersections of convergent dendritic directions.
Micro Tester: A low load hardness tester, suitable for both Vickers
and Knoop tests, working with loads of between 10 to 3000 grams.
Microalloyed Carbon Steels: Developed from low-carbon steels,
with small additions of manganese and other elements with very low
contents. They present greater mechanical resistance than identical
low-carbon steels, but keep ductibility and weldability properties.
Microbands (Deformation): Thin sheet-like volumes of constant
thickness in which cooperative slip occurs on a fine scale. They are
an instability which carry exclusively the deformation at medium
strains when normal homogenous slip is precluded. The sheets are
aligned at +/- 55° to the compression direction and are confined to
individual grains, which usually contain two sets of bands. Compare
shear bands.
Microbar: A unit of pressure equal to 1 dyne/cm2 (one millionth of
the pressure of the atmosphere).
Microbe: any microorganism
Microcast Process: A patented method of precision casting alloys,
such as Vitallium, Monel, Inconel and the Haynes Stelite alloys.
Microcrack: A crack of microscopic proportions. Also termed
microfissure.
Microetching: Etching of metal samples for examination under the
microscope.
Microetching: Etching of metal samples for examination under the
microscope.
Microfissure: A crack of microscopic proportions.
Microformer: A type of extensometer for measuring elongation of
test piece in a tensile test.
Micrograph: A graphic reproduction of the surface of a specimen at
a magnification greater than 25x. If produced by photographic means
it is called a photomicrograph (not a microphotograph).
Micrograph: A graphic reproduction of the prepared surface of a
specimen at a magnification greater than ten diameters. When
photographed, the reproduction is known as a photomicrograph (not
a microphotograph).
Microgravity: An environment of very weak gravitational forces,
such as those within an orbiting spacecraft. Microgravity conditions
in space stations may allow experiments or manufacturing processes
that are not possible on Earth.
Microhardness: The hardness of a material as determined by
forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the
surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations
are so small that they must be measured with a microscope.
Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents
within a structure or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as
those encountered in case hardening. See also microhardness
test. (see Microhardness Test)
Microhardness: The hardness of a material as determined by
forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the
surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations
are so small that they must be measured with a microscope.
Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents
within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as
those encountered in case hardening.
Microhardness: The hardness of microconstituents of a material.
Microhardness Number: A commonly used term for the more
technically correct term microidentation hardness number.
Microhardness Test: A microindentation hardness test using a
calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry,
under a test load of I to 1000 gram-force into the surface of the test
material and to measure the diagonal or diagonals optically. See also
Knoop hardness test and Vickers hardness test. (see Knoop
Hardness Test) (see Vickers Hardness Test)
Microinch: 0.000001 (1/1,000,000th) of an inch. A common unit of
measurement in surface measurement research and in standard
roughness (surface) unit values of performance of machinery.
Microindentation: (1) In hardness testing, the small residual
impression left in a solid surface when an indenter, typically a
pyramidal diamond stylus, is withdrawn after penetrating the surface.
Typically, the dimensions of the microindentations are measured to
determine microindentation hardness number. (2) The process of
indenting a solid surface using a hard stylus of prescribed geometry
and under a slowly applied normal force, usually for the purpose of
determining its microindentation hardness number. See also Knoop
hardness number, microindentation hardness number and Vickers
hardness number. (see Knoop Hardness Number (HK)) (see
Microindentation Hardness Number) (see Vickers Hardness
Number)
Microindentation Hardness Number: A numerical quantity usually
stated in units of pressure (kg/mm^2) that expresses the resistance
to penetration of a solid surface by a hard indenter of prescribed
geometry and under a specified, slowly applied normal force. The
prefix "micro" indicates that the indentations produced are typically
between 10.0 and 200.0 um across. See also Knoop hardness
number, nanohardness test and Vickers hardness number. (see
Knoop Hardness Number (HK)) (see Nanohardness Test)(see
Vickers Hardness Number)
Microline : Trade name owned by Collins.
Microlug: A test coupon used to give rapid indication of the
effectiveness of magnesium treatment of ductile iron.
Microlug: A test coupon used to give rapid indication of the
effectiveness of magnesium treatment of ductile iron.
Micrometeoroid: Meteoroid less than 1/250th of an inch in
diameter.
Micrometeoroid protection: Shielding used to protect spacecraft
components from micrometeoroid impacts. Interplanetary spacecraft
typically use tough blankets of Kevlar or other strong fabrics to
absorb the energy from high-velocity particles.
Micrometer: One millionth of a meter, used to measure wavelengths
in the electromagnetic spectrum. Also known as a "micron" or µm
Micrometer, Depth: A micrometer in which the spindle projects
through a flat, accurately machined bar. Used to measure the depth
of holes or recesses.
Micrometer, Thread: A micrometer in which the spindle is ground to
a point having a conical angle of 60°. The anvil, instead of being flat,
has a 60° V-shaped groove which fits the thread.
Micron: 10-6 m; one millionth of a meter.
Micron: 1/1000th of a millimeter or 0.00003937 inches. The
measure used to determine the particle size of contaminants in a
fluid system.
Micron : A unit of length, the thousandth part of 1 mm of the
millionth of a meter.
Micron rating: The size, in microns, of the particles a filter will
remove.
Microprocessor: A digital computer based on a single miniature
integrated circuit that offers programmability and computational
ability for use in electrohydraulic control applications.
Microprocessor : A small computer used in load management to
analyze energy demand and consumption such that loads are turned
on and off according to a predetermined program.
Microradiography: The process of passing x-rays through a thin
section of an alloy in contact with a photographic emulsion, and then
magnifying the radiograph 50 to 100 times to observe the distribution
of alloying constituents and voids.
Microscopic: Visible at magnifications above 25x.
Microscopic: Minute object or structures which are invisible or not
clearly distinguished without the use of a microscope.
Microscopic Stress: Residual stress in a material within a distance
comparable to the grain size. See also macroscopic stress. (see
Macroscopic Stress)
Microscopic Tests: Tests used in studying inclusions, segregation
and structure. Microscopic studies may be supplemental and
coordinated with other tests.
Microsection: A metal specimen whose surface has been polished
and etched to reveal the microstructure.
Microsection: A metal specimen whose surface has been polished
and etched to reveal the microstructure.
Microshrinkage: Very finely divided porosity resulting from
interdendritic shrinkage resolved only by use of the microscope; may
be visible on radiographic films as mottling. Etching shows they
occur at intersections of convergent dendritic directions.
Microshrinkage: Very finely divided porosity resulting from
interdendritic shrinkage resolved only by use of the microscope; may
be visible on radiographic films as mottling. Etching shows they
occur at intersections of convergent dendritic directions.
Microspectroscopy: A method of identifying metallic constituents
using spectrographic arc.
Microspectroscopy: A method of identifying metallic constituents
using spectrographic arc.
Microstructure: Microscopic structure of steel. Under a microscope,
certain elements of the solidified metal are visible (crystal structure).
Microstructure: The structure of a prepared surface of a metal as
revealed by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten
diameters.
Microtone (Brit.): An instrument for cutting thin sections of soft
specimens.
Microvalve: A control valve used to control the hydraulic pressure to
the clutch plates on the winch drive.
Microwave: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between
about 1000 micrometers and one meter.
Microwaves: Radio waves having wavelengths of less than 20
centimeters.
Mid-air: The term used to describe the unfortunate incident of two or
more aircraft making physical contact with each other while in flight.
Middle infrared: Electromagnetic radiation between the near
infrared and the thermal infrared, about 2-5 micrometers.
Middle market : Marker beacon located where the center of the
glide slope is 200ft above the runway
Middling: A product intermediate between concentrate and tailing
and containing enough of a valuable mineral to make retreatment
profitable.
Mid-engine: A vehicle that is propelled solely by its rear wheels and
whose engine that is aft of the passenger compartment but forward
of the rear axle.
Midrange : The power band of an engine between idle and full
throttle.
Mid-Weld: Two or more joints welded to form a longer one.
Mid-wing monoplane: An aircraft which has its single wing mounted
in a mid-position on the fuselage.
MIG Welding: Metal inert-gas welding; see preferred term gas metal
arc welding. (see Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW))
Mike Mark: Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a
contacting micometer
Mikro Tester: A low load hardness tester, suitable for both Vickers
and Knoop tests, working with loads of between 10 to 3000 grams.
MIL STD: United States Government military standards,
specifications, usually requiring rugged, exacting testing equal to the
exigencies of combat usage.
Mil Std: United States Government military standards,
specifications, usually requiring rugged, exacting testing equal to the
exigencies of combat usage.
Mil : Military
Milankovitch theory: An astronomical theory formulated by the
Yugoslav mathematician Milutin Milankovitch that associates climate
change with fluctuations in the seasonal and geographic distribution
of insolation determined by periodic variations of the Earth's
eccentricity and obliquity and the longitude of the perihelion.
Mild Steel: Carbon steel containing a maximum of about 0.25% C.
Mild steel : A low-carbon steel of ordinary production.
Mild Steels: A description generally taken to mean a non-alloy steel
with a maximum carbon content of about 0.25%.
Mileage : It is the sum of total distance travelled by a vehicle in one
litter of fuel.
Mileage allowance: In a vehicle lease, the number of miles the
lessee is permitted to drive over the term of the lease without
incurring an excess mileage penalty.
Miles flown : The miles (computed in airport-to-airport distances) for
each inter-airport hop actually completed in domestic and
international revenue services, scheduled and non-scheduled. In
cases where the inter-airport distances are inapplicable, aircraft
miles flown are determined by multiplying the normal cruising speed
for the aircraft type by the airborne hours.
Military aviation: The operation of aircraft that belong to the Armed
Forces. The Air Force YF-23 is an example of an aircraft that is flown
only by the military.
Milk run : Nuisance sorties over Berlin undertaken by Mosquitoes to
activate the German air defense system
Milky way: The galaxy which includes the Sun and Earth.
Mill: (1) A factory in which metals are hot worked, cold worked or
melted and cast into standard shapes suitable for secondary
fabrication into commercial products. (2) A production line, usually of
four or more stands, for hot or cold rolling metal into standard
shapes such as bar, rod, plate, sheet or strip. (3) A single machine
for hot rolling, cold rolling or extruding metal; examples include
blooming mill, cluster mill, four-high mill and Sendzimir mill. (4) A
shop term for a milling cutter. (5) A machine or group of machines for
grinding or crushing ores and other minerals. (6) A machine for
grinding or mixing material; for example, a ball mill and a paint mill.
(7) Grinding or mixing a material; for example, milling a powder
metallurgy material.
Mill: A milling machine. Also, the act of performing an operation on
the milling machine.
Mill Edge: Normal rounded edge produced in hot rolling. Does not
conform to any standard radius. This replaces the old term, band
edge.
Mill Edge: A hot band processed through the Pickler without being
side trimmed. This replaces the old term, band edge.
Mill Finish: A surface finish produced on sheet and plate,
characteristic of the ground finish on the rolls used in fabrication.
Mill Finish: A surface finish produced on sheet and plate.
Characteristic of the ground finish used on the rolls in fabrication.
Mill Form: Shapes manufactured by traditional rolling or drawing
operations, such as rounds, squares, hexagons and rectangles.
Mill Products: Generally mill forms of sheet, strip, plate, bar rod and
semi-finished forms.
Mill Scale: Iron oxide scale formed on steel during hot working
processes, cooled in air.
Mill scale : A natural black iron oxide coating loosely adhering to the
interior of new piping or tubes.
Mill Scale : Iron oxide scale formed on steel during hot working
processes, cooled in air
Mill Stars: Multipointed white iron or hard iron bodies used in a
tumbling barrel to assist in polishing and cleaning.
Mill Stars: Multi pointed white iron or hard iron bodies used in a
Tumbling Barrel to assist in polishing and cleaning.
Mill-Duty Crane: Service classification covered by AIST Standard
No. 6, ‘Specification for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes for Steel
Mill Service’.
Millennium : Codename for the first 1000 bomber raid on Cologne
30-31 May 1942.
Miller Indices: A system for identifying planes and directions in any
crystal system by means of sets of integers. The indices of a plane
are related to the intercepts of that plane with the axes of a unit cell;
the indices of a direction, to the multiples of lattice parameter that
represent the coordinates of a point on a line parallel to the direction
and passing through the arbitrarily chosen origin of a unit cell.
Millibar (mb): One thousandth of a bar, a unit of atmospheric
pressure. The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.01325
bars or 1013.25 mb. See pascal (Pa), atmospheric pressure.
Millimeter: Metric unit of length. Equals 0.03937 inches.
Milling (machining): Removing metal with a milling cutter.
Milling (powder technology): The mechanical comminution of a
material usually in a ball mill to alter the size or shape of the
individual particles, to coat one component of a mixture with another
or to create uniform distributions of components.
Milling Cuffer: A cutting tool, generallt cylindridcal in shape. Used
on a milling machine and operated essentially like a circular saw.
Milling Cutter: A rotary cutting tool provided with one or more
cutting elements called teeth that intermitently engage the workpiece
and remove material by relative movement of the workpiece and
cutter.
Milliroentgen : A sub multiple of the roentgen equal to one
thousandth (1/1000th) of a roentgen.
Milliscope: An instrument which gives an electrical warning when
melt reaches a predetermined temperature.
Mineral: Natural inorganic substance which is either definite in
chemical composition and physical characteristics or any chemical
element or compound occuring naturally as a product of inorganic
processes.
Mineral : A naturally occurring inorganic substance having specified
chemical composition and crystalline structure.
Mineral : Natural inorganic substance which is either definite in
chemical composition and physical characteristics or any chemical
element or compound occurring naturally as a product of inorganic
processes.
Mineral Dressing: Physical and chemical concentration of raw ore
into a product from which a metal can be recovered at a profit.
Mineral Oil: Originally, the name given to petroleum because it
occurs as a mineral, to distinguish it from oil obtained from animal
and vegetable sources; more commonly, a lubricant made from
petroleum.
Mineral Seal Oil: A cut between kerosene distillate and gas oil,
widely used as a solvent or penetrating oil.
Mineral Spirits: Highly effective solvents derived from petroleum or
coal. (see Petroleum Spirits)
Mini Mills: Normally defined as steel mills that melt scrap metal to
produce commodity products. Although the mini mills are subject to
the same steel processing requirements after the caster as the
integrated steel companies, they differ greatly in regard to their
minimum efficient size, labor relations, product markets, and
management style.
Minimill: A small non-integrated or semiintegrated steel plant,
generally based on electric arc furnace steelmaking. Minimills
produce rods, bars, small structural shapes and flat rolled products.
Minimill Steel Producer: A steel company, which manufactures
solid, steel products; starts with the steelmaking operation, generally
consisting of an electric arc furnace, and converts the liquid steel into
solid products. See Integrated Steel Producer.
Minimized Spangle: A dull hot-dipped galvanized surface
appearance in which the normal zinc formation has been
suppressed; achieved by applying water droplets or some other
nucleating agent to the zinc surface after the bath but before the zinc
solidifies to suppress the growth of spangle.
Minimized Spangle: A dull Hot Dipped Galvanized surface
appearance in which the normal zinc formation has been
suppressed; achieved by applying water droplets or some other
nucleating agent to the zinc surface after the bath but before the zinc
solidifies to suppress the growth of spangle.
Minimum Bend Radius: The minimum radius over which a metal
product can be bent to a given angle without fracture.
Minimum connecting time (mct): the least amount of time an
airline allows for a passenger connecting between flights at an
airport. If a shorter period of time is used by the passenger it is
referred to as an ‘illegal connection’ and the airline may not accept
liability for a missed connection.
Minimum free length: Calculated as four times the hose OD plus
half the hose minimum bend radius as a best practice for hydraulic
hose assemblies.
Minimum Residual Stress (MRS): The term applied to products,
usually flat rolled, which have been processed to minimize internal
stress of the kind that causes distortion when material is
disproportionately removed from one of the two surfaces through
mechanical or chemical means.
Minimum Residual Stress (MRS): The term applied to products,
usually flat rolled, which have been processed to minimize internal
stress of the kind that causes distortion when material is
disproportionately removed from on of the two surfaces through
mechanical or chemical means.
Minimum Stress (Smin): In fatigue, the stress having the lowest
algebraic value in the cycle; tensile stress being considered positive
and compressive stress negative.
Minimum Stress-intensity Factor (Kmin): In fatigue, the minimum
value of the stress-intensity factor in a cycle. This value corresponds
to the minimum load when the load ratio is more than 0 and is taken
to be zero when the load ratio is less than or equal to 0.
Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating: The average of three
coating weights test results obtained from a full width sample of a
galvanized (or any other coated) coil: 2 inches from each end and
dead center.
Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating: The average of three
coating weights test results obtained from a full width sample of a
galvanized (or any other coated) coil 2 inches from each end and
dead center.
Mining Cable: The smallest diameter of a screw thread. Also known
as the ?Root diameter?.
Minor Diameter: The smallest diameter of a screw thread. Also
known as the “Root Diameter”.
Minor planet: An asteroid.
Minus Sieve: The portion of a powder sample that passes through a
standard sieve of a specified number. See also plus sieve and sieve
analysis. (see Plus Sieve) (see Sieve Analysis)
Mirror Finish: A highly reflective finish obtained by polishing with
successively finer abrasive and buffing extensively free of grit lines.
Finish is mostly used for architectural applications.
Mirror Finish: A highly reflective finish obtained by polishing with
successively finer abrasive and buffing extensively free of grit lines.
Finish is used most for architectural applications. A comparable
finish produced by cold rolling is Ulbrich?s UlbraBright, which
currently is not being produced.
Misalignment: Misalignment is the condition or incorrect position or
arrangement of tires which results in the greater wear and tear of the
later.
Misalignment: The result of your vehicle’s front and/or rear
suspension not being properly aligned.
Mischmetal: An alloy of rare earth metals containing about 50%
lanthanum, neodymium and similar elements.
Miscibility: Solubility; ability of two or more liquids to form a
homogeneous solution.
Miscibility : The ability of two liquids, not mutually soluble, to mix.
Misfire: A circumstance that occurs when complete combustion
does not happen in one or more cylinder due to fuel, ignition or
cylinder compressor.
Misfire (miss): Firing in cylinder after compression stroke is not in
time and fires after or before the combustion is known as misfire.
Mismatch: The misalignment or error in register of a pair of forging
dies; also applied to the condition of the resulting forging.
Mismatch: Error in register between two halves of a forging by
opposing die halves not being in perfect alignment
Misrun: Denotes an irregularity of the casting surface caused by
incomplete filling of the mold due to low pouring temperature, gas
back pressure from inadequate venting of the mold and inadequate
gating.
Misrun: Denotes an irregularity of the casting surface caused by
incomplete filling of the mold due to low pouring temperature, gas
back pressure from inadequate venting of the mod, and inadequate
gating.
Missile: An object or a weapon that is fired, thrown, dropped, or
otherwise projected at a target; a projectile.
Mission computer (mc) : Mission processor;
Mission objectives : Goals to be accomplished during a specific
mission, including flight plan, NRPs, legs, and a plan on how to
accomplish these objectives; plan includes, usually on a leg-by-leg
basis, navigation modes, radio navigation modes, guidance modes,
flight director modes, data source control information such as
frequencies; See Also: capture criterion
Mission processor (mp) : A general purpose computer to host
avionics software. Synonyms: mission computer;
Mist: Liquid particles 40 to 500 microns in diameter that are formed
by condensation of vapor in air.
Misting: A coating defect consisting of a condition encountered,
primarily on D & I high-speed beverage can coating machines, which
appears as many fine spots of coating.
Misting: A coating defect consisting of a condition encountered,
primarily on D & I high speed beverage can coating machines, which
appears as many fine spots of coating.
Mitis Casting: Casting of very mold steel.
Mix bed demineralizer : Having a mixture of cation and anion
exchange resin in the same housing.
Mixed Base Crude/Intermediate Base Crude: Crude oil, neither
predominantly paraffinic or naphthenic in character, found in the Mid-
continent and other districts.
Mixed Base Grease: Usually refers to a mixture of greases
formulated with sodium and calcium soaps, though other
combinations are available; though such compounding offers modest
benefits, it is not sufficient to make them multipurpose greases.
Mixed Film/Imperfect Film Lubrication: Lubrication in which the
lubricant film is not continuous over the bearing area.
Mixed Gas: A natural gas and air mixture which lowers the BTU
value of the gas to approximately 750 BTU per cubic feet.
Mixed Potential: The potential of a specimen (or specimens in a
galvanic couple) when two or more electrochemical reactions occur.
Also called galvanic couple potential.
Mixing: In powder metallurgy, the thorough intermingling of powders
of two or more different materials (not to be confused with blending).
Mixing: The ability to combine two different R/C functions into one
on the transmitter.
Mixing arm : A specialized lever which has three or more pivots.
The length between pivots will determine the proportion of the mix
between two or more linkages.
Mixing : Radios with mixing will take two or more controls and mix
their output in relation to stick input. The number of channels that
can be mixed, and the precision of the mixing curve, or number of
curve points, will depend on the transmitter used.
Mixture: As in "Fuel / Air" mixture. The balance of fuel and air is
what determines the effectiveness of the engine, as well as how fast
the engine runs. The mixture is set with the needle valves.
Mixture : A physical blend of two or more substances.
Mixture ratio: Ratio of the masses of the fuel to the oxidizer at any
given time.
Mixture : Fuel to air mixture is determined by the needle valve on
the engine carburetor.
Mls: The Microwave Landing System (MLS) is an all-weather,
precision landing system that will be fitted in the next few years to
supplement the already operational Instrument Landing
System (ILS).
MLS : Microwave Landing System
MLW : Microwave Landing System
MM : Middle Marker
MMH: Monomethyl Hydrazine, CH3NHNH2. A liquid hypergolic
fuel.
MMI : Man-Machine Interface (see HMI)
MMO : maximum operating limit speed.
MMR : Multi-Mode Receiver
MMU: Manned Maneuvering Unit.
Mn: Chemical symbol for Manganese.
MNPS : Minimum navigational performance specifications.
Mo: Chemical symbol for Molybdenum.
Mo: Chemical symbol for Molydenum
Mobility: Analogous to fluidity, the property of a lubricating grease
that permits flow under pressure, as in centralized grease dispensing
systems. Mobility is evaluated by low-temperature testing that
simulates winter field conditions.
MOC: Maintenance Operations Center, the facility from which all
Metrorail maintenance activities are coordinated and monitored
MOCA : Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude
Mock Up: A full size model built accurately for study, testing or
display.
Mock-up: A full-size replica or dummy of a vehicle, e.g. a
spacecraft, often made of some substitute material such as wood to
assess design features.
MOD : Moderate
Mode 1: Refers to the set-up of the transmitter whereby the left stick
operates the elevator and rudder, and the right stick operates the
throttle and ailerons. Common in the UK and Europe.
Mode 2: Refers to the set-up of the transmitter whereby the left stick
operates the throttle and rudder, and the right stick operates the
elevator and ailerons. Common in North America and much of the
world.
MODE : Microwave Landing System
MODE-A : A transponder which does not give the controllers altitude
information
MODE-C : A transponder and encoding altimeter which together give
air traffic controllers altitude information
Model: A specific vehicle brand identified by a name or number (and
which is usually further classified by trim or style level).
Model: A proportional representation of an object in any scale.
Model: A copy of an object that is often times smaller than the
original. Wind tunnel engineers create a model of anaircraft to put in
a wind tunnel. The model is a precise replica of the outside of
an aircraft.
Model (noun): A mathematical representation of a process, system,
or object developed to understand its behavior or to make
predictions. The representation always involves certain
simplifications and assumptions.
Model year: For a vehicle model, the calendar year designation
assigned by the manufacturer to the annual version of that model.
Modeling: An investigative technique that uses a mathematical or
physical representation of a system or theory that accounts for all or
some of its known properties. Models are often used to test the
effects of changes of system components on the overall
performance of the system.
Modell Number: A value giving a measure of wear resistance.
Modem: Modulator / Demodulator. A device used to provide digital
data communications between two separate microprocessing units.
The modulator converts digital information into tomes that are
transmitted over telephone lines and the demodulator changes the
received tones back to digital data.
Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer
(modis): MODIS will fly aboard Terra as part of NASA's Earth
Observing System (EOS). It will view the entire surface of the Earth
every 1-2 days, making observations in 36 co-registered spectral
bands, at moderate resolution (0.25 - 1 km), of land and ocean
surface temperature, primary productivity, land surface cover, clouds,
aerosols, water vapor, temperature profiles, and fires. See MODIS
Web Site.
Mode-s : A transponder which features unique identification per unit,
the potential for low-speed up and down data links, and "selective
interrogation" triggered by ground facilities
Modification: A process in which the eutectic temperature, structure
and composition of aluminum-silicon alloys are apparently altered by
the addition of small amounts of a third element, such as sodium. A
similar phenomenon can be affected by chill casting.
Modification: A process in which the eutectic temperature,
structure, and composition of aluminum silicon alloys are apparently
altered by the addition of small amounts of a third element, such as
sodium. A similar phenomenon can be effected by chill casting.
Modified everest : A standard model for computing earth data
Moding cursor : A symbol on a display, moved by an operator much
like arrow keys for menu selection, to select one of several options
Modulating : Type of device or control which tends to adjust by
increments (minute changes) rather than by either "full on" or "full
off" operation.
Modulating control : A mode of automatic control in which the
action of the final control element is proportional to the deviation,
from set point, of the controlled medium.
Modulating refrigeration cycle : Refrigerating system of variable
capacity.
Modulation: The variation of a property of an electromagnetic wave
or signal, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase.
Module: A self-contained unit of a spacecraft or space station which
serves as a building block for the total structure.
Modulus of Elasticity: The number which represents the relative
“springiness” of a given type of metal. All steels have the same
modulus of elasticity or “springiness”, regardless of the tensile or
yield strengths. That is, until the yield point is reached, they all
stretch the same amount for a given load. Aluminum, on the other
hand, is more elastic than steel and thus will stretch more than steel
under the same loading.
Modulus of elasticity (e) : The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a
material.
Modulus Of Resilience: The amount of strain energy per unit
volume required to stress a material from zero to the yield stress
limit. The modulus of resilience is proportional to the area under the
elastic portion of the stress strain diagram. Units are Pa or psi.
Modulus of Resilience (ur): The amount of strain energy per unit
volume required to stress a material from zero to the yield stress
limit. The modulus of resilience is proportional to the area under the
elastic portion of the stress-strain diagram. Units are Pa or psi.
Modulus of Rigidity: Of a material suffering shear, the ratio of the
intensity of the shear stress across the section to the shear strain,
i.e., to the angle of distortion in radians; expressed in pounds or tons
per square inch.
Modulus Of Rigidity: In a torsion test the ratio of the unit shear
stress to the displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic
range. See Shear Modulus
Modulus of Rupture: Used in both bending and torsion testing. In
bending, the modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture
divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the
torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus.
Modulus Of Rupture: Used in both bending and torsion testing. In
bending, the modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture
divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the
torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus.
Modulus Of Toughness: Amount of work per unit volume of a
material required to carry that material to failure under static loading.
Equal to the area under the entire stress strain curve. Units are Pa or
psi.
Modulus of Toughness (ut): Amount of work per unit volume of a
material required to carry that material to failure under static loading.
Equal to the area under the entire stress-strain curve. Units are Pa
or psi.
Mogas : Motor Gasoline (Auto-Gas)
Mogullizer: Equipment for sealing by vacuum impregnation of small
pores in castings.
Moh : Major overhaul
Mohs Hardness: The hardness of a body according to a scale
proposed by Mohs, based on ten minerals, each of which would
scratch the one below it.
Moh's Scale: A scratch hardness test for determining comparative
hardness using ten standard minerals, from talc to diamond.
Moh's Scale: A scratch hardness test for determining comparative
harness using ten standard minerals, from talc to diamond.
Moisture indicator : Instrument used to measure moisture content
of a refrigerant.
Moisture Teller: A patented apparatus for the rapid determination of
moisture content of molding sand.
Molasses Water: A solution of water and molasses sprayed on sand
molds to strengthen mold surface and yield a fine finish layer.
Mold: An iron-casting container used to hold and cool molten metal
as it solidifies.
Mold Board (Follow Board): The board upon which the pattern is
placed to make the mold.
Mold Board (Follow Board): The board upon which the pattern is
placed to make the mold.
Mold Cavity: The space in a mold which is filled with liquid metal to
form the casting upon solidification. The channels through which
liquid metal enters the mold cavity (sprue, runner, gates) and
reservoirs for liquid metal (risers) are not considered part of the mold
cavity proper.
Mold Clamp: Devices used to hold or lock cape and drag flask parts
together.
Mold Coating (Mold Facing, Dressing): 1. Coating to prevent
surface defects on permanent mold castings and die castings. 2.
Coating on sand molds to prevent metal penetration and improve
metal finish.
Mold Cover Half (Cover Die): 1. The top half of the mold, the cope.
2. In die casting, the front half of the die, which remains stationary as
the die is opened.
Mold Cover Half (Cover Die): 1) The top half of the mold, the cope,
2) in die casting, the front half of the die, which remains stationary as
the die is opened.
Mold Facing: See Mold Coating
Mold Jacket: A wooden or metal form slipped over a mold to
support the side during pouring.
Mold Jacket: A wooden or metal form slipped over a mold to
support the side during pouring.
Mold Oil: Oil that ensures easy separation of a ceramic, glass, metal
or other object from the mold in which it is cast. (see Form Oil)
Mold Shift: A casting discontinuity resulting from misalignment of
the cope and drag halves.
Mold Shift: A casting discontinuity resulting from misalignment of
the cope and drag halves.
Mold Stool: Metal plate used to support each mold on the stool
plate.
Mold Wash: A slurry of refractory material, such as graphite and
silica flour, used in coating the surface of the mold cavity to provide
an improved casting surface.
Mold Weight: A weight that is applied to the top of a mold to keep
the mold from separating.
Moldability: Ability of sand to flow into a flask and around a pattern;
measured in the amount of sand falling through an inclined screen or
slot.
Moldabilty Controller: A patented device for controlling water
additions to sand mix to maintain a consistent moldability index.
Molding Gravel: The coarser and more permeable grades of
molding sand generally used in production casting of exceptional
size and weight.
Molding Gravel: The coarser and more permeable grades of
molding sand generally used in production casting of exceptional
size and weight.
Molding Machine: A machine for making sand molds by
mechanically compacting sand around a pattern.
Molding Machine: A machine for making molds.
Molding Material: A material suitable for making molds into which
molten metal can be cast.
Molding Press: A press used to form powder metallurgy compacts.
Molding Sand Mixture: A sand mixture suitable for making molds
into which molten metal can be cast.
Molding Sands: Sands containing over 5% natural clay, usually
between 8 and 20%. (see Naturally Bonded Molding Sand)
Molding Sands: Sands containing over 5% natural clay, usually
between 8 and 20%. See also Naturally Bonded Molding Sand
Molecular Weight: Weight of the smallest quantity of a substance
processing all its normal physical properties.
Molecular Weight: Weight of the smallest quantity of a substance
processing all its normal physical properties.
Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that can exist in the
free state and which has the same composition as any larger mass
of the substance.
Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that can exist in the
free state and which has the same composition as any larger mass
of the substance.
Molecule: The absolute tiniest part of something that can still be
called by that name. For example, two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom make up one molecule of water.
Mollier diagram : An enthalpy-entropy or enthalpy-pressure chart
showing the thermodynamic properties of a fluid.
Molten Cast Refractory: A solidified material made by melting
refractory ingredients and pouring into molds. (see Fused or Fusion
Cast Refractory)
Molten Weld Pool: The liquid state of a weld prior to solidification as
weld metal.
Molybdenum: Special alloying element commonly used to increase
hardenability of steel. Molybdenum is sometimes added to stainless
steel to enhance its corrosion resistance to certain chemicals.
Molybdenum is commonly called "moly".
Molybdenum (“Moly”) Disulfide: Often wrongly termed
“molysulfide”; a dark powder used as a dry film lubricant in oxidizing
atmospheres, at temperatures of up to 800ºF, to reduce friction under
boundary conditions. A natural material, moly disulfide is processed
to removed abrasives, produced in micronic particle sizes and made
available as a paste, an additive for greases, a dispersant in oil or a
bonded dry-film coating.
Molybdenum (Mo): An alloying element used as a raw material for
some classes of stainless steel. Molybdenum in the presence of
chromium enhances the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.
Molybdenum Oxide: A commercial compound of molybdenum
(MoO3) which is used as a finishing agent in making molybdenum
steels.
Molybdic Oxide: The oxide of molybdenum; added to the furnace in
briquetted form as an important finishing constituent in nitriding
steels.
Momentum: The product of the mass of a body and its velocity.
Mon : Motor Octane Number (aviation fuel rating)
Mond Process: A process for extracting and purifying nickel. The
main features consist of forming nickel carbonyl by reaction of finely
divided reduced metal with carbon monoxide, then decomposing the
nickel carbonyl to deposit purified nickel on small nickel pellets.
Monel: A high-nickel alloy, approximately 67% Ni, 28% Cu, the
balance Fe, Mn, Si and other elements. Monel metal is resistant to
corrosion and is widely used to resist the action of acids.
Monel: A high nickel alloy, approximately 67% Ni, 28% Cu, the
balance Fe, Mn, Si and other elements. Monel metal is resistant to
corrosion and is widely used to resist the action of acids.
Money factor: Also referred to as a "lease factor" or "lease fee." An
auto leasing industry term for expressing the interest rate used to
calculate the monthly lease payment, and equal to the leases APR
divided by 2,400. (For example, an APR of 7.2% equals a money
factor of 0.0033.)
Monica : RAF tail fighter-warning device effective up to 4 miles
Monitoring: 1) Periodic or continuous determination of the does rate
in an occupied area (area monitoring) or the does received by a
person (personnel monitoring), 2) periodic or continuous
determination of the amount of ionizing radiation or radioactive
contamination present in an occupied region, as a safety measure
for purposes of health protection, 3) personnel monitoring any part of
any individual, his breath, or excretions, or any part of his clothing.
Monitoring Area: Routine monitoring of the level of radiation or of
radioactive contamination of any particular area, building, room or
equipment. Usage in some laboratories or operation distinguishes
between routine monitoring and survey activities.
Monkey Cooler: In a blast furnace, the smaller of a series of three
water coolers protecting the cinder notch. The largest is the cooler,
while the in between cooler is the intermediate cooler.
Mono line: the control system developed by Victor Stanzel requiring
only a single line for control. Usually, this system is only fitted to
Speed models, where the rules permit it.
Mono line: the control system developed by Victor Stanzel requiring
only a single line for control. Usually, this system is only fitted to
Speed models, where the rules permit it.
Monocast Process: A patented application of resin-bonded sand to
line the flask in the production of centrifugal cast pipe. The resin-
bonded layer is thinner than the conventional sand lining.
Monocast Process: A patented application of resin bonded sand to
line the flask in the production of centrifugal cast pipe. The resin
bonded layer is thinner than the conventional sand lining.
Monocoque: Structure in which the outer skin carries the primary
stresses, and is free of internal bracing.
Monocoque: Type of fuselage design with little or no internal
bracing other than bulkheads, where the outer skin bears the main
stresses; usually round or oval in cross-section. Additional
classifications are (1) Semi-Monocoque, where the skin is reinforced
by longerons or bulkheads, but with no diagonal web members, and
(2) Reinforced Shell, in which the skin is supported by a complete
framework or structural members.
Monocoque : Construction method in aircraft in which formed
aluminum skins are applied with rivets or adhesives over a series of
station point bulkheads to make the fuselage or other structures.
Monolithic: An isothermal reversible reaction in a binary system, in
which a liquid on cooling, decomposes into a solid and a second
liquid of different composition. (Compare with Eutectic.)
Monolithic Refractory: A refractory which may be installed in-situ,
without joints to form an integral structure.
Monomer : A molecule, usually an organic compound, having the
ability to join with a number of identical molecules to form a polymer.
Monoplane: A fixed-wing aircraft with a single set of wings, i.e. one
wing on each side.
Monoplane: An airplane with one set of wings. Most aircraft built
today have only one set of wings and are classified as monoplanes.
Mono-propellant: A rocket propellant consisting of a single
substance, especially a liquid containing both fuel and oxidizer,
either combined or mixed together.
Monorail: An overhead track upon which carriers travel, used to
transport loads.
Monotectic: An isothermal reversible reaction in a binary system, in
which a liquid on cooling, decomposes into a solid and a second
liquid of different composition. (Compare with eutectic).
Monotron: An instrument for measuring indentation hardness. It is
fitted with two dials, one to measure depth of penetration, the other
the load.
Monotron: An instrument for measuring indentation hardness. It is
fitted with two dials, one to measure depth of penetration, the other
the load.
Monotropism: The ability of a soil to exisit in two or more forms
(crystal structures), but in which one form is the stable modification
at all temperatures and pressures. Ferrite and martensite are a
monotropic pair below the temperature at which austenite begins to
form in steels. Alternate spelling is monotrophism.
Monotropism: The ability of a solid to exist in two or more forms
(crystal structures), but in which one form is the stable modification
at all temperatures and pressures. Ferrite and martensite are a
monotropic pair below Ac1 in steels, for example. May also be
spelled monotrophism.
Monroney sticker: Also referred to as a "Window sticker." A sticker,
required by law for all new vehicles sold in the United States, that is
affixed to the side window or windshield and that must include the
following information: MSRP, engine and transmission specs,
standard equipment and warranty details, optional equipment and
pricing, city and highway mileage ratings as determined by the
Environment Protection Agency, and crash test ratings from the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Monsoon: A name for seasonal winds, first applied to the winds
over the Arabian Sea that blow for six months from the northeast and
for six months from the southwest. The term has been extended to
similar winds in other parts of the world (i.e., the prevailing west to
northwest winds of summer in Europe have been called the
European monsoon). The primary cause for these seasonal winds is
the much greater annual variation of temperature over large land
areas compared with neighboring ocean surfaces, causing an
excess of pressure over the continents in winter and a deficit in
summer, but other factors, such as topography of the land, also have
an effect. The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern
sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions
wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit
them. The monsoon climate can be described as a long winter-
spring dry season, which includes a cold season followed by a short
hot season just preceding the rains; a summer and early autumn
rainy season, which is generally very wet but may vary greatly from
year to year; and a secondary warming immediately after the rainy
season.
Monsoon: A name for seasonal winds, first applied to the winds
over the Arabian Sea that blow for six months from the northeast and
for six months from the southwest. The term has been extended to
similar winds in other parts of the world (i.e., the prevailing west to
northwest winds of summer in Europe have been called the
European monsoon). The primary cause for these seasonal winds is
the much greater annual variation of temperature over large land
areas compared with neighboring ocean surfaces, causing an
excess of pressure over the continents in winter and a deficit in
summer, but other factors, such as topography of the land, also have
an effect. The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern
sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions
wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit
them. The monsoon climate can be described as a long winter-
spring dry season, which includes a cold season followed by a short
hot season just preceding the rains; a summer and early autumn
rainy season, which is generally very wet but may vary greatly from
year to year; and a secondary warming immediately after the rainy
season.
Monthly payment: The amount of principal and interest that must
be paid each month under the terms of a finance or lease contract.
Months Of Inventory: Ratio of the end of period inventory to
average monthly level of sales for the period.
Montmorillonite: A very plastic clay, more siliceous than kaolinite;
the principle constituent of bentonite.
Montmorillonite: A very plastic clay, more siliceous than kaolinite;
the principal constituent of bentonite.
Montreal convention: An international convention designed to unify
certain rules governing international air transport, signed in Montreal
on 28 May 1999 and ratified on 28 June 2004 by EU countries.The
Montreal Convention introduced the principle of carriers’ civil liability
for victims of air disasters. With additional and more detailed
provisions it will eventually replace the Warsaw Convention.
Montreal convention: The Montreal Convention is a treaty adopted
by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). It amended
the provisions of the Warsaw Convention’s regime concerning
compensation for the victims of air disasters.
Montreal protocol: An international agreement to drastically reduce
CFC production, the Protocol was adopted in Montreal in 1987. It
was significantly strengthened at a subsequent meeting in London in
1990 that called for a complete elimination of CFCs by the year
2000. The agreement was again amended by a Meeting of the
Parties in Copenhagen in November 1992. Consumption of
controlled substances--such as CFCs and halons--was greatly
reduced or eliminated, and many accountability dates were moved
forward, often from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 1996.
Moon: A small natural body which orbits a larger one. A natural
satellite.
Moonshine : Radio jamming device used by RAF to deceive the
Freya radars by returning their own signal in an amplified form giving
the impression of a larger force that in fact existed.
Moore: A constant load rotating bending type fatigue testing
machine.
Mops : Minimum operational performance standard (RTCA)
Morgoil: Oil used to lubricate the finishing mill backup roll bearings.
Morgoil: Oil used to lubricate the finishing mill back up roll bearings.
Morgoil Alarm: A warning received when morgoil pressure is low or
morgoil flow is stopped.
Morgoil Pumps: Pumps that produce the morgoil pressure for the
morgoil system.
Morgoil System: System that encompasses all the parts needed to
supply morgoil to the back up rolls.
Morphology: The characteristic shape, form or surface texture or
contours of the crystals, grains or particles of (or in) a material,
generally on a microscopic scale.
Morse Test: The method used to calculate the Indicated power (IP)
of each cylinder of the multi cylinder engine. It use the combination
of tachometer and dynamometer.
Mortar, Refractory: A finely ground preparation which becomes
plastic and trowelable when tempered with water, and is suitable for
laying and bonding refractory brick.
Mosaic Structure: In crystals, a substructure in which adjoining
regions have only slightly different orientations.
Mot : Ministry of Transport
Mother Metal: The molten alloy just before final solidification and
freezing out of the solid.
Motoer control center : A single metal enclosed assembly
containing a number of motor controllers and possibly other devices
such as switches and control devices.
Motor: Technically, an electric motor; in hydraulics, a device that
converts fluid power into rotary mechanical force (torque) and
motion.
Motor: In spacecraft, a rocket that burns solid propellants.
Motor: A device which converts hydraulic fluid power into
mechanical force and motion. It usually provides rotary mechanical
motion.
Motor Circuit Switch: A switch, rated in horsepower, capable of
interrupting the maximum operating overload current of a motor of
the same horsepower rating as the switch at the rated voltage.
Motor Oil/Multigrade Oil: An engine oil that meets the requirements
of more than one SAE viscosity grade classification, formulated with
index (VI) improvers; “W” indicates winter grade.
Motor : Any electric motor used in the aircraft. Examples are the
servo motors, which move the servo arms, and thus the control
surfaces. There are also kits which use electric motors in place of
the engine for quieter, cleaner flight.
Motorized Spindles: A spindle is a general term used to describe
any rotating, cylindrical device used to perform a task. For example,
motorized spindles are mechanical devices that combine a motor,
usually a brushless DC motor, with a spindle for the purpose of
driving a high speed device such as a drill, router, or CNC machine.
Motorized Variac: An autotransformer for stepless voltage control in
shell molding.
Mottled Cast Iron: Iron which consists of a mixture of variable
proportions of gray iron and white cast iron; such a material has a
mottled fracture.
Mottled Cast-Iron: Iron which consists of a mixture of variable
proportions of gray iron and white cast-iron; such a material has a
mottled fracture.
Mottling: A coating defect consisting of a non-uniform appearance
of the cured coating in which the coating has a random,
discontinuous poor flow or partial dewetted appearance.
Mottling: A coating defect consisting of a non uniform appearance
of the cured coating in which the coating has a random,
discontinuous poor flow or partial dewetted appearance.
Mound heliport: A heliport built on an earthen mound or berm,
normally with a ramp for access. The purpose of building a mound
helistop is normally to elevate the TLOF above cars, fences or other
potential obstructions. This allows cars to park and circulate closer to
the heliport without violating obstruction-clearance criteria. This
strategy is sometimes used to minimize the loss of critically needed
parking spaces.
Mount pinatubo: A volcano in the Philippine Islands that erupted in
1991. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo ejected enough particulate
and sulfate aerosol matter into the atmosphere to block some of the
incoming solar radiation from reaching Earth's atmosphere. This
effectively cooled the planet from 1992 to 1994, masking the
warming that had been occurring for most of the 1980s and 1990s.
Mountain and valley breezes: System of winds that blow downhill
during the night (mountain breeze) and uphill during the day (valley
breeze).
Mounting: This is the act of putting a tyre on a wheel and ensuring
that the assembly is balanced. When you purchase new tyres, they
need to be professionally mounted. It is also standard for the tyre
dealer to charge a nominal fee for a valve stem.
Mounting: A means by which a specimen for metallographic
examination may be held during preparation of a section surface.
The specimen can be embedded in plastic or secured mechanically
in clamps.
Mounting Resin: Thermosetting or thermoplastic resins used to
mount metallographic specimens.
Mp: Melting point.
MP : Mission processor
Mpa: MegaPascals = Newton per square meter. A measure of force.
MPA : Multi-Pilot Airplane
Mpedance: I (Z)The quantity in an AC circuit that is equivalent to
resistance in a DC circuit, inasmuch as it relates current and voltage.
It is composed of resistance plus a purely AC concept called
reactance and is expressed, like resistance, in ohms.
MPFI : Multi point fuel injection
MPG: Miles per gallon.
MPH : Speed in Miles Per Hour. Like RPM, MPH is both singular and
plural. You can go 1 MPH or 100 MPH. You do not go 100 MPH`s.
MRA : minimum reception altitude.
MRBM: Medium Range Ballistic Missile (range 800-2,400 km).
MRVA : Multi-Pilot Helicopter
MRW : Maximum Ramp Weight
Ms Temperature: The temperature at which a martensitic
transformation starts during cooling after austenitization.
Ms Temperature: The temperature at which a martensitic
transformation starts during cooling after austenitization.
MS&T: Materials Science and Technology
MSA : Minimum Safe Altitude
MSDS: Material safety data sheets.
MSDS: Acronym for “Material Safety Data Sheet”.
MSFC: Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, Alabama).
MSG : Message
MSL : Mean sea level
Mslmean sea level : The average height of the surface of the sea
for all stages of tide; used as a reference for elevations, and
differentiated from AGL.
MSP : Maintenance Service Program. (Garret engine)
MSRP: Manufacturers suggested retail price. Also referred to as
"sticker price."
MSRP: Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price.
MT: Megatonne, equal to 1 million tonnes.
MT: Moscow Time.
MT : Mean Sea Level
MTA: Maryland Transportation Administration
MTOM : Maximum Take-Off Mass
MTOW : Maximum Take-Off Weight
MTPD: Metro Transit Police Department
Mud: A term frequently used to designate plastic lining materials.
See also Daubing
Mud Daub: See Daubing
Mud Drum: The lower drum of a boiler. It is used as a settling point
for solids contained in the feedwater and as a feedpoint for the lower
wall headers and floor tubes.
Mud Drum: The lower drum of a boiler. It is used as a settling point
for solids contained in the feedwater and as a feedpoint for the lower
wall headers and floor tubes.
Mud drum : A pressure chamber of a drum or header type located
at the lower extremity of a water tube boiler and fitted with blowoff
valve.
Muffle Furnace (Kiln): A furnace in which the heating is indirect; the
material to be heated is contained in a refractory container heated
from the outside.
Muffler: The engine exhaust pipe designed in such a way to reduce
the pressure of exhaust gases and permits to cool and expand
slowly. It also damps the noise of exhaust gases.
Muffler: A mechanical device which provides a complex path for
exhaust of air from a pressurized chamber, thus reducing the noise
level of the exhausting air.
Muliductor Power Source: A device to convert standard three-
phase, 60-cycle current to single-phase, 180-cycle current, so-called
medium frequency; produces a strong, controlled stirring action for
induction melting.
Muliductor Power Source: A device to convert standard 3 phase,
60 cycle current to single phase, 180 cycle current, so called
medium frequency; produces a strong, controlled stirring action for
induction melting.
Mullen Test: Measurment of bursting strength of foil in pounds per
square inch. Testing machine applies increasing pressure to one
square inch of the sample until it ruptures.
Muller: A type of foundry sand-mixing machine.
Muller: A type of foundry sand mixing machine.
Mulling and Tempering: The thorough mixing of sand with a binder,
either natural or added, with lubricant of other fluid, as water.
Mulling And Tempering: The thorough mixing of sand with a binder,
either natural or added, with lubricant of other fluid, as water.
Mullion heater : Electrical heating element mounted in the mullion.
Used to keep mullion from sweating or frosting.
Mullite, Synthetic: A material made by heating a mixture of alumina
and silica or clay to a high temperature, having a composition of
3AL2O3-2Sio2.
Mult: A “mult” is the term used to describe the slitting of a coil into
multiple smaller strips. If a coil is slit into strips less than nine inches,
each strip is referred to as a “mult” and does not receive an
additional IPM number. Mults are not removed from the line
individually, but as a whole coil unit. For reasons pertaining to
customer orders, however, they may be separated and packaged
with "mults" from other coils for shipping.
Mult: A mult is the term used to describe the slitting of a coil into
multiple smaller strips. If a coil is slit into strips less than 9, each strip
is referred to as a mult and does not receive an individual IPM
number. Mults are not removed from the line individually, but as a
whole coil unit. For reasons pertaining to customer orders, however,
they may be separated and packaged with mults from other coils for
shipping.
Multi hole nozzle: Multi hole nozzles have more the one hole for
spring the fuel.
Multi shat gas turbine : A gas turbine having more than one shaft,
like the dual shaft arrangement.
Multi Stage Pumps: No. 3 and No. 10 pumps that are designed to
put out different amounts of water pressure by changing the speed of
the pump by opening up different ports on the turbine of the pump.
Multi utility vehicle: Multi utility vehicle means the vehicle which
can be used for all purposes like sports, normal, and little luxury.
Multi-angle imaging spectro-radiometer (misr): MISR will fly
aboard Terra as part of NASA's Earth Observing System. It will
monitor the monthly, seasonal, and long-term trends in the amount
and type of atmospheric aerosol particles, including those formed by
natural sources and by human activities; the amount, types, and
heights of clouds; and the distribution of land surface cover, including
vegetation canopy structure. See MISR Web Site.
Multiaxial Stresses: Any stress state in which two or three principal
stresses are not zero.
Multi-engine aircraft: An aircraft with more than one engine - not
limited to two.
Multifunction display (mfd) : The third or fifth tube in an EFIS, it
replaces the weather radar screen and displays radar data,
navigation maps, checklists and other information.
Multi-link rear suspension: A multi-link rear suspension is a type of
automotive suspension in which three typical lateral arms are
connected with wheel independently, It is preferred in fully
independent sustention. This known as multi-link rear suspension.
Multimeter: A device (VOM or DMM) used to measure electrical
quantities.
Multi-mode radar (mmr) : A Multi-Mode Radar is used for Terrain
Following (TF) and Terrain Avoidance (TA), Ground Mapping (GM)
and Air-to Ground Ranging (AGR). The TF mode supplies
commands which are processed and displayed as climb/dive
commands on the Flight Director display and E-squared video used
by the operators in anticipating near term TF commands. When in TA
or GM modes, the operator is provided with a Plan Position Indicator
(PPI) display. The AGR mode allows the operators to determine the
range to a designated target, which can be used for position
updates.
Multiplate clutch: Multiplate clutch have more then one friction plate
and smaller the single plate clutch, is known as multiplate cutch.
Multiple: A piece of stock for forging that is cut from bar or billet
lengths to provide the exact amount of material for a single
workpiece.
Multiple disc clutches: Multiple disc clutches are those have
number of discs, they have small but more the one disc to increase
the friction.
Multiple Lengths: Length from which a given number of pieces of
specific lengths can be cut with minimum waste.
Multiple Mold: A composite mold made up of stacked sections,
each of which produces a complete gate of castings, and poured
from a central downgate.
Multiple Mold: A composite mold made up of stacked sections,
each of which produces a complete gate of castings, and poured
from a central downgate.
Multiple Spot Welding: Spot welding in which several spots are
made during one complete cycle of the welding machine.
Multiple stage compressor : Compressor having two or more
compressive steps. Discharge from each step is the intake pressure
of the next in series.
Multiple system : Refrigerating mechanism in which several
evaporators are connected to one condensing unit.
Multiple Thread Screw: A screw made of two or more threads to
provide an increased lead with specified pitch.
Multiple-pass Weld: A weld made by depositing filler metal with two
or more successive passes.
Multiple-slide Press: A press with individual slides, built into the
main slide or connected to individual eccentrics on the main shaft
that can be adjusted to vary the length of stroke and the timing. See
also slide. (see Slide)
Multiple-Thread Screw: A screw made of two or more threads to
provide an increased lead with specified pitch.
Multiplexer: A mechanical or electrical device for sharing a circuit
by two or more coincident signals.
Multi-point fuel injection: Multi-point fuel injection is a electronics
injector used in petrol engine, it is controlled by electronics control
unit (ECU).
Multi-point injection: Multi-point injection is done my MPFI system,
it spreads the fuel and atomizes it so it can easily mix with air and
give best explosion.
Multipurpose Greases: Greases with good mechanical shear
stability, capable of operating throughout a wide temperature range
and functioning in the presence of water, readily pumpable for long
distances; such greases can be used in any type of bearing served
by a centralized system. (see Lithium-based Greases) (see Complex
Soap (grease))
Multispectral scanner (mss): A line-scanning instrument flown on
Landsat satellites that continually scans the Earth in a 185 km. (100
nautical miles) swath. On Landsats 1, 2, 4, and 5, the MSS had four
spectral bands in the visible and near-infrared with an IFOV of 80
meters. Landsat-3 had a fifth band in the thermal infrared with an
IFOV of 240 meters.
Multistage compression refrigeration system : Where the
refrigerant is vaporized and condensed alternately and is
compressed in the vapor phase.
Multistage Compressor: Compressor that directs air through a
series of two or more cylinders during compression; “inter-cooling”
denotes cooling as the air passes between cylinders.
Multistage pump: Centrifugal pumps with two or more impellers
mounted on the same shaft; the discharge from one impeller is
conducted to the suction eye of the next impeller, etc.
Multistage rocket: A rocket having two or more stages which
operate in succession each being discarded as its job is done.
Multistage thermostat : A thermostat which controls auxiliary
equipment for heating or cooling in response to a greater demand for
heating or cooling.
Multi-viscosity oil: Multi-viscosity oils are the special oil which has
property to change their viscosity according to temperature.
Muntz Metal: A refractory alloy. Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and
40% zinc. Stronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot
worked (rolled, stamped or extruded) products. High-strength
brasses are developed from this by adding other elements.
Muntz Metal: Alpha beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc. Stronger
than alpha brass and used for castings and hot worked (rolled,
stamped, or extruded) products. High strength brasses are
developed from this by adding other elements.
Mushet Steel: An air-hardened steel containing about 2% C, 2% Mn
and 7% W, developed by Scotsman Robert Mushet in 1870.
Mushet Steel: An air hardened steel containing about 2% c, 2% Mn,
and 7% W, developed by Scotsman Robert Musket in 1870.
Mushroom: The train operator's emergency brake control
Mushy Stage: The state between sold and liquid in alloys which
freeze over a wide range of temperatures.
Music Spring Wire Quality Wire Rods: These are high carbon wire
rods with restrictive requirements for chemical analysis, cleanliness,
segregation, decarbonization and surface defects. This steel is
intended to be drawn into wire that can be manufactured into springs
subject to high stress that require good fatigue properties. Steel
grade 1086 with a restricted chemistry is usually used to produce
music and spring quality wires.
Music Wire: A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with
higher tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other
material available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by
a combination of the high-carbon content, the patenting treatment
and by many continuous passes through drawing dies. The high
toughness characteristic of this material is obtained by the patenting.
Such wire is purchased according to tensile strength, not hardness.
Music Wire: A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with
higher tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other
material available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by
a combination of the high carbon content, the patenting treatment
and by many continuous passes through drawing dies. The high
toughness characteristic of this material is obtained by the patenting.
Such wire is purchased according to tensile strength, not hardness.
Mustering: Aerial stock mustering involving the direct use of aircraft
for the movement of livestock.
Mutual induction: The generation of an electric current due to the
changing magnetic field of an adjacent coil.
Mva : Minimum Vectoring Altitude
M-value: See strain-rate sensitivity (see Strain-rate Sensitivity)
Mvar : Magnetic variation
MWCOG: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
Mzfw : Maximum Zero-Fuel Weight
N: Chemical symbol for nitrogen.
N : Airspace Euro control project Class N (managed traffic only)
N(....) : Country identifier for aircraft registered in USA
N/a : not available or not applicable
Na: Chemical symbol for sodium.
Na: Chemical symbol for Sodium
Naa : National Aviation Authority (generic term within JAA)
Nabs : Navigation Augmentation Broadcast Service (ICAO for
GBAS)
NACA: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Now NASA.
NACE: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
Nace: National Association of Corrosion Engineers
Nacelle: A streamlined enclosure or housing to protect something
such as the crew, engine, or landing gear.
Nacelle : An enclosure on an aircraft.
Nadir: The direction from a spacecraft directly down toward the
center of a planet. Opposite the zenith.
Nadir: Point on Earth directly beneath a satellite, the opposite of
zenith. Compare with subsatellite point.
NAF: Naval Aircraft Factory (U.S.).
Nahad: The abbreviation for the Association for Hose and
Accessories Distribution.
Nal: National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan.
Nanohardness Test: An indentatIon hardness testing procedure,
usually relying on indentation force versus tip displacement data, to
make assessments of the resistance of surfaces to penetrations of
the order of 10 to 1000 nm deep.
Nanometer (nm): One billionth of a meter. Nanometers are used to
measure wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Naphta : A volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon distilled from
petroleum and used as a solvent or fuel.
Naphtha: Generic term describing a variety of light petroleum
distillates such as mineral spirits and many petroleum solvents.
Naphthenes/Naphthenic Base or Oil: Also known as cyclo-
paraffins: a class of saturated hydrocarbons with a ring structure,
distinct from both aromatics and paraffinic hydrocarbons; because of
their low wax content, naphthenic base petroleum oils have low pour
points and good solvent properties. (see Hydrocarbon)
Naphthenic Acids: Complex organic acids obtained from the gas oil
cut of crudes, used in the manufacture of soaps, paint dryers and
emulsifying/demulsifying agents.
Nap-of-the-earth flight : Flight with a goal to remain close to the
earth, usually below the height of surrounding trees and less than
100 ft above the terrain; Compare: terrain following
Nara : professional trade association of 54 reputable business
companies organized to promote the growth and public
understanding of the aircraft resale industry. Its members abide by a
12-point Code of Ethics that provides standards of business conduct
regarding aircraft transactions.
Narrow: Product whose width is below the customer's finished width
tolerance.
Narrow: Product whose width is below the customer's finished width
tolerance.
Narrow Strips: Strips of widths less than 600mm.
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nasa: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nasa : National Aeronautics and Space Agency (USA)
Nasda: National Space Development Agency (Japan).
Nat : North Atlantic Tracks.
National advisory committee for aeronautics (naca): NACA was
a government agency that was started in 1917. NACA
guided research in aeronautics until 1958 when its name was
changed to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA).
National aeronautics and space administration (nasa): In 1958,
NASA was created as a government agency to replace NACA.
NASA's charter is to expand frontiers in air and space, to inspire and
serve America, and to benefit the quality of life on Earth.
National aeronautics and space administration (nasa): U.S.
Civilian Space Agency created by Congress. Founded in 1958,
NASA belongs to the executive branch of the Federal Government.
NASA's mission to plan, direct, and conduct aeronautical and space
activities is implemented by NASA Headquarters in Washington,
D.C., and by nine major centers spread throughout the United
States. Dozens of smaller facilities, from tracking antennas to Space
Shuttle landing strips to telescopes are located around the world.
The agency administers and maintains these facilities; builds and
operates launch pads; trains astronauts; designs aircraft and
spacecraft; sends satellites into Earth orbit and beyond; and
processes, analyzes, and distributes the resulting data and
information.
National airspace system (nas) : The common network of US
airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or
landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules,
regulations and procedures, technical information, and human
resources and material. Included are system components shared
jointly with the military.
National center for atmospheric research (ncar): Located in
Boulder, Colorado, NCAR's mission is to plan, organize, and conduct
atmospheric and related research programs in collaboration with
universities, to provide state-of-the-art research tools and facilities to
the entire atmospheric sciences community, to support and enhance
university atmospheric research education, and to facilitate the
transfer of technology to both the public and private sectors.
See NCAR web site
National centers for environmental prediction (ncep): The NCEP
was established in 1958 as the National Meteorological Center. As a
critical part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration's National Weather Service, NCEP is the starting
point for nearly all weather forecasts in the United States.
National electrical code (nec): Standards, recommended practices,
specifications and directional for electrical wiring of residential,
commercial, industrial and farm buildings. Published by the National
Fire Prevention Association.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Sometimes
referred to as the "NHTSA." An agency of the United States
government authorized to order manufacturers to recall and repair
vehicles, or vehicle equipment, when investigations indicate that they
contain serious safety defects in their design, construction or
performance.
National oceanic and atmospheric administration (noaa): NOAA
was established in 1970 within the U.S. Department of Commerce to
ensure the safety of the general public from atmospheric phenomena
and to provide the public with an understanding of the Earth's
environment and resources. NOAA includes: the National Ocean
Service which charts the oceans and waters of the U.S. and
manages 265,000 acres of estuarine reserves; the National Marine
Fisheries Service which maintains the world's largest and most
complex marine fisheries management system; the NOAA Corps
which operates 18 NOAA research and survey ships and flies 15
NOAA aircraft; and the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
which supports experiments, laboratories, and the National Sea
Grant College Program, among other efforts. NOAA has two main
components: the National Weather Service (NWS), and the National
Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS).
National snow and ice data center (nsidc): The National Snow
and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is an information and referral center
supporting polar and cryospheric research. They distribute data and
maintain information about snow cover, avalanches, glaciers, ice
sheets, freshwater ice, sea ice, ground ice, permafrost, atmospheric
ice, paleoglaciology, and ice cores, and also publish reports and a
quarterly newsletter and maintain a collection of monographs,
technical reports, and journals. See NSIDC web site
National space science data center (nssdc): The NSSDC
provides on-line and off-line access to a wide variety of astrophysics,
space plasma and solar physics, lunar and planetary, and Earth
science data from NASA space flight missions, in addition to
selected other data, models, and software. Located at Goddard
Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Maryland, the NSSDC is
sponsored by the Information Systems Office of NASA's Office of
Space Sciences. NSSDC on-line data and services are currently free
of charge, off-line support (e.g., replications and mailing of magnetic
tapes) are available for the cost of fulfilling the request.
National weather service (nws): See National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
Native Metal: (1) Any deposit in the earth's crust consisting of
uncombined metal. (2) The metal in such a deposit.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Nato : North Atlantic
Nats : National Air Traffic Service (UK)
Natural Aging: Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid
solution at room temperature. Compare with artificial aging. (see
Aging)
Natural Aging: See Aging
Natural convection: Movement of a fluid caused only by
temperature differences (density changes).
Natural convection : The circulation of a boiler caused by
differences in density. Also referred as thermal or thermally induced
circulation.
Natural draft cooling tower : Cools water by moving air at low
velocities.
Natural frequency : Standard engineering term See Also: second-
order filter; Symbols: omega sub n; Typical Units: rad/s, Hz;
Dimensions: 1/Time;
Natural Gas: A fossil fuel found in porous rocks in the underground.
It has several applications in substitution for diesel oil, ethanol,
gasoline and LPG, and it can be added or not to petroleum. It is
composed by inorganic gases and saturated hydrocarbonates,
mostly methane, and propane and butane is a small amount.
Natural gas : A highly compressible, highly expandable mixture of
hydrocarbons having a low specific gravity and occurring naturally in
gaseous form. Besides hydrocarbon gases, natural gas may contain
quantities of nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and
water vapor.
Natural gas engine: An internal combustion engine that burns
natural gas.
Natural Oils: Unfiltered lubricating oils of low or medium viscosity
obtained in petroleum distillation and prepared without chemical
treatment; they are so named by they have not been treated with an
acid or an alkali.
Natural oxide film : A transparent film which forms naturally on an
aluminum surface due to oxidation.
Natural oxide skin : A transparent film which forms naturally on an
aluminum surface due to oxidation
Natural pellet: It is a term coined by producers like NMDC to
designate sized iron ore used directly in Sponge Iron production.
Natural rubber : (NR) An elastomer produced from latex, a milky
sap, obtained from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and other
plants. An elastic and porous form of rubber.
Natural Sand: Unconsolidated sand, sand derived from a rock in
which grains separate along their natural boundaries. This includes
soft sandstone where little pressure is required to separate the
individual grains.
Natural Sand: Unconsolidated sand, sand derived from a rock in
which grains separate along their natural boundaries. This includes
soft sandstone where little pressure is required to separate the
individual grains.
Natural selection: The process of survival of the fittest by which
organisms that adapt to their environment survive while those that do
not adapt disappear.
Natural weathering : A corrosion test by means of which the
corrosion resistance of a material is tested in the open air
Naturally aspirated : A term used to describe a diesel engine in
which air flows into the engine by means of atmospheric pressure
only.
Naturally aspirated engine : A conventional engine that takes in air
at normal pressure, i.e. not turbocharged or supercharged. The
opposite is forced-induction engine.
Naturally Bonded Molding Sand: A sand containing sufficient
bonding material as mined to be suitable for molding purposes.
Seldom used today in the metalcasing industry.
Nautical mile: The distance spanned by one minute of arc in
latitude, defined internationally as 1,852 meters (6,076.1033 feet).
Nautical mile: A nautical mile is a unit of distance equal to 1,852
meters. The length of the nautical mile is very close to the mean
value of the length of 1 minute of latitude, which varies from
approximately 1,843 meters at the equator to 1,861.6 meters at the
pole.
Nautical Mile : The Knot is the unit of measurement for water
speed. It is nearly equivalent to miles per hour for land. It is also
used to measure wind speeds over water.
Nautical mile : Measurement of distance. Equals 1.15 statute
miles.
Nav : Navigation Receivers
Nav/com : Navigation and communication radios combined in a
single unit.
Navaid : Navigation Aid (Ground Radio Station for Navigation)
Naval brass : A corrosion resistant metal containing 60 per cent
copper, 39 1/4 per cent zinc and 3/4 per cent tin.
Naval Brass (Admiralty Brass): An alloy of copper, zinc and tin
used widely in the marine industry because of resistance to saltwater
corrosion; actually it’s bronze.
Naval Brass(Admiralty Brass): An alloy of copper,zinc and tin used
widely in the marine industry because of resistance to saltwater
corrosion;actually it?s bronze.
Naval bronze : Basic brass with a small addition of tin for added
corrosion resistance against salt water. Also called naval brass
Nave : A wheel hub
Nave plate : A hub cap
Navigable airspace : airspace at and above the minimum flight
altitudes prescribed by or under this chapter, including airspace
needed for safe takeoff and landing
Navigating bridge : The command post of a ship.
Navigation aid : A device or process to help with navigation, such
as a VOR station or a position update;
Navigation interface: Navigation interface is a graphical user
interface (GUI) based program which tells us about our location to
where we are traveling.
Navigation interface: The means by which a vehicles navigation
system is controlled, including touch screen, jog dial, push button
and/or voice activation.
Navigation reference point (nrp) : A point, usually fixed in earth
coordinates but possibly moving; Also, a basic guidance mode,
providing lateral guidance to an NRP, either by course or by direct
(operator selectable); Synonyms: point;
Navigation system: Navigation system navigates the right way to
the driver, it is connected with satellite through GPS. Its location in
vehicle is right front of the driver.
Navigation system: A device that communicates with global
positioning satellites to determine a vehicles physical location and
plot a course using stored map information.
Navigation : A system, usually software, in which the primary
purpose is to generate position relative to a coordinate frame,
usually fixed earth frame, such as latitude and longitude or UTM;
Navy (USA) Tear Test: A method of evaluating the susceptibility of
ship plate to brittle- or cleavage-type fracture.
Navy (Usa) Tear Test: A method of evaluating the susceptibility of
ship plate to brittle or cleavage type fracture.
Naxos 2 : Airborne version of NAXOS.
Naxos : (FuG 227) German ground radar which produced fixes on
H2S.
Nb: Chemcial symbol for Niobium
Nbaa ifr fuel reserves : Fuel for go-around at destination airport
NBR 10.004: A standard from the Brazilian Association of Technical
Standards (ABNT) that classifies solid wastes.
NBS: National Bureau of Standards.
Nbs: National Bureau of Standards
Nc : Normally closed contacts of a relay.
Ncdc: National Climatic Data Center, located in Asheville, North
Carolina. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
NDB : Navigation
NDDT: Nil Ductility Transition Temperature, determined in the
dropweight test. Refers to the absense of the ductile fracture
appearance and any reduction in area due to the brittle behavior of
the steel.
Nddt: Nil ductility transition temperature, determined in the
dropweight test. Refers to the absence of the ductile fracture
appearance and any reduction in area due to the brittle behavior of
the steel.
NDE: See Nondestructive Evaluation. (see Nondestructive
Evaluation)
NDI: See Nondestructive Inspection. (see Nondestructive
Inspection)
NDT: See Nondestructive Testing. (see Nondestructive Testing)
Nductance : IThe process when a second conductor is placed next
to a conductor carrying AC current (but not touching it), the ever-
changing magnetic field will induce a current in the second
conductor.
NEAN : North European ADS-B Network
Near infrared: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from just
longer than the visible (about 0.7 micrometers) to about two
micrometers. See electromagnetic spectrum.
Near midair collision (nmac) : An incident associated with the
operation of an aircraft in which the possibility of a collision occurs as
a result of proximity of less than 500 feet to another aircraft, or a
report is received from a pilot or flight crew member stating that a
collision hazard existed between two or more aircraft. Degree of
Hazard (NMAC) Critical: A situation in which collision avoidance was
due to chance rather than an act on the part of the pilot. Less than
100 feet of aircraft separation would be considered critical. Potential:
An incident which would probably have resulted in a collision if no
action had been taken by either pilot. Closest proximity of less than
500 feet would usually be required in this case. No hazard: A
situation in which direction and altitude would have made a midair
collision improbable regardless of evasive action taken.
Near Side: The free side of the line (closest to the operator's pulpit).
Near-Side: The free-side of the line (closest to the operator’s
pulpit).
Neat Brick: Brick with faces arranged so one of the flat faces is
inclined toward the other, almost eliminating one end face.
Neat Brick: Brick with faces arranged so one of the flat faces in
inclined toward the other, almost eliminating one end face.
Neat Cement: Portland cement mixed with water only.
Neat Cement: Portland Cement mixed with water only.
Neatsfoot Oil: Pale yellow animal oil mad from the feet and shin
bones of cattle, principally used as a leather dressing.
Neck Down: (Knock-off, Wafer Core, Washburn, Cameron Core). A
thin core or tile used to restrict the riser neck, making it easier to
break or cut off the riser from the casting. (see Core)
Neck Down : Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent
location of fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond it yield
point in tension.
Necking: Strip condition caused by the application of too much
tension which causes the strip to become narrower (or stretched).
Necking Down: Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent
location of fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond its yield
point in tension.
Necking Down: Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent
location of fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond it yield
point in tension.
Necking down: A localized decrease in the cross-sectional area of a
hose resulting in tension.
Necleus: The first structurally determinate particle of a new phase or
structure that may be about to form. Applicable in particular to
solidification, recrystallization, and transformations, in the solid state.
Needle Bearings: Rolling bearings with rod-shaped cylindrical
rollers that are long and thin in relation to their diameter.
Needle Cutter Steel: Usually supplied quarter hard rolled, extra
precision rolled with sheared edges. Carbon content 1.25, chromium
0.15. Usually supplied in a two width from 0.002 to 0.035. Used for
cutting the eyes of needle and milling the latch in a latch needle.
Needle valve: Needle valve is type of valves in which have small
port and threaded, this type of valves preferred for relatively low flow
rates.
Needle Valve: A high-pressure shutoff valve used on the hydraulic
oil stands and manifolds. It usually uses some type of tool to
manipulate or turn the valve's stem (clockwise to close,
counterclockwise to open).
Needle valve: A two-way valve that may be opened or closed to
block the flow of fluid in a passage. Normally manually operated, but
may be automated, especially for larger sizes. Normally designed so
that the flow of fluid must make an non-straight turn inside the valve
body which results in a desired loss of pressure across the valve
when open which is greater than the loss across a gate valve. See
GATE VALVE and GLOBE VALVE.
Needle valve : This is used to tune the fuel to air mixture on the
engine carburetor. On most engines, the needle is turned clockwise
to lean the mixture, and counterclockwise to richen.
Needle valves: Are adjustable screws on the carburetor used to
change the fuel/air mixture going into the combustion chamber.
Some carburetors have two needle valves, one for high rpm and one
for low. The low RPM also controls how smooth the transition is from
low to high speed throttle settings.
Needles: Elongated acicular crystals, tapering at each end to a fine
point, as martensite.
Needling Agents: Special agents such a boron which markedly
increase the hardness of steel.
Negative camber: Negative camber is the position of rear tire when
the top of the tire truck inwards. This is a part of steering geometry
done due to decreases the tire ear and alignments.
Negative camber: Alignment setting where the tops of the tyres are
leaning towards the centre line of the vehicle; racers use a negative
camber angle for maximum cornering potential.
Negative charge : The electrical potential which an atom acquires
when it gains one or more electrons; a characteristic of an anion.
Negative feedback: An interaction that reduces or dampens the
response of the system in which it is incorporated.
Negative feedback: An interaction that reduces or dampens the
response of the system in which it is incorporated. See feedback
mechanisms.
Negative offset: When the wheel mounting face is closer to the
brake side of the wheel, moving the tyre and wheel assembly out of
the fender well.
Negative Quenching : Accelerated cooling in water or oil, from a
temperature below the critical range.
Negative Quenching (Negative Hardening): Accelerated cooling in
water or oil, from a temperature below the critical range.
Negative Thermoie Heat Exchange: In shell molding, improving the
mass surface ratio by simulating profile geometry of pattern or core
cavity on the underside; will boost running temperature of high
projections by 25 percent.
Nels : Northwest Europe Loran Steering Committee
Neoprene: Chloroprene polymer synthetic rubber with high
resistance to weather, chemicals, petroleum oil and heat.
Neptun : (FuG 216-217-218) German warning device fro attack from
the rear or alternatively, a night-fighter search radar.
Neptune: Eighth planet from the Sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
Nerf Wheel: Round foam wheel inserted into the core of a coil
without an insert before the coil is put on the entry reel to support the
inner laps of the coil.
Nert gas: IA gas that does not readily enter into or cause chemical
reactions.
Nert Gas: A British term applied to metal that is weak and ruptures
easily under not working conditions.
Nesdis: National Environmental Satellite Data and Information
Service. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Net positive suction: The difference between total pressure and
vapor pressure in a fluid flow, expressed in terms of equivalent
height or "head".
Net primary production: The part of the gross primary
production that remains stored in the producer organism (primarily
green plants) after deducting the amount used during the process
of respiration. Abbreviated NPP.
Net primary production (npp): Plants both take in and emit carbon
dioxide. NPP is the net amount of CO2 taken in by vegetation in a
particular area. It is an important element in the balance of carbon
exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. Two main
processes are involved: Photosynthesis is the fundamental energy-
gathering process of life: sunlight + carbon dioxide + water are
transformed into organic carbon + oxygen. This occurs mainly in the
leaves of terrestrial plants and in microscopic blue green algae in the
ocean. Photorespiration (autotrophic respiration) takes place
simultaneously, when plants are exposed to light; the plants take up
oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide. It takes place
primarily when plants are exposed to light. In an unperturbed world,
the balance between these two processes produces a net loss of
carbon dioxide _ approximately enough to balance the carbon which
is formed into soils and peat, plus the amount consumed in
heterotrophic respiration (respiration by microbes, converting organic
matter back into atmospheric CO2). The carbon balance can be
changed considerably by human activities and land use changes,
and by climate changes. Since the pools and fluxes are large (NPP
50-60 GtC per year), any perturbations that affect photosynthesis or
photorespiration can have a significant effect on the atmospheric
concentration of CO2.
Net Shape: The shape of a powder metallurgy part, casting or
forging that conforms closely to specified dimensions. Such a part
requires no secondary machining or finishing. A near-net shape part
can be either one in which some but not all of the surfaces are net or
one in which the surfaces require only minimal machining or
finishing.
Nett fare: Fares available for sale specifically by a distributor/s that
are negotiated between the individual distributor and the airline.
Network: Airline term for destinations an airline flies to.
Network Structure: A structure in which the crystals of one
constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent
which gives a network appearance to an etched test specimen.
Network Structure: A structure in which the crystals of one
constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent
which gives a network appearance to an etched test specimen.
Neumann Band: Mechanical twin in ferrite.
Neumann Band: A mechanical (deformation) twin in ferrite.
Neutral: Neutral is the condition of vehicle where engine is free from
load on wheels, wheels are disconnected to engine and get no
power.
Neutral : The circuit conductor that is normally grounded or at zero
voltage difference to the ground.
Neutral Flame: A gas flame in which there is no excess of either fuel
or oxygen in the inner flame. Oxygen from ambient air is used to
complete the combustion of CO2 and H2 produced in the inner
flame.
Neutral Refractories: A loose term designating refractories which
presumably will not react with so-called acid or basic refractories and
slags.
Neutral Refractories: A loose term designating refractories which
presumably will not react with so call acid or basic refractories and
slags.
Neutralization (“Neut”) Number: Serves as an indication of the
acidity or alkalinity of an oil. For acidity, the number is the quantity of
base expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required
to neutralize one gram of oil to a specified end point. For alkalinity,
the number is the amount of acid expressed in milligrams of
potassium hydroxide required to neutralize one gram of oil. (see
Strong Acid/Strong Base Numbers) (see Total acid number (TAN))
Neutralization number : An ASTM number given to quenching oils
that reflect the oil’s tendency toward oxidation and sludging.
Neutralizer : A substance that will combine with an acid or alkali
chemically, thus removing the acidity or alkalinity.
Neutralizing amines : Are amines used to neutralize the acid
generated by the dissolution of carbon dioxide.
Neutron: Elementary nuclear particle with a mass (1.00893 mass
units) approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom. It is
electrically neutral.
Neutron: Elementary nuclear particle with a mass (1.00893 mass
units) approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom. It is
electrically neutral.
Neutron: Atomic particles having approximately the same mass as
a hydrogen atom; very penetrating.
Neutron Embrittlement: Embrittlement resulting from bombardment
with neutrons, usually encountered in metals that have been
exposed to a neutron flux in the core of the reactor. In steels, neutron
embrittlement is evidenced by a rise in the ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature.
New Jersey Sand: A large number of grades of foundry sands
mined in southern New Jersey.
Newton: The unit of force in the metric system. A Newton is the
force required to accelerate an object of 1 kilogram mass to a
velocity of 1 meter per second in 1 second.
Newton: That force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an
acceleration of 1 meter per second per second; equal to 100,000
dynes.
Newton: A unit of force based on the unit of mass, Kg (kilogram),
multiplied by the acceleration, m/s2 (meters per second per second)
which produces Kgm/s2, called the Newton. 1 N = 1 Kgm/s2 =
0.1225 lbs. (F) — (pounds force).
Newton Per Square Meter: Metric measurement of force. Same as
MegaPascal.
Newtonian Fluid: Fluid classification by response to shear rate and
shear stress. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a measure of
a fluid’s viscosity; when that ratio remains constant at any shear
stress or rate of shear, the fluid is termed “Newtonian.”
Newton's law of universal gravitation: All bodies attract each
other with what is called gravitational attraction. This applies to the
largest stars as well as the smallest particles of matter.The force of
attraction between two small bodies (or between two spherical
bodies of any size) is proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centers. In other words, the closer two bodies are to each other, the
greater their mutual attraction. As a result, to stay in orbit, a satellite
needs more speed in a low than a high orbit.
Next Standard Operation: Indicates the next process for which the
coil is normally scheduled. An example of a Next Standard Operation
for a Pickler would be a Tandem Mill.
NextBus: An electronic, real-time, information display system that
tells customers where a bus is along the route and when it will arrive
at a designated bus stop. This real-time information is accessible
through Internet-connected devices.
NFFS: Non-ferrous Founder's Society.
NFFS: Non Ferrous Founder's Society
Ngdc: National Geophysical Data Center, located in Boulder,
Colorado. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
N-Heptane/Normal Heptane: Hydrocarbon compound (C7H16) with
an octane rating defined as zero; used as a reference fuel ingredient
in motor fuel octane number tests.
NHTSA: National highway traffic safety administration
NHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
NHTSA campaign ID number: The identification number assigned
to a recall by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
NHTSA item number: The identification number assigned to a
technical service bulletin by the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration.
Ni: Chemical symbol for nickel.
Ni: Chemical symbol for Nickel
Nibbling: Contour cutting of sheet metal by use of a rapidly
reciprocating punch that makes numerous small cuts.
Nicad (or nicd) : Nickel Cadmium battery. Rechargeable batteries
which are typically used as power for radio transmitters and
receivers.
NICD: Abbreviation for nickel cadmium, a type of metal used in
rechargeable battery cell production. Also written as 'nicads', they
are a form of rechargeable battery cell used in radio control gear as
well as motor battery packs. NiCDs are being used less and less
these days, as NiMH and Li-Po batteries take over.
Nicd: Nickel Cadmium.
Nichrome: Oxidation-resistant alloy 65% Ni, 20% Fe and 15% Cr.
Nickel (Ni): An alloying element used as a raw material for certain
classes of stainless steel. Nickel provides high degrees of ductility
(ability to change shape without fracture) as well as resistance to
corrosion. Approximately 65% of all nickel is used in the making of
stainless steel.
Nickel Pig Iron: This is a low purity ferro-nickel which is produced
and used exclusively in China as an alternative to primary nickel or
conventional ferro-nickel in the stainless steel industry. Much of it
goes into the production of the low-nickel, high-manganese content
200 series stainless. Small blast furnaces, and increasingly, electric
arc furnaces (EAFs), smelt low-grade lateritic (oxide) nickel ores
imported from Southeast Asia, to make a product with a nickel
content ranging from as low as 1.5% to up to 25% or more.
Conventional FeNi typically contains around 40% Ni. The higher
grade nickel pig iron mostly comes from EAF producers. Production
economics are highly dependent on world primary nickel prices, as
well as on coke and electricity costs. Other constituents in nickel pig
iron are small amounts of chromium, sulfur and silica, and
unwelcome levels of phosphorus and carbon – which need to be
lowered. Iron accounts for the balance, and can add significantly to
the value of the product, as can chromium, depending on their
prevailing market prices.
Nickel Silver: Copper base alloys that contain 10-45% Zinc and 5-
30% Nickel.
Nickel Silver: Copper base alloys that contain 10 45% Zn. and 5
30% Ni.
Nickel Steel: Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying
amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized
condition to enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of
water.
Nickel Steel: Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying
amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized
condition to enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of
water.
Nickel-Based Superalloys: Alloy metal produced for high-
performance, high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-
chrome alloys and nickel-chrome-iron alloys.
Nickel-Based Superalloys: Multialloy metals suited for high-
performance, high-temperature applications. These are nickel-iron-
chrome alloys (which also contain titanium, columbium and
aluminum) and nickel-chrome-iron alloys (which often also contain
molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, aluminum and columbium).
Nickelling : Codename for leaflet dropping
NiDI: Abbreviation for the Nickel Development Institute. A group of
engineering professionals dedicated to the distribution of information
regarding the selection and application of nickel alloyed materials.
Night flying: Flight time which accrues during the period between
the end of the evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil
twilight.
Night : the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the
beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air
Almanac, converted to local time
Nightvision: An exterior camera that uses infrared technology to
provide added visibility when driving in the dark.
Nil : Nothing, no information
Nimbus satellite program: A NASA program to develop
observation systems meeting the research and development
requirements of atmospheric and Earth scientists. The Nimbus
satellites, first launched in 1964, carried a number of instruments:
microwave radiometers, atmospheric sounders, ozone mappers, the
Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), infrared radiometers, etc.
Nimbus-7, the last in the series, provided significant global data on
sea-ice coverage, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric chemistry
(i.e. ozone distribution), the Earth's radiation budget, and sea-
surface temperature. See Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
(TOMS).
NIMBY : "Not In My Back-Yard"-Syndrome: "We need an airport but
not here"
NIMH: Abbreviation for nickel metal hydride, the other type of
material used in rechargeable batteries. They are the successors to
NiCDs with much better performance and up to 3 times the capacity
for an equally sized battery. Only Li-Pos top NiMHs.
Nine Inch Equivalent: Standard unit of volume in refractories
industries; 9x4 1/2,2 1/2 in brick.
Ninth freedom: The right to do traffic within a foreign country without
continuing service to one's own country. eg. An Irish airline operating
services between Paris and Frankfurt.
Niobium: (Chemical symbol Nb) Element No. 41 of the periodic
system. See Columbium
Niobium (Nb): Known as columbium in the USA. A strong carbide
forming alloying element in steel. Present in amounts up to 0.1% in
high-strength low-alloy (microalloyed) structural steel and used in
stabilized grades of austenitic stainless steel. Can also be used as a
stabilizing element in ultra low carbon (ULC) steels.
Nip Angle: See angle of bite. (see Angle of Bite)
Nipple: A pipe coupling consisting of a short piece of threaded
tubing.
Nipple: A short length of pipe. May be threaded or plain end.
Nipple: The internal member or portion of a hose fitting.
Nipple : A short, threaded tubular coupling, used for making
connections between pipe joints.
NISA: National Industrial Sand Association.
Nisa: National Industrial Sand Association
Nital: A solution of nitric acid in alchohol used as an etching agent in
ferrous metallography.
Nital: A solution of nitric acid in alcohol use as an etching agent in
ferrous metallography.
Nitrading: A case-hardening process in which ammonia or some
other form of nitrogen is introduced to the surface of certain alloys.
Nitric acid: A liquid oxidizer that reacts spontaneously with
hydrazine. Also see IRFNA and IWFNA.
Nitriding: A process of case hardening in which a ferrous alloy,
usually of special composition, is heated in an atmosphere of
ammonia or in contact with nitrogenous material to produce surface
hardening by the absorption of nitrogen, without quenching.
Nitriding Steel: Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding
process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon
proper nitriding (heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of
ammonia gas). Composition usually 0.20-0.40% carbon, 0.90-1.50%
chromium, 0.15-1.00% molybdenum and 0.85-1.20% aluminum.
Nitriding Steel: Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding
process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon
proper nitriding (heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of
ammonia gas). Composition usually .20 .40 carbon, .90 1.50
chromium, .15 1.00 molybdenum, and .85 1.20% aluminum.
Nitrile : A type of rubber which can be used with petroleum.
Nitrile rubber ( nb/buna-n): A family of acrylonitrile elastomers
used extensively for industrial hose.
Nitro: Short for nitro methane, or nitro methane, depending on
whom you believe. It's a principle ingredient of glow fuel and is
crucial in keeping the fuel/air mixture burning inside the oxygen-
starved combustion chamber of the engine. Nitro increase the
specific energy of fuels by increasing it capacity to burn oxygen.
Nitro free fuel or fai fuel : Nitro is not allowed on FAI competitions.
Nitro free fuels are also called FAI fuel.
Nitro methane : The addition of nitro methane in fuel provides more
power, and a smoother idle, thus making the engine easier to tune.
The nitro also makes an engine require more careful tuning,
however, to avoid overheating. Common nitro mixes range from 0%
(FAI fuel) to 30%.
Nitro : Abbreviation for nitro methane. The addition of nitro methane
in fuel provides more power, and a smoother idle, thus making the
engine easier to tune. The nitro also makes an engine require more
careful tuning, therefore, the amount of nitro added to a fuel results
in a tradeoff. Common nitro mixes vary from 0% to 30% and beyond.
Nitrocarburizing: Any of several processes in which both nitrogen
and carbon are absorbed into the surface layers of a ferrous material
at temperatures below the lower critical temperature and, by
diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Nitrocarburizing is done
mainly to provide an anti-scuffing surface layer and to improve
fatigue resistance. Compare with carbonitriding.
Nitrogen: Nitrogen is a gas that forms approximately 79% by
volume or 77% by weight of the atmosphere. It can combine with
many metals to form nitrides and is thus applied to the case-
hardening of steel, the usual source for this purpose being
ammonia.
Nitrogen: An inert gas used to serve as an energy source for
accumulators or to be used as a cleaning agent when pure,
nonexplosive gases are required.
Nitrogen Back Up Air: A back up air supply for # 6 Turbo Blower.
Nitrogen blanketing : Used with wet standby, where the space
above the water level is filled with nitrogen at about 5 to 10 psig in
order to keep the oxygen out.
Nitrogen dioxide: Mildly poisonous gas (NO2) often found in smog
or automobile exhaust
Nitrogen dioxide: A gas consisting of one atom of nitrogen and two
atoms of oxygen.
Nitrogen fixation: the process by which nitrogen gas in the
atmosphere is converted into biologically useful, nitrogen-containing
compounds, usually ammonium. Most nitrogen fixation is done by
bacteria.
Nitrogen Flush: Bubbling nitrogen gas through a metal melt under a
vacuum (as with a valve bronze) to improve tensile properties and
pressure tightness.
Nitrogen Flush: Bubbling nitrogen gas through a metal melt under
vacuum (as with valve bronze) to improve tensile properties and
pressure tightness.
Nitrogen oxides (nox): Gases consisting of one molecule of
nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides
are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power
stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to
formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and
have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants.
Nitrogen tetroxide: A liquid oxidizer that reacts spontaneously with
hydrazine.
Nitrous oxide (n2o): A powerful greenhouse gas with a global
warming potential of 320. Major sources of nitrous oxide include soil
cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic
fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass
burning.
NLEV : National low emission vehicle
NLEV program: National low emission vehicle program. A voluntary
national low emission vehicle program for light-duty vehicles and
light-duty trucks that is enforced by the EPA (outside of California)
once automakers and states opt in and the program is in effect.
NLGI: An organization of grease manufacturers. www.nlgi.com
NLGI Automotive Grease Classifications: Specialty or
multipurpose greases meeting the requirements of ASTM D 4950 for
chassis (category LA or LB) or wheelbearing (category GA, GB or
GC) can be registered with NLGI and subsequently marked with a
trademarked NLGI symbol that shows which performance categories
that grease meets.
NLGI Number/NLGI Grade: Arbitrary numbers assigned by the
NLGI that classify greases by their hardness, as determined by the
cone penetration procedure (ASTM D 217); numbers range from 000
for the softest grease to No. 6, the very hardest. (see Consistency
(grease)) (see Penetration (grease))
Nm: A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length, measuring 1,852
metres.
NM : Nautical Miles. One nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles = 6,080
feet.
NM, NMI : Nautical Mile (1.852 km)
Nm^3: Normal cubic meter.
No : Normally open contacts of a relay.
No. 1 Heavy Melt: Obsolete steel scrap grade, at least 1/4 inch in
thickness and in sections no larger than five feet by two feet. Much
of the metal comes from demolished buildings, truck frames and
heavy-duty springs. Mini-mills are primary consumers of No. 1 heavy
scrap.
Nobake Binder: A synthetic liquid resin sand binder that hardens
completely at room temperature, generally not requiring baking, used
in cold setting process.
Nobake Binder: A synthetic liquid resin sand binder that hardens
completely at room temperature, generally not requiring baking, used
in Cold Setting process.
Nobel metal : A chemically inactive metal, such as gold.
Nobel Metal : Metallic elements with surfaces that do not readily
oxidize in air; e.g., gold, silver, platinum.
Noble: The positive direction of electrode potential, thus resembling
noble metals such as gold and platinum.
Noble Metals: Metallic elements with surfaces that do not readily
oxidize in air; e.g., gold, silver, platinum.
Noble Potential: A potential more cathodic (positive) than the
standard hydrogen potential.
Noctilucent clouds: Weakly-luminous clouds, seen at night at
heights of about 50 miles (80 km) above the Earth.
Nodc: National Oceanographic Data Center, located in Washington,
D.C. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
No-draft (draftless) Forging: A forging with extremely close
tolerances and little or no draft that requires minimal machining to
produce the final part. Mechanical properties can be enhanced by
closer control of grain flow and by retention of surface material in the
final component.
Nodular Fireclay : Rock containing aluminous or ferrogenous
nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.
Nodular Fireclay (Burley, Burley Flint): Rock containing aluminous
or ferrogenous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.
Nodular Graphite: Graphite or carbon in modular form,
characteristically in malleable and nodular iron.
Nodular Graphite: Graphite or carbon in modular form,
characteristically in malleable and nodular iron.
Nodular Iron: Iron of a normally gray cast-iron type that has been
suitably treated with a nodularizing agent so that all or the major
portion of its graphitic carbon has a nodular or spherulitic form as
cast. Often referred to as Ductile Iron.
Nodular Iron: Iron of a normally gray cast iron type that has been
suitably treated with a nodularizing agent so that all or the major
portion of its graphitic carbon has a nodular or spherulitic form as
cast. Often referred to as Ductile Iron.
Nodular Pearlite: Pearlite that has grown as a colony with an
approximately spherical morphology.
Noise : Any undesired sounds, usually of different frequencies,
resulting in an objectionable or irritating sensation.
Noise (electrical): Interference-type problems within electrical
circuits and associated wiring that can cause erratic and improper
operation of equipment.
Noise Radiator: A device creating noise.
Noise Spectrum: The various frequencies making a noise.
NOISE : Part of received data that is undesired, consisting of
random sinusoidal terms added to a signal; Compare: offset, signal;
Nominal Rim Diameter: The diameter of a tyre rim, given in nearest
whole numbers (e.g. 38 cm/15 in.).
Nominal size : A designated size that may be different from the
actual size.
Nominal size tubing : Tubing measurement which has an inside
diameter the same as iron pipe of the same stated size.
Nominal Stress: The stress at a point calculated on the net cross
section without taking into consideration the effect on stress of
geometric discontinuities such as holes, grooves, fillets and so forth.
The calculation is made using simple elastic theory.
Nomogram (Graph): A graph that enables one by the aid of a
straight edge to read off the value of a dependent variable when the
value of two or more independent variables are given.
Non Aging: Little to no change in mechanical and physical
properties over time; Yield point elongation is zero. See Aging.
Non carbonated hardness : -Hardness in water caused by
chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates of calcium and magnesium.
Non code installation : -Functional refrigerating system installed
where there are no local, state, or national refrigeration codes in
force.
Non condensables : -Gaseous material not liquefied when
associated water vapor is condensed in the same environment.
Non destructive inspection: -() A procedure such as ultrasonic or
radiographic inspection, for determining the quality of a material
without permanently altering anything.
Non Destructive Testing: Non-destructive testing is an engineering
service usually associated with failure analysis. Non-destructive
methods include the use of ultrasonic sensors, radiographic
measurements and liquid penetrants for visual inspection. See
Engineering Services - Failure Analysis
Non ferrous alloy : -Alloy containing less then 50 % iron.
Non Ferrous Founders' Society: See Non Ferrous Founder's
Society for address information.
Non Ferrous Metals: Metals or alloys that are free of iron or
comparatively so.
Non frosting evaporator : -Evaporator which never collects frost or
ice on its surface. Uses only thermostatic expansion valves.
Non Heat Treatable Alloy: An alloy which can be strengthened only
by cold work
Non Magnetic Steels: Austenitic steels such as the 14%
manganese steels and the 303 type 18/8% chromium nickel
stainless steels.
Non mechanical refrigeration: -Those that obtain the required high
and low pressure by some method other than a mechanical
compressor.
Non Metallic Inclusions: Impurities (commonly oxides), sulphides,
silicates or similar substances held in metals mechanically during
solidification or formed by reactions in the solid state.
Non Refractory Alloy: A term opposed to refractory alloy. A non
refractory alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when
subjected to rolling or hammering.
Non Return: A flapper check valve at the boiler steam exit that is
used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback during
outage emergencies.
Non Return Valve: Check valve located at the boiler steam exit
which is used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback
during emergencies.
Non Scalloping Quality Strip Steel: Strip steel ordered or sold on
the basis of absence of unevenness, or ears, on the edges of the
steel, when subjected to deep drawing.
Non Temper Passed Bands: Hot bands.
Non-Aging: Little to no change in mechanical and physical
properties over time; Yield point elongation is zero. (see Aging)
Non-Coasting Mechanical Drive: A drive with coasting
characteristics such that it will stop the motion within a distance in
feet equal to 10 percent of the rated speed in feet per minute when
traveling at rated speed with rated load.
Non-coherent: Communications mode wherein a spacecraft
generates its downlink frequency independent of any uplink
frequency.
Non-conductive: The inability to transfer an electrical charge.
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE): Broadly considered
synonymous with nondestructive inspection (NDI). More specifically,
the quantitative analysis of NDI findings to determine whether the
material will be acceptable for its function, despite the presence of
discontinuities. With NDE, a discontinuity can be classified by its
size, shape, type and location, allowing the investigator to determine
whether or not the flaw(s) is/are acceptable. Damage tolerant design
approaches are based on the philosophy of ensuring safe operation
in the presence of flaws.
Nondestructive Inspection (NDI): A process or procedure, such as
ultrasonic or radiographic inspection, for determining the quality or
characteristics of a material, part or assembly, without permanently
altering the subject or its properties. Used to find internal anomalies
in a structure without degrading its properties or impairing its
serviceability.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Also known as non-destructive
inspection. Any technique that uses radiography, ultra-sonics, dye-
penetrant, magnetic particles, eddy currents, etc. to determine the
quality of a material without permanently altering the completeness
or properties of the material being tested.
NON-DIRECTONAL BEACON (NDB) : An L/MF or UHF radio
beacon transmitting non directional signals whereby the pilot of an
aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment can determine his
bearing to or from the radio beacon and "home" on or track to or
from the station. When the radio beacon is installed in conjunction
with the Instrument Landing System marker, it is normally called a
Compass Locator. It is an older type of electronic navigation aid,
basically a low-power AM radio station.
Non-endorsable ticket: A ticket issued by an airline that cannot be
used to fly with another airline.
Non-Ferrous Metals: Non-iron-based metal, including copper,
aluminum and their alloys (e.g., brass and bronze).
Nonfill: Failure of metal to fill a forging die impression.
Non-Heat-Treatable Alloy: An alloy which can be strengthened only
by cold work.
Non-Magnetic Steels: Steels that have a stable, fully austenitic
microstructure.
Non-Newtonian Fluid: Fluid requiring an initial stress to start flow,
as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate does not remain constant.
In this category, greases are among the substances that do not
exhibit viscosity as Newton defined it; “apparent viscosity,”
depending on the rate of shear, can be computed for such materials,
but the viscosity derived will apply only to the shear rate used in
making the computation.
Non-Oriented Grain Electrical Steels (NOG): Steels with low
magnetic loss properties and high permeability. They are applied to
generator cores, electrical motors, power meters, etc.
NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE : a standard
instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glide slope is
provided
Non-reactive silica -: Is a polymeric form of silica; thermally
unstable which reverts to normal silica when heated. Difficult to
detect, but may be present when boiler feedwater shows none, but
boiler water reads silica.
Nonreflow Plate: (MATTE) Does not get reflowed to melt the Tin
coating.
Non-Reflow Plate: (MATTE) Does not get reflowed to melt the Tin
coating.
Non-Refractory Alloy: A term opposed to refractory alloy. A non-
refractory alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when
subjected to rolling or hammering.
Non-Return Valve: Check valve located at the boiler steam exit
which is used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback
during emergencies.
Non-revenue hours: The hours when passenger service is not
operated
Non-revenue train: Any train in test, maintenance, emergency or
inspection service, which may not be used by the public
Non-scale: Any model that is not modeled from a real-life airplane,
helicopter or whatever.
NON-SCHEDULED SERVICE : Revenue flights, such as charter
flights, that are not operated in regular scheduled service and all non
revenue flights incident to such flights.
Non-Soap Grease: Grease thickened with something other than a
metallic soap, e.g., clay, carbon black, silica gel or one of many
synthetic organic compounds.
Non-Standard Steel: A steel is classed as non-standard when the
chemical composition or mechanical properties specified do not
coincide with or encompass the ranges or limits of a standard steel
(AISI or ASTM), or when restricted ranges or limits are outside the
ranges or limits of a standard steel.
Non-stop flight: A flight operated without any intermediate
stopovers.
NOPT : no procedure turn required.
Norad: North American Air Defense Command (USA).
Norma-Hoffman Bomb Test: (ASTM D 942) a static accelerated
grease oxidation test that measures the rate at which a grease
absorbs oxygen.
Normal carryover : Refers to the carryover which occurs in any
boiler operating under the best conditions.
Normal charge : Thermal element charge which is part liquid and
part gas under all operating conditions.
Normal Direction: That direction perpendicular to the plane of
working in a worked material. See also longitudinal direction and
transverse direction. (see Longitudinal Direction (L)) (see Transverse
Direction)
Normal Operating Conditions: Conditions during which a hoist is
performing functions within the scope of the original design.
Normal Operating Conditions (of Cab-operated Cranes or
Carriers): Conditions during which a crane or carrier is performing
functions within the scope of the original design. Under these
conditions, the operator manually operated hoists, and 25% of the
time for electric or pneumatic-powered hoists, of a single work shift.
Normal Operating Conditions (of Floor-operated
Cranes): Conditions during which a crane is performing functions
within the scope of the original design. Under these conditions, the
operator is at the operating Bridge Crane Control devices that are
attached to the crane but operated with the operator off the crane,
and there is no person on the crane.
Normal Plane (Gears): In helical gears, the plan perpendicular to
the teeth.
Normal Segregation: Concentration of alloying constituents that
have low melting points in those portions of a casting that solidify
last.
Normal Solution: An aqueous solution containing one gram
equivalent of the active reagent in 1 L of the solution.
Normal Steel: Steel in which the pearlite is completely laminated.
Normal Stress: The stress component that is perpendicular to the
plane on which the forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile or
compressive.
Normal Walking Speed: A walking speed assumed to be 150 feet
per minute (45.7 meters per minute) of a carrier when the elements
are not securely locked.
Normal/Standard Pressure: Unless otherwise specified, this term
refers to 14.7 psi or 760 mm of mercury, i.e., normal atmospheric
pressure at sea level.
Normal/Standard Temperature: In most laboratory work, 25°C,
equivalent to 77°F.
Normalized difference vegetation index: An index, or scale, of
vegetation conditions based on differences in the amount of visible
and near-infrared light reflected from plants on Earth's surface. A
vegetation index is a gauge of plant health, productivity, and
density.Plant leaves absorb visible light for use in photosynthesis,
and they reflect near-infrared light. A light-measuring sensor looking
at a healthy plant sees very little reflected visible light and lots of
near-infrared light. The more healthy green leaves a plant has, the
stronger the difference between the amount of visible and near-
infrared light it reflects, and the higher the vegetation index. An
unhealthy plant will have fewer green leaves, resulting in a lower
score on the vegetation index.
Normalizer : Function to restrict input to a specific range, such as
restricting an angle alpha in radians so that -pi le alpha le +pi; angles
usually require normalizing following any computation; normalized
variables often present problems for filters and other functions at
their discontinuities;
Normalizing: Heating to a temperature about 100° F above the
critical range, as indicated by the iron carbon diagram, and cooling in
still air. Normalizing is used to restore the steel to its normal
condition after hot working, cold working , non-uniform cooling or
overheating, or to eliminate the effects of previous heat treatment.
Other common objects of normalizing include the development of
uniformity in grain, structure and physical properties, a slight
hardening of medium carbon steels to improve machinability and the
removal of stresses, strains, or course grain prior to hardening. The
usual normalizing temperatures range from about 1500° to 1800° F,
depending on the steel involved.
Normally open : (OR NORMAL CLOSED) The position of a valve,
damper, relay contacts, or switch when external power or pressure is
not being applied to the device. Valves and dampers usually are
returned to a "normal" position by a spring.
North atlantic oscillation (nao): A large see-saw in atmospheric
mass between the subtropical high located near the Azores and the
sub-polar low near Icealand. SeeAtlantic Rhythms
NOSAR : No Search and Rescue required (Australia)
Nose gear : The strut and wheel that`s under the nose of some
aircraft.
Nose Radius: The radius of the rounded portion of the cutting edge
of a tool.
Nose shroud: A cover on the nose of a rocket or spacecraft which
jettisons before insertion into orbit.
Nose : The front portion of a aircraft`s fuselage.
Nose-in : A term that describes hovering or maneuvering with the
nose of the helicopter pointed at the person controlling it. This is an
advanced step in the learning stages of flying a helicopter because
both roll and yaw are backwards in relation to the pilot.
No-show: A ‘no-show’ is a passenger who fails to appear for
boarding on a flight that has a reserved seat in his or her name. ‘No-
shows’ force airlines to use ‘overbooking’. See ‘overbooking’.
NOTAM : Notice to Airmen
Notar: A technology that eliminates the need for a tailrotor. NOTAR-
equipped aircraft use airflow around the tail boom to provide
directional stability in lieu of a tailrotor. NOTAR technology was
developed by McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing) but is now
owned byMD Helicopters, an independent company.
NOTAR : No Tail Rotor
Notch Acuity: Relates to the severity of the stress concentration
produced by a given notch in a particular structure. If the depth of the
notch is very small compared with the width (or diameter) of the
narrowest cross section, acuity may be expressed as the ratio of the
notch depth to the notch root radius. Otherwise, acuity is defined as
the ratio of one-half the width (or diameter) of the narrowest cross
section to the notch root radius.
Notch Bar: A test specimen which is notched. Used in impact or
fatigue tests.
Notch Brittleness: A measure of the susceptibility of a material to
brittle fracture at locations of stress concentration. For example, in a
notch tensile test, a material is said to be notch brittle if its notch
strength is less than its tensile strength; otherwise, it is said to be
notch ductile.
Notch Depth: The distance from the surface of a test specimen to
the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the
percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by
machining an annular groove.
Notch Ductility: The percentage reduction in area after complete
separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen.
Notch Factor: Ratio of the resilience determined on a plain
specimen to the resilience determined on a notched specimen.
Notch Rupture Strength: The ratio of applied load to original area
of the minimum cross section in a stress-rupture test of a notched
specimen.
Notch Sensitivity: A measure of the reduction in strength of a metal
caused by the presence of stress concentration. Values can be
obtained from static, impact or fatigue tests.
Notch Strength: The maximum load on a notched tension-test
specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at
the root of the notch). Also called notch tensile strength.
Notched Bar Test: A test in which the test specimen has a notch of
a standard geometry machined in it in order to produce a local stress
concentration at the notch root when the specimen is tested. (see
Charpy (Charpy Impact Test)) (see Izod Impact Test)
Notched Bar Test: A test to determine the resistance of a material
to a suddenly applied stress, i.e. shock. A notched test piece is
employed in an Izod or Charpy machine and the results are recorded
in ft, lbs or Joules.
Notched Specimen: A test specimen that has been deliberately cut
or notched, usually in a V-shape, to induce and locate point of
failure.
Notching: Cutting out various shape from the edge of a strip, blank
or part.
Notching Press: A mechanical press used for notching internal and
external circumferences and also for notching along a straight line.
These presses are equipped with automatic feeds because amy one
notch is made per stroke.
Notice of landing area proposal: FAA Form 7480, submitted along
with other documentation, to initiate an airspace study by FAA staff
per FAR Part 157. The study results in an airspace determination.
Notice of proposed construction or alteration: FAA Form 7460,
submitted along with other documentation, to initiate a study by FAA
staff per FAR Part 77. The study results in anobstruction evaluation.
NOx: NOx is a term for the mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO2, NOx
is produces by the combustion of oxygen and nitrogen gases in the
air.
NOx: An abbreviation for six chemical compounds produced during
high temperature combustion, containing only nitrogen and oxygen
atoms, that react with volatile organic compounds in the presence of
sunlight to create photochemical smog.
Nozzle: Nozzle is a part in injector used to spray the fuel into
combustion chamber.
Nozzle: The projecting aperture at the end of a combustion
chamber serving as an outlet for the exhaust gases.
Nozzle Brick: A thick walled tubular refractory shape set in bottom
of a ladle through which steel is teemed.
Nozzle chatter: the sound from the fuel nozzle produced due to the
higher fuel pressure acting upon the lift area of the nozzle to open
the valve.
Nozzle Pocket Brick: A refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle
containing a recess in which nozzle is set.
Nozzle Refractory: A refractory shape containing an orifice for the
purpose of transmitting molten metal from a refractory-lined
container.
NPA : Non-Precision Approach
NPO : Non-Profit Organization
NPPL : National (ICAO) Private Pilots License (AOPA internally
used: IPPL)
NPRM : Notice of Proposed Rule-Making (USA)
Nra: NASA Research Announcement.
Nrc: National Research Council (USA).
NRP : Navigation reference point
Nrush current : IThe current that flows the instant after the switch
controlling current flow to a load is closed. Also called "locked rotor
current".
Nsf: National Science Foundation.
Nsfnet: National Science Foundation NETwork.
Nto: Nitrogen Tetroxide. Also abbreviated N2O4.
NTP: Normal temperature and pressure reference point; zero
centigrade 760mm mercury pressure.
NTSB : National Transportation Safety Board. Investigates airplane
accidents. Plays at most an advisory role in flightworthiness
accreditation.
Ntu : Nephelometric turbidity unit. A light -interference analytical
method to measure the turbidity of water.
Nuclear Grade: Material of a quality adequate for use in nuclear
application.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance/Magnetic Imaging: Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides non-destructive, magnetic
radio-wave analysis of new and used lubricants, especially to
pinpoint chemical changes in carbon, hydrogen and phosphorus in
lubricants; may also be useful as a tool for condition monitoring of
gear oils and motor oils.
Nucleate boiling : The even boiling of water in which steam bubbles
are formed within the boiler water gradually and are evenly
distributed rather than being suddenly formed and erratically
distributed.
Nucleation: 1. (Homogeneous) the initiation of solid crystals from
the liquid stage, or initiation of solid crystals from the liquid stage, or
a new phase within a solid without outside interference – rarely
occurs. 2. (Heterogeneous) foreign particles altering the liquid-solid
interface energy during phase changes.
Nucleation: 1) (homogeneous) the initiation of solid crystals from
the liquid stage, or initiation of solid crystals from the liquid stage, or
a new phase within a solid without outside interference rarely occurs,
2) heterogeneous) foreign particles altering the liquid solid interface
energy during phase changes.
Nucleus: 1. The first structurally stable particle capable of initiating
recrystallization of a phase or the growth of a new phase, and
separated from the matrix by an interface. 2. The heavy central core
of an atom, in which most of the mass and the total positive electrical
charge are concentrated.
Nucleus: (1) The first structurally stable particle capable of initiating
recrystallization of a phase or the growth of a new phase, and
separated form the matrix by an interface. (2) The heavy central core
of an atom, in which most of the mass and the total positive electrical
charge are concentrated.
Nucleus: The central body of a comet.
Nue: Non upset end ? OCTG tubing description (not as common as
EUE)
Nugget: (1) A small mass of metal such as gold or silver found free
in nature. (2) The weld metal in a stop, seam or projection weld.
Null: The position of a device that is its normal or otherwise preset
'zero' condition.
Null: The position of a device that is its normal or otherwise preset
`zero' condition.
Number of speeds: The number of different drive ratios a vehicles
transmission is capable of selecting.
Nutrient: Any substance assimilated by living things that promotes
growth.
NVFR : Night VFR
NVH dampening: A system of devices that lessens the noise,
vibration and harshness in the passenger compartment of a vehicle.
NVM : Nonvolatile memory. Digital memory that retains information
through system shutdown.
NW : North-west
O: Chemical symbol for oxygen.
O Ring: A seal, mode from rubber or other synthetic material in the
shape of a circle and of circular or other polygonal cross section.
O/R : on request
O2 sensor: Oxygen sensor, also called O2S.
O2 sensor : A device that detects the amount of oxygen in the
exhaust stream and sends that information the ECM. Also called an
Oxygen sensor or an Exhaust oxygen sensor
O2S-11 : Acronym for Oxygen Sensor Signal (Bank 1)
O2S-21 : Acronym for Oxygen Sensor Signal (Bank 2)
OA : Obstacle avoidance
OAC : Acronym used by car dealers to indicate on approval of credit.
OACI : Organisation de l`Aviation Civile Internationale (voir ICAO)
Oakum: Shredded rope or hemp fiber impregnated with some form
of light tar and used as a caulking or packing for joints.
OASIS : Acronym for Ford Motor Company Online Automotive
Service Information System
OAT : Outside Air Temperature
Oberkommando wehrmacht (OKW) : German Army General Staff
HQ
Obliquity: The angle between the plane of the Earth's orbit and the
plane of the Earth's equator; the "tilt" of the Earth.
OBOE : RAF target-finding bombing aid using two transmitting
stations CAT and MOUSE.
OBS : Omni bearing Selector - part of a VOR receiver system, which
allows the pilot to select a course to or from a VOR station
OBST : Obstacle, obstruction
Obstacle avoidance (oa) : Outside Air Temperature
Obstruction evaluation : A study performed by FAA staff to
determine if an object (building, tower, etc.) proposed near an airport
or heliport would constitute an obstruction under the criteria specified
in FAR Part 77 and, if so, if it would constitute a hazard to aviation.
Obstruction light: A red light designed to mark a potential
airspace obstruction for pilots operating in the airspace near
a heliport or airport.
Obstruction : Any object, including a parked helicopter, exceeding
the obstruction standards specified by FAR Part 77, Subpart C,
Obstruction Standards.
OCC: See Rail Operations Central Control
Occluded front (occlusion): A composite of two fronts formed as a
cold front overtakes a warm front. A cold occlusion results when the
coldest air is behind the cold front. The cold front undercuts the
warm front and, at the Earth's surface, coldest air replaces less-cold
air.A warm occlusion occurs when the coldest air lies ahead of the
warm front. Because the cold front can not lift the colder air mass, it
rides piggyback up on the warm front over the coldest air.
Occlusion : An absorption process by which one solid material
adheres strongly to another, sometimes occurring by co precipitation.
Occlusion : A term applied in the case of metals to the absorption or
entrapment of gases.
Occultation: The passage of a celestial body across a line between
an observer and another celestial object; and the progressive
blocking of light, radio waves, or other radiation from a celestial
source during such a passage.
OCD : Operational Concept Document
Ocean: The salt water surrounding the great land masses. The land
masses divide the ocean into several distinct portions, each of which
also is called an ocean. The oceans include the Pacific Ocean, the
Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean.
Ocean color: a change in the color of the ocean surface as a result
of sediment, organic matter, or phytoplankton, all of which can
change how the ocean surface reflects and absorbs sunlight. In a
natural-color (photo-like) image from space, the clear waters of the
open ocean look dark blue. Chlorophyll and other pigments in
phytoplankton can color the water bright blue, green, and even
reddish-brownish. Sediment can turn the water milky blue. Organic
matter can turn the water tea-colored.
Ocean mixing: Processes that involve rates
of advection, upwelling/downwelling, and eddy diffusion and that
determine how rapidly excess atmospheric carbon dioxide can be
taken up by the oceans.
Octane: Rating indicating a fuel's tendency to resist detonation.
Does not have a bearing on the fuel's quality.
Octane number: It is a standard which measures the rate of
combustion of the fuel, increasing the octane number results in the
increasing compression of the fuel before igniting.
Octane Number: Number indicating the knock rating or resistance
to detonation of motor gasoline, defined as the percent by volume of
isocatane (C8H18) in a mixture with n-heptane; this mixture has the
same knock rating under standard engine test conditions as the test
fuels.
Octane rating: The measurement of a gasoline's ability to resist
engine knock. The higher the octane rating, the less prone the
gasoline is to cause engine knock.
Octane rating : A classification of gasoline according to its
antiknock qualities. The higher the octane number or rating, the
greater are the antiknock qualities of the gasoline.
OCTG: This is shorthand for Oil Country Tubular Goods, a category
of steel tube used in oil and gas drilling and extraction. Much of it is
seamless, but welded tube is also very prominent. OCTG comes in
three forms, drill pipe, casing and oil well tubing. It does not include
pipe for conveying oil/gas from the point of production to the refinery
or customer; this is line pipe. Drill pipe connects the drill bit with the
drilling motor during well drilling and is usually about 2-6.5 in. (50-
165mm) outside dia. Drilling mud is pumped down the pipe to cool
the drill bit, while drilled material travels up it to the surface. The very
demanding operational conditions mean drill pipe is always
seamless. Casing acts as the liner and structural wall of oil/gas
wells, preventing contamination of the well and of the surrounding
water table, and can be up to 26 in. dia. Casing accounts for about
three quarters of all OCTG shipments. The third type is oil well
tubing. This is used to bring oil/gas out of a well and is usually
around 2-4.5 in. dia.
OCTG: includes casing, drill pipe and oil well tubing, which,
depending on their use, may be formed through welded or seamless
processes.
Octyl alcohol : Additive in absorption machines to reduce surface
tension in the absorber.
OD: Outside diameter (of a coil or pipe).
Oddsides: Semipermanent molds of plaster of paris, graphite or dry
sand, tarred and dried and used for repetitive work in the foundry.
Oddsides: Semi permanent molds of plaster of paris, graphite, or
dry sand, tarred and dried and used for repetitive work in the
foundry.
ODIAC : Operational Development of Initial Air/ground Data
Communications
Odometer: A device used to measure and register the number of
miles a vehicle has traveled.
ODT : Operational Requirements and Data Processing Systems
Team
OE: Original equipment.
OEI : one engine inoperative.
OEM: Original Equipment Manufactured.
OEM: Original equipment manufacturer, i.e., the manufacturer of a
vehicle.
OFAC : Office F©d©rale de l`Aviation Civile (Swiss CAA - voir
BAZL)
Off Center: Not centered; offset,eccentric or inaccurate.
Off Dimension: A casting defect caused by any incorrect dimension
resulting from improper setting of cores, using wrong core, shifts,
swells, etc.
Off Gauge: Core defect caused by improper gagging of dimensions.
Off -Gauge: A defect referring to a variation of offset of the thickness
of the plate from the designated aim gauge thickness and tolerance.
Off Gauge Reel: Reel onto which all the off gauge and defective
material is wound.
Off Grade Metal: Metal whose composition does not correspond to
the designated or applicable specification.
Off Iron: Pig iron not of the desired composition.
Off Line: Term that means a boiler or system is not in use
Off Size: Rolled steel too light or too heavy to meet requirements.
Off : Device is powered off (power switch is off; no response to
communications) - no data and function is available.
Offhand Grinding: Grinding where the operator manually forces the
wheel against the work or vice versa. It often implies casual
manipulation of either grinder or work to achieve the desired result.
Dimensions and tolerances frequently are not specified or are only
loosely specified; the operator relies mainly on visual inspection to
determine how much grinding should be done. Contrast with
precision grinding.
Office of Defects Investigation: An office within the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration that conducts defect
investigations and administers safety recalls, and that monitors the
adequacy of manufacturers recall campaigns.
Off-Iron: Pig iron not of the desired composition.
Offloaded: An airline term used to describe where a passenger has
been removed from a flight just before departure. The most common
reasons are flight over-booking or passengers being late for
boarding.
Off-road ready: A vehicle with high-ground-clearance outfitted for
the rigors of traveling on non-paved roads.
Offset: The offset of the rim is what locates the tyre/wheel assembly
in relation to the suspension. A wheel with zero offset has a
mounting face that directly aligns to the wheel’s centre line.
Offset: When a coil sidewall is winding up straight and suddenly
moves in or out to another position and then continuing to wind up
straight.
Offset : OHM The unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance
through which a current of 1 ampere will flow when there is potential
difference of one volt across it.
Offset Dial: Movement of this dial changes the tracking of the line.
Offset Dial: Device used on #4 Side Trimmer askania. Movement of
this dial changes the tracking of the line.
Offset Yield Strength: The stress at which the strain exceeds by a
specific amount (the offset) an extension of the initial, approximately
linear, proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. It is expressed
in force per unit area.
Offset : Part of received data that is undesired, consisting of a
random, time-invariant term added to a signal; Synonyms: bias;
Compare: noise, signal
Offset-lateral, parallel: The distance the ends of a hose assembly
are displaced in relation to each other as the result of connecting two
misaligned terminations in a system or intermittent fixture required in
a hose application.
Offsetting: A coating defect consisting of a transference of smearing
of ink or coating or other substance from the surface of one sheet of
coated substrate to the back of the next sheet in a stack.
Offsetting: A coating defect consisting of a transference of smearing
of ink or coating or other substance from the surface of one sheet of
coated substrate to the back of the next sheet in a stack.
Off-Size: Rolled steel, too light or too heavy to meet requirements.
Off-the-car balancing: To achieve the optimal weight balance
between the tyre and the wheel, the assembly can be taken off the
vehicle and balanced to eliminate both side-to-side shimmy and
hopping up and down.
OH : Overhaul
Ohm’s law : The relationship between current and voltage in a
circuit. It states that current is proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to resistance. Expressed algebraically, in DC
circuits I=E/R; in AC circuits I=E/R.
ohm's law: An electrical law that requires 1 volt to push 1 ampere
through 1 ohm of resistance.
Ohm's law: Stated that the current in a circuit is directly proportional
to the voltage and indirectly proportional to the resistance.
Expressed as a formula: I = E / R.
Oil: Common term applied to slippery liquids consisting of various
hydrocarbons; found in nature as petroleum, animal, vegetable or
marine products, or synthesized in industry.
Oil : A liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral, or synthetic origin that
feels slippery to the touch.
Oil and Whiting Test: A method of detecting fine cracks by applying
a penetrating oil and painting the tested metal surface with a mixture
of whiting and a thinner. Oil in the cracks emerges to stain the
whiting.
Oil And Whiting Test: A method of detecting fine cracks by applying
a penetrating oil and painting the tested metal surface with a mixture
of whiting and a thinner. Oil in the cracks emerges to stain the
whiting.
Oil binding : Condition in which an oil layer on top of refrigerant
liquid may prevent if from evaporating at its normal pressure
temperature.
oil control rings: The bottom mounted piston rings use to through
the lubricant on the cylinder walls.
Oil Cooler: Water cooled heat exchanger used to maintain the oil
temperature on the feedwater pumps.
Oil Core Or Mold: A core or mold in which the sand is bonded by an
oil binder.
Oil Country Tubular Goods (Octg): Label applied to the pipe
products used by petroleum exploration customers.
Oil Degassing: Removal free and dissolved gases and air from the
oil by lowering the vapor pressure, typically using vacuum.
Oil Film Weight: Measure of the amount of oil applied to a flat rolled
steel product; for tin mill products, the measure is grams/base box;
for sheet products, the measure is oz./sq.ft. (or gm./sq.m.).
Oil Film Weight: Measure of the amount of oil applied to a flat rolled
steel product; for Tin Mill Products, the measure is grams/base box;
for Sheet Products, the measure is oz./sq.ft. (or gm./sq.m.).
Oil filter: Oil filter is a equipment which is used for filter the engine
oil.
Oil filter: A cartridge-filled canister placed in an engines lubricating
system to strain dirt and abrasive materials out of the oil.
Oil groove : A channel or channels in a bearing to improve oil flow
through the bearing.
Oil Groove(s): Frequently termed “oil ducts”; one or more grooves
cut into the surface of bearing metal, the location and design of
which are important for proper distribution of the lubricant. They
prevent excessive oil loss from the bearing, serve as reservoirs to
replenish lubricant supply and distribute the oil.
Oil Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable
composition by heating within or above the transformation range and
quenching in oil.
Oil Hardening Steel: Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil
is used as the quenching medium in the hardening process.
Oil Hardening Steel: Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil
is used as the quenching medium in the hardening process.
Oil mineral : A refined hydrocarbon oil without animal or vegetable
additives.
Oil Mist or Fog Lubrication: Oil atomized by compressed air, then
conveyed by the air in a low-pressure distribution system to multiple
points of lubricant application. At these points, as the mist flows
through a nozzle of the proper type and size, it may condense as
small quantities of liquid oil that lubricate the machine elements. The
nozzles, or reclassifiers, include fog, spray mist and liquid fittings.
Oil multi grade : An oil having relative little change in viscosity over
a specified temperature range.
Oil neutral : A lubricating oil obtained by distillation, not treated with
acid or with alkali.
Oil Pad: Oil-saturated felt pad, generally used on plain bearings, that
lubricates the rubbing surfaces; oil is supplied to the pad by wick,
capillary, syphon, etc.
oil pan (sump): It is the lower half of the crankcase used to carry
the lubricant oils and oil pump. It is made up of steel or aluminum
and mounded on the cylinder block. It also works as the cooling and
storage for the lubrication oil.
Oil pressure gauge: Oil pressure gauge is used to measure the
pressure of oil in the engine oil chember.
Oil Quenching: Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath.
Oil Recycling: Removal of particulate and volatile contaminant such
as water, gases, solvents from the oil to make it suitable for
continused use. Settling, filtration, vacuum dehydration are some of
the processes used for oil recycling.
Oil retention: It is a minute injection of oil which take place at low
pressure and retains that position for several hours before extracting,
to soften the decay metal.
Oil Ring: A loose ring, generally of greater in diameter than the
shaft, the inner surface of which rides the shaft or journal, causing
the ring to rotate; the ring dips into a reservoir from which it carries
lubricant to the top of the shaft for distribution to a bearing.
Oil ring lubrication : A system of lubrication for horizontal shafts. A
ring of larger diameter rotates with the shaft and collects oils from a
container below.
Oil Sample: A small amount (at least 50 ml) of oil taken from a
system in order to be tested.
Oil Sands: Sand bonded with such oils as linseed and the
synthetics.
Oil Sands: Sand bonded with such oils as linseed and the
synthetics.
Oil Seal: One of many contact sealing devices used to reduce or
eliminate oil leakage or to exclude foreign matter from a lubrication
system. Oil seals are generally used on moving parts while gaskets
seal non-moving parts such as housing. (see Lip Seal) (see
Gaskets)
Oil seals: Oil seals are the protective agents which help to keep oil
inside, It is lock the oil inside the oil chamber.
Oil separator : Device used to remove oil from gaseous refrigerant
or steam.
Oil Shot: In die casting, a sponge-like whirl on the surface of casting
resulting from an excess of oil applied to the sprue hole before the
shot was made.
Oil Shot: In die casting, a sponge like whirl on the surface of casting
resulting from an excess of oil applied to the sprue hole before the
shot was made.
Oil Stain Aluminum: Stain produced by the incomplete burning of
the lubricants on the surface of the sheet. Rolling subsequent to
staining will change color from darker browns to lighter browns down
to white.
Oil Stones: Molded abrasives in various shapes used to hand-
sharpen cutting tools.
Oil Stones: Molded abrasives in various shapes used to hand
sharpen cutting tools.
Oil Strainer: Strainer that uses a metal screen or disc as the filtering
medium; usually rated according to mesh size, not micrometer size.
Oil Test: Test performed by the Met. Lab to check the amount of oil
applied to strip.
Oil thrower: Oil Thrower is a metal ring or like a disk that fitted
around a spinning shaft in gearbox, It's designed for preventing oil
from creeping along the shaft which helps to prevent oil loss from the
machine.
Oil turbine : An oil used to lubricate bearings in a steam or gas
turbine.
Oil viscosity: The viscosity of engine oil.
Oiled: A product to which oil has been applied to retard rusting.
Oiled: A product to which oil has been applied to retard rusting.
Oiliness: Property of a lubricant that yields low friction under
conditions of boundary lubrication, because of its affinity for metal
surfaces. Polar compounds in the lubricant enhances this property,
causing a physical adherence (adsorbance) to the surfaces; the
lower the friction, the greater the oiliness.
Oiling: The application of a surface layer of lubricant intended to
retard rusting on sheet products and lubrication on Tin Mill products.
OIT: (Operator Interface Terminal) Terminal which displays the line
up, coils running on both reels, and the location of the weld.
Okb: Experimental Construction Bureau.
Old Blowing Room: Used when the river water gets too cold.
Oleoresinous: A resin containing both oils and resins which cures
by the oxidation process.
Olive: (Mg2,Fe2SiO4) A naturally occurring mineral composed of
fosterite and fayalite, crushed and used as a molding sand. Usually
the sand of choice in manganese steel casting due to its basicity.
Olsen (Ductility) Test: A method of measuring the ductility and
drawing properties of strip or sheet metal which involves
determination of the width and depth of impression. The test
simulating a deep drawing operation is made by a standard steel ball
under pressure, continuing until the cup formed from the metal
sample fractures. Readings are in thousandths of an inch. This test
is sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the
surface finish after drawing, similar to the Erichsen ductility test.
Olsen (Tester): A device used to indicate the stretch quality of the
steel and to detect breakage caused by contamination or peeling of
the zinc coating.
Olsen Ductility Test: A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal
restrained except at the center is deformed by a standard steel ball
until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at the time of fracture is a
measure of the ductility.
OM : Outer Marker
OMEGA : A very-low-frequency navigation system
Omnidirectional: Capable of transmitting or receiving signals in all
directions, as an antenna.
OmniRide/Omnilink: Transit systems operated by the Potomac and
Rappahannock Transportation Commission (PRTC)
Oms: Orbital Maneuvering System.
OMS : Outer Marker Substitute (sort of a virtual OM)
On Cast: When the furnace is tapping out iron and maintaining full
wind.
On Check: A term used when the furnace has pulled wind after
casting to plug the hole.
On exchange resin: ICross linked polymers that form salts within
ions from aqueous solutions.
On off control : A two position action which allows operation at
either maximum or minimum condition, or on or off, depending on
the position of the controller.
On-board diagnosis system: A computer-controlled system that
identifies malfunctioning or out-of-adjustment components under its
control through the display of trouble codes. The presence of trouble
codes is usually indicated by an intermittently or constantly lit "check
engine " or "service engine soon" light.
ONC : Operational Navigation Chart
Once through boiler : A steam generating unit usually operated
above the critical pressure in which there is no re-circulation of the
working fluid in any part of the unit.
One Piece Pattern: Solid pattern, not necessarily made from one
piece of material. May have one or more loose pieces.
One Screen: A distribution of a clean sand or a sand with two
maximum screens separated by a minimum screen. These high
expansion problem sands are also referred to as camel back
distributions.
One Side Bright Mill Finish: Sheet material having a moderate
degree of brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled
and may have a dull, non uniform appearance.
One-Piece Pattern: Solid pattern, not necessarily made from one
piece of material. May have one or more loose pieces.
One-Screen: A distribution of a clean sand or a sand with two
maximum screens separated by a minimum screen. These high-
expansion problem sands are also referred to as camel back
distributions.
One-Side Bright Mill Finish: Sheet material having a moderate
degree of brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled
and may have a dull, non-uniform appearance.
One-touch windows: Vehicle windows with a changeover switch
that is capable of automatically rolling the window glass completely
up or down (as well as functioning as a conventional momentary
power window switch).
One-way: Communications mode consisting only of downlink
received from a spacecraft.
One-way light time: The elapsed time it takes for light, or a radio
signal, to reach a spacecraft or other body from Earth, or vice versa.
Oort cloud: A large swarm of comets theorized to orbit the sun in
the neighborhood of 50,000 AU.
Opacimeter: An instrument used for measuring the amount of dark
smoke emitted by automobiles.
Opacity: The degree of obscuration of light; for example, a glass
window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100%
opacity.
Opeb Expense: Other Postretirement Employment Benefits. Usually
refers to health care obligations to a mill's retired workers, although
its meaning also can include layoff benefits (see FAS 106).
Open center circuit: One in which pump delivery flows freely
through the system and back into the reservoir in neutral.
Open center valve: One in which all ports are interconnected and
open to each other in the center or neutral position.
Open circuit: A circuit in which a complete path for electrical current
flow does not exist.
Open circuit : The absence of a direct connection between two
points in an electrical network.
Open cycle : A gas turbine arrangement, in were the exhaust gases
from the turbine are exhausted to the atmosphere without any further
treatment.
Open Die Forging: See Forging: Open Die Forging
Open Dies: Dies with flat surfaces that are used for preforming stock
or producing hand forgings.
Open Face Mold: See Open Sand Casting
Open Flame Furnace: As opposed to the crucible furnace; in the
open-flame furnace the metal charge is confined in the refractory
lining, with the flame and products of combustion coming in direct
contact with the metal.
Open Flame Furnace: As opposed to the crucible furnace; in the
open flame furnace the metal charge is confined in the refractory
lining, with the flame and products of combustion coming in direct
contact with the metal.
Open Gear Lube: Extremely heavy gear lubricants with viscosities
in the asphaltic fluid range.
Open Grain Structure: A defect wherein a casting, when machined
or fractured, appears to be coarse grained and porous; usually due
to a shrink area.
Open Grain Structure: A defect wherein a casting, when machined
or fractured, appears to be coarse grained and porous; usually due
to a shrink area.
Open Hearth Furnace: A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron
and scrap into steel. Heat is supplied from a large, luminous flame
over the surface, and the refining takes seven to nine hours. Open
Hearths, at one time the most abundant steelmaking furnaces
among integrated companies, have been replaced by the basic
oxygen furnace.
Open Hearth Line: An alternate water supply line from the Old
Blowing Room Pump Room to the Old Blowing Room used when the
river water gets too cold.
Open Hearth Process: Process of making steel by heating the
metal in the hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open
hearth steel process, the lining of the hearth is basic, usually
magnesite; whereas in the acid open hearth steel process, an acid
material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and pig iron, extremely
low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material charged
in.
Open jaw: Term used to describe two segments on an airline ticket
where a passenger flies into one airport and out of another.
Open Line: Usually a steel making defect, an open line refers to a
line down the length of the strip caused by unknown conditions.
Open Loop: In a control system, a type of control that has an input
signal, but no feedback of the result of the input signal.
Open re circulating water system : A system, using continuously
circulated water as a heat-transfer medium, in which the water is
exposed at one point to the atmosphere for either discharge or
absorption of heat.
Open Riser: See Riser, Open
Open Rod Press: A hydraulic press in which the slide is guided by
vertical, cylindrical rods (usually four) that also serve to hold the
crown and bed in position.
Open Sand Casting: A casting produced in an open mold; poured in
the drag, with no cope or other top covering.
Open skies: Refers to a bilateral or multilateral agreement for air
transport providers where government regulation of activity between
parties is minimised, eg EU/US open skies agreement.
Open steam cure: A method of vulcanizing in which steam comes in
direct contact with the product being cured.
Open Surface: Rough surface on black plate, sheet or strip,
resulting from imperfection in the original steel bars from which the
plate was rolled.
Open-back Inclinable Press: A vertical crank press that can be
inclined so that the bed will have an inclination generally varying
from 0 to 30°. The formed parts slide off through an opening in the
back. It is often called an OBI press.
Open-die Forging: The hot mechanical forming of metals between
flat or shaped dies in which metal flow is not completely restricted.
Also known as hand or smith forging. See also handforge or smith
forge. (see Handforge) (see Smith Forge)
Openhearth Furnace: A furnace for melting metal, in which the bath
is heated by the combustion of hot gases over the surface of the
metal and by radiation from the roof.
Open-Hearth Furnace: A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron
and scrap into steel (also known as a “Martin furnace”). Heat is
supplied from large flames over the surface.
Open-Hearth Process: Process of making steel by heating the
metal in the hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open-
hearth steel process, the lining of the hearth is basic, usually
magnesite; whereas in the acid open-hearth steel process, an acid
material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and pig iron, extremely
low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material charged
in.
Operate : to use or authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except
as provided in Sec. 91.13 of this chapter) of air navigation including
the piloting of aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as
owner, lessee, or otherwise)
Operating Pressure: The level of pressure at which a component,
pipe, tube, hose or other fluid passage will experience during
application of maximum expected fluid pressure.
Operating costs: Costs arising from normal operating conditions in
a company.
Operating noise: Actual noise perceived on the ground during
aircraftmanœuvres (departure and approach).
Operating point : The value of the controlled condition at which the
controller actually operates. Also called control point.
Operating pressure: The maximum level of pressure at which a
component, pipe, tube, hose or other fluid passage will experience
during application of maximum expected fluid pressure. See also
BURST PRESSURE and PROOF PRESSURE.
Operating pressure : Actual pressure at which the system works
under normal conditions. This pressure may be positive or negative
(vacuum).
Operating Rates: The ratio of raw steel production to the mill's
stated capacity. Each December, steel companies report to the AISI
their estimated capacity (if they could sell all steel they produced) for
the following year, adjusted for any facility downtime.
Operation: Either the landing or the takeoff of an aircraft.
Operational amplifier (op amp): An integrated circuit amplifier with
special characteristics (high gain, high input impedance, low output
impedance, differential amplification) that make it especially suitable
for electrohydraulic control systems.
Operational control : with respect to a flight, means the exercise of
authority over initiating, conducting or terminating a flight.
Operational deviation (od) : An occurrence where applicable
separation minima, as referenced in the operational error definition
below were maintained, but: (1) less than the applicable separation
minima existed between an aircraft and protected airspace without
prior approval, (2) an aircraft penetrated airspace that was delegated
to another position of operation or another facility without prior
coordination and approval, (3) an aircraft penetrated airspace that
was delegated to another position of operation of another facility at
an altitude or route contrary to the altitude or route requested and
approved in direct coordination or as specified in a Letter of
Agreement, pre-coordination or internal procedure, (4) an aircraft,
vehicle, equipment, or personnel encroached upon a landing area
that was delegated to another position of operation without prior
coordination and approval.
Operational error (oe) : An occurrence attributable to an element of
the air traffic control system which results in less than the applicable
separation minima between two or more aircraft, or between an
aircraft and terrain or obstacles as required by Handbook 7110.65
and supplemental instructions. Obstacles include
vehicles/equipment/personnel on runways, or aircraft lands or
departs on a runway closed to aircraft operations after receiving air
traffic authorization.
Operations : How well is equipment operating; Values: operational
(all function and data is available), degraded (equipment has partially
failed with some function or data unavailable and some available),
failed (equipment has failed with no function or data available);
Operator Side: The side of the strip that is nearest to the operator
pulpit.
Operator’s Cab: The operator’s compartment from which
movements of the crane are Bridge Crane Controlled. To be
specified by the manufacturer as open, having only sides or a railing
around the operator, or enclosed, complete with roof, windows, etc.
Operators: Individuals who are at the control of a rail car or who
drive a bus: a bus operator or a rail operator
Opposing forces: Forces that are pushing or pulling in the opposite
direction. For example, lift is perpendicular to the airflow around
anaircraft. If the aircraft is flying straight and level, the liftforce (which
is pulling up) will be opposing the weightforce (which
is pulling the aircraft toward the earth).
Ops : Operations (or Operating hours)
Optical digitizer : Any device using a photo sensor that can convert
analog information to digital code
Optical Emission Spectroscopy: Pertaining to emission
spectroscopy in the near-ultraviolet, visible or near-infrared
wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. See also
electromagnetic radiation. (see Electromagnetic Radiation)
Optical Pyrometer: A temperature measuring device through which
the observer sights the heated object and compares its
incandescence with that of an electrically heated filament whose
brightness can be regulated; or the intensity of the light emitted from
the object may be varied through filters and compared with a
constant light source.
Optical Pyrometer: A temperature measuring device through which
the observer sights the heated object and compares its
incandescence with that of an electrically heated filament whose
brightness can be regulated; or the intensity of the light admitted
from the object may be varied through filters and compared with a
constant light source.
Optical thickness (optical depth): In calculating the transfer of
radiant energy, the mass of an absorbing or emitting material lying in
a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area and extending between
two specified levels. Also, the degree to which a cloud prevents light
from passing through it; the optical thickness then depends on the
physical constitution (crystals, drops, and/or droplets), the form, the
concentration, and the vertical extent of the cloud.
Optical thickness (optical depth): In calculating the transfer of
radiant energy, the mass of an absorbing or emitting material lying in
a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area and extending between
two specified levels. Also, the degree to which a cloud prevents light
from passing through it; the optical thickness then depends on the
physical constitution (crystals, drops, and/or droplets), the form, the
concentration, and the vertical extent of the cloud.
Optical transient detector (otd): The world's first space-based
sensor capable of detecting and locating lightning events in the
daytime as well as during the nighttime with high detection efficiency
was designed and built at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
(MSFC). The concept for this instrument was developed at MSFC in
the 1980's, and was selected for development as part of NASA's
Earth Observing System (EOS). The purpose of the sensor is to
detect the full spectrum of lightning flashes, including cloud to
ground, cloud to cloud, and intra-cloud (within cloud) lightning
events. Ground-based techniques detect only cloud-to-ground
lightning events which are believed to comprise 25% of the total
lightning activity. In addition, these techniques generally detect
lightning activity near land masses; very little information is provided
regarding lightning events over the Earth's oceans. OTD is designed
to aid scientists in determining the global distribution of lightning
activity and thunderstorms and the characteristics of the Earth's
electric circuit. See Data in a Flash
Optimization: A process to cut away excess steel and make a
proper length bar (bar rolling).
Optimum Moisture: That moisture content which results in
developing the maximum of any property of a sand mixture.
Optional equipment: Equipment that is not included in the
manufacturers base configuration of a vehicle.
Options: A choice to buy or sell metal at an agreed upon price for a
specific date. You must pay a premium (See Put and Call).
Or logic gate: A seal, made from rubber or other synthetic material
in the shape of a circle and of circular or other polygonal cross-
section. See GASKET.
Orange Peel: A pebble grain surface which develops in forming of
metals having coarse grains.
Orange Peel (Effect): A surface roughening (defect) encountered in
forming products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is
due to uneven flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains,
usually the result of annealing at too high a temperature. Also
referred to as pebbles and alligator skin.
Orange Peel (Effect): A surface roughening (defect) encountered in
forming products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is
due to uneven flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains
usually the result of annealing at too high a temperature. Also
referred to as pebbles and alligator skin.
Orange Peel Bucket: A bottom drop bucket used for charging
cupolas; the drop bottom is divided into a number of sections that
appear to peel back as the bucket opens.
Orbit: The path of a body acted upon by the force of gravity. Under
the influence of a single attracting body, all orbital paths trace out
simple conic sections. Although all ballistic or free-fall trajectories
follow an orbital path, the word orbit is more usually associated with
the continuous path of a body which does not impact with its
primary.
Orbit: The path described by a heavenly body in its periodic
revolution. Earth satellite orbits with inclinations near 0 degree are
called equatorial orbits because the satellite stays nearly over the
equator. Orbits with inclinations near 90 degrees are called polar
orbits because the satellite crosses over (or nearly over) the north
and south poles. Seeorbital inclination.
Orbit insertion: The placing of a spacecraft into orbit around a
planet or moon.
Orbit trim maneuver: The firing of control rockets to refine a
spacecraft's speed and trajectory.
Orbital elements: Six quantities used to mathematically describe
an orbit; i.e. semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination, argument of
periapsis, time of periapsis passage and longitude of ascending
node.
Orbital Forging: See rotary forging. (see Rotary Forging)
Orbital mechanics: The study of the motions of artificial satellites
and space vehicles moving under the influence of forces such as
gravity, drag, and thrust. Also called flight mechanics.
Orbital module: That part of a spacecraft which allows additional
volume for crew relaxation and/or experiments. Discarded prior to
reentry.
Orbital period: The time taken by an orbiting body to complete one
orbit.
Orbital plane: An imaginary gigantic flat plate containing an Earth
satellite's orbit. The orbital plane passes through the center of the
Earth.
Orbital velocity: The velocity necessary to overcome the
gravitational attraction of the Earth and so keep a satellite in orbit,
about 17,450 mph (28,080 km/hr) close to the Earth.
Orbital Weld: A circumferential, full fusion butt or girth weld used to
join together two lengths of tubing. It is a GTAW welding process
similar in nature to the longitudinal weld seam of a welded tubular
product.
Orbiter spacecraft: A spacecraft designed to travel to a distant
planet or moon and enter orbit. It must carry a substantial propulsive
capability to decelerate it at the right moment to achieve orbit
insertion.
Orcad Software: The OrCAD software products were developed by
Cadence Design Systems in San Jose, California. The OrCAD line is
used to support the custom design of electronic systems, with a
primary focus on the design of printed circuit boards (PCB).
Ord : Operational Requirements Document
Order Matte: Individual description of the orders to be processed
(issued by Production Planning). Also called 'mat' or 'mill order
paper'.
Order Rate: The ratio of new orders recorded to the mill's capacity
to produce the steel to fill the orders. Many analysts view trends in
the order rate asharbingers of future production levels.
Ordered Structure: The crystal structure of a solid solution in which
the atoms of different elements seek preferred lattice positions.
Contrast with disordered structure.
Ore: A mineral from which the metal can be extracted. An iron-
bearing material used primarily in the blast furnace.
Ore: An iron bearing material used primarily in the blast furnace.
Organic: Chemistry: of or relating to any covalently bonded
compound containing carbon atoms. Biology: relating to or involving
an organism or organisms.
Organic Acid: An organic compound with acid properties, obtained
from such organic substances as animal, vegetable and mineral oils;
for example, a fatty acid. Chemically, organic acids most often
contain a carboxyl group (COOH).
Organic growth : A substance resulting from the growth of
biological organisms such as fungi, algae, and slime bacteria.
Organic material : Contain carbon and usually hydrogen and are
derived from living things.
Organic oxygen scavengers : These are organic compounds such
as hydroquinone and ascorbate to remove dissolved oxygen from
the boiler feedwater and condensate.
Organosol: Organosols contain poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) dispersed
in solvents. At temperatures of 325-350°F (165-175°C) the vinyl
particles coalesce and dissolve in the plasticizers to form
homogeneous films with good hardness, toughness and adhesion.
Organosol: Organosols contain poly vinyl chloride (PVC) dispersed
in solvents. At temperatures of 325 350 B0 F (165 175 B0
Centegrade) the vinyl particles coalesce and dissolve in the
plasticizers to form homogeneous films with good hardness,
toughness and adhesion.
Orientation: Arrangements in space of the axes of the lattice of a
crystal with respect to a chosen reference or coordinate system. See
also preferred orientation. (see Preferred Orientation)
Orientation : Direction in reference to a coordinate frame
Oriented Grain Electrical Steels (OG): Steels with optimized
magnetic properties, developed to achieve low magnetic losses and
high permeability. They are applied to power and distribution
transformation cores, etc.
Oriffice: An opening of controlled size used to measure or control
the flow of gases.
Oriffice Plate: In a cupola a device used to measure the volume of
air delivered to the windbox.
Orifice: A small hole or restricted opening used to control the flow of
gasoline, oil, refrigerant, etc.
Orifice: An opening of controlled size used to measure or control the
flow of gases.
Orifice: An opening or passageway which can be have tapered
edges.
Orifice : Accurate size opening for controlling fluid flow.
Orifice Flange: An orifice flange is used with an orifice flowmeter to
measure liquid or gas flow rates in a piping system. An orifice
flowmeter is designed such that the flow being measured is forced
through a hole, or orifice, in a plate. The hole is designed to constrict
and the pressure is measured both upstream and downstream of the
hole. Knowing the inlet and exit are of the orifice and the inlet and
exit pressures, the flowmeter is able to determine the flow rate. The
orifice flange is used in place of standard flanges to allow for the
proper installation of the orifice plate or flowmeter.
Orifice Plate: In a cupola, a device used to measure the volume of
air delivered to the windbox.
Original Crack Size: The physical crack size at the start of testing.
Original Equipment: Tyres selected by a vehicle manufacturer that
best match tyre performance to vehicle performance characteristics.
Also known as OE.
O-Ring: An “O”-shaped automatic or squeeze-type packing
manufactured from metallic or elastomeric materials, used for static
and dynamic applications. The seal is compressed against the shaft
or collar and energized by the pressure of the fluid being sealed to
prevent leakage.
O-ring: A seal, made from rubber or other synthetic material in the
shape of a circle and of circular or other polygonal cross-section.
See GASKET.
Ornithopter: Name for a flapping-wing aircraft. Only model
ornithopters have flown to date.
Orrosion, stress: CPreferential attack of areas under stress in a
corrosive environment, where such a environment alone would not
have caused corrosion.
Orsat analyzer : A furnace atmosphere analysis device in which
gases are absorbed selectively (volumetric basis) by passing them
through a series of pre-selected solvents.
ORVM: ORVM (Outside Rear View Mirror), It is a light/indicator on
the side mirror of a car. Which lights up while taking turn.
Os: Chemical symbol for osmium.
Oscillate Wound: Oscillate winding is a technique that ws
develooped to aid in winding and shipping customer orders for
multiples. (Multiples are created by slitting or shearing a coil into any
width or set of widths) The slits are wound back and forth on a
mandrel in the same manner that a fishing line is taken up on a reel;
that is left to right, right to left, left to right. This allows for multiples to
be wrapped on one wide coil that is easily handled in shipping.
Oscillate Wound/Ribbon Wound: Oscillate winding is a technique
that was developed to aid in winding and shipping customer orders
for multiples. (Multiples are created by slitting or shearing a coil into
any width or set of widths). The slits are wound back and forth on a
mandrel in the same manner that a fishing line is taken up on a reel;
that is left to right, right to left, left to right. This allows for multiples to
be wrapped on one wide coil that is easily handled in shipping.
Oscillated Wound or Scroll Wound: A method of even winding
metal strip or wire on to a reel or mandrel wherein the strands are
uniformly overlapped. Sometimes termed stagger wound or vibrated
wound. The opposite of ribbon wound.
Oscillated Wound Or Scroll Wound: A method of even winding
metal strip or wire on to a reel or mandrel wherein the strands are
uniformly over lapped. Sometimes termed stagger wound or vibrated
wound. The opposite of ribbon wound.
Oscillating: A method of winding narrow strip steel over a much
wider roll. Customers want to have as much steel on a coil as will fit
in their machines, so they can spend less time moving the material
and more time using it. By coiling the strip-like fishing line (or thread)
over a spool, a much longer strip can fit onto a coil of proper
diameter. Oscillate-wound coils allow the customer to enjoy longer
processing runs.
Oscillating: A method of winding narrow strip steel over a much
wider roll. Customers want to have as much steel on a coil as will fit
in their machines, so they can spend less time moving the material
and more time using it. By coiling the strip like fishing line (or thread)
over a spool, a much longer strip can fit onto a coil of proper
diameter. Oscillate wound coils allow the customer to enjoy longer
processing runs.
Oscillating Die Press: A small high-speed metal forming press in
which the die and punch move horizontally with the strip during the
worldng stroke. Through a reciprocating motion, the die and punch
return to their original positions to begin the next stroke.
Oscillating Trough Cooler: A steel trough conveyor within a
plenum where reclaimed sand is cooled prior to reuse.
oscilloscope: A visual display of electrical waves on a fluorescent
screen or cathode ray tube.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
www.osha.gov
Osha : Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Osmium: Chemical symbol Os. A bluish-white metal that is so hard
it is difficult to fabricate.
Osmium: Chemical symbol Os. A bluish white metal that is so hard
it is difficult to fabricate.
Osmondite: An obsolete term once used to designate a ferrous
microstructure not so well defined as Troosite.
Osmosis : The passage of water through permeable membrane
separating two solutions of different concentration; the water passes
into the more concentrated solution.
O-stage: Rocket boosters which operate during part of the burning
time of the first stage of a launch vehicle to provide additional thrust.
OTAQ: Office of Transportation and Air Quality (U.S. EPA)
OTM: Orbit Trim Maneuver.
OTRAG: Orbital Transport- und Raketen- Atktiengesellsschaft.
Otto cycle : The four stroke cycle consisting of intake, compression,
power, and exhaust.
Ottowa Sand: A sand originating near Ottawa Ill., also know as St.
Peter sandstone.
Out Of Register: An embossed pattern distortion due to
misalignment of the male and female embossing rolls
Out of Round: Difference between highest measurement and lowest
measurement on plain round. This is a tolerance in the ASTM
Standards.
Out : Operational Training Unit
Outboard Bearing: One of two bearings supporting a shaft farthest
from the drive unit. Some extend outside the machine, e.g., a shaft
extended from a machine upon which is mounted a direct connected
generator, pump, etc.
Outboard Bearing: Pump bearing that is furthest from the driver.
Outer marker : Marker beacon located 5-7mi from the end of the
runway; See Also: marker beacon
Outlet: Outlet valve from auto valve or tank.
Output Stage: A spool or other device that is controlled by a smaller
spool or torque motor.
Output stage: A spool or other device that is controlled by a smaller
spool or torque motor.
Outriggers: Extendable or fixed members attached to the mounting
base, which rest on supports at the outer ends used to support the
crane.
Out-runner: The other type of brushless motor, where the outer
casing, or 'can', of the motor rotates with the shaft and permanent
magnets, which are attached to the inside of the can. Out-runners
produce more torque, so they are more powerful than in-runners and
are rarely geared.
Outside air opening hvac: () Any opening used as an entry for air
from outdoors.
Outside air temperature (oat) : The temperature just outside the
aircraft; Symbols: T; Typical Units: deg; Dimensions: Temperature
Oval: A hot rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross
section.
Ovality: Deviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as
the total difference found at any one cross-section between the
individual maximum and mimimum diameters, which usually occur at
or about 90°.
Ovality: Deviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as
the total difference found at any one cross section between the
individual maximum and minimum diameters, which usually occur at
or about 90 degrees
Ovals: A hot-rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross
section.
Oven: See Continuous Annealing Furnace
Over charging : Charge the battery more then its capacity is known
as overcharging, Over charging is not healthy for a battery.
Over current device : A device such as a fuse or a circuit breaker
designed to protect a circuit against excessive current by opening
the circuit.
Over inflation : Inflation more than manufacture guideline, over
inflation in which we over inflate the tire with air or other filling gas.
Over speeding: Speed more than limit is known as over speeding. It
depends on engine or road speed.
Over steer: In over steer, The wheels turn more the steering wheel,
In this case the vehicle take more Sharpe turn and not in control of
driver.
Overaging: Aging a precipitation-hardening alloy under conditions of
time and temperature greater than those required to obtain
maximum strength or hardness.
Overaging: Aging a precipitation hardening alloy under conditions of
time and temperature greater than those required to obtain
maximum strength or hardness.
Overall diameter: The diameter of the inflated tyre, without any
load.
Overall length ( oal): The total length of a hose assembly which
consists of the free hose length plus the length of the couplings.
Overall width: The distance between the outside of the two
sidewalls, including lettering and designs.
Overarm: The support for the end of a milling cutter which is on the
opposite side of the cutter from the spindle and column.
Overbending: Bending metal through a greater arc than that
required in the finished part to compensate for springback.
Overbooking: Airlines overbook flights to compensate for
passengers who reschedule or opt not to fly (‘no-shows’).
Overbooking: A practice adopted by airlines where more seats are
confirmed on a flight than available on the aircraft. Based on the
assumption that a variable percentage of confirmed passengers “no
show” for the flight.
Overdraft: A condition wherein a metal curves upward on leaving
the rolls because of the higher speed of the lower roll.
Overdrive: The speed of wheels more than engine is known as over
speed. This is used in racing or high speed cars which have a extra
gears pattern which helps the vehicle to take speed more than the
engine. The output is more than input speed.
Overfill: A defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an
overfullness on some part of the surface. Among the causes are
worn rolls and extrusion into the clearance of the rolls.
Overfill: A defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an over
fullness on some part of the surface. Among the causes are worn
rolls and extrusion into the clearance of the rolls.
Overfiring: Heating refractories to a temperature sufficient to cause
pronounced vitrification, deformation, or bloating.
Overflow pipe : A pipe installed at a top of a tank to enable the
liquid within to be discharged to another vessel when the tank is
filled to capacity.
Overflows (Overflow Wells): Separated cavities cut into the face of
die casting dies adjacent to the main cavity and connected to it by a
channel, ensuring filling of the cavity.
Overhand: Extension of the end surface of the cope half of a core
print beyond that of the drag to provide clearance for closing of the
mold.
Overhauling: Overhauling is a process in which the engine parts are
disassembled and assemble the once again, in this the weared parts
are replaced with new one. It is done to improve the power and
efficiency of any engine.
Overhead camshaft: Overhead camshaft is located in the side of
crankshaft to guide the push and pull road, It guide the valves.
Overhead Magnets: A magnet is an object that attracts
ferromagnetic materials such as iron. The magnet creates a
magnetic field that generates the attractive force. Overhead magnets
are often used in industrial process applications or waste
management. They are often coupled with conveyor systems to
remove metal objects or fragments from the material moving through
the processing system.
Overhead Separators: Used when producing mults on a slitting
unit; disks which make an alley for each strip to go through while
being coiled.
Overhead-drive Press: A mechanical press with the driving
mechanism mounted in or on the crown or upper parts of the
uprights.
Overheated: A term applied when, after exposure to an excessively
high temperature, a metal develops an undesirable coarse grain
structure, but is not necessarily damaged permanently. Unlike
burned structure, the structure produced by overheating can be
corrected by suitable heat treatment, by mechanical work, or by a
combination of the two.
Overheating: Can occur in preheat furnaces prior to forging or in the
heat-treating operation. The condition results when metal
temperature exceeds the critical temperature of the alloy involved
and a change in phase occurs; this is also known as the
transformation temperature. Externally, overheated material will often
form blisters or a web of fine cracks; internally, overheating causes
precipitation of melted constituents around grain boundries and the
formation or rounded pools of melted constituents often called
"rosettes".
Overide : To alter selection made automatically by software
Over-inflation: Too much air in the tyre, resulting in premature wear
in the centre of the tread.
Overlap: In resistance seam welding, the area in a given weld
remelted by the succeeding weld.
Overlap: The condition of a spool and body in a servo valve or other
spool valve wherein the spool must move a specified amount (the
overlap) before exposing two adjacent cavities to each other.
Overlap: The condition of a spool and body in a servo valve or other
spool valve wherein the spool must move a specified amount (the
overlap) before exposing two adjacent cavities.
Overload: Any load greater than the rated load.
Overload : A condition of excess current; more cur rent flowing than
the circuit was designed to carry.
Overload Protection (Overcurrent): A device operative on
excessive current to cause and maintain the interruption or reduction
of current flow to the equipment governed.
Overpickled: Reject caused by the strip laying in acid for a period of
time.
Overpickled: Reject caused by the strip laying in acid for a period of
time.
Overpressure safety switch: A switch used on a turbocharged
engine that warns the operator of excessive and potentially harmful
intake pressure that may be caused by component malfunction.
Override : A manual or automatic action taken to by pass the normal
operation of a device or system
Overseas air commerce : the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft,
or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance
of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State
of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and any place in a
territory or possession of the United States; or between a place in a
territory or possession of the United States, and a place in any other
territory or possession of the United States
Overseas air transportation : the carriage by aircraft of persons or
property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the
carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce: (1) Between a place in a
State or the District of Columbia and a place in a possession of the
United States; or (2) Between a place in a possession of the United
States and a place in another possession of the United States;
whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft
and partly by other forms of transportation
Overshoot: Occurs when the process exceeds the target value as
operating conditions change.
Overshoot: To land beyond a runway or planned spot. Opposite of
UNDERSHOOT.
Overshoot: Occurs when the process exceeds the target value as
operating conditions change.
Oversize Powder: Powder particles larger than the maximum
permitted by a particle size specification.
Overspeed Trip: (On steam pumps), a device that trips the turbine
on a steam pump if the prime is lost and the pump overspeeds.
Overspeed trip : On steam turbines, a mechanism that provides
absolute reliable overspeed protection by shutting off the steam
supply.
Overspeed Trip : (On steam pumps) A device that trips the turbine
on a steam pump if the prime is lost and the pump overspeeds.
Overspeed Trip Switch: Spring-loaded stop valve which is
connected to a turbine governor by a linkage rod that will stop the
flow of steam to a turbine.
Overspeed Trip Switch: Spring loaded stop valve which is
connected to a turbine governor by a linkage rod that will stop the
flow of steam to a turbine.
Oversteer: A handling characteristic of a vehicle that causes it to
turn more sharply than the driver intends because the rear wheels
are sliding to the outside of the turn.
Over-steer: The tendency for a vehicle, when negotiating a corner,
to turn more sharply than the driver intends. The rear end of the
vehicle wants to swing towards the outside of a turn. A handling
condition in which the slip angles of the rear tyres are greater than
the slip angles of the front tyres. An over-steering car is sometimes
said to be “loose”, because its tail tends to swing wide.
Overstressing: Permanently deforming a metal by subjecting it to
stresses that exceed the elastic limit.
Overstressing: Permanently deforming a metal by subjecting it to
stresses that exceed the elastic limit.
Over-the-top : above the layer of clouds or other obscuring
phenomena forming the ceiling
Overtravel Restraint: A device used to prevent the slack load chain
from inadvertently being lowered out of the load sprocket.
Overwidth: Product whose width is above the customer’s finished
width tolerance.
Overwidth: Product whose width is above the customer's finished
width tolerance.
Overwrap: The direction which a coil is wrapped or unwrapped. If
coil is being overwrapped a reel is turning and steel is being fed from
TOP.
Owen Jet Dust Counter: An instrument similar to the Konimeter,
using the humidification factor.
OWLT: One-Way Light Time.
Oxidation: Oxidation is the combination of substance or partials with
oxygen. It occurs in presence of oxygen.
Oxidation: The rust process that takes place in the steel belts when
moisture, via damage, is allowed to get inside the tyre. This can
result in the tyre becoming unserviceable before normal replacement
time.
Oxidation: Chemical process in which oxygen combines with
another substance; enhanced by elevated temperature and the
presence of a catalyst, such as copper, water or foreign matter.
Oxidation of lubricants eventually produces acids and polymers,
resulting in metal corrosion and sludge formation. Oxidation
inhibitors function by interrupting the oxidation process at the first
step, the formation of peroxides that serve as catalysts for the entire
process. (see Inhibitor)
Oxidation: The absorption of oxygen into fluid and the subsequent
plating of the oxygen/ fluid mixture onto metal surfaces evidenced by
a change in the appearance or feel of the surface or by a change in
physical properties.
Oxidation : The reaction of an element or substance with oxygen,
e.g., iron is oxidized by reaction with oxygen to form rust (iron oxide).
Oxidation Losses: Reduction in the amount of metal or alloy
through oxidation.
Oxidation Stability: Resistance of lubricants to chemical reaction
with oxygen; several test methods are used.
Oxidative Wear: (1) A corrosive wear process in which chemical
reaction with oxygen or oxidizing environment predominates. (2) A
type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic
components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These
oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the
sliding surfaces. Resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates.
Oxide: Usually refers in the steel industry to oxide of iron, of which
there are three principal ones: FeO, Fe3O,4, Fe2O3. In addition,
there are many mixtures of these oxides which form on the surface
of steel at different temperatures and give the steel different colors,
such as yellow, brown, purple, blue and red. Oxides must be
thoroughly removed from the surface of steel objects which are to be
coated with tin, zinc, or other metals. (see Scale)
Oxide: A compound of oxygen with another element.
Oxide Discoloration: See ?Stain, Heat Treat?.
Oxidize: A chemical treatment which increases the positive valences
of a substance. In a limited sense, adding oxygen to a substance, as
in oxidizing C to CO, CO to CO2, Si to SiO2, Mn to MnO.
Oxidized Steel Surface: Surface having a thin, tightly adhering
oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge
of a coil or sheet.
Oxidized Surface: A surface having a thin, tightly adhering oxidized
skin.
Oxidizer: An agent that releases oxygen for combination with
another substance, creating combustion and gas for propulsion.
Alternatively oxidants.
Oxidizing Agent: A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself
being reduced.
Oxidizing agent : Any substance such as oxygen, or chlorine, that
will readily add (take on) electrons.
Oxidizing Atmosphere: An atmosphere resulting from the
combustion of fuels in an atmosphere where excess oxygen is
present, and with no unburned fuel lost in the products of
combustion.
Oxidizing atmosphere : A furnace atmosphere with an oversupply
of oxygen that tends to oxidize materials placed in it.
Oxidizing Atmosphere : An atmosphere resulting from the
combustion of fuels in an atmosphere where excess oxygen is
present, and with no unburned fuel lost in the products of
combustion.
Oxidizing biocide: An agent, such as chlorine, which will kill
bacteria by the chemical process of oxidation.
Oxidizing Flame: A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the
inner flame that has an oxidizing effect. See also neutral fIame and
reducing flame. (see Neutral Fiame) (see Reducing Flame)
Oxidizing Flame: A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the
inner flame.
Oxy Acetylene Welding: A process for joining two pieces of metal
in which the required high temperature is obtained by the
combustion of acetylene gas and oxygen. The gases are thoroughly
mixed in the nozzle or tip of the welding torch to ensure perfect
combustion. The weld may be formed directly between two adjoining
surfaces, but usually metal from a welding rod is fused in between
the surfaces of the joint.
Oxy : Oxygen system for passengers and crew
Oxyacetylene Cutting: An oxyfuel gas cutting process in which the
fuel gas is acetylene.
Oxy-Acetylene Welding: A process for joining two pieces of metal
in which the required high temperature is obtained by the
combustion of acetylene gas and oxygen. The gases are thoroughly
mixed in the nozzle or tip of the welding torch to ensure perfect
combustion. The weld may be formed directly between two adjoining
surfaces, but usually metal from a welding rod is fused in between
the surfaces of the joint.
Oxyacetylene welding : An oxyfuel gas welding process in which
the fuel gas is acetylene.
Oxyfuel Gas Cutting: Any of a group of processes used to sever
metals by means of chemical reaction between hot base metal and a
fine stream of oxygen. The necessary metal temperature is
maintained by gas flames resulting from combustion of a specific fuel
gas such as acetylene. Hydrogen. Natural gas, propane, propylene.
Or Mapp gas (stabilized methylacetylene-propadiene).
Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW): Any of a group of processes used to
fuse metals together by heating them with gas flames resulting from
combustion of a specific fuel gas such as acetylene, hydrogen,
natural gas, or propane. The process may be used with or without
the application of pressure to the joint, and with or without adding
any filler metal.
Oxygen: Oxygen is one of the chief constituents of the atmosphere
of which it forms approximately on fifth. It is odorless and invisible.
Although oxygen itself does not burn, it is extremely efficient in
supporting combustion, nearly all other chemical elements
Oxygen (O): Used in the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking process. When
present in the form of oxide, inclusions in steel will reduce all
mechanical properties, including ductility, and decrease
machinability.
Oxygen Arc Cutting: An oxygen cutting process used to sever
metals by means of the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base
metal at elevated temperatures. The necessary temperate is
maintained by an arc between a consumable tubular electrode and
the base metal.
Oxygen Blow: (O2 blow) Steel making period when oxygen is
introduced into the furnace vessel of scrap metal and blast furnace
hot metal.
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter: An instrument to measure the heats of
combustion of solid and liquid fuels.
Oxygen concentration cell : (see differential aeration cell).
Oxygen concentration cell : The surface area in contact with the
media of higher oxygen concentration becomes the cathodic area,
and the area with the lower oxygen concentration becomes the
anode.
Oxygen Cutting: A group of cutting processes used to sever or
remove metals by means of the chemical reaction between oxygen
and the base metal at elevated temperatures. In the case of
oxidation-resistant metals, the reaction is facilitated by the use of a
chemical flux or metal powder. See also chemical flux cutting, metal
powder cutting, oxyfuel gas cutting. Oxygen arc cuning. And oxygen
Jance cutting. (see Chemical Flux Cutting) (see Metal Powder
Cutting) (see Oxyfuel Gas Cutting)
Oxygen Free Copper: Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide,
produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal
deoxidizers.
Oxygen Gouging: Oxygen cutting in which a bevel or groove is
formed.
Oxygen Lance: A length of pipe used to convey oxygen either
beneath or on top of the melt in a steelmaldng furnace, or to the
point of cutting in oxygen lance cutting
Oxygen Lance: A length of pipe used to convey oxygen onto a bath
of molten metal.
Oxygen Lance Cutting: An oxygen cutting process used to sever
metals with oxygen supplied through a consumable lance; the
preheat to start the cutting is obtained by other means.
Oxygen pitting : Damage caused due to the presence of oxygen in
the feedwater. Damage results are small pit-like holes in the metal.
Oxygen Probe: An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically
measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a
furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the extemal air.
Oxygen scavenger : A substance that will absorb oxygen by
chemical reaction.
Oxygen sensor: Oxygen sensor is a electronics part used to
measure the quantity of oxygen in the air, it is used in intake
manifold to check the oxygen in the air.
Oxygen sensor: In a computer-controlled, fuel-injected vehicle, a
sensor mounted in the exhaust stream that relays air/fuel ratio
information to the fuel control computer that allows the computer to
make adjustments.
Oxygen-free Copper: Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide,
produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal
deoxidizers.
Ozone: An almost colorless, gaseous form of oxygen with an odor
similar to weak chlorine. A relatively unstable compound of three
atoms of oxygen, ozone constitutes--on the average--less than one
part per million (ppm) of the gases in the atmosphere (peak ozone
concentration in the stratosphere can get as high as 10 ppm). Yet
ozone in the stratosphere absorbs nearly all of the biologically
damaging solar ultraviolet radiation before it reaches the Earth's
surface where it can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and immune
deficiencies, and can harm crops and aquatic ecosystems.
See ozone layer.
Ozone: A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. In
the statosphere, it occurs naturally and it provides a protective layer
shielding the Earth from ultraviolet radiation and subsequent harmful
health effects on humans and the environment. In thetroposphere, it
is a chemical oxidant and major component of photochemical smog.
Ozone : Triatomic oxygen (03). Sometimes used in cold storage or
air conditioning installations as an odor eliminator. Can be toxic in
certain concentrations.
Ozone cracking: The surface cracks, checks, or crazing caused by
exposure to the atmosphere containing ozone.
Ozone hole: A large area of intense stratospheric ozone depletion
over the Antarctic continent that typically occurs annually between
late August and early October, and generally ends in mid-November.
This severe ozone thinning has increased conspicuously since the
late seventies and early eighties. This phenomenon is the result of
chemical mechanisms initiated by man-made chlorofluorocarbons
(see CFCs). Continued buildup of CFCs is expected to lead to
additional ozone loss worldwide.
Ozone layer: The layer of ozone that begins approximately 15 km
above Earth and thins to an almost negligible amount at about 50
km, shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
The highest natural concentration of ozone (approximately 10 parts
per million by volume) occurs in the stratosphere at approximately 25
km above Earth. The stratospheric ozone concentration changes
throughout the year as stratospheric circulation changes with the
seasons. Natural events such as volcanoes and solar flares can
produce changes in ozone concentration, but man-made changes
are of the greatest concern.
Ozone mini-hole(s): Rapid, transient, polar-ozone depletion. These
depletions, which take place over a 50-kilometer squared area, are
caused by weather patterns in the upper troposphere. The decrease
in ozone during a mini-hole event is caused by transport, with no
chemical depletion of ozone. However, the cold stratospheric
temperatures associated with weather systems can cause clouds to
form that can lead to the conversion of chlorine compound from inert
to reactive forms. These chlorine compounds can then produce
longer-term ozone reductions after the mini-hole has passed.
Ozone-measuring satellite instruments: Satellite-based ozone-
measuring instruments can measure ozone by looking at the amount
of ultraviolet absorption reflected from the Earth's surface and
clouds. Some instruments provide data within the different levels of
the atmosphere. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
maps the total amount of ozone between ground and the top of the
atmosphere.The amount and distribution of ozone molecules in the
stratosphere varies greatly over the globe, changing in response to
natural cycles such as seasons, sun cycles, and winds. Utilizing
satellites has enabled scientists to assess ozone levels
simultaneously over the entire Earth, and has led them to conclude
that global ozone levels are being depleted.
P: Chemical symbol for phosphorus.
P & w: Pratt and Whitney (USA).
P&D : Acronym for Pickup and delivery
P. ant : Abbreviation for Power antenna.
P/a : An abbreviation for Power-assisted
P/C: An abbreviation for the pre coat section of the line.
P/M: The acronym for powder metallurgy.
P/p : per person, per passenger
P1: In production, the acceptable quality level.
P2: In production, lot tolerance.
PA : Acronym for Pressure Air (Honda) or 2. Acronym for Power
antenna
PA sensor : Acronym for Atmospheric pressure sensor
Paast: Pan-American Aviation Safety Team.
Pace car : A vehicle which leads the pack of racers during the first
part of the race (usually one lap) so that the racers can warm up
their engines, etc. The pace car never runs the actual race. They
also lead during parade, pace lap, caution periods, and restarts.
Pace lap : The warm-up part of the race before the actual race
begins.
Pacer : An automobile manufactured by AMC
Pacific disaster center: A Federal information processing center
designed to provide value added information processing support to
Federal, State, local, and regional emergency managers to support
mitigation, preparation, response and recovery within the Pacific
region. In addition, the PDC is being developed as an organizational
and technological model for global, national, and local initiatives in
disaster management. In particular, the PDC serves as a nodal
model for the Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN) proposed
by Vice President Gore. Currently, the area of operations of the PDC
includes Hawaii, Alaska, and the pacific insular States of Guam,
American Samoa, Marshall Islands, Northern Marianas, Palau, and
Micronesia. Pacific Disaster Center web site
Pack Carburizing: A method of surface hardening of steel in which
parts are packed 10 a steel box with a carburizing compound and
heated to elevated temperatures. This process has been largely
supplanted by gas and liquid carburizing processes.
Pack Hardening : See Case Harding
Pack Nitriding: A method of surface hardening of steel in which
parts are packed in a steel box with a nitriding compound and heated
to elevated temperatures.
Pack Rolling: Hot rolling a pack of two or more sheets of metal;
scale prevents their being welded together.
Pack Rolling: Rolling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same
time, a method usually practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil.
Package units: Complete refrigerating system including
compressor, condenser and evaporator located in the refrigerated
space.
Package units : Complete refrigerating system including
compressor, condenser, and evaporator located in refrigerated
space.
Packed gland : A cylindrical recess that accommodates a number of
rings of packing around the shaft or shaft sleeve of a Pump. Pumps
used for high-temperature fluids are provided with jacketed, water-
cooled packed glands. Also called stuffing box.
Packing: Deformable substance used for sealing between locations
at which fluids are present under different conditions, usually where
relative motion occurs at the boundary between the fluids.
Packing: A seal or gasket. See SEAL, O-RING and GASKET
Packing : Sealing device consisting of soft material or one or more
mating soft elements. Reshaped by manually adjustable
compression to obtain or maintain a leak-proof seal.
Packing : Material made usually of woven animal, plant, mineral or
metal fiber and some type of lubricant, placed in rings around the
shaft of a pump and used to control leakage from the stuffing box.
Packing : The fill in a confined space in a stripping vessel, ranging
from simple shaped units such as rocks or slats to complex shapes
that provide large surface area per unit volume.
Packing : A seal or gasket.
Packing Box: The portion of the casing or cover through which the
shaft extends and into which a seal or packing is placed to limit
leakage; also known as a stuffing box.
Packing Gland: An adjustable follower that compresses packing in
a stuffing box.
Packing gland : The metal part that compresses and holds packing
in place in a stuffing box.
Packing Gland Assembly (Lube Systems): Assembly that is
screwed into the measuring valve body.
Packing Grease: A type of grease used to keep a seal and prime on
a pump.
PAD : Acronym for Program Associated Data.
Pad : A common term for a brake shoe used in disc brakes
Pad retainer : A pin which locates the brake pad in a disc brake
Pad retainer pin : A pin which locates the brake pad in a disc brake
Pad wear indicator : Mechanical or electrical devices which warn
the driver when the lining material on the brake pads has worn to the
point that they should be replaced.
PADD : Acronym for Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts
Padding: The process of adding metal to a cross-section of a
casting wall, usually extending from a riser, to ensure adequate feed
to a localized area where a shrink would occur if the added metal
were not present.
Padding: The process of adding metal to a cross section of a
casting wall, usually extending from a riser, to ensure adequate feed
to a localized area where a shrink would occur if the added metal
were not present.
Padding disc : An insert in the crankcase area designed to reduce
the internal volume of the crankcase and thus to increase the
precompression ratio; this helps to increase the output of a two-
stroke engine
Paddle timing: A term to describe how far off the rotation cycle the
paddles rotation should be.
Paddles: The shorter stubby blades on the end of the two rods
opposite the rotor blades. They aid in pitching the main rotor blades
for quicker responses and less servo stress.
Paddling the lead : The act of filling repair areas by smoothing the
body lead layer until a smooth surface is achieved
PAFS : Acronym for Pulse Air Feeder System (Chrysler)
Paging unit: Paging is a technique used by virtual memory
operating system to help ensure that the data you need is available
as quickly as possible.
Pagoda roof : An unusual roof design, introduced on the Mercedes-
Benz SL Hardtop, which was slightly lower in the center than at the
sides
Pagoda-style roof : An unusual roof design, introduced on the
Mercedes-Benz SL Hardtop, which was slightly lower in the center
than at the sides
PAH : Acronym for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or Acronym for
polyaluminum hydroxide or Acronym for Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Paint : 1. A liquid or paste consisting of a suspension of a Pigment
in oil or water, etc. When spread over a surface, it dries to form a
hard, thin covering colored by the pigment. The primary purpose of
paint is to help in the preventing of rusting. A secondary purpose is
to provide a variety of color.
Paint booth : A closed area where coats of paint are applied
Paint chip book : A Color chart
Paint color matching : The process of determining the correct paint
shade with the aid of color charts and special mixing devices and
through spectral analysis
Paint film : The actual thickness of the paint on a surface.
Paint refinishing : The various steps involved in repainting a
secondhand car
Paint shop : 1. The production stage in an automobile
manufacturing plant during which the bodywork is treated with paint.
Or 1. A separate paint repair shop, usually near a body repair shop
(i.e., for damaged vehicles)
Paint stripper : A liquid paint remover
Paint system : The sum of all coats of paint on a work
Painting line : The route taken by the bodywork of a newly
manufactured vehicle on its way through the paint shop
Painting robot : A robot used for paint application
Paintwork : The overall result of painting; the paint coating or finish
PAIR : Acronym for Pulsed Secondary Air Injection
Paleoclimate: Climate as it existed in the distant past, particularly
before historical records.
Paleoclimatology: The study of past climates, throughout
geological history, and the causes of the variations among.
Paleogeography: The study of ancient or prehistoric geography.
Paleosol: An ancient soil or soil horizon that formed on the surface
during the geologic past.
Palladium: Chemical symbol Pd. A major component in the
production of petrochemical catalysts.
Palladium: Chemical symbol Pd. A major component in the
production of petrochemcial catalysts.
Palladium : A white, ductile, malleable, noble metal of the platinum
family; atomic number 46, atomic weight 106.4; resembles platinum
and together with other platinum metals is used as a catalyst in
automotive exhaust converters. Compare Platinum metals
Palletized construction : The process of building a vehicle where
the workers assemble a complete Chassis at a comfortable
workbench height, in a well-lighted area, away from the main line --
not underneath a moving body. Working conditions and product
quality are vastly improved.
Palm spinner : A device which is attached to a steering wheel to
allow disabled people to insert a hand into its bracket in order to
steer a vehicle.
Paludification: The expansion of a bog caused by the gradual rising
of the water table as accumulation of peat impedes water drainage.
Palynology: The science of reconstructing the past flora and past
climate from pollen data obtained from lake and bog sediments. The
fossil pollen record is a function of the regional flora and vegetation
at a given time and location.
Pan : A thin stamped Cover that is bolted to the bottom of the
Crankcase, it forms a Sump for the engine oil and keeps dirt, etc.
from entering the engine.
Pan head : A type of screw with a dome shaped head. Flat top
surface rounded into cylindrical sides, and a flat bearing surface. The
recessed pan head has a rounded top surface blending into
cylindrical sides and a flat bearing surface.
Panamax : A water-borne vessel (i.e., ship) designed small enough
for passage through the Panama Canal
Pancake engine : An engine in which the Cylinders are on a
horizontal plane, this reduces the overall height and enables them to
be used in spots where vertical height is restricted.
Pancake Forging: A rough forged shape which may be obtained
quickly with a minimum of tooling. It usually requires considerable
machining to attain the finish size.
Pancake Forging: A rough forged shape which may be obtained
quickly with a minimum of tooling. It usually requires considerable
machining to attain the finish size.
Pancake Grain Structure: A metallic structure in which the lengths
and widths of individual grains are large compared to their
thicknesses.
Panchromatic: Sensitive to all or most of the visible spectrum.
Panel: Used to describe a portion of a wing generally from a point of
attachment at the fuselage or another dissimilar shaped portion that
may be attached separately as in inner and outer sections of a single
left or right wing or as in the left and right portions of wings that can
be removed for transport or ease of assembly.
Panel : 1. A flat piece of metal that is stamped to create a body
Component such as a door panel. 2. A plastic molding; e.g., interior
trim of doors.
Panel beater : 1. A person who beats out the dented bodywork of a
damaged 2. A Panel hammer vehicle.
Panel beating : Beating out the dents in damaged bodywork.
Panel bonding : A new repair process using a special adhesive to
glue body panels in place instead of spot-welding them
Panel Coker: A testing device that involves dripping cold fluid onto a
hot panel to determine the detergency and deposit-forming
tendencies of the test fluid.
Panel contour : The normal shape of a new, undented body panel
as produced by the factory
Panel cutter : An air-operated tool used to cut out old panels. It is a
relatively coarse tool and is thus suited mainly for cutting sheet metal
in areas where minor distortion along the cutting lines does not
matter.
Panel hammer : A special hammer for metalworking that has two
different fly-shaped heads for different purposes, e.g., cross-pein and
shrinking hammer.
Panel picking : The act of straightening very fine indentations or
marks of very small diameter on a panel surface with a pick hammer
Panel puller : A tool with a slide hammer and hook or self-threading
screw tip to pull dented doors, fenders, and other sheet metal panels
back into place. After drilling a hole in the deepest part of the dent,
the hook or screw tip is inserted to pull out the dent by means of
slide hammer impact. Also called Knocker
Panel repair : A type of repainting job involving an entire panel but
not the entire vehicle
Panel Spalling Test: A test using a panel of the refractory being
tested to provide a reference to spalling behavior.
Paneling : 1. A combination of separate sheet metal panels to form
a complete assembly, e.g., the outer panels of the body or even the
panels surrounding the engine 2. A plastic molding; e.g., interior trim
of doors.
Panhard : A vehicle brand of which the Dyna for 1946-67 models
are Milestone cars.
Panhard rod : A rod or Linkage on the axle which runs from side to
side. Usually one end is attached to the body and the other end is
connected to the axle. Also called a track bar.
Panhard rod mounting box : Box section used to mount the
Panhard rod of the rear axle
Panhead : Harley-Davidson's second generation overhead-valve Big
Twin, introduced in 1948.
Panic Button: A small control button used in situations that require
stopping the line without losing power to the line.
Pannier : A luggage bag used in pairs and fastened alongside one
or both wheels of a motorcycle or bicycle.
Panniers : Luggage bags used in pairs and fastened alongside one
or both wheels of a motorcycle or bicycle.
Panoramic Analyzer: An instrument for analyzing sounds and
displaying the results either on an oscilloscope or a graph.
Panoramic windshield : A windshield style popular in the 1950s
and '60s that featured recessed screen pillars, giving a wide,
unobstructed view of the road; entry for the front passengers was
awkward, since the screen pillar comers projected into the door
opening
Pan-pan : The international radio-telephony urgency signal. When
repeated three times, indicates uncertainty or alert followed by the
nature of the urgency.
Pans: The area beneath the conveyor belts in the coal bucket area.
Pans : Procedures for Air Navigation Services (ICAO)
Pantechnicon : A British term for a large van or truck, especially
one for moving furniture
Pantera : A model of automobile manufactured in Italy
Panting : The pulsation in and out of the bow and stern plating as
the ship alternately rises and plunges deep into the water
Panting frame : The frames in the forward and after portions of the
hull framing to strengthen against shell Panting
Pants: A popular word for streamlined, non-load bearing fairings to
cover landing wheels. Also sometimes called Spats or, when fully
enclosing the wheel struts, Skirts.
Paper air cleaner : An Air cleaner that makes use of special paper
through which the air to the Carburetor is drawn.
Paper Drum: Paper insert placed on the reel around which the coil
is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the
coil. Certain customers may require that coils are to be shipped with
this paper drum.
Paper Drum: Paper insert placed on the reel around which the coil
is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the
coil. Certain customers may require that coils are to be shipped with
this paper drum.
Paper filter: Paper filter is a paper for filtering the liquids, this kind of
filtration is done in chemistry labs, medical lbs. and automotive
filters. This is a porous paper basic used for filter liquids.
Paper Interleaved: To prevent damage to the surface during
shipment, handling or storage. The material is frequently coiled with
a large roll of paper paid off at the same time so that between each
wrap of metal there is a wrap of paper. This paper between the steel
wraps prevents the surface of the metal from rubbing against each
other to spoil the surface.
Paper Interleaved: To prevent damage to the surface during
shipment,handling or storage. The material is frequently coiled with a
large roll of paper paid off at the same time so that between each
wrap of metal there is a qrap of paper. This paper between the steel
wraps prevents the surface of the metal from rubbing against each
other to spoil the surface.
PAPI : Precision Approach Path Indicator
Papping Plate: A metal plate attached to a pattern to prevent injury
to the pattern and assist in loosening it from the sand.
Papping Plate: A metal plate attached to a pattern to prevent injury
to the pattern and assist in loosening it from the sand.
PAR : Acronym for a parabolic aluminized reflector lamp
Par : Precision Approach Radar - a ground-radar based instrument
approach which provides both horizontal and vertical guidance
Parabolic dish : A high-temperature (above 82°C) solar thermal
concentrator, generally bowl-shaped, with two-axis tracking.
Parabolic reflector : An old headlight reflector in the shape of a
parabola, now replaced by ellipsoidal reflectors
Parabolic spring : A leaf spring tapered in the shape of a parabola.
Also called tapered leaf spring
Parabolic trough : A high-temperature (above 82°C) solar thermal
concentrator with the capacity for tracking the sun using one axis of
rotation.
Parachute: Collapsible device which, when deployed, will retard the
rate of descent of a body falling through the air. Used originally as a
safety device, has been adopted for dropping troops, supplies,
equipment, etc.
Parachute: An apparatus used to retard free fall, consisting of a
light, usually hemispherical canopy attached by cords and stored
folded until deployed in descent.
Parachute : a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of
a body or object through the air
Paraffin : 1. A British term for Kerosene a solvent for removing
grease 2. The wax removed from paraffin distillates by chilling and
pressing. When separating from solutions, it is a colorless, more or
less translucent, crystalline mass, without odor and taste, slightly
greasy to touch, and consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in
which the paraffin series predominates.
Paraffin Wax: A high-VI crystalline substance removed from
paraffinic crudes after distillation, composed of unbranched straight
chain hydrocarbons that are solid at room temperature. Waxes are
primarily used for waterproofing and candles; in small quantities,
they degrade the low-temperature properties of lubricants.
Paraffinic Base: Characterizes certain petroleum products prepared
from paraffinic crudes (crudes that contain high percentages of
straight chain aliphatic or paraffin hydrocarbon molecules).
Paraffinic hydrocarbons : Straight-chain hydrocarbon compounds
with the general formula CnH2n+2
Paraffins : Group of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including
Methane, ethane, Propane and Butane and noted by the suffix -ane.
Parallel: Circle in parallel planes to that of the equator defining
north-south measurements, also called line of latitude.
Parallel : 1. The same distance apart at every point. 2. Two or more
electrical components each receiving the same voltage resistors
connected in parallel. Opposite to Series
Parallel : Setting on Welder) Temperature setting on transformer
used to weld heavy (>.040) gauge steel.
Parallel action locking pliers : A locking pliers with parallel action
jaws, e.g., for pinching off hoses when servicing cooling systems
Parallel circuit : 1. An electrical circuit with two or more Resistance
units so wired as to permit Current to flow through both units at the
same time. Unlike the Series circuit, the Current in the parallel circuit
does not have to pass through one unit to reach the other. A method
or pattern of connecting units in an electrical circuit so that they are
connected negative-to-negative and positive-to-positive. In a parallel
circuit, current can flow independently through several components
at the same time.
Parallel circuit : One where all the elements are connected across
the voltage source. Therefore, the voltage on each element is the
same but the current through each may be different.
Parallel connection : A way of joining photovoltaic cells or batteries
by connecting positive leads to positive leads to keep the voltage
output the same, but increase the amperage. Some 12-volt vehicles
running two batteries to give more winter starting power must
connect the batteries in parallel. If they were Connected in series the
output would be 24 volts and fuses would blow or components would
burn out.
Parallel data transmission: A form of digital data transmission in
which all of the bits of a binary word are processed or transmitted at
the same time. Faster than serial transmission but requires separate
circuitry for each bit.
Parallel hybrid: A vehicle that is powered by an electric motor and
an internal combustion engine that are inline. This type of hybrid can
be driven on either full electric mode, gasoline engine mode, or
combined. This is the most common type of hybrid vehicle currently
used today.
Parallel middle body : The amidships portion of a ship in which the
contour of the underwater hull form is unchanged
Parallel parking : The action of bringing a vehicle to a stop behind
another vehicle (or between two vehicles) so that your front bumper
is right behind the rear bumper of the vehicle in front of you. The
technique of parallel parking involves driving beside the other vehicle
and then backing up while turning the steering first to the right and
then at the correct time turning it to the left. It is one of the testing
requirements for obtaining a license.
Parallel trailing link suspension : A front suspension layout used
primarily by Volkswagen on rear-engined cars
Parallel twin : A type of engine usually found on two-cylinder
motorcycles where the cylinders are beside each other and on the
same side of the crankshaft. An Opposed twin has two cylinders that
are on either side of the crankshaft.
Parallel valves : The intake and exhaust valves with parallel valve
stems
Parallelism : The same thickness of brake discs all the way around.
The relationship between one friction surface of a brake disc and the
other.
Parallelogram steering linkage : A Steering system using two short
Tie rods connected to the Steering arms and to a long center link.
The link is supported on one end on an Idler arm and the other end
is attached directly to the Pitman arm. The arrangement forms a
parallelogram shape
Parallel-twin engine : A two-cylinder engine with its cylinder placed
side-by-side in an upright position
Paramagnetic Material: (1) A material whose specific permeability
is greater than unity and is practically independent of the
magnetizing force. (2) Material with a small positive susceptibility
due to the interaction and independent alignment of permanent
atomic and electronic magnetic moments with the applied field.
Compare with ferromagnetic material.
Paramagnetism: property exhibited by substances that, when
placed in a magnetic field, are magnetized parallcl to the field to an
extent proportional to the field (except at very low temperatures or in
extremely large magnetic fields). Compare with ferromagnetism.
Parameter: A constant whose values determine the specific form or
characteristics of an expression.
Parapet : Concrete rails on a bridge.
Parasol monoplane: A fixed-wing aircraft which has its single wing
strut-mounted above the fuselage.
Parent Coil: A coil that has been processed to final temper as a
single unit. The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more
smaller coils or into individual sheets or plates to provide the
required width and length.
Parent Coil: A coil that has been processed to final temper as a
single unit. The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more
smaller coils or into individual sheets or plates to provide the
required width and length.
Parent panel : The panel left in place on the car to which a new
panel is welded after all the rusted metal has been cut out
Parent Plate: A plate that has been processed to final temper as a
single unit. The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or
more smaller plates to provide the required width and length.
Parent Plate: A plate that has been processed to final temper as a
single unit. The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or
more smaller plates to provide the required width and length.
Paris-cdg flight crew centre: Paris-CDG base for some 18,000 Air
France cabin crew members. The CDG flight crew centre also
accommodates ground staff in charge of operational logistics and
operations follow-up.
Parison : A short length of glass
Park : 1. One of the positions of the gear selector for an automatic
gearbox; when engaged (after the vehicle has come to a complete
standstill) the driving wheels are locked. 2. To leave a vehicle in a
particular place.
Park and Ride : Provision of long stay parking areas at the edge of
a built up area which are linked by frequent bus (or other public
transport) services to the City center and potentially other locations.
Park Avenue : A model of automobile manufactured by the Buick
division of General Motors
Park brake extension : A device which is attached to the parking
brake to help disable people to operate the parking brake more
easily.
Park flyer: The general name given to any electric R/C airplane that
can be safely flown in a public park / school yard / parking lot / sports
field etc.
Park light : A low intensity light which is often incorporated into the
front signal lights. The park lights are to be illuminated when the
vehicle is still running, but pulled off the road. However, many people
drive with them on an action which is illegal in some parts of North
America.
Park safety switch : A switch which allows the starter to be
engaged only when the automatic shift lever is in either park or
neutral
Parkade : A place where vehicles can be parked on one of several
levels.
Parkbrake warning light : A light on the instrument panel that
illuminates when the parkbrake is applied; on most new cars it has
been superseded by a multifunction brake warning light
Parkerizing: A proprietary method of producing a protective
phosphate coating on ferrous metals. Parker A treatment involves
immersing in a bath of acid manganese phosphate. The Parker D is
a modification using acid zinc phosphate with a nitrate iron as
accelerator.
Parkerizing: A proprietary method of producing a protective
phosphate coating on ferrous metals. Parker A treatment involves
immersing in a bath of acid manganese phosphate. The Parker D is
a modification using acid zinc phosphate with a nitrate iron as
accelerator.
Parkes Process: A process used to recover precious metals from
lead and based on the principle that if 1 to 2% Zn is stirred into the
molten lead, a compound of zinc with gold and silver separates out
and can be skimmed off.
Parking : The action of placing a vehicle at a full stop out of the flow
of traffic.
Parking assist: An electronic system that employs laser, radar or
sonar technology to enable a vehicle to park itself, in some cases
without driver input.
Parking brake: Parking brake is the other name of hand brake, In
this system the Powered wheels get locked by brake pads. Parking
brakes used when vehicle is parked.
Parking brake : 1. Hand or foot operated brake which prevents
vehicle movement while parked by locking rear wheels, or
Transmission Output shaft. One type applies the rear Brake shoes
by mechanical means and the other type applies a Brake band to a
Brake drum installed in the Drivetrain. 2. The secondary brake
system used to hold a stationary vehicle from moving. The system is
applied with a hand or foot lever, and operates on only two wheels.
Parking brake console : The reinforcing member incorporated in
the center tunnel area of the floorpan to provide the mounting
support for the handbrake
Parking brake lever : 1. A lever inside the drum brake which
spreads the brake shoes outward; the long end is connected to the
parking brake cable, the opposite end to one brake shoe and to a
push bar which acts on the other shoe. 2. A lever inside the
passenger compartment attached to the end of the parking brake rod
and which activates the parking brake cable.
Parking brake lever strut : A push bar between the shoes in a
drum brake
Parking brake pedal : Foot-operated pedal for the parking brake
Parking brake warning switch assembly : A unit used to actuate a
warning device indicating the parking brake application mechanism
is not in the fully released position.
Parking disc : A marker displayed on the inside of a parked car
showing time of arrival or latest permitted time of departure in a
British parking lot
Parking heater : An air heating system which operates
independently of the engine
Parking lamp : An energy-saving vehicle illumination mode on
British cars for long-term roadside parking; includes only one front
sidelight and one taillight; the parking light can be switched to
illuminate the left side or the right side
Parking light : An energy-saving vehicle illumination mode on
British cars for long-term roadside parking; includes only one front
sidelight and one taillight; the parking light can be switched to
illuminate the left side or the right side
Parking lights: Parking lights are in the rear side of a vehicle which
means the vehicle is in reverse gear.
Parking lights: Sometimes referred to as "daytime running lights."
White lights intended to increase a vehicles visibility to other drivers.
Parking lock : (PL) A lock gear and pawl that lock the transmission
mechanically
Parking lot : A ground level, outdoor area where vehicles can be left
temporarily.
Parking lot stencil : A printing device which is placed on the ground
so that information like handicap parking signs can be made.
Parking meter : A coin-operated timing device that indicates how
long a vehicle may legally remain parked
Parking orbit: Orbit in which a space vehicle awaits the next phase
of its planned mission.
Parking senors: Button-size sensors in the front and/or rear
bumpers that measure the distance to nearby cars and other objects
and alert the driver using sounds or lights.
Parking sensors: Parking sensor is a electronics device used to
calculate the distance between any object (wall, poll etc) and vehicle.
It tells the driver if vehicle is near to any object by beep.
Parking space : A parking place reserved for a particular vehicle
Parking ticket : A written fine for a parking offence, especially
where a vehicle has exceeded the time limit for parking
Parking-brake cable : Cables that transmit brake actuating force in
the parking-brake system.
Parking-brake equalizer : A device to equalize pull between the
parking-brake actuator and two wheels.
Parlanti Casting Process: A proprietary permanent mold process
using dies of aluminum with a controlled rate of heat transfer.
Parlanti Casting Process: A proprietary permanent mold process
using dies of aluminum with a controlled rate of heat transfer.
Parsec: Measure of distance, 1 parsec = approximately 3.26 light
years.
Parson turbine : -
Parsons Duncan Process: A method of casting steel ingots
wherein the top layer of the mold is heated and the last to solidify.
Part : A component of a vehicle.
Part number : (p/n, PN) A reference number attributed to a
particular part. Each company uses its own system of numbering the
parts.
Part out : To dismantle a vehicle and sell the parts. British term is
break up
Part : Precision Approach Radar
Parted Pattern: A pattern made in two or more parts.
Partial: IMIS action indicating that part of the final produced coil
weight is credited to one turn and the balance of the weight is
credited to the next turn.
Partial Annealing: An imprecise term used to denote a treatment
given cold worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled
level or to effect stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material,
the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature schedule must be
stated.
Partial Bearings: See journal bearing.
Partial flow filter : A Bypass filter
Partial oxidation : Fuel reforming reaction where the fuel is partially
oxidized to carbon monoxide and hydrogen rather than fully oxidized
to carbon dioxide and water. This is accomplished by injecting air
with the fuel stream prior to the reformer. The advantage of partial
oxidation over steam reforming of the fuel is that it is an exothermic
reaction rather than an endothermic reaction and therefore
generates its own heat.
Partial oxidation burner : Heat source for the partial oxidation
reactor.
Partial pressures : Condition where two or more gases occupy a
space and each one creates part of the total pressure.
Partial pressures : Condition where two or more gases occupy a
space and each one creates part of the total pressure.
Partial respray : A respraying of only part of the bodywork, opposite
to Full respray or Complete respray
Partially Graphitized Cast-Iron: A blackheart malleable casting
only partly graphitized in annealing, giving a mixture of black and
white. Sometimes termed salt and pepper fracture.
Particle: A piece of debris (sand, dirt, metal, fabric, etc.) Found in a
fluid.
Particle Count: The visual or electronic summation of the quantity of
particles, grouped by size, in a fluid sample of specified size.
Particle count: The visual or electronic summation of the quantity of
particles, grouped by size, in a fluid sample of specified size.
Particle Counter: A testing device used to measure the amount and
size of solid contamination in the hydraulic oil.
Particle Counter Computer: The part of the particle counter that
tabulates and supplies a printout of the oil test results.
Particle Counter Sampler: The part of the particle counter which
contains the sensor and related parts that the hydraulic oil passes
through while being tested.
Particle Shape: The appearance of a metal particle, such as
spherical, rounded, angular, acicular, dendritic, irregular, porous,
fragmented, blocky, rod, flake, nodular or plate.
Particle Size: The controlling lineal dimension of an individual
particle as detemtined by analysis with screens or other suitable
instruments. See also sieve analysis and sieve classification. (see
Sieve Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Particle Size Distribution: The percentage, by weight or by
number, of each fraction into which a powder or sand sample has
been classified with respect to sieve number or particle size.
Particle Sizing: Segregation of granular material into specified
particle size ranges.
Particulate : A small, discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that
remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions.
Particulates take the form of aerosol, dust, fume, mist, smoke, or
spray. Each of these forms has different properties.
Particulate catalyst : A Pellet catalyst
Particulate emission : An emission of solid particles of carbon and
unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhaust system
Particulate emission limit : The weight of particulate emissions in
the exhaust of diesel engines, specified in grams per mile
Particulate ignition temperature : In diesel filtration tests, the
exhaust gas temperature at which there is an equilibrium between
particulate burn-off and deposit build-up
Particulate Matter: In air pollution control, solid or liquid particles,
except water, visible with or without a microscope, that make up the
obvious portion smoke.
Particulate Matter: In air pollution control, solid or liquid particles,
except water, visible with or without a microscope, that make up the
obvious portion smoke.
Particulate matter: Very small pieces of solid or liquid matter, such
as particles of soot, dust, aerosols, fumes, or mists.
Particulate matter : 1. Suspended solids of carbon and unburnt
hydrocarbons from the exhaust system.2. A generic term for a broad
class of chemically and physically diverse substances that exist as
discrete particles (liquid droplets or solids) over a wide range of
sizes. A NAAQS pollutant.
Particulate Trap : Diesel vehicle emission control device that traps
and incinerates diesel particulate emissions after they are exhausted
from the engine but before they are expelled into the atmosphere.
Particulates: Very small pieces of solid or liquid matter such as
particles of soot, dust, fumes, mists or aerosols. The physical
characteristics of particles, and how they combine with other
particles, are part of the feedback mechanisms of the atmosphere.
Particulates : Suspended solids of carbon and unburnt
hydrocarbons from the exhaust system
Parting: The operation of cutting off a piece from a part held in the
chuck of a lathe.
Parting: The operation of cutting off a piece from a part held in the
chuck of a lathe
Parting Agent: See Release Agent
Parting Compound: A material dusted or sprayed on foundry
casting patterns to prevent adherence of sand to promote easy
separation of cope and drag parting surfaces when the cope is lifted
from the drag.
Parting Line: A line on a pattern or casting corresponding to the
separation between the cope and drag portions of a sand mold. A
condition unique to stepped extrusions where more than one cross-
section exists in the in the same extruded shape. A stepped shape
uses a split die for the minor or small cross-section and after its
removal, another die behind it for the major configuration. Slightly
raised fins can appear on that portion of the shape where the two
dies meet. (see Profile) (see Stepped Extruded)
Parting Line: A line on a pattern or casting corresponding to the
separation between the cope and drag portions of a sand mold. A
condition unique to stepped extrusions where more than on e cross
section exists in the same extruded shape. A stepped shape uses a
split die for the minor or small cross section and after its removal,
another die behind it for the major configuration. Slightly raised fins
can appear on that portion of the shape where the two dies meet .
See also ?Profile, Stepped Extruded?.
Parting Plane: (1) In forging, the dividing line between dies. (2) In
casting, the dividing line between mold halves.
Parting Sand: In foundry practice, a fine sand for dusting on sand
mold surfaces that are to be separated.
Part-load : The throttle opening between idle and fully open
Part-load enrichment : Extra fuel injected during throttle opening to
enrich the mixture during transition. Usually occurs during closed-
loop operation
Part-load operation : The operation of systems and components
under conditions below full load
Partnership : Business owned by at least two people
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles : (PNGV)
established in 1993, this partnership, between the United States
Federal Government and the Automotive industry, was founded to
establish global technical leadership in the development and
production of affordable, fuel-efficient, low emission vehicles that
meet today's performance standards.
Parts car : A vehicle that has been damaged beyond repair or
Restoration, or that has deteriorated badly. It is useful only as a
source of parts. It may be Driveable though unsafe, but it usually is
not in driveable condition.
Parts catalog : A directory listing available parts for a particular
product
Parts per billion: A unit of measure used for very small quantities, it
is equal to the ratio of the weight or volume of one component of a
mixture to a billion weights or volumes of the mixture. When based
on weight (ppbw), it is equal to the weight or mass of the component
divided by the total weight or mass in a given volume, multiplied by
one billion. When based on volume (ppbv) it is equal to the volume
of the component divided by the total volume of the mixture,
multiplied by one billion.
Parts per million : (ppm) Unit of concentration of one element in
another.
Part-throttle operation : Driving without using full throttle
Part-time four-wheel drive : A manually selectable four-wheel drive
PAS : 1.Acronym for Power-assisted steering 2. Acronym for Passive
Anti-Theft System
Pascal: A unit of pressure equal to one Newton per square meter.
Pascal : The accepted metric unit of measurement or pressure and
stress component in the measurement of viscosity. A Pascal is equal
to a force of 1 Newton acting an area of 1 square meter. The symbol
is Pa.
Pascal (pa): Unit of atmospheric pressure named in honor of Blaise
Pascal (1632-1662), whose experiments greatly increased
knowledge of the atmosphere. A pascal is the force of one newton
acting on a surface area of one square meter. It is the unit of
pressure designated by the International System.100,000 Pa = 1000
mb = 1 bar. See atmospheric pressure, millibar.
Pascal (pa) : SI measurement of pressure, it equals one newton per
square meter.
Pascal’s Law: Axiom stating that the pressure on a confined fluid is
transmitted undiminished and with equal force to all equal areas of
the container.
Pascal's law : A principle which states that when pressure is
exerted on a confined liquid, it is transmitted undiminished. The law
is particularly valid for Hydraulic systems. Discovered by Blaise
Pascal (1623-1662)
Pascal's law : Pressure imposed upon a fluid is transmitted equally
in all directions.
Pass: 1. Movement of a piece of steel through a stand of rolls. 2.
The open space between two grooved rolls through which is rolled
the steel which is being processed.
Pass: (1) A single transfer of metal through a stand of rolls. (2) The
open space between two grooved rolls through which metal is
processed. (3) The weld metal deposited in one run along the axis of
a weld. (4) A term indicating the process of passing metal through a
rolling mill
Pass : 1. The act of overtaking a vehicle which is traveling in the
same direction you are.2. The act of going past a vehicle which is
traveling is the opposite direction from you.
Pass Line: 1. Measurement used to level all rolls. 2. The travel
direction through which a strip is processed. When out of alignment,
it requires adjusting so that the coil can be properly processed.
Pass Line: 1) Measurement used to level all rolls. 2) The travel
direction through which a strip is processed. When out of alignment,
it requires adjusting so that the coil can be properly processed.
Passage: A hole through which fluid is passed in a fluid power
system.
Passage: A hole through which fluid is passed in a fluid power
system. See TUBE, PIPE, HOSE and MANIFOLD.
Passenger capacity : The maximum number of people that a
vehicle can carry.
Passenger car : A four-wheeled motor car powered by an engine
and designed for passengers and/or their luggage.
Passenger car wheel : A one-piece wheel made of sheet steel. The
rim and disc are welded together or made of light-alloy (cast or
forged), and designed for tubeless tires. Rims for passenger cars are
almost exclusively designed as 5° drop center rims incorporating a
safety bead seat (double hump and combination hump are most
common; flat hump designs are less common) and a J-flange. The
B-flange type is reduced in height and used on passenger cars with
small rim diameter and rim width
Passenger cell : That part of the vehicle in which the driver and
passengers sit
Passenger compartment : That part of the vehicle in which the
driver and passengers sit
Passenger Information Display Signs: Electronic signs that
provide information on the next train or bus to passengers on the
Metrorail system or passengers along a NextBus bus route
Passenger memory settings: Preset power seat positions for the
passenger that can be recalled using a button.
Passenger ship : A ship authorized to carry more than twelve
passengers.
Passenger vehicle : Four wheeled motor vehicle that also includes
mini-vans and sport utility vehicles
Passenger volume: Passenger volume refers to interior volume or
capacity of seating in vehicle.
Passenger volume: The total volume of space available for
passengers in the front and rear seat(s) of a vehicle.
Passenger-miles traveled : The total distance traveled by all
passengers. It is calculated as the product of the occupancy rate in
vehicles and the vehicle miles traveled.
Passenger-side air bag : An air bag restraint system designed to
protect the front passenger; introduced on some cars in the early
1990s, it usually occupies the space normally provided for a glove
compartment
Passing : 1. The action of overtaking another vehicle going in the
same direction you are. 2. The action of going past another vehicle
which is going in the opposite direction you are.
Passing gear : An Automatic transmission gear that shifts a vehicle
into a lower gear for a short burst of extra power to pass other cars
on the highway. The gear is engaged by sharply depressing the Gas
pedal. When the pedal is released, the vehicle returns to normal to
normal driving gear.
Passing lane : The outside lane (far left lane in North America, etc.
or the far right lane in Britain, Australia, etc.). Also called the fast
lane
Passivate : 1. To reduce the reactivity of a chemically active metal
surface by electrochemical polarization or by immersion in a
passivating solution.2. A process of surface treatment for
neutralizing stainless steels. An oxydizing solution, such as nitric
acid is applied to the surface. This strengthens the normal protective
film which helps in resisting corrosion. It also removes any foreign
substance which might cause local corrosion.
Passivated Tin Plate: Tin plate that has been chemically treated to
control tin oxide formation and growth.
Passivated Tin Plate: Tin plate that has been chemically treated to
control tin oxide formation and growth.
Passivating : Technical definition: a process of dipping a metal
object into a nitric acid solution to rapidly form a chromium oxide on
the surface of the material, creating a passive film that protects
stainless from further oxidation called a passive film. The purpose of
passivating is to remove both grease left from manufacturing and
traces of steel particles which may have rubbed off manufacturing
tools onto the object. Contrasts with commercial definition of
cleaning.
Passivating (anodic) inhibitors : A material capable of forming a
protective oxide film on metal surfaces.
Passivation: When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate
naturally (due to the presence of chromium). But the time required
can vary. In order to ensure that the passive layer reforms rapidly
after pickling, a passivation treatment is performed using a solution
of nitric acid and water.
Passivation : The process of rendering a metal surface chemically
inactive, either by electrochemical polarization or by contact with a
passivating agent.
Passivation : The changing of the chemically active surface of a
metal to a much less reactive state. Contrast with activation.
Passivation Treatment: (see Chemical Treatment)
Passivator : A type of corrosion inhibitor that appreciably changes
the potential of a metal to a more noble (positive) value.
Passivator : A type of corrosion inhibitor that appreciably changes
the potential of a metal to a more positive value.
Passivator : An inhibitor which changes the potential of a metal to a
more cathodic value.
Passive: A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes
normal corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains
virtually unattacked — hence passive to its environment.
Passive active cell : A corrosion cell in which the anode is a metal
in that active state and the cathode is the same metal in the passive
state.
Passive cooling: The use of painting, shading, reflectors and other
techniques to cool a spacecraft.
Passive film : The major characteristic of stainless steel is its ability
to form a thin layer of protection, called a "passive film," on its
outside surface. This film results from a continual process of low-
level oxidation, so oxygen from the atmosphere is needed for the
passive film to exist. Once formed, it prevents further oxidation or
corrosion from occurring. Even if chipped or scratched, a new
passive film on stainless will form.
Passive microwave: A system sensing only microwave radiation
emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a
source other than the system.
Passive rear-wheel steering: Passive rear wheel steering is also
known as four wheel steering or all wheel steering system. This
system is designed for improving the steering response, increase the
vehicle stability while corning at high speed, it also used for
decrease the turning radius at low speed.
Passive safety : Any device which automatically provides protection
for the occupants of a vehicle such as the bumpers, Seat belt,
padded dash, Laminated windshield, head restraints, collapsible
steering column, air bags, etc. In contrast with Active safety.
Passive safety features : Items in a vehicle which do not require
action on the part of the driver to avoid a hazard, e.g., crumple
zones, bumpers, side impact beams, and roll-over bars.
Passive solar heating : A solar heating system that uses no
external mechanical power, such as pumps or blowers, to move the
collected solar heat.
Passive state : A state for the fuel cell internal components normally
entered when the power plant is purged with steam, air or nitrogen,
or per the manufacturer's instructions when the power plant is turned
off or prior to when the power plant is turned on (initialization).
Passive system: A system sensing only radiation emitted by the
object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other
than the system. See active system.
Passive-active Cell: A corrosion cell in which the anode is a metal
in the active state and the cathode is the same metal in the passive
state.
Passivity: A condition in which a piece of metal, because of an
impervious covering of oxide or other compound, has a potential
much more positive than that of the metal in the active state.
Passivity : A condition on metal surfaces that inhibits
electrochemical action between the metal and its environment, such
as with boiler water.
Passivity : The property of some metals to become abnormally
inactive towards certain reagents.
Passport : A model of automobile manufactured by Honda
Past climate analogs: The reconstructing of past climates at a
given locality from modern climatic conditions in a different elevation
or latitudinal zone to infer past climatic conditions.
Past status words : Status words that are logically combined over
time (such as "and "ing or "or "ing) to provide history of what has
been set in the past
Pata: Pacific Asia Travel Association.
Patch : To repair a component
Patch panel : A small sheet metal panel that is usually made up
specially to repair minor rust holes
Patching: Repair of a furnace lining; repair of a mold core.
Patching: Repair of a furnace lining; repair of a mold core.
Patching : 1. A repair method for welding up local corrosion
damage by using smaller panels made up from sheet metal.
Patenting: In wire making, a heat treatment applied to medium-
carbon or high-carbon steel before the drawing of wire or between
drafts. This process consists in heating to a temperature above that
range, in air or in a bath of molten lead or salt maintained at a
temperature appropriate to the carbon content of the steel and to the
properties required of the finished product.
Patenting: Treatment of steel, usually in wire form, in which the
metal is gradually heated to about 1830 (degrees) F., with
subsequent colling, usually in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a
fused salt mixture held between 800 (degrees) F. and 1050
(degrees) F.
Path integral gain (kint) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes;
Path integral limit (intlim) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes; Typical Units: rad;
Path integral value (intval) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes; Typical Units: ft;
Dimensions: Length
Pathfinder : A model of SUV manufactured by Nissan in Japan
Pathogenic bacteria : Disease-causing bacteria.
Patina: The coating, usually green, that forms on the surface of
metals such as copper and copper alloys exposed to the
atmosphere. Also used to describe the appearance of a weathered
surface of any metal.
Patron: A paying customer
Pattern: Pattern is like a form or model proposed for imitation, A
designed model for making things.
Pattern: A form of wood, plastic, metal, or other material around
which molding material is placed to make a mold.
Pattern: The path of aircraft traffic around an airfield, at an
established height and direction.
Pattern Draft: The taper on vertical elements in a pattern which
allows easy separation of pattern from compacted sand mixture.
Pattern Draft: The taper on vertical elements in a pattern which
allows easy separation of pattern from compacted sand mixture.
Pattern Layout: Full-sized drawing of a pattern showing its
arrangement and structure features.
Pattern Layout: Full sized drawing of a pattern showing its
arrangement and structure features.
Pattern Nuts : Special nuts usually furnished in plain or chamfered
face unless otherwise specified, and threads are unified Coarse or
unified Fine, Class 2B. (also small and extra small)
Pattern panel : A body panel made by somebody other than the
original manufacturer, usually for repair purposes; this also includes
panels remanufactured after the factory has discontinued making
and supplying those parts.
Pattern Welding: A process in which strips or other small sections
of iron and steel are twisted together and then forge welded.
Homogeneity and toughness are thereby improved. A regular
decorative pattern can be developed in the final product. Commonly
used for making swords as early as the 3rd Century A.D.
Pattern Welding: A process in which strips or other small sections
of iron or steel are twisted together and then forge welded.
Homogeneity and toughness are thereby improved. A regular
decorative pattern can be developed in the final product. COmmonly
used for making swords as early as the 3rd century A.D.
Patternmaker: A craftsman engaged in production of foundry
patterns from wood, plastic, or metals, such as aluminum, brass, etc.
Pavement markers : Three-dimensional markers, reflectorized or
non-reflectorized, epoxied onto pavement.
Pavement markings : Traffic markings such as lines, arrows,
bicycle symbols, and words like "only" and "school".
Paver Blocks: A refractory brick shape used to form the bottom
working lining of furnaces or abrasion-resistant floors.
Pawl: Pawl (parking pawl), It is used in Automotive transmission for
locking it. It engage with the transmission while driver pull the liver to
Park position. An arm pivoted so that its free end can fit into a
decent, slot, or groove at certain times to hold a part stationary.
Pawl: A device for holding the machinery against undesired rotation
by engaging a ratchet.
Pawl : A bar, pin, or Stud that can be moved, pivoted, or slid into
engagement with teeth cut on another part, such as the parking pawl
on the Automatic transmission that can be slid into contact with teeth
on another part to lock the rear wheels
PAX System: The Michelin PAX System is a new run-flat technology
that combines a unique tyre, wheel, support ring, tyre-pressure
monitoring system and specially formulated gel to enable continued
mobility after a sudden loss of inflation pressure. The system is
designed for operation at 90 km/h for a range up to 200 km. When in
normal (inflated) operation, Michelin PAX System tyres enhance
road handling and driving comfort, plus reduce rolling resistance.
PAX : Passenger (s)
Pay Off: Entry end unwrapping of coil and the beginning of the
production process.
Payload: A vehicle's carrying capacity (in pounds) of occupants and
cargo, and equal to the vehicle's Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
(GVWR) minus its curb weight.
Payload: The useful load of an aircraft cargo, passengers; in a
military aircraft, its weapon load.
Payload: Revenue-producing or useful cargo carried by a
spacecraft; also, anything carried in a rocket or spacecraft that is not
part of the structure, propellant, or guidance systems.
Payload: The load carried by an aircraft that includes passengers
and cargo.
Payload: The instruments that are accommodated on a spacecraft.
Payload : A symbol for throughput
Payload with full fuel : Useful Load - (minus) Usable Fuel
Payoff: Entry end unwrapping of coil and the beginning of the
production process.
Payoff amount: Also called the "buyout amount." The amount that,
at any specified time during the term of a vehicle lease or loan, is
required to be paid in order to discharge the remaining obligation.
Payoff End: The entry end of the line.
Payoff Reel: Reel on which the coil to be processed is loaded. This
reel is sometimes referred to as the entry end reel.
Payoff Reel: Reel on which the coil to be processed is loaded. This
reel is sometimes referred to as the entry end reel.
Pb: Chemical symbol for lead.
PBAN: Polybutadiene acrylic acid acrylonitrile. A polymeric fuel
binder.
PBH : Power by the Hour. (Rolls Royce engines)
PBIT : Periodic built-in-test
PC : Positive Control. (Trade name for Mooney Aircraft wing leveler)
PCB Assembly: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively
in modern electronics and computer components and are often used
to modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the
individual PCB cards used in computers such as sound and video
cards. Many vendors offer PCB assembly services to design and
manufacture custom PCB components. In order to ensure high
quality components, PCB assembly providers often follow standard
procedures and practices such as ISO-9001.
PCB Design Layout: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used
extensively in modern electronics and computer components and are
often used to modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are
the individual PCB cards used in computers such as sound and
video cards. Many vendors offer PCB Design Layout services for
custom PCB components. In order to ensure high quality
components, PCB Design Layout providers often follow standard
procedures and practices such as ISO-9001.
PCB Fabrication: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively
in modern electronics and computer components and are often used
to modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the
individual PCB cards used in computers such as sound and video
cards. Many vendors offer PCB Fabrication services for custom PCB
components. In order to ensure high quality components, PCB
Fabrication providers often follow standard procedures and practices
such as ISO-9001. PCB units are often fabricated using surface
mount or through-hole procedures, though a mix of the two is also
used by many vendors.
PCB Mounting Connectors: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used
extensively in modern electronics and computer components and are
often used to modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are
the individual PCB cards used in computers such as sound and
video cards. A PCB mounting connector is a pinned connection
device used to interconnect the PCB device with other components.
The design of the mounting connector varies, depending on the type
of connection and cabling requirements.
PCB Terminals: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively in
modern electronics and computer components and are often used to
modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the individual
PCB cards used in computers such as sound and video cards. A
PCB terminal block is a component mounted to the circuit board for
the purpose of connectiong multiple wires together. There are many
different types of terminal blocks and the selection is based on the
number of wires being connected at both the input and output and
the type of termination required. Typical termination options are
screw clamps, spring clamps, tab/blade terminals and insulation
displacement connections.
PCE: Pyrometric Cone Equivalent
PCI Coal: The coals used by steelmakers for pulverized coal
injection (PCI) into blast furnaces are broadly speaking steam coals
(which are mostly used by coal-fired power stations) rather than the
coking coals used to produce coke. The desirable qualities in a PCI
coal relate both to its thermal performance in the furnace, and to its
physical characteristics (which vary depending on the individual coal
preparation, handling and injection techniques used). Coal with a low
phosphorus, low sulfur and low ash content is sought, and other key
qualities are a good calorific value and good combustibility. As
already indicated, coking qualities are not required. High volatility
coals are desirable for their ready combustibility, but high volatility is
not synonymous with a high calorific value (which increases the coke
replacement rate that can be achieved), so there has to be
something of a compromise here. The behavior of ash, char and any
remnant coal particles in the furnace is also an important
consideration when selecting coals for PCI.
PCL : Pilot Controlled Lighting (RWY Lights operated by
Microphone)
Pcm / ppm: PCM is Pulse Code Modulation which means that the
receiver can tell the difference between the transmitter signal and rf
noise. Most PCM receivers can be set for a "default" so that when
transmission is lost, the controls go to a predefined position
(failsafe).
PCM : Pulse Code Modulation. A modified FM signal used in high
end radios. The signal is coded by the transmitter, resulting in a
cleaner signal.
Pco2: The partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere and the ocean.
In the atmosphere, the partial pressure of CO2 is defined as the
pressure the CO2 would exert if all other gases were removed. The
sum of the partial pressure of all the atmospheric gases will equal
the atmospheric pressure. The partial pressure of CO2 in the
atmosphere is determined by the atmospheric CO2concentration
and atmospheric temperature. In the ocean, the pCO2 is determined
by the amount of dissolved CO2 and H2CO3. It varies with alkalinity,
latitude, depth, and temperature. Biological processes in the ocean
also exert an influence on the pCO2 in the ocean.
PCV filter/PCV valve: Positive crankcase ventilation filter/positive
crankcase ventilation valve. Devices that allow the venting of
combustion gases from the crankcase to the intake system instead
of into the atmosphere.
Pd: Chemical symbol for palladium.
PDT: Pacific Daylight Time.
Peak charger: A peak charger automatically shuts off when your
battery is fully charged.
Peak charger : This type of charger will eliminate the guesswork.
When the battery has reached peak, the charger reverts to a
maintenance charge rate, which will not damage the pack.
Peak Demand: Amount of power purchased for the 30-minute
periods during what are known as peak hours. Peak hours are 7:00
a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Monday through Saturday. All other hours are off-
peak.
Peak demand : The greatest amount of kilowatts needed during a
demand interval.
Peak Demand : Amount of power purchased for the 30 minute
periods during what are known as peak hours. Peak hours are 7 00
am to 10 00 pm, Monday through Saturday. All other hours are off
peak.
Peak Earnings: The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top
of the business cycle. This is the expected profit during the time of
the highest commodity demand and the strongest product pricing.
Peak Earnings: The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top
of the business cycle. This is the expected profit during the time of
the highest commodity demand and the strongest product pricing.
Peak Hours: Those periods on weekdays (excluding observed
holidays) normally associated with morning and evening rush hours
Peak load pricing : A pricing principle that charges more for
purchases that contribute to the peak demand and, thereby, cause
the expansion of productive capacity when the peak demand
exceeds the peak capacity (less minimum excess capacity). In the
electric power industry, this means charging more hr electricity
bought on or near the seasonal peak of the utility or on or near the
daily peak of the utility. The latter requires special meters; the former
does not.
Peak power output : The maximum transmitter power output
measured over a short time; usually used to rate pulse
transmissions.
Peak Time: The time during which the sheets of metal are held at
the recommended temperature for full cure is known as the Peak
Time.
Peak : This is the point at which a battery will no longer accept a
charge, and converts the energy to heat. This is damaging to the
battery pack, and potentially hazardous.
Peaking load : Is the electrical load drawn on the system during
high power usage. Usually on very hot or cold days or during the
supper hour.
Pearlite: A microstructural constituent of steel. It is a mixture of
ferrite and cementite which normally exists in lamellar form and
results from the eutectoidal transformation of cooling of austenite.
Pearlitic Structure: A microstructure resembling that of the pearlite
constituent in steel. Therefore, it is a lamellar structure of varying
degrees of coarseness.
Ped : Personal Electronic Devices (e.g. Walkman, Handy etc.)
Pedal adjustment: The mechanism that controls the position of a
vehicles gas, brake and/or clutch pedal to suit the needs of the
driver.
Pedal : A flight control operated by pushing with feet, primarily to
control yaw via the rudder in fixed-wing aircraft or thrust to tail rotor
in rotary-wing aircraft; pedals are automatically controlled in modern
aircraft;
Pedestrian: Pedestrian means to walking, A person is walking on
the road rather it, is using a vehicle for moving. Person walking with
their feet.
Peel: The process by which several outside laps of a coil are taken
off to bring it down to gauge.
Peel: The process by which several outside laps of a coil are taken
off to bring it down to gauge.
Peel Bar: The bar used to push billets out of a reheat furnace (bar
rolling).
Peel Test: A destructive method of inspection that mechanically
separates a lap joint by peeling.
Peeler Table: The 32 extension connected to the threading table to
assist in threading hot rolled coils.
Peeling: Separation of the zinc coating from the steel strip.
Peeling: Separation of the zinc coating from the steel strip.
Peen: Peening action obtained by impact of metal shot, often used
to improve fatigue properties by putting the surface in compression.
Peen: Peening action obtained by impact of metal shot, often used
to improve fatigue properties by putting the surface in compression.
Peeners: Automatic chisels on welder wheels that remove metal
slag.
Peeners: Automatic chisels on welder wheels that remove metal
slag.
Peening: Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot
impingement.
Peening: Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot
impingement.
Peg board: The most common form of frequency control used at
R/C flying clubs. Pilots must notify other pilots of which channel they
are using by pushing a peg into a hole.
Pegasus: A rocket-vehicle concept for transportation of commercial
high-priority freight or 172 passengers.
Pelletizing: The process by which iron ore is crushed, ground into a
powder, rolled into balls and fired in a furnace to produce strong,
marble-sized pellets that contain 60% to 65% iron. Raw iron ore
pellets are generally manufactured within certain size categories and
with mechanical properties high enough to maintain usefulness
during the stresses of transference, transport and use. Both
mechanical force and thermal processes are used to produce the
correct pellet properties.
Pellets: Iron ore or limestone particles which are baked into little
balls of a specified size in a balling drum and hardened by heat.
Pellets: Iron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a
balling drum and jardened by heat. (See Agglomerating Processes)
Peltier effect : When direct current is passed through two adjacent
metals one junction will become cooler and the other will become
warmer. This principle is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration.
Pencil Core: A core projecting to the center of a blind riser allowing
atmospheric pressure to force out feed metal.
Pencil Core: A core projecting to the center of a blind riser allowing
atmospheric pressure to force out feed metal.
Pencil Ingots: Small ingots in Kgs produced in mini-steel plants.
Pendant Pushbutton Station: Means suspended from the crane
operating the bridge crane controllers from the floor or other level
beneath the crane.
Penetrameter: A strip of metal with stepped thickness variation and
with holes at varying depths; used in radiography to indicate the
sensitivity of the radiograph.
Penetrant: A liquid with low surface tension used in liquid penetrant
inspection to flow into surface openings of parts being inspected.
Penetrant Inspection: A method of non destructive testing for
determining the existence and extent of discontinuities that are open
to the surface in the part being inspected. The indications ore made
visible through the use of a dye or fluorescent chemical in the liquid
employed as the inspection medium.
Penetrating Oil: Usually a solvent based oil; loosens rusty nuts or
bolts by penetrating the rust barrier, thereby facilitating disassembly
without destruction.
Penetration: Condition where molten metal has penetrated into the
sand, resulting in a mixture of metal and sand adhering to the
casting.
Penetration (Grease): (ASTM 217) the depth, in tenths of a
millimeter, that a standard cone penetrates a semisolid sample under
specified conditions. Test methods include undisturbed (sample
tested in its container); unworked (sample transferred to worker cup);
worked 60X (transferred to worker cup and worked with 60 strokes);
prolonged worked (worked more than 60X) and block (sample of
block grease cut into a cube). (see Consistency (grease))
Penetration--Second Definition: (1) In founding, an imperfection on
a casting swface caused by metal running into voids between sand
grains; usually referred to as metal penetration. (2) In welding, the
distance from, original surface of the base metal to that point at
which fusion ceased.
Penetrometer: Instrument for measuring the penetration of
semisolid substances like greases.
Pensky-Marten Closed-Cup Test: Closed-cup test for determining
the flash point of fuel oil or open gear lubricant; sometimes used for
lubricants suspected of being contaminated with fuel or solvent.
Pep : Peak envelope power. A standard electronic rating of any AC
source, including a radio transmitter
Percent Reduction: Expression of reduction in gauge during any
rolling process. Percent reduction equals starting gauge minus finish
gauge after rolling divided by starting gauge times 100.
Percent Reduction: Expression of reduction in gauge during any
rolling process. Percent reduction equals starting gauge minus finish
gauge after rolling divided by starting gauge times 100.
Percolation: The movement of water downward and radially through
the subsurface soil layers, usually continuing downward to
thegroundwater.
Percussion Welding: A resistance welding process that produces
coalescence of abutting surfaces using heat from an arc produced
by a rapid discharge of electrical energy. Pressure is applied
percussively during or immediately following the electrical
discharge.
Perfect gas : A hypothetical gas obeying the relation pv = RT.
Perfectos : RAF airborne radar used to home on the IFF equipment
carried by the German night fighters.
Perforating: The punching of many holes, usually identical and
arranged in a regular pattern, in a sheet, workpiece blank or
previously formed part. The holes are usually round, but may be any
shape. The operation is also called multiple punching. See also
piercing. (see Piercing)
Periapsis: That point in an orbit which is nearest to the primary.
Periclase: A crystalline magnesium oxide in granular form; this
contains at least 85% magnesia.
Periclase: Natural magnesia in nodular form, formed by heating.
Perigee: That point in a terrestrial orbit which is nearest to the
Earth.
Perigee (aka periapsis or perifocus): On an elliptical orbit path, the
point where a satellite is closest to the Earth.
Perihelion: That point in a solar orbit which is nearest to the Sun.
Perihelion: The point in the orbit of a planet or comet which is
nearest the Sun (as opposed to the aphelion, which is the point in
the orbit farthest from the Sun).
Perilune: That point in a lunar orbit which is nearest to the Moon.
Perimeter light : One of a series of lights generally located at the
outer perimeter of the TLOFor FATO to outline the area for pilots at
night. FAA's Heliport Design advisory circular currently recommends
yellow lights however recent research indicates that green is easier
for pilots to distinguish in an urban lighting environment at
night. Therefore, FAA's forthcoming revised advisory circular,
expected to be published in 2003, will likely recommend green
perimeter lighting.
Perimeter stripe : A white stripe that outlines the TLOF to designate
it for approaching pilots.
Period: A division of geologic time, delimited by full-scale withdrawal
of the sea from land masses and by limited crustal, climatic, and
volcanic upheaval in a localized area. Two or more periods are
required to make up a geologic era, and each period is comprised of
two or more geologic epochs.
Period decay (aka decay): The tendency of a satellite to lose orbital
velocity due to the influence of atmospheric drag and gravitational
forces. A decaying object eventually impacts the surface of the Earth
or burns up in the atmosphere. This parameter directly affects the
satellite's mean motion.
Period of revolution: Time of one complete cycle in orbital motion -
referred to as a year when applied to Earth.
Period of rotation: Time of one complete cycle - referred to as a
day when applied to Earth.
Period : Time of a periodic process; 1/f where f is the sampling
frequency; Symbols: T; Typical Units: s; Dimensions: Time.
Periodic built-in-test (pbit) : Self tests running internal to a device
as part of normal operation; Compare: initiated built-in-test;
Periodic : A process that executes at a fixed rate; Compare: a
periodic;
Peripheral Hoses: Hoses that carry recycled water from the
peripheral prequench spray header to the area of the scrubber
known as the “wet elbow”.
Peripheral Hoses: Hoses that carry recycled water from the
peripheral prequench spray header to the area of the scrubber
known as the wet elbow.
Peripheral Milling: Milling a surface parallel to the axis of the
cutter.
Peristaltic Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a
fluid or gas from one place to another. In a peristaltic pump, the fluid
is enclosed in a flexible tube that passes through a circular arc in the
pump casing. Centered in the circular arc is a shaft with a roller bar
that rotates around the pump casing. As the roller bar reaches the
pump inlet, it compresses the flexible tube, forcing the liquid along
the tube, ahead of the roller bar, until it reaches the pump exit.
Peristatic pumps are commonly used in industries such as the
medical field where it is desired that the fluid not come in contact
with any of the pump components.
Peritectic: An isothermal reversible reaction in metals in which a
liquid phase reacts with a solid phase to produce a single (and
different) solid phase on cooling.
Peritectic: An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid phase
reacts with a solid phase to produce another solid phase.
Peritectic Grade: Crack sensitive grade of steel with 0.08 to 0.16%
carbon.
Peritectic Grade: Crack sensitive grade of steel with .08 to .16%
Carbon.
Peritectoid: An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid phase
reacts with a second solid phase to produce a single (and different)
solid phase on cooling.
Perlite: A volcanic glass which expands on heating and forms a
useful insulating aggregate.
Perlite: A highly siliceous volcanic rock which can be expended by
heating into a porous mass of particles. Perlite can be used as an
insulation in foundry sand mixtures. Not to be confused with Pearlite.
Permafrost: Perennially frozen ground that occurs wherever the
temperature remains below 0° C for several years.
Permafrost: Perennially frozen ground that occurs wherever the
temperature remains below 0 degrees C for several years.
Permalloy: Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for
their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
Permalloy: Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for
their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
Permanent gases : Cryogenic refrigerants.
Permanent Magnet Material: A ferromagnetic alloy capable of
being magnetized permanently because of its ability to retain
induced magnetization and magnetic poles after removal of
externally applied fields; an alloy with high coercive force. The name
is based on the fact that the quality of the early permanent magnets
was related to their hardness.
Permanent Mold: A metal, graphite or ceramic mold (other than an
ingot mold) of two or more parts that is used repeatedly for the
production of many castings of the same form. Liquid metal is
usually poured in by gravity.
Permanent Mold: A metal mold of two or more parts; not an ingot
mold. It is used repeatedly for the production of many casting of the
same form.
Permanent Set: The deformation remaining after a specimen has
been stressed a prescribed amount in tension, compression or shear
for a specified time period and released for a specified time period.
For creep tests, the residual unrecoverable deformation after the
load causing the creep has been removed for a substantial and
specified period of time. Also, the increase in length, expressed as a
percentage of the original length, by which an elastic material fails to
return to its original length after being stressed for a standard period
of time.
Permanent Set: Non elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under
stress, after passing the elastic limit.
Permeability: 1. Magnetic permeability, the ratio of the magnetic
induction to the intensity of the magnetizing field. 2. In a mold, the
porosity of foundry sands and the ability of trapped gasses to escape
through the sand.
Permeability : The ability of a body to pass fluid under pressure.
Permeation: The process of migration of a substance into and
through another usually the movement of gas into and through a
hose material; the rate of permeation is specific to the substance,
temperature, pressure, and the material being permeated.
Person : an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company,
association, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It
includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of
any of them
Personnel locating system (pls) : A basic guidance mode,
providing lateral guidance to a PLS transmitter from range and
bearing inputs. Equipment that determines range and bearing to a
personnel with a PLS transmitter; Provides range and bearing to
locate ground personnel. Coded continuous or periodic
interrogations of the portable ground radios are used to provide the
information.
Persuader Roll: The roll inside a looper that makes the bar loop
(bar rolling).
Perturbation: Modifications to simple conic section orbits caused
by such disturbances as air drag, non-uniformity of the Earth, and
gravitational fields of more distant bodies such as the Moon.
Perturbations: Minor corrections to the Keplerian model of a
satellite orbit as an ellipse of constant shape and orientation. Since
satellite orbits are affected by Earth's gravity and drag caused by the
Earth's atmosphere (causing satellites to spiral downward), minor
adjustments must be made to the orbit.
Petal : Preliminary Euro control Trial Air/ground Data Link
Petrographic study of boiler scales : The systematic and
descriptive study of rocks. This method also allows the identification
of boiler scales, since scale can consist of a large variety of minerals
Petrol: The organic compound derived from fractional distillation of
petroleum. It is mostly used for automobiles as a fuel also known as
Gasoline. It is available in different octane number in different
countries. In India it is available in to 75 to 80 and in USA 90 to 110.
Petrol Engine: Petrol engine or gasoline engine which burn the
petrol inside the cylinder and converts that heat into mechanical
energy. Now a days LPG and CNG also used to run the engine . It
can be done by attaching the kit with petrol engine.
Petrol Injection: The system to improve the fuel efficiency in which
the fuel is injected in to the intake manifold. It is used into the MPFI
system. It is electronics unit controlled fuel injection system
Petrolatum: Product made from the residuals of paraffinic crudes,
consisting primarily of high molecular weight amorphous waxes, with
some grades containing microcrystalline waxes. It is pale to yellow in
color, with oily or grease-like characteristics, used in some lubricants
and rust preventives or as a lay-up lubricant for some kinds of wire
rope.
Petrolene: A petroleum naphtha containing asphalt, used in
protective coatings.
Petroleum: It is the Greek word. It made of two words petro means
Rock and oleum means oil. So it means the oil produced from rocks.
It contains many hydrocarbons.
Petroleum: Oily liquids or semisolids found in the earth, composed
of hydrocarbons and primarily such non-metallic elements as sulfur,
oxygen, nitrogen, etc. Though the composition of these dark, highly
complex mixture varies, they are often lighter than water and highly
flammable. Only a small percentage of crude petroleum can be
processed for lubricants.
Petroleum Fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from a
petroleum base. Normally will support combustion if heated to a
specific temperature.
Petroleum fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from a petroleum
base. Normally will support combustion if heated to a specific
temperature.
Petroleum oil: (see mineral oils).
Petroleum Spirits: Solvents obtained from petroleum with boiling
ranges from 300–400ºF and flash points exceeding 100ºF. (see
Mineral Spirits)
Pewter: A tin-base white metal containing antimony and copper.
Originally, pewter was defined as an alloy of tin and lead, but to
avoid toxicity and dullness of finish, lead is excluded from modern
pewter. These modem compositions contain 1 to 8% Sb and 0.25 to
3% Cu.
PFCS : Primary flight control system
PFF : PATHFINDER FORCE. Small group of aircraft which, after
finding the target, put down flares to guide the following bombers.
PGL : Parlamentarische Gruppe fìr Luftfahrt
pH: A symbol denoting the negative logarithm of the concentration of
the hydrogen ion in gram-atoms per liter, used in expressing both
acidity and alkalinity; pH 3D log 1/H per liter. An important factor in
foundry sand control, pH7 is neutral; values less than 7 acid, and
higher than 7, basic.
Ph: A symbol for the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Expressed as a negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
in a solution, pH = -log10[H+]. If the hydrogen ion concentration of a
solution increases, the pH will decrease, and vice versa. The value
for pure distilled water is regarded as neutral, pH values from 0 to 7
indicate acidity, and from 7 to 14 indicate alkalinity.
Ph : The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration of a
solution; simply a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a
water solution. (pH 1 very acidic; pH 14, very basic; pH 7, neutral).
Ph : A term used to describe the quantity of cyclic electrical power
sources in a high voltage system.
Ph : Chemical cymbol for lead.
Ph (phase): A term used to describe the quantity of cyclic electrical
power sources in a high voltage system. Most commonly 1phase or
3-phase.
Ph of saturation (phs ): The pH at which a sample of water is
saturated with a specific salt; for example, the pH of saturation of
calcium carbonate is the pH of a saturated solution of calcium
carbonate.
Phase: Part of an AC voltage cycle. Residential electrical service is
2-phase; commercial facilities are usually 3-phase AC voltage.
Phase: Term used to describe one of the three branches of
electricity in most high-voltage circuits. The three phases all carry
power simultaneously.
Phase: Two meanings (1) The particular appearance of a body's
state of illumination, such as the full phase of the moon. (2) As
applied to electromagnetic waves, phase is the relative
measurement of the alignment of two waveforms of similar
frequency.
Phase angle: The angle in which waves come to a body.
Phase Change: The transition from one physical state to another,
such as gas to liquid, liquid to solid, gas to solid, or vice versa.
Phase Diagram: A graphic representation of the equilibrium
temperature and composition limits of phase fields reactions in an
alloy system. In a binary system, temperature is usually the ordinate
and composition the abscissa. Ternary and more complex systems
require several two-dimensional diagrams to show the temperature –
composition variables completely. In alloy systems, pressure is
usually considered constant, although it may be treated as an
additional variable.
Phase Diagram: A graphic representation of the equilibrium
temperature and composition limits of phase fields reactions in an
alloy system. In a binary system, temperature is usually the ordinate
and composition the abscissa. Ternary and more complex systems
require several two dimensional diagrams to show the temperature
composition variables completely. In alloy systems, pressure is
usually considered constant, although it may be treated as an
additional variable.
Phase Rule: The maximum number of phases (P) that may coexist
at equilihriumis two, plus the number of componenls (C) in the
mixture, minus the number of degrees of freedom (F): P + F = C + 2.
Phase Shift: A time difference between the input and output signal
of a control unit or system, usually measured in degrees.
Phase shift: A time difference between the input and output signal
of a control unit or system, usually measures in degrees.
Phenolic: A type of resin made from a condensation reaction of
phenols and aldehydes. Resultant films have a high degree of
chemical resistance with limited flexibility properties.
Phenolic: A type of resin made from a condensation reaction of
phenols and aldehydes. Resultant films have a high degree of
chemical resistance with limited flexibility properties.
Phenolic Resin (One Step): A resin made by the polymerization of
a phenol with an aldehyde; used a binder for cores and sand molds.
See Urea Form aldehyde Resin
Phenology: The study of periodic biological phenomena with
relation to climate, particularly seasonal changes. These phenomena
can be used to interpret local seasons and the climatic zones.
Phenols: A class of aromatic chemicals used chiefly as antioxidants
in lubricating oils like hydraulic fluids and circulating oils. Because of
its biotoxicity, the EPA prohibits discharge of the parent chemical
(“free phenol” or C6H5OH) into waterways; therefore, most phenols
utilized in lubricants are sterically hindered. However, some refining
extraction processes still use free phenol to remove aromatic,
naphthenic and unsaturated hydrocarbons from lube base stocks.
Phial : Term sometimes used to denote the sensing element on a
thermostatic expansion valve.
Phosphate: An ion, compound, or salt containing phosphorus and
oxygen, such as sodium phosphate (Na3P04).
Phosphate ester fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from an
ester base. A synthetic fluid, manufactured to specific
characteristics. Normally will not support combustion if heated to a
specific temperature.
Phosphate Esters: A class of synthetic esters with superior fire
resistance; used primarily as FR fluids, they are formulated with
these general properties: specific gravity greater than one, good
lubricating capability, fair high-temperature stability, poor hydrolytic
stability and poor viscosity-temperature linkage. Though they are
harmful to paints and some seal materials, one such ester, tricresyl
phosphate, has long been used as an antiwear additive in lubricating
oils.
Phosphate treatment : An internal boiler water treatment method to
reduce calcium in the boiler with low hardness feedwater.
Phosphating: Forming an adherent phosphate coating on a metal
by immersion in a suitable aqueous phosphate solution. Also called
phosphatizing. See also conversion coating.
Phosphatized: (see Bonderized Coating)
Phosphor Bronze: Copper base alloys, with 3.5 to 10% of tin, to
which has been added in the molten state phosphorus in varying
amounts of less than 1% for deoxidizing and strengthening
purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength, fine grain,
resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical resistance, these alloys
find general use as springs and in making fittings. It has corrosion
resisting properties comparable to copper.
Phosphor Bronze Strip: A copper base alloy containing up to 10%
tin, which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts
of less than 1%. Temper is imparted by cold rolling, resulting in
greater tensile strength and hardness than in most copper base
alloys or either of its alloying elements copper or tin. The various
tempers from One Number Hard to Ten Numbers Hard are classified
in hardness by the number of B&S Gages reduction in dimension
from the previous soft or as annealed state. Phosphor Bronze is not
heat treatable for purposes of hardness development. It does not
withstand elevated temperatures very well and should not be used in
service above 225 (degrees) F. even after stress relieving treatment
at 325 (degrees) to 350 (degrees) F. It has excellent electrical
properties, corrosion resistant comparable to copper; great
toughness and resistance to fatigue. Rated good for soft soldering,
silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and resistance
welding.
Phosphorized Copper: General term applied to copper deoxidized
with phosphorus. The most commonly used deoxidized copper.
Phosphorous Bronze: Copper-based alloys with 3.5% to 10% tin,
to which up to 1% phosphorous has been added in the molten state
for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. Because of excellent
toughness, strength fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear and
chemical resistance, these alloys find general use as springs and in
making steel fittings. It has corrosion-resistant properties comparable
to copper.
Phosphorus: (Chemical symbol P) Element No. 15 of the periodic
system; atomic weight 30.98. Non metallic element occurring in at
least three allotropic forms; melting point 111 (degrees) F.; boiling
point 536 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 1.82. In steels it is usually
undesirable with limits set in most specifications. However, it is
specified as an alloy in steel to prevent the sticking of light gage
sheets; to a degree it strengthens low carbon steel; increases
resistance to corrosion, and improves machinability in free cutting
steels. In the manufacture of Phosphor Bronze it is used as a
deoxidizing agent.
Photochemical smog: A type of smog that forms in large cities
when chemical reactions take place in the presence of sunlight, its
principal component is ozone. Ozone and other oxidants are not
emitted into the air directly but form from reactions involving nitrogen
oxides and hydrocarbons. Because of its smog-making ability, ozone
in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) is often referred to as 'bad'
ozone.
Photochemical smog: Air pollution caused by chemical reactions
among various substances and pollutants in the atmosphere.
Photochemistry: The study of the impact of light on certain
chemical molecules.
Photodissociation: A chemical reaction involving sunlight in which
molecules are split into their constituent atoms. Also known as
photolysis.
Photoelasticity: An optical method for evaluating the magnitude
and distribution of stresses, using a transparent model of a part. Or a
thick film of photoelastic material bonded to a real part.
Photoelectric: Of or relating to the electrical effects of light,
including the emission of electrons, the generation of a voltage, or a
change in resistance.
Photoetch Quality: Product description for USSM flatroll coils which
requires excellent finish and critical flatness.
Photomacrograph: A macrograph produced by photographic
means.
Photometer: An optical instrument that measures the intensity of
light from a source.
Photometry: The measurement of light intensities.
Photomicrograph: A photograph of the grain structure of a metal as
observed when optically magnified more than 10 diameters. The
term micrograph may be used.
Photomicrograph: A photographic reproduction of any object
magnified more than ten diameters. The term micrograph may be
used.
Photon: A quantum of radiant energy.
Photon: A quantum (smallest unit in which waves may be emitted or
absorbed) of light.
Photon propulsion: The propulsion of a vehicle by the emission of
photons, which possess momentum.
Photoreceptor: A sensor sensitive to light.
Photosphere: The visible surface of the Sun.
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants use light to
synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. In the
process oxygen and water are released. Increased levels of carbon
dioxide can increase net photosynthesis in some plants. Plants
create a very important reservoir for carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis: The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and
oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll
with sunlight as the energy source. Oxygen and water vapor are
released in the process. Photosynthesis is dependent on favorable
temperature and moisture conditions as well as on the atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentration. Increased levels of carbon dioxide can
increase net photosynthesis in many plants.
Photosynthetically active radiation: Electromagnetic radiation in
the part of the spectrum used by plants for photosynthesis.
Photovoltaic cells: Crystalline wafers called solar cells which
convert sunlight directly into electricity without moving parts.
Physical climate system: The system of processes that regulate
climate, including atmospheric and ocean circulation, evaporation,
and precipitation.
Physical Crack Size: In fracture mechanics, the distance from a
reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may
represent an average of several measurements along the crack
front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is
normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either
the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate.
Physical device : A piece of equipment, a subsystem; Synonyms:
device
Physical Metallurgy: The adaption of the metal to its intended uses,
a part of ferrous metallurgy dealing chiefly with physical changes
produced in the properties of the metal after chemical composition
has been nearly entirely fixed.
Physical Metallurgy: The science concerned with the physical and
mechanical characteristics of metals and alloys.
Physical Properties: Those properties familiarly discussed in
physics, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties;
for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal
expansion. This term has often been used to describe mechanical
properties, but this usage is not recommended. (see Mechanical
Properties)
Physical Properties: Those properties familiarly discussed in
physics, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties;
for example, density, electrical conductivity, co efficient of thermal
expansion. This term often has been used to describe mechanical
properties, but this usage is not recommended.
Physical stability : The quality which an ion-exchange resin must
possess to resist changes that might be caused by attrition, high
temperatures, and other physical conditions.
Physical Testing: Methods used to determine the entire range of
the material's physical properties of a material. In addition to density
and thermal, electrical and magnetic properties, physical testing
methods may be used to assess simple fundamental physical
properties such as color, crystalline form and melting point.
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD): A coating process whereby the
deposition species are transferred and deposited in the form of
individual atoms or molecules. The most common PVD methods are
sputtering and evaporation. Sputtering, which is the principal PVD
proces, involves the transport of a material from a source (target) to
a substrate by means of the bombardment of the target by gas ions
that have been accelerated by a high voltage. Evaporation, which
was the first PVD process used, involves the transfer of material to
form a coating by physical means alone, essentially vaporization.
Physical vapor deposition coatings are used to improve the wear,
friction and hardness properties of cutting tools and as corrosion-
resistant coatings.
Physical water treatment : Refers to the treatment of removing
dissolved gases from the boiler feedwater, using steam.
Physics: The scientific study of matter, energy, motion, and force.
(From a Greek term meaning "the science of nature.")
Phytoplankton: Microscopic, plant-like marine organisms (mostly
algae and diatoms), which are responsible for most of the
photosynthetic activity in the oceans. Phytoplankton are the base of
the ocean food web, and they absorb about as much carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere each year as plants on land do.
Phytoplankton: That portion of the plankton community comprised
of tiny plants (e.g., algae and diatoms).
Pic : Pilot in Command
Pick Off: The transfer of portions of the coating from one surface of
the sheet to an adjacent surface due to poor adhesion of the coating
Pickle Brittleness: The brittleness induced in steel when pickled in
dilute acid for the purpose of removing the scale. The brittleness is
commonly attributed to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel.
Pickle Brittleness: The brittleness induced in steel when pickled in
dilute acid for the purpose of removing the scale. The brittleness is
commonly attributed to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel.
Pickle Only: A coil which is to be cleaned but not coated.
Pickle Stain: Discoloration of metal due to chemical cleaning
without adequate washing and drying.
Pickled: Steel that has gone through the Pickler operating unit to
remove mill scale or oxide.
Pickled and Oiled: Pickling is a continuous operation that requires
the decoiling and subsequent recoiling of the HRC so that it can
pass through the acid-based liquid pickling process. This cleans the
steel, removing surface scale, rust and dirt or grease, before rinsing
and drying. Applying a surface oil film after pickling helps protect the
steel from corrosion and assists further processing operations, such
as press-forming, by providing lubrication to the die.
Pickled Slit Width: Width of the coil after it has been sidetrimmed at
the pickler.
Pickled Slit Width: Width of the coil after it has been sidetrimmed at
the Pickler.
Pickler: 1. An operating unit that removes iron oxide from a hot
rolled product by immersion into a heated acid solution. 2. The
pickler tank contains 5-6% concentrations of sulfuric acid. This
solution is kept at a temperature of 180-190 degrees. The purpose of
the pickler is to complete the preparation of the steel for plating, by
removing any oxides from the surface.
Pickler: 1) An operating unit that removes iron oxide from a hot
rolled product by immersion into a hydrochloric (#3/#5 Picklers) or
sulfuric acid solution. 2) The pickler tank contains 5 6%
concentrations of sulfuric acid. This solution is kept at a temperature
of 180 190 degrees. The purpose of the pickler is to complete the
preparation of the steel for plating, by removing any oxides from the
surface.
Pickling: The process in which the surface of the steel is cleaned
with acid to remove scale, rust and dirt, such process being
preparation for further processing, such as cold rolling, galvanizing
or polishing.
Pickling: Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or
electrochemical reaction.
Pickling Liquor: The waste resulting from the pickling process. The
liquor consists of acid and water.
Pickling Liquor: The waste resulting from the pickling process. The
liquor consists of acid and water.
Pickling Paste: A commercially available product that performs the
pickling function when used on the surface of stainless steel.
Pickling Patch: A defect in tin plate, galvanized or terne plated steel
due to faulty pickling, leaving areas from which the oxide has not
been completely removed.
Pickoff: An automatic device for removing a finished part from the
press die after it has been stripped.
Pickup: (1) Transfer of metal from tools to part or from pan to tools
during a forming operation. (2) Small particles of oxidized metal
adhering to the surface of a mill product.
Pickup, Roll: Small particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide
generated in the roll bite which subsequently transfer to the rolled
product. It may be distributed uniformly and/or in streaks. (see
Streak (Stripe)) (see Coating)
Picral: An etchant for ferrous alloys; 4% picric acid in alcohol.
Picral: An etchant for ferrous alloys; 4% picric acid in alcohol.
Pidgeon Process: A process for production of magnesium by
reduction of magnesium oxide with ferrosilicon.
PIDS: See Passenger Information Display Signs
Piercing: The general term for cutting (shearing or punching)
openings, such as holes and slots, in sheet material, plate, or parts.
This operation is similar to blanking; the difference is that the slug or
pierce produced by piercing is scrap, while the blank produced by
blanking is the useful part.
Piezoelectric Effect: The reversible interaction, exhibited by some
crystalline materials, between an elastic strain and an electric field.
The direction of the strain depends on the polarity of the field or vice
versa. Compare with electrostrictive effect.
Pig: An ingot of virgin or secondary metal to be remelted for use.
Pig: Initial post smelting casting of lead or iron. Named long ago
when molten metal was poured through a trench in the ground to
flow into shallow earthen holes, the arrangement looked like
newborn pigs suckiling. The central channel became known as the ?
sow: and the molds ?pigs?.
Pig Iron: Hot metal or blast furnace product cast to ingots.
Pig iron : High-carbon iron made by reduction of iron ore in the blast
furnace.
Pig Iron -- Basic/Steel Making Grade Pig Iron: Pig iron (including
hot metal) used for production of steel.
Pig Iron -- Foundry Grade Pig Iron: Pig iron used in the Foundries
for production of Cast Iron (CI) Castings using Cupola Furnace. This
is the major use of pig iron.
Pil: Passenger Information ListThis is a list of passengers present on
a flight handed to the crew on departure, it includes any information
useful for the comfort and safety of passengers.
Piling (Sheet Piling): A structural steel product with edges designed
to interlock; used in the construction of cofferdams or riverbank
reinforcement.
Pillar: Pillar is a vertical beam or supports for caring the weight of
vehicles roof. These are in vertical and near vertical supports. These
are named with sequence of A, B, C, D respectively.
Pillar: A shaft or other structure that supports the roof of a vehicle,
with the A-pillars being the structures that frame the windscreen, and
each successive set of structures (moving toward the rear of the
vehicle) being named after successive letters of the alphabet.
Pillow Block: Denotes bearings support on a site other than the
machine itself.
Pilot: A person who flies an aircraft.
Pilot bearing: A bearing that is press-fit into the rear of the
crankshaft and that supports the tip of the transmission input shaft.
Pilot Casting: Casting produced prior to the production run to verify
correctness of procedures, materials, and process to be used in
production.
Pilot deviation (pd) : The actions of a pilot which result in the
violation of a Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) or a North American
Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Air Defense Identification
Zone (ADIZ) tolerance.
Pilot duty relay : A relay used for switching loads such as another
relay or solenoid valve coils. The pilot duty relay contacts are located
in a second control circuit. Pilot duty relays are rated in volt-amperes
(VA).
Pilot error: Any mistake, particularly one that ends in a crash, made
by the pilot for whatever reasons.
Pilot Hole: A starting hole for large drills to serve as a guide, reduce
the resistance and aid in maintaining the accuracy of the larger hole.
Also called a lead hole. (see Lead Hole)
Pilot in command: Pilot responsible for the operation and safety of
the aircraft during flight time.
Pilot in command (pic) : The pilot responsible for the operation and
safety of an aircraft during flight time.
Pilot licence: Pilot licences (known as airman certificates in the US)
are issued by national aviation authorities, and establish that the
holder has been trained by a qualified instructor. A pilot must hold a
commercial pilot licence in order to fly for an airline and must have
passed medical and professional tests.
Pilot Line: A passage in a fluid power system that is used to
transport a fluid at a pressure lower than the normal operating
pressure to facilitate controlled shifting of spool valves.
Pilot line: A passage in a fluid power system that is used to
transport a fluid at a pressure lower than the normal operating
pressure to facilitate controlled shifting of spool valves.
Pilot Pressure: The pressure in the pilot circuit.
Pilot pressure: The pressure in the pilot circuit.
Pilot Valve: Hydraulic solenoid valve that uses pilot hydraulic
pressure to control the movement of another (slave) valve.
Pilot Valve: A valve applied to operate another valve or control. The
controlling stage of a 2 stage valve.
Pilot valve: A valve applied to operate another valve or control. The
controlling stage of a 2stage valve.
Pilotage : Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
Pilot-controlled lighting : A system allowing pilots to
control heliport lighting via the aircraft radio through a
receiver/controller on the ground. Any of a number of frequencies
can be used for the receiver/controller, the most common of which is
123.05 MHz.
Piloted limulation : Real-time engineering simulation
Pilot-operated: In hydraulics, the technique of using a small value to
control a much larger one.
Pilot-operated check valve: A special check valve that may be
opened against a check load by applying pilot pressure from a
secondary source to open the check to free reverse flow.
Pilots: Natural gas fired device used to provide positive ignition of
the boiler fuels.
Pin: External (male) threaded end.
Pin (for bend testing): The plunger or tool used in making
semiguided, guided or wraparound bend tests to apply the bending
force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided
bends to an angle of 180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness
may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is
completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel.
See also mandrel. (see Mandrel)
Pin Expansion Test: A test for determining the ability of a tube to be
expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other
longitudinal weaknesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the
open end of the tube.
Pin Expansion Test: A test for determining the ability of tubes to be
expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other
longitudinal weaknesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the
open end of a tube.
Pin Hole Detector: Device that identifies and tabulates the number
of pin holes in a coil.
Pin Hole Detector: Device that identifies and tabulates the number
of pin holes in a coil.
Pin Holes: Microscopic imperfection of the coatings,that is,
microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holed penetrating through
a layer or thickness of light.
Pinch Mark: See ?Crease?.
Pinch Pass: A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is
lightly rolled with the object of preventing stretcher lines or kinks on
subsequent cold working.
Pinch Pass: A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is
lightly rolled with the object of preventing stretcher lines or kinks on
subsequent cold working.
Pinch Roll: 1. Roll used to jog the strip forward and backward, and
to hold the strip stationary. One is before the welder and the other is
between the welder and looping pit. 2. Motor-driven rolls used to
assist in threading coils, cutting scrap and making loops for welds.
Pinch Roll: 1) Roll used to jog the strip forward and backward, and
to hold the strip stationary. One is before the welder and the other is
between welder and looping pit. 2) Motor driven rolls used to assist
in threading coils, cutting scrap, and making loops for welds.
Pinch Trimming: The trimming of the edge of a tubular metal pan or
shell by pushing or pinching the flange or lip over the cutting edge of
a stationary punch or over the cutting edge of a draw punch.
Pinchers: Surface disturbances on metal sheet or strip that result
from rolling processes and that ordinarily appear as fern-like ripples
running diagonally to the direction of rolling.
Pinchers: Long fern like creases usually diagonal to the direction of
rolling.
Pinging: The abnormal sound from the engine by abnormal
combustion in cylinder. It may be due to impure or wrong fuel.
Pinging: Pinging is a sound of metallic rattling in engine while
accelerating. Mostly it is when a vehicle is under heavy load and
sudden acceleration is done. Some of reasons of engine pinging is
Improper combustion process or engine too hot.
Pinhole Porosity: Porosity consisting of numerous small gas holes
(pinholes) distributed throughout the metal; found in weld metal,
castings and electrodeposited metal.
Pinholes: A coating defect consisting of the randomly spaced small
round holes.
Pinion: The smaller of two mating or meshing gears, usually the
driving gear. In the steel industry, the term “mill pinions” describes a
mating pair of gears in a one-to-one ratio, each of which is coupled
to a mill roll, one above the other in the mill stand; employed in both
unidirectional and reversing mills, they are driven by a mill motor and
mill drive coupled to the pinion stand.
Pinion : The smallest gear used into the automotive systems and
other machines. It is used in the rack and pinion steering system and
differential.
Pinion bearing: The devices that constrains the movement of the
pinion. It is used to move the pinion freely to avoid the friction
between shaft and pinion.
Pinion Drives: The large gear transmissions that power the finishing
mill work rolls.
Pinking: The abnormal sound from the engine by abnormal
combustion in cylinder. It may be due to impure or wrong fuel.
Pinning: A term used to describe the condition of a file clogged with
metal filings causint it to scratch the work.
Pintaux nozzle: It is the nozzle same as pintle nozzle having one
additional hole into the body. This additional hole used to inject 10
percent fuel in the beginning which helps in better combustion in
many conditions
Pintle nozzle: It is the type of fuel injection nozzle like a simple hole
nozzle. It is constructed as with extended valve which protruded out
of body. This extended valve is called as pintle.
Pipe: Technically, a tube used to transport fluids or gases. However,
pipe and tube are often used interchangeably in steel lexicon, with a
given label applied primarily as a matter of historical use.
Pipe: A passage in a fluid power system that is constructed of metal
and conforms dimensionally to standards established by the
ANSI.May be acquired by size and schedule, where increase in wall
thickness does not increase the outside diameter.
Pipe: A passage in a fluid power system that is constructed of metal
and conforms dimensionally to standard established by the ANSI.
May be acquired by size and schedule, where increase in wall
thickness does not increase the outside diameter. See TUBE.
Pipe scale : Rust or mill scale found on the interior of water pipe.
Pipe Tap: A tap for making internal pipe threads within pipe fittings
or holes.
Pipe Threads: Internal or external machine threads, usually tapered,
of a design intended for making pressure-tight mechanical joints in
piping systems.
Pipe, Drawn: Pipe brought to the final dimensions by drawing
through a die.
Pipe, Extruded: Pipe formed by hot extruding.
Pipe, Seamless: Extruded or drawn pipe which does not contain
any line junctures, resulting from the method of manufacture.
Pipeline and powerline patrol: Aerial inspection patrols along
pipelines or powerlines.
Piperack : British airborne jamming device
Pirep : Pilot (weather) Report
Pirouette: A maneuver described as a high yaw rate of a helicopter,
when the tail spins around the canopy one or more times.
Piston: Piston is a cylindrical solid piece, move in a sleeve to
compress and transfer power to crankshaft. It is the most important
part of engine.
Piston: A cylindrically shaped part in which fits within a cylinder
Piston (Lube Systems): Sliding part contained in the cylinder of the
injector, consisting of a rod, extension and packing.
Piston clearance: The internal diameter of engine cylinder is
greater the external diameter of the piston so the space between the
cylinder and piston is known as the piston clearance. It is provided to
free movement of piston in cylinder and for lubrication film.
Piston Displacement: The volume displaced by the piston from
BDC to TDC.
Piston pin: It is the cylindrical pin used to connect the piston with
small end of the connecting rod.
Piston pin boss: Built-up area around the piston pin hole.
Piston pin offset: It is the offset or shifted position of the piston pin
caused due to the major thrust on piston.
Piston ring: A metal ring that is used to seal high pressure fluid
inside a passage to prevent (limit) leakage across the passage.
Normally found in cylinders.
piston ring coatings: The chromium or graphite plating done on the
piston rings to reduce the wear tear and to improve the oil absorbing
property for lubrication.
Piston rings: Piston rings are the thin seals on the piston body to
prevent from leakage of air-fuel mixture. It also lubricate the sleeve
or combustion chamber with oil ring.
Piston Rings: Used in engines to maintain a gas-tight seal between
piston and cylinder, to assist in cooling the piston and to control
cylinder wall lubrication; the three rings include a fire ring, a
compression ring and an oil ring.
Piston slapping: It is the abnormal sound comes from engine due
to striking of piston on cylinder walls. It happens due to the engine
stored in to the low temperature due to which cylinder walls and
piston materials contract. It can be seen into low temperature areas.
It sounds for very small time.
Piston Stop Plug (Lube Systems): The lower portion of the
adjusting assembly.
Piston, cylinder: A cylinder in which the movable element has a
greater cross-sectional area than the piston rod.
Pit: Corrosion localized in a small spot.
Pit (Defect): A sharp depression in the surface of the metal.
Pitch: The angle of the aircraft's heading relative to the longitudinal
axis and about the axis in the plane of the wings, generally controlled
by the pilot using the elevator and for which stability is provided by
the fixed or nonmovable stabilizer.
Pitch: The angle of incidence at which a propeller blade or rotor
blade is set.
Pitch: Leg-room or distance between two seats.
Pitch: The angle of a wing, propeller blade or helicopter rotor in
relation to the airflow over it. The pitch angle of a moving wing or
blade is known as the Angle of Attack.
Pitch: The rotation of a vehicle about its lateral (Y) axis, i.e.
movement in elevation.
Pitch: A rotational motion in which an airplane turns around itslateral
axis. Pushing forward on the control stick will lower the elevators,
which forces the tail upward. The pilot will then see the nose of
the aircraft fall or pitch.
Pitch: 1) The distance from one point on a helix to the
corresponding point on the next turn of the helix, measured parallel
to the axis. 2) The distance between the two peaks of adjacent
corrugation or convolution.
Pitch (Gears): Used in gear geometry to characterize features
governing tooth size, shape, spacing, etc.; common terminology
includes pitch circle, pitch diameter, pitch point, normal circular pitch
and normal diametrical pitch.
Pitch attitude: The upward or downward angle of the airplane in
relation to the horizontal, when viewed from the side. Pitch is
controlled by the elevators.
Pitch axis : The airplane axis controlled by the elevator. Pitch is
illustrated by holding the airplane at each wingtip. Raising or
lowering the nose is the pitch movement. This is how the climb or
dive is controlled.
Pitch Circle: The line (circle) of contact between two meshing
gears.
Pitch Circle (Gears): Curve where the imaginary pitch cylinder and
a plane normal to the axis of rotation intersect.
Pitch cue : Flight director cue to control pitch; in fixed-wing aircraft,
a yoke cue; in rotary-wing aircraft, a longitudinal cyclic cue
Pitch Diameter: The distance from center to center of a rope
passing over a sheave or wound on a drum, measured across the
diameter of the sheave or drum power transmission parts the power
transmission parts of the hoist are the machinery components,
including the gears, shafts, clutches, couplings, bearings, motors,
and brakes.
Pitch Diameter (Gears): Diameter of the pitch circle of mating gears
in imaginary line contact along the centerline between the two
shafts.
Pitch Diameter (Rope): Distance through the center of a drum or
sheave from center to center of a rope passed about the periphery.
Pitch Line: Corresponds in the cross-section of a rack to the pitch
circle in the cross-section of a gear.
Pitch Line: An imaginary line which passes through threads at such
points that the length of the part of the line between adjacent threads
is equal to the length of the line within a thread.
Pitch Line Velocity (Gears): Linear speed at the pitch line,
measured in fpm or m/s.
Pitch meter: A measuring device used to check the varying pitch
settings of rotor blades and paddles. The pitch of the corresponding
blades must be very close or they will not track evenly.
Pitch Point (Gears): Point of tangency of the two pitch circles of the
mating gears, lying on the common centerline between them.
Pitch rate : Rate of change of pitch; time derivative of pitch;
Symbols: p; Symbols: theta dot; Typical Units: rad/s, deg/s;
Dimensions: 1/Time;
Pitch setting : the propeller blade setting as determined by the
blade angle measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the
instruction manual for the propeller
Pitch : Describes the fore and aft attitude of the aircraft. (Nose high
or low in comparison to the ground.) Controlled by the elevator (s).
Pitcock Valve: Small lever controlled valve.
Pitman arm: The linkage attached to the steering box to converts
the angular motion of the sector gear into linier motion. It is
connected between the steering box and drag link.
Pitot pressure : Total pressure
Pitote tube -: An open ended tube arrangement to face against the
current of a stream of fluid; used in measuring the velocity head of a
flowing medium.
Pits : Petroleum Industry Training Service. (Canada)
Pitting: (1) Forming small sharp cavities in a surface by corrosion,
wear or other mechanically assisted degradation. (2) Localized
corrosion of a metal surface, confined to a point or small area, that
takes the form of cavities.
Pitting: A surface defect consisting of randomly spaced small
depressions. Pitting may be caused by inclusions, scabs, scale, or
other material which has been embedded into the surface then fallen
out.
Pitting : Localized corrosion of a metal characterized by small
blisters under which holes have perforated the metal.
Pitting : Sharp depressions in the surface of the metal generally
attributed to localized chemical attack by a corrosive media. In
stainless steels, molybdenum additions (i.e. types 316, 317, 434)
help improve pitting resistance.
Pivot Bearing: Axial-load, radial-load bearing that supports the end
of a shaft or pivot (as on the balance wheel of a watch).
Pivoted Pad Bearing: An axial or radial-load bearing with a surface
consisting of one or more pads or shoes pivoted to tip, thereby
promoting the establishment of a hydrocarbon film.
Pixel: Pixel, short for picture element, is the ground area
corresponding to a single element of a digital image data set.
Plain Bearing: Any simple sliding bearing, as distinguished from
fixed pad, pivoted pad or rolling bearings. Depending on the direction
of the load on the bearing surface, plain bearings are classified as
guide bearings, journal bearings or thrust bearings.
Plain Carbon Scrap: Scrap steel with less than: 1.65% manganese,
0.60% silicon, 0.60% copper, or any other alloying element added for
a special alloying effect.
Plain Carbon Steel: Iron-carbon alloys with minimal alloy content.
Plain Cutter: A milling cutter with cutting teeth on the periphery
(circumference) only.
Plain Reversing Bridge Crane Control: A reversing bridge crane
control which has identical characteristics for both directions of motor
rotation.
Plaits: An individual group of reinforcing braid wires or strands.
Plane Strain: The stress condition in linear elastic fracture
mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both
the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth
(that is, parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading
thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under
plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to
the axis of the principal tensile stress.
Plane Strain: A stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics
(See LEFM) in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both
the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth.
Under plane strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is
normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress.
Plane Stress: The stress condition in linear elastic fracture
mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most
nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel
to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane
of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile
stress.
Plane, Forging: The plane that includes the principle die face and
that is perpendicular to the direction of the ram stroke; when the
parting is flat, the forging plane coincides with the parting line. (see
Forging Plane)
Plane-strain Fracture Toughness: The crack extension resistance
under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. See also stress-intensity
factor. (see Stress-intensity Factor)
Plane-stress Fracture Toughness: In linear elastic fracture
mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the
instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-
curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen.
See also stress-intensity factor. (see Stress-intensity Factor)
Planet: A nonluminous celestial body larger than an asteroid or a
comet, illuminated by light from a star, such as the sun, around
which it revolves. The only known planets are those of the Sun but
others have been detected on physical (non-observational) grounds
around some of the nearer stars.
Planetary albedo: The fraction of incident solar radiation that is
reflected by a planet and returned to space. The planetary albedo of
the Earth-atmosphere system is approximately 30 percent, most of
which is due to backscatter from clouds in the atmosphere.
Planetary albedo: The fraction (approximately 30%) of incident
solar radiation that is reflected by the earth-atmosphere system and
returned to space, mostly by backscatter from clouds in the
atmosphere.
Planetary boundary layer: the turbulent layer of atmosphere
occupying the lowest few hundred meters of the atmosphere.
Planetary boundary layer: The transition region between the
turbulent surface layer and the normally nonturbulent
free atmosphere. This region is about 1 km in thickness and is
characterized by a well-developed mixing generated by frictional
drag as the air masses move over the Earth's surface. This layer
contains approximately 10% of the mass of the atmosphere. Also
called the "atmospheric boundary layer" or "frictional layer".
Planetary Gear: A train of internal gears consisting of a sun gear, to
which input power is applied, and planet gears that give the output
power.
Planetary Gear Unit: Planetary gear units are a specialized gear
unit used in power transmissions when a high power density and
high transmission efficiency need to fit into a compact volume. The
gear arrangement incorporates a central gear, the sun gear, with a
collection of outer gears, the planets. The planet gears are often
mounted to a rotating carrier plate and are surrounded by an annular
gear.
Planetary gearbox: Planetary gearbox is automatic transmission
system, used to vary the speed and torque. It uses a combination of
sun and planet gears to transmit the power. It also provides over
drive.
Planetesimals: small bodies that formed from the solar nebula
Planetoid: An asteroid.
Planform: in aviation used to describe the shape of wing wing when
viewed from above. See also Wing Area. See Area diagram for
illustrations of three different wing planforms.
Planimetric Method: A method of measuring grain size in which the
grains within a definite area are counted.
Planimetric Method: A method of measuring grain size, in which
the grains within a definite area are counted.
Planing: Producing flat surfaces by linear reciprocal motion of work
and the table to which it is attached, relative to a stationary single-
point cutting tool.
Planish Rolling: Process which involves light reduction in a single
pass on a cold rolling mill.
Planish Rolling: Process which involves light reduction in a single
pass on a cold roling mill.
Planishing: Producing a smooth finish on metal by a rapid
succession of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a
hammer designed for the purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill.
Planishing: Producing a smooth surface finish on metal by rapid
succession of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a
hammer designed for the purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill.
Plankton: Passively floating or weakly motile aquatic plants
(phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton).
Plant Load: The amount of power the entire mill is using. It is the
total of what is generated plus what is purchased.
Plant Load: The amount of power the entire mill is using. It is the
total of what we are generating plus what we are purchasing.
Plant/Instrument Air: Compressed air produced to operate
pneumatic controls and valves.
Plasma: A gas-like association of ionized particles that responds
collectively to electric and magnetic fields.
Plasma: A fourth state of matter (in addition to solid, liquid, and gas)
that exists in space. In this state, atoms are positively charged and
share space with free negatively charged electrons. Plasma can
conduct electricity and interact strongly with electric and magnetic
fields. The solar wind is actually hot plasma blowing from the sun.
See magnetosphere.
Plasma Arc Welding: An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with a constricted arc
between an electrode and the workpiece (transferred arc) or the
electrode and the constricting nozzle (nontransferred arc). Shielding
is obtained from hot, ionized gas issuing from an orifice surrounding
the electrode and may be supplemented by an auxiliary source of
shielding gas, which may be an inert gas or a mixture of gases.
Pressure mayor may not be used, and filler metal may or may not be
supplied.
Plasma detector: A device for measuring the density, composition,
temperature, velocity and three-dimensional distribution of plasmas
that exist in interplanetary regions and within planetary
magnetospheres.
Plasma engine: A rocket engine in which thrust is obtained from the
acceleration of a plasma with crossed electrical and magnetic fields.
Plasma Refining: Process used to reduce sulfur and oxygen to very
low levels.
Plasma Refining: Process used to reduce sulfur and oxygen to very
low levels.
Plasma Spraying: A thermal spraying process in which a
nontransferred arc of a plasma torch is utilized to create a gas
plasma that acts as the source of heat for melting and propelling the
surfacing material to the substrate.
Plasma wave: An oscillation or wave in a plasma that falls in the
audio range of frequency.
Plasma wave detector: A device for measuring the electrostatic
and electromagnetic components of local plasma waves in three
dimensions.
Plasma-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition: A chemical vapor
deposition process that uses low-pressure glow-discharge plasmas
to promote the chemical deposition reactions. Also called plasma-
enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
Plasmasphere: The region of the atmosphere consisting of cold
dense plasma originating in the ionosphere and trapped by the
Earth's magnetic field.
Plaster Molding: Molding in which a gypsun-bonded aggregate flour
in the form of a water slurry is poured over a pattern, permitted to
harden, and, after removal of the pattern, thoroughly dried. This
technique is used to make smooth nonferrous castings of accurate
size.
Plaster of Paris: A semihydrated form of calcium sulfate made by
sintering gypsum to 120-130°C (248-266°F).
Plaster Of Paris: A semi hydrated form of calcium sulfate made by
sintering gypsum to 120 130 C (248 266F).
Plastic Adhesive: Plastic adhesives are used in the construction of
building structures and smaller components to join one or more
types of plastic together. The type of adhesive used depends on the
material being joined. Most plastic adhesives chemically melt a thin
layer of the plastics, causing the dried joint to be a strong,
chemically-connected bond between the two surfaces. Acrylic
cement, for the joining of PVC, ABS and other materials is a
common plastic adhesive.
Plastic Deformation: Permanent deformation occurring in forming
of metal which occurs after elastic limits have been exceeded.
Plastic Deformation: Permanent deformation occurring in forming
of metal which occurs after elastic limits have been exceeded.
Plastic Extruded Hanger: An extrusion is a component fabricated
with a manufacturing process in which a material such as plastic or a
soft metal is pulled through a die. The extrusion process results in
long pieces of material with a constant cross-sectional shape. A
plastic extruded hanger is a channel hanger, usually an U or J-
channel cross-section shape made by extruding a plastic such as
PVC. The hanger is then mounted to a wall or other surface for the
purpose of hanging other objects.
Plastic Extrusion: A plastic extrusion is a component fabricated
with a manufacturing process in which a material such as PVC, ABS
or some other plastic is pulled through a die. The extrusion process
results in long segments of plastic with a constant cross-section
shape, with the shape set by the die pattern.
Plastic Flow: The phenomenon that takes place when metals are
stretched or compressed permanently without rupture.
Plastic Molding: Plastic molding is a manufacturing process that
uses thermoplastics to fabricate components. The thermoplastic is
heated to the melt temperature, then injection molded into a form.
The thermoplastic is then cooled sufficiently to return the
thermoplastic to its solid state before removing it from the mold.
Plastic molding is used for a wide range of applications and is widely
used in the fabrication of automobile body panels.
Plastic Refractory: A refractory material, tempered with water, that
can be extruded and that has suitable workability to be pounded into
place to form a monolithic structure.
Plasticity: The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without
rupture.
Plasticity : The ability of a substance to be deformed without
rupturing.
Plastic-strain Ratio (r-value): An arc welding process that
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with a constricted
arc between an electrode and the workpiece (transferred arc) or the
electrode and the constricting nozzle (nontransferred arc). Shielding
is obtained from hot, ionized gas issuing from an orifice surrounding
the electrode and may be supplemented by an auxiliary source of
shielding gas, which may be an inert gas or a mixture of gases.
Pressure may or may not be used, and filler metal may or may not
be supplied.
Plastigauge : provides a simple but effective method for the
measurement of clearance between fitted surfaces. It is particularly
useful for measuring clearances in split bearings or in situations
where a feeler gauge cannot be inserted. Measurement of clearance
in big-end bearings can be achieved without dismantling the
crankshaft.
Plate: Carbon steel plates comprise that group of fla- rolled finished
steel products within the following size limitation: 0.180 in. or thicker,
over 48 in. wide; 0.230 in. or thicker, over 6 in. wide; 7.53lb/sq ft or
heavier, over 48 in. wide; 9.62lb/sq ft or heavier, over 6 in. wide.
Plate: Carbon steel plates comprise that group of flat rolled finished
steel products within the following size limitaion: 0.180in or thicker,
over 48in wide; 0.230in or thicker, over 6in wide; 7.53lb/sq ft or
heavier, over 48in wide; 9.62lb/sq ft or heavier, over 6in wide.
Plate Martensite: Martensite formed, partly in steels containing
more than about 0.5% C and solely in steels containing more than
about 1.0% C, as lenticular shape plates on irrational habit planes
that are near or {259}A in very high carbon steels
Plate tectonics: Concept that the Earth's crust is composed of rigid
plates that move over a less rigid interior.
Plate, Alclad: Composite plate comprised of an aluminum alloy core
having on both surfaces (if on one side only, Alclad One Side Plate)
a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is
anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against
corrosion.
Plate, Alclad: Composite plate comprised of an aluminum alloy core
having on both surfaces (if on one side only, Alclad One Side Plate)
a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is
anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protectin the core against
corrosion.
Plate, Martensite: Martensite formed, partly in steels containing
more than about 0.5% C and solely in steel containing more than
about 1.0% C.
Platen: (1) The sliding member, slide or ram of a metal forming
press. (2) A part of a resistance welding, mechanical testing or other
machine with a flat surface to which dies, fixtures, backups or
electrode holders are attached and that transmits pressure or force.
Plater: An operating unit which electrolytically applies zinc, chrome
or tin to black plate.
Plater: An operating unit which electrolytically applies zinc, chrome
or tin to black plate.
Plater Distribution Tank: The tank that holds the plater solution.
Plater Roll: A steel roll used in the plater. The roll has electricity
running through it.
Plater Roll: A steel roll used in the plater. The roll has electricity
running through it.
Plates, Core Drying: Flat plates of metal on which cores are placed
for baking.
Platform: Level of surface on which people or things can stand. It is
also used to install the machines or structure.
Platform: The part of a Metrorail station that is on either side of the
track bed where passengers wait for trains to arrive
Platforms: A satellite that can carry instruments. See bus. The
same term is applied to automatic weather data transmitters installed
on buoys, balloons, ships, and planes, and mounted in remote
areas.
Plating: Forming an adherent layer of metal on an object; often used
as a shop term for electroplating. See also electrodeposition and
electroless plating.
Plating: A thin coating of metal laid on another metal.
Plating: A material, usually metal applied to another metal by
electroplating for the purpose of reducing corrosion; typically a more
noble metal such as zinc is applied to steel.
Plating Rack: A fixture used to hold work and conduct current to it
during electroplating.
Platinum: Chemical symbol Pt. The key material in the manufacture
of automotive catalysts.
Platinum: Chemical symbol Pt. The key material in the manufacture
of automaotive catalysts
Platinum Group Metals: Called the "noble metals" because they
are among the scariest of the metallic elements; more importantly,
they are totally imperious to oxidation or corrosion. The family is six
metals: platinum, a white infusible metal with high electrical
resistance; palladium, also white, noted for its strength and high
ductility; iridium, a yellowish mineral with the most corrosion
resistance of any metal known; rhodium, a silver-white metal also
found with nickel; ruthenium, a white metal noted for its hardness;
and osmium, a bluish-white metal that is so hard it is difficult to
fabricate.
Platinum Group Metals: Called the ?noble metals? because they
are among the scariest of the metallic elements; more important,
they are totally imperious to oxidation or corrosion. The family is six
metals: Platinum, a white infusible metal with high electrical
resistance; Palladium, also white, noted for its strength and high
ductility; Iridium, a yellowish mineral with the most corrosion
resistance of any metal known; Rhodium, a silver white metal also
found with nickel; Ruthenium, a white metal noted for its hardness;
and osmium, a bluish white metal that is so hard it is difficult to
fabricate.
Plattcos: Double-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of
the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
Plattcos: Double gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of
the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
Pleistocene: The earlier of the two epochs of the Quaternary period,
starting 2 to 3 million years before the present and ending about
10,000 years ago. It was a time of glacial activity.
Plenum chamber : An air compartment connected to one or more
distributing ducts.
Plenum chamber : Chamber or container for moving air or other
gas under a slight positive pressure.
Plenum chamber water drain valve: A valve used on some
vehicles to drain collected condensation from the intake plenum.
Plf-passenger load factor: See Load Factor.
PLS : Personnel Locating System
PLSS: Portable Life Support System.
Plug: (1) A rod or mandrel over which a pierced tube is forced. (2) A
rod or mandrel that fills a tube as it is drawn through a die. (3) A
punch or mandrel over which a cup is drawn. (4) A protruding portion
of a die impression for forming a corresponding recess in the forging.
(5) A false bottom in a die.
Plug nozzle: A doughnut-shaped combustion chamber which
discharges engine gases against the surface of a short central cone
(the plug). Adapted in the form of an LH2 cooled heat shield, it can
be used as a combination rocket/ aerodynamic braking device.
Plug Tap: A tap with chamfer extending from three to five threads.
Plug Weld: A weld made in a circular hole in one member of a joint,
fusing that member to another member.
Plugged Die: Galvanize metal obstructions in the which block the air
wipe and affect coating.
Plugging: A bridge crane control function which accomplishes
braking by reversing the motor line voltage polarity or phase
sequence.
Plugging Relay: A current relay used on a bridge or trolley Bridge
Crane Control panel which senses current in the motor secondary
circuit of an alternating current motor and limits reverse torque of the
motor to the first Bridge Crane Control point until the motor rotation
has stopped. In a direct current Bridge Crane Control panel, the
relay performs the same function by establishing a patented sensing
circuit at the motor armature. (Sometimes called an anti- plugging
relay.)
Plug-in vehicle: A vehicle powered solely by electricity available
from a standard domestic AC power socket.
Plug-n-play (pnp): Ready To Fly models that are missing the
transmitter and receiver, allowing the pilot to use their own.
Plumbage: A special quality of powdered graphite used to cool
molds and, in a mixture of clay, to make crucibles.
Plunge Grinding: Grinding wherein the only relative motion of the
wheel is radially toward the work.
Plunger: In engineering plungers are the spring loaded valves used
to operate any system. It is used into fuel pump to provide the fuel at
pressure.
Plunger (Lube Systems): Slide valve that controls the valve port.
Plunger Spring (Lube Systems): Spiral spring in the injector body
cylinder.
Plunger, cylinder: A cylinder in which the movable element has the
same cross-sectional area as the piston rod.
Plus Mesh: The powder sample retained on a screen of stated size,
identified by the retaining mesh number. See also sieve analysis and
sieve classification. (see Sieve Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Plus Sieve: The portion of a sample of a granular substance (such
as metal powder) retained on a standard sieve of specified number.
Contrast with minus sieve. See also sieve analysis and sieve
classification. (see Sieve Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Plus size wheels: Also known as "up-sized wheels." Wheel and tire
packages that are larger in diameter than those included in a
vehicles standard equipment.
Plus-sizing: An option allowing drivers to customise their vehicles
by mounting low-profile tyres on wider rims (2.5-5 cm/one or two
inches greater in diameter), usually enhancing vehicle appearance,
handling and performance.
Pluto: Ninth planet from the Sun, considered by many a minor
planet.
Plutonium-238: A form of the radioactive element plutonium,
characterized by high energy emissions.
Ply: A layer of rubber-coated fabric or nylon or polyester cords. the
term is also used for layer of an automobile tire.
Ply: A rubber-coated layer of fabric containing cords that run parallel
to each other and make up the structure of a tyre. Layers of this
material are called plies, and they extend from bead to bead,
between the inner liner and belts or tread. Plies are usually
reinforced with either textile or steel cords.
PLY : Plywood
Plymetal: Sheet consisting of bonded layers of dissimilar metals.
PM 2.5: The moniker for the Environmental Protection Agency’s new
Particulate Matter standards. The EPA is revising current PM
standards and establishing a new PM 2.5 standard regarding the
release of particulate matter down to 2.5 micrometers in diameter
(less than 1/3 the width of a human hair).
P-metric: Uniform designation of tyre sizes, in metric measurements
originally introduced by American tyre manufacturers in 1977;
commonly called the P-metric series. A typical P-metric tyre is
P205/70R14 93S.
PMMA: Polymethymethacralate Foam used in the lost foam process,
does release as much carbon as polystyrene.
Pneumatic : Operated by air pressure.
Pneumatic Conveyors: A conveyor is any mechanical device used
to transfer material from one location to another. Unlike conventional
belt conveyors, pneumatic conveyors use a piping system and high-
pressure air to move lightweight particles or objects through the
system. There are two types of pneumatic conveyors. Carrier
systems used high-pressure air to move an object from one point to
another. Dilute-phase systems use pressure to guide materials
through a system.
Pneumatic governor: The speed governor operated under the air
pressure diaphragm and plate mounted on the end of injection
pump.
Pneumatic Hoses: Pneumatic Hoses are used for directing air
under pressure in a pneumatic system. Hose material is flexible,
typically rubber or plastic. Pneumatic hose is rated for maximum and
minimum (vacuum) pressure.
Pneumatic Press: A press that uses air or a gas to deliver lhe
pressure to the upper and lower rams.
Pneumatic tyre: A tyre designed to be filled with air.
Pneumatic-electric (pe) switches : Device that operates an electric
switch from a change of air pressure.
Pnr: Passenger Name Record. An airline industry term for a
passenger’s reservation file with an airline identified by a six figure
alphabetical and numerical code.
PNR : Prior Notice Required
PNT : Paint
Po: Polar Orbit.
POB : Persons on Board
Poes (polar-orbiting operational environmental
satellite): Operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, they are designated 'NOAA satellites.' Included in
this group are the current series of TIROS-N satellites, the third-
generation polar-orbiting environmental spacecraft operated by
NOAA.
Poh : An expression of the alkalinity of a solution; the negative
logarithm of the hydroxyl-ion concentration.
Pohland Method: A technique for the ultrasonic testing of steel in
which a visible image of the defects present in the steel can be
shown on a screen.
Pohland Method: A technique for the ultrasonic testing of steel in
which a visible image of the defects present in the steel can be
shown on a screen.
Point Angle: Most commonly, the included angle at the point of a
twist drill, the general-purpose angle being 118°.
Point, critical : Of a substance, state point at which liquid and vapor
have identical properties; critical temperature, critical pressure, and
critical volume are the terms given to the temperature, pressure, and
volume at the critical point. Above the critical temperature or
Poise: The standard unit of absolute viscosity in the cgs system;
expressed in dyne-s/cm2.
Poisson's Ratio: If a square bar is stressed in a testing machine
and the direction of its length increases, there is a contraction in
each opposite direction, which produces a decrease in the thickness
of the bar. The ratio between the contraction at right angles to a
stress and the direct extension is called the Poisson's ratio. Its value
in steel is in the order of 0.28.
Polar Compounds: Chemical compounds whose molecules exhibit
positive electrical charges at one end and negative charges at the
other. This characteristic, known as “polarity,” endows such
compounds with an affinity for metal surfaces. As lubricant additives,
they serve as “oiliness agents”; they have good metal-wetting
properties and some polar compounds promote emulsification
between water and oil.
Polar orbit: An orbit which passes over the poles.
Polar orbit: An orbit with an orbital inclination of near 90 degrees
where the satellite ground track will cross both polar regions once
during each orbit. The term is used to describe the near-polar orbits
of spacecraft such as the USA's NOAA/TIROS and Landsat
satellites.
Polar stratospheric clouds (pscs): High altitude clouds that form in
the stratosphere above Antarctica during the Southern Hemisphere
winter. Their presence seems to initiate the ozone loss experienced
during the ensuing Southern Hemisphere spring.
Polar vortex: A circumpolar wind circulation which isolates the
Antarctic continent during the cold Southern Hemisphere winter,
heightening ozone depletion.
Polarimeter: An optical instrument that measures the direction and
extent of the polarization of light reflected from its targets.
Polarity: The direction of current flow in a DC circuit. By convention,
current flows from plus to minus. Electron flow is actually in the
opposite direction.
Polarity: See direct current electrode negative and direct current
electrode positive. (see Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN))
(see Direct Current Electrode Positive)
Polarization: (1) The change from the open-circuit electrode
potential as the result of the passage of current. (2) A change in the
potential of an electrode during electrolysis, such that the potential of
an anode becomes more noble, and that of a cathode more active
than their respective reversible potentials. Often accomplished by
formation of a film on the electrode surface.
Polarization coating: A coating that reduces the glare from
sideview mirrors by modifying the reflected light.
Polarization Curve: A plot of current density versus electrode
potential for a specific electrode-electrolyte combination.
Polarize: In corrosion, to develop a barrier on the anodic or cathodic
surface, disrupting the corrosion process.
Pole: (1) A means of designating the orientation of a crystal plane by
stereographically plotting its normal. For example, the north pole
defines the equatorial plane. (2) Either of the two regions of a
permanent magnet or electromagnet where most of the lines of
induction enter or leave.
Pole : An electrical connection point. In a panel, the point of
connection. On a device, the terminal that connects to the power.
Pole Breaker: A pole breaker, also called a circuit breaker, is an
electrical component designed to automatically trip, or open, a circuit
when the circuit reaches an overload or a fault condition. Circuit
breakers can be reset, either manually or automatically based on the
design of the breaker. Circuit breakers are characterized by the
number of breaker poles it has, with one breaker pole dedicated to
each live conductor.
Pole Figure: A stereoscopic projection of a polycrystalline aggregate
showing the distribution of poles or plane normals, of a specific
crystalline plane, using specimen axes as reference axes. Pole
figures are used to characterize preferred orientation in
polycrystalline materials.
Pole shoe: The piece of meal used to place to field winding in
electric motors. Pole shoes become the powerful magnet when
current flow in it.
Polished Surface: The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or
similar fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish.
Polishing: (1) Smootrungmetal sulfaces, often to a high luster, by
rubbing the surface with a fine abrasive, usually contained in a cloth
or other soft lap. Results in microscopic flow of some surface metal
together with actual removal of a small amount of surface metal. (2)
Removal of material by the action of abrasive grains carried to the
work by a flexible support, generally either a wheel or a coated
abrasive belt. (3) A mechanical, chemical or electrolytic process or
combination thereof used to prepare a smooth, reflective surface
suitable for microstructural examination that is free of artifacts or
damage introduced during prior sectioning or grinding. See also
electrolytic polishing and electropolishing.
Polishing: Producing a specularly reflecting surface.
Polishing Filter: oil from the hydraulic system tank through the
filters and then back to the tank.
Pollutant: Strictly, too much of any substance in the wrong place or
at the wrong time is a pollutant. More specifically, atmospheric
pollution may be defined as the presence of substances in the
atmosphere, resulting from man-made activities or from natural
processes that cause adverse effects to human health, property, and
the environment.
Polyalphaolefins (PAOs): A class of synthetic lubricant bases
formed by polymerization of an olefin monomer, such as ethylene or
propylene, whose properties after such as ethylene or propylene,
whose properties after polymerization include good oxidation stability
at high temperatures, good hydrolytic stability, compatibility with
mineral oils and low volatility. They have found service in turbines,
gears, compressors and automotive engines.
Polybutene: Synthetic lubricating oil, a polymer of butene (C4H8);
principle uses include insulating oils, gas compressor oils and
process oils in the aluminum industry.
Polycrystalline: Pertaining to a solid comprised of many crystals or
crystallites, intimately bonded together. May be homogeneous (one
substance) or heterogeneous (two or more crystal types or
compositions).
Polycrystalline: Comprising an aggregate of more than one crystal,
and usually a large number of crystals.
Polyelectrolyte: A water-soluble polymer that is highly charged with
cationic or anionic sites. Used as an aid with coagulants.
Polyesters: Synthetic resins, usually obtained from polymerization
of a dibasic acid with a dihydric alcohol, not normally used as
lubricant stocks. (see Diester (Dibasic Acid Ester))
Polyglycol: A polymer of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) used as a
synthetic base stock: water-soluble polyglycols serve as thickeners
or antifreezes in FR fluids; insoluble forms are used as heat transfer
and hydraulic fluids or high-temperature bearing oils.
Polyhedral: A configuration of more than two wing sections in which
both wings are elevated above the horizontal plane and the outboard
sections are further elevated. See also Anhedral, Dihedral and Gull
Wing. See also Anhedral, Dihedral and Gull Wing.
Polymer: A chemical compound formed by the adjoining of many
molecules of the same characteristics; for example, polyvinyl
chloride is a polymer of the molecule vinyl chloride.
Polymer: A compound used as a binder for solid rocket propellant
systems; more generally, a compound consisting of repeating
structural units.
Polymer: A macromolecular material formed by the chemical
combination of monomers, having either the same or different
chemical compositions.
Polymeric dispersant : A water-soluble polymer that acts as a
suspending agent; that is, it promotes suspension of particles in
water so that they resist settling.
Polymerization: The chemical combination and recombination of
the same unsaturated hydrocarbon with itself to form an extensive
chain; the chemical process of combining similar molecules to form
larger molecules.
Polymers: Organic compounds created by polymerization that
become progressively heavier and acquire diverse properties as the
multiple linkages increase. The original monomer may be a gas or a
liquid; according to the extent of polymerization, the final product will
be a high molecular weight liquid or solid that retains the same
proportion of elements as the original monomer.
Polymorphism: The ability of a material to exist in more than one
crystallographic structure. Numerous metals change in
crystallographic structure at transformation temperatures during
heating or cooling. If the change is reversible, it is allotropy. The
allotropy of iron, particularly the changes between the alpha body-
centered and the gamma face centered form, is of fundamental
importance in the hardening of steel.
Polynya: An area of open sea surrounded by ice.
Polyolesters: A class of synthetic esters formed by reacting fatty
acids with a polyol such as glycol; physical properties vary according
to the polyols and acids used. Polyolesters formulated as lubricants
have low volatility and good oxidation stability at high temperatures;
they are used as base oils for turbines, compressors, jet engines and
automotive engines and as base fluids for certain greases.
Polyphosphate: A chemical compound formed by the adjoining of
phosphate ions, hence a polymer of phosphate.
Polystyrene: A polymer of styrene used in making molding
products. In particular, used in the lost foam process.
Polytrophic process : A non-adiabatic reversible process
characterized by the equation of path, pv = constant.
Polyureas: Polymeric thickeners for grease, made from isocyanates
and amines. Greases thickened with polyureas have high oxidation
resistance and high dropping points; they work well in ball bearings
for electric motors.
Pontoons : See Floats.
Poor Oiling: Not enough oil on the strip per customer specification.
Poor Slitting: The quality of the slit edge due to bad shape, dull
knives, etc.
Pop Solvent: Blister and/or void in the coating resulting from
trapped solvents released during curing process
Poping back: The tendency of burning gas to enter in the inlet
manifold towards the fresh charge. It causes the explosion into fresh
charge and produce the spitting sound. Reason of this phenomenon
may be the sticky and week inlet valves.
Pop-off: Loss of small portions of a porcelain enamel coating. The
usual cause is outgassing of hydrogen or other gases from lhe
substrate during firing, but popoff may also occur because of oxide
particles or other debris on the surface of the substrate. Usually, the
pits are minute and cone shaped, but when pop-off is the result of
severe fishscale the pits may be much larger and irregular.
Poppet: That port of certain valves which blocks flow when it closes
against a seat.
Poppet: That part of certain valves which blocks flow when it closes
against a seat.
Porcelain Enamel: A substantially vitreous or glassy, inorganic
coating (borosilicate glass) bonded to metal by fusion at a
temperature above 425 °C (800 °F). Porcelain enamels are applied
primarily to components made of sheet iron or steel, cast iron,
aluminum or aluminum-coated steels.
Pore: (1) A small opening, void, interstice or channel within a
consolidated solid mass or agglomerate, usually larger than atomic
or molecular dimensions. (2) A minute cavity in a powder metallurgy
compact, sometimes added intentionally. (3) A minute perforation in
an electroplated coating.
Porosity: Unsoundness caused in cast metals by the presence of
blowholes and shrinkage cavities.
Porous Bearing: Bearing made from porous material such as
compressed metal powders; the pores serve as reservoirs or
passages for lubricant.
Porous vase: A vase having a porous construction, which was used
to cool its content.
Port: The opening provided to cross the air or fluid. For example
engine intake port.
Port: Left-hand side when facing forward.
Port: An internal or external terminus of a passage in a component.
Port fuel injection: The opening provided into the fuel injection
pump for fuel supply.
Port : Nautical usage adopted in aviation. The left side, as
determined by an observer in the vehicle, when vehicle and observer
are right side up, and observer is looking "forward" (in the normal
direction of travel of the vessel or vehicle).
Portal: The point where trains enter and exit tunnels
Position update : To cause navigation sensors, devices, or
algorithms to reset position to value known to be more accurate due
to inaccuracies and drift in the devices and algorithms
Position : Location, usually in fixed earth coordinates such latitude
and longitude; location, either scalar or vector, often with subscripts
such as ENU or XYZ to denote source or coordinate frame; time
integral of velocity; Symbols: p, P, x, y, z; Typical Units: ft, nmi;
Dimensions: Length;
Positive camber: Alignment angle that makes the top of the tyres
further apart than at the bottom; tyres are tilted out from the centre
line of the vehicle.
Positive caster: Alignment setting when the steering axis is inclined
rearwards at the top.
Positive charge : The electrical potential acquired by an atom which
has lost one or more electrons; a characteristic of a cation.
Positive control : The separation of all air traffic within designated
airspace by air traffic control.
Positive Displacement: A characteristic of a pump or motor when a
constant volume is delivered for each revolution or stroke.
Positive displacement: A characteristic of a pump or motor when a
constant volume is delivered for each revolution or stroke.
Positive Displacement Oil Pumps: Vane, gear or piston pumps
that build up high-pressure on the discharge side because the
capacity output of the pump is positive. If the discharge is not
utilized, the oil pressure regulator or by-pass prevents damage. (see
Controlled Volume Pump) (see Gear pump)
Positive feedback: An interaction that amplifies the response of the
system in which it is incorporated.
Positive feedback: An interaction that amplifies the response of the
system in which it is incorporated. See feedback mechanisms.
Positive offset: The mounting face of a wheel is toward the wheel’s
street side, moving the tyre and wheel assembly in towards the
vehicle.
Positive plate: The plate connected to the positive terminal of the
cell of battery is called positive plate. In cell it is further connected to
the negative terminal.
Post: The cylindrical metal pieces used to hold the work piece on
machine.
Post collision communication: A component of a vehicles
telemetrics system that, when triggered, automatically informs
authorities after a collision.
Post klystron : German jamming device to counter H2S
Post Paint: To paint a manufactured part after at it has been formed.
Postcrash safety: Safety measures and devices that lessen the
chance of a driver or passenger being hurt in the aftermath of a
collision.
Postheating: A process used immediately after welding whereby
heat is applied to the weld zone either for tempering or for providing
a controlled rate of cooling, in order to avoid a hard or brittle
structure.
Postheating: A process used immediately after welding whereby
heat is applied to the weld zone either for tempering or for providing
a controlled rate of cooling, in order to avoid a hard or brittle
structure.
Postweld Heat Treatment: Heating and cooling a weldment in such
a way as to obtain desired properties.
Pot: (1) A vessel for holding molten metal. (2) The electrolytic
reduction cell used to make such metals as aluminum from a fused
electrolyte.
Pot: A vessel for holding molten metal. Also used to refer to the
electrolytic reduction cell employed in winning certain metals, such
as aluminum, from a fused electrolyte.
Pot Annealing: (see Box Annealing)
Pot Annealing: Is the same as box annealing.
Pot Quenching: Quenchinhg carburised parts directly fron the
carburising pot or box.
Potable Water: Treated water used for human consumption.
Potential: (1) Any of various functions from which intensity or
velocity at any point in a field may be calculated. (2) The driving
influence of an electrochemical reaction.
Potential energy: The energy of a body due to its position in a
field.
Potential energy : The energy, that a body has by virtue of its
position or state, enabling it to do work. (Water in a reservoir has
potential energy by virtue of its elevation above some other point.)
Potential transformer : A voltage transformer. The voltage supplied
to a primary coil induces a voltage in a secondary coil according, to
the ratio of the wire windings in each of the coils.
Potentiometer: An electrical device that changes its internal
resistance when moved to a specified point. Most commonly found in
electronic control panels. Used to change the voltage in a control
system for required control changes (position, speed, pressure, etc.)
Potentiometer : An electromechanical device having a terminal
connected to each and to the resistive element, and a third terminal
connected to the wiper contact. The electrical input is divided as the
contact moves over the element, thus making it possible to
mechanically change the resistance.
Potomac Rappahannock Transportation Commission: The
authority in charge of operating OmniRide and Omnilink in Virginia
Poultice Corrosion: A term used in the automotive industry to
describe the corrosion of vehicle body parts due to the collection of
road salts and debris on ledges and in pockets that are kept moist by
weather and washing. Also called deposit corrosion or attack.
Pound: The U.S. customary unit of force defined as the weight of
the standard pound at sea level and at the latitude of 45o.
Pounds Per Inch of Width (P.I.W.): Pounds per inch of width refers
to the weight of a one-inch wide multiple of a coil. To determine the
PIW, divide the weight of the coil by its width in inches.
Pounds per sq. Inch, gauge (psig) & absolute (psia): The
measure of pressure, corrected for atmospheric pressure, that is
`zero' psig= 14.65 psia. `Zero' psia = absolute zero vacuum.
Pour Point: (ASTM D 97) the lowest temperature at which a
lubricant will pour or flow under specified conditions.
Pour point : The lowest temperature at which a lubricant can be
observed to flow under specified conditions. For oil, the pour point is
a temperature -15°C above the temperature at which the oil is solid.
Pour Point Depressant: An additive in lubricating oil that lowers the
pour point, by preventing any wax present from crystallizing to form a
solid mass.
Pouring: The transfer of molten metal from the ladle into ingot molds
or other types of molds; for example, in castings.
Pouring: Transfer of molten metal from furnace to ladle, ladle to
ladle, or ladle into molds.
Pouring Basin: In metal casting, a basin on top of a mold that
receives the molten metal before it enters the sprue or downgate.
Pouring Basin: In metal casting, a basin on top of a mold that
receives the molten metal before it enters the sprue or downgate.
Pouring Cup: The flared section of the top of the downsprue. It can
be shaped by hand in the cope, or be a shaped part of the pattern
used to form the downsprue; or may be baked core cup placed on
the top of the cope over the downsprue.
Pouring Pit Refractory: A refractory associated with the transfer or
flow control of molten steel between furnace and mold.
Pour-point depressant : An additive that lowers the pour point of a
lubricant.
Powder: An aggregate of discrete particles that are usually in the
size range of 1 to 1000 um.
Powder Cutting: Introducing iron powder in an oxygen stream to
hasten oxygen torch cutting by the combination of fluxing and
oxidation. Generally used for cutting stainless steel.
Powder Cutting: Introducing iron powder in an oxygen stream to
hasten oxygen torch cutting by the combination of fluxing and
oxidation. Generally used for cutting stainless steel.
Powder Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process variation in
which the material to be sprayed is in powder form.
Powder Forging: The plastic deformation of a powder metallurgy
compact or preform into a fully dense finished shape by using
compressive force; usually done hot and within closed dies.
Powder Injection: The injection of certain materials into the molten
bath at the ladle refining station. The material is usually injected
through a consumable lance using argon as a carrier gas.
Powder Lubricant: In powder metallurgy, an agent or component
incorporated into a mixture to facilitate compacting and ejecting of
the compact from its mold.
Powder Lubricant: In powder metallurgy, an agent or component
incorporated into a mixture to facilitate compacting and ejecting of
the compact from its mold.
Powder Metallurgy: The technology and art of producing metal
powders and utilizing meta1 powders for production of massive
materials and shaped objects.
Powder Metallurgy Part: A shaped object that has been formed
from metal powders and sintered by heating below the melting point
of the major constituent. A structural or mechanical component made
by the powder metallurgy process.
Powder Metals: Fabrication technology in which fine metallic
powder is compacted under high-pressure and then heated at a
temperature slightly below the melting point to solidify the material.
Primary users of powder metal parts are auto, electronics and
aerospace industries.
Powder Metals: Fabrication technology in which fine metallic
powder is compacted under high pressure and then heated at a
temperature slightly below the melting point to solidify the material.
Primary users of powder metal parts are auto, electronics and
aerospace industries.
Powdered Coal Mill: (Pulverizer). Electrically or steam-driven
device that crushes coal to a fine powder form and exhausts it into
the boiler as fuel.
Powdered Coal Mill: (Pulverizer) Electrically or steam driven device
that crushes coal to a fine powder form and exhausts it into the boiler
as fuel.
Powdering: A problem encountered in the field where the iron-zinc
coating (from Galvanneal products) comes off the base metal and
collects in the die.
Powdering: A problem encountered in the field where the iron zinc
coating (from Galvanneal products) comes off the base metal and
collects in the die.
Power: Work per unit of time measured in horsepower (hp) or watts
(W).
Power (p) : Expressed in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), and is equal
to:
Power activated release: The electronically controlled release of a
vehicles hatch or trunk (in contrast to a conventional cable-activated
release mechanism).
Power Consumption: This is measured in terms of Number of units
of electrical power consumed in KWH per tonne of crude steel
produced (KWH/TCS).
Power Driven Hammer: A forging hammer with steam or air
cylinder for raising the ram and augmenting its downward blow.
Power element : Sensitive element of a temperature-operated
control.
Power extending mirrors: An electronically controlled sideview
mirror that can be moved further away from a vehicle when it is
towing an object.
Power Factor: 1. Inductor flow in the pot. A high number may
indicate an obstruction in circulation. 2. Term that describes the
relationship between real power (KW) and apparent power (KVA) in
a circuit. It is the cosine of the angle between KW and KVA on a
phasor drawing of a circuit. (In a phason drawing, this angle is the
same angle formed by the voltage and current relationship). It is
almost always better to run the generators with a lagging power
factor (meter pointing to left of zero).
Power factor (pf) : A quantity that relates the volt amperes of an AC
circuit to the wattage (power = volt-amperes x power factor). Power
factor also is the ratio of the circuit resistance (R) to the impedance
(Z) expressed as a decimal between zero and one (pf = R/Z). When
the power factor equals one, all consumed power produces useful
work.
Power Factor (Pf) : 1) Inductor flow in the pot. A high number may
indicate an obstruction in circulation. 2) Term that describes the
relationship between real power (KW) and apparent power (KVA) in
a circuit. It is the cosine of the angle between KW and KVA on a
phasor drawing of a circuit. (In a phasor drawing, this angle is the
same angle formed by the voltage and current relationship.) It is
almost always better to run the generators with a lagging power
factor (meter pointing to left of zero).
Power factor charge : A utility charge for "poor" power factor. It is
more expensive to provide power to a facility with a poor power
factor (usually less than 0.8).
Power factor correction : Installing capacitors on the utility
service’s supply line to improve the power factor of the building.
Power loss: the lost power due to some unwanted circumstances
like friction and vibration.
Power overlap: Theoretically every power stroke of engine is
completed into 180 degree. So there is no power overlap into 4
cylinder engines. But in 6 cylinders engine there is the overlap of 60
degree in every power stroke which is known as the power stroke.
Power pack: An integral power supply unit usually containing a
pump, reservoir, relief valve and directional control.
Power panel: A small central control box for all your electrical field
equipment items, typically powered by a 12V battery.
Power panel : 12-volt distribution panel that provides correct voltage
for accessories like glow-plug clips, fuel pumps and electric starters.
Usually mounted on a field box and connected to a 12-volt battery.
Power steering: The steering systems designed to reduce the
human effort to steer the vehicle. It can be my means of external
electric power or mechanical power.
Power steering: An electric and/or hydraulic system that multiplies,
for ease and comfort, the force a driver exerts on the steering wheel.
Power steering fluid: Hydraulic fluid used in a power steering
system.
Power steering hoses: The flexible hoses carrying hydraulic fluid
between the various components of a power steering system.
Power steering pumps: Power steering pump is a electric motor
which pump the fluid to make the opration easy.
Power stroke : Stroke in which the engine generates the power, in
this stroke fuel burns and power will generate which transferred
further for operation is known as power stroke.
Power supply: Term used to describe a fluid power source. A
hydraulic power unit.
Power train: The power train of the vehicle which generate and
transmit the power up to the road surface. It includes the engine and
gear box of the vehicle.
Power unit: The power unit of the vehicle which generate the power
for an automobile or other machine. Engine is the power unit of the
automobile.
Powered wheels: The wheels attached to the live axle. They runs
with power of engine instead of pulling or pushing action
Powertrain warranty: Also referred to as the "drivetrain warranty." A
vehicle warranty that covers most of the parts that make the vehicle
move, including the engine, transmission, drive axles and driveshaft.
As with a basic warranty, "consumable" parts such as hoses and
belts are not covered. However, most of the internal parts of the
engine, such as the pistons and bearings, which are also subject to
wear and tear, are covered by a powertrain warranty.
PP(L) : Private Pilots License (general)
Ppb : equals 0.001 ppm. (Parts per billion)
Ppl: Private Pilot Licence
PPL A : Private Pilots License Airplane
PPL H : Private Pilots License Helicopter
PPL/IR : Association of PPL holders with Instrument Rating
PPM: Parts per million.
PPM: Parts per million.
PPM : Pulse Position Modulation. Another term for FM.
PPO : Parts Per Million
PPP : Public Private Partnership
PPR : Prior Permission Required
PRC : Performance Review Commission (Euro control)
Pre burning: Pre burning or pre combustion is the phenomenon in
which the fuel of the engine burns before the right time. It may
occurs due to bad fuel properties and other fault into the system.
Pre combustion: Pre burning or pre combustion is the phenomenon
in which the fuel of the engine burns before the right time. It may
occurs due to bad fuel properties and other fault into the system.
Pre combustion Chamber: It is the small chamber placed on the
engine head used to heat the charge and feed to the combustion
chamber.
Pre Ignition: The phenomenon of ignition of the charge early due to
the carbon spot present into the combustion chamber. It may happen
due to the heating of the sparkplug or chamber.
Pre Paint: To paint a product in coil form and then manufacture it
into a final part.
Prealloyed Powder: A metallic powder composed of two or more
elements that are alloyed in the powder manufacturing process and
in which the particles are of the same nominal composition
throughout.
Precession: A change in the direction of the axis of spin of a
rotating body.
Precession: The comparatively slow torquing of the orbital planes of
all satellites with respect to the Earth's axis, due to the bulge of the
Earth at the equator which distorts the Earth's gravitational field.
Precession is manifest by the slow rotation of the line of nodes of the
orbit (westward for inclinations less than 90 degrees and eastward
for inclinations greater than 90 degrees).
Precharge Pressure: The pressure of compressed gas in an
accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.
Precharge pressure: The pressure of compressed gas in an
accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.
Precious Metals: Relatively scarce, highly corrosion-resistant,
valuable metals found in periods 5 and 6 (groups VIII and Ib) of the
periodic table. They include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver,
asmium, iridium, platinum and gold.
Precious Metals: Relatively scarce, highly corrosion resistant,
valuable metals found in periods 5 and 6 (groups VIII and Ib) of the
periodic table. They include
ruthenium,rhodium,palladium,silver,asmium,iridium,platinum and
gold.
Precipitate : An insoluble reaction product; in an aqueous chemical
reaction, usually a crystalline compound that grows in size to
become settable.
Precipitating (cathodic) inhibitors : The are chemicals which form
insoluble precipitates that are able to coat and protect surfaces.
They are less durable then the passivating type inhibitors.
Precipitation: A process whereby salts drop or come out of a water
solution.
Precipitation: In metals, the separation of a new phase from solid or
liquid solution, usually with changing conditions of temperature,
pressure or both.
Precipitation: Moisture that falls from clouds. Although clouds
appear to float in the sky, they are always falling, their water droplets
slowly being pulled down by gravity. Because their water droplets are
so small and light, it can take 21 days to fall 1,000 feet and wind
currents can easily interrupt their descent. Liquid water falls as rain
or drizzle. All raindrops form around particles of salt or dust. (Some
of this dust comes from tiny meteorites and even the tails of comets.)
Water or ice droplets stick to these particles, then the drops attract
more water and continue getting bigger until they are large enough
to fall out of the cloud. Drizzle drops are smaller than raindrops. In
many clouds, raindrops actually begin as tiny ice crystals that form
when part or all of a cloud is below freezing. As the ice crystals fall
inside the cloud, they may collide with water droplets that freeze onto
them. The ice crystals continue to grow larger, until large enough to
fall from the cloud. They pass through warm air, melt, and fall as
raindrops.
Precipitation: Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that
fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. It includes
drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice
pellets, and hail. The ratio of precipitation to evaporation is the most
important factor in the distribution of vegetation zones. Precipitation
is also defined as a measure of the quantity, expressed in
centimeters or milliliters of liquid water depth, of the water substance
that has fallen at a given location in a specified amount of time.
Precipitation Hardening: (PH). A small group of stainless steels
with high chromium and nickel content, with the most common types
having characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium
stainless class with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment
provides this class with its very high strength and hardness.
Applications for PH stainless steels include shafts for pumps and
valves as well as aircraft parts.
Precipitation Hardening: (PH) A small group of stainless steels
with high chromium and nickel content, with the most common types
having characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium
stainless class with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment
provides this class with its very high strength and hardness.
Applications for PH stainless steels include shafts for pumps and
valves as well as aircraft parts.
Precipitation Hardening (PH): A small group of stainless steels
with high chromium and nickel content, with the most common types
having characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium
stainless class with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment
provides this class with its very high strength and hardness.
Applications for PH stainless steels include shafts for pumps and
valves, as well as aircraft parts.
Precipitation Heat Treatment: Any of the various aging treatments
conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain mechanical
properties through precipitation from solid solution.
Precipitation Heat Treatment: Any of the various aging treatments
conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain mechanical
properties through precipitation from solid solution.
Precipitation Number: (ASTM D 91) the number of milliliters of
solid matter precipitated from a mixture of oil and petroleum solvent
under specified conditions; chiefly used to determine the presence of
asphalts in semi-refined or black oils, or to examine sludge in used
oils.
Precision approach procedure : means a standard instrument
approach procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided,
such as ILS and PAR.
Precision Casting: A metal casting of reproducible, accurate
dimensions, regardless of how it is made. Often used
interchangeably with investment casting.
Precision Forging: A forging produced to closer tolerances than
normally considered standard by the industry. With precision forging,
a net shape, or at least a near-net shape, can be produced in the as-
forged condition. Ser also net shape. (see Net Shape)
Precision Forging: A forging produced to closer tolerances than
normally considered standard by the industry.
Precision Grinding: Machine grinding to specified dimensions and
low tolerances.
Precision phosphate treatment : A phosphate treatment based
upon maintaining 2 to 4 ppm of phosphate and 15 to 50 ppm of
hydrate alkalinity in the boiler.
Precision Rotary Tube Laser Cutting: Precision Rotary Tube Laser
Cutting uses a laser to make precision cuts in thin walled tubing. 4th
and 5th axis CNC controlled rotary tube laser cutting machines and
produce a variety of complex shapes including miters, slots, holes,
and windows.
Precision Strip: Cold rolled strip with an ideal thickness of between
0.01 and 0.4mm and a maximum width of 650mm and/or which fulfill
special demands in terms of strength or edge quality, as well as
displaying a high degree of dimensional accuracy.
Precision Thermometers: Precision Thermometers is a device for
measuring temperature. While common thermometers use fluid
expansion to determine temperature, precision instruments often use
RTD sensors of other electronics for a precise measurement.
Precision : Measure of exactness, possibly expressed in number of
digits, for example, computed to the nearest millimeter; Compare:
accuracy
Precoat: (1) In investment casting, a special refractory slurry applied
to a wax or plastic expendable pattern to form a thin coating that
serves as a desirable base for application of the main slurry. See
also investment casting. (2) To make the thin coating. (3) The thin
coating itself. (see Investment Casting)
Precoated Metal Products: Mill products that have a metallic,
organic or conversion coating applied to their surfaces before they
are fabricated into parts.
Precracked Specimen: A mechanical test specimen that is notched
and subjected to alternating stresses until a crack has developed at
the root of the notch.
Precrash safety: Safety measures and devices that prevent a
collision from occurring or lessen the chances of a driver or
passenger injury in the event of a collision.
Precrash safety seats: Seats that spring into a safe position when a
precrash systems senses an impending collision.
Precrash system: A system of devices that employs radar or laser
technology to sense an impending collision and reacts by
implementing precautionary measures, including tightening seatbelts
and applying braking.
Predicting method : A method for determining when load shedding
should occur. A formula is used to arrive at a preset kilowatt limit.
Then the actual amount of energy accumulated during the utility's
demand intervals is measured. A projection is made of the actual
rate of energy usage during the rest of the interval. If the predicted
value exceeds the preset limit, loads will be shed.
Preferred Orientation: A condition of a polycrystalline aggregate in
which the crystal orientations are not random, but rather exhibit a
tendency for alignment with a specific direction in the bulk material,
commonly related to the direction of working. See also texture.
Preferred Orientation: A condition of a polycrystalline aggregate in
which the crystal orientations are not random.
Pre-fill valve: A valve that is arranged so its inlet port is connected
to a reservoir or tank and so that fluid will flow from the inlet of the
valve into a cylinder or ram when opened. When closed, the valve
must close off the ram or cylinder from the reservoir or tank to permit
application of high pressure from another source on the cylinder side
of the valve. Most commonly used to fill large rams on presses to
take up non-operating stroke.
Prefilter: A filter system containing 16 filter elements that clean the
hydraulic oil as it passes from one storage tank to another.
Prefilter: A filter system containing 16 filter elements that clean the
hydraulic oil as it passes from one storage tank to another.
Pre-flight checks: Essential checks that you need to carry out
immediately before every flight.
Preform: The forging operation in which stock is performed or
shaped to a predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die
forging operations; the operation may involve drawing, bending,
flattening, edging, fullering, rolling or upsetting. The preform
operation is not considered to be a scheduled operation unless a
separate heat is required; usually, when a preform operation is
required, it will precede a forging operation and will be performed in
conjunction with the forging operation and in the same heat. In ring
rolling, a term generally applied to ring blanks of a specific shape to
be used for profile (contour) ring rolling.
Preform: The forging operation in which stock is preformed or
shaped to a predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die
forging operations; the operation may involve
drawing,bending,flattening, edging, fullering, rolling or upsetting. The
preform operation is not considered to be scheduled operation
unless a separate heat is required; usually, when a preform
operation is required, it will precede a forging operation and will be
performed in conjunction with the forging operation and in the same
heat. In ring rolling, a term generally applied to ring blanks of a
specific shape to be used for profile (contour) ring rolling.
Preheating: 1. A general term used to describe heating applied as a
preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment. 2. A
term applied specifically to tool steel to describe a process in which
the steel is heated slowly and uniformly to a temperature below the
hardening temperature and is then transferred to a furnace in which
the temperature is substantially above the preheating temperature.
Preheating: A high temperature soaking treatment used to change
the metallurgical structure in preparation for a subsequent operation,
usually applied to the ingot.
Pre-ignition: Pre-ignition is a stage where fuel catches the fire in
cylinder before compression stroke. This is not healthy for engine
piston.
Preignition : A condition in an internal combustion engine
characterized by a knocking sound and caused by the fuel-air
mixture having been ignited to soon because of an abnormal
condition.
Preloading: Procedures employed during assembly and mounting to
remove all looseness or play in a bearing, usually performed on
shafts or spindles in machine tools and precision machines that must
rotate without clearance in either the axial or radial direction.
Preloaded bearings are not used where deflection is excessive.
Prelubed Bearings: Bearings lubricated by the manufacturer to
preserve their integrity during storage.
Prelubricant: An oil coating that is applied to steel sheet to enhance
formability (deep drawing). This lubricant is usually applied when the
customer wishes to avoid the application of a forming lubricant in his
plant.
Premium: Cost of an option and/or an amount added to a base price
for a material,i.e. added cost beyond the base Comex, LME and/or
producer and manufacturer prices.
Premium audio: A sound system that has been provided to the
vehicle manufacturer by a name brand audio manufacturer.
Premium Melting or Vacuum Melting: A process in which raw
materials are first melted within a vacuum. The metal is often
remelted again under a vacuum to produce very pure alloys.
Together, these processes result in tighter control of a metal’s
chemistry and greater consistency in structural properties such as
toughness, ductility and fatigue strength.
Pre-paint: To paint a product in coil form and then manufacture it
into a final part.
Prepierce: In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching)
tool used for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. A
tapered tool of various diameters and lengths.
Prepierce: In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching)
tool used for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. A
tapered tool of various diameters and lengths.
Present status words : Most recently reported status words
Presintering: Heating a powder sample to a temperature below the
final sintering temperature, usually to increase the ease of handling
or shaping of a compact or to remove a lubricant or binder prior to
sintering.
Press: A machine tool having a stationary bed and a slide or ram
that has reciprocating motion at right angles to the bed surface, the
slide being guided in the frame of the machine. See also hydraulic
press, mechanical press and slide. (see Hydraulic Press) (see
Mechanical Press) (see Slide)
Press Brake: An open-frame single-action press used to bend,
blank, corrugate, curl, notch, perforate, pierce or punch sheet metal
or plate.
Press Forging: The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical
or hydraulic pressure. Usually this is accomplished with a single
work stroke of the press for each die station.
Press Forging: The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical
or hydraulic pressure. Usually this is accomplished with a single
work stroke of the press for each die station
Press Forming: Any sheet metal forming operation performed with
tooling by means of a mechanical or hydraulic press. (see Brake
Press Bending)
Press Forming: See Brake Press Bending.
Press Quenching: A quench in which hot dies are pressed and
aligned with a pan before the quenching process begins. Then the
part is placed in contact with a quenching medium in a controlled
manner. This process avoids part distortion.
Press-brake Forming: A metalforming process in which the
workpiece is placed over an open die and pressed down into the die
by a punch that is actuated by the ram portion of a press brake. The
process is most widely used for the forming of relatively long, narrow
parts that are not adaptable to press forming and for applications in
which production quantities are too small to warrant the tooling cost
for contour roll forming.
Pressed Density: The weight per unit volume of an unsintered
compact. Same as green density.
Pressing Area: The clear distance (left to right) between housings,
stops, gibs, gibways, or shoulders of strain rods, multiplied by the
total distance from front to back on the bed of a metalforming press.
Sometimes called working area.
Pressing Crack: A rupture in a green powder metallurgy compact
that develops during ejection of the compact from the die.
Sometimes referred to as a slip crack.
Pressure: The normal force exerted by a homogeneous liquid or
gas, per unit of area, on the wall of its container.
Pressure: The force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in
pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit)
Pressure: A force being exerted on part of a surface. When you
stand, your feet put pressure on the ground. Air pressure refers to
air molecules pressing against a surface like the bottom of awing.
Pressure: Force per unit area. Usually expressed in pounds per
square inch (psi), bar or kilopascal (kPa).
Pressure altitude : Barometric altitude
Pressure Angle (Gears): Angle between the line of action and a line
tangent to both pitch circles. This angle remains constant with
involute form teeth at any point in the contact path. Common
pressure angles are 14.5º and 20º; when stronger teeth are needed,
larger angles are used. Pressure angles increase with center
distance.
Pressure Casting: (1) Making castings with pressure on the molten
or plastic metal, as in die casting, centrifugal casting, cold chamber
pressure casting. And squeeze casting. (2) A casting made with
pressure applied to the molten or plastic metal.
Pressure Chamber: (Cylinder) Part of the particle counter sampler
where the oil sample is placed to be drawn for testing.
Pressure Compensator: A hydro mechanical device fitted to a
pump or other flow producing/controlling device that reduces flow
when pressure rises and increases flow as pressure decreases, to
preset limits.
Pressure compensator: A hydro-mechanical device fitted to a
pump or other flow producing/controlling device that reduces flow
when pressure rises and increases flow as pressure decreases, to
preset limits.
Pressure Control Valves: Devices that control the pressure in a
hydraulic system, including relief unloading, counterbalance,
sequence and pressure-reducing valves and, occasionally, brake
valves.
Pressure Die Casting: A British term. See Die Casting
Pressure Differential: The difference in pressure between any two
points in a system or a component.
Pressure differential (drop): The difference in pressure between
any two points in a system or a component.
Pressure Differential Switch: A digital device that opens or closes
a switch when the internal pressure differential changes state.Most
commonly used to sense clogging of filter elements.
Pressure differential switch: A digital device that opens or closes a
switch when the internal pressure differential changes state. Most
commonly used to sense clogging of filter elements.
Pressure Drop: Loss of pressure caused by restriction in a hydraulic
system, where restriction includes valves, orifices and pipes;
synonymous with “pressure differential” or “upstream minus
downstream pressure” across any device in a hydraulic system.
Pressure drop: See Pressure, Differential.
Pressure drop : Pressure loss in fluid pressure, as from one end of
a duct or pipe to the other, due to friction, dynamic losses, and
changes in velocity pressure.
Pressure Drop : See Pressure, Differential.
Pressure Gas Welding: An oxyfuel gas welding process that
produces coalescence simultaneously over the entire area of
abutting surfaces by heating them with gas flames obtained from
combustion of a fuel gas with oxygen and by application of pressure
without the use of filler metal.
Pressure gauge: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for `zero'
psi at atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to
indicate the level of pressure above atmospheric pressure. See
VACUUM GAUGE and COMPOUND GAUGE.
Pressure gauge : Instrument for measuring the pressure exerted by
the contents on its container.
Pressure Gauge : A visual indicator of pressure that is set for 'zero'
psi at atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to
indicate the level of pressure above atmospheric pressure. See
VACUUM GAUGE and COMPOUND GAUGE.
Pressure head : The height to which liquid can be raised by a given
pressure (sometimes referred to as pump head).
Pressure Level: In lubrication terminology, a closed contatiner used
for conducting tests under elevated pressures.
Pressure Line: A passage that carries fluid from the source of flow
to various operating elements of a fluid power system. Rated for
operating pressure at the maximum expected pressure of the
system.
Pressure line: A passage that carries fluid from the source of flow to
various operating elements of a fluid power system. Rated for
operating pressure at the maximum expected pressure of the
system.
Pressure motor control : Device which opens and closes an
electrical circuit as pressures change.
Pressure Mottling: See ?Mottling, Pressure?
Pressure operated thermometer : Temperature indicator which is
controlled by bellows, a capillary or remote sensitive bulb.
Pressure Override: The measure of pressure increase over the
nominal setting of a device when additional fluid flow is passed over
the device after it initially opens.
Pressure override: The measure of pressure increase over the
nominal setting of a device when additional fluid flow is passed over
the device after it initially opens.
Pressure plate: A side plate in a vane pump or motor cartridge on
the pressure port side.
Pressure plate : Pressure plate is that plate which maintain the
pressure on clutch plate while in engaged position.
Pressure reducing valve: A pressure control valve whose primary
function is to limit outlet pressure.
Pressure regulator, suction (refrigeration compressors) : An
automatic valve designed to limit the suction pressure to prevent
motor overload.
Pressure Sintering: A hot-pressing technique that usually employs
low loads, high sintering temperatures, continuous or discontinuous
sintering and simple molds to contain the powder. Although the
terms pressure sintering and hot pressing are used interchangeably,
distinct differences exist between the two processes. In pressure
sintering, the emphasis is on thermal processing; in hot pressing,
applied pressure is lhe main process variable.
Pressure suit: A suit, with helmet attached, which is inflated to
provide body pressure and air, worn by the crew of certain
spacecraft and aircraft which fly at great altitudes.
Pressure switch: A digital device that opens or closes a switch
when the internal pressure changes state.
Pressure switch : Switch operated by a rise or drop in pressure.
Pressure system: The region of the atmosphere of Earth where air
pressure is a relative peak or lull in the sea level pressure
distribution.
Pressure Tight: A term describing a casting free from porosity of the
type that would permit leaking.
Pressure Transducer: An analog device that produces a change in
voltage or current when the internal pressure changes state.
Normally a fast response device for use in servo control systems.
Pressure transducer: An analog device that produces a change in
voltage or current when the internal pressure changes state.
Normally a fast response device for use in servo control systems.
See PRESSURE TRANSMITTER.
Pressure Transmitter: An analog device that produces a change in
voltage or current when the internal pressure changes state.
Normally a slow acting device for use in display systems where
update time is not crucial.
Pressure transmitter: An analog device that produces a change in
voltage or current when the internal pressure changes state.
Normally a slow acting device for use in display systems where
update time is not crucial. See PRESSURE REDUCER.
Pressure velocity : In moving fluid, the pressure capable of causing
an equivalent velocity, if applied to move the same fluid through an
orifice such that all pressure energy expended is converted into
kinetic energy.
Pressure Vessel Oxidation Stability: Resistance of oils and
greases to oxidation when subjected to accelarated oxidation in a
sealed unit filler with pure oxygen under pressure and at elevated
temperatures. As the lubricant absorbs oxygen, the pressure drops
to indicate oxidation resistance. ASTM test D 2272, the Rotary
Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test, roates the container during the test.
Pressure Vessel Quality (PVQ): Product intended for pressure
vessels and similar end-use applications.
Pressure Viscometer/Viscometer (Grease): A capillary instrument
used to determine apparent viscosity.
Pressure volume diagram: This diagram shows the changes of the
volume to the pressure of any thermodynamic system. Is used to
show the engine heat pressure and volume changes.
Pressure Welding: See preferred terms cold welding, diffusion
welding, forge welding, hot pressure welding, pressure-controlled
welding, pressure gas welding and solid-state welding.
Pressure : Barometric pressure
Pressure, absolute: Pressure referred to that of a perfect vacuum.
It is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Pressure, atmospheric: It is the pressure indicated by a barometer.
Standard atmosphere is the pressure equivalent
Pressure, critical: Vapor pressure corresponding to the substance's
critical state at which the liquid and vapor have identical properties.
Pressure, gage: GaugePressure above atmospheric.
Pressure, Gauge (psig): Pressure differential above or below
atmospheric pressure.
Pressure, hydrostatic: The normal force per unit area that would be
exerted by a moving fluid on an infinitesimally small body immersed
in it if the body were carried along with the fluid.
Pressure, operating: Pressure at which a system is operating.
Pressure, partial : Portion of total gas pressure of a mixture
attributable to one component.
Pressure, proof test: A non-destructive pressure test applied to
hose assemblies.
Pressure, saturation: The saturation pressure for a pure substance
for any given temperature is that pressure at which vapor and liquid,
or vapor and solid, can coexist in stable equilibrium.
Pressure, shock/spike: The peak value of a sudden increase of
pressure in a hydraulic or pneumatic system producing a shock
wave.
Pressure, static : The normal force per unit area that would be
exerted by a moving fluid on a small body immersed in it if the body
were carried along with the fluid. Practically, it is the normal force per
unit are at a small hole in a wall of the duct through which the fluid
flows (piezometer) or on the surface of a stationary tube at a point
where the disturbances, created by inserting the tube, cancel. It is
supposed that the thermodynamic properties of a moving fluid
depend on static pressure in exactly the same manner as those of
the same fluid at rest depend upon its uniform hydrostatic pressure
Pressure, total: In the theory of the flow of fluids, the sum of the
static pressure and the velocity pressure at the point of
measurement. Also called dynamic pressure.
Pressure, vapor: The partial pressure exerted by the water vapor
contained in air.
Pressure-controlled Welding: A resistance welding process
variation in which a number of spot or projection welds are made
with several eleclTodes functioning progressively under the control of
a pressure sequencing device.
Pressure-heat diagram : Graph of refrigerant pressure, heat and
temperature properties. (Mollier's diagram.)
Pressure-Reducing Valve (Hydraulics): Device that keeps
pressure in a branch of a hydraulic circuit below the pressure in the
remainder of the circuit.
Pressurestat: A control which reacts to pressure changes in the
evaporator.
Pressurization: Artificially increased pressure in an aircraft to
compensate for the reduced external pressure as the aircraft gains
altitude.
Pressurized: Containing air or other gas at a pressure higher than
the pressure outside the chamber.
Pretreated: Steel to which a chemical treatment has been applied to
prepare it for future surface treatments such as painting.
Pretreated: Steel to which a chemical treatment has been applied to
prepare it for future surface treatments such as painting. (See
Bonderized, Light Special Treatment, Special Treatment, Weirbrite
Clear).
Pretreatment : Also referred to as external treatment, consisting of
treating the raw make-up water, and include removing dissolved
oxygen, carbon dioxide, suspended solids, hardness, alkalinity,
silica, dissolved solids, etc..
Prevailing westerlies: Winds in the middle latitudes (approximately
30 degrees to 60 degrees) that generally blow from west to east. The
subtropical high pressure regions at the horse latitudes (30 degrees)
forces surface air poleward, and the rotation of the Earth causes
these winds to bear to the right (east) in the Northern Hemisphere
and to the left (east) in the Southern Hemisphere (see Coriolis
force). This is, to some extent, an idealized picture of the
atmospheric circulation. The actual circulation on individual days
includes modifications and variations due to the migratory cyclones
and anticyclones of middle latitudes, causing rapid and often violent
weather changes, as warm semi-tropical air from the horse latitudes
meets cold polar air from the high latitudes.
Prevailing wind : Represents the general direction and speed of
local winds under normal conditions. Ideally, a heliport should be laid
out so that approach and departure paths will be into the prevailing
winds.
Preventative and Predictive Maintenance (PM and PDM): Two
basic programs that use selected features of condition monitoring
procedures in managing maintenance practices and costs to
increase plant productivity; PM programs schedule maintenance at
regular intervals, while PDM programs schedule maintenance on the
basis of information obtained from sophisticated condition-monitoring
tests.
Preventive maintenance : means simple or minor preservation
operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving
complex assembly operations. Prohibited area. A prohibited area is
airspace designated under part 73 within which no person may
operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency
Primary: The body around which a satellite orbits.
Primary air : The initial air stream discharged by an air outlet (the air
being supplied by a fan or supply duct) prior to any entrainment of
the ambient air or for he purpose of combustion.
Primary cell: Primary cells are the non rechargeable batteries which
cannot be used after discharge. The chemical reactions of these
batteries are not reversible.
Primary Choke : That part of the gating system which most restricts
or regulates the flow of metal into the mold cavity.
Primary constituents : Refers to the category of dissolved solids
present in water at a level of more then 5 mg/L.
Primary control : A device which directly or indirectly controls the
control agent in response to needs indicated by the controller.
Typically a motor, valve, relay, etc.
Primary Creep: The first or initial stage of creep or time-dependent
deformation.
Primary Crystals: The first type of crystals that separate from a melt
during solidification.
Primary element : The portion of the controller which first uses
energy derived from the controlled medium to produce a condition
representing the value of the controlled variable; for example, a
thermostat bimetal.
Primary flight control system(pfcs) : The most basic part of the
flight controls operated by a pilot, including wheel (fixed wing), yoke
(fixed wing), cyclic (rotary wing), pedals (fixed wing and rotary wing),
throttle (fixed wing), and collective (rotary wing);
Primary Metal: Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed
metal scrap. Compare wilh native metal.
Primary Metal: Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed
metal scrap. Compare with native metal.
Primary Metal: Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed
metal scrap. Compare with native metal.
Primary Mill: A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled products of ingots
to blooms, billets or slabs. This type of mill is often called a blooming
mill and sometimes called a cogging mill.
Primary productivity: The rate at which new plant biomass is
formed by photosynthesis. Gross primary productivity is the total rate
of photosynthetic production of biomass; net primary productivity is
gross primary productivity minus the respiration rate.
Primary productivity: See gross primary production and net
primary production.
Primary Scale: Oxide of iron (Fe3O4) which is formed while the
steel is being heated.
Primary succession: The natural development of vegetation and
soil on a site that had not previously borne vegetation (e.g., a sand
dune or lava flow), which vegetation will be replaced by other,
successive plant communities.
Primary surface: See Final Approach and Takeoff Area (FATO).
Primary system : A closed water system in which the water is
circulated directly through a chiller for cooling or heat exchanger or
boiler for heating.
Primary units : A standard set of four units to which all units can be
resolved; primary units are Mass (M), Length (L), Time (theta), and
Temperature (T); for example, standard units for velocity might be kt
(nmi/hr), ft/s, m/s, mph, but primary are always Length / Theta;
sometimes written with negative subscripts.
Primary Upper Limit Device Remote Bridge crane
controlled: The first device that, when actuated, limits hoisting
motion in the upward direction. Note, this is not to be used as an
operational limit switch.
Prime: Coil type indicating that the produced coil or lift meets all the
requirements of the order.
Prime Coil: Any coil produced by the line that is not held for any out-
of-spec or quality reasons.
Prime Coil Any: quality reasons.
Prime mover : An engine or other device by which natural source of
energy is converted into mechanical energy.
Prime radius of curvature : Radius of the earth in the east/west
direction at a given position; Synonyms: earth radius east/west;
Symbols: rho sub P; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Primes: Metal products such as sheet and plate, of the highest
quality and free from visible surface defects.
Priming: The phenomenon in which the level of water in a boiler is
changed by bouncing rapidly. The result is, that boiler water will
enter the steam flow.
Priming: In pump operation, filling the liquid end of a pump with
liquid to remove vapors and eliminate the possibility of becoming
vapor bound.
Priming: The action of introducing fuel in to the engine prior to
starting it.
Primitive: Used in a chemical sense, indicating an unmodified
material representative of the original composition of the solar
nebula.
Primitive equations: The Eulerian equations of fluid motion in which
the primary dependent variables are the velocity components of the
fluid. In meteorology, they can be specialized to apply directly to the
cylonic-scale motions.
Principal Stress (normal): The maximum or minimum value of the
normal stress at a point in a plane considered with respect to all
possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal
planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on
three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point
may be (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three
principal stresses are zero, (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only
one of the three principal stresses is zero and (3) triaxial, a state of
stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial
stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress.
Principle Reference Planes (Gears): Pitch plane, axial plane and
transverse plane, all intersecting at a point and mutually
perpendicular.
Privacy glass: A vehicle window with a factory-installed tint, utilizing
either a mylar covering or smoked glass, that has enough opacity to
obscure the vehicles interior from view.
Private flying: Flying for pleasure, sport or recreation, or personal
transport not associated with a business or profession.
Private party price: The price consumers are paying private sellers
for similar vehicles.
Private use heliport: A heliport intended for the exclusive use of its
owner and persons authorized by its owner.
Prk : Photo Refractory Keratomy (eye surgery)
Prm: Persons with Reduced Mobility.
Prnav : Precision RNAV (RNP-1 or less compliant)
Probe: An unmanned instrumented vehicle sent into space to
gather information.
Process: An association of phenomena governed by physical,
chemical, or biological laws. An example of a process is the vertical
mixing of ocean waters in the so-called surface-mixed layer; the
state variables for this process include temperature, salinity in the
water on a vertical scale of tens of meters, and heat flow and wind
stress at the sea surface. Other examples include the volcanic
deposition of dust and gases into the atmosphere, eddy formation in
the atmosphere and oceans, and soil development.
Process Annealing: In the sheet and wire industries, a process by
which a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature close to, but below,
the lower limit of the transformation range and is subsequently
cooled. This process is applied in order to soften the alloy for further
cold working.
Process Capability: The amount of variation in the output of a
controlled manufacturing process, the range defined by plus or
minus three standard deviations.
Process Capability: The amount of variation in the output of a
controlled manufacturing process, the range defined by plus or
minus three standard deviations.
Process Control: Flow to pressure for steam flow for oil pressure
for O2 blow. Auto/manual that transfers steam supply from flow to
pressure or pressure to flow.
Process Control: Flow to pressure for steam flow for oil pressure
for 02 blow. Auto/manual that transfers steam supply from flow to
pressure or pressure to flow.
Process Crane: A crane integral to the actual process being
undertaken.
Process hot water : Hot water needed for manufacturing processes
over and above the "domestic hot water" that is for the personal use
of industrial workers.
Process Metallurgy: The science and technology of winning metals
from their ores and purifying metals; sometimes referred to as
chemical metallurgy. Its two chief branches are extractive metallurgy
and refining.
Process Oil/Process Lubricants: In the steel industry, materials
used in direct contact with the product being produced, e.g., rolling
oils in hot and cold rolling mills, wire drawing compounds, forging
compounds, slushing oils for rust protection, stamping and drawing
compounds, quenching oils, wire rope laying-up lubricant, etc.
Process Parameter: An I.M.I.S.screen used to find customer
specifications.
Process study: An organized, systematic investigation of a
particular process designed to identify all of the state variables
involved and to establish the relationships among them. Process
studies yield numerical algorithms that connect the state variables
and determine their rates of change; such algorithms are essential
ingredients of Earth system models.
Produced Ipm Number: The IPM number assigned to a produced
coil by the delivery end of the unit. Any units from the caster get an
IPM# when processed.
Product Analysis: The chemical analysis taken from a sample of a
steel product.
Product Analysis: In castings, the analysis of the actual part as
opposed to the analysis of the steel from which the casting was
poured.
Production Welding: Any welding carried out during manufacturing
before final delivery to the purchaser. This includes joint welding of
casting and finishing welding.
Production Welding: Any welding carried out during manufacturing
before final delivery to the purchaser. This includes joint welding of
casting and finishing welding.
Proeutectoid: The constituent that separates out of a solid solution
before the formation of eutectoid.
Proeutectoid: The constituent that separates out of a solid solution
before the formation of eutectoid.
Proeutectoid Phase: Particles of a phase in ferrous alloys that
precipitate during cooling after austenitizing but before the eutectoid
transformation takes place. See also euteetoid.
Profile: A wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-
sectional dimensions which is of a form other than of sheet plate,
rod, bar, tube, wire or roll.
Profile: A wrought product that is long in relation to its cross
sectional dimensions which is of a form other than of sheet plate,
rod, bar, tube, wire or roll.
Profile Tolerances: A system of locating and tolerancing developed
to control the orientation of rough parts in machine fixtures. From
locating points on the casting, a “perfect profile” is established for all
surfaces and features. A tolerance envelope surrounding that profile
defines the limitations of an acceptable part.
Profile, Cold Finished: A profile brought to final dimensions by cold
working to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional
tolerance.
Profile, Drawn: A profile brought to final dimensions by drawing
through a die.
Profile, Extruded: A profile produced by hot extruding.
Profile, Flute Hollow: A hollow profile having plain inside surfaces
and whose outsides surfaces comprise regular, longitudinal, concave
corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations.
Profile, Helical Extruded: An extruded profile twisted along its
length.
Profile, Hollow: A profile of any part of whose cross-section
completely encloses a void.
Profile, Pinion Hollow: A hollow profile with regularly spaced,
longitudinal serrations outside and round inside, used primarily for
making small gears.
Profile, Structural: A profile in certain standard alloys, tempers,
sizes and sections, such as angles, channels, H-sections, I-beams.
There are two standards, namely Aluminum Association Standard
and American Standard.
Profiling: Any operation that produces an irregular contour on a
workpiece, for which a tracer or template-controlled duplicating
equipment usually is employed.
Profiling: A process that charts the gauge of steel across the width
and/or length.
Profilometer: A device that profiles or measures surfaces to
determine smoothness.
Profilometer: An instrument that quantitatively measures surface
roughness and reports height and/or depth of surface ridges.
Profilometer: An instrument used to measure the heights and
depths of surface features.
Prograde: Orbital motion in the same direction as the primary's
rotation.
Prograde orbit: Orbits of the Earth in the same direction as the
rotation of the Earth (west-to-east).
Program car: A "program car" is one that was owned by the
manufacturer and given to employees for a short time to use for
company business and later purchased at auction by the dealership.
Sometimes former rental cars turn up on used car lots advertised as
"program cars"; this will be revealed if you run a vehicle identification
number (VIN) check using a service such as CARFAX or AutoCheck.
Programmable Logic Controller: A programmable logic controller
(PLC) is a real-time electronic automation component used to control
electromechanical systems. PLC's are designed to accommodate
multiple inputs and outputs, include the ability to respond to system
feedback devices. PLC's are also designed to operate over a range
of operating conditions and to minimize the negative effects of
electrical noise, vibration, and damage.
Programmable logic controller (plc): A valve which controls and
varies pressure, flow, direction, acceleration and deceleration from a
remote position. They are adjusted electrically and are actuated by
proportional solenoids rather than by a force or torque motor. The
output flow is proportional to the input signal. They provide
moderately accurate control of hydraulic fluid.
Progressive Aging: Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or
continuously during the aging cycle. Compare with interrupted aging
and step aging. (see Aging)
Progressive Aging: Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or
continuously during the aging cycle. See also aging and compare
with interrupted aging and step aging.
Progressive Aging: An aging process in which the temperature of
the alloy is continuously increased during the aging cycle. The
temperature may be increased in steps or by any other progressive
method. Compare with interrupted aging.
Progressive Die: A die with two or more stations arranged in line for
performing two or more operations on a part; one operation is
usually performed at each station.
Progressive Forming: Sequential forming at consecutive stations
with a single die or separate dies.
Projection Welding: A welding process that uses small projections
on one or both components of the weld to localize the heat and
pressure, the projections collapse when the weld is made.
Projection Welding: A welding process that uses small projections
on one or both components of the weld to localize the heat and
pressure, the projections collapse when the weld is made.
Proof: (1) To test a component or system at its peak operating load
or pressure. (2) Any reproduction of a die impression in any material;
often a lead or plaster cast. See also die proof. (see Die Proof)
Proof Load: A predetermined load, generally some multiple of the
service load, to which a specimen or structure is submitted before
acceptance for use.
Proof Pressure: The level of pressure at which a component, pipe,
tube, hose or other fluid passage will not yield during application of
internal pressure. Normally 1.5 times working pressure.
Proof pressure: A non-destructive level of pressure at which a
component, pipe, tube, hose or other fluid passage will not yield
during testing of internal pressure. Normally 2 times working
pressure. See WORKING PRESSURE and BURST PRESSURE.
Proof Stress: 1. The stress that will cause a specified small
permanent set in a material. 2. A specified stress to be applied to a
member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads.
Proof Stress: (1) The stress that will cause a specified small
permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a
member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads.
Prop: Abbreviation for propeller.
Prop balancer : Device designed to aid in the balancing of aircraft
airplane propellers.
Prop pusher: The engine is mount backwards on the aircraft with a
reversed propeller which pushes the aircraft forward.
Prop tractor : The engine is mounted with the propeller shaft facing
in the direction the aircraft will be flying. The propeller pulls the
aircraft forward in the air hence tractor.
Propane: A paraffin hydrocarbon (C3H8) that is a gas at ordinary
atmospheric conditions but easily liquefied under pressure.
Propellant: A chemical or chemical mixture burned to create the
thrust for a rocket or spacecraft.
Propelled: The meaning of propelled is pulling ,in automobiles
vehicles is propelled by engines
Propeller: Rotating blades of aerofoil section, engine driven, each of
which reacts as an aircraft's wing, generating low-pressure in front
and higher behind, thus pulling the aircraft forward.
Propeller: A Propeller is a type of fan like device which transmits
power by converting rotation into thrust.
Propeller: A device that consists of blades (shaped like airfoils) that
spin around a central hub, like a fan. An engine causes the blades to
turn. When the blades turn, they create thrust by biting into the air
and forcing it to move back. The amount of thrust can be controlled
by changing the speed of the propellers.
Propeller shaft: Propeller shaft is used for transmitting the engine
power to differential, This is a long metal hollow rod with universal
joints for giving it angle.
Propeller : means a device for propelling an aircraft that has blades
on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its
action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of
rotation. It includes control components normally supplied by its
manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or
rotating airfoils of engines. Public aircraft means an aircraft used
only for the United States Government, or owned and operated
(except for commercial purposes), or exclusively leased for at least
90 continuous days, by a government (except the United States
Government), including a State, the District of Columbia, or a
territory or possession of the United States, or political subdivision of
that government; but does not include a government-owned aircraft
transporting property for commercial purposes, or transporting
passengers other than transporting (for other than commercial
purposes) crewmembers or other persons aboard the aircraft whose
presence is required to perform, or is assoc
Propertional Limit: The greatest stress that the material is capable
of sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionally of
stress to strain (Hooke's Law).
Proportional band : The range of values of a proportional
positioning controller through which the controlled variable must
pass to move the final control element through its full operating
range. Commonly used equivalents are "throttling range" and
"modulating range".
Proportional flow: In a filter, the condition where part of the flow
passes through the filter element in proportional to pressure drop.
Proportional Limit: The greatest stress a material is capable of
developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality
between stress and strain. See also elastic limit and Hooke's
law. (see Elastic Limit) (see Hooke's Law)
Proportional valve: A valve which controls and varies pressure,
flow, direction, acceleration and deceleration from a remote position.
They are adjusted electrically and are actuated by proportional
solenoids rather to the input signal. They provide moderately
accurate control of hydraulic fluid.
Proportional Valve (Hydraulics): A hydraulic valve that produces
an output proportional to its input signal, that can be adjusted
electronically, remotely; uses proportional solenoids with constant
force for a given signal.
Proportional Valvel: An electronically measured valve capable of a
high flow rate and low pressure drop. Suitable for position, speed or
force control in hydraulically controlled valves.
Proprietary Blended Compounding: Technology that creates a
uniform compound blend that helps to provide outstanding all-around
performance in wet and dry conditions.
Propulsion: The process of driving or propelling.
Protection Tube: A metal, graphite, or ceramic tube which shrouds
and protects the wires of a thermoelectric pyrometer.
Protective Atmosphere: (1) A gas or vacuum envelope surrounding
the part to be brazed, welded, or thermal sprayed with the gas
composition controlled with respect to chemical composition, dew
point, pressure, flow rate and so forth. Examples are inert gases,
combusted fuel gases, hydrogen and vacuum. (2) The atmosphere
in a heat treating or sintering furnace designed to protect the parts or
compacts from oxidation, nitridation or other contamination from the
environment.
Protective Panel: An assembly containing overload and
undervoltage protection for all crane motions.
Prototype: The first airworthy example of a new aircraft design or
variant.
Proximity Switches (Lube Systems): Magnetic (dry contact)
switches that detect divider valve piston movement without a cycle
indicator pin attached to the piston.
Proxy climate indicators: Dateable evidence of a biological or
geological phenomenon whose condition, at least in part, is
attributable to climatic conditions at the time of its formation. Proxy
data are any material that provides an indirect measure
of climate and include documentary evidence of crop yields, harvest
dates, glacier movements, tree rings, varves, glaciers and snow
lines, insect remains, pollen remains, marine microfauna, isotope
measurements: O in ice sheets; 18O, 2H, and 13C in tree rings;
CaCO3 in sediments; and speleothems. There are three main
problems in using proxy data: (1) dating, (2) lag and response time,
and (3) meteorological interpretation. Tree rings, pollen deposits
from varved lakes, and ice cores are the most promising proxy data
sources for reconstructing the climate of the last five millennia
because the dating are precise on an annual basis while other proxy
data sources may only be precise to +/- 100 years.
PRR : Performance Review Report
Pseudobinary System: (1) A three-component or ternary alloy
system in which an intermediate phase acts as a component. (2) A
vertical section through a ternary diagram.
Pseudocarburizing: (see Blank Carburizing)
PSG : Program Steering Group
PSI: Abbreviation for pounds per square inch, which is the car
industry’s measurement of the pressure in a tyre.
Psi: Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure measured in pounds
per square inch.
PSI: Pounds per square inch.
Psi : Pounds per square inch.
PSI : Pounds per square inch.
Psia: Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure measured in
pounds per square inch absolute. Absolute pressure equals gauge
pressure plus atmospheric pressure. The "A" indicates that the
gauge pressure is reading in absolute.
PSIA : Pounds per square inch
Psig: Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure in pounds per
square inch gauge. The "G" indicates that is gauge pressure and not
absolute pressure.
PST: Pacific Standard Time.
Psychrometer: An instrument designed to measure dew point and
relative humidity, consisting of two thermometers (one dry bulb and
one wet bulb). The dew point and humidity levels are determined by
drying the wet bulb (either by fanning or whirling the instrument) and
comparing the difference between the wet and dry bulbs with
preexisting calculations. See hygrometer.
Psychrometer : An instrument for ascertaining the humidity or
hygrometric state of the atmosphere.
Psychrometer or wet bulb hygrometer : An instrument for
measuring the relative humidity of atmospheric air.
Psychrometric chart : A chart that shows relationship between the
temperature, pressure and moisture content of the air.
Psychrometric measurement : Measurement of temperature
pressure and humidity using a psychometric chart.
Psychrometry : The study of air-vapor mixtures.
PT : Procedure Turn
PTC: Passive Thermal Control.
Ptfe: Polytetrafluoroethylene, a high molecular weight fluoroplastic
polymer with carbon atoms shielded by fluorine atoms having very
strong interatomic bonds, giving it chemical inertness.
PTT : Push-to-talk (switch)
Public use heliport: A heliport available for use by the public
without prior approval by the owner or operator.
Published fare: A fare “published” by an airline and available for
sale to everyone (as distinct from “nett” fares) either directly by the
airline or a third party distributor (eg. travel agent).
Puckering: Wrinkling or buckling in a drawn shell in an area
originally inside the draw ring.
Puddling Process: A process for making wrought iron in which
cast-iron is melted in a hearth furnace and rabbled with slag and
oxide until a pasty mass is obtained. This process was developed by
Henry Cort about 1784 and remained in use until 1957, although on
a very small scale during the present century.
Puddling Process: A process for making wrought iron in which cast
orn is melted in a hearth furnace and rabbled with slag and oxide
until a pasty mass is obtained. This process was developed by
Henry Cort about 1784 and remained in use until 1957, although on
a very small scale during the present century.
Pug Mill: A mixing device used to mix materials coming off of #21
conveyor belt.
Pugnill: A mill for mixing foundry sands and sand mixtures
consisting essential of a shaft fitted with plows or paddle wheel
which revolve in a tub or vat.
Pull: The force applied to produce the motion of anything in direction
of source of force applied.
Pull: A condition in which a vehicle swerves to one side without
being steered in that direction, as a result of irregular tyre wear,
improper front and/or rear wheel alignment, or worn or improperly
adjusted brakes.
Pull: To use force to bring something closer. The force of gravitypulls
objects closer to the Earth.
Pull Cracks: In a casting, cracks that are caused by residual
stresses produced during cooling and that result from the shape of
the object.
Pull down : An expression indicating action of removing refrigerant
from all or part of a refrigeration system.
Pull pull systems: Two cables under tension, in parallel are used
between the servo arm and the control surface.
Pulley: The cylindrical devices designed to transfer the power
through ropes or cable belts. It may have v section to transfer the
power with v belt.
Pulling: It the condition in which vehicle tends to go into one side. It
may happen due to wrong steering system arrangement or wrong
brake adjustments. If one side brakes shoos will be touching to
brake drum into idealing condition than vehicle tends to go that side.
Pull-pull : A linkage set up using two rods or wires. One is pulled for
one direction, the other is pulled for the other.
Pulpit: An enclosed operator’s platform.
Pulpit Bridge Crane Controlled: A unit operated from a fixed
operator station not attached to the crane. Push button Station. A
device consisting of pushbutton operated contacts in an enclosure
used by the operator for Bridge Crane Control of the powered
motions of the crane, hoist, and other auxiliary equipment.
Pulsar: Discovered in 1967. Pulsars emit radio signals the
pulsations of which are extremely precise. The evidence suggests
that pulsars are fast-spinning neutron stars.
Pulsation dampener : Any gas or liquid charged, chambered device
that minimizes periodic increases and decreases in pressure.
Pulse convertor: The combination of pulse and constant pressure
turbo charging with different exhaust manifold branches.
Pulse jet engine: The type of engine having the combustion in
pulses. It the engine with combination of less moving parts. They are
very light weight engine. It is because of low specific impulses.
Pulse Oximeter: A pulse oximeter is non-invasive medical device
used to determine the oxygen level in a person's blood. Pulse
oximeters are slipped onto the patients fingertip and a pair of light
emitting diodes transmit light to a photosensor on the other side of
the oximeter. The two diodes operate at red and infrared
wavelengths and the difference in absorption rates yields the blood
oxygen level, with 95 to 100% being a normal reading.
Pulse width modulation: An electronic signal of constant frequency
and amplitude that has varying pulse width to control the level of
power to the solenoid.
Pulse : A transmission of very brief duration used to carry
information by using time measurement or as a series of pulses
representing code.
Pulse-echo techniques : Corrosion detecting processes which, by
recording the action of ultrasonic waves artificially introduced into
production structures, can determine metal thickness and detect
flaws.
Pulverization: The process of reducing metal powder particle sizes
by mechanical means; also called comminution or mechanical
disintegration.
Pulverized Coal Injection System (PCI): A blast furnace
enhancement to reduce an integrated mill's reliance on coke
(because of environmental problems with its production). Up to 30%
of the coke charged into the blast furnace can be replaced by this
talcum-like coal powder, which is injected through nozzles at the
bottom of the furnace.
Pulverized Coal Injection System (Pci): A blast furnace
enhancement to reduce an integrated mill's reliance on coke
(because of environmental problems with its production). Up to 30%
of the coke charged into the blast furnace can be replaced by this
talcum like coal powder, which is injected through nozzles at the
bottom of the furnace.
Pump : A device that increases the pressure on a fluid or raises it to
a higher level.
Pump : A device that moves oil or grease into a system (in gallons
per minute).
Pump Capacity: The gallons per minute that a pump puts out.
Pump down : The act of using a compressor or a pump to reduce
the pressure in a container or a system.
Pump Room Master: Controller which monitors the difference in
feed water header and steam header pressures at all times and
makes changes in pump output to maintain the feed water pressure
at 150 psi greater than the steam pressure at all times.
Pump Select Button: Push buttons on the hydraulic systems and
the morgoil system control panels that must be pressed to determine
if a pump is in off, on or stand by mode.
Pump, air-oil: A mechanical device containing two sets of isolated
pistons and control valving that are used to intensify fluid pressure
by use of a multiplication effect across the two sets of pistons. The
air piston being larger than the fluid piston.
Pump, fixed displacement: A mechanical device that creates a flow
of fluid when its shaft is rotated in the proper direction and when its
inlet is connected to a chamber filled with fluid (a reservoir or tank).
The outlet port may be connected to a passage leading to a fluid
power system or exhausted into another chamber that is at a higher
pressure. The higher pressure chamber must be equipped with a
pressure limiting device. The output flow rate is fixed by the pump
displacement per revolution.
Pump, positive displacement : A pump that moves a measured
quantity of fluid with each stroke of a piston or each revolution of
vanes or gears.
Pump, rotary : A pump that moves fluid by positive displacement,
using a system of rotating vanes, gears, or lobes.
Pump, vacuum: A mechanical device that creates a pressure that is
lower than atmospheric at its inlet when the shaft is rotated. The
outlet port is normally connected to a higher pressure chamber or
atmosphere.
Pump, variable displacement: A mechanical device that creates a
flow of fluid when its shaft is rotated in the proper direction and when
its inlet is connected to a chamber filled with fluid (a reservoir or
tank). The outlet port may be connected to a passage leading to a
fluid power system or exhausted into another chamber that is at a
higher pressure. The higher pressure chamber must be equipped
with a pressure limiting device. The output flow rate is fixed by the
pump displacement per revolution but variable by the operator in a
manual or servo controlled system, depending on the design.
Pumpability: See mobility.
Pump-discharge pressure : The point of highest pressure in a re-
circulating water system which is at the discharge side of the re-
circulating pump.
Punch: A shearing operation to remove a section of metal as
outlined by the inner parting line in a blocked or finished forging: the
operation is generally performed on a trim press using a punch die.
A tool used in punching holes in metal. The movable die in a press
or forging machine.
Punch: A shearing operation to remove a section of metal as
outlined by the inner parting line in a blocked or finished forging: the
operation is generally performed on a trim press using a punch die.
A tool used in punching holes in metal. The moveable die in a press
or forging machine.
Punch Out Hot Metal: Hot metal as a result of “punching” the trough
at the end of the cast in the BF. It is also categorized as draining the
trough. It can occur during switching the cast(s) through the
taphole(s) and during the delays in the BF. The punch out hot metal
in the Hot Metal Cars contain relatively more BF slag than a normal
cast.
Punch Out Hot Metal: Hot metal as a result of “punching” the trough
at the end of the cast in the BF. It is also categorized as draining the
trough. It can occur during switching the cast(s) through the
taphole(s) and during the delays in the BF. The punch out hot metal
in the Hot Metal Cars contain relatively more BF slag than a normal
cast.
Punch Out Hot Metal: Hot metal as a result of “punching” the trough
at the end of the cast in the BF. It is also categorized as draining the
trough. It can occur during switching the cast(s) through the
taphole(s) and during the delays in the BF. The punch out hot metal
in the Hot Metal Cars contain relatively more BF slag than a normal
cast.
Punch Press: (1) In general, any mechanical press. (2) In particular,
an endwheel gap-frame press with a fixed bed, used in piercing.
Punch Radius: The radius on the end of the punch that first
contacts the work, sometimes called nose radius.
Punching: (1) The die shearing of a closed contour in which the
sheared out sheet metal part is scrap. (2) Producing a hole by die
shearing, in which the shape of the hole is controlled by the shape of
the punch and its mating die. Multiple punching of small holes is
called perforating. See also piercing.
Punching: Shearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.
Punchout Machines: A machine used to force the entire sand and
casting contents from the molding box in one motion, without the use
of vibration.
Punchout Machines: A machine used to force the entire sand and
casting contents from the molding box in one motion, without the use
of vibration.
Punctuality: Percentage of flights which have left/arrived on time or
within 15 minutes
Pup Coil: A small coil weighing on the average from 1,500 to 6,000
pounds. These coils usually contain defects that are unacceptable to
the average customer.
Pup Coil: A small coil weighing on the average from 1500 to 6000
pounds. These coils usually contain defects that are unacceptable to
the average customer.
Purchase option: The right given to a vehicle lessee to purchase
the vehicle at the end of the lease term for an amount equal to the
vehicles residual value.
Purge valve: In an evaporative emissions control system, the valve
that allows the venting of fuel vapors from the charcoal canister to a
vehicles intake and prevents the canister from becoming saturated
and nonfunctional.
Purging : Releasing compressed gas to atmosphere through some
part or parts for the purpose of removing contaminants from that part
or parts.
Purging : Elimination of air and other undesirable gases from
furnaces or heating boxes.
Purging Steam: Low-pressure steam used to purge a line or
manifold.
Purging Steam: Low pressure steam used to purge a line or
manifold.
Purging valves : Devices used to remove non-condensable gases
from the refrigeration system.
Purifier Tank: A vessel containing a baffle or separator through
which steam, produced by the boiler continuous blowdown flash
process, is fed. The purifier separates unwanted carryover, such as
dirt or excess moisture, from the steam before it is returned to the
system.
Purifier Tank: A vessel containing a baffle or separator through
which steam, produced by the boiler continuous blow down flash
process, is fed. The purifier separates unwanted carryover, such as
dirt or excess moisture, from the steam before it is returned to the
system.
PURSER: Supervises the cabin crew (flight attendants) on a flight.
Push: To use force to move something ahead or to the side. During
takeoff the thrust force, created by the engines, pushes
an airplane down the runway.
Push Bench: Equipment used for drawing moderately heavy-gage
tubes by cupping sheet metal and forcing it through a die by
pressure exerted agaist the inside bottom of the cup.
Push Buttons: A push button is a component used to provide a
contact interface between a human user and an electrical or
mechanical device. Push buttons typically include words, symbols,
and/or colors to help portray the action controlled by the button.
Push rod: Push rod is used in over head mechanism for operating
the valves, It is a guide for cam.
Push rods : A rigid rod that transfers motion between the end of a
servo arm and a control surface.
Push Welding: Spot or projection welding in which the force is
applied manually to one electrode, and the work or backing plate
takes the place of the other electrode.
Push/pull: A method of connecting servos to the control points with
two connections, one on either end of the servo connection / control
connection. This allows the servo to push a rigid pushrod on one
side and pull on the other side. This is used to fight slop and use the
servo power more effectively by "balancing" the pivot point.
Pushbutton Station: An electrical bridge crane control device,
consisting of pushbutton operated contacts, used by the operator for
the bridge crane control of the powered motions of the crane, hoist
and other auxiliary equipment.
Pusher Furnace: A type of continuous furnace in which parts to be
heated are periodically charged into the furnace in containers which
are pushed along the hearth against a line of previously charged
containers thus advancing the containers toward the discharge end
of the furnace, where they are removed.
Pusher Furnace: A type of continuous furnace in which parts to be
heated are periodically charged into the furnace in containers, which
are pushed along the hearth against a line of previously charged
containers thus advancing the containers toward the discharge end
of the furnace, where they are removed.
Pusher propeller: Inaccurate but accepted description of propeller
mounted behind an engine. It acts aerodynamically as described
under propeller, and is thus a tractor in action.
Push-pull : A linkage set up using two rods. One rod pushes, while
the other pulls.
Put: An option, but not an obligation to sell. Nonferrous metal
producers often buy puts to lock in a price for their metal. It is akin to
a price insurance policy. For example, if a producer uses put options
to lock in a price of 90 cents per pound and the price falls to 85 cents
per pound, he would continue to make 90 cents per pound (See
Options and Call).
PVC Coating: PVC is an abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride plastic, a
material used to coat stainless steels. The heavy plastic ranges from
0.001 to 0.006 inches thick, normally has a dye in it to color it (white
or black) and one side has a contact adhesive coating. Customers
use it to protect the surface of the stainless while they are doing
manufacturing operations on it and then peel it off after they are
finished with those operations. PVC should not be allowed to remain
on the stainless for extended periods of time, especially in sunlight,
as it will adhere to the stainless more and more tightly as time goes
on and can, in extreme cases, be virtually impossible to remove.
PVC Electrical Tape: PVC electrical tape is a soft, flexible plastic
tape made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is an insulating
material, making it ideal for use in electrical applications.
PVC Extrusion: An extrusion is a component fabricated with a
manufacturing process in which a material such as plastic, such as
PVC, or a soft metal is pulled through a die. The extrusion process
results in long pieces of material with a constant cross-sectional
shape.
Pvt: A legend required on private-use heliports in California to
inform pilots that the heliport is not open to the public.
PVT : Private (pilot certificate)
PW : Pratt
Pycnocline: In the ocean, a region where the water density
increases rapidly with depth.
Pycnocline: In the ocean, a region where the water density
increases rapidly with depth.
Pycnometer: A device for measuring densities of liquids.
Pylon: Structure attached to wing or airframe to carry load, e.g.
engines or weapons.
Pyramidal Plane: In noncubic crystals, any plane that intersects all
three axes.
Pyrgeometer: An instrument that measures radiation from the
earth's surface into space.
Pyroclastic: materials of volcanic origin, including rock fragments,
volcanic ash, and volcanic gases. Aside from gases, volcanic
materials can linger on the land surface, sometimes flattening and
welding together.
Pyroclastic flow: a fast-moving, fluid-like cloud of hot ash, pumice,
rock fragments, and gas that occurs during explosive volcanic
eruptions or the collapse of a lava dome
Pyrogenic: Resulting from fire activities. Usually used in the context
of emissions that are produced by fires -- e.g., smoke from fires.
Pyrolysis: Chemical decomposition by the action of heat.
Pyrometallurgy: Chemical metallurgical process dependent upon
heat.
Pyrometallurgy: Chemical metallurgical process dependent upon
heat.
Pyrometer: A device for recording high temperatures that uses a
thermocouple or an infrared pyrometer to measure invisible light
emitted by the hot object.
Pyrometer: An instrument of any of various types used for
measuring temperatures.
Pyrometer : A device for measuring temperatures above the range
of liquid thermometers.
Pyrometric Cone: A slender trihedral pyramid made of a mixture of
minerals similar in composition to that of a clay or other refractory
being tested. Each cone is assigned a number indicating its fusion
temperature.
Pyrometric Cone: A slender trihedral pyramid made of a mixture of
minerals similar in composition to that of a clay or other refractory
being tested. Each cone is assigned a number indicating its fusion
temperature.
Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE): The number of that Standard
Pyrometric Cone whose tip would touch the supporting plaque
simultaneously with a cone of the refractory material being
investigated when tested in accordance with ASTM Test Method
C24, Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of
Refractory Materials.
Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (Pce): An index of refractoriness
obtained by heating on a time temperature schedule a cone of the
sample material and a series of standardized pyrometric cones of
increasing refractoriness.
Pyrometry: A method of measuring temperature with any type of
temperature indicating instruments.
Pyropboric Powder: A powder whose particles self-ignite and bum
when exposed to oxygen or air.
Pyrotechnics: The use of electrically initiated explosive devices to
operate valves, ignite solid rocket motors, and explode bolts to
separate from or jettison hardware, or to deploy appendages.
PZEV: Partial zero emission vehicle. A vehicle that has zero
evaporative emissions and meets the EPA?s SULEV standard.
Q Bop: Modified Basic Oxygen Furnace in which the oxygen and
other gases are blown in from the bottom, rather than from the top.
While the Q BOP stirs the metal bath more vigorously, allowing for
faster processing, the design produces essentially the same steel
grades as the top blowing basic oxygen furnace. Today's state of the
art furnace design combines the previous technologies: 60% of the
oxygen is blown from above, with the rest blown through the bottom
of the vessel.
QAM : Acronym for Quadrature amplitude modulation
Q-Bop: Modified basic oxygen furnace in which the oxygen and
other gases are blown in from the bottom, rather than from the top.
While the Q-bop stirs the metal bath more vigorously, allowing for
faster processing, the design produces essentially the same steel
grades as the top-blowing basic oxygen furnace. Today's state-of-
the-art furnace design combines the previous technologies: 60% of
the oxygen is blown from above, with the rest blown through the
bottom of the vessel.
QDM : (Q-Code) for Homing Track to a Station
QDR : private
QFE: Atmospheric pressure (Q) at Field Elevation
QFE : (Q-Code) for Air Pressure in hPa on Ground (airport
elevation)
QGO : (Q-Code) for Airport Closed
QNH: Atmospheric Pressure (Q) at Nautical Height
QNH : (Q-Code) for Air Pressure in hPa calculated to MSL
QRF: Quick Return Flight:Code used in aviation to signify that an
aircraft is returning to base due to a technical incident.
Qualification Trials: The testing required for a new process adopted
to make certain grades of steel with exacting end uses. In order for
the process to become qualified, the steel made by the process must
be tested.
Qualification Trials: The testing required for a new process adopted
to make certain grades of steel with exacting end uses. In order for
the process to become qualified, the steel made by the process must
be tested.
Quality: Refers to the suitableness of the steel for the purpose or
purposes for which it is intended.
Quality: Refers to the suitability and integrity of the steel for the
purpose or purposes for which it is intended
Quality : Weight fraction of the vapor in a vapor-liquid mixture.
QUAMGO : Quasi-Monopoly Government Organization
Quantitative Metallography: Determination of specific
characteristics of a microstructure by quantitative measurements on
micrographs or metallographic images. Quantities so measured
include volume concentration of phases, grain size, particle size,
mean free path between like particles or secondary phases, and
surface-area-to-volume ratio of microconstituents, particles or
grains.
Quarter Buckle: See ?Buckle, Quarter.?
Quarter elliptic leaf spring: It is the type of leaf spring used into the
automobiles. It is the quarter part of the elliptical leaf spring. Quarter
elliptic leaf springs were used in the old vehicles.
Quarter Hard (No. 3 Temper): 1. In low-carbon cold rolled strip
steel, a medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold
rolling after annealing. 2. In brass mill terminology, quarter hard is
one B and S number hard or 10.95% reduction. 3. In stainless steel
terminology, tempers are based on minimum tensile, or yield
strength. For chromium-nickel grades, quarter hard temper is
125,000 tensile strength, 75,000 yield strength min.
Quarter Hard (No. 3 Temper): (A) In low carbon cold rolled strip
steel, a medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold
rolling after annealing. (B) In brass mill terminology. Quarter hard is
one B and S number hard or 10.95% reduction. (C) In stainless steel
terminology tempers are based on minimum tensile, or yield
strength. For Chromium Nickel grades Quarter Hard Temper is
125,000 T. S., 75,000 Y.S. min.
Quarter Hard Temper: Cold rolled steel produced to a Rockwell
hardness range of 60 to 75 on the B scale. Product of this temper is
intended for limited bending and cold forming and can be bent 90° in
the rolling direction and 180° across the rolling direction over its own
thickness.
Quarter Hard Temper: Cold Rolled steel produced to a Rockwell
hardness range of 60 to 75 on the B scale. Product of this temper is
intended for limited bending and cold forming and can be bent 90
degrees in the rolling direction and 180 degrees across the rolling
direction over its own thickness.
Quarto Plate: Quarto plate is hot rolled from slab. Desired thickness
is achieved by passing the slab back and forth through the mill (a
four-high, hence "quarto", reversing mill). This distinguishes it from
plate rolled on a multiple stand (tandem) mill without reversing
direction (continuously produced plate, CPP). Quarto plate mills tend
to be dedicated to plate rolling, and can achieve a wider, thicker
product than on a tandem mill. It ranges from 5-400mm thick (though
usually up to 150mm), can exceed 5,000mm wide and be as much
as 35m long. A single quarto plate can weigh 35t or more.
Depending on steel grade – and the term applies to carbon, alloy
and stainless – applications include shipbuilding, pressure
vessels/boilers, offshore structures, large oil/gas pipe,
construction/mining plant, railway stock, and engineering
molds/dies.
Quartz: A form of silica occurring in hexagonal crystals which are
commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow,
brown, purple, green, etc. It is the most common of all solid
minerals. (see Silica)
Quartz: A form of silica occurring in hexagonal crystals which are
commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow,
brown, purple, green, etc. It is the most common of all solid minerals.
See also Silica
Quartzite: A compact granular rock composed of quartz. It is a
metamorphosed sandstone, and siliceous cement is often so
blended with the quartz grains as to give the rock a nearly
homogeneous texture. Primary material in silica brick.
Quartzite: A compact granular rock composed of quartz. It is a
metamorphosed sandstone, and siliceous cement is often so
blended with the quartz grains as to give the rock a nearly
homogeneous texture. Primary materiel in silica brick.
Quasars: Quasi-stellar objects. They are believed to be among the
most distant objects in the observable Universe, emitting more
energy than some of the most powerful galaxies.
Quasi-binary Fracture: A fracture mode that combines the
characteristics of cleavage fracture and dimple fracture. An
intermediate type of fracture found in certain high-strength metals.
Quasi-binary System: In a ternary or higher-order system, a linear
composition series between two substances each of which exhibits
congruent melting wherein all equilibria, at all temperatures or
pressures, involve only phases having compositions occuring in the
linear series, so that the series may be represented as a binary on a
phase diagram.
Quaternary period: The latest period of geologic time, covering the
most recent 2,000,000 years of the Earth's history. It is divided into
two epochs: the Pleistocene - 2 million years ago to approximately
10,000 years ago - and the Holocene - the period from
approximately 10,000 years ago to the present. The Quaternary
period is the artificial division of time separating prehuman and
human periods. It contains five ice ages and four interglacial ages,
and temperature indicators seem to show sharp and abrupt changes
by several degrees.
Quaternion : A system of representing attitude by measuring angle
of aircraft center line with respect to three orthogonal axes plus
rotation about centerline; quaternions are used over Euler angles
(pitch, roll, yaw) when pitch can approach 90deg because of a
singularity on Euler angles at 90deg; discrete-time computations
using quaternions can run more slowly than those with Euler angles
while producing results of the same accuracy See Also: Euler
parameters;
Quench Aging: Aging that occurs after quenching following solution
heat treatment.
Quench Aging: Aging that occurs after quenching following solution
heat treatment.
Quench Annealing: Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by
solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching.
Quench Crack: A crack resulting from thermal stress induced during
rapid cooling or quenching, or from stresses induced by delayed
transformations some time after the article has been fully quenched.
Quench Cracks: Cracks formed in a steel part during or after
quenching that result from high stress in cooling.
Quench Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of
suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation
range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness
substantially. The process usually involves the formation of
martensite.
Quench Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of
suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation
range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness
substantially. The process usually involves the formation of
martensite.
Quench Hardening (Steel): A process of hardening a ferrous alloy
of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation
range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness
substantially. The process usually involves the formation of
martensite.
Quench Oils: Paraffin oils with high flash points, usually exhibiting
excellent oxidation and thermal stability, suitable for either tempering
or martempering. Testing methods include ASTM D 3520, an older
quench speed test, and a newer computer-recorded Diacpot test that
gives quantitatively more information about the quenching process.
Quench Severity: The quench severity is characterized by the H
value and relates to the rate of temperature change during
quenching.
Quench Severity: The quench severity is characterized by the H
value and relates to the rate of temperature change during
quenching.
Quench Tank: Tank of water used to quickly cool the strip before it
reaches the delivery end of the line.
Quench Tank: 1) Tank of water used to quickly cool the strip before
it reaches the delivery end of the line. 2) The water bath which is
used to cool the steel strip after it has been annealed on CA line or
reflowed on the Tin plater.
Quench-Age Embrittlement: Embrittlement of low-carbon steel
evidenced by a loss of ductility on aging at room temperature
following rapid cooling from a temperature below the lower critical
temperature.
Quenched and Tempered Steel: This is a complex process to
describe fully because it involves fundamental changes to
metallurgical structure. But in outline, preheated steel is rapidly
cooled (quenched), increasing its hardness and brittleness. It is then
reheated (usually to between 400-600°C) resulting in reduced
brittleness but greater toughness and the desired ductility. Control of
time and temperature during tempering is critical, and is specific to
each grade of steel treated. Quenching and tempering is used both
on flat and long products. It is, for example, applied to bar used for
manufacturing fasteners like bolts, or when making wire for
automotive engine valve springs. In flat products, the high-strength
structural and wear resistance plate achievable with this process
would typically go into mining equipment.
Quencher Water: Water that keeps boiler duct work cool.
Quencher Water: Water that keeps boiler duct work cool.
Quenching: A process of rapid cooling from an elevated
temperature by contact with liquids, gases or solids.
Quenching: In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals
rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly
accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of
most copper base alloys, quenching has no effect other than to
hasten cooling.
Quenching: Rapid cooling of metals (often steels) from a suitable
elevated temperature. This generally is accomplished by immersion
in water, oil, polymer solution or salt although forced air is sometimes
used.
Quenching: The process of rapidly cooling the steel from a
temperature above the critical temperature.
Quick Disconnect: A mechanical device that may be engaged or
dis engaged to attach two fluid passages. Typically, disengagement
is possible by manual means.
Quick disconnect: A mechanical device that may be engaged or
Dis-engaged to attach two fluid passages. Typically, Disengagement
is possible by manual means.
Quick Return: A mechanism on some machine tools that provide
rapid movement of the ram or table on the return stroke of the
machine.
Quick Return: A mechanism on some machine tools that provide
rapid movement of the ram or table on the return or onointing stroke
of the machine.
Quicklime : Unslaked lime (calcium oxide).
Quikscat: A NASA satellite that is providing climatologists,
meteorologists and oceanographers with daily, detailed snapshots of
the winds swirling above the world's oceans. QuikSCAT carries a
state-of-the-art radar instrument called a scatterometer. Known as
"SeaWinds," this scatterometer operates by transmitting high-
frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the
"backscattered" or echoed radar pulse bounced back to the satellite.
The instrument senses ripples caused by winds near the ocean's
surface, from which scientists can compute the winds' speed and
direction. The instruments can acquire hundreds of times more
observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and
buoys, and are the only remote-sensing systems able to provide
continuous, accurate and high-resolution measurements of both
wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. The
instrument is currently collecting data over ocean, land, and ice in a
continuous 1,800-kilometer-wide band, making approximately
400,000 measurements and covering 90% of Earth's surface each
day. See QuikSCAT fact sheet.
R & O Oils: Oils with rust and oxidation inhibitors, usually applied to
highly refined circulating oils used for long term service, as in
compressors, hydraulic systems and turbines.
R Enamel: An unpigmented enamel used to increase resistance to
corrosion, or decrease bleaching effect of tinplate on food can
interiors.
R Enamel: An unpigmented enamel used to increase resistance to
corrosion, or decrease bleaching effect of tinplate on food can
interiors.
R : Rating
R : Research and Development
R&d: Research and Development.
R&D : Acronym for Research & Development.
R1 Valves: Double gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of
the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
R-11 : (trichloromonofluoromethane) Low pressure, synthetic
chemical refrigerant which is also used as a cleaning fluid
R-113 : (trichlorotrifluoroethane) Synthetic chemical refrigerant which
is nontoxic and nonflammable.
R-12 : (dichlorodifluoromethane) Popular refrigerant known as Freon
12.
R-160 : (ethyl chloride) Toxic refrigerant now seldom used.
R-170 : (ethane) Low temperature application refrigerant.
R1-Valves: Double-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of
the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
R-22 : (monochlorodifluoromethane) Low temperature refrigerant
with boiling point of -40.5°C at atmospheric pressure.
R-290 : (propane) Low temperature application refrigerant.
R-500 : Refrigerant which is an azeotropic mixture of R-12 and R-
152a.
R-502 : Refrigerant which is azeotropic mixture of R-22 and R-115.
R-503 : Refrigerant which is azeotropic mixture of R-23 and R-13.
R-504 : Refrigerant which is azeotropic mixture of R-32 and R-115.
R-600 : (butane) Low-temperature application refrigerant; also used
as a fuel.
R-611 : (methyl formate) Low pressure refrigerant.
R-717 : (ammonia) Popular refrigerant for industrial refrigerating
systems; also a popular absorption system refrigerant.
Ra: Chemical symbol for radium.
Ra: Chemical symbol for Radium
RA & RMS: RMS (root mean square) is the measure of the surface
texture of a material. Texture is a deviation of the actual surface
profile from the nominal surface, including roughness and waviness.
RA has replaced RMS as the US standard because it averages
important detail needed to analyze complex engineering surface.
Ra : (1) Radio altitude; (2) Resolution advisory (TCAS)
RAAF: Royal Australian Air Force.
Rabbit Ear: Recess in the comer of a metalforming die to allow for
wrinkling or folding of the blank.
Rabbles: Rakes for rabbling. Usually made of wood.
Rabbling: A raking or stirring operation performed on a charge of
ore or semimolten metal either by hand or mechanically.
RABS : Acronym for Rear-wheel Anti-lock Brake System (Ford)
RAC : Acronym for the Royal Automobile Club.
Race : 1. The inner or outer ring that provides a contact surface for
the balls or Rollers in a bearing.
Race cam : A type of camshaft for race car engines which increases
lift of valve, speed of valve opening and closing, length of time valve
is held open, etc. Also called Full cam, Three-quarter cam, or Semi-
race cam, depending upon design.
Race camshaft : A Camshaft, other than stock, designed to improve
engine performance by altering Cam profile. Provides increased lift,
faster opening and closing, earlier opening and later closing, etc.
Race camshafts are available as semi-race or street grind, Three-
quarter race camshaft or full race. Grinds in between these general
categories are also available.
Raceway : Any support system, open or closed, for carrying electric
wires.
Racing start : A start on a normal street, e.g., at traffic lights, using
excessive throttle resulting in wheelspin and screeching tires.
Rack : Removable wood or metal wall sections attachable to flatbed
trailers to make sides for confining loads
Rack : An array of gears spaced on a straight bar.
Rack (Gears): A gear with teeth spaced along a straight line and
suitable for straight line motion.
Rack and pinion: It is combination of two devices which converts
the linier motion into rotary motion or vice versa. It is used in
automobiles for steering system.
Rack and Pinion Gear (Gears): A power-transmitting unit that
changes linear or reciprocal movement to rotary motion when the
rack gear is the driving member and vice versa when the pinion gear
is the driving member.
Rack and pinion gearbox : A type of Steering system with a Pinion
gear on the end of the Steering shaft. The pinion engages a long
rack (a bar with a row of teeth cut along one edge). When the
Steering wheel is turned, the pinion turns and moves the rack to the
left or right. This movement is carried through Tie rods to the
Steering arms at the wheels.
Rack and pinion steering : The pinion gear rotates with the
steering shaft, moving the rack from side to side. Several full turns of
the pinion are required to shift the rack from lock to lock. Because
there are so few parts in the steering linkage, rack and pinion is a
very precise and responsive steering system and is often used in
sports cars.
Rack galvanizing : A galvanizing method for objects which can be
placed on a rack
Racking: A tem used to describe the placing of metal parts to be
heat treated on a rack or tray. This is done to keep parts in a proper
position to avoid heat-related distortions and to keep the parts
separated.
Rad : Abbreviation for Radiator.
RAD : Acronym for radiator temperature switch
Radal : Radio Altimeter
Radalt : Radar Altimeter.
Radar: Beamed and directed radio waves used for location and
detection, as well as for navigational purposes.
Radar: System or technique for detecting the position, motion, and
nature of a remote object by means of radio waves reflected from its
surface.
Radar altimeter (radalt) : Measures height above terrain. The
altitude is monitored to provide a low altitude warning during TF
operations and landing operations. It can also be used as input to
the Terrain Reference Navigation algorithm for position updates.
Radar altimeter : Device that senses aircraft`s height above the
terrain. Different from normal (barometric) altimeter.
Radar altitude select (raltsel) : A basic guidance mode, providing
vertical guidance to an operator selected radar altitude;
Radar altitude : Height with respect to the terrain below (distance
above closest dirt); Synonyms: above ground level; Symbols: h sub
r; Typical Units: ft; Dimensions: Length;
Radar approach control facility(rapcon) : A terminal ATC facility
that uses radar and non radar capabilities to provide approach
control services to aircraft arriving, departing, or transiting airspace
controlled by the facility. This facility provides radar ATC services to
aircraft operating in the vicinity of one or more civil and/or military
airports in a terminal area. The facility may provide services of a
ground controlled approach (GCA); i.e., ASR and PAR approaches.
A radar approach control facility may be operated by FAA, USAF, US
Army, USN, USMC, or jointly by FAA and a military service. Specific
facility nomenclatures are used for administrative purposes only and
are related to the physical location of the facility and the operating
service generally as follows: Army Radar Approach Control (ARAC)
(Army) Radar Air Traffic Control Facility (RATCF) (Navy/FAA) Radar
Approach Control (RAPCON) (Air Force/FAA) Terminal Radar
Approach Control (TRACON) (FAA) Tower/Airport Traffic Control
Tower (ATCT) (FAA). (Only those towers delegated approach con
Radar detector : A device which will sense the presence of a radar
device which law enforcement officers might be using to spot
speeders.
Radar interferometry: The study of interference patterns caused by
radar signals; a technique that enables scientists to generate three
dimensional images of the Earth's surface.
Radar : On-board weather radar.
Radial: In a direction directly outward from the center of a circle or
sphere or from the axis of a cylinder. The spokes of a wheel, for
example, are radial.
Radial : In a direction directly outward from the center of a circle or
sphere or from the axis of a cylinder. The spokes of a wheel, for
example, are radial.
Radial bearing : A bearing designed to absorb the radial forces
acting on a pump. Compare Thrust bearing
Radial commutator : Electrical contact surface on a rotor which is
perpendicular or at right angles to the shaft center line.
Radial compressor : A compressor with pistons radiating out from
the centerline of the compressor. The Harrison (Frigidaire) is a
typical example.
Radial cooling fins : Brake drum cooling fins that are parallel to the
centerline of the axle.
Radial cracking : Cracking of sidewall rubber running perpendicular
to the tire beads. May result from underinflation or exposure to
ozone.
Radial discharge nozzle : Booster venturi with four spokes or arms
which carry fuel to the outer circumference of the booster before
discharging it from tiny holes in the ends of the spokes. Used only on
the Corvair Model H carburetor.
Radial Draw Forming: The forming of sheet metals by the
simultaneous application of tangential stretch and radial
compression forces. The operation is done gradually by tangential
contact with the die member. This type of forming is characterized by
very close dimensional control.
Radial engine: One in which the cylinders are mounted equidistant
and circumferentially around a circular crankcase. Cylinders and
crankcase are fixed, and the crankshaft rotates.
Radial engine : An internal combustion engine with a number of
Cylinders arranged in a circle around the Crankshaft center line. As
the crankshaft turns, the pistons are in various stages of the strokes
(i.e., intake, exhaust, compression, power). A design often used for
aircraft engines.
Radial error probability (rep) : A probability that a percentage of
one-dimension measurements will lie on a radial (line) of given
length, with the origin centered at truth or mean of the
measurements; used to specify test cases for measurement errors of
sensors of one dimension, such as vertical velocity; Compare:
circular error probability, spherical error probability;
Radial Forging: A process using two or more moving anvils or dies
foc producing shafts with constant or varying diameters along their
length or tubes with internal or external variations. Often incorrectly
referred to as rotary forging.
Radial load : A load perpendicularly applied to the axis of rotation.
Radial Load Bearing: Bearing in which the load acts in a radial
direction with respect to the axis of rotation.
Radial Marks: Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the
fracture origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low
magnification. Radial marks result from the intersection and
connection of brittle fractures propagating at different levels. Also
known as shear ledges. See also chevron pattern. (see Chevron
Pattern)
Radial play : A bearing clearance in the radial direction.
Radial ply: It is the type of design of tires. In which cord plies are
arranged or formed at 90 degree to the longitudinal direction to the
tire.
Radial ply : The ply or plies used in tire in which the cords run at
right angles to the bead and parallel to the tire radius.
Radial ply tire : A type of tire construction in which sidewall
structural plies run radially out towards the tread instead of criss-
cross diagonally. With their thinner, more flexible sidewalls, radial
tires have lower rolling resistance than cross-ply tires (yielding better
fuel consumption) as well as giving longer tread life. They can
accommodate the use of low inflation pressures without overheating,
due to their flexible sidewalls, but are sometimes more prone to
sidewall damage when operating in rocky or stony conditions.
Because radial tires invariably also have a braced tread area of great
dimensional stability, they "track-lay" the tread (like a bulldozer), do
not suffer from "tread shuffle" and so achieve more traction in limiting
off-road conditions.
Radial ply tyre: A type of tyre with plies arranged so that the cords
in the body run at 90-degree angles to the centre line of the tread.
Radial Ring Rolling Mill (RW): A type of ring forging equipment for
producing seamless rolled rings by controlling only the outside and
inside diameters.
Radial Roll: (see Main Roll) (see King Roll)
Radial Roll: (main roll, king roll)
Radial Rolling Force: The action produced by the horizontal
pressing force of the rolling mandrel acting against the ring and the
main roll. Usually expressed in metric tons.
Radial runout : 1. A tire assembly that does not form a true circle;
the radii of the circle are not equal. Most usual causes are bent
wheel (out of round) or tire not mounted properly (beads not seated).
This is one of the main causes of vehicle vibration.
Radial shaft seal : A typical seal design used to prevent leaks
between stationary parts and rotating shafts and to exclude foreign
matter. A lip seal, typically of neoprene, is held in a metal retainer
and applies a sealing pressure to a rotating shaft, the pressure being
provided by an annular garter spring winch surrounds the sealing lip;
radial shaft seals are used wherever a shaft penetrates a casing,
such as on crankshafts, camshafts, water pump shafts, etc.
Radial tire : A type of tire construction which has the main carcass
Plies or cords which run at right angles to the bead and parallel to
the radius. By itself, this construction is very weak because when the
Bias angle is smaller, the structure is stiff. However, the radial tire
has a very large Bias angle. In order to strengthen the tire, a belt
surrounds the circumference. This belt is made of low-angle plies
(usually about 15 degrees). In this way, the Tread area is stiff and
the Sidewalls are flexible. In this way the sidewalls can act
independently of each other. In a P185/80R13 tire, R indicates a
radial tire.
Radial XSE Technology: A revolutionary technology that utilises
silica in the rubber compound to enhance a tyre’s wet traction, snow
traction and rolling resistance.
Radial-flow pump : An end-suction centrifugal pump with the liquid
flowing perpendicular to the pump shaft. The liquid enters at the
center of the impeller and is directed out along the impeller blades in
a direction at right angles to the pump shaft.
Radian: Unit of angular measurement equal to the angle at the
center of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius.
Equals about 57.296 degrees.
Radiant: In optics, the point or object from which light proceeds. 2.
In geometry, a straight line proceeding from a given point, or fixed
pole, about which it is conceived to revolve. 3. In astronomy, the
point in the heavens from which a shower of meteors seems to
proceed.
Radiant barrier : A thin, reflective foil sheet that exhibits low radiant
energy transmission and under certain conditions can block radiant
heat transfer; installed in attics to reduce heat flow through a roof
assembly into the living space.
Radiant energy : Energy that transmits away from its source in all
directions.
Radiant flux density: The total flow of radiation received on a unit
area of a given real or imaginary surface. Also called the irradiance.
Radiant Heat: Heat communicated by radiation and transmitted by
electromagnetic waves.
Radiant heating : Heating system in which warm or hot surfaces are
used to radiate heat into the space to be conditioned.
Radiant heating : Heating system in which warm or hot surfaces are
used to radiate heat into the space to be conditioned.
Radiant Tube: Tubular heating elements open at one or multiple
ends. Each tube has an inlet burner arrangement where combustion
is initiated, a suitable length where combustion occurs, and an outlet
for the products of combustion.
Radiant Tube Annealing Box: A box which is heated, inside, by
means of tubes in which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their
heat to the covered pile of metal, standing on the base of the box.
Usually a protective atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect
the metal from oxidation.
Radiation: Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or
particles.
Radiation: Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves or
particles that release energy when absorbed by an object.
Radiation : 1. The transfer of heat from one object to another when
the hotter object sends out invisible rays or waves that upon striking
the colder object, cause it to vibrate and thus heat.2.The process by
which energy (such as heat) is emitted by one body, as particles or
waves, transmitted through an intervening medium or space (like
air), and absorbed by another body.
Radiation : Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation Area: Any part of an installation accessible to employees
in which there exists a radiation level of 7.5 millirem in any one hour
over 150 millirem in any seven consecutive days.
Radiation Area: Any part of an installation accessible to employees
in which there exists a radiation level of 7.5 millirem in any one hour
over 150 millirem in any seven consecutive days.
Radiation balance: The difference between the absorbed solar
radiation and the net infrared radiation. Experimental data show that
radiation from the earth's natural surfaces is rather close to the
radiation from a black body at the corresponding temperature; the
ratio of the observed values of radiation to black body radiation is
generally 0.90 - 1.0.
Radiation belt: The region of high-energy particles trapped in the
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the Van Allen belts.
Radiation budget: A measure of all the inputs and outputs of
radiative energy relative to a system, such as Earth. See Earth
Radiation Budget Experiment.
Radiation Damage: A general term for the alteration of properties of
a material arising from exposure to ionizing radiation (penetrating
radiation), such as x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, heavy-particle
radiation or fission fragments in nuclear fuel material. See also
neutron embrittlement. (see Neutron Embrittlement)
Radiation Hazard: Any situation where persons might be exposed
to radiation in excess of the maximum permissible dose.
Radiation shield : A separate panel or panels interposed between
surfaces and jackets to reduce heat losses through radiation.
Radiation, Direct: All radiation coming from within an x-ray tube and
tube housing except the useful beam.
Radiative cooling: Cooling process of the Earth's surface and
adjacent air, which occurs when infrared (heat) energy radiates from
the surface of the Earth upward through the atmosphere into space.
Air near the surface transfers its thermal energy to the nearby
ground through conduction, so that radiative cooling lowers the
temperature of both the surface and the lowest part of the
atmosphere.
Radiative forcing: A change in the balance between incoming solar
radiation and outgoing infra-red radiation. Without any radiative
forcing, solar radiation coming to the Earth would continue to be
approximately equal to the infra-red radiation emitted from the Earth.
The addition of greenhouse gases traps and increased fraction of the
infra-red radiation, reradiating it back toward the surface and
creating a warming influence (i.e., positive radiative forcing because
incoming solar radiation will exceed outgoing infra-red radiation).
Radiative forcing : A change in average net radiation at the top of
the troposphere (known as the tropopause) because of a change in
either incoming solar or exiting infrared radiation. A positive radiative
forcing tends on average to warm the earth's surface; a negative
radiative forcing on average tends to cool the earth's surface.
Greenhouse gases, when emitted into the atmosphere, trap infrared
energy radiated from the earth's surface and therefore tend to
produce positive radiative forcing.
Radiative transfer: Theory dealing with the propagation of
electromagnetic radiation through a medium.
Radiative-convective models: Thermodynamic models that
determine the equilibrium temperature distribution for an
atmospheric column and the underlying surface, subject to
prescribed solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere and
prescribed atmospheric composition andsurface albedo. Submodels
for the transfer of solar and terrestrial radiation, the heat exchange
between the earth's surface and atmosphere, the vertical
redistribution of heat within the atmosphere, the atmospheric water
vapor content and cloudsare included in these one-dimensional
models. Abbreviated as RCM.
Radiatively active gases: Gases that absorb incoming solar
radiation or outgoing infrared radiation, thus affecting the vertical
temperature profile of the atmosphere. Most frequently being cited
as being radiatively active gases are water vapor, CO2, methane,
nitrous oxide,chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone.
Radiatively active gases : Gases that absorb incoming solar
radiation or outgoing infrared radiation, affecting the vertical
temperature profile of the atmosphere.
Radiator: Radiator is a part of water cooling system, It cools the hot
water of engine jacket.
Radiator : A device that cools the liquid in the Cooling system by
allowing it to circulate through a series of water Channels, which are
exposed to air Ducts.
Radiator cap : 1. A high pressure cap used in radiators to allow
operation at high temperature. Higher pressure raises the boiling
point of the coolant.
Radiator core & AC condenser: The part of a vehicles radiator and
air conditioning systems made up of small-diameter tubes with a
series of thin, heat-conducting fins in between.
Radiator drain cock : A radiator tap; unlike the Radiator drain plug,
tools are not required to drain the coolant from a radiator with a drain
cock.
Radiator drain plug : A threaded closure plug located at the
underside of a radiator used to drain the coolant; usually equipped
with a hex or Allen head.
Radiator fan : Two types are used on automobiles a crankshaft-
driven fan connected by a temperature-sensitive viscous coupling, or
a fan driven by an electric motor.
Radiator fan motor : An electrically operated motor responsible for
driving the radiator fan. An electric motor allows much more freedom
in radiator location and engine bay design and permits aftercooling
of the engine with the engine switched off most engines mounted
crosswise at the front (as on most front-wheel-drive subcompacts)
use electric radiator fans which also lead to reduced power losses,
since the vehicle's engine is not also required to drive the radiator
fan also. The problem with them, however, is that even with the
engine off, the fan may start up unexpectedly for the person
inspecting the engine bay.
Radiator fill hole : An opening at the top of the Radiator through
which new water and Coolant can be added when the engine and
radiator is cool. In modern vehicles, an overflow reservoir is the
location for topping off the radiator fluid since opening a hot radiator
cap can be dangerous. The Pressure cap seals the fill hole.
Radiator grille : The grating that admits cooling air to the radiator.
Radiator grille surround : The sheet metal panel for mounting the
radiator grille; often combined with the front apron to form a single
front panel.
Radiator hose : The rubber pipe connecting the radiator to the
cylinder block.
Radiator hose shark tooth pliers : A special automotive tool for
removing and installing radiator and heater hoses; round and
toothed jaws securely grip the hose while the handles provide
leverage to twist the hose free.
Radiator hoses: The tubes between the radiator and the engine.
Radiator overflow tank : A small bottle that acts as a reservoir for
liquid expelled from the Cooling system through the Overflow pipe
and returns the liquid to the system when it cools down. A special
Radiator Pressure cap is also part of the kit. It is also called a Closed
Cooling System when it is part of the Original equipment.
Radiator shell : A metal or plastic enclosure which surrounds the
outside perimeter of the radiator and mounts to the frame of the
vehicle. In modern motorcycles, it is usually chromed.
Radiator support panel : A panel located behind the radiator grille
surround which provides a mounting for the radiator and connects
the mudguard skirts at their front edge.
Radiator tank : A reservoir containing the coolant in a radiator. Early
units were made from sheet metal, typically brass or aluminum.
Newer versions used advanced polymer technology and injection
molding processes have made it possible to produce radiator tanks
from thermoplastics. Since all modern cars use forced circulation
systems, there is no need for a vertical flow through the radiator.
Thus most radiators are mounted horizontally. Also called Radiator
Overflow Tank
Radii adapter : A mounting device that is used to center a drum or
rotor on the arbor of a lathe. A radii adapter centers the drum or rotor
through contact with the bearing races.
Radio: The least energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, having
the lowest frequency and the longest wavelength.
Radio : A device which receives radio signals (either AM, FM, or
both) and plays the sound through the speakers. Automobile radios
began to appear in vehicles in 1928. Even in the mid-1960s, many
cars came without radios.
Radio astronomy: The science of astronomy using radio waves
instead of light waves.
Radio Bridge Crane Controlled: A unit operated from a radio
transmitter located at a point not mechanically attached to the device
being Bridge Crane Controlled.
Radio choke : An electric coil used to prevent static in the radio
caused by opening and closing of the contact points in the
instrument voltage regulator.
Radio data system: A small portion of the FM frequency that is
allocated for broadcasting alphanumeric news, traffic and song
information.
Radio Data System : (RDS) A system which interrupts a radio
broadcast with the latest information on e.g., traffic problems
Radio failure: Radios rarely fail. The most common reason that
they do not transmit is because the battery was not charged or the
user failed to extend the antenna on a 72 MHZ system.
Radio frequency interference : (RFI) interference generated by the
ignition system and other electrical apparatus; counteracted by
suppressors.
Radio guidance: A system which is dependent on outside signals
for information.
Radio interference: Occurs when two (or more) identical, or close,
frequencies are being used at the same time and one frequency
interferes with the other. Loss of control of both aircraft can occur.
Radio magnetic indicator (rmi) : An ADF-like display with a pair of
pointers which might be attached to either VOR or ADF receivers
Radio navigation : Navigation relative to radio station, providing, for
example, of relative bearing, range, lateral deviation, and glide slope;
Examples include VOR, TACAN, and PLS. Radio navigation differs
from other navigation in that the transmitter signals often dropout for
a long period of time, like minutes. This can occur because of natural
obstructions, or because the transmitter was shut down intentionally.
In hostile territory, a PLS can locate a downed pilot, who would be
foolhardy to be continuously transmitting, but would transmit
infrequently with small bursts of data. The Radio- Navigation system
accommodates this phenomenon by simulating range and bearing to
the fixed site when it is not transmitting. After reacquiring a mobile
transmitter, the mobile station`s position is re-determined. The
navigation component supports wash-out filters on output data.
Radio signals: The invisible messages that pass from transmitter to
receiver, telling the model what to do.
Radio spectrum: The complete range of frequencies or wave
lengths of electromagnetic waves, specifically those used in radio
and television.
Radio wave: An electrical impulse sent through the atmosphere at
radio frequency.
Radio/cassette deck : (r/c) A combined radio and tape deck.
Radioactive: Giving off or capable of giving off radiant energy in the
form of particles or rays, as in alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
Radioactive Element: An element that has at least one isotope that
undergoes spontaneous nuclear disintegration to emit positive alpha
particles, negative beta particles or gamma rays.
Radioactive Isotopes: Varieties of an element possessing the same
chemical characteristics but emitting detectable radiations by means
of which they can be identified and traced.
Radioactive Isotopes: Varieties of an element possessing the same
chemical characteristics but emitting detectable radiation's by means
of which they can be identified and traced.
Radioactive Material: Any compound or element which may emit
any or all of the following: alpha and beta particles, electrons,
protons, neutrons and gamma and all other emissions which
produce ionization directly or indirectly.
Radioactive Material: Any compound or element which may emit
any or all of the following: alpha and beta particles, electrons,
photons neutrons and gamma and all other emissions which produce
ionization directly or indirectly.
Radioactivity: (1) The property of the nuclei of some isotopes to
spontaneously decay (lose energy). Usual mechanisms are emission
of alpah, beta or other particles and splitting (fissioning). Gamma
rays arc frequently, but not always, given off in the process. (2) A
particular component from a radioactive source, such as beta
radioactivity.
Radiograph: A photographic shadow image resulting from uneven
absorption of penetrating radiation in a test object.
Radiograph : A photograph obtained by passing X-rays or gamma
rays through the object to be photographed and recording the
variations in density on a photographic film.
Radiography: A non-destructive method of internal examination in
which metal objects are exposed to a beam of x-ray or gamma
radiation. Differences in thickness, density or absorption, caused by
internal defects or inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image
either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film placed behind
the object.
Radiography: A nondestructive method of internal examination in
which metal objects are exposed to a beam of X ray or gamma
radiation. Differences in thickness, density or absorption, caused by
internal defects or inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image
either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film placed behind
the object.
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator: A device that converts
the heat produced by the radioactive decay of plutonium-238 into
electricity by an array of thermocouples made of silicon-germanium
junctions. The Pu-238 is contained within a crash resistant housing.
Radioisotopes: Atomic particles which decay by natural
radioactivity.
Radiometer: An instrument that quantitatively measures
electromagnetic radiation. Weather satellites carry radiometers to
measure radiation from snow, ice, clouds, bodies of water, the
Earth's surface, and the sun.
Radiometry: The detection and measurement of radiant
electromagnetic energy, usually in the infrared.
Radiosonde: A balloon-borne instrument that measures
meteorological parameters from the Earth's surface up to 20 miles in
the atmosphere. The radiosonde measures temperature, pressure,
and humidity, and transmits or 'radios' these data back to Earth.
Upper air winds also are determined through tracking of the balloon
ascent.Radiosonde observations generally are taken twice a day
(0000 and 1200 UTC) around the globe. NOAA's National Weather
Service (NWS) operates a network of about 90 radiosonde observing
sites in the U.S. and its territories. When the balloons burst,
radiosondes return to Earth on a parachute. Approximately 25
percent are recovered and returned to NWS for reconditioning and
reuse.
Radiosonde: A balloon-borne instrument for the simultaneous
measurement and transmission of meteorological data up to a height
of approximately 30,000 meters (100,000 feet). The height of each
pressure level of the observation is computed from data received via
radio signals.
Radium: A radioactive element with the chemical symbol Ra; radium
and its salts are used in gamma-ray radiography because of their
radioactivity. Melting point is 700°C (1,292°F).
Radium: A radioactive element which the chemical symbol Ra;
radium and its salts are used in gamma ray radiography because of
their radioactivity. Melting point is 700 B0C (1292 B0F).
Radius: The distance from the center of a circle to its circumference
(outside).
Radius arm : An additional suspension link in a beam axle layout
providing fore-and-aft location of the axle.
Radius of Bend: The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or
mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend
during bending. In the case of free or semiguided bends to 180" in
which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the
thickness of the shim or block.
Radius rod : An additional suspension link in a beam axle layout
providing fore-and-aft location of the axle.
Radius rods : Rods or arms which are part of the Suspension,
usually a live rear axle. They are attached to the axle and pivoted on
the Frame. They are used to keep the axle at right angles to the
Frame (i.e., prevent lateral movement) and yet permit an up and
down motion. On some cars like the Triumph Spitfire, they are used
to help locate the Swing axles.
Radius seat : A spherical seat that provides positive centering of the
wheel bolt head in the wheel.
Radome : A detachable nose cone made of plastic-type material,
used to cover and protect an airplane`s radar antenna.
Radon : A naturally occurring radioactive gas found in the United
States in nearly all types of soil, rock, and water. It can migrate into
most buildings. Studies have linked high concentrations of radon to
lung cancer.
RAE: Royal Aircraft Establishment, formerly Royal Aircraft Factory.
RAF: (I) Royal Air Force, or (II) Royal Aircraft Factory.
RAF : Acronym for Reactivity Adjustment Factor
Raf : Resolution Advisory (TCAS)
Rag Layer: The layer that forms at the interface when oil and water
are seperated by gravity. A mixture of solids, oil and water, it looks
like sludge.
Ragged Edges: Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split,
cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured.
Ragged Edges: Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split,
cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured.
Ragtop : Colloquial term for Convertible.
RAI: Registro Aeronautico Italiano.
RAI : Acronym for Nederlandse vereniging de Rijwiel-en-Automobiel
Indusrie (Netherlands).
Rail : 1. A Dragster built around a relatively long pipe Frame. The
only body panels used are around the Driver's cockpit area.2. A
common pressure accumulator.
Rail job : A vehicle that has been transformed into a dragster built
around a long pipe frame with minimal body panels.
Rail Operations Central Control: The facility in the Metro
headquarters building from which train control and supervision is
accomplished for the entire transit system
Rail Sweep: A device attached to the crane and located in front of
the crane’s leading wheels to push aside loose obstructions.
Rail : runway alignment indicator light system.
Rail, Bridge: The track supported by the bridge girder(s), on which
the trolley travels.
Rail, Runway: The track supported by the runway beams, on which
the crane travels.
Railroad locomotive : Self-propelled vehicle that runs on rails and
is used for moving railroad cars.
Rails: Hot rolled Rail Sections obtained upon hot rolling of
blooms/billets. Used in rail ways/tram ways, on which rail/tram
moves.
Railton : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models, with
required application, are Classic cars.
Railway Container : A cargo container that can be loaded or
stacked on a railroad flat car.
Raim : Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (GPS)
Rain forest: An evergreen woodland of the tropics distinguished by
a continuous leaf canopy and an average rainfall of about 100 inches
per year. Rain forests play an important role in the global
environment. The Earth sustains life because of critical balances and
interactions among many factors. Were there not processes at work
that limit the effects of other essential processes, Earth would
become uninhabitable. Destruction of tropical rain forests reduces
the amount of leaf area in the tropics, and consequently the amount
of carbon dioxide absorbed, causing increases in levels of carbon
dioxide and other atmospheric gases. It is estimated that cutting and
burning of tropical forests contributes about 20 percent of the carbon
dioxide added to the atmosphere each year. The World Resources
Institute and the International Institute for Environment and
Development have reported that the world's tropical forests are being
destroyed at the rate of fifty-four acres per minute, or twenty-eight
million acres lost annually. Rain forest destruction also means the
loss of a wide spectrum of biological life, erosion of soil, and possible
desertification.
Rain gauge: Calibrated container that measures the amount of
rainfall during a specific period of time.
Rain grooves : Channels cut into a road's surface to help water run
off the road during a rainstorm
Rain-sensing wipers: A feature that uses rainfall sensors to engage
the wipers and adjust wiper speed accordingly.
Raising : The action of beating a rounded shape out of a flat panel
by starting in the center and working outward in a spiral to the edge;
the metal is shrunk around the edge but remains about the same in
the center.
Rake: That surface of a cutting tool against which the chips bear
while being severed. If this surface is less than 90 inches from the
surface being cut, the rake is positive. If more, the rake is negative.
Rake: That surface of a cutting tool against which the chips bear
while beign severed. If this surface is less than 90? from the surface
being cut, the rake is positive. If more, the rake is negative.
Rake : 1. The angle at which a rod is attached. 2.The fore-and-aft
inclination from the vertical.
Rake the leaves : Trucker slang for the last vehicle in a string as in
"Looks like I get to rake the leaves tonight."
Raked : A vehicle which has the Ground clearance or body altered
so that either the front or rear of the vehicle is increased or lowered,
thus giving the vehicle a tilted appearance.
Ralt sel : Radar altitude select
Ram: The moving or falling part of a drop hammer or press to which
one of the dies is attached; sometimes applied to the upper flat die of
a steam hammer.
Ram: A cylinder that has an extend port only. Usually accompanied
by auxiliary cylinders that are mechanically linked to the ram to
facilitate retraction action.
RAM : Acronym for Random Access Memory,memory that serves as
a temporary storage place for data from the sensors.
Ram air : 1. In a ram air system, carburetors get fresh air to be
mixed with the gasoline via forward facing ducts. The idea is that as
the vehicle moves faster, more air is forced or rammed into the
carburetors resulting in improved performance.
Ram air : Air forced through the condenser due to the rapid
movement of steam from the turbine exit.
Ram induction : Using the forward Momentum of vehicle to scoop
air and force it into Carburetor via a suitable passageway.
Ram intake manifold : An Intake manifold that has very long
passageways that at certain Speeds aid the entrance of fuel mixture
into the Cylinders.
Ram jet: It is the simplest propulsive device consist of diffuser,
combustion chamber and exhaust nozzle. There is no moving part in
ram jet. It uses a small turbo jet engine for starting.
Ram tube : A tube of a specific length and shape in the intake
manifold that promotes performance at certain engine speeds by
ramming air into the cylinders.
Ram : Random Access Memory
Ramjet: An aerodynamic duct in which fuel is burned to produce a
high-velocity propulsive jet. It needs to be accelerated to high speed
before it can become operative.
Ramjet engine: An aerodynamic duct in which fuel is burned to
produce a high-velocity propulsive jet. It needs to be accelerated to
high speed before it can become operative.
Ramjet : A type of jet engine with very few moving parts which
consists of a specially shaped tube open at both ends.
Ramming: Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping the
sand, pattern, flask on a table. Jolt squeezers, jarring machines, and
jolt rammers are machines using this principle.
Ramming Mix: A refractory material, usually tempered with water,
that cannot be extruded but that has suitable properties to permit
ramming into place to form a monolithic structure.
Ramp: The rate of change of a specific output, such as the ramp of
a pressure compensator.
Ramp: The rate of change of a specific output, such as the ramp of
a pressure compensator.
Ramp : Equipment used to support a vehicle's front or rear for
underbody work.
Ramp angle : A measure of vehicle under-belly clearance or the
ability to drive over a sharp ridge or ramp without touching the
underside of the vehicle on the obstacle. The ramp angle is the
angle measured from the lowest part of the chassis at mid-
wheelbase down to the periphery of front and rear wheels. Obviously
a short wheelbase vehicle with large wheels will have the smallest
ramp angle and best under-belly clearance.
Ramp Module: An electronic device that controls the rate of rise of a
servo or proportional valve by using capacitors to limit the rate of
voltage or current change to the servo or proportional valve.
Ramp module: An electronic device that controls the rate of rise of a
servo or proportional valve by using capacitors to limit the rate of
voltage or current change to the servo or proportional valve.
Ramp : An airfield parking lot for aircraft.
Ramp-over angle : The pressure generated by the deflection of the
fluid flow due to the curvature of the stator blades, resulting in a
momentum acting on the turbine.
Ramrod : A tactical bombing mission with fighter escort
Rancidity: Biodegradation of fats or fluids causing an unpleasant
odor.
Random access memory : (RAM) A type of volatile memory that is
used to store information for either short or long term usage. This
type of memory can be written to. If energy is removed from the
RAM device, the contents in memory are destroyed.
Random Sequence: A longitudinal welding sequence wherein the
weld-bead increments are deposited at random to minimize
distortion.
Randonnée : A long bicycle touring ride of 160 to 1200 kilometers
made up of several controls (checkpoints).
Randonneur : A male long-distance cyclist.
Randonneur 5000 : One of the most prestigious awards a
Randonneur can earn. To be one of the recipients, a randonneur
must do a full series of 200, 300, 400, 600, and 1000km Brevets, a
Paris-Brest-Paris randonneur event, a Flèche team ride, and the
remaining distances ridden on sanctioned brevets for a total of 5000
kilometers. The qualifying events must all be completed within a
four-year period.
Randonneuring : Long distance bicycle riding within a specified
length of time. First developed in France in 1891 a few years before
the Tour de France which later spun off from randonneuring. It is not
considered a race but a ride. Everyone who completes the ride
within the time limit is awarded the same medal regardless of how
quickly he/she rides the distance.
Randonneurs Mondiaux : An umbrella organization of national
randonneuring groups. Its primary functions are to organize foreign
(i.e., France, Spain, United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, Australia,
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, Germany, Russia,
South Africa, Canada, and the United States) participation in Paris-
Brest-Paris and other 1200-kilometer Brevets, encourage the
exchange of information of interest to randonneurs, and reward
clubs' and individuals' participation in long-distance randonnées with
various medals and trophies.
Randonneuse : 1. A female long-distance cyclist. 2. A bicycle
specifically designed for randonneuring.
Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values of a
measurable attribute of the output of a process.
Range : Pressure or temperature settings of a control; change within
limits.
Range (rng) : Standard aviation term Synonyms: distance; Symbols:
r; Typical Units: ft, nmi - method of measurement dependent on use;
Dimensions: Length;
Range check: An essential pre-flight check to test the operation of
your R/C electronics’ systems. The transmitter is set with reduced
power, and moved away from the receiver 30 paces to ensure that
there is adequate power reaching the on-board radio receiver. This
should be done with every plane before your first flight of the day.
Range of Stress: The algebraic difference between the maximum
and minimum stress in one cycle.
Range-change : The transfer gearbox lever
Ranger : Similar to Circus but usually a deep penetration operation
Ranging : Act of determining a range
Rankine: A temperature scale, having a degree equal to the
Fahrenheit degree but having a zero point at absolute zero. The
freezing point of water is at 459.69oR.
Rankine cycle : The thermodynamic cycle that is an ideal standard
for comparing performance of heat-engines, steam power plants,
steam turbines, and heat pump systems that use a condensable
vapor as the working fluid. Efficiency is measured as work done
divided by sensible heat supplied.
Rankine cycle engine : The Rankine cycle system uses a liquid that
evaporates when heated and expands to produce work, such as
turning a turbine, which when connected to a generator, produces
electricity. The exhaust vapor expelled from the turbine condenses
and the liquid is pumped back to the boiler to repeat the cycle. The
working fluid most commonly used is water, though other liquids can
also be used. Rankine cycle design is used by most commercial
electric power plants. The traditional steam locomotive is also a
common form of the Rankine cycle engine. The Rankine engine itself
can be either a piston engine or a turbine.
Rankine scale : Name given the absolute (Fahrenheit) scale. Zero
(0°R) on this scale is -460°F
Rankine scale : Name given the absolute (Fahrenheit) scale. Zero
(0) R on this scale is -460°F.
Rankine temperature : Degrees Fahrenheit plus 491.60.
RAP : Acronym for Retained Access Power
Rapid Prototype Machining: Rapid prototype machining is the
process of using computer aided design (CAD) models and fast
machining techniques to quickly fabricate a component. Traditionally,
rapid prototype machining has been accomplished with additive
methods, in which the product is divided into a large number of thin
slices in the CAD model and the part is fabricated by depositing
material in each thin layer. Stereolithography and 3D printing are two
common forms of additive manufacturing. With advances in
technology, rapid prototype machining is now being accomplished by
highly accurate CNC systems that deliver production quality
components.
Rapid Solidification: The cooling or quenching of liquid (molten)
metals at rates that range from 10^4 to 108 °C/s.
Rapid Traverse: A lever-controlled, power-operated feature of some
machines that permits the rapid movement of the worktable from one
position to another.
Rapid Traverse: A lever controlled, power operated feature of some
machines that permits the rapid movement of the worktable from one
position to another.
Rapping: Knocking or jarring the pattern to loosen it from the sand
in the mold before withdrawing the pattern.
Rapping: Knocking or jarring the pattern to loosen it from the sand
in the mold before withdrawing the pattern.
Rapseed Oil: See vegetable oil.
Rapture membrane : A metal membrane (pressure relief device)
designed to rapture at a predetermined pressure.
Rare Earth (RE): Any of a group of 15 similar metals with atomic
numbers 57 to 71. Also rare earth element, rare earth metal,
lanthanide series, uncommon metals, mischmetal.
Rare Earth (Re): Any of a group of 15 similar metals with atomic
numbers 57 to 71. Also rare earth element, rare earth metal,
lanthanide series, uncommon metals, Mischmetal.
Rare Gases: Helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and radon.
Rare Gases: Helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and radon.
Rasm: Revenue per Available Seat Mile: used to compare revenue
between airlines. Determined by dividing operating revenue by
available seat miles (ASM).
Rasp : 1. A tool like a file with coarse teeth used to prepare a tire for
Section repair and for Buffing prior to Retreading.2.The action of
using a rasp tool.
Raster To Vector Conversion: A raster object is a graphic
comprised of an array of pixels, or colored grid, with each element
assigned a color. Raster objects are often referred to as bitmaps.
The conversion of raster objects to vector objects is also referred to
as vectorization and involves the conversion of groups of pixels into
points, lines, curves and polygons (filled shapes). Raster to vector
conversion is used in the process of scanning and converting
blueprints to CAD models.
Rat Hole Service : Drilling rigs.
Rat Tail: An expansion discontinuity in a sand casting, featured as a
long, narrow, linear depression, resulting from sand expansion and
minor buckling of the mold surface during filling of the mold.
Rat Tail: An expansion discontinuity in a sand casting, featured as a
long, narrow, linear depression, resulting from sand expansion and
minor buckling of the mold surface during filling of the mold.
Ratchet : 1. A feature of a special wrench which allows you to turn
the handle in one direction to tighten a nut or bolt, but turning it in the
opposite direction does nothing but position the handle back where
you started and leaves the wrench on the nut or bolt. Likewise you
could set the wrench to loosen a nut or bolt.
Ratchet adapter : A device which converts a torque wrench or drive
handle without a ratchet mechanism into a reversible ratchet tool.
Ratchet handle : A Ratchet tool.
Ratchet jaw : Trucker slang for a non-stop talker as in "He sure was
a ratchet jaw."
Ratchet Marks: Lines or markings on a fatigue fracture surface that
results from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures
propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the
overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided
eye or at low magnification.
Ratchet screwdriver : A screwdriver with a ratchet mechanism.
Ratcheting: Progressive cyclic inelastic deformation (growth, for
example) that occurs when a component or structure is subjected to
a cyclic secondary stress superimposed on a sustained primary
stress. The process is called thermal ratcheting when cyclic strain is
induced by cyclic changes in temperature, and isothermal ratcheting
when cyclic strain is mechanical in origin (even though accompanied
by cyclic changes in temperature).
Rate limiter : A filter that passes the input as the output, except that
rate of change of the output is limited to a maximum absolute value;
Compare: limiter;
Rate of climb (roc) : The speed at which an aircraft is gaining (or
losing) altitude, usually measured in hundreds or thousands of FPM.
Rate of roll : A measure of the speed with which an airplane can
turn around its long axis, or roll.
Rate of Strain Hardening: Rate of change of true stress with
respect to true strain in the plastic range.
Rated 2 1/2 -minute oei power : with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under
static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the
operating limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this
chapter, and limited in use to a period of not more than 2 1/2 minutes
after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft. Rated 30-
second OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means
the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations
established for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, for continued
one- flight operation after the failure of one engine in multiengine
rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use no longer than 30 seconds
each in any one flight, and followed by mandatory inspection and
prescribed maintenance action. Rated 2-minute OEI power, with
respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake
horsepower developed under static condit
Rated 30-minute oei power : with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under
static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the
operating limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this
chapter, and limited in use to the time required to complete the flight
after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft
Rated capacity : The quantity of electricity which can be drawn from
a fully charged battery for 20 hours by a constant discharging current
until cutoff voltage of 1.75 volts per cell is reached.
Rated continuous oei power : with respect to rotorcraft turbine
engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under
static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the
operating limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this
chapter, and limited in use to the time required to complete the flight
after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft
Rated Flow: The maximum flow that a manufacturer assigns to a
specific component as the maximum desirable flow at which the
device will function properly.Also the flow that a designer assigns to
a system as the nominal maximum flow.
Rated flow: The maximum flow that a manufacturer assigns to a
specific component as the maximum desirable flow at which the
device will function properly. Also the flow that a designer assigns to
a system as the nominal maximum flow. See WORKING
PRESSURE.
Rated Load (Capacity): The maximum load designated by the
manufacturer for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and
built.
Rated maximum continuous augmentedthrust : with respect to
turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that
is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a
specified altitude, with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a
separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating
limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved
for unrestricted periods of use
Rated maximum continuous power : with respect to reciprocating,
turbo propeller, and turbo shaft engines, means the approved brake
horsepower that is developed statically or in flight, in standard
atmosphere at a specified altitude, within the engine operating
limitations established under Part 33, and approved for unrestricted
periods of use
Rated maximum continuous thrust : with respect to turbojet
engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is
developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a
specified altitude, without fluid injection and without the burning of
fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating
limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved
for unrestricted periods of use
Rated Pressure: The maximum pressure that a manufacturer
assigns to a specific component as the maximum desirable pressure
at which the device will function properly.
Rated pressure: The maximum pressure that a manufacturer
assigns to a specific component as the maximum desirable pressure
at which the device will function properly. See WORKING
PRESSURE.
Rated pressure : A nominal pressure rating applied to vehicle parts.
Rated takeoff augmented thrust : with respect to turbojet engine
type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed
statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude,
without fluid injection and without the burning of fuel in a separate
combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations
established under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for
unrestricted periods of use
Rated takeoff power : with respect to reciprocating, turbo propeller,
and turbo shaft engine type certification, means the approved brake
horsepower that is developed statically under standard sea level
conditions, within the engine operating limitations established under
Part 33, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for
takeoff operation
Rated takeoff thrust : with respect to turbojet engine type
certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed
statically under standard sea level conditions, without fluid injection
and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber,
within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of
this chapter, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for
takeoff operation
Rated voltage : The voltage given for electrical equipment or
devices which refers to specified operating conditions.
Rating : means a statement that, as a part of a certificate, sets forth
special conditions, privileges, or limitations
Ratio : A fixed relationship between things in number, quantity or
degree. For example, if the fuel mixture contains one part of gas for
fifteen parts of air, the ratio would be 15 to 1.
Rationalization : An industrial reorganization primarily aimed at a
more cost-effective and time-saving production process.
RATO: Rocket-assisted take-off virtually the same as JATO.
Rat-tail file : A Round file.
Rattrap : The type of Bicycle pedals that have thin metal plates with
jagged edges running parallel on each side of the pedal Spindle.
RAVE valve : A device used on Two-stroke engines which
automatically alters or varies the Exhaust port size. It stands for
Rotax adjustable variable exhaust.
Ravigneaux planetary gear set : A system which is composed of
two sun gears of different diameters, one internal gear, and several
planet pinions.
Raw exhaust gas : The exhaust gas upstream of any emission
control device, e.g., before it passes through a catalytic converter.
Raw makeup water : Untreated water fed to a system to replace
that lost.
Raw rubber : Natural rubber that has not been vulcanized.
Raw Water: Untreated river water.
Raw water : With water treatment it means untreated feedwater or
water in its natural state, prior to any treatment.
Raw Water : Untreated river water.
Raw : Data taken directly from the sensor; Compare: derived,
estimated, filtered, measured, selected, smoothed
Rayleigh frequency distribution : A mathematical representation
of the frequency or ratio that specific wind speeds occur within a
specified time interval.
Raymond-Mays : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models
with required application are Classic cars.
Rayon : A synthetic fiber.
Rayon : ; Ground-based interference of KNICKEBEIN in night fighter
control
Razzle : Phosphorous coated wooden strips transported in water
Razzles were designed to fire crops and forests but with negligible
effect.
Rb: Chemical symbol for rubidium.
Rb: Chemical symbol for Rubidium
RB : Relative Bearing (NAV)
R-Bar: A test to measure the drawability of the steel in the
longitudinal, transverse and diagonal directions.
RBAS : Receiver Based Augmentation System (DGNSS/DGPS)
RBN : radio beacon.
Rc flight simulator: A home computer based training aid that lets
you practice flying radio control from the safety and comfort of your
house.
Rc or r/c: Abbreviation for Radio Control. Often you'll see 'remote
control', but 'radio control' is the technically correct term.
RCA : Avionics mfr.
RCAF: Royal Canadian Air Force.
RCLM : runway centerline marking.
RCLS : runway centerline light system.
R-Compounding: A racing-derived compound optimised for on-
track performance and designed for maximum dry grip and repeated
heat cycles.
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
RCS: Abbreviation for rigid container sheet.
Rcs: Abbreviation for Rigid Container Sheet
RCS: Reaction Control System.
RCU : Radio control unit.
RD: Reaktivnyi Dvigatel. Russian for reaction motor.
RDF: Radio direction finding; using the transmission from two or
more stations to fix position of an aircraft by its bearing in relation to
each.
RDF : Radio Direction Finding. A name first used for what became
Radar
RDX : Powerful explosive first used in the Barnes Wallis bouncing
bomb
Re: Chemical symbol for rhenium.
RE: Unit of distance equal to the radius of the Earth, 6371.2 km.
Re Pickle: Coil that will be reprocessed. Also Reclean, Reroll, and
Reanneal.
REA : Recommended Crossing Altitude
Reaction control system: System of thrusters used to control
spacecraft attitude.
Reaction Sintering: The sintering of a metal powder mixture
consisting of at least two components that chemically react during
the treatment.
Reaction wheels: Electrically-powered wheels mounted in three
orthogonal axes aboard a spacecraft. To rotate the vehicle in one
direction, you spin up the proper wheel in the opposite direction. To
rotate the vehicle back, you slow down the wheel.
Reactive Metal: A metal that readily combines with oxygen at
elevated temperatures to fonn very stable oxides, for example,
titanium, zirconium and beryllium. Reactive metals may also become
embrittled by the interstitial absorption of oxygen, hydrogen and
nitrogen.
Reactive Power: The part of the electricity used by a motor or
transformer (or similar device) that is used to magnetize the iron.
(You have to magnetize the iron to create the magnetic field that
makes the device work). (see Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR))
Reactor: A large inductor. Inductors have the characteristics of
limiting electrical power surges that would occur when a large
amount of current attempts to flow very quickly.
Readings: Readings taken from instruments and written on log
sheet.
Readout: The action of a radio transmitter sending data either at
the same time as data are acquired or by playback from an
electronic memory.
Reagent: A substance, chemical, or solution used in laboratory to
detect, measure, or react with other substances, chemicals or
solutions.
Real Consumption: For any country or region, apparent
consumption for such country or region adjusted for inventory
changes or stockists and end users.
Real time: As it happens.
Real time traffic updates: Traffic congestion information gathered
by road sensors and other means read by a vehicles navigation
system through communications satellites.
Real time : Time in a computational process which runs at the same
rate as a physical process; for example, algorithms designed to run a
fixed period t (filter time constants at set for t) and actually execute
with frequency 1/t execute in real time; Avionics systems must run in
real time;
Real-time engineering simulation(rtes) : A simulator designed to
test avionics algorithms with a pilot in the loop, consisting of a
simulated cockpit, an aircraft model, sensor models, and algorithms
to be tested; rtes is often used during development to check
algorithms, such as the navigation, radio navigation, guidance and
flight director, prior to full-scale software development; rtes gives
systems engineers early insight in human factors problems, pilot
complaints, algorithm bugs, unstability in the algorithms, expected
performance (accuracy), and pilot-machine interaction; Synonyms:
piloted simulation; Compare: built-in simulation;
Real-time Radiography: A method of nondestructive inspection in
which a two-dimensional radiographic image can be immediately
displayed in a viewing screen of television monitor. This technique
does not involve the creation of a latent image; instead, the
unabsorbed radiation is converted into an optical or electronic signal
which can be viewed immediatly or can be processed in near real
time with electronic and video equipment. See also radiography.
Reaming: An operation in which a previously formed hole is sized
and contoured accurately by using a rotary cutting tool (reamer) with
one or more cutting elements (teeth). The principal support for the
reamer during the cutting action is obtained from the workpeice.
Reaming Line: The process of reaming two or more holes to bring
them into very accurate alignment.
Reaming, Line: The process of reaming two or more holes to bring
them into very accurate alignment.
Rear area cargo cover: A feature that uses rainfall sensors to
engage the wipers and adjust wiper speed accordingly.
Rear area cargo cover: A feature that uses rainfall sensors to
engage the wipers and adjust wiper speed accordingly.
Rear axle: Rear axle located at rear of any vehicle which may be
live or dead axle.
Rear brake type: The type of rear brake: drum or disc.
Rear defroster: A device that melts ice or frost or removes
condensation from a vehicles rear window.
Rear door type: The type of rear door: hinged or sliding.
Rear electric motor performance: An electric vehicles or hybrid
vehicles rear electric motors ability to do work, expressed in terms of
horsepower, torque and/or kilowatts.
Rear electric motor type: The type of rear electric motor in a hybrid
vehicle or EV used to power the rear wheels: permanent magnet
motor or other traction motor.
Rear HVAC: The climate-control system used to regulate heating
and air conditioning for the area of a vehicle behind the front row
seating.
Rear seat entertainment system: The elements of a vehicles
entertainment system accessible to rear seat passengers.
Rear seat type: The type of rear seating: bench seats, bucket seats,
removable seats, split-bench seats, captains chairs or seats that
convert into a bed.
Rear spoiler: An aerodynamic device attached to a vehicles trunk lid
or liftgate consisting of one or more airfoils supported by uprights
that allows air to flow over it as well as under it, resulting in
decreased lift and increased stability at high speeds.
Rear-wheel drive: Those vehicles which have rear live axle, rear
wheels powered by engine are known as rear wheel drive.
Reasonableness : A test to determine if data is reasonable, for
example, radar altitude must be positive, and two devices should
return similar data within known limits of each other
Rebar (Reinforcing Bar): A steel bar, normally having surface
deformations, for use in reinforcing concrete.
Rebate: A cash payment offered as an incentive by the
manufacturer to consumers, which is usually applied by the
consumer to reduce the net price of a vehicle.
Rebecca : The airborne interrogator end of a two-part system using
a ground beacon called EUREKA. Designed as a homing system for
the identification of ground forces during supply drops.
Recalculating : It is the massage flash to reprocess the input
information.
Recalescence: An increase of temperature that occurs while cooling
metal through a range of temperatures in which changes in metal
occur.
Recalescence: An increase of temperature that occurs while cooling
metal through a range of temperatures in which changes in metal
occur.
Recall: The terms used to bring or call the products having any
manufacturing fault as per the manufactures and govt laws. It is very
common phenomenon into automobile industry.
Recall: A recall is a notice sent by a vehicle manufacturer to owners
of a vehicle advising them that the vehicle has or may have a serious
defect that may compromise the safety of the vehicle and that the
service departments of that manufacturer's dealers will make any
necessary replacements or repairs free of charge.
Recall notice: A notice by a manufacturer to the owners of a
defective/unsafe vehicle or vehicle component (as well as dealers)
that a recall has occurred.
Re-carbonation : A process using carbon dioxide gas to stabilize
and thereby prevent precipitation of calcium carbonate from cold
process lime or lime-soda softened water.
Recarburize: 1. To increase the carbon content of molten cast iron
or steel by adding carbonaceous material, high-carbon pig iron, or a
high-carbon alloy. 2. To carburize a metal part to return surface
carbon lost in processing; also known as carbon restoration.
Recarburizers: Material added to molten steel to increase its carbon
content; e.g., anthracite coal (slack) or hot metal.
Recarburizing: (1) Increasing the carbon content of molten cast iron
or steel by adding carbonaceous material, high carbon pig iron or a
high carbon alloy. (2) Carburizing a metal part to return surface
carbon lost in processing.
Receive : To absorb rf energy
Receiver: Someone who receives incoming signals and converts
them to perceptible forms.
Receiver: Part of the radio control gear inside the model which picks
up the radio signals sent out by the transmitter.
Receiver: An electronic device that receives incoming radio signals
and converts them to perceptible forms.
Receiver : An auxiliary storage receptacle for fluids.
Receiver (rx) : The radio unit in the airplane which receives the
transmitter signal and relays the control to the servos. This is
somewhat similar to the radio you may have in your family
automobile, except the radio in the airplane perceives commands
from the transmitter, while the radio in your car perceives music from
the radio station.
Receiver dehydrator : Small tank which serves as liquid
refrigerants reservoir and which also contains a desiccant so remove
moisture. Used on most automobile air conditioning installations.
Receiver heating element : Electrical resistance mounted in or
around liquid receiver. It is used to maintain head pressures when
ambient temperature is low.
Receiver-drier : Cylinder (container) in a refrigerating system for
storing liquid refrigerant and which also holds a quantity of desiccant.
Receiving Ladle: A ladle placed in front of the cupola into which all
metal is tapped. It acts as a mixer and reservoir and to smooth out
metal flow to the pouring area.
Recess: A groove or depression in a surface.
Recess: An internal groove.
Recharge: The process by which water is added to a reservoir or
zone of saturation, often by runoff or percolation from the soil
surface.
Reciprocal : A format defined by 1 divided by the complex number.
Reciprocating compressor: Reciprocating compressors are those
which use piston to compress the air are known as reciprocating
compressor.
Reciprocating compressor : Compressor which uses a piston and
cylinder mechanism to provide pumping action.
Reciprocating motion: The motion of something in up and down
direction. Motion of the piston in engine is example of the
reciprocating motion.
Reciprocating Pump: Device designed to pump with a reciprocating
motion, similar to an engine piston.
Reciprocation: Back and forth straight line motion or oscillation.
Reciprocation: Back-and-forth straight line motion or oscillation.
Recirculating Line: Line that relieves the pressure between the
feedwater pump and the aerator tank.
Recirculating Line: Line that relieves the pressure between the
feedwater pump and the dearator tank.
Recirculating Water: Keeps water from dead-heading in feedwater
pumps.
Recirculating Water: Keeps water from dead heading in feed water
pumps.
Recommended fuel type: The optimal type of fuel (based on its
octane rating) recommended by a vehicles manufacturer.
Reconnaissance: In aviation, to fly over and look closely at an area
below to gather information about it.
Recording thermometer : Temperature measuring instrument
which has a pen marking a moving chart.
Recovery: The removal of residual stresses by localized plastic flow
as the result of low-temperature annealing operations; performed on
cold worked metals without altering the grain structure or strength
properties substantially.
Recovery Pump: A pump that carries water from the gland
evacuation pump to the condensate tank.
Recrystallization: The formation of new strain-free grains in a metal
brought about either by heating a cold worked metal, or by hot
working a metal, or by heating a metal through an allotropic change.
Recrystallization: A process whereby a distorted grain structure of
cold worked metals is replaced by a new, stress free grain structure
as a result of annealing above a specific minimum temperature for a
specific time.
Recrystallization Annealing: Annealing cold worked metal to
produce a new grain structure without phase change.
Recrystallization Temperature: The approximate minimum
temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold worked
metal occurs within a specified time.
Recrystallized Grain Size: (1) The grain size developed by heating
cold-worked metal. The time and temperature are selected so that,
although recrystallization is complete. Essentially no grain growth
occurs (2) In aluminum and magnesium alloys. The grain size after
recrystallization, without regard to grain growth or the recrystallized
conditions. See also recrystallization.
Rectangular Hollow Sections: Rectangular hollow sections (RHS)
are tubular products rolled from steel strip. They are made by first
forming the strip into a longitudinally welded tube before rolling
through further mill stands to change the shape to a rectangular,
rather than circular, cross-section. Also generically known as hollow
structural sections (HSS), they are often also made with a square
cross-section. Rectangular hollow sections are predominantly,
though not exclusively made from carbon steels, and are usually
cold formed, rather than rolled with the steel preheated (hot formed).
A typical size range for cold formed RHS is 50-450mm x 25-250mm,
with a steel thickness of 2-15mm. Hot formed RHS can be produced
with larger sections and with a greater steel thickness. RHS have a
wide range of mechanical and structural applications in the
engineering and constructions sectors.
Rectifier : A device used to convert AC current into DC current.
Recuperator: Equipment for transferring heat from gaseous
products of combustion to incoming air or fuel. The incoming
material passes through pipes surrounded by a chamber through
which the outgoing gases pass.
Recuperator: A piece of equipment for recovering heat from hot
spent gases and using it for the preheating of incoming fuel or air.
This is a continuous operation, in which the incoming materials pass
through pipes surrounded by a chamber through which the outgoing
gases pass.
Red Brass: A copper-zinc alloy containing approximately 85%
copper, 15% zinc, used for plumbing pipe, hardware, condenser
tubes. Because of its color, is used for vanity cases, coins, plaques,
badges, etc. It is somewhat stronger than commercial bronze and is
hardened more rapidly by cold working.
Red Brass: 85% Copper A copper zinc alloy containing
approximately 15% zinc, used for plumbing pipe, hardware,
condenser tubes. Because of its color, is used or vanity cases, coins,
plaques, badges, etc. It is somewhat stronger than commercial
bronze and is hardened more rapidly by cold working.
Red dwarf: A small star, on the order of 100 times the mass of
Jupiter.
Red Hardness: A term sometimes associated with high-speed steel
because it has the property of retaining sufficient hardness for
cutting metals even when heated to a temperature high enough to
cause a dull redness. The tungsten content has a significant
influence on this property.
Red Mud: A residue containing a high percentage of iron oxide,
obtained in purifying bauxite in the production of alumina in the
Bayer process.
Red Rust: A reddish brittle coating of iron oxide which develops on
an uncoated or coated steel surface when oxygen in the atmosphere
mixes with iron.
Red Rust: A reddish brittle coating of iron oxide which develops on
an uncoated or coated steel surface when oxygen in the atmosphere
mixes with iron.
Red Shorness: Brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Red water : Water that has a red, cloudy appearance caused by
suspended red iron oxide.
Redline : For a given airplane, the airspeed above which it is unsafe
to fly. Redlining the plane may over stress or even damage structural
elements in the plane.
Redox Potential: This potential of a reversible oxidation-reduction
electrode measured with respect to a reference electrode, corrected
to the hydrogen electrode, in a given electrode.
Redox potential : A process designed to determine if a corrosion
process will occur.
Redraw Rod: This term is not recommended. The term ?Drawing
Stock? is preferred.
Redrawing: The second and successive deep-drawing operations in
which cup-likeshells are deepened and reduced in cross-sectional
dimensions. See also deep drawing.
Reduce (Reduction): To deoxidize or convert oxidized ores to
metals.
Reducing Agent: Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove
the oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute. In
gas-based processes, the iron ore is heated in a vessel as reformed
natural gas passes through. In coal-based processes, iron ore is
combined with gasified or ground coal and heated. The oxygen in
the ore combines with carbon and hydrogen in the gas or coal,
producing reduced, or metallic, iron.
Reducing Agent: Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove
the oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute. In
gas based processes, the iron ore is heated in a vessel as reformed
natural gas passes through. In coal based processes, iron ore is
combined with gasified or ground coal and heated. The oxygen in
the ore combines with carbon and hydrogen in the gas or coal,
producing reduced, or metallic, iron.
Reducing Atmosphere: (1) A furnace atmosphere that tends to
remove oxygen from substances or materials placed in the furnace.
(2) A chemically active protective atmosphere that at elevated
temperature will reduce metal oxides to their metallic state. Reducing
atmosphere is a relative term and such an atmosphere may be
reducing to one oxide but not to another oxide.
Reducing elbow : A fitting that makes an angle between two joints
of pipe and that decreases in diameter from one end to the other.
Reducing Flame: A gas flame produced with excess fuel in the
inner flame.
Reducing flange : A flange fitting used to join pipes of different
diameters.
Reducing nipple : A pipe fitting that is threaded on both ends and
decreases in diameter from one end to the other.
Reducing Station: Manifolds on both the A.G.C. system and the
C.V.C. system that break down the pressure coming from the main
pumps into the pressures that the system requires. In the A.G.C.
system the reducing station splits the pump pressure into P1, P2 and
P3 pressures. In the C.V.C. system, the reducing station splits the
pump pressure into P1, P2, P3 andP4 pressures.
Reducing tee : A "T"shaped pipe fitting with openings of two
different sizes. The relationship:
Reducing Valve: A valve that decreases the downstream pressure
(at the valve outlet) in order to control the flow and therefore the
outlet pressure to some preset level.Normally accomplished by
balancing the outlet pressure against a precision spring.
Reducing valve: A valve that decreases the downstream pressure
(at the valve outlet) in order to control the flow and therefore the
outlet pressure to some preset level. Normally accomplished by
balancing the outlet pressure against a precision spring.
Reduction: Reduction is the addition of hydrogen, removal of
oxygen, or the addition of electrons to an element or compound.
Reduction: Process in which oxygen in removed from a compound.
Reduction : The removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen.
Reduction Cell: A pot or tank in which either a water solution of a
salt or a fused salt is reduced electrolytically to form free metals or
other substances.
Reduction Factor: Area in vs. area out.
Reduction of Area: (1) Commonly, the difference expressed as a
percentage of original area between the original cross-sectional area
of a tensile test specimen and the minimum crosssectional area
measured after complete separation. (2) The difference expressed
as a percentage of original area, between the original cross sectional
area and that after straining of the specimen.
Reduction Of Area: (1) Commonly, the difference, expressed as a
percentage of original area, between the original cross sectional
area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum cross sectional
area measured after complete separation. (2) The difference,
expressed as a percentage of original area, between original cross
sectional area and that after straining the specimen.
Reduction of Area (Contraction of Area): The difference in a
tension specimen, between the size of the original sectional area
and that of the area at the point of rupture. It is generally stated as
the percentage of decrease of cross-sectional area of a tension
specimen after rupture.
Redundancy: The duplication of certain critical components in a
space vehicle.
Reed valve : Thin, flat, tempered steel plate fastened at one end.
Reel Breaks: Fractured base metal normally caused by poor
leveling. It is indicated by light kinks across the width of the winding
coil.
Reel Breaks: Transverse breaks or ridges on successive inner laps
of a coil that results from crimping of the lead end of the coil into a
gripping segmented mandrel. Also called reel kinks.
Reel Breaks: Fractured base metal normally caused by poor
leveling. It is indicated by light kinks across the width of the winding
coil.
Reel Digs: Especially on high-carbon steel, marks made by the hot
mill reels. These occur because the reels run faster than steel is
coming off the line, it actually puts “digs” in itself.
Reel Digs: Especially on high carbon steel, marks made by the Hot
Mill reels. These occur because the reels run faster than steel is
coming off the line, it actually puts digs in itself.
Reel Kinks: Damage on the strip in the core of a coil.
Reel Kinks: Damage on the strip in the core of a coil.
Reentry: The descent into Earth's atmosphere from space.
Reentry interface: An altitude 400,000 feet; the point at which
reentering spacecraft are considered to enter the Earth's
atmosphere.
Reeving: The reeving of the hoist is the path of the rope between
the hoist and the load block. (a) double reeving two parts of line
leading off of the reeving of the hoist is the path of the rope between
the hoist and the load block (a) double reeving two parts of line
leading off of the drum. (b) single reeving one part of the line leading
off of the drum. (b) single reeving one part of the line leading off of
the drum.
Refacc : Reference acceleration
Reference acceleration (refacc) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the longitudinal guidance modes; Typical
Units: ft/s-squared, g; Dimensions: Length / Time-squared
Reference acceleration gain(kla) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the longitudinal guidance modes; Typical
Units: s; Dimensions: Time.
Reference Electrodes: A nonpolarizable electrode with a known
and highly reproducible potential used for potentiometric and
voltammetric analyses. See also calomel electrode. (see Calomel
Electrode)
Reference Material: In materials characterization, a material of
definite composition that closely resembles in chemical and physical
nature the material with which an analyst expects to deal; used for
calibration or standardization.
Reference : What must be achieved in order to match a plan;
Synonyms: desired;
Refined Aluminum: Aluminum of very high purity (99.950% or
higher) obtained by special metallurgical treatments.
Refined Aluminum: Aluminum of very high purity (99.950 percent or
higher) obtained by special metallurgical treatments.
Refining: A stage in the process of making crude steel, during which
most residual impurities are removed from the crude steel and
additions of other metals may be made before it is cast. (see Ladle
Furnace)
Refining: (a) the removal of impurities and metallic oxides from the
molten bath by the reaction of the slag and other additions. (b) A
heat treatment process with the object of refining or making the grain
size of the steel uniform.
Refining Temperature: A temperature, usually just higher than the
transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to
refine the structure—in particular, the grain size.
Refining Temperature: A temperature, usually just higher than the
transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to
refine the structure in particular, the grain size.
Reflection: The return of light or sound waves from a surface. If a
reflecting surface is plane, the angle of reflection of a light ray is the
same as the angle of incidence.
Reflectivity: A measure of the optical properties or “brightness” of a
metallic surface expressed in terms of the percentage of the
impinging illumination that is reflected back from that surface.
Reflectivity: The ratio of the energy carried by a wave that is
reflected from a surface to the energy of a wave incident on the
surface.
Reflector Sheet: An Alclad product containing on one side a surface
layer of high-purity aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy
of commercial-purity aluminum or an aluminum-manganese alloy.
The high-purity coating imparts good polishing characteristics and
the core gives adequate strength and formability.
Reflector Sheet: An alclad product containing on one side a surface
layer of high purity aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy
of commercial purity aluminum or an aluminum manganese alloy.
The high purity coating imparts good polishing characteristics and
the core gives adequate strength and formability.
Reflectoscope: An instrument for the ultrasonic testing of metals.
Reflectoscope: An instrument for the ultrasonic testing of metals.
Reflex : If a wing has an airfoil that curves down from the high point,
and then curves back up, it`s said to be "reflexed". Reflex is the size
of that reverse curve.
Reflow: An area on the plating line where tin on the strip surface is
melted and resolidified to get a brite, shiny appearance.
Reflow Plate (Brite): Process on Tin Platers; section of Tin plater
that heats coil and melts the Tin coating.
Reflowed Surface: A shiny tin plate product surface which is
achieved by heating the tin coating up to its melting point (thereby
melting the tin) and cooling it back to room temperature.
Reflowed Surface: A shiny tin plate product surface which is
achieved by heating the tin coating up to its melting point (thereby
melting the tin) and cooling it back to room temperature.
Reflowing: Melting of an electrodeposit followed by solidification.
The surface has the appearance and physical characteristics of a hot
dipped surface (especially tin or tin alloy plates). Also called flow
brightening.
Refraction: The deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves
when they pass from one kind of transparent medium into another.
Refractive Index: (ASTM D 1218) number indicating the angle
through which a ray of light is deflected as it passes through a solid
or fluid medium; the number that expresses the ratio of the sine of
the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. Typically
used for monitoring water-based fluids or solutions.
Refractories: Non-metallic materials having the ability to retain their
physical shape and chemical identity when subjected to high
temperatures above 1000°F (or 538°C).
Refractories, Acid: Refractories containing a substantial amount of
silica that may react chemically with basic refractories, basic slags or
basic fluxes at high temperatures.
Refractories, Basic: Refractories whose major constituent is lime,
magnesia, or both, and which may react chemically with acid
refractories, acid slags, or acid fluxes at high temperatures.
Refractoriness: In refractories, the capability of maintaining a
desired degree of chemical and physical identity at high
temperatures and in the environment and conditions of use.
Refractory: A substance which is infusible at the highest
temperature it may be required to withstand in service; heat-resistant
material.
Refractory Alloy: (1) A heat-resistant alloy. (2) An alloy having an
extremely high melting point. See also refractory metal. (3) An alloy
difficult to work at elevated temperatures. (see Refractory Metal)
Refractory Alloy: 1. A heat-resistant alloy. 2. An alloy having an
extremely high melting point. 3. An alloy difficult to work at elevated
temperatures. (see Refractory Metal)
Refractory Alloy: A term applied to those alloys which due to
hardness or abrasiveness present relative difficulty in maintaining
close dimensional tolerances.
Refractory Brick: Heat-resistant brick. Because its melting point is
well above the operating temperatures of the process, refractory
bricks line most steelmaking vessels that come in contact with
molten metal, like the walls of the blast furnace, sides of the ladles
and inside of the BOF.
Refractory Brick: Heat resistant brick. Because its melting point is
well above the operating temperatures of the process, refractory
bricks line most steelmaking vessels that come in contact with
molten metal, like the walls of the blast furnace, sides of the ladles,
and inside of the BOF.
Refractory Clay: A clay which fuses at pce 25 (1590C, 2894F) or
higher.
Refractory Consumption: This is measured in terms of total
refractory consumed per tonne of crude steel(Kg/TC).
Refractory Fibers: Non-metallic, inorganic continuous, or non-
continuous filaments having those chemical and physical properties
that make them applicable for structures, or as components of
systems, that are exposed to environments above 1,000°F (538°C).
Refractory Magnesia: A dead-burned refractory material consisting
predominantly of crystalline magnesium oxide.
Refractory Metal: A metal having an extremely high melting point.
In the broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above
the range of iron, cobalt and nickel.
Refractory Metal: A metal having an extremely high melting point.
In the broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above
the range of iron, cobalt, and nickel.
Refrigerant : The fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating
system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low pressure
of the fluid and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher
pressure of the fluid, usually involving changes of state of the fluid.
Refrigerant : The working fluid used in refrigerators.
Refrigerant charge : Quantity of refrigerant in a system.
Refrigerant control: Device used to meters flow of refrigerant
between two areas of a refrigerating system. It also maintains
pressure difference between high-pressure and low-pressure side of
refrigerating system.
Refrigerating capacity: It is The ability of a system to remove heat
as compared with the cooling effect produced by melting of ice.
Refrigerating effect: It is specific amount of heat transferred by one
kg of refrigerant which circulates in the refrigeration system.
Refrigeration: PACKED COLUMN A tower filled with small objects,
designed to obtain large surfaces per volume between rising vapors
and a descending liquid.
Refrigeration: Transfer of heat from a lower temperature to a higher
temperature region.
Refrigeration oil: Special composition of oil which is used in
refrigerator mechanism which circulates, to some extent, with
refrigerant.
Refrigerator: it is a medium which transfer heat from a low
temperature to a high temperature medium.
Regenerate: The solution which is used to restore the activity of an
ion exchange.
Regeneration : Restoration of the activity of an ion exchanger by
replacing the ions adsorbed from the treated solution by ions that
were adsorbed initially on the resin.
Regenerative braking: The braking system of the vehicle which use
the extracted energy of the braking action.
Regenerative braking: A method of assisting the deceleration of a
hybrid or electric vehicle in which the vehicles electric motor
switches from drive/output mode to generator mode. This recharges
the battery by converting a portion of the vehicles kinetic energy into
electrical energy.
Regenerative Braking Means: A method of Bridge Crane
Controlling speed in which the electrical energy generated by the
motor is fed back into the power system rope refers to wire rope
unless otherwise specified.
Regenerative Circuit: A piping arrangement for a differential type
cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with
pump delivery to be directed into the head end.
Regenerative circuit: A piping arrangement for a differential type
cylinder in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with
pump delivery to be directed into the head end.
Regenerative cooling: Circulation of a propellant through a jacket
around the combustion chamber in order to cool the chamber wall,
the propellant subsequently being injected into the combustion
chamber.
Regenerative cycle : Is a gas turbine cycle employing a heat
exchanger to recover some of the heat before discharging the gases
from the gas turbine to the atmosphere, to recover some of the from
Regenerative gas turbine : Referring to a gas turbine employing
heat exchanger between the compressor and the combustor for the
purpose of recovering heat.
Regenerator: it is the type of heat exchanger used to transfer heat
to the cold fluid by means of storing intermittently.
Regenerator: A chamber filled with checkerwork through which
incoming combustion air and hot exhaust gases pass alternately so
that the heat from the gases is stored in the checkerwork and given
off to the air.
Regenerator: Equipment used for recovering heat iron hot, spent
gases from a furnace. The regenerator differs from the recuperator in
that the hot spent gases are used to heat a brick checkerwork; then
after the flow of exhaust gases have been turned off, the gases to be
preheated are passed through the checkerwork.
Regimes of flight: A way of placing aircraft into different categories
based on their speeds. The regimes of flight
are subsonic, transonic,supersonic and hypersonic.
Register: A grille equipped with an integral damper or control valve.
Regression Analysis: A statistical method of determining, or
predicting, the value of a dependent variable, based on levels of one
or more know independent variables.
Regular public transport: Flight operations performed for
remuneration and conducted to fixed schedules over specific routes,
and on which seats and/or cargo space is available to the general
public.
Regularity: Percentage of flights performed compared with
scheduled flights
Regulated Speed: A function which tends to maintain constant
motor speed for any load for a given speed setting of the Bridge
Crane Controller.
Regulator: A device for controlling the delivery of welding or cutting
gas at some substantially constant pressure.
Regulator: A term used to describe a valve or device that limits the
pressure in a passage
Regulator: A term used to describe a valve or device that limits the
pressure in a passage.
Rehabilitation: The process of renovating a rail car, train or bus to
original specifications through a rebuilding process that may include
new components, mechanical systems, and interior
Reheat Furnace: Reheat furnaces are used to ensure that partly
worked steel, which has been allowed to cool, arrives at its next
processing stage at the optimum temperature. They are mostly used
for semi-finished items like slabs, blooms, billets and beam blanks,
but also tubes. There are several different configurations, notably
walking beam, walking hearth, pusher and rotary hearth. Such
furnaces are usually gas or oil fired, and during its residence time the
steel goes through three stages: preheating, heating and soaking. In
walking beam and walking hearth furnaces the steel is moved
through the furnace in a series of lifting/forward movements. With
pusher furnaces, each piece of steel pushes the one in front,
propelled by a pusher arm at the entrance. With the rotary hearth,
the steel reaches its process temperature after one revolution on the
horizontal hearth, and this type of furnace is also frequently used for
forgings and for the heat treatment of rolled steel.
Reheating: Heating metal again to hot working temperature. In
general no structural changes are intended.
Reil : Runway End Identifier Lights
Reinforcement: The strengthening members, consisting of fabric,
cord, and/or metal, of a hose.
Reinforcing Bar (Rebar): Steel used to strengthen concrete in
highway and building construction.
Reinforcing Bar (Rebar): A commodity grade steel used to
strengthen concrete in highway and building construction.
Reject : To disallow a position update, usually by an operator;
Compare: accept
Rejects: (1) Sheets—a secondary product of a single size and gage.
(2) Plates—a specific size and gage containing minor defects.
Rejects Box: Also known as a HOLES box, where scrap sheets
accumulate during production.
Rejuvenation: (see regeneration)
Relative bearing : Angle from aircraft center line to bearing of the
destination; Symbols: B sub R; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Relative efficiency: Suppose test 1 requires n1 observations to
obtain a certain power β, and that test 2 required n2 observations to
reach the same power Then the relative efficiency of test 1 with
respect to test 2 is n2/n1 For example, if test 2 needs 100
observations to achieve 80% power and test 1 needs only 50, then
the relative efficiency is n2/n1 = 100/50 = 2. In other words, test 1 is
twice as efficient.
Relative humidity: The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air
compared to the amount required for saturation (at a particular
temperature and pressure).
Relative humidity : The amount of moisture the air holds relative to
the maximum moisture the air can hold at the same temperature.
Relative humidity : -The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the
amount of water vapor present in a given volume of air at a given
temperature to the amount required to saturate the air at that
temperature.
Relative humidity (rh): The ratio of water vapor in the air as
compared to the maximum amount of water vapor that may be
contained.
Relative sea level: The height of the boundary between sea and air
as measured in relationship to a fixed reference point on land.
Relative wind: The direction the wind his hitting the rotor blades
taking in to consideration flapping and retreating blades.
Relative : Applies to measurements, in a non-standard, moving
reference, as opposed to fixed reference; Compare: absolute;
Relay: An electrical switch employing an armature to open and
close circuits.
Relay: An electromagnetic device that allows one circuit to control
another without a direct electrical connection between the two
circuits.
Relay : An electromechanical switch that opens or closes contacts in
response to some controlled action. Relay contacts can be normally
open (NO) and/ or normally closed (NC). Relays may be electric,
pneumatic, or a combination of both.
Relay logic: A system for controlling a machine or process based on
the status of various interconnected relays.
Relay, thermal : A switching relay in which a small heater warms a
bimetal element which bends to provide the switching force.
Reliability: A quantitative measure of the ability of a product or
service to fufill its intended function for a specified period of time.
Relief: A term for clearance or clearance angle.
Relief Valve: A hydraulic mechanism designed to limit or control
pressure by opening an auxiliary fluid passage at a predetermined or
set pressure.
Relief valve: A valve that limits the pressure at its inlet port by
exhausting flow present at its inlet port to another chamber of lower
pressure potential through its outlet port.
Relief valve : Safety device on a sealed system. It opens to release
fluids before dangerous pressure is reached. Also called pressure
relief valve.
Relieving: Buffing or other abrasive treatment of the high points of
an embossed metal surface to produce highlights that contrast with
the finish in the recesses.
Reline: The process of replacing the refractory lining of a liquid steel
vessel. Once it wears out, the brick lining of a furnace must be
cooled, stripped and replaced. This maintenance can be significant
because a blast furnace reline may require up to three months to
complete.
Reline: The process of replacing the refractory lining of a liquid steel
vessel. Once it wears out, the brick lining of a furnace must be
cooled, stripped and replaced. This maintenance can be significant
because a blast furnace reline may require up to three months to
complete.
Rem: Roentgen Equivalent Man. A measure of nuclear radiation
causing biological damage.
Remanence: The magnetic induction remaining in a magnetic circuit
after removal of the applied magnetizing force. Sometimes called
remanent induction.
Remanence: The remaining flux density after the magnetizing force
has been removed.
Remote: A station near a pump consisting of both an 'On' and an
'Off' button. A pump can be started or stopped by its corresponding
remote.
Remote Bridge Crane Controlled: A unit operated from a Bridge
Crane Control station located at a point not mechanically attached to
the device being Bridge Crane Controlled.
Remote sensing: Instruments that record characteristics of objects
at a distance, sometimes forming an image by gathering, focusing,
and recording reflected light from the Sun, or reflected radio waves
emitted by the spacecraft.
Remote sensing: The technology of acquiring data and information
about an object or phenomena by a device that is not in physical
contact with it. In other words, remote sensing refers to gathering
information about the Earth and its environment from a distance, a
critical capability of the Earth Observing System.
Remote start: A feature of a vehicles electronic key fob that controls
the vehicles ignition.
Remote system : Refrigerating system in which condensing unit is
away from space to be cooled.
Remote temperature set point: Ability to set a temperature control
point for a space from outside the space. Often used in public areas.
Remote terminal (rt) : Term defining role of a device on a MIL-STD-
1553 bus as being a slave; Compare: bus controller;
Remote terminal unit : Signal Data Converter;
Remote trunk release: The control of a vehicles power-activated
release using a button on an electronic key fob or smart key.
Remote window operation: The control of a vehicles power window
system by one or more buttons on an electronic key fob or smart
key.
Removable Sections: Side panel section of tubes that make up the
vessel cover. The removable sections are located on the north and
south sides of both boilers.
Rendezvous: A place of meeting at a given time, for example, a
spaceship with a space station.
Rendezvous approach : To approach a planned rendezvous point
Rendezvous : To meet with another aircraft in the air, for refueling or
other mission objectives
Renewable energy: Natural energy sources that are naturally
replenished, such as solar power, wind power, hydrogen and
biofuels.
Renewable energy: Energy from resources naturally replenished on
a human time scale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves,
geothermal heat and biomass. Renewable energy replaces
conventional fuels in four distinct areas:electricity generation, hot
water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid)energy
services.
Reoil: Oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for
shipment to prevent water stain.
Reoil: Oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for
shipment to prevent water stain.
Rep : Radial error probability
Repair kit: Tire repair equipment that typically consists of an
emergency tire sealant and a means of refilling a flat tire.
Repair Welding: Any welding carried out after delivery to the end
user, i.e., after the casting has been in service.
Rephosphorizing (Steel): An ladle-chemical treatment consisting of
the addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper
rolling blackplate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and
stiffness and with a corresponding loss in ductility.
Rephosphorizing (Steel): A Ladle chemical treatment consisting of
the addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper
rolling black plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and
stiffness and with a corresponding loss in ductility. . NOTE: Black
Plate in tempers T5 and T6 (R/B range 68/84) are temper rolled from
Rephosphorized steel.
Repickle: Coil that will be reprocessed. Also reclean, reroll and
reanneal.
Replacement cost: A method of valuing insured property that uses
the cost of replacing the property at current prices and does not take
into consideration the propertys condition or whether it has
depreciated since first acquired. Compare "Actual cash value."
Replate: To reprocess a coil on the plater that has been plated
previously.
Replate: To reprocess a coil on the plater that has been plated
previously.
Replenish: To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.
Replenish: To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.
Replicast Process (CS): A ceramic shell process similar to the
investment casting process. Uses a pattern made from expanded
polystyrene (EPS) and is surrounded by a thin ceramic shell.
Replicast Process (Cs): A ceramic shell process similar to the
investment casting process. Uses a pattern made from expanded
polystyrene (EPS) and is surrounded by a thin ceramic shell.
Reported : Data from a device
Reporting point : means a geographical location in relation to which
the position of an aircraft is reported. Restricted area. A restricted
area is airspace designated under Part 73 within which the flight of
aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction
Repressing: The application of pressure to a previously pressed
and sintered powder metallurgy compact, usually for the purpose of
improving some physical or mechanical property or for dimensional
accuracy.
Required fuel type: The minimum acceptable type of fuel (based on
its octane rating) recommended by a vehicle?s manufacturer.
Rerefined Oils: Spent mineral oils that have been collected, sent to
a refinery and reprocessed by distillation, often with hydrofinishing.
Reroll Stock: A semifinished rolled product of rectangular cross-
section in coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples are foil
stock and sheet stock.
Reroll Stock: A semi finished rolled product of rectangular cross
section in coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples: ?Foil
Stock? and ?Sheet Stock?.
Rerouting: The route to be followed as altered from that originally
specified on the AWB.
Research: A carefully planned and performed investigation,
searching for previously unknown facts.
Reservoir: A chamber used to store fluid.
Reservoir: A chamber used to store fluid.
Reservoir: Any natural or artificial holding area used to store,
regulate, or control a substance.
Reset: A process of automatically adjusting the control point of a
given controller to compensate for changes in outdoor temperature.
The hot deck control point is normally reset upward as the outdoor
temperature drops. The cold deck control point is normally reset
downward as the outdoor temperature increases.
Reset ratio : The ratio of change in outdoor temperature to the
change in control point temperature. For example, a 2:1 reset ratio
means that the control point will increase 1 degree for every 2
degrees change in outdoor temperature.
Residence time: The size of any specific reservoir or pool of mass
(e.g., carbon) divided by the total flux of mass into or out of that pool.
Residual: Small amount like oxygen, sulfite, acid. etc..
Residual Element(s): A specified or unspecified element, not
intentionally added, originating in the raw materials, refractories, or
surrounding atmospheres used in steel making.
Residual Elements: Small quantities of elements unintentionally
present in an alloy.
Residual Oil: Oil from the bottom of the distillation column. (see
Bottoms (residuum))
Residual Stress: (1) The stress existing in a body at rest, in
equilibrium, at uniform temperature, and not subjected to external
forces. Often caused by the forming or thermal processing curing
process. (2) An internal stress not depending on external forces
resulting from such factors as cold working, phase changes or
temperature gradients. (3) Stress present in a body that is free of
external forces or thermal gradients. (4) Stress remaining in a
structure or member as a result of thermal or mechanical treatment
or both. Stress arises in fusion welding primarily because the weld
metal contracts on cooling from the solidus to room temperature.
Residual Stress: Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a
metal as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation. This
deformation may be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients
of temperature from quenching or welding.
Residual Stress: Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a
metal as the result of non uniform plastic deformation. This
deformation may be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients
of temperature from quenching or welding.
Residual value: A vehicle leasing companys assumption of what a
vehicle will be worth at the end of the lease, which is a factor used to
determine the monthly lease payment. (The higher the residual
value, the lower the monthly payment.)
Residuals: The impurities in mini-mill steel as the result of the mix of
metals entering the process dissolved in obsolete scrap. Residuals
are key concerns regarding the mini-mills’ recent entry into the flat-
rolled market, where high residuals can leave sheet steel too brittle
for customer use.
Residuals: Any element remaining in any alloy following melting and
casting which was not added to meet an analytical specification limit.
Resilience: (1) The amount of energy per unit volume released on
unloading. (2) The capacity of a material, by virtue of high yield
strength and low elastic modulus, to exhibit considerable elastic
recovery on release of load.
Resin: A solid or liquid compounding material, generally a solid or
semisolid, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes
polyesters, polystyrenes and acrylics used in the manufacture of
varnishes, plastics and elastomers. Some lubricating resins are
residual oils.
Resinoid Wheel: A grinding wheel bonded with a synthetic resin.
Resist: (1) Coating marerial used to mask or protect selected areas
of a substrate from the action of an etchant, solder or plating. (2) A
material applied to prevent flow of brazing filler metal into unwanted
areas.
Resist: 1. A material applied to a part of the surface of an article to
prevent reaction of metal from that area during chemical or
electrochemical processes. 2. A material applied to prevent the flow
of brazing filler metal into unwanted area.
Resistance: The opposition to current flow offered by the
components of an electrical circuit.
Resistance : The opposition which limits the amount of current that
can be produced by an applied voltage in an electrical circuit,
measured in ohms.
Resistance Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required
is obtained from the resistance to electric current flow in a circuit of
which the workpiece is a part.
Resistance Brazing: Brazing by resistance heating, the joint being
part of the electrical circuit.
Resistance Heating: Heating of steel by passing current through
solid conductors and using the heat generated as a result of the
conductors' inherent resistance to the flow of current. It can be
applied through three methods : 1) The indirect method, in which the
steel is heated by radiation and convection from resistors through
which the current is passed. 2) The direct method in which the
current is passed directly from a power source through the metal. 3)
The induction method in which the current is induced in the steel by
an induction coil connected to the power supply. Neither the indirect
nor the direct method of resistance heating is practical for steel-
making operations. However, the induction method is employed
successfully in special steel-melting operations.
Resistance Seam Welding: A resistance welding process that
produces coalescence at the faying surfaces of overlapped parts
progressively along a length of a joint. The weld may be made with
overlapping weld nuggets, a continuous weld nugget or by forging
the joint as it is heated to the welding temperature by resistance to
the flow of the welding current.
Resistance Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat
required is obtained from the resistance to electric current flow in a
circuit of which the workpiece is a part.
Resistance Spot Welding: A resistance welding process that
produces coalescence at the faying surfaces of a joint by the heat
obtained from resistance to the flow of welding current through the
workpieces from electrodes that serve to concentrate the welding
current and pressure at the weld areas.
Resistance Welding: A type of welding process in which the
workpieces are heated by the passage of an electric current through
the contact. Such processes include spot welding, seam or line
welding and percussion welding. Flash and butt welding are
sometimes considered as resistance welding processes.
Resistance Welding Electrode: The part(s) of a resistance welding
machine through which the welding current and, in most cases, force
are applied directly to the work. The electrode may be in the form of
a rotating wheel, rotating bar, cylinder, plate, clamp, chuck or
modification thereof.
Resistance, thermal : The reciprocal of thermal conductance.
Resistive loads : Electrical loads whose power factor is one.
Usually contain heating elements.
Resolution: The capacity of an optical or radiation system to
separate closely spaced forms or entities; also, the degree to which
such forms or entities can be discriminated.
Resolution: Ability to distinguish visual detail, usually expressed in
terms of the size (in kilometers) of the smallest features that can be
distinguished.
Resolution: A measure of the ability to separate observable
quantities. In the case of imagery, it describes the area represented
by each pixel of an image. The smaller the area represented by a
pixel, the more accurate and detailed the image.
Resonance: A relationship in which the orbital period of one body is
related to that of another by a simple integer fraction, such as 1/2,
2/3, 3/5.
Resonance frequency : Every rotating or shaking thing has a
resonance frequency. When something is at its resonance frequency,
every imbalance adds to itself at every cycle. This leads to a force
which mathematically goes to infinity and no helicopter can handle
those stresses for long. Using large training gear usually change the
resonance frequency to right around that point the helicopter likes to
hover. This can result in violent shaking even if the blades are
balanced.
Resonance : This is the vibration frequency of a rotating or moving
object. When the resonance of many parts of a machine are in
synch, the whole machine will vibrate at a greater rate. This can
cause vibration damage. Resonance can cause difficulties in an
aircraft, particularly when using a vibration mount with an improperly
balanced propeller/spinner wherein the engine is vibrating at one
frequency and the propeller at another.
Resonant vibration : Everything has a natural frequency. This
frequency is effected by two propertiesMass and Stiffness. This
"natural frequency" is the cause of many vibration problems in HVAC
equipment. If you strike an object (say a tuning fork or a bell) it will
continue to vibrate at its natural frequency until damping
extinguishes the vibration.
Respiration: The process by which animals use up stored foods (by
combustion with oxygen) to produce energy.
Respiration: A biochemical process by which living organisms take
up oxygen from the environment and consume organic matter,
releasing both carbon dioxide and heat. In plants, the organic matter
in photosynthate produced during daylight hours.
Respirator: A filtering device which covers the nose and mouth and
prevents inhalation of dust or fumes; should have the U.S. Bureau of
Mines certificate or approval for the specific contaminant being
filtered out. Handkerchiefs and gauze masks give little or no
protection.
Response Time: The elapsed time that occurs after the beginning of
a function until its completion.For example, the time elapsed
between application of electrical power to a solenoid and its full
excursion or stroke.
Response time: The elapsed time that occurs after the beginning of
a function until its completion. For example, the time elapsed
between application of electrical power to a solenoid and its full
excursion or stroke.
Restraint: Any external mechanical force that prevents part from
moving to accommodate changes in dimension due to thermal
expansion or contraction. Often applied to weldments made while
clamped in a fixture.
Restriction: A reduced cross sectional area in a line or passage
producing a pressure drop.
Restriction: A reduced cross-sectional area in a line of passage
producing a pressure drop.
Restrictor: A device for producing a deliberate pressure drop or
resistance in a line by reducing the cross-sectional flow area.
Restrictor: See ORIFICE.
Restriking: (1) The striking of a trimmed but slightly misaligned or
otherwise faulty forging with one or more blows 10 improve
alignment, improve surface condition, maintain close tolerances,
increase hardness or effect other improvements. (2) A sizing
operation in which coining or stretching is used to correct or alter
profiles and to counteract distortion. (3) A salvage operation
following a primary forging operation in which the parts involved are
rehit in the same forging die in which the pieces were last forged.
Resulfurized Steel: Steel to which sulfur has been added in
controlled amounts after refining. The sulfur is added to improve
machinability.
Retained accessory power: A feature that permits the operation of
a vehicles power accessories after the key is removed from the
ignition for a set period of time or until a door is opened.
Retort: A vessel used for distillation of volatile materials, as in
separation of some metals and in destructive distillation of coal.
Retract servo : Specifically used for mechanical retracts. It is a non-
proportional servo which only moves 180 degrees. That is to say this
servo is either "off" (gear up and fully locked) or "on" (gear down and
fully locked). No ATV, EPA, or AST adjustments can be made on
these servos because they are not proportional. The linkage must be
set up properly to allow this servo to operate at its full range and do
its job -- securing your aircraft`s landing gear in a gear-up or gear-
down position.
Retractable mirrors: Sideview mirrors that can be moved closer to
a vehicle when parking in a tight space or using an automatic car
wash.
Retracts: Abbreviation for 'retractable undercarriage', which is an
undercarriage that folds up into the airplane's wings or fuselage after
takeoff.
Retracts : Short for retractable landing gear. Wheels and struts that
fold up into the airplane to get them out of the air stream and present
less resistance to the airflow.
Retreating blade stall: A dangerous situation when in fast flight
where the blade that is flying towards the helicopters tail loses
enough airspeed to generate lift. This can result in losing control of
the helicopter.
Retrograde: Orbital motion in the direction opposite to the primary's
rotation.
Retrograde orbit: An east-to-west orbit of Earth (Earth spins west to
east). See prograde orbit.
Retrorocket: A rocket fired to reduce the speed of a spacecraft.
Return air: Air returned from conditioned or refrigerated space.
Return Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil of an operating
hydraulic system before it returns to the system's storage tank.
Return Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil of an operating
hydraulic system before it returns to the system's storage tank.
Return Line: A passage that is used to route fluid to a reservoir or
tank after use in some function.Normally limited to low pressures of 0
150 psig, but may be higher in special applications if so designed.
Return line: A passage that is used to route fluid to a reservoir or
tank after use in some function. Normally limited to low pressures of
0-150 psig, but may be higher in special applications if so designed.
Return-steam condensate : That steam produced by a boiler which
returns to the boiler after it has condensed.
Reusable Filter: Type of filter element that can be cleaned in
solvent and used again.
Revamp: Renovation or reconstruction of outdated equipment.
Revelle factor: The ratio of the instantaneous fractional change in
the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) exerted by seawater to the
fractional change in total CO2 dissolved in the ocean waters.
The buffer factor relates the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean to
the total ocean CO2 concentration at constant
temperature, alkalinity and salinity. The Revelle factor is a useful
parameter for examining the distribution of CO2 between the
atmosphere and the ocean, and measures in part the amount of
CO2 that can be dissolved in the mixed surface layer.
Revenue: Money paid in fares
Revenue Hours: The hours when revenue trains or buses are in
service
Revenue Service: The time when a rail car or bus is available to the
paying public
Revenue Vehicle: A rail car or bus that is used by paying customers
Revenue : Pertaining to activities for which remuneration is received
by the carrier.
Reverberatory: A furnace or kiln in which the flame passes over the
charge to be heated.
Reverse cycle defrost : Method of heating evaporator for
defrosting. Valves move hot gas from compressor into evaporator.
Reverse cycle refrigeration : A refrigeration system which uses
reject heat to produce warmth.
Reverse deionization : The use of an anion exchange unit and a
cation exchange unit in that order to remove all ions from solution.
Reverse Drawing: Redrawing of a sheet metal part in a direction
opposite to that of the original drawing.
Reverse Engineering: Reverse engineering is the process of
measuring and analyzing the characteristics and operation of a
product. Reverse engineering if often used to make copies of a
product for which a design does not exist or to determine how a
competitor's product works the way it does. The process of reverse
engineering makes us of 3D scanning processes and computer
modeling to recreate the product of interest.
Reverse osmosis : A process that reverses (by the application of
pressure) the flow of water in the natural process of osmosis so that
it passes from the more concentrated to the more dilute solution.
Reverse Osmosis Membrane: A reverse osmosis water system is a
device used to filter water in both residential and
commercial/industrial applications. In a reverse osmosis system, the
water is passed through a membrane to separate the dissolved
particles (solute) in the water from the pure water (solvent). Reverse
osmosis systems are used by the military to make potable water
throughout the world and as part of the process in turning salt water
into drinking water. Reverse osmosis membranes are designed to fit
specific systems and deliver different levels of filtration performance.
Reverse Osmosis Water System: A reverse osmosis water system
is a device used to filter water in both residential and
commercial/industrial applications. In a reverse osmosis system, the
water is passed through a membrane to separate the dissolved
particles (solute) in the water from the pure water (solvent). Reverse
osmosis systems are used by the military to make potable water
throughout the world and as part of the process in turning salt water
into drinking water.
Reverse Polarity: See preferred term direct current electrode
positive (DCEP). (see Direct Current Electrode Positive)
Reverse Redrawing: A second drawing operation in a direction
opposite to that of the original drawing.
Reverse tilt mirrors: Power sideview mirrors that tilt down when a
vehicle is in reverse in order to aid the driver in parallel parking.
Reverse-current Cleaning: Electrolytic cleaning in which a current
is passed between electrodes through a solution, and the part is set
up as the anode. Also called anodic cleaning.
Reversers : System for braking aircraft during landing roll.
Reversible process : A process by which a fluid is made to undergo
a change of state and by traversing the path in exactly the reverse of
the original path is returned to its original state, and all associated
systems are similarly returned to their original state.
Reversing Block: Part of a grease system that changes the flow of
grease from one direction to the other after a predetermined
pressure has been met.
Reversing Block: Part of a grease system that changes the flow of
grease from one direction to the other after a predetermined
pressure has been met.
Reversing Mill: The stand of rollers used to reduce steel sheets or
plates by passing the steel back and forth between the rollers; the
gap between the rollers is reduced after each pass.
Reversing Mill: Any rolling mill in which the direction of rotation of
the rolls can be reversed at will. Heavy primary mills for bloom and
slab rolling are the most common, but others, including some cold
rolling mills, are also made to reverse.
Reversing valve: A four-way directional valve used to reverse a
double-action cylinder or reversible motor.
Reversing valve : Device used to reverse direction of the refrigerant
flow depending upon whether heating or cooling is desired.
Reversing, Tandem and Continuous Mills: Steel is rolled to
reduce its thickness (gauge) by passing it between a pair of rolls in a
rolling mill (a mill stand). But as it is rare to achieve the desired final
thickness or cross-section in one step (single pass); the steel will
need to go through the same mill several times (with a reduced roll
gap, and/or changed roll profile each time), or transferred to other
mill stands for further reduction/shaping. When steel is rolled back-
and-forth through the same mill, this is a reversing mill. When it
moves directly in a continuous process to other mill stands, this is a
tandem or continuous mill. These can achieve far higher throughputs
than a reversing mill. Tandem mills are associated with flat products
and typically have four or six stands. Continuous mill is a long
products term, and can be followed by an indication of the number of
stands and product (e.g., 8-stand bar mill, 10-stand rod mill, etc.)
Revert: Recycled sprues, gates, risers, defective castings and
machine chips.
Revert: Recycled sprues, gates, risers, defective castings and
machine chips.
Revolution: Orbital motion about a primary.
Revolution: Process of the Earth circling the sun in its orbit.
Revolution determines the seasons, and the length of the year. In
addition, differences in seasons occur because of Earth's inclination
(tilt on its axis) of about 23.5 degrees as it revolves around the sun.
Compare with rotation.
Revolution mixing: A mixing function on a transmitter which lets
you program a throttle to rudder mix, so that as power is added, the
transmitter automatically adds more rudder to compensate for the
increase in torque. This function should be inhibited if you're using a
heading hold gyro.
Revolutions Per Mile (RPM): Also called rpm. The measured
number of revolutions for a tyre travelling one mile. This can vary
with speed, load and inflation pressure.
Revolutions per minute (rpm): Number of revolution of the shaft or
any other device per minute. It is calculated by counting the
revolution by the device and used for calculations.
Rewind: A coil that needs to be reprocessed on a side trimmer.
Rewind: A coil that needs to be reprocessed on a side trimmer.
Rework: Coil that will be reprocessed. Also Reclean, Reroll, and
Reanneal.
Reyn: Standard unit of absolute viscosity in the English system,
expressed in lb-s/in.2 (see Viscosity)
Reynolds Numbers: Used in hydraulics and in casting gating
theory. A dimensionless value (dynamic viscosity/density) describing
the fairly sudden shift of flow from laminar to turbulent. Re >2,000
represents turbulent flow. Laminar flow is seldom experienced in
runner and gating systems.
Reynolds Numbers: Used in hydraulics and in casting gating
theory. A dimensionless value (dynamic viscosity / density)
describing the fairly sudden shift of flow from laminar to turbulent. Re
> 2000 represents turbulent flow. Laminar flow is seldom
experienced in runner and gating systems.
RF: Radio Frequency.
RF Backbone: Hardware and software which enables real-time
tracking of inventory by receiving the signal from the scanners and
transmitting it to the DEC computer. It includes the scanners, relay
base stations, links to the computer and all required software to
operate the system.
Rf Backbone: Hardware and Software which enables real time
tracking of inventory by receiving the signal from the scanners and
transmitting it to the DEC computer. It includes the scanners, relay
base stations, links to the computer and all required software to
operate the system.
RF : Radio Frequency
RFC: Royal Flying Corps.
RFI : Request For Improvement Message (slot)
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
RFID: An automatic identification system whereby information stored
on tags can be transmitted by radio frequency at distance. These
tags are particularly useful in sorting and tracking baggage.
RFNA: Red Fuming Nitric Acid; 85% HNO3 + < 5% H2O + 6-15%
NOX
RFP : Reglement ìber die Ausweise fìr das Flugpersonal
RFU : Radio frequency unit.
RG : Retractable landing gear.
Rh: Chemical symbol for Rhodium
RH : Right-hand
Rheocasting: Casting of a continuously stirred semisolid metal
slurry. Tbe process involves vigorous agitation of the melt during the
early stages of solidification to break up solid dendrites into small
spherulites.
Rheology: The study of the deformation and/or flow of matter in
terms of stress, strain, temperature and time. Apparent viscosity and
penetration of grease are examples of rheological properties.
Rheopectic: Term applied to greases that thicken and harden when
subjected to shear; the opposite of thixotropic.
Rhodium: Chemical symbol Rh. A silver-white metal found in nickel
deposits.
Rhodium: Chemical symbol Rh. A silver white metal found in nickel
deposits.
Rhubarb : Low-level tactical operation from cloud cover.
Ria : Regulatory Impact Assessment
Rib: An elongated projection on a shape, forging or casting to
provide stiffening.
Rib: An elongated projection on a shape, forging or casting to
provide stiffening.
Rib: That part within the wing attached to the spar that gives the
wing its airfoil shape.
Ribbing A Coating: A coating defect consisting of a flow mark
defect with an appearance similar to corduroy fabric. Ribbing usually
occurs when the flow marks (ribs), from application on the coater, do
not flow out and level the surface of the coating.
Ribbon Wound: A term applied to a common method of winding
strip steel layer upon layer around an arbor or mandrel.
Ribbon Wound: A term applied to a common method of winding
strip steel layer upon layer around an arbor or mandrel.
Ribs: A pattern of tread features aligned around the circumference
of a tyre. There are usually multiple ribs across the tread area of a
tyre.
Ribs: The airfoil sections that separate the upper and lower surfaces
of the wings and give them ther unique shape are called WING
RIBS.
Rich or too rich : This occurs when there is too much fuel in the fuel
to air ratio. The combustion chamber will flood. This does not
damage the engine, but it does drastically reduce the power output.
Turning the needle valve screw counter-clockwise makes the
carburetor run richer.
Ride height: The distance from the ground to a fixed reference point
(differs by car-maker) on the vehicle’s body. This dimension can be
used to measure the amount of suspension travel or the height of the
body from the ground.
Ride On: The Montgomery County (MD) local bus system
Ridge: A hump across the width of the surface of the coil.
Riffles: Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
Riffles: Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
Rigging: Gates, risers, loose pieces, etc., needed on the pattern to
produce a sound casting.
Rigging: Gates, risers, loose pieces, etc., needed on the pattern to
produce a sound casting.
Right ascension: With declination, one of the coordinates used to
designate the location of an object on the celestial sphere. Right
ascension is measured in hours, minutes, and seconds and is similar
to longitude on Earth.
Right hand drive: Right hand drive means the steering wheel is in
the right side of vehicle.
Right thrust : Right yaw angle of the engine relative to the
centerline of the airplane. Right thrust helps overcome the normal
yaw tendency caused by the torque of the engine.
Righthand End: A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s
right of the centerline of span, established when facing the drive
girder side of the crane.
Rigid axle: Rigid axle is the fixed axle which has no suspension
system.
Rigid Flange Couplings: Rigid Flange Couplings are commonly
employed in the assembly of large, straight shafts where tight
tolerances on alignment must be maintained. These couplings are
very common in the power transmission industry and are made up of
two separate flanged halves that are bolted together. The halves are
keyed to the shaft with tapered keys to ensure proper alignment and
a tight fit. A rigid flange coupling is often employed in situations
where a strong coupling is required, but little axial distance is
available.
Rigidity: The degree of flexibility of steel.
Rim: Rim is a round metal piece which is used to carry tires on it.
Rim: That portion of a wheel to which a tyre is mounted.
Rim diameter: The diameter of the rim bead seats supporting the
tyre.
Rim Drop: Also called drop centre, a change (drop) in the rim profile
between the rim flanges in which the bead area of a tyre is placed
during the mounting process. This allows the tyre to be mounted on
the rim.
Rim flange: Surface of the rim of the wheel that contacts the side of
the tyre bead.
Rimmed Steel: Low-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation
permits the metal to remain liquid at the top of the ingot, resulting in
the formation of a bottom and side rim of considerable thickness.
The rim is of somewhat purer composition than the original metal
poured. If the rimming action is stopped shortly after pouring of the
ingot is completed, the metal is known as capped steel. Most steels
below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steels. For the same carbon and
manganese content, rimmed steel is softer than killed steel.
Rims : Remote Integrity Monitoring Station (?)
Ring and Circle Shear: A cutting or shearing machine with two
rotary-disk cutters driven in unison and equiped with a circle
attachment for cutting inside cirIes or rings from sheet metal, where
it is imposible to start the cut at the edge of the sheet. One cutter
shaft is inclided to the other to provide cutting clearnance so that the
outside section remains flat and usable.
Ring current: A very spread-out electric current circling around the
Earth, carried by trapped ions and electrons.
Ring gear: The gear used to transfer the power from multiple small
gears. It is used in the differential.
Ring Rolling: The process of shaping weldless rings from pierced
disks or thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls that control
wall thickness, ring diameter, height and contour.
Ringed : An engine which uses a piston with a piston ring. Compare
to ABC or ABN. Best used in dusty environments, a ringed engine is
less susceptible to damage from contaminants in the fuel/air mixture,
but does not provide the higher compression ratio of the ABC/ABN
engines.
Ring-laser gyro (rlg) : A gyroscope based on a laser beam instead
of a rotating mass, providing to same data as a gyroscope;
Rinse : The operation which follows regeneration; a flushing out of
excess regenerate solution.
Rip: Defect indicating the edge of the strip has been torn and yet is
still attached to the strip.
Rip: Defect indicating the edge of the strip has been torn and yet is
still attached to the strip.
Ripple (defect): A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing
at intervals.
Ripple (Defect): A slight transverse wave or shadow mark
appearing at intervals along the piece.
Riser: Reservoir of molten metal from which casting feeds as it
shrinks during solidification.
Riser Blocks: (1) Plates or pieces inserted between the top of a
metal forming press bed or bolster and the die to decrease the
height of the die space. (2) Spacers placed between bed and
housings to increase shut height on a four-piece tie-rod straight-side
press.
Riser Distance: The length of the riser neck. The term is applied to
side risers only.
Riser Distance: The length of the riser neck. The term is applied to
side risers only.
Riser Gating: Practice of running metal for the casting through the
riser to help directional solidification.
Riser Height: The distance from the top of the riser when when
liquid to the top of the riser neck. Riser height when solid is usually
several inches less than when liquid because of contraction and loss
of feed metal to the casting.
Riser Height: The distance from the top of the riser when liquid to
the top of the riser neck. Riser height when sold is usually several
inches less than when liquid because of contraction and loss of feed
metal to the casting.
Riser Neck: The connecting passage between the riser and casting.
Usually only the height and width or diameter of the riser neck are
reported, although the shape can be equally important.
Riser Neck: The connecting passage between the riser and casting.
Usually only the height and width or diameter of the riser neck are
reported, although the shape can be equally important.
Riser Pad (Riser Contact): An enlargement of the riser neck where
it joins the casting. The purpose of the pad is to prevent the riser
from breaking into the casting when it is struck or cut from the
casting.
Riser Pad (Riser Contact): An enlargement of the riser neck where
it joins the casting. The purpose of the pad is to prevent the riser
from breaking into the casting when it is struck or cut from the
casting.
Riser, Blind: A riser that does not break through the top of the cope
and is entirely surrounded by sand; opened to the atmosphere by
means of a firecracker core.
Riser, Open: Conventional form of riser usually located at the
heaviest section of the casting and extending through the entire
height of the cope.
Riser-Gating: Practice of running metal for the casting through the
riser to help directional solidification.
River Pattern: A term used in fractography to describe a
characteristic pattern of cleavage steps running parallel to the local
direction of crack propagation on the fracture surfaces of grains that
have separated by cleavage.
Rivet: The small pin used to combine the metal sheets permanently.
Hamming action is used to strike the pin to butt the metal sheets.
Riveting: Joining of two or more members of a structure by means
of metal rivets, the unheaded end being upset after the rivet is in
place.
RJ-1: A hydrocarbon rocket fuel (a refined kerosene).
RLG : Ring-laser gyro
RLV: Reusable Launch Vehicle.
RM : Regional Meeting
RMA: Rubber Manufacturers Association Inc.
Rma: The Rubber Manufacturers Association, Inc.
RMI : Radio Magnetic Indicator
RMK : Remark (s)
RMS : Root mean square;
RNAS: Royal Naval Air Service.
Rnav: Area Navigation.
RNAV way point (w/p) : a predetermined geographical position
used for route or instrument approach definition or progress
reporting purposes that is defined relative to a VORTAC station
position
RNAV : Area navigation device.
RNG : Range
Rnp: Required Navigation Performance.
RNP : Required navigation performance.
RNP-N : Area Navigation
RNSS : Radio Navigation Satellite Services
RNZAF: Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Roadside assistance: A service available from various
manufacturers that assists a driver when a vehicle is inoperable.
Roadstead : Anti-shipping strike by fighters. Codenamed ROVER in
Coastal Command.
Roasting: Heating an ore to effect some chemical change that will
facilitate smelting.
Robber: An extra cathode or cathode extension that reduces the
current density on what would otherwise be a high-current-density
area on work being electroplated.
Robinson : A U.S.-based helicopter manufacturer.
Roc : Rate of Climb
Rochelle Copper: (1) A copper electrodeposit obtained from copper
cyanide plating solution to which Rochelle salt (sodium potassium
tartrate) has been added for grain refinement, better anode corrosion
and cathode efficiency. (2) The solution from which a Rochelle
copper electrodeposit is obtained.
Rock Candy Fracture: A fracture that exhibits separated-grain
facets, most often used to describe intergranular fractures in large
grained metals.
Rock Candy Fracture: A fracture that exhibits separated grain
facets, most often used to describe intergranular fractures in large
grained metals.
Rocker arm: Rocker arms are small size of sea-saw used in over
head mechanism to operates the valves.
Rocket: A missile or vehicle propelled by the combustion of a fuel
and a contained oxygen supply. The forward thrust of a rocket
results when exhaust products are ejected from the tail.
Rocket engine: One burning liquid or solid fuel and carrying Its own
oxidizer, enabling combustion to continue outside of the earth's
atmosphere.
Rocket : an aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases generated
in the engine from self-contained propellants and not dependent on
the intake of outside substances. It includes any part which becomes
separated during the operation
Rocketdyne: A division of Rockwell International concerned with
the design and development of rocket engines (USA).
Rocketsonde: A rocket-borne instrument for measurement and
transmission of upper-air meteorological data in the lower 76,000
meters (250,000 feet) of the atmosphere, especially that portion
inaccessible to radiosonde techniques.
Rocking Shear: One type of shear for cutting steel plates. The
upper knife blade is shaped somewhat like the rocker of a rocking
chair. This was designed to avoid shear bow, a bend in plates
sometimes caused by guillotine shears.
Rockwell (Hardness Tester): A device used to determine the
hardness of the steel strip.
Rockwell Hardness: An indentation hardness test that measures
hardness by determining, under load, the depth of penetration of an
indenter, such as a steel ball. The hardness number is related to the
depth of indentation; the greater the number, the harder the
material.
Rockwell Hardness Testing: A method of determining the relative
hardness value of material by measuring the depth of residual
penetration by a steel ball or diamond point under controlled
loading.
Rockwell Hardness Testing: Measure of resistance to penetration
when material is exposed to a pointed load. The hardness numbers
obtained by a Rockwell machine are related to the depth of the
impression measured after the load is applied. See hardness
Rockwell Superficial Hardness number: Like the Rockwell
hardness number, the superficial Rockwell number is expressed by
the symbol HR followed by a scale designation. For example, 81
HR30N represents the Rockwell superficial hardness number of 81
on the Rockwell 30N scale.
Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test: The same test as used to
determine the Rockwell hardness number except that smaller minor
and major loads are used. In Rockwell testing, the minor load is 10
kgf, and the major load is 60, 100 or 150 kgf. In superficial Rockwell
testing, the minor load is 3 kgf and major loads are 15, 30 or 45 kgf.
In both tests, the indenter may be either a diamond cone or a steel
ball, depending principally on the characteristics of the material
being tested.
Rod: Round, thin semifinished steel length that is rolled from a billet
and coiled for further processing. Rod is commonly drawn into wire
products or used to make bolts and nails. Rod trains (rolling facilities)
can run as fast as 20,000 feet per minute<="" span="">
Rod: Round, thin semi finished steel length that is rolled from a billet
and coiled for further processing. Rod is commonly drawn into wire
products or used to make bolts and nails. Rod trains (rolling facilities)
can run as fast as 20,000 feet per minute D1more than 200 miles an
hour.
Rod Mill: (1) A mill for fine grinding, somewhat similar to the bar mill,
but employing long steel rods instead of balls as the grinding
medium. (2) A mill for rolling metal rod.
Rod Mill: (1) A mill for fine grinding, somewhat similar to the ball
mill, but employing long steel rods instead of balls as the grinding
medium. (2) A mill for rolling metal rod.
Rod Side Pressure: Pressure applied to the backside of the head of
a cylinder ram or shaft that supplies less force than the blank side
pressure.
Rod Side Pressure: Pressure applied to the back side of the head
of a cylinder ram or shaft that supplies less force than the blank side
pressure.
Rod, Alclad: Rod having on its surface a metallurgically bonded or
aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core alloy to which it is
bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against
corrosion.
Rodding: Reinforcing the sand in a core with metal rods or shapes
to strengthen parts of the core.
Rodding: Reinforcing the sand in a core with metal rods or shapes
to strengthen parts of the core.
Rodeo : A general fighter sweep over occupied territory.
Roderich : German jamming device to counter H2S
Rohr: Rohr Corporation, a manufacturer of rail cars
Roll: The movement of an aircraft around the fuselage longitudinal
axis which elevates one wing or the other and used to initiate turning
maneuvers.
Roll: Movement of an aircraft about its longitudinal axis,
representing a wing-over rolling action.
Roll: The rotational movement of an airplane about its longitudinal
axis. Also an aerobatic maneuver whereby the airplane is rolled
about its longitudinal axis through 360 degrees, while trying to keep
the thing in a straight line.
Roll: The rotational movement of a vehicle about a longitudinal (X)
axis.
Roll: A rotational motion in which the aircraft turns around
itslongitudinal axis. Pushing the control stick to the left will raise
the aileron on the left wing and lower the aileron on the right wing.
This will cause the airplane to roll to the left. The pilot will see the
left wing tip fall and the rightwing tip rise.
Roll axis : The airplane axis controlled by the ailerons. Roll is
illustrated by holding the airplane by the nose and tail. Dropping
either wingtip is the roll movement. This is used to bank or turn the
airplane. Many aircraft are not equipped with ailerons and the Roll
and Yaw motions are controlled by the rudder. This is one reason
why most trainer aircraft have a larger amount of dihedral.
Roll Bending: Curving sheets, bars and sections by means of rolls.
Roll Compacting: Progressive compacting of metal powders by use
of a rolling mill.
Roll cue : Flight director cue to control roll; in fixed-wing aircraft, a
wheel cue; in rotary-wing aircraft, a lateral cyclic cue
Roll Flattening: The flattening of metal sheets that have been rolled
in packs by passing them separately through a two-high cold mill
with virtually no deformation. Not to be confused with roller leveling.
Roll Force Systems: Mill stands place considerable pressure on
slabs, blooms and coils to further process the material. There are
two general ways of applying the force to the steel<="" span="">
Roll Force Systems: Mill stands place considerable pressure on
slabs, blooms and coils to further process the material. There are
two general ways of applying the force to the steel D1screw and
hydraulic systems. SCREW (INCLINE PLANE) This older method
used the basic principle of the screw to adjust the space between the
mill rolls. Because metal touches metal, these configurations will
wear down over time and can cause quality problems. HYDRAULIC
(PANCAKE CYLINDER) This modern system uses fluid pressure to
rapidly adjust the roll spacing several times per second. These
minute, instantaneous adjustments allow for superior gauge tracking
and higher quality products.
Roll Forging: A process of shaping stock between two driven rolls
that rotate in opposite directions and have one or more matching
sets of grooves in the rolls; used to produce finished parts or
preforms for subsequent forging operations.
Roll Forming: An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet
are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet
progressively into structural members of various contours,
sometimes called "molded sections."
Roll Grind: The uniform ground finish on the work rolls which is
imparted to the sheet or plate.
Roll In Metal: An extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the
surface of the product.
Roll Marks: Concave or convex defects introduced on the surface of
the metal or alloy coil by rolls. A combination of roll pressure and the
defects in the rolls or contamination on the rolls determine the
severity of the roll marks. Roll marks are generally repetitive.
Roll rate : Rate of change of roll; time derivative of roll; Symbols: q;
Symbols: phi dot; Typical Units: rad/s, deg/s; Dimensions: 1/Time;
Roll Scale: Oxide of iron which forms on the surface of steel while it
is being heated and rolled. Much of the scale is cracked and
loosened during the rolling operation and may fall off the piece
naturally or be blown off by high-pressure water sprays or other
means.
Roll Scale: Oxide of iron which forms on the surface of steel while it
is being heated and rolled. Much of the scale is cracked and
loosened during the rolling operation and may fall off the piece
naturally or be blown off by high pressure water sprays or other
means.
Roll Straightening: The straightening of metal stock of various
shapes by passing it through a series of staggered rolls, the rolls
usually being in horizontal and vertical planes or by reeling in two-roll
straightening machines.
Roll Welding: Solid-state welding in which metals are heated, then
welded together by applying pressure, with rolls, sufficient to cause
deformation at the faying surfaces. See also forge welding. (see
Forge Welding)
Rolled Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are
produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly
used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edges.
Rolled Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are
produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly
used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edges.
Rolled Ring: See ?Forging, Rolled ring?.
Roller: (1) In rolling mill terminology, a part of a roller table which
transports steel from stand to stand as contrasted with "roll" which is
a part of a stand of rolls and serves to reduce the cross-section of
the steel specimen which is being rolled. (2) Term applied to the man
in charge of the actual rolling.
Roller Bearings: Describes all rolling bearings except for ball
bearings. (see Rolling Element/rolling contact/antifriction bearing)
Roller Flattening: The process in which a series of staggered rolls
of small diameter is used to remove bow and waves
Roller Hearth Furnace: A modification of the pushertype continuous
furnace that provides for rollers in the hearth or muffle of the furnace
whereby friction is greatly reduced and lightweight trays can be used
repeatedly without risk of unacceptable distortion and damage to the
work. See also pusher furnace. (see Pusher Furnace)
Roller Level: A staggered system of rolls used to flatten the steel
without any appreciable reduction in gauge.
Roller Level: appreciable reduction in gauge.
Roller Leveling: Passing sheet or strip metal through a series of
staggered small rolls so as to flatten the metal. This method is
relatively ineffective in removing defects such as buckles, wavy
edges, corrugations, twists, etc., or from steel in the higher hardness
ranges.
Roller Stamping Die: An engraved roller used for impressing
designs and markings on sheet metal.
Rolling: The reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal stock, or
the general shaping of metal products, through the use of rotating
rolls.
Rolling circumference: The linear distance travelled by a tyre in
one revolution (its circumference). This can vary with load and
inflation. Rolling circumference can be calculated as follows: 63,360
divided by revolutions per mile = rolling circumference in inches.
Rolling Direction (In Rolled Metal): The direction, in the plane of
the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling.
Rolling Element/Rolling Contact/Antifriction Bearing: Generic
terms for all types of rolling bearings (ball, cylindrical roller, tapered
roller, spherical convex roller, spherical concave roller and needle
roller), all of which roll between rings and races except for needle
bearings.
Rolling Ingot: A cast form suitable for rolling. See ?Fabricating
Ingot?.
Rolling Lap: A fault arising from the overfilling or misalignment of
rolls, the result is a bulge on the bar which is rolled into the metal
and is lapped over. It remains throughout subsequent working and
appears as a longitudinal crack.
Rolling Lap: A fault arising from the overfilling or mis alignment of
rolls, the result is a bulge on the baaaar which is rolled into the metal
and is lapped over. It remains throughout subsequent working and
appears as a longitudinal crack.
Rolling Mandrel: In ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter
to accept various sizes of ring blanks and to exert rolling force on an
axis parallel to the main roll.
Rolling Mandrel: In ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter
to accept various sizes of ring blanks and to exert rolling force on an
axis parallel to the main roll.
Rolling Mill: 1. Any of the mills in which metal undergoes a rolling
process. 2. Any operating unit that reduces gauge by application of
loads through revolving cylindrical rolls; operation can be hot or
cold.
Rolling Mills: Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller
size or to a given shape employing sets of rolls the contours of which
determine or fashion the product into numerous intermediate and
final shapes, e.g., blooms, slabs, rails, bars, rods, sections, plates,
sheets and strip.
Rolling Oil: Hot and cold rolling mills, especially cold mills, use
formulated coolants.
Rolling Over: The operation of reversing the position of a flask. If
the drag part of the pattern has been rammed with the parting
surface downward, it is rolled over 180 degrees to allow core setting
and placement of cope.
Rolling resistance: The energy lost when the tire is rolling or the
resistance force to motion of the vehicle.
Rolling resistance: The force required to keep a tyre moving at a
uniform speed. The lower the rolling resistance, the less energy
needed to keep a tyre moving.
Rolling Slab: A rectangular semi finished product, produced by hot
rolling fabricating ingot and suitable for further rolling.
Rolling stock: The powered and unpowered vehicle which moves
on the railways. For example locomotives.
Rolling Ticket: The order matte, order paper, and mill order paper;
tells how coil should be rolled or processed.
Rolling-contact Fatigue: Repeated stressing of a solid surface due
to rolling contact between it and another solid surface or surfaces.
Continued rolling-contact fatigue of bearing or gear surfaces may
result in rolling-contact damage in the form of subsurface fatigue
cracks and/or material pining and spallation.
Rollover Board: A wood or metal plate on which the pattern is laid
top face downward for ramming the drag half mold, the plate and half
mold being turned over together before the joint is made.
Rollover Board: A wood or metal plate on which the pattern is laid
top face downward for ramming the drag half mold, the plate and half
mold being turned over together before the joint is made.
Rollover Machine: A molding machine with which the flask is rolled
over before the pattern is drawn from the mold.
Rollover Machine: A molding machine with which the flask is rolled
over before the pattern is drawn from the mold.
Roll-over protection: A system of devices that works to prevent or
lessen the damage from rollover accidents.
Rom : Read-only memory.
Ron : Research Octane Number (Auto fuel rating)
Roof panel: The internal structure of the roof of the vehicle used to
support the roof outer parts and to hold all the internals equipments.
It is mounted on the pillars of the vehicles.
Roof rack: it is the structural attachments mounted on the roof of the
vehicle. It is used to carry the luggage and other weight and volume
occupant.
Roof rack: A metal or plastic device attached to a vehicle that is
used to anchor cargo to the vehicles roof.
Roof rail: The roof part of the vehicle used to decorate and hide the
sheet joints. It is also designed to give sporty feel to the vehicle. It is
made of rubber or plastic.
Roof spoiler: A spoiler that is mounted from the rearward-facing
edge of a vehicles roof to the liftgate just above the rear windshield,
or to the upper edge of the rear windshield itself (and that is usually
installed for aesthetic purposes).
Roofing Sheet: Coiled or flat sheet in specific tempers, widths and
thickness suitable for the manufacture of corrugated or v crimp
roofing.
Roofline: The outline or contour of the roof a vehicle.
Root: The inboard end of a wing or tailplane generally where it joins
the fuselage.
Root blowers: The device used for supercharging of the engine
consists of the three lob rooter. It compresses the air and transfers it.
Root Crack: A crack in either the weld or heat-affected zone at the
root of a weld.
Root Diameter: See minor diameter.
Root mean square (rms) : A statistical measure of data; the root of
the mean of the square; for variables with mean of zero, the
standard deviation is equal to the rms; Compare: root sum square;
Root sum square (rss) : A statistical measure of data; the root of
the sum of the square; for a vector, its length is equal to the rss of its
scalar elements; Compare: root mean square;
Rope: Refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
Rope Drum: The cylindrical member around which the rope is
wound for lifting and lowering the load.
Rope Sheave: A grooved wheel used with a rope to change
direction and point of application of a pulling force.
Roping: A rope-like appearance in the rolling direction after the
metal has undergone severe deformation.
Roping: A rope like appearance in the rolling direction after the
metal has undergone severe deformation
Rosette: (1) Rounded configuration of microconstituents in metals
arranged in whorls or radiating from a center. (2) Strain gages
arranged to indicate at a single position strains in three different
directions.
Rosin Powder: Powder used on reels to ensure a tight start and
prevent slippage.
Rotar Pump: The pump consists of the rotor mechanism having
inner and outer gear in the pump body. Inlet and port are provided
into the body. It works on the suction and compression system.
Rotary Actuator: An actuator is a mechanical device used to move
one component relative to another. There is no one design for an
actuator - they are designed specifically for the job they need to
perform. Rotary actuators are used to drive the rotational motion of
another component.
Rotary actuator: A hydro-mechanical device that converts fluid flow
into incremental rotary motion as compared to a fluid motor which
produces infinite numbers of turns. See FLUID MOTOR.
Rotary compressor : A compressor Mechanism which pumps fluid
by using rotating motion.
Rotary engine: The internal combustion engines having fixed
engine block with moveable crankshaft.
Rotary engine: Cylinders disposed as for radial engine, but in this
case the crankshaft is fixed, and cylinders and crankcase rotate
around it.
Rotary Forging: A process in which the workpiece is pressed
between a flat anvil and a swiveling (rocking) die with a conical
working face; the platens move toward each other during forging.
Rotary Furnace: A circular furnace constructed so that the hearth
and workpieces rotate around the axis of the furnace during heating.
Rotary Furnace: A circular furnace constructed so that the hearth
and workpieces rotate around the axis of the furnace during heating.
Also called rotary hearth. Furnace.
Rotary Joint: A connector or fitting that is equipped with seals or o
rings that allow it to rotate while passing one or more fluid paths
through sealed internal passages.
Rotary joint: A connector or fitting that is equipped with seals or o-
rings that allow it to rotate while passing one or more fluid paths
through sealed internal passages.
Rotary motion : Circular motion of any cylindrical device rotates on
its center.
Rotary Press: A machine for forming powder metallurgy parts that is
fitted with a rotating table carrying multiple die assemblies in which
powder is compacted.
Rotary Retort Furnace: A continuous-type furnace in which the
work advances by means of an internal spiral, which gives good
control of the retention lime within the heated chamber.
Rotary Shear (Slitting Machine): A cutting machine with sharpened
circular blades or disc-like cutters used for trimming edges and
slitting sheet and foil. Note: cutter discs are also employed in
producing circles from flat sheets but with differently designed
machines.
Rotary Shear (Slitting Machine): A cutting machine with sharpened
circular blades or disc like cutters used for trimming edges and
slitting sheet and foil. NOTE: cutter discs are also employed in
producing dircles from flat sheets but with differently designed
machines.
Rotary Strainer: A second stage in-line water filter for water
delivered from a blowing room pump to the blast furnace. The
strainer contains an electric-driven rotary sieve that catches
particulates and prevents them from entering the water system.
Rotary Strainer: A second stage in line water filter for water
delivered from the New Blowing Room Pump to the Blast Furnace.
The strainer contains an electric driven rotary sieve that catches
particulates and prevents them from entering the water system.
Rotary Swager: A swaging machine consisting of a power-driven
ring thai revolves at high speed, causing rollers to engage cam
surfaces and force the dies to deliver hammerlike blows on the work
at high frequency. Both straight and tapered sections can be
produced.
Rotary Swaging: A bulk forming process for reducing the cross-
sectional area or otherwise changing the shape of bars, rubes or
wires by repeated radial blows with one or more pairs of opposed
dies.
Rotary Switch: A track switch with a movable inner frame
containing straight and/or curve sections of track. The inner frame
can be rotated around a vertical axis to align these tracks with other
tracks for routing carriers from one track to another.
Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT): An electro
mechanical rotary device that produces an analog signal in
proportion to the difference in distance between a magnet and a
separate fixed coil.
Rotary variable differential transformer (rvdt): An electro-
mechanical rotary device that produces an analog signal in
proportion to the difference in distance between a magnet and a
separate fixed coil.
Rotary Variable Transformer (RVT): An electromechanical rotary
device that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference
in velocity between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Rotary variable transformer (rvt): An electro-mechanical rotary
device that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference
in velocity between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Rotary wing platform: Term which describes the main rotor blades
of a helicopter.
Rotary wing : A helicopter;
Rotary/Teeming Nozzle: Mounted on the bottom of the ladle and
used to regulate the flow of molten metal from the ladle into the
trumpet.
Rotating Axle: An axle which rotates with the wheel.
Rotation: The changing of tyres from front to rear or from side to
side on a vehicle according to a set pattern; provides even tread-
wear. Rotating your tyres on a regular basis (every 9,000-13,000 km)
is a simple way to add km to their life. See your tyre warranty for
more information on recommended rotation.
Rotation: Rotary motion about an axis.
Rotation: Process of the Earth turning on its axis. Rotation
determines day and night, and the length of the day. Compare with
revolution.
Rotational motion: The turning of an object, like an airplane,
around an axis, or a propeller around a hub. Pitch, roll and yaw are
the rotational motions of an airplane around
the lateral,longitudinal and vertical axes.
Rotational velocities-: Describes how the airspeed over the tips of
the blades is different than that over the other parts of the blade.
Rotations per minute (rpm) : A unit of measure for such things as
engine speed.
Rotor: it the rotating or stationary part of the any electrical or
mechanical device.
Rotor: Part that rotates in the pumping chamber, sometimes given
specific designation such as gear, screw, impeller, etc.
Rotor: A rotating system of airfoils that either support in the air
(main rotor) or stabilize (tailrotor) a rotorcraft.
Rotor: The rotating-wing assembly of an autogyro or helicopter,
comprising the rotor hub and rotor blades.
Rotorcraft: A power-driven aircraft, heavier than air, which is
supported in flight by one or morerotors.
Rotorcraft : A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its
support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors. Includes
helicopters and gyroplanes.
Rotorcraft-load combination : the combination of a rotorcraft and
an external-load, including the external-load attaching mea
Rotorwash: The local air circulation (wind) caused by
a helicopter's spinning rotors.
Rotorway: A U.S.-based manufacturer of kit-built experimental
class helicopters.
Rotoweigh: An electronic scale mounted to the lifting block of a
crane used to weigh scrap and coils. A weight readout is displayed
on the side of the crane cab.
Rotoweigh: An electronic scale mounted to the lifting block of a
crane used to weigh scrap and coils. A weight readout is displayed
on the side of the crane cab.
Rouge Finish: A highly reflective finish produced with rouge (finely
divided, hydrated iron oxide) or other very fine abrasive, similar in
appearance to the bright polish or mirror finish on sterling silver
utensils.
Rough Blank: A blank for a metalforming or drawing operation,
usually of irregular outline, with necessary stock allowance for
process metal which is trimmed after forming or drawing to the
desired size.
Rough Grinding: Grinding without regard to finish usually to be
followed by a subsequent operation.
Rough idle: The abnormal idealing condition of the engine or the
vehicle caused due to the wrong adjustment of the carburetor or
accelerator system.
Rough Machining: Machining without regard to finish usually to be
followed by a subsequent operation.
Rough Machining: Machining without regard to finish, usually to be
followed by a subsequent operation.
Roughing: The fast removal of stock to reduce a workplace to
approximate dimensions, leaving only enough material to finish the
part to specifications.
Roughing Stand: The first rolling stand through which metal passes
during hot rolling. Once reduced by the roughing stands, the metal
continues on to the finishing stands where smoother rolls with a
smaller gap are used to complete the hot roll process.
Roughing Stand: The first rolling stand through which metal passes
during hot rolling. Once reduced by the roughing stands, the metal
continues on to the finishing stands where smoother rolls with a
smaller gap are used to complete the hot roll process.
Roughness: (1) Relatively finely spaced surface irregularities, the
heights, widths, and directions of which establish the predominant
surface pattern. (2) The microscopic peak-to-valley distances of
surface protuberances and depressions. See also surface
roughness.(see Surface Roughness)
Roughness Average (Ra): An expression of measured surface
roughness or texture, typically, of a polished or machined metal
surface. The arithmetic average value of the departure (peaks and
valleys) of a surface profile from the centerline throughout the
sampling length, generally expressed in micro-inch (0.000,001-inch)
or micro-meter (or micron) (0.0003937-inch) units.
Round-trip light time: The elapsed time it takes for light, or a radio
signal, to travel from Earth, be received and immediately transmitted
or reflected, and return to the starting point.
Route: The regular path or direction that a bus or train takes to get
to different locations
Route: The system of transport for moving any piece of inventory
from a source location to any destination includes the physical path
as well as the mover/hauler chosen to transport.
Route: Consecutive links in a network served by single flight
numbers, eg QF1 operates SYD/BKK/LHR as a single route.
Route segment : a part of a route.
Row count: The number of available rows of seating in a vehicle.
RP-1: A hydrocarbon rocket fuel (a refined kerosene).
RPK: RPK is a measure of an airline’s sales volume and
corresponds to number of fare-paying passengers carried muliplied
by the number of kilometres flown.
RPL : Repetitive Flight Plan
Rpm: Revolutions per minute.
RPM: Revolutions per minute.
Rpm: Revolutions Per Minute.
RPM : Revolutions Per Minute. How fast something turns. It is both
singular and plural. An engine can turn one RPM, or 10,000 RPM,
NEVER 10,000 RPM`s.
RPN : Revolutions per Minute
RPPL : Restricted PPL
Rpt: See Regular Public Transport.
RPV: Remotely piloted vehicles, directed usually by radio by a pilot
in another aircraft or based on the ground.
RR: Rear-engine rear-wheel drive
RR: Rear-engine rear-wheel drive. A vehicle that is propelled solely
by its rear wheels and whose engine is located aft of its front axle.
RR : Rolls Royce
RSO : Route per State Over flown
RSS : Root sum square;
RT : Receiver-transmitter combined in a single line-replaceable unit.
RTA : Remote Terminal Access (CFMU)
RTCA : (formerly) Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, now
RTCA Inc. RT(F), R/T Radio Telephony
RTCA, INC. : An association of U.S. governmental and industry
aeronautical organizations dedicated to advancing aeronautics
through consensus and recommendations.
RTES : Remote terminal
Rtf: Abbreviation for Ready To Fly. RTF models are ready to go right
out of the box. No building required.
RTG: Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator.
RTK: Revenue tonne-kilometre (RTK) is defined as one ton of load
(passengers and/ or cargo) carried for one kilometre.
Rtkm: Revenue Tonne Kilometre.
RTLT: Round-Trip Light Time.
RTU : Remote Terminal Unit
Ru: Chemical symbol for Ruthenium
Rub Mark: See ?Mark Rub?.
Rub Tool: A surface area showing a scratch or abrasion resulting
from contact of the hot extrusion with the press equipment
Rubber compound: A combination of raw materials blended
according to carefully developed procedures. The rubber compound
is specially adapted to the performance required of each type of tyre.
Rubber Forming: Forming a sheet metal wherein rubber or another
resilient material is used as a functional die pan. Processes in which
rubber is employed only to contain the hydraulic fluid are not
classified as rubber forming.
Rubber Id's: Inserts used to change the center diameter (20 24 ID).
Rubber Roll: A roll in the line mainly used as a wringer roll or
backup roll.
Rubber Roll: A roll in the line mainly used as a wringer roll or back
up roll.
Rubber Wheel: A grinding wheel made with a rubber bond.
Rubber-pad Forming: A sheet metal forming operation for shallow
parts in which a confined, pliable rubber pad attached to the press
slide (ram) is forced by hydraulic pressure to become a mating die
for a punch or group of punches placed on the press bed or
baseplate. Also known as the Guerin process. Variations of the
Guerin process include the fluid-cell process, fluidforming and
Marforming process.
Rubbing Oil: Low-viscosity mineral oil used with or without an
abrasive as a polishing medium.
Rudder: The vertically oriented movable control surface used to yaw
the aircraft.
Rudder: Movable control surface, attached to trailing-edge of fin, to
control aircraft movement in yaw.
Rudder: The movable part of a vertical airfoil which controls the
YAW of an aircraft; the fixed part being the FIN.
Rudder: A control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical part of
the tail that is used to make the aircraft yaw. The rudder is controlled
by rudder pedals. Pushing the left rudder pedal will tilt the rudder to
the left. This will cause the nose of theaircraft to turn to the left.
Rudder offset: A helicopter transmitter function that allows the user
too specify a additional amount of rudder trim for idle-up modes
which usually have a higher RPM or different blade pitch curve and
thus different amounts of torque to compensate for. This function
should be inhibited if you're using a heading hold gyro.
Rudder offset: this is much the same as engine offset, except that
in this case the rudder is permanently offset to turn the model to the
outside of the flying circle.
Rudder offset: on control linethis is much the same as engine
offset, except that in this case the rudder is permanently offset to
turn the model to the outside of the flying circle.
Rudder : The moveable portion of the vertical tail surface. The
rudder controls the airplane around the yaw axis. Also used as a
verb, meaning to angle the rudder in a particular direction.
Ruddervator: In Vee tailed aircraft serves the function of both
rudder and elevator and so when actuated through a mechanical or
other mixing apparatus provides for changes in aircraft pitch and yaw
from fewer movable surfaces and may be conventionally fixed and
hinged arrangement or two fullflying surfaces.
Ruling Section: More accurately termed limiting ruling section. One
of the most important factors associated with the choice of steel for a
given purpose is to ensure that the desired mechanical properties
are obtained throughout the section when the material has been
heat-treated. The limiting ruling section determines the maximum
diameter or cross-section of a bar or component in which the
specified properties can be achieved by a given heat treatment. The
analysis of the steel also has an important bearing on this.
Ruling Section: More accurately termed limiting ruling section. One
of the most important factors associated with the choice of steel for a
given purpose is to ensure that the desired mechanical properties
are abtained throughout the section when the material has been heat
treated. The limiting ruling section determines the maximum
diameter or cross section of a bar or component in which the
specified properties can be achieved by a given heat treatment. The
analysis of the steel also has an important bearing on this.
Run flat: A tire that is capable of being driven on temporarily after
losing its pneumatic pressure.
Run Flat Technology: Tyres that are designed to resist the effects
of deflation when punctured, and to enable the vehicle to continue to
be driven at reduced speeds and for limited distances.
Runner: A channel through which molten metal or slag is passed
from one receptacle to another.
Runner Box: A distribution box that divides molten metal into
several streams before it enters the casting mold cavity.
Runner Extension: In a mold, that part of a runner which extends
beyond the farthest ingate as a blind end. It acts as a dirt trap since
the first rush of metal along the runner will pick up any loose
particles of sand or dirt and carry them into the extension and not
into the mold cavity.
Runner Riser: A conventional runner, usually in the horizontal
plane, which permits flow of molten metal to the ingate and is large
enough to act as a reservoir to feed the casting.
Runner Riser: A conventional runner, usually in the horizontal
plane, which permits flow of molten metal to the ingate and is large
enough to act as a reservoir to feed the casting.
Running boards: Rocker panel extensions that function as steps to
aid the driver and passengers in the entering and exiting of tall
vehicles.
Running current : The current that flows through a load after inrush
current. Usually called "full load current".
Running Pump: A pump in a hydraulic system that is being used to
create pressure.
Running rails: The two rails on which the wheels of trains travel
Running Sheave: A sheave that rotates as the hook is lifted or
lowered.
Running time : Amount of time a condensing unit is run per hour or
per 24 hours.
Runoff: That part of precipitation, snowmelt, or irrigation water that
flows from the land to streams or other surface waters.
Runout: The amount a wheel moves in and out, away from its true
centre as it is rotated. If runout is excessive, the wheel can be seen
to wobble as it rotates.
Runout: Escape of molten metal from a furnace, mold or melting
crucible.
Runout: A casting defect caused by incomplete filling of the mold
due to molten metal draining or leaking out of some part of the mold
cavity during pouring; escape of molten metal from a furnace, mold
or melting crucible.
Runway: The rails, beams, brackets and framework on which the
crane operates.
Runway Conductors: The main conductors mounted on or parallel
to the runway which supplies current to the crane.
Runway incursion : Any occurrence at an airport involving an
aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a
collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking
off, intending to take off, landing or intending to land.
Runway Rail: The rail supported by the runway beams on which the
bridge travels.
Runway xx : Runways are numbered after magnetic compass
points, minus the 1`s column (where North is 0, and 360, degrees).
Rupture Stress: The stress at failure. Also known as breaking
stress or fracture stress.
RUSC : RVSM User Support Cell
Rust: A visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated oxides of
iron. Applied only to ferrous alloys.
Rust : A visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated oxides of
iron. Applied only to ferrous alloys.
Rust & corrosion warranty: A warranty that covers the repair or
replacement of the vehicles sheet metal in the event of damage from
rust or corrosion that is severe enough to cause a hole. Surface rust
is not covered.
Rust Preventive: A compound containing a rust inhibitor, used to
coat metal surfaces to prevent rust and corrosion; base material may
be a petroleum oil, a wax, an asphalt and/or solvent, depending on
the environment and the duration of the protection sought.
Rust proofing: The process and treatments done on the materials
to protect them from the oxidation or rusting. It includes the
deoxidation process or the thin film application on materials.
Rust Test (Grease/Oils): (ASTM D 665 and D 1748) test that
measures the effectiveness of a lubricant at preventing the rusting of
ferrous parts in the presence of water.
Rusting: Corrosion mechanism of iron and steel when iron oxide is
formed. Passive stainless steel does not rust, but iron or steel
contamination on the surface will, which gives consumer a false
impression concerning the stainless steel itself. Passivation of
stainless steel parts in a nitric acid solution will remove this
contamination while maintaining the passivity of the stainless steel
surface.
Ruthenium: Chemical symbol Ru. A white metal noted for its
hardness; the most expensive of the platinum group.
Ruthenium: Chemical symbol Ru. A white metal noted for its
harness; the most expensive of the platinum group
RV: Reentry Vehicle.
RVR : Runway Visual Range
RVSM : Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
RW, RWY : Runway
Rwy:: Abbreviation for runway
Rx: Abbreviation for receiver.
RXTX : Receiver-Transmitter
Ryznar stability index : An index based on calcium carbonate pH of
saturation vs. actual pH to determine scaling or corrosion tendencies
of a water (R.I. = 2 pHs).
Rzeppa joint: it is the type of the constant velocity joint used into the
automobiles. It consists of the spherical inner shells with 6 grooves.
A groove guides each balls.
S Relay: A device used to direct the oil flow to the main piston which
in turn causes it to move allowing the opening and closing of the
steam controlling valves on a low pressure generator.
S.I. Engine: Distance travelled by piston per unit volume is called
piston speed . If L is piston stroke and speed of engine is shaft is N
revolution per minute. So piston speed will be 2LN m/min
S/N : Signal-to-noise ratio
S/T: Side trimmer.
S-1 Guards: Protective devices along the rear passenger-door side
of buses that serve to push objects away from the rear door-side tire
of a bus. They help prevent the rear wheel from running over objects
that may be on the ground.
S2000 : A model of automobile manufactured by Honda
S4WD : Acronym for Selectable Four Wheel Drive
SA : An API classification for straight mineral oil used in early
gasoline and diesel engines which are operated under such mild
conditions that the protection of compounded oils is not required.
This category has no performance requirements, and oils in this
category should not be used in any engine unless specifically
recommended by the equipment manufacturer. It was replaced by
the obsolete SB. Modern gasoline engines should use oil that meets
the SM classification.
Saab : A model of automobile manufactured in Sweden and includes
9-2X (2005-06), 9-3 (1999-current), 9-5 (1999-current), 9-7X (2005-
07), 900 (1978-98), and 9000 (1985-98)
SAAF: South African Air Force.
SAC: Strategic Air Command (USAF).
Sacrificial anode : An electropositive metal coating, such as
aluminum or zinc, that protects the steel of a car body by corroding
first when attacked by electrolytic action
Sacrificial anodes : Coupling of a more active metal to a structure
resulting in a galvanic current flow through the corroding electrolyte.
Sacrificial Barrier: A coating, such as zinc, which “sacrifices” itself
to the corrosive elements of the atmosphere to protect the steel from
corrosion.
Sacrificial Barrier: A coating, such as zinc, which sacrifices itself to
the corrosive elements of the atmosphere to protect the steel from
corrosion.
Sacrificial Protection: Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an
electrolyte by galvanically coupling it to a more anodic metal; a form
of cathodic protection.
Sacrificial protection : Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an
electrolyte by galvanically coupling it to a more anodic metal. A form
of cathode protection.
Saddle : 1. Seat on a Bicycle 2. Metal piece on a centerpull brake.
Saddle : Line equipment used to transfer coils up, down, on, or off
the reels. The saddle is sometimes referred to as a traverse car.
Saddle gel : A gelatin substance that is inserted into a bicycle or
motorcycle saddle beneath the leather cover to provide more
cushioning.
Saddle tank : 1. A fuel tank mounted above the rear axle.2. A fuel
tank that fits over the top tube of the frame of a motorcycle
Saddle valve : A device that is silver brazed or clamped on a tubing
line or pipe where a spike punctures the line or a hole is drilled in the
line to provide a secondary outlet of the liquid in the line. Also called
tap-a-line
Saddle valve (tap-a-line: Valve body shaped so it may be silver
brazed or clamped onto a refrigerant tubing surface.
Saddlebag : A large bag or one of a pair which hangs down from the
saddle or straddles the rear wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle. Also
called panniers
Saddling: Forming a seamless metal ring by forging a pierced disk
over a mandrel (or saddle).
SAE: Society of automobile engineers
SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers. www.sae.org
Sae: Society of Automotive Engineers
SAE : Acronym for Society of Automotive Engineers. It publishes
automotive research papers and defines various automotive
standards of measurement
Sae 4 bolt port, code 61: A system for flange and surface mounting
configurations that are used to attach pipes, tubes or hoses to a
component or manifold. Normally rated at 3000 psig. See SAE 4
BOLT PORT, CODE 62.
Sae 4 bolt port, code 62: A system of flange and surface mounting
configurations that are used to attach pipes, tubes or hoses to a
component or manifold. Nominally rated at 6000 psig, although
larger sizes are only See SAE 4 BOLT PORT, CODE 61.
SAE gross bhp : An older unit of engine power. In the SAE gross
bhp test, a bare engine is used, i.e., an engine equipped with only
those accessories that are necessary for its operation, such as the
oil pump and fuel pump; but water pump, alternator, exhaust system,
etc. are not used; this results in a higher power rating than
achievable by the same engine under real operating conditions
SAE gross horsepower : A production engine's actual power
available at the flywheel or output shaft (usually crankshaft) as
tested with an absorption dynamometer. It differs from SAE net
horsepower in that many of the accessories (such as alternator,
water pump, etc.) are not attached. Engines before 1973 were
primarily measured with these "gross" numbers. Since 1973, net
figures were published. This confusion caused many people to
suppose that their engine had been seriously de-tuned when they
saw that the same engine in 1972 had 400 hp but in 1973 had only
235 hp. (This example is from the Cadillac 500 cubic inch engine).
Compare SAE net horsepower.
SAE horsepower : A simple formula of long standing is used to
determine horsepower. The formula is (bore diameter) squared times
(number of cylinders) divided by 2.5. This formula is used primarily
for licensing purposes and is not very accurate for determining actual
brake horsepower. Also called rated horsepower. Compare SAE
gross horsepower and SAE net horsepower.
SAE net bhp : A newer unit of engine power. A fully-equipped
engine (as when installed in a vehicle) is used to determine SAE net
bhp figures; as a rough guideline, SAE net is about 70-85 percent of
SAE gross
SAE net horsepower : The brake power (power available at the
flywheel or output shaft -- usually the crankshaft) of a fully equipped
engine fitted with all the accessories necessary to perform its
intended functions unaided. In 1973, automobile manufacturers
began publishing their engine specifications in net horsepower and
net torque instead of gross figures. In many cases the published
numbers were significantly lower in 1973 than in 1972. Some of the
decrease was attributed to the addition of pollution equipment, the
lowering of compression, and the use of regular unleaded gasoline
instead of premium leaded fuel. However most of the decrease in
number was a switch to net figures. Compare SAE gross
horsepower.
SAE Numbers/SAE Oil Viscosity Classification: Numbers
assigned by the SAE to crankcase, transmission and rear axle
lubricants to indicate their viscosity ranges; may be converted to ISO
and/or ASTM/STLE classifications.
Sae port: A threaded hole and stud system that may be used to
attach fittings to a component or manifold. Sealed with an o-ring or
gasket.
Sae Specifications: A set of materials specification issued by the
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
SAE Specifications : Standards developed by the Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc.
SAE Standard Screw Threads : The SAE Screw Thread Standard,
as revised in 1954, conforms with the Unified and American
Standard.
SAE steels : A numerical index used to identify composition of SAE
steel
Safe headway : A safe distance between two vehicles on the road
Safe stop wheel : A Run-on tire
SAFETEA-LU : Acronym for Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and
Efficient Transportation Equity Act - a Legacy for Users
Safeties: Valves that open to relieve excessive pressure.
Safety bead seat : A general term for a safety contour on the rim
bead seat preventing the tire bead from sliding into the rim well
especially during cornering maneuvers
Safety can: Approved container of not more than 5 gallon capacity.
It has a spring closing lid and spout cover. It is designed to relieve
internal pressure safely when exposed to fire. It may be used to
contain oils and lubricants for machine maintenance and repair
works
Safety can : Approved container of not more than 5-gal. capacity. It
has a spring-closing lid and spout cover. It is designed to relieve
internal pressure safely when exposed to fire.
Safety catch : A secondary latch usually located under the front
edge of the hood, near the center, which prevents accidental release
of the hood if the main cable-operated hood lock is activated by
mistake
Safety chains : Two, crossed chains linking the trailer and vehicle
frame as a safeguard if the towing hitch fails
Safety Closure System: A safety closure system is any system that
helps to prevent accidental access to an area. An example of a
safety closure system would be an automatic gate mechanism
designed to prevent unintended access to the edge of a dock, a
stairway, or an elevator shaft.
Safety Compliance Certification Label : (SCC) An American label
which must be attached to the lower half of the left-hand front door
lock facing; specifies the VIN and other relevant information
Safety control: A system to stop refrigerating to reach in unsafe
pressure and/or temperatures and/or dangerous conditions
Safety control : 1. Device to stop the operation of a unit if unsafe
pressure, temperatures, and/or dangerous conditions are reached.
2.Automatic controls and interlocks (including relays, switches, and
other auxiliary equipment) which are intended to prevent unsafe
operation of the controlled equipment.
Safety Cup: 1. A device that prevents the oil reservoir from draining
if the water seal on the separator is lost. 2. Heavy steel mug-shaped
device placed on the welder shear frame from operating, enabling
the safe removal of scrap from the welder tray.
Safety Factor: The ratio of burst pressure to rated pressure under
specific static pressure and temperature conditions.
Safety factor: The ratio of burst pressure to rated pressure under
specific static pressure and temperature conditions. See BURST
PRESSURE.
Safety factor : Providing strength beyond that needed, as an extra
margin of insurance against part failure.
Safety goggles : A close-fitting glasses or mask to protect the eyes
(e.g., during welding)
Safety Horn: A horn used to alert the crew that the line or parts of
the line is about to be jogged.
Safety hub : A device that is installed on the rear axle to prevent the
wheels from leaving the vehicle in the event of a broken axle.
Safety ledge : A raised area (hump) around the circumference of
the bead seat area of passenger wheels. Its function is to prevent
the tire beads from becoming unseated during hard cornering or
while running with low air pressure. A must with tubeless passenger
tires. Also called Special ledge
Safety Lug: A mechanical device fixed securely to the end truck or
trolley yoke which will limit the fall of the crane or carrier in case of
wheel or axle failure.
Safety motor control : Electrical device used to open circuit to
motor if temperature, pressure, and/or current flow exceed safe
conditions.
Safety net: A device for fall protection surrounding an
elevated TLOF. A safety net is intended to prevent falls as well as to
warn people who might accidentally step off the
TLOF. FAArecommends a five-foot wide safety net. However, for
projects in California, safety nets should be six feet wide, to satisfy
Cal-OSHA criteria.
Safety pin : A securing device
Safety plug: Device or plug which is used to release the contents of
a container before rupture pressures reached.
Safety plug : Device which will release the contents of a container
before rupture pressures are reached.
Safety relief valve : A spring-loaded valve designed to open and
relieve excessive pressure in a device when it exceeds a
predetermined safe point
Safety rim : A rim having two safety ridges, one on each lip, to
prevent the tire beads from entering the drop center area in the
event of a blowout. This feature keeps the tire on the rim.
Safety shutdown : The action of shutting off all fuel and ignition
energy to the fuel utilization equipment by means of a safety control
or controls such that restart cannot be accomplished without manual
reset.
Safety shutoff device : A device that will shut off the fuel supply to
the controlled burner in the event the source of ignition fails. This
device may interrupt the flow of fuel to the main burner only, or to the
pilot and main burner under its supervision.
Safety stand : A device that can be securely locked at a choice of
heights, so it can be placed under a specific part of the vehicle
underbody to support the weight of the vehicle that has been raised
with a jack, and keep the vehicle safely in place. Usually used in
pairs. Also called jack stand or axle stand
Safety thong: a strong piece of cord which is attached to the Control
Handle, and looped around the flyer's wrist so that the handle cannot
be released inadvertently. This item is mandatory for all Control Line
flying.
Safety thong: a strong piece of cord which is attached to the Control
Handle, and looped around the flyer's wrist so that the handle cannot
be released inadvertently. This item is mandatory for all Control Line
flying.
Safety valve: the valve given in any device for safe operation under
standard conditions.
Safety valve : 1. A valve designed to open and relieve the pressure
within a container when container pressure exceeds a
predetermined level. 2. Self-operated, quick opening valve used for
fast relief of excessive pressures.
Safety valve shutoff : A valve that is automatically closed by the
safety control system or by an emergency device. Such valve may
be of the automatic or manually opened type.
Safety wheel : A general term referring to either a wheel with a
safety bead seat or a wheel with run flat properties
Safety-control circuit : A circuit or portion thereof involving one or
more safety controls aimed at preventing unsafe operation of the
controlled equipment due to grounding, opening or shorting of any
part of the circuit.
SA-FV : Acronym for Separator assembly-fuel Vacuum
Sag: A decrease in metal section in casting due to sagging of the
cope or core.
Sag: A decrease in metal section in casting due to sagging of the
cope or core.
Sag : To bend or droop under weight or pressure. As a result of a
front or rear end collision, the frame may develop a sag in the
middle, much like a hammock.
Sag wagon : A support vehicle for touring bicycles or motorcycles to
provide food, repairs, or a ride home.
Sagging : 1. An aggravated condition of paint where a band of paint
runs down the side of a vertical area of the body. It may be caused
by excessive build-up of paint, thinners which are too slow-acting, or
excessively slow movement of the spray gun.2. The straining of a
ship that tends to make the middle portion lower than the bow and
stern
Sagging door : A door that sits too low in the door opening which is
often indicated by an uneven door gap that widens towards the rear
bottom and front top of the door but narrows down at the rear top
and front bottom. This condition may be caused by faulty setting of
the door hinges and lock/striker assembly. On convertibles, it often
pinpoints structural damage, because the chassis may be bending in
the middle
Sags : An aggravated condition of paint where a band of paint runs
down the side of a vertical area of the body. It may be caused by
excessive build-up of paint, thinners which are too slow-acting, or
excessively slow movement of the spray gun
Sahel: The transition zone in Africa between the Sahara Desert to
the north and tropical forests to the south. This dryland belt stretches
across Africa and is under stress from land use and climate
variability.
SAI : Acronym for Steering axis inclination
Sailplane: An unpowered heavier-than-air craft designed primarily
for soaring flight.
Sailplane: An unpowered, soaring aircraft capable of maintaining
level flight for long periods of time after release from tow and of
gaining altitude using wind currents.
SAIR : Acronym for Secondary Air Injection System
SaIt Fog Test: An accelerated corrosion test in which specimens are
exposed to a fine mist of a solution usually containing sodium
chloride, but sometimes modified with other chemicals. Also known
as salt spray test.
SALA suspension : Acronym for Short arm/long arm suspension
Salable natural gas : Natural gas marketed under controlled quality
conditions.
Salamander: 1. A heating device, usually of drum shape, in which
fuel is burned in the open air by natural draft. 2. Iron which has
collected in the bottom of a blast furnace during a blow.
Salamander: 1) A heating device, usually of drum shape, in which
fuel is burned in the open air by natural draft, 2) iron which has
collected in the bottom of a blast furnace during a blow.
Saleable Steel: The term is used to designate various types of solid
steel products, which are sold to outside customers for further
processing or for direct use/consumption. Therefore, it includes
ingots and/or semis and/or finished steel products. (Liquid steel is
normally not traded).
Sales : Total automotive product sales (vehicles, automotive parts,
including OE and aftermarket).
Salient pole : An electric motor has salient poles when its stator or
field poles are concentrated into confined arcs and the winding is
wrapped around them (as opposed to distributing them in a series of
slots)
Salinity: A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral
substances in water. Salinity is the measure of all the salts dissolved
in water. Salinity is usually measured in ppt ( parts per thousand).
The average ocean salinity is 35ppt . This means that in every
kilogram (1000 grams) of seawater, 35 grams are salt. The average
river water have 0.5ppt or less salinity
Salinity: The degree of salt in water. The rise in sea level due to
global warming would result in increased salinity of rivers, bays and
aquifers. This would affect drinking water, agriculture and wildlife.
Salinity: The degree of salt in water.
Salinity : A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral
substances in water.
Saloon : A British term for Sedan
SALS : short approach light system.
Salt Bath: A method of heating steel using a bath of molten salts.
Salt baths give uniform heating and prevent oxidation, they are used
for hardening, tempering or quenching. The type of salt used
depends on the temperature range required. For hardening, sodium
cyanide, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride are in common use.
Salt brine recycling : Collecting brine runoff and reusing it as a pre-
wetting agent for salt
Salt flat : Salt marsh of very unreliable consistency and bearing
strength found in desert regions and characterized by a top crust of
varying thickness and strength with soft salt mud of great depth
beneath it.
Salt spitting : The ability of an anion exchanger to convert a salt
solution to caustic; the ability of a cation exchanger to convert a salt
solution to acid.
Salt spray chamber : A test chamber for Salt spray testing
Salt Spray Test: 1. A test to determine the life of coated steel when
exposed to corrosive saltwater solution (generally 5% NaCl). 2. A
moisture and corrosion resistance test employing a controlled
exposure of a painted sheet to a fog or mist of a salt solution, usually
5% sodium chloride, for a specified time period, say 500 or 1000
hours.
Salt Spray Test: A test to determine the life of coated steel when
exposed to corrosive saltwater solution (generally 5% NaCl).
Salt spray testing : Spray tests with sodium chloride solutions
Salt water intrusion: The invasion of fresh, surface,
or groundwater by salt water.
Salt water splash : An open-air corrosion test facility
Salvage: Smaller coils sold at above the scrap price.
Salvage Coil: A coil with a weight less than 5,000 lb that does not
meet customer specifications. These coils do not get an IPM
number.
Salvage title: An automobile title with a notation that the vehicle has
been damaged in excess of approximately 70% of its pre-accident
market value. The exact percentage depends on the insurance
provider and any applicable laws and regulations. This notation gets
applied to a title when an insurance company pays a total-loss claim
on a vehicle, but then sells the vehicle at an auction center.
Salvaged : A vehicle totaled in an accident and then repaired. There
is no guarantee of street worthiness for a salvaged vehicle. It may
look good, but be hazardous to drive.
Sam Browne : A wide strap, made of reflective material, worn
around the waist with a strap diagonally over the right shoulder
Sample: (1) One or more units of a product (or a relatively small
quantity of a bulk material) withdrawn from a lot or process stream
and then tested or inspected to provide information about the
properties, dimensions or other quality characteristics of the lot or
process stream. (2) A portion of a material intended to be
representative of the whole.
Sample: A part , portion or piece taken for purposes of inspection or
test as representative of the whole
Sampling: The cutting or baring of samples for testing.
Sampling: The process of obtaining a sequence of discrete digital
values from a continuous sequence of analog data.
Sampling frequency : Rate of a periodic process; 1/T where T is
the period; Symbols: f sub s; Typical Units: Hz; Dimensions: 1/Time.
Sand: In metalcasting, a loose, granular material high in SiO2,
resulting from the disintegration of rock. The name “sand” refers to
the size of grain and not to mineral composition. Diameter of the
individual grains can vary from approximately 6 to 270 mesh. Most
foundry sands are made up primarily of the mineral quartz (silica).
The reason for this is that sand is plentiful, refractory and cheap;
miscellaneous sands include zircon, olivine, chromite, CaCO3, black
sand (lava grains), titanium minerals and others.
Sand: In metalcasting, a loose, granular material high in SiO2,
resulting from the disintegration of rock. The name sand refers to the
size of grain and not to mineral composition. Diameter of the
individual grains can vary from approximately 6 to 270 mesh. Most
foundry sands are mad up principally of the mineral quartz (silica).
Reason for this is that sand is plentiful, refractory, and cheap;
miscellaneous sands include zircon, olivine, chromite, CaCO3, black
sand (lava grains), titanium minerals and others.
Sand : To smooth or clean a surface by rubbing with sandpaper.
Sanding usually refers to hand tools such as sandpaper and block,
while grinding always refers to power tools such as angle grinders.
Sand blast : Cleaning by the use of sand propelled at high speeds
in an air blast.
Sand blaster : A metal box into which a rusty or dirty object is
placed. Compressed air and sand or grit are forced through a nozzle
and is directed at the object in order to remove the dirt, paint, or rust.
Sand Blasting: The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand
against them at high velocity. See also Blast Cleaning.
Sand casting : The formation of shapes by pouring molten metal
into a cavity shaped in sand in a molding flask
Sand channels : Open face tubes or planks (sometimes articulated)
with a rough inner surface with ridges used to put under the driving
wheels to assist in gaining traction when the vehicle is stuck in soft
sand.
Sand Control: Procedure whereby various properties of foundry
sand, such as fineness, permeability, green strength, moisture
content, etc., are adjusted to obtain castings free from blows, scabs,
veins and similar defects.
Sand Control: Procedure whereby various properties of foundry
sand, such as fineness, permeability, green strength, moisture
content, etc., are adjusted to obtain castings free from blows, scabs,
veins, and similar defects.
Sand Hole: A pit in the surface of a sand casting resulting from a
deposit of loose sand on the surface of the mold.
Sand ladders : A pair of aluminum ladders, about 170 cm long,
specially made with rungs closer than normal, to lay beneath the
vehicle wheels in soft sand to give grip and flotation.
Sand Mulling: A method of evenly distributing the bond around the
sand grain by a rubbing action.
Sand Mulling: A method of evenly distributing the bond around the
sand grain by a rubbing action.
Sand Plow: A bladed device used to divert sand from a belt
conveyor into a sand hopper.
Sand Porosity: Volume of the pore spaces or folds in a sand. (Not
synonymous with permeability).
Sand Porosity: Volume of the pore spaces or folds in a sand. (Not
synonymous with permeability).
Sand Reclamation: Processing of used foundry sand grains by
thermal, attraction or hydraulic methods so that it may be used in
place of new sand without substantially changing current foundry
sand practice.
Sand Reclamation: Processing of used foundry sand grains by
thermal, attraction or hydraulic methods so that it may be used in
place of new sand without substantially changing current foundry
sand practice.
Sand recycling : Collecting road sand used one winter and
processing it for reuse the next winter or for other applications
Sand scratch swelling : Solvents present in surface scratches that
cause the old finish to swell.
Sand scratches : The marks left in metal or in the old finish by
abrasives. They may also show in the finish coat due to lack of filling
or sealing.
Sand scratching : A paint fault characterized by the paint film
appearing low in gloss and showing primer and metal imperfections
in the top coat; may be caused by excessively coarse sanding and
too thin a paint coat
Sand Tempering: Dampening and cutting over or otherwise mixing
sand to produce uniform distribution of moisture, and allowing time
for migration of water molecules.
Sand Tempering: Dampening and cutting over or otherwise mixing
sand to produce uniform distribution of moisture, and allowing time
for migration of water molecules.
Sand tires : An off-road tire designed for desert sand and beach
sand. Usually with smooth tread blocks rather than the sharp, bold
blocks of a mud tire.
Sand tracks : Generic name sometimes given to any item fulfilling
the role of a sand ladder. May be pierced steel planking
Sand Wall: Temporary independent wall separated from a slag
pocket wall; facilitates slag removal and protects permanent wall.
Sand Wall: Temporary independent wall separated from a slag
pocket wall; facilitates slag removal and protects permanent wall.
Sandblasting: The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand
against them at high velocity. (see Blast Cleaning (Blasting))
Sandblasting : The cleaning of a surface with a jet of sand (or grit)
under air or steam pressure
Sandcasting: Metal castings produced in sand molds.
Sander : A power-driven tool with a rotating abrasive disc for
smoothing and cleaning surfaces.
Sanding block : A block of rubber or plastic to which the sandpaper
is fastened, offering the operator a good grip. The block should be
used for most sanding jobs because it distributes the pressure
evenly and gives a more uniform surface.
Sanding Stick: A wooden stick that has sandpaper on one end that
is used to prevent defects on the rolls from being transferred onto
the strip.
Sanding Stone: Equipment used to remove grit from rolls, tin or zinc
buildup from knives, and to clean the burr mashers.
Sanding Stone: Equipment used to remove grit from rolls, tin or zinc
build up from knives, and to clean the burr mashers.
Sandpaper : An abrasive paper coated with sand for smoothing and
cleaning. Compare Glasspaper
Sandwich construction : A composite construction of alloys,
plastics, and other materials consisting of a foam or honeycomb
layer and glued between two hard outer sheets. Also called
Sandwich laminate
Sandwich Rolling: Rolling two or more strips of metal in a pack,
sometimes to form a roll-welded composite.
SAP: System Access and Capacity Program
Saponification (Analysis): The process used to measure the ester
content of a material. (see Saponification Number)
Saponification (Grease): Process in which a fat or some other
compound of an acid and an alcohol reacts with an alkali to form a
soap and glycerin or other alcohol.
Saponification Number: (ASTM D 94) the number of milligrams of
potassium hydroxide required to saponify the fats and/or esters in a
one-g sample of a given material.
SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar.
SAR : Search and rescue.
SARP : serial number
SAS : 1. Acronym for Scandinavian Automotive Suppliers 2.
Acronym for speed adjusting screw
SASE : Acronym for self-addressed stamped envelope. Often used
in advertisements where the seller will provide information if potential
buyers will send a SASE enclosed in their query letter.
SAT : Search and Rescue
SATCOM : Satellite communications system.
Satellite: Any body, natural or artificial, in orbit around a planet. The
term is used most often to describe moons and spacecraft.
Satellite: A free-flying object that orbits the Earth, another planet, or
the sun.
Satellite : A block of controls near the steering wheel rim.
Satellite communication: A proprietary system used to send and
receive vehicle data, crash information, concierge services and
navigation to and from a vehicle through communications satellites.
Satellite radio: A radio receiver that receives radio signals
broadcast from communications satellites rather than a conventional
terrestrial tower.
Satellite revolution: The time from one perigee (the point of an
elliptical orbit path where a satellite is closest to Earth) to the next.
Satin Finish: A diffusely reflecting surface finish on metals, lustrous
but not mirrorlike. One type is a butler finish.
Satnav : Satellite Navigation (generic)
Saturated air: When the air cannot hold any more moisture, the air
is said to be saturated. Relative humidity is the water-vapor content
of the air relative to its content at saturation.
Saturated air : When the air cannot hold any more moisture.
Saturated liquid: A substance at vapor–liquid equilibrium is
generally referred to as a saturated fluid. A liquid which is at
saturation pressure and saturation temperature; in other words, a
liquid which is at its boiling point for any given pressure.
Saturated vapor: A vapor which is at saturation pressure and
saturation temperature. A saturated vapor cannot be superheated as
long as it is in contact with the liquid from which it is being
generated.
Saturated vapor : Vapor condition which will result in condensation
into droplets of liquid if vapor temperature is reduced.
Saturates: Synonym for alkane hydrocarbons, or saturated
hydrocarbons.
Saturation: Condition existing when substance contains all of
another substance it can hold for that temperature and pressure.
Saturation : Condition existing when substance contains all of
another substance it can hold for that temperature and pressure
Saturation index: The relation of calcium carbonate to the pH,
alkalinity, and hardness of water to determine its scale forming
tendency.
Saturation period : The length of time the breaker points are closed
and current is flowing through the primary windings of the coil.
Saturation pressure: The point, where at a given temperature a
pure substance starts to boil.
Saturation temperature: The point, where at a given pressure a
pure substance starts to boil.
Saturn: Sixth planet from the Sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
Saturn Aura Green Line : A midsize Hybrid sedan produced by
General Motors similar to the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid that uses a
Belt Alternator Starter (BAS) hybrid system.
Savanna: One of the Earth's biomes characterized by an extensive
cover of grasses with scattered trees. The savanna biome is a
transitional biome between those dominated by forests and those
dominated by grasses and is associated with climates having
seasonal precipitation accompanied with a seasonal drought.
SAVM : Acronym for Spark Advance Vacuum Modulator
SAW: Submerged arc weld. A method of producing very large pipe.
SAW : Acronym for Spark Angle Work
Saw Gumming: In saw manufacture, grinding away of punch marks
or milling marks in the gullets (spaces between the teeth) and, in
some cases, simultaneous sharpening of the teeth; in reconditioning
of worn saws, restoration of the original gullet size and shape.
SAW Pipe: Both electric resistance welded (ERW) and submerged
arc welded (SAW) tube or pipe is mostly produced by first forming
steel sheet or plate into a cylinder and then welding the longitudinal
gap to form a seam. SAW is a form of electric arc welding. A power
supply is used to strike an arc between a consumable electrode and
the pipe. This heats the steel, and filler metal in the electrode melts
and flows into the seam. Fluxes in the electrode blanket the welding
operation, suppressing sparks, fumes and ultraviolet radiation. SAW
is mostly associated with larger, thicker-walled pipe
manufacture. (see ERW)
Sawing: Using a toothed blade or disk to sever parts or cut
contours.
Saybolt Furol viscosity : A viscosity test similar in nature to the
Saybolt Universal viscosity test but one more appropriate for testing
high-viscosity oils. Certain transmission and gear oils, and heavy fuel
oils are rated by this method. The results obtained are approximately
1/10th the viscosity which would be shown by the Saybolt Universal
method.
Saybolt SUS/SFS: (ASTM D 88) the number of seconds required for
60 ml of a fluid to flow through the orifice of the standard Saybolt
Universal Viscometer (SUS) or a Saybolt Furol Viscometer (SFS) at
a given temperature under specified conditions. Since the orifice of a
Saybolt Furol viscometer is larger than that of a Universal
viscometer, it is used for more viscous fluids.
Saybolt universal viscosity: A commercial measure of viscosity
expressed as a time in seconds or a measure of kinematic viscosity
used in classical mechanics required for 60 mL of a fluid to flow
through the orifice of the standard Saybolt universal viscometer at a
given temperature under specific conditions; used for the lighter
petroleum products and lubrication oils.
Saybolt viscometer : An instrument used to determine the fluidity or
viscosity of an oil.
Sb: Chemical symbol for antimony.
Sb (service bulletin): The SB is issued by the aircraft or the
equipment manufacturer to provide users with recommendations for
modifying or replacing parts or to warn them that a particular check
is required.SB recommendations are not mandatory. Contrary to
ADs, SBs do not directly affect aircraft airworthiness.
SB : Service Bulletin
S-band: A range of microwave radio frequencies in the
neighborhood of 2 to 4 GHz, used for communicating with piloted
space missions (~2 Ghz).
S-band: A nominal frequency range from 4 to 2 GHz (7 to 20 cm
wavelength) within the microwave (radar) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. S-band radars are used for medium-
range meteorological applications, for example rainfall
measurements, as well as airport surveillance and specialized
tracking tasks.
SBAS : Space (or Satellite) Based Augmentation System
(DGNSS/DGPS/WAAS/EGNOS)
SC : Stratocumulus
Scab: An imperfection consisting of a thin, flat piece of metal
attached to the surface of a sand casting or ingot. A scab usually is
separared from the casting proper by a thin layer of sand or
refractory and is attached to the casting along one edge. An erosion
scab is similar in appearance to a cut or wash.
Scab (Scabby): A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas
from the mold face, or by uneven mold surfaces; or occurring where
the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
They also result from splashing of molten metal on mold walls during
teeming.
Scab (Scabby): A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas
from the mold face, or by uneven mold surfaces; or occurring where
the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
Scada: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition.
Scale: it can be defined as a unwanted layer of chemical reaction
with any material surface against environment or Surface oxidation,
consisting of partially adherent layers of corrosion products, left on
metals by heating or casting in air or in other oxidizing atmosphere.
Also a deposit on a heat transfer surface resulting from precipitation
of salts present in water in contact with that surface, forming a hard,
dense material.
Scale: An oxide of iron which forms on the surface of hot steel
exposed to air or oxygen.
Scale: Any model that has been modeled from a real aircraft, such
as a Piper Cub or P-51 Mustang for example.
Scale causing elements: Calcium and magnesium elements
forming scale.
Scale Line: A furrow in the rolling direction of the strip.
Scale Pits: Pits used in hot roll mills; scale loosened from hot slabs
drops into the pits and settles on the bottom.
Scale removal: it is the process of removing the scale by the
application of mechanical force , water treatment or the acid.
Scale Resistance: Resistance to corrosion by air at elevated
temperatures. In stainless steels, chromium is the most important
element for increasing the scaling resistance particularly at
temperatures above 1,000°F.
Scales: The oxidised surface of steel produced during hot working,
as in rolling, and exposure to air or steam at elevated tenmperature.
Scaling: (1) Forming a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at
high temperature. Scaling should be distinguished from rusting,
which involves the formation of hydrated oxides. See also rust. (2)
Depositing water-insoluble constituents on a metal surface, as in
cooling tubes and water boilers.
Scalping: Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs
before fabrication.
Scalping: Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs
before fabrication.
Scan platform: An articulated, powered appendage to the
spacecraft bus which points in commanded directions, allowing
optical observations to be taken independently of the spacecraft's
attitude.
Scanner: 1. An electronic eye that is sensitive to certain areas of the
light spectrum used to detect flame in the boiler. 2. Refers to
hardware used to scan the bar-coded labels containing the IPM
number of the coil and the location for inventory identification.
Interfaces directly to the DEC computer through the radiofrequency
(RF) backbone.
Scanner: 1) An electronic eye that is sensitive to certain areas of the
light spectrum used to detect flame in the boiler. 2) Refers to
hardware used to scan the bar coded labels containing the IPM no.
of the coil and the location for inventory identification. Interfaces
directly to the DEC computer through the Radiofrequency (RF)
Backbone.
Scanner Fan: Fan which provides ambient air for the purpose of
keeping the flame scanners cool.
Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM): An analytical technique that
measures the lateral distribution of elements on the surface of a
material by recording the intensity of their Auger electrons versus the
position of the electron beam.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): An instrument used for
obtaining microstructure images using an electron beam. The
micrographs obtained give depth perception of the metal being
observed.
Scanning radiometer: An imaging system consisting of lenses,
moving mirrors, and solid-state image sensors used to obtain
observations of the Earth and its atmosphere. Scanning radiometers,
which are the sole imaging systems on all current operational
weather satellites, have far better long-term performance than the
vidicon TV camera tubes used with earlier spacecraft.
Scarecrows : Flares which British aircrews believed were being
used by the Germans to deceive them into believing they were
bombers in flames. In fact they were stricken bombers.
Scarf: To remove surface defects from ingots, blooms, or billets,
usually with a gas torch.
Scarf Joint: A butt joint in which the plane of the joint is inclined with
respect to the main axes of the members.
Scarfing: Cutting the surface of slabs, ordinarily by using a gas
torch, to remove surface defects prior to rolling at the hot mill.
Scattering: The process by which electromagnetic radiation
interacts with and is redirected by the molecules of the atmosphere,
ocean, or land surface. The term is frequently applied to the
interaction of the atmosphere on sunlight, which causes the sky to
appear blue (since light near the blue end of the spectrum is
scattered much more than light near the red end).
Scatterometer: A high-frequency radar instrument that transmits
pulses of energy towards the ocean and measures the backscatter
from the ocean surface. It detects wind speed and direction over the
oceans by analyzing the backscatter from the small wind-induced
ripples on the surface of the water.
Scavenging: The process used to escape the burnt gases out of the
engine. In two stroke engines piston is designed to complete the
scavenging process.
Scavenging blowers: The scavenger blowers are designed for air
conditioning ventilating and exhaust systems.
Scavenging pump : The scavenging pumps are designed for better
Scavenging of two stroke engines. It is used to pump the air and fuel
at high pressure.
Scavenging Rate: Establishes the purity of the hydrogen gas in the
generator.
Scavenging Rate: Establishes the purity of the hydrogen gas in the
generator.
Scba: Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
Scc: Stress corrosion cracking.
Scene: Object space illuminated by a sensor.
Schedule: A list of product to be processed on a unit.
Schedule Book: A group of schedules or order mattes that contain
customer specifications for processing.
Schedule, Pipe: A means of indicating the wall thickness of pipe
sizes, as set forth in ASME B36.1 and ASTM A530 and B775.
Commonly available pipe schedules are Schedules 5, 10, 20, 40,
and 80. The actual wall thickness of a schedule number varies with
the nominal pipe size or diameter (e.g.: 0.5" Sch 40 = 0.109" while 2"
Sch 40 = 0.154"). A higher number schedule indicates a thicker wall
for a particular pipe diameter.
Scheduled maintenance warranty: A warranty that covers service
procedures recommended by the manufacturer at predetermined
intervals to preserve and/or prolong the life of a vehicle.
Scheduled service : Transport service operated pursuant to
published flight schedules, including extra sections and related non
revenue flights.
Schengen zone: The Schengen Zone, set out in the Treaty of
Amsterdam, allows for the free circulation of population (EU national
or otherwise) within a designated zone stretching over the 24
countries of the 27 countries in the European Union and four other
non-EU countries that have fully implemented the agreements
(Island, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein). Once a passenger
has entered the territory of one of the member states, flights are
considered domestic and passengers are not required to undergo
further border controls.
Schists: Crystalline rocks whose constituent materials are arranged
in layers which are easily separated.
Schr„ge-musik : SLANTED MUSIC. Upward firing 20mm cannons
used in German night fighters.
Schweizer: A U.S.-based helicopter manufacturer.
Scientific method: A systematic way of solving a problem or
answering a question using observation and measurement. The six
steps of the scientific method are: state the problem, create
ahypothesis, design an experiment, perform the experiment,
organize and analyze the data, draw conclusions.
Scleroscope Hardness (Test): A method for measuring the
hardness of metals; a diamond-pointed hammer drops from a fixed
distance through a tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the
rebound measured. The scleroscope hardness value is empirically
taken from the rebound distance, with a specified high-carbon steel
as 100.
Scleroscope Hardness (Test): A hardness test where the loss in
kinetic energy of a falling metal tup, absorbed by indentation upon
impact of the tup on the metal being tested, is indicated by the height
of rebound.
Scleroscope Hardness Number (HSc or HSd): A number related
to the height of rebound of a diamond tipped hammer dropped on
the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by
dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a
quenched (to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W-5 tool
steel test block.
Scorification: Oxidation, in the presence of fluxes, of molten lead
containing precious metals, to partly remove the lead in order to
concentrate the precious metals.
Scoring: (1) The formation of severe scratches in the direction of
sliding. (2) The act of producing a scratch or narrow groove in a
surface by causing a sharp instrument to move along that surface.
(3) The marring or scratching of any formed metal part by metal
pickup on the punch or die. (4) The reduction in thickness of a
material along a line to weaken it intentionally along that line.
Scotch Brite: Mechanical finish produced by applying Scotch
Brite to the surface of the metal to give a fine scratch pattern
appearance. It is also useful in reducing tool wear (i.e., the removal
of abrasive surface oxides).
Scotch Brite: Mechanical finish produced by applying scotch brite
(registered trademark of 3M co.) to the surface of the metal to give a
fine scratch pattern appearance. It is also useful I reducing tool wear
(i.e. removal of abrasive surface osides
Scouring: (1) A wet or dry cleaning process involving mechanical
scrubbing. (2) A wet or dry mechanical finishing operation, using fine
abrasive and low pressure, carried out by hand or with a cloth or wire
wheel to produce satin or butler-type finishes.
Scrap: Iron or steel discard, or cuttings, or junk metal, which can be
reprocessed.
Scrap: Material unsuitable for direct use but usable for reprocessing
by re melting.
Scrap (Ferrous): Ferrous (iron-containing) material that generally is
remelted and recast into new steel. Integrated steel mills use scrap
for up to 25% of their basic oxygen furnace charge; 100% of the
mini-mills’ raw material for their electric furnaces generally is scrap.
Home scrap--Waste steel that is generated from within the steel mill,
through edge trimming and rejects. It normally is sent directly back to
the furnace. Prompt (industrial) scrap--Excess steel that is trimmed
by the auto and appliance stampers and auctioned to scrap buyers
as factory bundles. This is a high-quality scrap as the result of its
low-residual content and consistent chemistry. Obsolete scrap--Iron-
bearing trash. Automobile hulks, worn-out refrigerators and useless
storage tanks, for example, can be recovered from the junkyard and
remelted. The residual impurity of such scrap normally relegates
obsolete scrap to the mini-mills. (see No. 1 heavy melt)
Scrap Baller: Device on the delivery end of a slitter which collects
the sidetrimmed edges of the coils and winds them into a ball.
Scrap Baller: Device on the Delivery End of a slitter which collects
the sidetrimmed edges of the coils and winds them into a ball.
Scrap Deflector: A device used to direct the edge of the strip that
was cut away by the slitter knives. This waste is now considered to
be scrap and is directed to the scrap bailer by the deflector.
Scrap Deflector: A device used to direct the edge of the strip that
was cut away by the slitter knives. This waste is now considered to
be scrap and is directed to the scrap baller by the deflector.
Scrap Sheet: The portions of the coil that are discarded because
they are out-of-spec.
Scrap Sheet: The portions of the coil that are discarded because
they are out of spec.
Scrap Substitute: Raw material that can be charged in place of
scrap in EAFs and BOFs. Scrap substitutes include, among others,
DRI, HBI, iron carbide and pig iron.
Scrap Substitute: Raw material that can be charged in place of
scrap in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. Scrap
substitutes include, among others, DRI, HBI, iron carbide and pig
iron.
Scrap Substitute: Raw material that can be charged in place of
scrap in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. Scrap
substitutes include, among others, DRI, HBI, iron carbide, and pig
iron.
Scraper Ring: A metal or synthetic ring that is fitted to the shaft of a
cylinder to remove particles from the shaft so to prevent them from
entering the cylinder seal chamber.
Scraper ring: A metal or synthetic ring that is fitted to the shaft of a
cylinder to remove particles from the shaft so to prevent them from
entering the cylinder seal chamber.
Scrapless Nut Quality Wire Rods: Wire rods that are used to
produce wire for Scrapless nuts. Rods for Scrapless nuts are
supplied in low-carbon, re-sulfurized and aluminum killed non
resulfurized steels. The wire rods are produced to be free from
detrimental segregation, and surface imperfections. The steel must
have satisfactory cold-heading, cold expanding, cold punching, and
threading and tapping characteristics. It is customary to order this
type of steel to a specified sulfur range.
Scrapping: The act of discarding a piece of steel or of cutting it into
sizes convenient for handling as scrap.
Scratch: (1) For rolled products, a sharp indentation in the surface
usually caused by a machine or during handling. (2) For extrusions,
a synonym for handling mark. See ?Mark, Handling?.
Scratch Brushed Finish: Finish obtained by mechanically brushing
the surface with wire bristle brushes, by buffing with greaseless
compound or by cold rolling with wire bristled rolls on scratch etched
finish.
Scratch Hardness: The hardness of a metal determined by the
width of a scratch made by drawing a cutting point across the
surface under a given pressure.
Scratch or Gouge: This type of defect can be recognized, in most
cases, as to its source. If the scratch or gouge occurs in the hot strip
mill there will be an oxide which has formed at the base of it.
Scratches or gouges occurring at the finishing end can be
recognized by the bright appearance at the base of the defect which
is indicative of oxide removal after the steel has cooled.
Scratch, Drawn-In: A scratch occurring during the fabricating
process and subsequently drawn over making it relatively smooth to
the touch.
Scratch, Friction: A scratch caused by relative motion between two
contacting surfaces.
Scratch, Machine: An indentation which is straight, is in the rolling
direction and is caused by contact with a sharp projection on
equipment.
Scratch, Oscillation: Minor indentations at an angle to the rolling
direction that result from coil oscillation during unwinding or
rewinding.
Scratch, Oven: A scratch which is caused by moving contact of
coating against a non-moving object in an oven.
Scratch, Rolled-In: A scratch which is subsequently rolled. It will
then appear as a grayish-white ladder (distinct transverse lines
within the longitudinal indentation).
Scratch, Tension: A short longitudinal indentation parallel to the
rolling direction.
Scratches: 1. A defect on a strip where small portions of tin coating
have been removed. 2. Defect that manifests itself in many forms
generally due to scoring of the strip surface by an outside source.
Scratches: 1) A defect on a strip where small portions of tin coating
have been removed. 2) Defect that manifests itself in many forms
generally due to scoring of the strip surface by an outside source.
Screen: (1) The woven wire or fabric cloth, having square openings,
used in a sieve for retaining particles greater than the particular
mesh size. U.S. standard, ISO or Tyler screen sizes are commonly
used. (2) One of a set of sieves, designated by the size of the
openings used to classify granular aggregates such as sand, ore or
coke by particle size. (3) A perforated sheet placed in the gating
system of a mold to separate impurities from the molten metal.
Screen (Sand): A sieve or riddle with openings of definite size used
to separate one gain size from another or to remove lumps from
sand.
Screen Analysis (Sieve Analysis): Distribution of particle size sand
expressed in terms of the percentage of weight retained on each of a
series of standard screens decreasing in mesh size and the
percentage passed by the screen of finest mesh.
Screen Analysis (Sieve Analysis): Distribution of particle size sand
expressed in terms of the percentage of weight retained on each of a
series of standard screens decreasing in mesh size and the
percentage passed by the screen of finest mesh.
Screen Box: An in-line water filter for water delivered from the river
to the powerhouse. The screen box contains a screen filter that
catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water
system.
Screen Box: An in line water filter for water delivered from the river
to the powerhouse. The screen box contains a screen filter that
catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water
system.
Screen Box Chart: A chart in the old pump room that gives the
Pump Tender the pressure on the screen box and whether it is dirty
or not.
Screen Decks: A system that provides a method to screen the fines
from the sinter product. The screen decks are slotted or blanked.
Screen Decks: A system that provides a method to screen the fines
from the sinter product. The screen decks are slotted or blanked.
Screen Tubes: Tubes that run from the front drum to a header on
the east wall at the third floor level. While no steam is generated,
water circulates rapidly through these tubes and their purpose is to
block or screen the boiler fly ash and prevent its carryover into the
superheater elements and generators. This area receives heavy
slagging during boiler operation and must be washed daily.
Screens: Equipment designed to prevent larger objects to enter
water treatment system.
Screw Press: A high-speed press in which the ram is activated by a
large screw assembly powered by a drive mechanism.
Screw pump: Compressor constructed of two mated revolving
screws.
Screw Stock: Free cutting steel bars suitable for the manufacture of
bolts and screws.
Screwdown Drives: Drives atop each finishing mill that provide the
initial downward force on the top backup roll, through the AGC
cylinder. Each mill has two drives (operator side and drive side).
Scribe Marking: Scribe marking is a surface marking process that
etches straight line segments into a surface. The line segments can
be used to represent a graphic image or a series of alphanumeric
characters. Scribe marking heads are mounted onto articulating or
robotic arms and linked to a controller that guides the marking
process.
Scrub radius: The distance between the axes of king pin and wheel
center of the vehicle can be seen in front view.
Scrubber: An apparatus for the removal of solids from gases by
entrainment in water.
Scrubbers: The scrubber combines the use of wringers and sprays
to wash off any remaining foreign matter and cleaning compound
adhering to the strip. Cold water is mainly used in the scrubbers.
Scuffing: (1) Localized damage caused by the occurrence of solid-
phase welding between sliding surfaces, without local surface
melting. (2) A mild degree of galling that results from the welding of
asperities due to frictional heat. The welded asperities break,
causing surface degradation.
SDC : Signal Data Converter
SDU : Satellite data unit.
Se: Chemical symbol for selenium.
Se: Chemical symbol for Selenium.
Se : Single-Engine
SEA: Special End Area. Inspection to check for defects at either side
of a steel tube which is also being inspected electronically (EMI
misses the ends).
Sea: Special end area ? inspection to check for defects at eithre of a
steel tube which is also being inspected electronic (EMI misses the
ends.)
Sea breeze: Local coastal wind that blows from the ocean to land.
Sea breezes usually occur during the day, because the heating
differences of land and sea cause pressure differences. Cooler,
heavier air from the sea moves in to replace rising warm air on the
coastline. See land breeze
Sea ice draft: The height of sea ice from the keel (the lowest point
underwater) to the water surface.
Sea ice thickness: The height of sea ice from the keel (the lowest
point underwater) to the ridge (the highest point above water).
Sea level: The datum against which land elevation and sea depth
are measured. Mean sea level is the average of high and low tides.
Sea level engine : a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated
takeoff power that is producible only at sea level
Sea surface temperature: The temperature of the layer of seawater
(approximately 0.5 meters deep) nearest the atmosphere.
Sea surface temperature (sst): The temperature of the layer of
seawater (approximately 0.5 m deep) nearest the atmosphere.
Sea surface temperature anomalies: Temperature of emitted
energy from the sea surface. SST anomaly = (SST - SST mean),
where SST = sea surface temperature.
Sea surface temperature anomaly: Temperature of emitted energy
from the sea surface. SST anomaly = (SST - SST mean), where SST
= sea surface temperature.
Seal: See O RING and GASKET.
Seal: See O-RING and GASKET.
Seal Coat: Material applied to infiltrate the pores of a thermal spray
deposit.
Seal Oil: Pressurized oil that flows along the shaft through the
clearance space between the gland rings and the shaft. As long as
the oil pressure exceeds the gas pressure in the machine, the oil
flow will prevent hydrogen gas from escaping.
Seal Oil: Pressurized oil that flows along the shaft through the
clearance space between the gland rings and the shaft. As long as
the oil pressure exceeds the gas pressure in the machine, the oil
flow will prevent hydrogen gas from escaping. Seal oil systems are
on #8 and #9 Generators.
Seal Swell: An increase in elastomer volume or linear dimension of
a specimen immersed in liquid or exposed to a vapor; hardness and
durability of the elastomer may also be affected. Swell
characteristics vary with the elastomer, but high aniline point oils
cause less swell than low aniline point oils.
Seal Tank: A tank that allows a free flow of effluent water in the
scrubber to the recycle/effluent tank and maintains a water seal on
the scrubber to prevent the sulfur gases from escaping into the
surrounding atmosphere.
Seal Tank: A tank that allows a free flow of effluent water the
scrubber to the recycle/effluent tank and maintains a water seal on
the scrubber to prevent the sulfur gases from escaping into the
surrounding atmosphere.
Seal Water: Water that is used to quench excess steam that
escapes from the seal areas.
Seal Water: Water that is used to quench excess steam that
escapes from the seal areas.
Seal Weld: Any weld designed primarily to provide a s eific degree
of tightness against leakage.
Seal, magnetic : A seal that uses magnetic material, instead of
springs or bellows, to provide the closing force.
Seal, rotary : A mechanical seal that rotates with a shaft and is used
with a stationary mating ring. This seal is provided to prevent any
leakage in system.
Sealed Source: Any radioactive material that is encased in and is to
be used in a container in a manner intended to prevent leakage of
radioactive material.
Sealed Source: Any radioactive material that is encased in and is to
be used in a container in a manner intended to prevent leakage of
the radioactive material.
Sealing: (1) Closing pores in anodic coatings to render them less
absorbent. (2) Plugging leaks in a casting by introducing
thermosetting plastics into porous areas and subsequently setting
the plastic with heat.
Sealion (seel–we) : the planned invasion of Britain in September
1940
Seam: Surface crack on a rolled product which has been closed but
not by welding.
Seam: On the surface of metal, an unwelded ford or lap which
appears as a crack, usually resulting from a defect obtained in
casting or in working.
Seam Weld: A continuous weld made between or upon overlapping
members, in which coalescence may start and occur on the Caying
surfaces, or may have oceeded from the outer surface of one
member. The continuous weld may consist of a single weld bead or
a series of overlapping spot welds.
Seam Welding: An electric resistance type of welding process, in
which the lapped sheet is passed between electrodes of the roller
type while a series of overlapping spot welds is made by the
intermittent application of electric current.
Seam, Extrusion: The junction line of metal that has passed
through a bridge or porthole hollow die, separated and rejoined at
the weld point. Seams are present in all such extruded hollows in
many cases are not readily visible. (see Seamless) (see Weld,
Incomplete)
Seamless: A hollow product which does not contain any line
junctures resulting from method of manufacture.
Seamless Pipe: Pipe made from a solid billet, which is heated, then
rotated under extreme pressure. This rotational pressure creates an
opening in the center of the billet, which is then shaped by a mandrel
to form pipe.
Seamless Pipe: Pipe made from a solid billet, which is heated, then
rotated under extreme pressure. This rotational pressure creates an
opening in the center of the billet, which is then shaped by a mandrel
to form pipe.
Seamless Steel Tube: Tubing refers to sections of long, hollow,
flexible cylinders typically used to move substances, usually fluids or
gases. Seamless steel tube is a high strength tubing used in
applications where the tubing is subjected to high stresses or loads.
The tube is seamless as a result of the production process, either
extrusion through a die or in a forging application called piercing.
Seaplane: A heavier-than-air craft which operates from water, and is
supported on the surface of the water by floats.
Seaplane : An airplane that has floats, or pontoons, attached to
allow it to land on water.
Search and rescue: Includes and search missions, as well as
evacuation or rescue work.
Search pattern : Basic guidance mode; provides lateral steering
guidance to fly an expanding square search pattern, creeping line
search pattern, or sector search pattern.
Season Cracking: An obsolete historical term usually applied to
stress-corrosion cracking of brass.
Seasonal variation: The change in a set of meteorological
parameters averaged over three months. Seasonal variation is the
largest climate variation, and temperature is the most frequently
observed meteorological parameter. Often, monthly averaged data
are grouped into seasons, according to the prescribed definition.
Seat adjustment type: The type of adjustment control for the seats:
manual, power or power-with-memory.
Seat belts: Seat belts are safety instruments which keep the
passenger fixed with seat.
Seat belts: Harnesses designed to secure vehicle occupants during
a collision.
Seat block: Quota of seats allocated for a specific flight to a travel
agent or other carrier by the operating airline.
Seat extension: An attached support, consisting of a metal frame
with upholstered foam, that lengthens a vehicles seat bottom.
Seat features: Devices integrated into a vehicles seats that control
seat temperature, seat adjustability, driver comfort and other
settings.
Seatback storage: A storage pocket that is either attached to the
backside of the seat or integrated into the seat itself.
Seatbelt force limiters: A part of the seatbelt pre-tensioner that
helps prevent the seatbelt from being tightened to the point of injury
to the occupant.
Seatbelt pretensioners: A seatbelt with a mechanism that reels in
the belt when the airbag is deployed for the purpose of keeping the
occupant in the proper position.
Seating capacity: Seating capacity is the capacity of vehicle that
how many passengers can sit in vehicle.
Seating capacity: The number of people that can be safely seated
and restrained in a vehicle, including the driver.
Sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (seawifs): SeaWiFS is an
ocean color sensor to study ocean productivity and interactions
between the ocean ecosystems and the atmosphere. SeeSeaWIFS
Web Site.
Seawater Desalination System: A seawater desalination system is
used to turn saltwater into potable drinking water in areas of the
world where drinking water is in limited supply. Most seawater
desalination systems make use of a reverse osmosis system to help
separate the salt and other particles from the water. Seawater
desalination systems also include other components to pretreat, test
and remineralize the water to safe levels.
Second freedom: The right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a
foreign country en route to another country. eg. London-New York
with a refuelling stop in Ireland.
Second in command : a pilot who is designated to be second in
command of an aircraft during flight time
Second law of thermodynamics : Heat will flow only from material
at higher temperature to material at lower temperature.
Secondary air supply system: A type of emissions-reducing
system that promotes the combustion of unburnt hydrocarbons in the
exhaust stream by introducing oxygen (fresh air) pulled in by a
vacuum created by exhaust pulsations (and which essentially
performs the same function as an air injection system without relying
on an air pump or diverter valve).
Secondary Alloy: Any alloy whose major constituent IS obtained
from recycled scrap metal.
Secondary Coils: Coils not sold as prime.
Secondary Coils: Coils not sold as prime.
Secondary Divider Valve (Lube Systems): Divider valve that
receives flow from the master divider valve.
Secondary Hardening: Tempering certain alloy steels at certain
temperatures so that a hardness is obtained greater than that
resulting from the tempering of the same steel at some lower
temperature for the same time.
Secondary Hardening: Tempering certain alloy steels at certain
temperatures so that the resulting hardness is greater than that
obtained by tempering the same steel at some lower temperature for
the same time.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS).: An analytical
technique that measures the masses of Ions emitted from the
surface of a material when exposed to a beam of incident ions. The
incident ions are usually monoenergetic and are all of the same
species, for example, 5 keV Ne+ ions.
Secondary Metal: Metal recovered from scrap by remelting and
refining.
Secondary Metal: Metal recovered from scrap by remelting and
refining.
Secondary Metallurgy: Steel's precise composition can vary from
customer to customer, and steelmakers use a secondary metallurgy
vessel (often referred to as a ladle furnace) between the steelmaking
and casting operations to allow molten steel to be brought to the
required specification. Typically the composition, purity and
temperature of the steel are adjusted at this intermediate stage by
adding alloying elements or by more sophisticated treatments such
as vacuum degassing. Key operations can include deoxidation,
desulfurization and dephosphorization. Not only does the use of
secondary metallurgy enable a larger range of steel grades to be
cast, but fine tuning steel composition in a separate furnace greatly
improves the productivity of the main steelmaking unit. This is
because with metallurgical adjustments taking place elsewhere, the
time from steelmaking raw materials in, to tapped liquid steel out, is
shortened.
Secondary Products: Those products which for any reason are not
prime quality but which are still good for some applications.
Secondary refrigerant : Chilled liquid like water, which is circulated
to distance units where air is to be cooled in individual rooms.
Secondary Scale: Oxide of iron which is formed on hot steel while it
is being rolled or forged.
Secondary stall: Any stall resulting from pulling back too soon and
too hard while recovering from any other stall. Usually a HIGH-
SPEED or ACCELERATED STALL.
Secondary Steel: Steel that does not meet the original customer's
specifications because of a defect in its chemistry, gauge or surface
quality. Mills must search to find another customer (that can accept
the lower quality) to take the off-spec steel at a discount. While
secondary will not affect the reported yield, margins will suffer.
Secondary Steel: Steel that does not meet the original customer's
specifications because of a defect in its chemistry, gauge or surface
quality. Mills must search to find another customer (that can accept
the lower quality) to take the off spec steel at a discount. While
secondary will not affect the reported yield, margins will suffer.
Secondary system : A recirculation water system that is a takeoff
from a primary system; it does not circulate directly through the
source of heat or cooling but only indirectly through a heat
exchanger.
Secondary treatment : Treatment of boiler feed water or internal
treatment of boiler water after primary treatment.
Second-order filter. : A smoothing filter in which the output follows
the input, only more slowly; It is usually implemented in software as
a difference equation of period T. When the second-order filter is
used in avionics, it is commonly to smooth data, and to wash out
transients at mode change. Usually, a first-order filter suffices, and it
being less expensive, is chosen over a second-order filter. Typical
values for omega sub n, a, and b are 0.1-2 rad/s, and zeta 0.1-0.9. It
should also be noted that two first-order filters can be chained
together to form a second-order filter that is critically damped or over
damped. When implementing a second-order filter on normalized
variables, such as angles, the discontinuities require special
treatment.
Seconds: The designation given to sheet or strip that has
imperfections in moderate degree or extent, which may be classified
in two general groups imperfections in the base material, or other
manufacturing defects. This term not used in connection with non
ferrous alloys.
Section height: The height of a tyre, measured from its rim to its
outer tread.
Section Number: The number assigned to an extruded or drawn
profile (shape) for indentation and cataloging purposes, usually the
same number assigned for the same purpose to the die from which
the profile (shape) is made.
Section Number: The number assigned to an extruded or drawn
profile (shape) for indentation and cataloging purposes, usually the
same number assigned for the same purpose to the die from which
the profile (shape) is made.
Section width: The distance between the outside of a tyre’s
sidewalls, not including any lettering or designs.
Sectioning: The removal of a conveniently sized, representative
specimen from a larger sample for metallographic inspection.
Sectioning methods include shearing, sawing (using hacksaws, band
saws and diamond wire saws), abrasive cutting and electrical
discharge machining.
Sections: (see Light Sections) (see Medium Sections) (see Heavy
Sections)
Sector search : A pattern of concentric arcs followed for searching
the ground from an aircraft; Compare: creeping line search,
expanding square search;
Sector shaft: The shaft used to hold the sector gear into the
steering gear box. It is connected to the main steering shaft.
Secular carbon dioxide trend: The fairly uniform and accelerating
increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, as
illustrated by the Mauna Loa record. The secular trend reflects the
increase in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
produced by combustion of fossil fuels, kilning of limestone, and
possibly a net biospheric release of carbon dioxide resulting
fromdeforestation.
Security deposit: A payment required at the inception of a vehicle
lease to provide collateral to the leasing company for the lessees
promise to comply with the terms of the lease.
Security fees: Fees levied on tickets to provide added security.
Sedan: Sedan is type of car, It have good space for luggage in back.
Sedimentation: Gravitational settling of solid particles in a liquid
system.
Seebeck effect : When two different adjacent metals are heated, an
electric current is generated between the metals.
Seeburg tisch : SEEBURG TABLE; Glass screen on which the
German night fighter controllers plotted the course of the raid
Seediness: Coating defects consisting of the randomly spaced
undissolved particles, usually resin particles, which are immersed in
the coating. They are raised up in the coating and appear somewhat
like fine sand sprinkled throughout the film.
Seediness: Coating defects consisting of the randomly spaced
undissolved particles, usually resin particles, which are immersed in
the coating. They are raised up in the coating and appear somewhat
like fine sand sprinkled throughout the film
See-saw head: A form of rotor head where the two rotor blades are
"connected" through a feathering shaft (thick wire). When one
pitches up the other pitches down. This makes for a more stable
helicopter and a simpler design, but does not handle as well as a
flapping head type.
Segment: A part of the mandrel that moves in and out to expand to
hold a coil or collapse to release a coil.
Segment: A part of the mandrel that moves in and out to expand to
hold a coil or collapse to release a coil.
Segment: A clearly identifying part of a journey usually between two
cities and involving one departure and one arrival. It is distinct from a
‘flight’, which may incorporate stop-overs even where only one flight
number is used.
Segment Die: A die made of parts that can be separated for ready
removal of the workpiece. Synonymous with split die.
Segment Steel: Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content
about 0.60%. Hardened and blue tempered with round edges.
Hardness usually Rockwells 30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from 0.058 to
0.163 and thicknesses are 0.020, 0.024 and 0.030.
Segment Steel: Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content
about .60%. Hardened and blue tempered with round edges.
Hardness usually Rockwells 30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from .058 to
.163 and thicknesses are .020, .024 and .030.
Segregation: (1) Nonuniform distribution of alloying elements,
impwities or microphases in metals and alloys. (2) A casting defect
involving a concentration of alloying elements at specific regions,
usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the
subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid.
Microsegregation refers to normal segregation on a microscopic
scale in which material richer in an alloying element freezes in
successive layers on the dendrites (coring) and in constituent
network. Macrosegregation refers to gross differences in
concentration (for example, from one area of a casting to another).
See also inverse segregarion and normal segregation.
Segregation: Nonuniform distribution of alloying elements,
impurities or phases.
Segregation Banding: Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying
elements aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of
working.
Segregation Banding: In homogeneous distribution of alloying
elements aligned on filaments or plates parallel to the direction of
working.
Seienium: A metalloid melting 220 B0C (428 B0F) added to
stainless steel to improve machinability.
Seismometer: A device for measuring movements of the ground.
Seize: The condition of metal melting and get welded un intensely
due to high temperature. It happens into the engine due to lack of
cooling.
Seizing: The stopping of a moving part by a mating surface as a
result of excessive friction.
Seizure: The stopping of relative motion as the result of interfacial
friction. Seizure may be accompanied by gross surface welding. The
term is sometimes used to denote scuffing.
Sel : Single-Engine Land
Selcal : Selective Calling system (used primarily with HF)
Selected : Measured data picked from one of many sensors;
Selecting is the process of choosing the "best" parameter from
multiple copies of that parameter, from multiple, identical devices or
similar devices. Compare: derived, estimated, filtered, measured,
raw, smoothed
Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR): A system used on diesel
vehicles that is designed to reduce emissions. Read more.
Selective Heating: Intentionally heating only certain portions of a
workpiece.
Selective Leaching: Corrosion in which one element is
preferentially removed from an alloy, leaving a residue (often porous)
of the elements that are more resistant to the particular environment
also called dealloying or parting.
Selective Quenching: Quenching only certain portions of the
object.
Selective transmission: Selective transmission works on '' Nuturel
and select'' In this transmission first lever goes to neutral and then
driver select the gear. Some examples for this transmission are
Sliding mesh gearbox, Constant mesh gearbox, Synchromesh
gearbox.
Selector forks: Selector fork is the guide of gear lever, That liver
which used for choosing gear by that the fork will change the gear.
Selector rod: The rod derived from the transmission system. It is
further provided into the driver cabin.
Selector Valve: Valves on some filter assemblies that allow
switching from one filter to the other.
Selenium: An element that closely resembles sulfur in its properties.
A metalloid melting point of 220°C (428°F) added to stainless steel to
improve machinability. The main use in steel is as a free-cutting
additive, but due to high-cost, it is limited to stainless steel. One of
the benefits being the ability to obtain a very good surface finish on
machined components.
Selenium: An element that closely resembles sulphur in its
properities. The main use in steel is as a freecutting additive but due
to high cost its is limited to stainless steel. One of the benefits being
the ability to obtain a very good surface finish on machined
components.
Self Diffusion: The spontaneous movement of an atom to a new
site in a crystal of its own species.
Self Hardening Steel: A steel containing sufficient carbon or
alloying element, or both, fo form martensite either through air
hardening or, as in welding and induction hardening, through rapid
removal of heat from a locally heated portion by conduction into the
surrounding cold metal.
Self leveling suspension (SLS) filter: Sometimes referred to a an
"SLS filter." A device used to remove contaminants from hydraulic
fluid in a self-leveling suspension system.
Self test : A test internal to a device
Self-Aligning Bearing: Bearing held by four points or in some other
arrangement that permits an automatic change in the position of the
bearing to conform to an out-of-line shaft or journal.
Self-aligning torque: When the tyre is cornering, torque created at
the road contact patch acts at a point somewhat to the rear of the
actual wheel centre due to pneumatic trail. This has the same effect
as positive caster and tends to force the wheel back to the straight-
ahead position.
Self-Diffusion: Thermally activated movement of an atom to a new
site in a crystal in its own species, for example, a copper atom within
a crystal of copper.
Self-Hardening Steel: Preferred term is air-hardening steel. (see
Air-Hardening Steel)
Self-leveling headlights: A system that uses suspension height
sensors to determine the orientation of a vehicle's body for the
purpose of making up-down adjustments to the direction of the
headlights, for the protection of oncoming drivers.
Self-Lubricated Bearing: Bearing supplied with lubrication in the
bearing material, i.e., graphite in a powdered metal bearing or oil in a
wood or microporous bearing; not generally suited for heavy loads or
high-operating temperatures.
Self-lubricating Material: Any solid material that shows low friction
without application ofa lubricant.
Self-service kiosk: Kiosks installed in airport departure halls,
allowing passengers to independently check in and print out their
boarding passes, eliminating the need to go to the check-in desk.
Semi floating axle: A semi-floating axle is design carries the weight
of the vehicle on the axle shaft itself. A single bearing is provided at
the end of the axle housing that carries the load from the axle.
Semiautomatic Arc Welding: Arc welding with equipment that
controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is
manually controlled.
Semiautomatic Plating: Plating in which prepared cathodes are
mechanically conveyed through the plating baths, with intervening
manual transfers.
Semi-circle : A measure of angle, 1 semi-circle = pi rad = 180 deg;
angles from physical devices are often reported in semi-circles in
order to compress data
Semiconductor: A solid crystalline material whose electrical
resistivity is intennediate between that of a metal conductor and an
insulator and is usually strongly temperature dependent.
Semi-Finished Products: Steel products such as billet, blooms and
slabs. These products can be made by direct continuous casting of
hot steel or by pouring the liquid steel into ingots, which are then hot
rolled into semi-finished products.
Semifinished Steel: Steel in the form of billets, blooms, itc.,
requiring further working before completion into finished steel ready
for marketing.
Semi-Finished Steel: Steel shapes, for example, blooms, billets or
slabs that later are rolled into finished products such as beams, bars
or sheet.
Semifinisher: An impression in a series of forging dies that only
approximates the finish dimensions of the forging. Semifinishers are
often used to extend die life or the finishing impression, to ensure
proper control of grain flow during forging, and to assist in obtaining
desired tolerances.
Semiguided Bend: The bend obtained by applying a force directly
to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is
either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge or is
supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of
the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In
some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in
the manner of a free bend.
Semikilled Steel: Steel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains
sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon
monoxide and thus offset solidification shrinkage.
Semi-Killed Steel: Steel incompletely deoxidized, to permit
evolution of sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification
shrinkage.
Semi-major axis: Half the major axis of an ellipse. The mean
distance of a planet or satellite from its primary.
Semi-monocoque: An aircraft structure in which the outer skin is
inadequate to carry the primary stresses, and is reinforced by
frames, formers and longerons.
Semipermanent Mold: A permanent mold in which sand cores or
plaster are used.
Semis: Semis is short for semi-finished steel, which is the name
given to large, uniform cast pieces that require further processing in
order to be transformed into finished long, flat and tubular steel
products. Most semis are continuously cast, and take the form of
blooms and billets (for rolling into long products like bar and
sections, or for making seamless tube) and slab (for rolling flat
products like coil and sheet). But there are still a few mills without
continuous casting and they cast ingots for subsequent processing.
Also, some producers of certain alloy steels specifically cast ingots
for metallurgical reasons. All semis have to be hot worked in order to
achieve the required dimensional changes. This is mostly by rolling,
but can be by rolling/piercing (for tube) or by forging (for individual
components).
Semi-scale: Any model that is loosely based on a real aircraft, with
maybe a few details left out or proportions changed.
Semisolid Metal Forming: A two-step casting/forging process in
which a billet is cast in a mold equipped with a mixer that
continuously stirs the thixotropic melt, thereby breaking up the
dendritic structure of the casting into a fine-grained spherical
structure. After cooling, the billet is stored for subsequent use. Later,
a slug from the billet is cut, healed to the semisolid state and forged
in a die. Normally the cast billet is forged when 30 to 40% is in the
liquid state. See also rheocasting.
Semi-Synthetic: A lubricant formulated with 20% or more of
polymeric fluid as a base stock component.
Semi-Synthetic (Metalworking): A metalworking lubricant
containing water.
Sender: Someone who is responsible for conveying a message.
Sendzimir Mill: A mill having two work rolls of 1 to 2 1/2 in diam.
each, backed up by two rolls twice that diameter and each of these
backed up by bearings on a shaft mounted eccentrically so that
rotating it increases the pressure between bearings and backup rolls.
Sendzimir Mill (Z-Mill): Compact mill used for rolling cold coils of
stainless steel in order to make the steel thinner, smoother and
stronger. To control the thickness of steel better at lower capital cost,
and to roll thinner sheets and strips. Stainless steel sheet or strip
passes between a matching pair of small work rolls with extremely
smooth surfaces, heavily reinforced by clusters of backup rolls. The
rolls reduce the steel to the desired thickness. A typical Sendzimir
rolling stand is immediately recognizable by its large number of small
diameter backup rolls (typically about 20) clustered around two
small-diameter work rolls. This is in contrast to the large diameter
work rolls and two or four large backup rolls on most rolling mills.
The large number of backup rolls on the Sendzimir allows very high
reduction forces to be exerted on the passing sheet, and gauges
down to 0.025mm are not unusual for stainless steel – although
several passes through the mill may be required to achieve this.
After each cold reduction, stainless coil must be annealed before it
can be further processed. The original design was developed by the
Polish engineer Tadeusz Sendzimir, but this type of mill is also
referred to as a Z-mill or cluster mill, and apart from rolling stainless,
is used for silicon and certain carbon steels, as well as some
nonferrous metals.
Sensible heat: The excess radiative energy that has passed from
the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through advection, conduction,
and convection processes.
Sensible heat: The excess radiative energy that has passed from
the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through advection, conduction,
andconvection processes.
Sensible heat : Heat which causes a change in temperature of a
substance.
Sensible heat : Sensible heat is any heat transfer that causes a
change in temperature. Heating and cooling of air and water that
may be measured with a thermometer is sensible heat. Heating or
cooling coils that simply increase or decrease the air temperature
without a change in moisture content are examples of sensible heat.
Sensible heat factor : The ratio of sensible heat to total heat.
Sensing device : A device that keeps track of the measured
condition and its fluctuations so that when sufficient variation occurs
it will originate the signal to revise the operation of the system and
offset the change. Example: a thermostat "bulb". A sensing de vice
may be an integral part of a controller.
Sensing element: The first system element or group of elements.
The sensing element performs the initial measurement operation.
Sensitivity: The minimum input signal required to produce a
specified output signal.
Sensitization: In austenitic stainless steels, the precipitation of
chromium carbides, usually at grain boundaries, on exposure to
temperatures of about 540 to 845°C (about 1000 to 1550 °F), leaving
the grain boundaries depleted of chromium and therefore susceptible
to preferential attack by a corroding medium. Welding is the most
common cause of sensitization. Weld decay (sensitization) caused
by carbide precipitation in the weld heat-affected zone leads to
intergranular corrosion.
Sensitization: The phenomenon in austenitic stainless steels that
causes a change to occur in the grain boundaries when heated in
the general range of 850 to 1,475°F. This change destroys the
passivity in these locations.
Sensitizing Heat Treatment: A heat treatment, whether accidental,
intentional or incidental (as during welding), that causes precipitation
of constituents at grain boundaries, often causing the alJoy to
become susceptible to intergranular corrosion or intergranular
stress-corrosion cracking. See also sensitization.
Sensor: An electronic device for measuring or indicating a direction
or movement.
Sensor: Device that produces an output (usually electrical) in
response to stimulus such as incident radiation. Sensors aboard
satellites obtain information about features and objects on Earth by
detecting radiation reflected or emitted in different bands of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Analyzing the transmitted data provides
valuable scientific information about Earth.
Sensor calibration: The relationship between input and output for a
given measurement.
Sensor fusion/correlation (sfc) : Measure of convergence of
sensor data
Sensor : A device that measures, receives, or generates data, for
example, an INS, a FLIR, a map. See Also: Data Source Object
SEP: System Expansion Program
Sep: Societe Europeene de Propulsion (France).
Sep : Spherical error probability
Separate: A term used to describe the process of stopping the entry
end of the line, while the delivery end continues to run.
Separate rear audio: The capability of a vehicles sound system to
deliver a different audio source to the rear seat passengers than the
audio source being delivered to the front seat passengers.
Separation minima : The minimum longitudinal, lateral, or vertical
distances by which aircraft are spaced through the application of air
traffic control procedures.
Separator: A tank type pressure vessel installed in a steam pipe to
collect condensate to be trapped off and thus providing
comparatively dry steam to the connected machinery.
Separator: Device to separate one substance from another, it can
be a cloth also which separate the unwanted parts from oil.
Separator: Oil filtering equipment that separates the water and dirt
from the oil.
Separator : A tank type pressure vessel installed in a steam pipe to
collect condensate to be trapped off and thus providing
comparatively dry steam to the connected machinery.
Separator : Device to separate one substance from another.
Separator Rubs: Mechanical scratches caused by separator arms
Sequence: -The order of a series of operations or movements. -To
divert flow to accomplish a subsequent operation or movement
Sequence Valve: A valve that is normally closed or normally open
and changes to the opposite state when pilot pressure is applied to
its spring chamber at a preset pressure level.Normally used to
initiate a secondary set of operations in a system, based on
application of the pilot signal.
Sequence valve: A valve that is normally closed or normally open
and changes to the opposite state when pilot pressure is applied to
its spring chamber at a preset pressure level. Normally used to
initiate a secondary set of operations in a system, based on
application of the pilot signal.
Sequence Valve (Hydraulics): Device assuring that actuators move
in a certain sequence in a hydraulic system.
Sequencer: A mechanical or electrical device that may be set to
initiate a series of events and to make the events follow in sequence.
Sequencer: A mechanical or electrical device which may be set to
initiate a series of events and to make events follow a sequence.
Sequential manual gearbox: Also referred to as "SMG," "direct shift
gearbox," "DSG" and "automated manual transmission." See
"Automated Manual Transmission."
Sequester: To form a stable, water-soluble complex.
Sequestering Agent: A compound that reacts with metallic
(positively charged) ions in a solution to keep them in solution,
thereby preventing the metallic ions from forming a sludge or
depositing on the workpiece.
Sequestrant: A substance that holds a mineral or metal in solution
beyond its saturation point.
Serial data transmission: A form of digital data transmission in
which the data bits of a binary word are processed or transmitted
one at a time. Slower than parallel data transmission, but does not
require separate circuitry for each bit.
Series: tyres with the same aspect ratio, or relationship of section
height to section width.
Series circuit: The elements connected end to end are known to be
connected end to end. In whole system voltage can be different
across each element but current is the same throughout.
Series hybrid: An electric vehicle with a gasoline combustion
engine that is only used to recharge the vehicle?s batteries. The
gasoline engine does not drive the wheels directly. An example is the
Chevrolet Volt.
Series Welding: Resistance welding in which two or more spot,
seam or projection welds are made simultaneously by a single
welding transformer with three or more electrodes forming a series
circuit.
Series-Progressive (Lube Systems): Positive, single-line
lubrication system utilizing piston divider valves for metering and
distribution; each divider valve must cycle completely in sequence
before downstream valves and pistons are activated.
Serpentine belt: A ribbed drive belt that drives more than one
engine accessory.
Serrate : ; RAF airborne radar used to home on the German night
fighters` Lichtenstein bomber detection equipment.
Serrations: Bumps, barbs, corrugations, or other features increasing
the holding power of the device.
Service ceiling: Normally height at which an aircraft can maintain a
maximum rate of climb of 100 ft (30 m) /min.
Service ceiling : The altitude above sea level beyond which an
airplane can no longer climb more than 30 m(100 ft) per minute.
Service Center: A catchall name for an operation that buys steel,
often processes it in some way and then sells it in a slightly different
form. A service center is distinguished from an end-user by the fact
that, unlike an end-user, a service center sells steel, not a fabricated
product. Service centers are manufacturers to the extent that they
add labor to steel by providing a service.
Service description: Numbers and letters moulded into the sidewall
indicating the load-carrying capacity, load index and the speed at
which the tyre can carry a load under specified conditions, or the
speed rating. Also known as load index and speed symbol.
Service drop: The overhead service wires that serve a building.
Service module: That part of a spacecraft which usually carries a
maneuvering engine, thrusters, electrical supply, oxygen and other
consumables external to the descent module. Discarded prior to
reentry.
Service Platform: A means provided for workers to perform
maintenance, inspections, adjustments, and repairs of cranes
Service reminder light: A light that indicates that general vehicle
maintenance is needed or that a specific service is required.
Service switch: Disconnect switches or circuit breakers. Purpose is
to completely disconnect the building from the electric service.
Service valve: Manually operated valve mounted on refrigerating
systems used for service operation.
Service, Heavy: That service which involves operation within the
rated load limit which exceeds normal service.
Service, Normal: That distributed service which involves operation
with randomly distributed loads within the rated load limit, or uniform
loads less than 65% of rated load for not more than 15% of the time
for manually-operated hoists, and 25% of the time for electric-or air-
powered hoists.
Service, Severe: That service which involves normal or heavy
service with abnormal operating conditions.
Servo: An electronically monitored hydraulic flow control valve used
to drive loads.
Servo: A small electric motor operated by the receiver that converts
the radio signal into movement of pushrods etc.
Servo arm : A lever arm that fits to the motor shaft coming out of the
servo.
Servo Control: A term used to describe the type of electronic
system used for finite, analog control of a function. See SOLENOID
CONTROL.
Servo control: A term used to describe the type of electronic
system used for finite, analog control of a function. See SOLENOID
CONTROL.
Servo Motor Encoder: An encoder is is any device or method used
to translate information from one format to another. In the case of
machinery systems, encoders are typically used to convert
transducer signals measure position and orientation to a signal that
is sent to a processed by a control system. A servo motor encoder is
a rotary encoder used to measure rotational location on shafts in
motor-driven industrial machines. The type of encoder used is
dependent on the motor type, the machine being driven by the
motor, and the control inputs and accuracy required to monitor and
control the machine.
Servo Motor Repair: When a servo motor starts exhibiting reduced
torque levels, it may be necessary to have the motor repair or rebuilt.
Servo motor repair is often chosen as on alternative to purchasing
new motors and may include the replacement of worn parts in the
motor and the remagnetization of the magnets in the motor. Over
time, the magnets may lose their current due to frequent overloading
of the motor, resulting to excessive current passing through the
motor windings.
Servo output arm : The removable arm or wheel which bolts to the
output shaft of a servo and connects to the pushrod.
Servo reverse: A feature on R/C systems whereby the direction of
the servo horn movement can be reversed.
Servo throw or servo travel : The distance an arm can travel in an
arc from its centered or neutral position on the servo.
Servo Valve: A high-performance directional and flow control valve
usually operated by a torque motor; similar to a proportional valve
but superior in terms of frequency response and hysteresis.
Servo Valve: A valve that uses a torque motor type coil to control a
small stream of fluid. Direction of the fluid stream is used to position
a large spool; therefore, a low level power signal may provide
precise spool position.Normally, the spool has mechanical feedback
of spool position to the torque motor, creating a closed loop spool
position system.
Servo valve: A valve that uses a torque motor type coil to control a
small stream of fluid. Direction of the fluid stream is used to position
a large spool. Therefore a low level power signal may provide
precise spool position. Normally, the spool had mechanical feedback
of spool position to the torque motor, creating a closed loop spool
position system.
Servo : The radio component which does the work of moving a
control surface.
Set point: The value of the controlled condition at which the
instrument is set to operate.
Seti: Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence.
Settling: (1) Separation of solids from suspension in a fluid of lower
density, solely by gravitational effects. (2) A process for removing
iron from liquid magnesium alloys by holding the melt at a low
temperature after manganese has been added to it.
Settling basin: A containment design with external water treatment
to settle sediments and to clarify.
Settling with power: A dangerous condition when descending from
a hover where the helicopter's rotor blades enter their own down-
wash.
Setup: Line preparation to slit new width size for customer
specification. The distance between the slitter heads must be
changed and the knives must be physically moved on the slitter
shaft.
Setup: Line preparation to slit new width size for customer
specification. The distance between the slitter heads must be
changed and the knives must be physically moved on the slitter
shaft.
Seventh freedom: The right to fly between two foreign countries
while not offering flights to one's own country. Eg an American airline
offering flights between China and Japan but not to America.
Severity of Quench: Ability of quenching medium to extract heat
from a hot steel workpiece expressed in terms of the Grossmann
number (H).
Severity Rate: A number that represents the quantity of days
registered on lost-time accidents per million of man-hours of
exposure to risk.
Sextant: An instrument that measures angular distances from fixed
celestial objects.
SFC : Sensor Fusion/Correlation
SFE : Single-Engine Piston
Sfel: Student Flight Engineer Licence
Sfsa: Steel Founders' Society
SFTS : Service Flying Training School
SG Iron: An abbreviation for spheroidal graphite cast-iron. As the
name implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes
and compared with gray cast-iron, it has higher mechanical strength,
ductility and increased shock resistance.
Sg Iron: An abbreviation for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. As the
name implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes
and compared with Grey Cast Iron it has higher mechanical strength,
ductility and increased shock resistance.
SG : Sub-Group (of Euro control Working Groups)
Sgac: Secretariat Generate A I'Aviation Civile.
Shackle: Shackle or gyve is the metal piece used to mount or lift the
weight on a pin or shaft. It is also used into automobile suspension
system to carry the leaf springs.
Shadowing: Directional deposition of carbon or a metallic film on a
plastic replica so as to highlight features to be analyzed by
transmission electron microscopy. Most often used to provide
maximum detail and resolution of the features of fracture surfaces.
Shaft seal: Device used to prevent leakage between shaft and
housing.
Shakeout: 1. The operation of removing castings from the mold. 2.
A mechanical unit for separating the molding materials from the
solidified metal casting.
Shakeout: 1) The operation of removing castings from the mold 2) a
mechanical unit for separating the molding materials from the
solidified metal casting.
Shaker: A device employed at the coal hopper to vibrate the railcars
and make the coal drop from the hoppers.
Shaker: A device employed at the coal hopper to vibrate the rail cars
and make the coal drop from the hoppers.
Shaker-hearth Furnace: A continuous type furnace that uses a
reciprocating shaker motion to move the parts along the hearth.
Shank: (1) The portion of a die or tool by which it is held in position
in a forging unit or press. (2) The handle for carrying a small ladle or
crucible. (3) The main body of a lathe tool. If the tool is an inserted
type, the shank is the portion that supported the insert.
Shank: The portion of a fitting inserted into the bore of a hose.
Shank-type Cutter: Acutter having a straight or tapered shank to fil
into a machine-tool spindle or adapter.
Shape: This term is no longer recommended. The term ?Profile? is
preferred. See ?Profile?.
Shape Control: Ability to produce material to a given geometric
flatness standard. (see Flatness)
Shape Control: Ability to produce material to a given geometric
flatness standard. (See Flatness)
Shape Correcting: Rolling, heating and quenching steel sheets
often affect the dimensions of the steel. Levelers, temper mills and
edge trimmers rework the processed steel to match customer
specifications.
Shape Correcting: Rolling, heating and quenching steel sheets
often affect the dimensions of the steel. Levelers, temper mills and
edge trimmers rework the processed steel to match customer
specifications.
Shape Defect: Geometric non-uniformity of a strip, such as bent
strip, coil set, center buckle, wavy edge, etc.
Shape Defect: Geometric non uniformity of a strip, such as bent
strip, coil set, center buckle, wavy edge, etc.
Shape Memory Alloys: A group of metallic materials that
demonstrate the ability to return to some previously defined shape or
size when subjected to the appropriate thermal procedure.
Shaping: Producing flat surfaces using single-point tools. The work
is held in a vise or fixture or is clamped directly to the table. The ram
supporting the tool is reciprocated in a linear motion past the work.
Sharp freezing: Refrigeration at temperatures slightly below
freezing, with moderate air circulation.
Shaving: (1) As a finishing operation, the accurate removal of a thin
layer of a work surface by straightline motion between a culler and
the surface. (2) Trimming parts such as stampings, forgings and
tubes to remove uneven sheared edges or to improve accuracy.
Shaw (Osborn Shaw) Process: A precision casting technique in
ceramic molds which do not require wax or plastic investment.
Shaw (Osborn-Shaw) Process: A precision casting technique in
ceramic molds which do not require wax or plastic investment.
Shear: In a steel mill, a machine for cutting steel products. There are
many kinds of shears, but the general principle is the same as that
used for shearing cloth or paper—the work is held upon a lower
blade and an upper blade is thrust down, severing the piece. Steel
shears may be classified: as to kind of drive-hydraulic and electric;
as to the work done-cropping, squaring, slab, bloom, billet, bar
shears; as to type of mechanism-rotary, rocking, gate, guillotine,
alligator shears; as to movement of work while shearing-flying
shears.
Shear Angle: The angle that the shear plane, in metal cutting,
makes with the work surface.
Shear Bands (Deformation): Bands in which deformation has been
concentrated inhomogeneously in sheets that extend across regional
groups of grains. Usually only one system is present in each regional
group of grains, different systems being present in adjoining groups.
The bands are non-crystallographic and form on planes of maximum
shear stress (55°F to the compression direction). They carry most of
the deformation at large strains. Compare microbands.
Shear Blade: The replaceable steel shapes carrying a knife edge
that provide the cutting edges of a shear.
Shear Bow: A bend in one end of a plate caused by cutting with a
guillotine shear.
Shear Breakaway Force: The external force that is required to
separate or slide the vacuum pad or vacuum lifting device on the
load when the force is applied parallel to the attached load surface.
Shear Burr: A condition caused by a worn or out-of-adjustment
shear knife. It is indicated by a small raised area at the end of the
strip.
Shear Burr: A condition caused by a worn or out of adjustment
shear knife. It is indicated by a small raised area at the end of the
strip.
Shear Carriage: Bottom section of the shear that raises when a cut
is made and catches the pieces of scrap. Located at the welder.
Shear Carriage: Bottom section of the shear that raises when a cut
is made and catches the pieces of scrap. Located at the welder.
Shear Crack: A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear
stresses.
Shear Edge: The more or less jagged edge of a plate or sheet
caused by shearing.
Shear Fracture: A mode of fracture in crystalline materials resulting
from translation along slip planes that are preferentially oriented in
the direction of the shearing stress.
Shear Lip: A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture
surface. The term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-
shaped, fibrous region at the edge of a (racture that is otherwise of
the cleavage type, even though this fibrous region is in the same
plane as the rest of the fracture surface.
Shear Modulus (G): In a torsion test, the ratio of the unit shear
stress to the displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic
range. Units are Pa or psi.
Shear Modulus (G): In a torsion test, the ratio of the unit shear
stress to the displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic
range. Units are Pa or psi.
Shear Plane: A confined zone along which shear takes place in
metal cutting. It extends from the cutting edge to the work surface.
Shear Stability/Mechanical Shear Stability: Measure of the
change in consistency of a grease after if has been subjected to
prolonged shearing by means of a mechanical device like a grease
worker (10,000 strokes) or a roll test; the percentage change in
penetration values is an indicator of shear stability.
Shear Steel: Steel produced by forge welding together several bars
of blister steel, providing a more homogeneous product.
Shear Strain: The tangent ofthe angular change, caused by a force
between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a
point in a body. Also called angular strain.
Shear Strain: Elastic displacement produced by pure shear loading.
Shear Strength: The stress required to produce fracture in the plane
of cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the
directions of force and of resistance are parallel and opposite
although their paths are offset a specified minimum amount.
Shear Stress: The tangent of the angular change, caused by a force
between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a
point in a body. Also called angular strain.
Shear Stress: Load per unit area parallel to the plane of contact.
Shearing: If the edges of sheet and strip are not controlled during
reduction, they must be trimmed parallel by shears. This process
may be performed by either the steel mill or steel processor to match
customer needs.
Shearing: A process of mechanically cutting metal bars to the
proper stock length necessary for forging and trimming dies.
Shearing Test: The test applied to metal to determine the stress
required to fracture it across its section.
Sheave: A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to
change direction and point of application of a pulling force.
Sheave, Running: A sheave which rotates as the load block is lifted
or lowered.
Sheave; Non-running (Equalizer): A sheave used to equalize
tension in opposite parts of the rope. Because of its slight
movement, it is not termed a running sheave.
Shed: To deenergize a load in order to maintain a kW demand set
point.
Shed mode: A method of demand control that reduces kW demand
through shedding and restoring loads.
Sheet: A flat rolled product over 12 inches in width and of less
thickness than plate.
Sheet: Wide, flat rolled steel. It is generally accepted that steel less
than 3 mm thick is sheet and more than 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick is plate
(See Plate).
Sheet Bar (Slab Bar): Semi-finished product of rectangular section,
of thickness not less than 6mm and width not less than 150mm, and
of such dimensions that the thickness does not exceed one-fourth of
the width. This term also includes tin plate bars.
Sheet Forming: The plastic deformation of a piece of sheet melal by
tensile loads into a three-dimensional shape, often without significant
changes in sheet thickness or surface characteristics. Compare with
bulk forming.
Sheet Mill: The facility which produces hot dipped galvanized
products, including galvanized and galvannealed.
Sheet Mill: The facility which produces hot dipped galvanized
products, including galvanized, galvannealed and Galfan.
Sheet Mill Product: A product produced at the Sheet Mill.
Sheet Piling: Rolled sections with interlocking joints (continuous
throughout the entire length of the piece) on each edge to permit
being driven edge-to-edge to form continuous walls for retaining
earth or water.
Sheet Products: 1) Hot Rolled : Uncoated, heavy gauge, fully
processed in Strip Steel, never cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 2) Cold
Rolled : Uncoated, heavy gauge, primarily processed in Strip Steel,
although some goes to the Tin Mill, always cold reduced at Tandem
Mill. 3) Galvanized : "Bath" coated with zinc, heavy gauge, primarily
processed through Strip Steel & Sheet Mill, majority is cold reduced
at Tandem Mill. 4) Electro-galvanized : Zinc coated, normally lighter
gauge than galvanized, processed through Strip Steel & Tin Mill,
mostly single reduced.
Sheet Products: 1) Hot Roll (01) Uncoated, heavy gauge, fully
processed in Strip Steel, never cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 2) Cold
Roll (02) Uncoated, heavy gauge, primarily processed in Strip Steel,
although some goes to the Tin Mill, always cold reduced at Tandem
Mill. 3) Galvanized (05,06) Bath coated with zinc, heavy gauge,
primarily processed thru Strip Steel & Sheet Mill, majority is cold
reduced at Tandem Mill. 4) Weirzin (07) electrogalvanized Zinc
coated, normally lighter gauge than galvanized, processed through
Strip Steel & Tin Mill, mostly single reduced. (Tandem)
Sheet Steel: Thin, flat rolled steel. Coiled sheet steel accounts for
nearly 1/2 of all steel shipped domestically and is created in a hot
strip mill by rolling a cast slab flat while maintaining the side
dimensions. The malleable steel lengthens to several hundred feet
as it is squeezed by the rolling mill. The most common differences
among steel bars, strip, plate and sheet are merely their physical
dimensions of width and gauge (thickness).
Sheet Steel: Thin, flat rolled steel. Coiled sheet steel accounts for
nearly one half of all steel shipped domestically and is created in a
hot strip mill by rolling a cast slab flat while maintaining the side
dimensions. The malleable steel lengthens to several hundred feet
as it is squeezed by the rolling mill. The most common differences
among steel bars, strip, plate, and sheet are merely their physical
dimensions of width and gauge (thickness).
Sheet, Alclad: Composite sheet comprised of an aluminum alloy
core having on both surfaces (if one side only, Alclad one side sheet)
a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is
anodic or the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against
corrosion.
Sheet, Anodizing: Sheet with metallurgical characteristics and
surface quality suitable for the development of protective and
decorative films by anodic oxidation processes.
Sheet, Clad: Composite sheet having on both surfaces (if on one
side only, Clad One Side Sheet) a metallurgically bonded metal
coating, the composition of which may or may not be the same as
that of the core.
Sheet, Coiled: Sheet in coils with slit edges.
Sheet, Coiled Cut-to-Length: Sheet cut to a specified length from
coils and which has a lesser degree of flatness than flat sheet.
Sheet, Mill Finish (MF): Sheet having a non-uniform finish that may
vary from sheet to sheet and within a sheet, and may not be entirely
free from stains or oil.
Sheet, One Side Bright Mill Finish (1SBMF): Sheet having a
moderate degree of brightness on one side and a mill finish on the
other.
Sheet, Painted: Sheet, one or both sides of which has a factory-
applied paint coating of controlled thickness.
Shelf Roughness: Roughness on upward-facing surfaces where
undissolved solids have settled on parts during a plating operation.
Shell: (1) A hollow structure or vessel. (2) An article formed by deep
drawing. (3) The metal sleeve remaining when a billet is extruded
with a dummy block of somewhat smaller diameter. (4) In shell
molding, a hard layer of sand and thermosetting plastic or resin
formed over a pattern and used as the mold wall. (5) A tubular
casting used in making seamless drawn tube. (6) A pierced forging.
Shell and tube flooded evaporator: Device which flows water
through tubes built into cylindrical evaporator or vice versa.
Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger: Sheet having a uniform bright
finish on one side and a mill finish on the other
Shell Hardening: A surface-hardening process in which a suitable
steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened,
develops a martensite layer or shell that closely follows the contour
of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic
transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper
balance among section size, steel hardenability and severity of
quench.
Shell Molding: A process for forming a mold from resin-bonded
sand mixtures brought in contact with preheated (300-500°F) metal
patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the
outline of the pattern.
Shell Molding: A process for forming a mold from resin bonded
sand mixtures brought in contact with pre heated (300 500 B0F)
metal patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to
the outline of the pattern.
Shell type condenser: Cylinder or receiver which contains
condensing water coils or tubes.
Shell-and-tube: Designation of a heat exchanger having straight
tubes encased inside a shell.
Shelling: (1) A term used in railway engineering to describe an
advanced phase of spalling. (2) A mechanism of deterioration of
coated abrasive products in which entire abrasive grains are
removed from the coating that holds the abrasive to the backing
layer of the product.
Shelving: A coating defect consisting of an intercoat adhesion
failure where a topcoat does not adhere to the coating below.
Shelving: A coating defect consisting of an intercoat adhesion
failure where a topcoat does not adhere to the coating below.
Shepherd moon: Moon which gravitationally confines ring
particles.
Sherardizing: A process developed in Britain in 1904 by Sherard
Cowper-Coles. It is a method of producing a protective zinc coating
on iron and steel products.
Sherardizing: A process developed in Britainin 1904 by sherard
Cowper coles. It is a method of producing a protective zinc coating
on iron and steel products.
Shewed Tolerances: Tolerances which are non-symmetrically
distributed about the design parameter.
Shewed Tolerances: Tolerances which are non symmetrically
distributed about the design parameter.
Shield volcano: a low, broad volcano named for its resemblance to
an ancient warrior shield.
Shielded Arc Welding: Arc welding in which the arc and the weld
metal are protected by a gaseous atmosphere, the products of
decomposition of the electrode covering, or a blanket of fusible flux.
Shielded cable: Special cable used with equipment that generates a
low voltage output. Used to minimize the effects of frequency "noise"
on the output signal.
Shielded Metal Arc Cutting: A metal arc cutting process in which
metals are severed by melting them with the heat of an arc between
a covered metal electrode and the base metal.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): An arc welding process that
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc
between a covered metal electrode and the workpieces. Shielding is
obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is
not used. And filler metal is obtained from the electrode. Also
commonly referred to as stick welding.
Shielding Gas: (1) Protective gas used to prevent atmospheric
contamination during welding. (2) A stream of inert gas directed at
the substrate during thermal spraying so as to envelop the plasma
flame and substrate; intended to provide a barrier to the atmosphere
in order to minimize oxidation.
Shields and under-hood insulation: Heat-proof panels and
padding that protect under-hood components from excessive heat.
Shift: A casting defect caused by mismatch of cope and drag or of
cores and mold.
Shift: A casting defect caused by mismatch of cope and drag or of
cores and mold.
Shift control mechanism: The location of the shift control
mechanism, which includes levers, paddles or buttons.
Shift linkage: The linkage which connects the gear shift lever with
the gear box unit.
Shift linkage: Any collection of mechanical connections between a
vehicles operating control(s) and its transmission.
Shift protocol: The means by which a driver changes gears,
including buttons, paddles or a lever.
Shiftable automatic transmission: An automatic torque converter
transmission equipped with a feature that permits the driver to
actively select either fully automatic or driver-controlled shift modes
by using a dual-gate shifter and/or remote shifter controls.
Shim: A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used
primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. In steel there
are four general types: 1. low-carbon Rockwell B 80/100; 2.hard-
rolled high-carbon Rockwell C28/33; 3. hardened and tempered
spring steel Rockwell C 44/51; 4. austenitic stainless steel Rockwell
C 35/45. Brass shim of commercial quality is also used and most
generally specified is 2 nos. hard, but may be 4 no. hard.
Shim: A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used
primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. In steel there
are four general types: (1) Low Carbon Rockwell B 80/100; (2) Hard
Rolled High Carbon Rockwell C 28/33. (3) Hardened and Tempered
Spring Steel Rockwell C 44/51; (4) Austenitic Stainless Steel
Rockwell C 35/45. Brass shim of commercial quality is also used and
most generally specified is 2 Nos. Hard but may be 4 Nos. Hard.
Shimmy: It is the abnormal movement of the wheel of the vehicle. It
may be wobbling movement caused by wear out axle pin or bearing.
Shimmy: Wobbling of wheels from side to side on a vehicle.
Shimmying can be caused by a variety of factors, including
improperly balanced tyres, poor alignment and bent wheels.
Shipout: A coil which has been fully processed to customer
specification
Shiver : An airborne transmitter used to jam Wìrzburg radar
Shock absorber: Mechanical or hydraulic device designed to
absorbs the vibration of machines. It is used in the automobiles to
damp the vibrations of the vehicle running on the road.
Shock dosage: The feeding of treatment to a system all in one slug
or dose rather than gradually (also called a slug dosage).
Shock feeder: Device which is used to add treatment to a system in
an instantaneous manner.
Shock Load: The sudden application of an external force that
results in a very rapid buildup of stress. For example, piston loading
in internal combustion engines.
Shoe: (1) A metal block used in a variety of bending operations to
fonn or support the part being processed. (2) An anvil cap or sow
block.
Shoe: A holder used as a support for the stationary portions of
forging and trimming.
Shore Hardness Test: Same as scleroscope test.
Shore Scleroscope: An instrument that measures the hardness of a
sample in arbitrary terms of elasticity. A diamond tipped hammer is
allowed to fall freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sample
under test. The hardness is measured by the height of the rebound.
In another for the rebounding hammer, it actuates the pointer of a
scale so that the height of the rebound is recorded.
Shore Scleroscope: An instrument that measures the hardness of a
sample in arbitrary terms of elasticity. A diamond tipped hammer is
allowed to fall freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sampel
under test. The hardness is measured by the height of the rebound.
In another for the rebounding hammer actuates the pointer of a scale
so that the height of the rebound is recorded.
Short: Brittle.
Short Belt: The belt that delivers coal from the seventh floor hopper
to the long belt.
Short circuit: Direct connections of low resistive value that can
significant alter the behavior of an element or system.
Short cycling: Unit runs and then stops at short intervals; generally
this excessive cycling rate is hard on the system equipment.
Short haul: For Air France, short haul flights are usually domestic
flights.
Short haul: A short flight usually domestic or regional on nature,
typically lasting less that six hours in duration.
Short hops: When the model ascends for a short period of time then
descends and lands. This technique allows a beginner pilot to get
used to pitch and throttle inputs of the model.
Short Terne: A term applying to terne coated (lead and tin) sheets
with reference to base box sizes (14 x 20). (see Terne Plate)
Short Terne: A term applying to terne coated (Lead and Tin) sheets
with reference to Base Box sizes (14 x 20) Refer to terne plate.
Short Tons: A common measure in the U.S., a short-ton is equal to
2,000 pounds, 907.18 kilograms or 0.907 metric tons (“tonnes”).
Short Transverse Direction: For plate, sheet and forging, the
direction through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and
long transverse directions.
Short Transverse Direction: For plate, sheet and forging, the
direction through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and
long transverse directions.
Short-circuiting Transfer: In consumable electrode arc welding, a
type of metal transfer similar to globular transfer, but in which the
drops are so large that the arc is short circuited momentarily during
the transfer of each drop to the weld pool. Compare with globular
transfer and spray transfer.
Shortness: A form of brittleness in metal. It is designed as cold, hot
and red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness
occurs.
Shortness: A form of brittleness in metal. It is designated as cold,
hot, and red, to indicate the temperature range in which the
brittleness occurs.
Shortness (Hot): Brittleness in a metal at an elevated temperature.
Shortwave radiation: The radiation received from the sun and
emitted in the spectral wavelengths less than 4 microns. It is also
called 'solar radiation'.
Shortwave radiation: The radiation received from the sun and
emitted in the spectral wavelengths less than 4 microns. It is also
called "solar radiation".
Shot: (1) Small, spherical particles of metal. (2) The injection of
molten metal into a die casting die. The metal is injected so quickly
that it can be compared to the shooting of a gun.
Shot Blast: Shot blasting consists of attacking the surface of a
material with one of many types of shots. Normally, this is done to
remove something on the surface such as scale, but it is also
sometimes to impart a particular surface to the object being shot
blasted, such as the rolls used to make a 2-D finish. The shot can be
sand, small steel balls of various diameters, granules of silicon
carbide, etc. The device that throws the shot is either a large air gun
or spinning paddles which hurl the shot off their blades.
Shot Blast: Shot blasting consists of attacking the surface of a
material with one of many types of shots. Normally this is done to
remove something on the surface such as scale, but it is also done
sometimes to impart a particular surface to the object being shot
blasted, such as the rolls used to make a 2D finish. The shot can be
sand, small steel balls of various diameters, granules of silicon
carbide,etc. The device that throws the shot is ietheeer a large air
gun or spinning paddles which hurl the shot off their blades.
Shot Blast Hoses: Shot Blast Hoses are used to deliver a high-
pressure abrasive material, such as sand or shot, for the purposes of
cleaning, smoothing, or etching a surface. Shot blast hoses are
typically made from reinforced natural rubber (NR) to deliver
maximum tensile strength, optimal flexibility, and a wide operating
temperature range. The inner layer of the hose is an abrasive
resistant liner necessary to ensure both high performance and long
life of the blasting system. Material, such as sand or shot, for the
purposes of cleaning, smoothing, or etching a surface. Shot blast
hoses are typically made from reinforced natural rubber (NR) to
deliver maximum tensile strength, optimal flexibility, and a wide
operating temperature range. The inner layer of the hose is an
abrasive resistant liner necessary to ensure both high performance
and long life of the blasting system.
Shot Blast Roll Finish: The surface finish (with a grit microfinish) on
the rolls in the last stand of tandem mill or temper mill; deter-mines
the surface finish of the product where a grit finish produced to a
specified micro-inch reading is desired.
Shot Blast Roll Finish: The surface finish (with a grit microfinish) on
the rolls in the last stand of tandem mill or temper mill; determines
the surface finish of the product where a grit finish produced to a
specified micro inch reading is desired.
Shot Blasting: A process of cleaning forgings by propelling metal
shot at high velocity by air pressure or centrifugal force at the
surface of the forgings. See also Blast Cleaning.
Shot down : A "hit" that results in a crash landing. Sometimes
caused by radios miles away.
Shot down : When a second user turns on a 72 MHZ transmitter
that is on the same frequency as one already in use. The pilot of the
first aircraft loses transmitter response and his aircraft goes down.
He has been shot down.
Shot Peening: Stressing the surface layer of a material by
bombarding it with a selected medium (usually round steel shot)
under controlled conditions.
Shotbalsting (Shot Peening): Casting cleaning process employing
a metal abrasive (grit or shot) propelled by centrifugal or air force.
Shotting: The production of shot by pouring molten metal in finely
divided streams. Solidified spherical particles are formed during
descent in a tank of water.
Shoulder: The area of a tyre where the tread and sidewall meet.
Shoulder room: It is the part of space of the vehicle cabin which is
occupied by the shoulder of the passengers.
Shoulder room: The distance from the drivers upper door panel to
the front passengers upper door panel.
Shoulder-wing: A mid-wing monoplane with its wing mounted
directly to the top of the fuselage without use of CABANE STRUTs.
Show : unless the context otherwise requires, means to show to the
satisfaction of the Administrator
Shp : Shaft horsepower. (refers to turbine engines.)
Shredded Scrap: Fist-sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile
hulks. After cars are sent through a shredder, the recyclable steel is
separated by magnets. Mini-mills consume shredded scrap in their
electric arc furnace operations.
Shredded Scrap: Fist sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile
hulks. After cars are sent through a shredder, the recyclable steel is
separated by magnets. Mini mills consume shredded scrap in their
electric arc furnace operations.
Shrink: The difference in volume between liquid metal and solid
metal or the void (shrink hole) left in a casting because of it.
Shrink: The difference in volume between liquid metal and solid
metal or the void (shrink hole) left in a casting because of it.
Shrink Forming: Forming metal wherein the inner fibers of a cross-
section undergo a reduction in a localized area by the application of
heat, cold upset, or mechanically induced pressures.
Shrink Hole: A hole or cavity in a casting resulting from shrinkage
and insufficient feed metal, and formed during solidification.
Shrink Hole: A hole or cavity in a casting resulting from shrinkage
and insufficient feed metal, and formed during solidification.
Shrinkage: 1. Liquid, contraction in volume as metal cools to
solidification. 2. Solidification, contraction in volume when the metal
passes from the liquid to the solid at the freezing point (may expand
over a range). 3. Solid, the contraction on cooling from freezing point
to normal temperature. 4. The decrease in dimension in clays
occurring when drying at 100°C (212°F) and even more so on firing.
5. Reduction in dimension of refractory material during heating. 5.
The contraction of metal during cooling after forging. Die impressions
are made oversize according to precise shrinkage scales to allow
forgings to shrink to design dimensions and tolerances.
Shrinkage Cavity: A void left in cast metal as a result of
solidification shrinkage. Shrinkage cavities can appear as either
isolated or interconnected irregularly shaped voids. See also casting
shrinkage. (see Casting Shrinkage)
Shrinkage Cavity: A void left in cast metals as a result of
solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal
towards the center.
Shrinkage Cracks: Cracks that form in metal as a result of the
pulling apart of grains by contraction before complete solidification.
Shrinkage Cracks: Cracks that form in metal as result of the pulling
apart of grains by contraction before complete solidification.
Shroud: A protective, refractory-lined metal-delivery system to
prevent reoxidation of molten steel when it is poured from ladle to
tundish to mold during continuous casting.
Shroud, pumps: The front and/or back of an impeller.
Shroud, turbines: Also referred to as the sealing strip on turbine
blades. Its purpose is to supply rigidity to the blades, lessen vibration
and provide sealing between stages.
Shrouding: Protecting material with a loose covering of waterproof
paper or other suitable material. Only the top and sides of the
material are covered.
Shunt: A device to divert part of an electric current.
Shut Height: For a metalforming press, the distance from the top of
the bed to the bottom of the slide with the stroke down and
adjustment up. In general, it is the maximum die height that can be
accommodated for normal operation, taking the bolster plate into
consideration. See also bolster. (see Bolster (Die Block))
Shut Off Valve: Any valve used to isolate pressure in a system.
Shutdown: When production is stopped for repairs, or scheduled
down turns.
Shutdown : To cease normal operations
Shuttle radar topography mission (srtm): A NASA Space Shuttle
mission that used C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic
aperture radars (IFSARs) to acquire topographic data over 80% of
Earth's land mass (between 60degN and 56degS) between February
11-22, 2000. SRTM web site
Shuttle Valve: A valve that has three ports and a common ball or
spool check valve. When flow is applied at either of the two inlet
ports, the third or output port receives flow from the higher pressure
inlet port.
Shuttle valve: A valve that has three ports and a common ball or
spool check valve. When flow is applied at either of the two inlet
ports, the third or output port receives flow from the higher pressure
inlet port.
Si : Surveillance Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder)
Sid : Standard Instrument Departure
Side airbags: Small airbags that deploy from the outside edge of a
seat to protect the occupant's ribcage in a side impact collision.
Side Arm Filter: See Polishing Filters.
Side Boards: Sometimes referred to as hot top. Used to insulate top
of mold to avoid a large cavity in the top of the ingot as it cools.
Side curtain rollover sensor: A sensor that determines in the event
of a collision whether or not it is necessary to deploy a vehicles side
curtain airbags.
Side impact beam: A structural support designed to protect a
vehicles occupants from side impacts.
Side loading: A load applied to an angle to the vertical plane of the
boom.
Side Milling: Milling with cutters having peripheral and side teeth.
They are usually profile sharpened but may be form relieved.
Side pockets: A storage pocket that is either attached to the door
panel of a vehicle or integrated into the vehicle door.
Side Pull: The component of the hoist pull acting horizontally when
the hoist lines are not operated vertically.
Side Set: A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate,
sheet or foil.
Side Set: A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate,
sheet or foil.
Side Trim: A process whereby a tin mill product edge is trimmed to
produce a relatively smooth finished edge.
Side Trim: A process whereby a Tin Mill Product edge is trimmed to
produce a relatively smooth finished edge.
Side Wall Thickness: The thickness of a steel coils side wall from
the outer diameter to the inner diameter.
Sidereal time: Time relative to the stars other than the Sun.
Sideslip: A maneuver of an aircraft in which a relative flow of air
moves along the lateral axis, resulting in a sideways movement from
a projected flight path, especially a downward slip toward the inside
of a banked turn.
Sideslip angle : Symbols: beta; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Side-To-Side Wobbling: Also known as dynamic imbalance, this is
when weight is not evenly distributed around a wheel’s
circumference or its centre line. The result is a feel of the car shaking
from side to side.
Sidewall: It is the term used for the walls of the cylinder of the
engine.
Sidewall: The portion of a tyre between the tread and the bead.
Protects the tyre against impacts with kerbs, etc. This is also where
the sidewall markings can be found which tell you important
information regarding the tyre.
Sidewall: The sides of a coil.
Sieve: A standard wire mesh or screen used in graded sets to
determine the mesh size or particle size disuibution of paniculate
and granular solids.
Sieve Analysis: A method of determining particle size distribution,
usually expressed as the weight percentage retained upon each of a
series of standard screens of decreasing mesh size.
Sieve Classification: The separation of powder into particle size
ranges by the use of a series of graded sieves. Also called screen
analysis.
Sieve Fraction: That portion of a powder sample that passes
through a sieve of specified number and is retained by some finer
mesh sieve of specified number. See also sieve analysis. (see Sieve
Analysis)
Sight Block: A 2 x 2 steel block located on the inside of the #1
feeder housing used for lining up the front end of a coil with the
pulling rolls before loading it into the feeder.
Sight glass: Glass tube or glass window in refrigerating mechanism.
It shows amount of refrigerant or oil in system and indicates
presence of gas bubbles in liquid line.
Sight Glass: A measuring device where flow, oil level or water can
be monitored visually.
Sigma Phase: An extremely brittle Fe-Cr phase that can form at
elevated temperatures in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels.
Sigma-phase Embrittiement: Embrittlement of iron-chromium
alloys (most notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by
precipitation at grain boundaries of the hard, brittle intennetallic
phase during long periods of exposure to tempemtures between
approximately 560 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F). Sigma-phase
embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility and
can make the embrittled material susceptible to intergranular
corrosion. See also sensitization. (see Sensitization)
SIGMET : Significant Meteo (hazardous weather warning)
Signal data converter (sdc) : A device that converts unique signals
to a standard protocol, usually MIL-STD-1553B; Synonyms: Remote
Terminal Unit;
Signal Person: An individual or who is responsible for directing the
crane operator(s) throughout the connecting, moving, positioning
and releasing of a load or load cycle, through the constant and
continuous use of hand, radio or audible signals.
Signal : Part of received data that is desired; Compare: noise, offset
Signal-to-noise ratio: A quantitative measure of the statistical
detectability of a signal, expressed as a ratio of the magnitude of the
signal relative to the variability. For first detection of a CO2-
induced climate change, the model signal is the mean change or
anomaly in some climatic variable, usually surface air temperature,
attributed by a numerical model to increased concentrations of
carbon dioxide. Observed noise is the standard deviation or natural
variability computed from observations of that variable and adjusted
for sample size, autocorrelation, and time averaging.
Signal-to-noise ratio (snr,s/n) : A ratio of magnitude of a desired
signal to the magnitude of the noise received with it; Typical Units:
dB;
Sikorsky : A U.S.-based helicopter manufacturer -- a division of
United Technology. Also, Igor Sikorsky, Russian-born aircraft
designer and helicopter pioneer, commonly known as the "Father of
the Helicopter."
SIL : Sachplan Infrastruktur Luftfahrt
Silencer: See MUFFLER.
Silencer: See MUFFLER.
Silica: In 1992, Michelin discovered how to incorporate this new
reinforcing filler into the rubber compound of tyres. The discovery
paved the way for compounds that provided resistance to wear, low
rolling resistance and good road-holding.
Silica: Silicon dioxide (Si02), a mineral found naturally as quartz or
in complex combination with other elements such as silicates.
Silica: The oxide of silicon, the major chemical constituent of sand.
Silica Brick: Refractory material of ganister, bonded with hydrated
lime, and fired at a high temperature.
Silica Brick: Refractory material of ganister, bonded with hydrated
lime, and fired at high temperature.
Silica gel: Absorbent chemical compound used as a drier. When
heated, moisture is released and compound may be reused.
Silica Gel: A colloidal form of silica used as a drying agent.
Silica Gel: A colloidal form of silica used as a drying agent.
Silica Sand: Sand with a minimum silica content of 95% used for
forming casting molds.
Silica Sand: Sand with a minimum silica content of 95% used for
forming casting molds.
Silica Tread Compound: A compounding of silica with a specially
formulated synthetic elastomer for exceptional grip on cold and wet
surfaces, as well as reliable durability.
Silica, colloidal: Silica in colloidal form.
Silica, volatile: Silica carryover with steam.
Siliceous: A material containing silica.
Silicon: Chemical symbol Si. Element No. 14 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 28.06. Extremely common element, the major
component of all rodks and sands; its chemical reactions, however,
are those of a metalloid. Used in metallurgy as a deoxidizing
scavenger. Silicon is present, to some extent, in all steels, and is
deliberately added to the extent of approximately 4% for electric
sheets, extensively used in alternating current magnetic circuits.
Silicon cannot be electrodeposited.
Silicon (Si): Used as a deoxidizer in steelmaking, and also as a
strengthening agent. An alloy addition in spring steels (~1.5%), in
heat resisting steel (1.5-3.5%) and in steel sheet for transformer
cores (>3%). It is important to be aware silicon can influence the
control of post-galvanizing, especially in combination with
phosphorous.
Silicon Carbide: A hard compound of silicon and carbon used as an
abrasive or refractory grain or electrical resistor.
Silicon Electrical Steel: A type of specialty steel created by
introducing silicon during the steelmaking process. Electrical steel
exhibits certain magnetic properties, which make it optimum for use
in transformers, power generators and electric motors. Grain-
oriented--The metal's grain runs parallel within the steel, permitting
easy magnetization along the length of the steel. Although grain-
oriented steel may be twice as expensive to produce, its magnetic
directional characteristics enable power transformers, made from
this metal, to absorb less energy during operation. Non-grain-
oriented--Because there is no preferential direction for
magnetization, non-grain-oriented steel is best used in rotating
apparatus such as electric motors.
Silicon Electrical Steel: A type of specialty steel created by
introducing silicon during the steelmaking process. Electrical steel
exhibits certain magnetic properties, which make it optimum for use
in transformers, power generators and electric motors. GRAIN
ORIENTED The metal's grain runs parallel within the steel,
permitting easy magnetization along the length of the steel. Although
grain oriented steel may be twice as expensive to produce, its
magnetic directional characteristics enable power transformers,
made from this metal, to absorb less energy during operation. NON
GRAIN ORIENTED Because there is no preferential direction for
magnetization, non grain oriented steel is best used in rotating
apparatus such as electric motors.
Silicon Manganese: An alloy containing silicon and manganese. In
the open hearth process, it is used as a deoxidizer in the furnace
and for the introduction of manganese and silicon into steel.
Silicon Steel: Steel usually made in the basic open hearth or
electric furnace, with about 0.50 5.% silicon, other elements being
usually dept as low as possible. Because of high electrical resistance
and low hysterisis loss, silicon sheet and strip are standard in electric
magnet manufacture.
Silicones: Generic term for a class of synthetic lubricants that
replace carbon atoms with a chain of alternating oxygen and silicon;
also known as siloxanes. These fluids are water-resistant polymers
with very high viscosity indexes, excellent fluidity at low
temperatures and good oxidation and thermal stability at higher
temperatures. They do not have high load-carrying capacity.
Siliconizing: Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an
elevated temperature.
Siliconizing: Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an
elevated temperature.
Silky Fracture: A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface
has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough
and strong metals.
Silky Fracture: A steel fracture that has a very smooth fine grain or
silky appearance.
Sillimanite: A mineral, consisting of alumina and silica.
Silt: Fine particles of debris. Normally found in chambers with little or
no circulation, such as at the bottom of a reservoir or tank. See
SLUDGE.
Silt density index: A measure of the tendency of a water to foul a
reverse osmosis membrane, based on time flow through a
membrane filter at constant pressure.
Silver crown : Trade name owned by King Radio.
Silver Soldering: Nonpreferred term used to denote brazing with a
silver-base filler metal. See preferred temr furnace brazing, induction
brazing and torch brazing. (see Furnace Brazing) (see Induction
Brazing) (see Torch)
Silver Solders: Alloys of silver, copper, sinc and other metals,
melting between 650 and 875 (degrees) C. used for making strong
yet moderately ductile joints that resist corrosion.
Silviculture: Management of forest land for timber.
SIM : Simulator
Simple Beam: A structural member supported and unrestrained at
each end and subjected to loads acting transversely to its
longitudinal axis
Simple cycle : Referring to the gas turbine cycle consisting only of
compression, combustion and expansion.
Simplex : Single frequency for both transmitting and receiving in
communications; generally implies a push-to-talk function and verbal
procedures.
Simulator: A device that mimics the operational conditions of
equipment or vehicles.
Simulator: A device that creates an environment that is as close as
possible to reality. In flight simulators, engineers create
acockpit environment identical to the one in a real airplane. In a flight
simulator a pilot will see, hear and feel like he or she is in a
real aircraft.
Simulator : A computer program which uses a modified radio
transmitter, and a graphic depiction of a aircraft and flying area. This
is used to give aircraft pilots a feel for flying, without the risk of a
crash. The simulator can be used by the newcomer to learn to take
off/hover/forward flight/landings, or by the expert to dial in that new
3D routine without crashing a very expensive 3D aircraft.
Simultaneous Engineering: Refers to the process where
user/designer and producer interact to reduce lead time and improve
the efficiency of a part. This process is faster and more efficient than
the traditional sequential process of design and manufacture.
Sine wave: A smoothly varying wave that repeats itself; its
frequency is the rate at which the fundamental shape repeats itself.
Any waveform can be distilled into a combination of pure sine waves
of varying frequencies and amplitudes.
Single Action Press: A forming press that operates with a single
function, such as moving a punch into a die with no simultaneous
action for holding down the bland or ejecting the formed work.
Single hole nozzle: The nozzle having the single hole in it. Position
of the hole may vary with design and as per the requirement.
Single Impulse Welding: A resistance welding process variation in
which spot, projection or upset welds are made with a single
impulse.
Single overhead camshaft: it is the valve mechanism of the vehicle
mounted on the engine head of engine block. It is placed with the
cam shaft on into the engine head which is directly linked with the
cam lobs.
Single phasing : The condition when one phase of a multiphase
(polyphone) motor circuit is broken or opened. Motors running when
this occurs may continue to run but with lower power output and
overheating.
Single plate clutch: it is the mostly used type of clutch consists of
only one clutch plate mounted on the spines of the clutch shafts to
connects and disconnect the engine power.
Single Reduced: Refers to temper rolling in the tin mill. No gauge
reduction occurs here. Steel sheet that is rolled in multiple-strand
reduction mills while cold, then annealed and temper rolled to
produce thin gauges for can making. Besides reducing gauge and
permitting fabrication of lighter weight cans, cold rolling also
improves the steel's surface and metallurgical properties.
Single Reduced: Refers to temper rolling in the tin mill. No gauge
reduction occurs here. Steel sheet that is rolled in multiple strand
reduction mills while cold, then annealed and temper rolled to
produce thin gauges for can making. Besides reducing gauge and
permitting fabrication of lighter weight cans, cold rolling also
improves the steel's surface and metallurgical properties.
Single shaft gas turbine : A gas turbine arrangement in which the
compressor and the gas turbine are all coupled to one shaft.
Single sideband (SSB) : A highly efficient form of radio
transmission wherein information is carried on a sideband instead of
the center carrier in order to gain range performance; usually used in
HF communication transceivers.
Single Spot Test: A test of galvanized (or any other metallic) coating
weights administered by sampling the coated steel across the width
at two inches from each edge and dead center. (see Triple spot test)
Single stage compressor : Compressor having only one
compressive step between inlet and outlet.
Single Tool Post : A test of galvanized (or any other metallic)
coating weights administered by sampling the coated steel across
the width at two inches from each edge and dead center. See Triple
Spot Test.
Single track: The operation using only one main track for trains
traveling in both directions by alternating the direction of traffic when
the track is vacant
Single Welded Joint: In arc and gas welding, any joint welded from
one side only.
Single-action Press: A metalforming press that provides pressure
from one side.
Single-limit insurance: An autmotive insurance policy with a single
combined dollar limit of coverage for property damage, liability
coverage and bodily inury coverage. Compare "split-limit insurance."
Single-point Tool: A cutting tool having one face and one
continuous cuning edge.
Singles: One tyre mounted on each side of an axle (two tyres per
axle).
Single-stand Mill: A rolling mill designed such that the product
contacts only two rolls at a given moment.
Sink: The process of providing storage for a substance. For
example, plants--through photosynthesis--transform carbon dioxide
in the air into organic matter, which either stays in the plants or is
stored in the soils. The plants are a sink for carbon dioxide.
Sink, sinking speed: The speed at which an aircraft loses altitude,
especially in a glide in still air under given conditions of equilibrium.
Sinker Steel: Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery.
Supplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed.
Usually extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about
1.25.
Sinker Steel: Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery.
Supplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed.
Usually extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about
1.25
Sinkhead or Hot Top: A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to
hold excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed
the shrinkage of the ingot. Also called shrink head or feeder head.
Sinkhead Or Hot Top: A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to
hod excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the
shrinkage of the ingot. Also called shrink head or feeder head.
Sinter: Particles in roughly 1-inch chunks produced by mixing and
baking iron ore concentrate and limestone flux prior to loading it into
the blast furnaces for reduction into pig iron.
Sinter: Baked particles that stick together in roughly one inch
chunks, normally used for iron ore dust collected from the blast
furnaces.
Sinter Plant: A plant in which iron ore is crushed, homogenized and
mixed with limestone and coke breeze and then cooked (sintered) to
form sinter, which is the main ferrous component of a blast furnace
burden.
Sintered Carbide: Composite, containing carbides of extremely
refractory metals, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, etc.,
cemented together by a relatively low melting metal, such as cobalt
acing as a matrix.
Sintered Density: The quotient of the mass (weight) over the
volume of the sintered body expressed in grams per cubic
centimeter.
Sintered Metal: A bronze or iron bearing material frequently used
where self-lubrication, low coefficient of friction, accurate dimensions
and simplicity of installation without machining are desirable.
Sintering: The agglomeration of particles by heating; the material
need not be completely melted.
Sintering: A process that combines iron bearing particles, once
recovered from environmental control filters, into small pellets.
Previously, these materials were too fine to withstand the air currents
of the smelting process and were thrown away. The iron is now
conserved because the chunks can be charged into the blast furnace
(see Agglomerating Processes).
Sintering Point: That temperature at which the molding material
begins to adhere to the casting, or in a test when the sand coheres
to a platinum ribbon under controlled conditions. Also, the
temperature at which sand grains begin to adhere to one another.
Sintering Point: That temperature at which the molding material
begins to adhere to the casting, or in a test when the sand coheres
to a platinum ribbon under controlled conditions. Also, the
temperature at which sand grains begin to adhere to one another
SIP : Slot Improvement Proposal Message
Sipes: Special slits within a tread block that open as the tyre rolls
into the contact patch then close, breaking the water tension on the
road surface and putting rubber into contact with the road to maintain
adhesion, increasing wet and snow traction.
Siphon Line: A line that directs steam flow past an orifice to create
a suction on the intake line of a pump to get a prime.
Siphon Line: A line that directs steam flow past an orifice to create
a suction on the intake line of a pump to get a prime.
SIRO : Simultaneous Intersecting Runway Operation
Sis: Satellite Interceptor System.
SITA : Soci©t© Internationale de T©l©communication A©ronautique
Situational awareness : Situational awareness provides the pilots
with information relative to the current surroundings, such as other
aircraft or threats in the immediate area.
Six Sigma: Statistical measurement of tightly controlled processes
with the goal of generating only 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
Sixth freedom: The right to fly from a foreign country to another
while stopping in one's own country for non-technical reasons. eg.
Qantas operating an Auckland to Singapore flight via Sydney.
Size: The combination of tyre width, construction type, aspect ratio
and rim size used in differentiating tyres.
Size Effect: Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its
mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables
such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the
mechanical properties are lower for a larger size.
Sizes : A slang term used when obtaining the order of coils to be
processed. The size contains index, customer name, coil width,
baseweight, and number of coils in the order.
Sizing: (1) Secondary forming or squeezing operations needed to
square up, set down, flatten or otherwise correct surfaces to produce
specified dimensions and tolerances. See also restriking. (2) Some
burnishing, broaching, drawing and shaving operations are also
sizing. 3) Finishing operation for correcting ovality in tubing. 4) Final
pressing of a sinistered powder metallurgy part to obtain a desired
dimension.
Sizing: (1) Secondary forming or squeezing operations needed to
square up, set down. flatten, or otherwise correct surfaces to
produce specified dimensions and tolerances. See also restriking.
(2) Some burnishing, broaching, drawing and shaving operations are
also called sizing. 3) A finishing operation for correcting ovality in
tubing. 4) Pressing of a sintered powder metallurgy part to obtain a
desired dimension.
Sizing: A slang term used when obtaining the order of coils to be
processed. The size contains index, customer name, coil width,
baseweight, and number of coils in the order.
Skeleton Cab: (see Dummy cab)
Skelp: Steel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. It resembles hot-
rolled strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and
welding operations required for pipe production.
Skelp: Steel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. It resembles hot
rolled strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and
welding operations required for pipe production.
Skew Block: A sloping, shaped block against which the end of an
arch rests.
Skewing Forces: Lateral forces on the bridge truck wheels caused
by the bridge girders not running perpendicular to the runways.
Some normal skewing occurs in all bridges.
Skid: A wooden or metal sprung plate along the lower forward
fuselage or tail which take up landing loads and provide for
movement along the ground until the aircraft comes to rest during
landing.
Skid: The (normally) tubular metal landing gear members that
support some types of helicopters on the ground. Skids are normally
connected to the fuselage by four cross members.
Skid: Too shallow a bank in a turn, causing an aircraft to slide
outward from its ideal turning path.
Skid & Shroud: Skids are platforms upon which material is placed
for shipment. These platforms are normally of wooden boards nailed
to 2 x 4's or 4 x 4's so that a fork truck can get its forks underneath
the platform. The material being shipped is usually fastened to this
platform by narrow strips of thin metal called banding. To shroud
means to cover the steel being shipped with heavy, water-proof
paper to protect it from moisture and handling damage during
transit.
Skid Marks: Visibly colder "stripes" on slabs caused by contact with
water-cooled skids in a pusher-type reheat furnace.
Skid Marks: Visibly colder stripes on slabs caused by contact with
water cooled skids in a pusher type reheat furnace.
Skid plate: A shield typically attached to the bottom of a vehicles
front bumper that is designed to guard the undercarriage in the case
of insufficient ground clearance.
Skid shoe: A metal strip that is strapped to a landing skid to protect
it from wear during landings. Skid shoes are replaceable at much
lower cost than skids.
Skidding: The action of sliding on the surface. To avoid skidding In
automobiles some special units are placed.
Skids: a sled-like runner used as part of the landing gear for
anaircraft.
Skim Core (Skimmer): A flat core or tile placed in a mold to skim a
flowing stream of metal. Commonly used in pouring basins, it holds
back slag and dirt while clean metal passes underneath to the
downsprue. (see Core Strainer (Strainer Tub))
Skim Core (Skimmer): A flat core or tile placed in a mold to skim a
flowing stream of metal. Commonly used in pouring basins, it hold
back slag and dirt while clean metal passes underneath to the
downsprue. See Core Strainer
Skim Gate: In foundry practice, a gating arrangement designed to
prevent the passage of slag and other undesirable materials into a
casting.
Skim Gate: A gating arrangement which changes the direction of
flow of molten metal and prevents the passage of slag and other
undesirable materials into the mold cavity.
Skimming: Removing or hold back dirt or slag from the surface of
the molten metal before or during pouring.
Skimming: Removing or hold back dirt or slag from the surface of
the molten metal before or during pouring.
Skin: A thin outside metal layer, not formed by bonding as in
cladding or electroplating, that differs in composition, structure or
other characteristics from the main mass of metal.
Skin: A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a
metal object, in composition, structure or other characteristics.
Skin: The external covering of an aircraft's basic inner structure.
Skin condenser : Condenser using the outer surface of the cabinet
as the heat radiating medium.
Skin Drying: Drying the surface of the mold by direct application of
heat.
Skin Lamination: In flat-rolled metals, a surface rupture resulting
from the exposure of a substance lamination by rolling.
Skin Pass Mill: This is a specialized rolling mill which is used as a
final stage in the processing of hot or cold reduced steel coil to
enhance product quality. Basically, the steel coil is rolled not with the
aim of achieving significant further reductions in gauge, but to give
the sheet better and consistent mechanical and geometrical
properties throughout its length – properties such as good elongation
tolerance, flatness and surface finish. Gauge reduction is minimal.
The skinpass mill can be located as an in-line unit immediately
following a hot or cold rolling line, or be a standalone facility. In the
latter case, the mill will have a decoiler on the entry side and a
recoiler on the exit side. Skinpass mills, which are also often referred
to as temper mills, can be single or two-stand units and have a two-
high or four-high mill roll configuration. Mills with a two-stand
configuration are usually considered preferable when processing
harder materials.
Skin Passed: Steel which has been processed through the Skin Mill
(Temper Mill).
Skin Roll: Product to be sent to the Skin Mill for its next operation.
Skin Roll (Temper Roll): A product that has been processed at a
Skin Mill (Temper Mill).
Skin-Drying: Drying the surface of the mold by direct application of
heat.
Skip: An area of uncoated sheet which is frequently caused by
equipment malfunciton.
Skive: The removal of a short length of cover and/or tube to permit
the attachment of a fitting directly over the hose reinforcement.
Skiving: (1) Removal of a material in thin layers or chips with a high
degree of shear or slippage, or both, of the cutting tool. (2) A
machining operatIon to in which the cut is made with a form tool with
its face so angled that the cutting edge progresses from one end or
the work to the other as the tool feeds tangentially past the rotating
workpiece.
Skull: A solid piece of steel left in a refractory-lined vessel after use
that must be removed in order for the vessel to be reused; mainly
used in reference to the ladle.
Skull: A layer of solidified metal or dross on the wall of a pouring
vessel often when metal has been poured.
Sl: Sea Level.
Sl : Sea Level
Sla: Stereolithography Apparatus
Slab: The most common type of semifinished steel. Traditional slabs
measure 10 inches thick and 30-85 inches wide (and average about
20 feet long), while the output of the recently developed "thin slab"
casters is approximately two inches thick. Subsequent to casting,
slabs are sent to the hot-strip mill to be rolled into coiled sheet and
plate products.
Slab Caster: A continuous caster used to form slabs.
Slab Core: Flat, plain core.
Slab Haulers: Huge hydraulic lift trucks that carry up to six slabs at
a time. They move slabs between the caster, steelmaking area and
the hot strip mill.
Slab Haulers: Huge hydraulic lift trucks that carry up to six slabs at
a time. They move slabs between the caster, open heath area, and
the hot strip mill.
Slab Shear: A shear for cutting a rolled ingot into slab lengths. This
shear also cuts off the discard or crop.
Slabbing Mill: A mill which rolls ingots into slab shapes.
Slack: Excess strip in the line, without tension, used to allow
movement of the strip.
Slack: Excess strip in the line, without tension, used to allow
movement of the strip.
Slack Quenching: The incomplete hardening of steel due to
quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than
the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the
formation of one or more transformation products in addition to
martensite.
Slack Quenching: The process of hardening steel by quenching
from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical
cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in incomplete hardening
and the formation of one or more transformation products in addition
to or instead of martensite.
Slag: 1. A waste product in ironmaking and steelmaking. Limestone,
acting as a flux, combines with impurities to form slag. Usually slags
consist of combinations of acid oxides with basic oxides and neutral
oxides are added to aid fusibility. 2. Molten remnants of the coal
burning process.
Slag Inclusion: Non-metallic solids entrapped in solid metal.
Slag Inclusion: Nonmetallic solids entrapped in solid metal.
Slag Trap: An enlargement, dam, or extrusion in the gating or
runners system in a mold for the purpose of preventing molten slag
particles from entering the mold cavity.
Slant Fracture: A type of fracture in metals, typical of plane-stress
fractures, in which the plane of separation is inclined at an angle
(usually about 45 degrees) to the axis of applied stress.
Slant range : Direct line distance, not along the ground;
Slat: Auxiliary airfoil surface, mounted forward of a main airfoil, to
maintain a smooth airflow over the main airfoil at high angles of
attack.
Slats: Movable vanes or auxiliary airfoils, usually set along the
leading edge of a wing but able to be lifted away at certain angles of
attack.
Slats : Moveable surfaces on the leading edge of the wing that help
airflow in low-speed flight. They enable the wing to fly at lower
airspeeds than without them by directing the airflow over the wing
and preventing separation of the airflow. Basically, they are
retractable slots. All modern jetliners have slats, which open when
landing flaps are lowered. Some aircraft intended for very short
takeoff and landing have slats that open and close automatically,
depending upon airspeed and angle of attack.
Slave Valve: A spool-type hydraulic valve that uses pressure from a
pilot valve to move the position of its spool.
Slave Valve: A spool type hydraulic valve that uses pressure from a
pilot valve to move the position of its spool.
Slaved compass : North-seeking gyro-stabilized compass system.
Technically superior to DG.
Slbm: Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile.
Sleeve: it is the cylindrical metal part used to locate in to the engine
cylinder to protect the engine block for wearing and to guide the
piston with less friction.
Sleeve Bearing: A 360º cylindrical plain bearing, sometimes called a
bushing, that supports a journal or roll neck, aptly called a sleeve.
Slicking (Sleeking): Smoothing the surface of molds.
Slide: The main reciprocating member of a metal forming press,
guided in the press frame, to which the punch or upper die is
fastened; sometimes called the ram. The inner slide of a double-
action press is called the plunger or punch-holder slide; the outer
slide is called the blankholder slide. The third slide of a triple-action
press is called the lower slide, and the slide of a hydraulic press is
often called the platen.
Slide Gate: A valve which employs a plate that slides in and out of
the valve body as a means of stopping flow.
Slide Gate Valve: Slide gate valves are mechanical devices used to
restrict or shut-off the flow of a substance through a transport system
such as piping. Slide gate valves use a flat plate that slides in a
channel until it blocks the path of the flow. The terms slide gate and
knife gate are often used interchangeably, though slide gate valves
are commonly used in dry bulk handling systems to control the flow
of granular substances.
Slidegate: A valve which employs a plate that slides in and out of
the valve body as a means of stopping flow.
Sliding mesh gear box: it is the type of manual transmission of the
automobiles. In this type of gear box clutch gear is rigidity fixed to
the clutch shaft. It remains always connected to the drive gear of the
countershaft.
Sliding rear window: A small window inside a trucks rear
windshield that opens and closes by sliding on a system of metal or
plastic rails attached to the windshield.
Sliding Velocity (Gears): Computed differential sliding speed in
either the arc of approach or arc of recess.
Slime: A soft, sticky, mucuslike substance, originating from a
bacterial growth.
Slime: (1) A material of extremely fine particle size encountered in
ore treatment. (2) A mixture of metals and some insoluble
compounds that forms on the anode in electrolysis.
Sling: The ropes or cables used for bundling material, which are to
be lifted by a crane.
Sling psychrometer : Measuring device with wet and dry bulb
thermometers. Moved rapidly through air it measures humidity.
Slinger (Seals): Prevents oil leakage from high-speed journal
bearings; uses centrifugal force to throw oil that leaks through the
bearing into a groove that returns the oil to the reservoir.
Slinging: A coating defect consisting of random spots of coating
deposited on coated sheets or adjacent machinery that appear
raised above the surrounding substrate. Slinging and misting are
synonymous, with misting being fine droplets.
Slinging: A coating defect consisting of random spots of coating
deposited on coated sheets or adjacent machinery that appear
raised above the surrounding substrate. Slinging and misting are
synonymous, with misting being fine droplets.
Slip: The difference between the linear speed of the vehicle and the
rotational speed of the tyre. For example, if a tyre is locked and
sliding (e.g. not rotating) while the vehicle is still moving, then it is
operating at -100% slip.
Slip: Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement
(translation) of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite
crystallographic direction and usually on specific crystallographic
plane. Sometimes called glide.
Slip: A maneuver in which the aircraft is yawed to compensate for
crosswind forces in order to maintain a ground heading to a
particular point or to bleed off lift and control angle of descent.
Slip: Too steep a bank in a turn, causing an aircraft to slide inward
from its ideal turning path.
Slip: Internal leakage of hydraulic fluid.
Slip : Internal leakage of hydraulic fluid.
Slip angle: The difference between the direction in which the wheel
is travelling and the direction in which the vehicle is travelling.
Slip Band: A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to
appear as a single line when observed under an optical mircoscope.
See also slip line.
Slip Casting: In ceramics, a pouring slip, a water suspension of
finely ground clay, into a Plaster of Paris mold. After it hardens, it is
dried and fired.
Slip Casting: In ceramics, a pouring slip, a water suspension of
finely ground clay, into a plaster of paris mold. After it hardens it is
dried and fired.
Slip Direction: The crystallographic direction in which the translation
of slip takes place.
Slip Direction: The crystallographic direction in which translation of
slip takes place.
Slip Flask: A tapered flask thai depends on a movable strip of metal
to hold foundry sand in position. After closing the mold, the strip is
refracted and the flask can be removed and reused. Molds thus
made are usually supported by a mold jacket during pouring.
Slip joint: The joint used to transfer the rotary motion with free linier
movement. It is used into the automobile power transmission
system. It is mounted on the propeller shaft between two universal
joints. Basically it consists of the male and female shaft having
spines on the internal and outer surface.
Slip Line: Visible traces of slip planes on metal surfaces; the traces
are (usually) observable only if the surface has been polished before
deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under a light
microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band.
Slip Line: Trace of a slip plane on a viewing surface.
Slip Plane: The crystallographic plane in which slip occurs in a
crystal.
Slip Plane: The crystallographic plane on which slip occurs in a
crystal.
Slip : A maneuver where the airplane`s controls are used to make
the fuselage fly at an angle to the line of flight. This causes a
tremendous increase in drag, and allows an airplane without landing
flaps to increase its angle of descent without picking up a lot of
speed. It is a way to lose altitude in a hurry (on purpose), or slide into
a final approach during a heavy wind. The technique is to put nearly
full rudder in one direction, and then bank in the opposite. This
keeps the plane almost level, except pointing to one side.
Slippage Scratch: See ?Scratch, Tension?.
Slipstream: The flow of air driven backward by a propeller or
downward by a rotor. Compare DOWNWASH.
Slit: To slit steel is simply to cut it. The most common slitter available
is a pair of scissors. The slitters used in the mill have circular blades
that resemble washers. These rotate as the steel passed through
them. The slitters hace a payoff reel and a take up reel which pass
the steel through the slitter knives. Between these two reel are two
shafts,one above the steel and one below the steel. The round slitter
knives are placed on the shafts and adjusted so that they cut off the
edges of the steel to produce a good edge and/or cut the steel into
narrow strips of the width the customer wants.
Slit Edge: The relatively smooth edge produced from side trimming
or slitting. (see Mill Edge)
Slit Edge: The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to
width by rotary slitters.
Slit Strip: Hot or cold rolled wide strip (wider than 600 mm), cut
lengthways into widths of less than 600 mm on slitting lines.
Delivered in coils or cut lengths. Slitting is also used for coated wide
strip.
Slitter: 1. A unit which slits or shears the coil into two or more
narrower widths. 2. Area on the Pickler where the strip is
sidetrimmed (slit) to its proper width. 3. Sidetrims the edges of the
strip to certain width in the customer’s specifications, or the vertical
cutting of coil material to form narrow strip product.
Slitter: 1) Area on the Pickler where the strip is sidetrimmed (slit) to
its proper width. 2) Sidetrims the edges of the strip to certain width in
the customer's specifications, or the vertical cutting of coil material to
form narrow strip product.
Slitter Hair: See ?Hair, Slitter?.
Slitter Heads: Mechanical housings that hold internal and external
parts of the slitter knives.
Slitter Heads: Mechanical housings that hold internal and external
parts of the slitter knives.
Slitting: Cutting a sheet of steel into narrower strips.
Slitting: Cutting a sheet of steel into narrower strips to match
customer needs. Because steel mills have limited flexibility as to the
widths of the sheet that they produce, service centers normally will
cut the sheet for the customer.
Slitting Stock: Slitting stock is produced with the knowledge that the
product will be further processed by the mill customer. Mill produces
the final gauge but not the final width. The customer will do
additional slitting/shearing.
Slitting Stock: Slitting stock is produced with the knowledge that the
product will be further processed by mill customer. Mill produces the
final gauge but not the final width. The customer will do additional
slitting/shearing.
Slivers: Slivers are due to defective teeming of the molten metal and
to a tearing of corners of the steel in blooming, roughing or finishing.
Tearing is attributed to many things, such as overoxidation in the
open hearth, or burning during reheating or soaking.
Slivers: Slivers are due to defective teeming of the molten metal and
to a tearing of corners of the steel in blooming, roughing, or finishing.
Tearing is attributed to many things, such as overoxidation in the
open hearth, or burning during reheating or soaking.
Slop: Describes the imprecision of a control system were the
controls can be "wiggled" without the servo's moving.
Slop : Slop occurs when a control surfaces movement does not
move the servo. Common cause is a worn linkage point or poor
linkage setup.
Slope soaring: Using the lift generated by prevailing winds on cliff
faces to fly sailplanes
Slot: The gap between the slat and leading-edge of the main airfoil,
which splits the airflow and maintains a smooth flow over the main
airfoil upper surface.
Slot: A long, narrow, span wise gap in a wing, usually near the
leading edge, to improve airflow at high angles of attack for slower
landing speeds.
Slot Furnace: A common batch furnace where stock is charged and
removed through a slot or opening.
Slot : A specially-shaped slot in the wing just behind the leading
edge. This directs airflow from below to the top of the wing, and
helps low-speed flight by delaying the stall. Because they are
permanently-mounted, they do add drag. See also "Slats"
Slots: System for allocating aircraft arrival/departure times for each
airline.
Slotted flap: A flap that, when depressed, exposes a SLOT and
increases airflow between itself and the rear edge of the wing.
Slotting: Cutting a narrow aperture or groove with a reciprocating
tool in a vertical shaper or with a cutter, broach or grinding wheel.
Slow roll : A very slow version of the roll.
Slow Strain Rate Technique: An experimental technique for
evaluating susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. It involves
pulling the specimen to failure in uniaxial tension at a controlled slow
strain rate while the specimen is in the test environment and
examining the specimen for evidence of stress-corrosion cracking.
SLP : Speed Limit Point
Sludge: A deposit on a heat transfer surface that does not have the
hard, crystalline structure of a scale but is softer and less dense.
Sludge: Material that develops during the plating process. It
accumulates in the plater cells and is removed every eight weeks.
Sludge: Partially hardened silt. See SILT.
Slug: A unit of measure for mass in the English system, which
equals 14.6 kg in the SI system.
Slug: A metal blank for forging or impacting.
Slug: The U.S. customary unit of mass defined as the mass which
receives an acceleration of 1 foot per second per second when a
force of 1 pound is applied to it.
Slugging: Condition in which mass of liquid enters compressor
causing hammering.
Slugging: The act of adding a separate piece or pieces of material
in a joint before or during welding that results in a welded joint not
complying with design, drawing or specification requirements.
Sluggish: the non continuous movement of the machine parts.
Sluice Water: Raw water that is boosted in pressure to
approximately 180 psi. This water is used by the venturies for soot
blowing and tap-out, as ditch water (sluice water) for tapping the
boilers and dumping the ash boxes, and as fill for boiler raw water
hydrostatic tests.
Sluice Water: Raw water that is boosted in pressure to
approximately 180 psi. This water is used by the Venturies for soot
blowing and tap out, as ditch water (sluice water) for tapping the
boilers and dumping the ash boxes, and as fill for boiler raw water
hydrostatic tests.
Slumpability: Characterizes the capacity of a grease to flow
towards a suction inlet without a follower plate.
Slurry: A water containing high concentration of suspended solids,
usually over 5000 mg/L.
Slurry: A term loosely applied to any clay-like dispersion. It may be
used to wash ladles or other refractory linings to impart a smooth
surface; as a bonding addition to molding sand; as a thin loam over
specially made molds or as a mixture to fine joints or cracks of a
core, etc.
Slurry erosion : Material removal due to the combined action of
corrosion and wear.
Slush Casting: A hollow casting usually made of an alloy with a low
but wide melting temperature range. After the desired thickness of
metal has solidified in the mold, the remaining liquid is poured out.
Considered an obsolete practice.
Slushing Oil: Oil or grease-like material applied to metal as a
temporary protective coating against rust, corrosion, etc.
Sm: Service Module.
SM : Statute Mile (1.609 km - ACHTUNG: Nicht See-Meile!)
Small aircraft : aircraft of 12,500 pounds or less, maximum
certificated takeoff weight
Small Side: Used to describe the side of the weld with the narrower
width.
Small Winch: The tool used to position the big winch's cable and
hook. It is located at the Coal Bucket Operator's door leading to the
unloading tracks.
SmarTrip® Card: A permanent, rechargeable plastic farecard, like a
credit card, which is embedded with a special computer chip that
keeps track of the value of the card
SmartWay: A designation issued by the EPA for new vehicles with a
score of six or higher in both air pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions and a combined total of more than 13.
SmartWay elite: A designation issued by the EPA given to new
vehicles with a score of nine or higher in both air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions.
SMEL : Single/Multi Engine Land
Smelt: To melt ores, separating the metallic constituents.
Smelt: To melt ores,seperating the metallic constituents.
Smelter: Facility is used to extract metal concentrates found inside
mined ore. The ore will often contain more than one kind of metal
concentrate and this facility also separates them.
Smelter: Facility is used to extract metal concentrates found inside
mined ore. The ore will often contain more than one kind of metal
concentrate and this facility also separates them.
Smelting: Thermal processing wherein chemical reactions take
place to produce liquid metal from an ore.
Smelting: A metallurgical thermal process in which a metal is
separated in fused form from nonmetallic materials or other
undesired metals with which it is associated.
SMG: Sequential manual gearbox. Also referred to as "DSG," "direct
shift gearbox" and "automated manual transmission." See
"Automated Manual Transmission."
SMGCS : Surface Movement Guidance and Control System
SMGS : Surface Movement Guidance System
Smith Hammer: Any power hammer where impression dies are not
used for reproduction of commercially exact forging.
Smith Hammer: Any power hammer where impression dies are not
used for reproduction of commercially exact forging.
Smls: Seamless pipe with no weld in the circumference.
SMM : Slot Missed Message
Smog: This is a term used to describe a mixture of smoke and fog.
Smog occurs when high concentrations of moisture is combined with
smoke (often containing oxides of sulfur and nitrogen) in the
presence of high temperatures or thermal inversions and the
absence of wind. These conditions cause polluted air to stagnate
over industrial areas and can create a respiratory health hazard.
Large coastal industrial centers with surrounding high ground are
more prone to smog. There is often a diurnal (over a day) variation in
the process of smog formation because one of the necessary
components for its formation is sunlight.
Smog: Air pollution associated with oxidants.
Smog-forming pollution: Pollutants in the hydrocarbon or NOx
families that produce photochemical smog when combined in the
presence of sunlight.
SMOH : Since major overhaul.
Smoke: a visible suspension of carbon or other particles in air.
Usually it is emitted from a burning of any substance. It causes air
pollution.
Smoke: Particles suspended in air after incomplete combustion of
materials.
Smoke opacity: Opacity is the degree to which smoke blocks light,
and the basis for measuring the amount of smoke coming from a
diesel-powered vehicle. Poorly maintained or malfunctioning engines
are sometimes the cause of excessive smoke.
Smoked glass: The glasses manufactured with darkening materials
incorporated within. It is used to protect the eyes from the sunlight. It
is used into the automobiles and science equipments.
Smoked glass: A vehicle window that has been infused with
pigment during manufacturing in order to provide enough opacity to
obscure the vehicles interior from view.
Smoldering Insulator: An insulator along the third rail that may be
giving off smoke
Smoothed : Data that is the result of conditioning a signal with a
simple filter; Compare: derived, estimated, filtered, measured, raw,
selected; smoothing is usually less sophisticated than filtering
Smoothing filter : A filter to reduce quick changes of a signal by
attenuating high frequencies; See Also: first-order filter, second-order
filter, wash-out filter;
Smothering Ring: Ring that has 16 steam jets and sits on V.C. hood
that helps to keep dirt and flames in boiler while on O2 blow.
Smothering Ring: Ring that has 16 steam jets and sits on V.C.
Hood that helps to keep dirt and flames in boiler while on 02 blow.
SMPI : Time Since Major Periodic Inspection
SMS : Short Message System (Mobile Telephone Feature)
Smudge: A smear on the plate that can be caused by sanding a roll
(mainly in the hot rinse).
Smut: A reaction product sometimes left on the surface of a metal
after pickling, electroplating or etching.
S-N Curve: A plot of stress (S) against the number of cycles to
failure (N). The stress can be the maximum stress (Smax) or the
alternating stress amplitude (Sa). The stress values are usually
nominal stress; i.e there is no adjustment for stress concentration.
The diagram indicates the S-N relationship for a specified value of
the mean stress (S ) or the stress ratio (A or R) and a specified
probability of survival. For N a log scale is almost always used. For S
a linear scale is used most often, but a log scale is sometimes used.
Also known as S-N diagram.
SN : Serial Number
Snagging: (1) Heavy stock removal of superfluous material from a
workpiece by using a portable or swing grinder mounted with a
coarse grain abrasive wheel. (2) Offhand grinding on castings and
forgings to remove surplus metal such as gate and riser pads, fins
and parting lines.
Snake: Any crooked surface defect in a plate, resembling a snake.
Snake: Any crooked surface defect in a plate, resembling a snake.
Snaking: A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This
condition is caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or
rewinding operation.
Snaking: A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This
condition is caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or
rewinding operation.
Snap Flask: A foundry flask hinged on one comer so that it can be
opened and removed from the mold for reuse before the metal is
poured.
Snap ring: the rings used as the locking devices which fits inside the
grooves into the piston and piston pins. It is also used in many
places for the locking the two devices where motion is required into
the locking condition.
Snap roll : A type of rolling maneuver that is very quick and violent.
It`s basically a spin where the flight path is in any direction chosen
by the pilot. Improper speed control during a landing approach can
also make the aircraft snap over on one wing and enter a spin. Since
it`s close to the ground, there is not enough room to recover, and a
crash results.
Snap Temper: A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment
applied to high-hardenabiliity steels immediately after quenching to
prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the
prescribed higher temperature.
Snap Temper: A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment
applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to
prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the
prescribed higher temperature.
Snowplow prep: The hardware needed to attach a factory-optional,
removable snowplow to a vehicles front bumper and/or frame.
SNR : Signal-to-noise ratio
Snubber: Hydraulic roll used to prevent the outside wrap from
unwinding while threading the strip into the pinch roll and leveler.
Snubber: Hydraulic roll used to prevent the outside wrap from
unwinding while threading the strip into the pinch roll and leveler.
Snubber Roll: A small roll used with a bridle roll. The purpose of the
snubber roll is to hold the strip against the bridle roll.
Snubber Roll: A small roll used with a bridle roll. The purpose of the
snubber roll is to hold the strip against the bridle roll.
So: International Standards Organisation.
Soak: To hold an ingot, slab, bloom, billet or other piece of steel in a
hot chamber or to pit to secure uniform temperature throughout.
Freshly stripped ingots are hottest in the interior, whereas a cold
object which is being heated is hottest at the surface. The term is
used in connection with heating of steel whether for forging or rolling
or for heat treatment.
Soak Cleaning: Immersion cleaning without electrolysis.
Soaking: Prolonged heating of a metal, furnace or ladle at a
selected temperature.
Soaking Pit: A furnace or pit for the heating of ingots to make their
temperature uniform throughout in preparation for the rolling
operation.
Soap: A compound formed by the reaction of a fatty acid with an
alkali; soaps used as grease thickeners are mostly stearates.
Socket: The external member or portion of a hose fitting, commonly
used in describing screw-together reusable fittings.
Soda: Sodium carbonate or sodium oxide sometimes called soda
ash; a major constituent in glass.
Soda ash : A common water treatment chemical, sodium carbonate.
Soda softening : A process by which the calcium and magnesium
salts, constituting the harness content of a water, are chemically
precipitated and removed.
Soda/Sodium Base Grease: A grease prepared from lube oil and a
sodium soap.
Sodium chloride : Common table salt, used to produce a brine
solution, used a secondary refrigerant.
Sodium Silicate: See Water Glass.
Sodium sulfite (na2s03) : A chemical used with water treatment to
remove small amounts of oxygen.
Sodium tracer method : A technique used to measure dissolved
solids in steam to values as low as 0.001 ppm.
Sodium zeolite softening : The process of removing scale forming
ions of calcium and magnesium and replacing them with the
equivalent amount of sodium ions.
Soft Magnetic Material: A ferromagnetic alloy that becomes
magnetized readily upon application of a field and that returns to
practically a nonmagnetic condition when the field is removed; an
alloy with the properties of high magnetic permeability, low coercive
force and low magnetic hysteresis loss.
Soft Skin Rolled Temper (No. 4 Temper): In low-carbon rolled strip
steel, soft and ductile. Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a
pinch pass or skin rolling (a very light rolling).
Soft Skin Rolled Temper (No. 4 Temper): In low carbon rolled strip
steel, soft and ductile. Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a
pinch pass or skin rolling (a very light rolling).
Soft water: Water that is free of magnesium or calcium salts. Soft
water is water which has relatively low concentration of calcium
carbonate and other ions. The water that lathers with soap easily is
called soft water
Soft-close doors: Doors that will pull themselves shut if they are not
fully latched by the occupants.
Softening: The removal of hardness (calcium and magnesium) from
water.
Softening: A process used to soften metals through annealing or
tempering.
Software Modeling: Software modeling is a term that covers a
broad category of computer-based modeling tools and practices.
Computer software is used to simulate, or model, a process or
component for the purpose of allowing the user to investigate and
interpret information. A common example of software modeling is the
use of computer aided drafting (CAD) software to create computer
representations of real-life components.
SOH: Sense Of Humor
Soil carbon: A major component of the terrestrial biosphere pool in
the carbon cycle. Organic soil carbon estimates, rather than total soil
carbon, are generally quoted. The amount of carbon in the soil is a
function of historical vegetative cover and productivity, which in turn
is dependent upon climatic variables.
Soil Load (Cleansers): The percentage of soil contained by a
cleaning solution, usually expressed in volume/volume units. Soil
load content in an alkaline cleaner bath is ordinarily determined by
an acid split procedure.
Solar: Of or pertaining to the Sun.
Solar array: See solar panel.
Solar backscatter ultraviolet radiometer (sbuv): Instrument that
measures the vertical distribution and total ozone in the Earth's
atmosphere. Data is used for the continuous monitoring of ozone
distribution to estimate long-term trends. SBUV instruments are
flown on NOAA polar-orbiting satellites.
Solar cell: A cell that converts sunlight into electrical energy. The
light falling on certain substances (e.g. a silicon cell) causes an
electric current to flow.
Solar constant: The electromagnetic radiation from the Sun that
falls on a unit area of surface normal to the line from the Sun, per
unit time, outside the atmosphere, at one astronomical unit.
Solar constant: Aka total solar irradiance. The constant expressing
the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth from the sun,
approximately 1370 watts per square meter. It is not, in fact, truly
constant and variations are detectable.
Solar constant: The rate at which solar energy is received just
outside the Earth's atmosphere on a surface that is normal to the
incident radiation and at the mean distance of the Earth from the
sun. The current value is 0.140 watt/cm2.
Solar cycle: Eleven-year cycle of sunspots and solar flares that
affects other solar indexes such as the solar output of ultraviolet
radiation and the solar wind. The Earth's magnetic field, temperature,
and ozone levels are affected by this cycle.
Solar cycle: The periodic change in sunspot numbers. It is the
interval between successive minima and is about 11.1 years.
Solar flare: A sudden brightening in some part of the Sun, followed
by the emission of jets of gas and a flood of ultra-violet radiation. The
gale of protons which accompanies a flare can be very dangerous to
astronauts.
Solar heat: Heat created by visible and invisible energy waves from
the sun.
Solar maximum: The point in the 11-year solar cycle at which
sunspot activity is highest.
Solar minimum: The point in the 11-year solar cycle at which
sunspot activity is lowest.
Solar nebula: The large cloud of gas and dust from which the Sun
and planets condensed 4.6 billion years ago.
Solar panel: An array of light-sensitive cells attached to a
spacecraft and used to generate electrical power for the vehicle in
space. Also called solar array.
Solar power: Energy derived directly from the sun through
photovoltaic cells or other devices that convert light energy into
electricity or heat.
Solar Powered Ultrafiltration System: Solar powered ultrafiltration
systems utilize photovoltaic cells to provide the energy needed to run
the water filtration system. These systems are capable of operating
without any connection to the electrical power grid. The filtration
system is capable of delivering safe drinking water from sources
such as lakes, rivers, streams or other surround water supplies.
Solar radiation: Energy received from the sun is solar radiation. The
energy comes in many forms, such as visible light (that which we
can see with our eyes). Other forms of radiation include radio waves,
heat (infrared), ultraviolet waves, and x-rays. These forms are
categorized within the electromagnetic spectrum.
Solar sensors: Light-sensitive diodes which indicate the direction of
the Sun.
Solar sunroof: A sunroof with a photovoltaic panel infused into its
glass that is used to power interior ventilation fans in order to lower
cabin temperature when a vehicle is parked in the sun.
Solar wind: A current of charged particles that streams outward
from the Sun.
Solar wind: A continuous stream of charged solar particles (mainly
hydrogen ions) and magnetic fields from the Sun. This continuous
stream of ionized gas, or plasma, expands into interplanetary space
from the Sun's corona. After escaping from the gravitational field of
the sun, this gas flows outward at a typical speed of 400 kilometers
per second to distances known to be beyond the orbit of Pluto.
Sold: That material which has a tendency to resist any attempt to
change its size or shape.
Solder: A filler metal used in soldering that has a liquidus not
exceeding 450 °C (840 °F).
Solder Embrittlement: Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy,
associated with local penetration by molten solder along grain
boundaries.
Solder Emhrittlement: Reduction in mechanical properties of a
metal as a result of local penetration of solder along grain
boundaries.
Solderability: The relative ease and speed with which a surface is
wetted by molten solder.
Soldering: Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low
melting points – most commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which
are the soft solders. Hard solders are alloys that have silver, copper,
or nickel bases and use of these alloys with melting points higher
than 800° F is generally termed brazing.
Soldering Iron: A soldering tool having an internally or externally
heated metal bit usually made of copper.
Solenoid: A coil, that when energized, attracts A sliding iron core;
used to control position of a spool in a valve body.
Solenoid: A coil of metallic wire, usually copper, wound around a
bobbin. Used to magnetize the bobbin and produce linear motion of
a companion spool when electricity is applied.
Solenoid : A coil wrapped around a metallic core which produces a
uniform magnetic field in a volume of space. It is used in to the
automobiles fuel tank.
Solenoid valve: Electromagnet with a moving core. It serves as a
valve or operates a valve.
Solenoid Valve: A spool-type, magnetic coil controlled hydraulic
directional valve. There are single solenoid (one coil), and double
solenoid (two coil) type valves.
Solid absorbent refrigeration: Refrigeration system which uses
solid substance as absorber of the refrigerant during the cooling part
of the cycle and releases refrigerant when heated during generating
part of cycle.
Solid Bonded Lubricants: Powdered lubricants like graphite,
molybdenum disulfide, etc., are adhesively bound to clean, solid
surfaces through propriety processes to form thin, tightly-bonded
films; used for lightly loaded bearings in specialty applications.
Solid Cutters: Cutters made of a single piece of material rather than
a composite of two or more materials.
Solid injection: The injection of diesel fuel inside the combustion
chamber is called the solid injection under the pressure. It is called
because of the pressure of the liquid fuel itself.
Solid Metal Embrittlement: The occurrence of embrittlement in a
material below the melting point of the embrittling species. See also
liquid metal embrinlement.
Solid propellant: A rocket propellant in solid form; usually
consisting of a mixture of fuel and oxidizer.
Solid rocket booster: A rocket, powered by solid propellants, used
to launch spacecraft into orbit.
Solid Solution: A single, solid, homogeneous crystalline phase
containing two or more chemical species.
Solid Solution: A solid crystalline phase containing two or more
chemical species in concentrations that may vary between limits
imposed by phase equilibrium.
Solid state halogen leak detector: An electronic leak detector for
all halogen. Related refrigerants.
Solidificalion Shrinkage: The reduction in volume of metal from
beginning to end of solidification. See also casting shrinkage. (see
Casting Shrinkage)
Solidification: The change in state from liquid to solid upon cooling
through the melting temperature or melting range.
Solidification: The physical process of change from a liquid to a
solid state.
Solidification Range: The temperature between the liquidus and
the solidus.
Solidification Shrinkage Crack: A crack that forms usually at
elevated temperarure, because of the internal (shrinkage) stresses
that develop during solidification of a metal casting. Also termed hot
crack.
Solid-state Sintering: A sintering procedure for compacts or loose
powder aggregates during which no component melts. Contrast with
liquid phase sintering.
Solid-state Welding: A group of welding processes that join metals
at temperatures essentially below the melting points of the base
materials, without the addition of a brazing filler metal. Pressure may
or may not be applied to the joint. Examples include cold welding,
diffusion welding, forge welding, hot pressure welding and roll
welding.
Solidus: (1) The highest temperature at which a metal or alloy is
completely solid. (2) In a phase diagram, the focus of points
representing the temperatures at which various compositions stop
freezing upon cooling or begin to melt upon beating.
Solidus: In a constitutional diagram, the locus of points representing
the temperatures at which various components finish freezing on
cooling or begin to melt on heating.
Solo : Your first totally unassisted flight that results in a controlled
landing.
Soluble Cutting Oil/Soluble Oil: Oil within an emulsifier that forms
an emulsion, used as a metalworking fluid or hydraulic fluid.
Soluble iron: Usually present in cooling water systems and can
arise from metallurgical corrosion.
Solu-bridge: An electronic instrument used to measure conductivity
of a water sample to determine the dissolved solids content.
Solute: The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is
present to a lesser or minor extent; the component that is dissolved
in the solvent.
Solute: The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is
present to the lesser or minor extent; the component that is
dissolved in the solvent.
Solution Annealing: Solution annealing is a process performed on
steels. In our case, these are primarily the 300 series stainless. The
process consists of heating the material up to a temperature above
1,950°F and holding it long enough for the carbon to go into solution.
After this, the material is quickly cooled to prevent the carbon from
coming out of solution. Solution-annealed material is in its most
corrosion-resistant and ductile (farmable) condition.
Solution Annealing: Solution annealing is a process performed on
steels. In our case, these aare primarily the 300 series stainless. The
process consists of heating the material up to a temperature above
1950?F and holding it long enough for the carbon to go into solution.
After this, the material is quickly cooled to prevent the carbon from
coming out of solution. Solutio annealed material is in its most
corrosion resistant and ductile (farmable) condition.
Solution Heat Treatment: Heating a metal to a high temperature
and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter
the solid solution. The solution is then cooled rapidly to retain the
constituents within.
Solution Heat Treatment: A heat treatment in which an alloy is
heated to a suitable temperature, held at that temperature long
enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid
solution, and then cooled rapidly enough to hold these constituents
in solution.
Solution Potential: Electrode potential where half-cell reaction
involves only the metal electrode and its ion.
Solution Treat and Aging: Strengthening mechanism used in
titanium alpha-beta alloys as well as PH stainless alloys and many
nickel-based super alloys. For titanium alloys, the solution treating
temperature that is normally 50°-150°F below the beta-transus of the
material and, after water quenching, the material is aged at
800°-1,200°F.
Solvent: A compound capable of dissolving a given substance to
form a solution. Water is a polar solvent, hydrocarbons are non-
polar.
Solvent Extraction: A refinery process that utilizes oil and a polar
solvent like phenol, N-methyl pyrolidone, furfural, etc., to selectively
separate unsaturates from lubricant distillates, in order to improve
properties such as oxidation stability, viscosity index and additive
response.
Solvent Pop: Blistering caused by entrapped solvent during baking,
possibly caused by short flashoff or improper solvent balance.
Solvus: In a phase or equilibrium diagram, the locus of points
representing the temperature at which solid phases with various
compositions coexist with other solid phases, that is, the limits of
solid solubility.
Solvus: In a phase or equilibrium diagram, the locus of points
representing the temperature at which solid phases with various
compositions coexist with other solid phases; that is, the limits of
solid solubility.
Soot Blower: Same as deslagger. A rotating retractable steam lance
used to remove slag from the boiler tubes and walls.
Soot Blower: Same as a deslagger. A rotating retractable steam
lance used to remove slag from the boiler tubes and walls.
Soot Pit: Hoppers located in the exhaust side of the boiler that serve
the purpose of collecting the heavier particles of soot and debris that
are carried in the exhaust gas stream. The soot pits are drained
every turn by a venturi type suction system.
Soot Pit: Hoppers located in the exhaust side of the boiler that serve
the purpose of collecting the heavier particles of soot and debris that
are carried in the exhaust gas stream. The soot pits are drained
every turn by a Venturi type suction system.
Sorbite: Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of
martensite. In a truly sorbitic structure, the cementite is completely
dispersed in the matrix. The trend is to call this structure tempered
martensite.
Sorbitic Pearlite: Structure of steel resulting, on cooling under the
proper conditions, from the decomposition of austenite; has a fine,
lamellar appearance.
Sorry Weld: Weld which computer passes by; the computer is told
not to cut this weld.
Sorry Weld: Weld which computer passes by; the computer is told
not to cut this weld No. 9 Tandem.
Sound Dampening Foam: Sound dampening foam is a foam layer
specifically designed to reduce the passage of sound waves through
the foam. Sound dampening foam can come in the form of spray
foams, foam blankets or stiff foam panels. Open cell foam is typically
used for sound dampening applications due to its better sound
absorption properties over close cell foam.
Sounder: A special kind of radiometer that measures changes in
atmospheric temperature with height, as well as the content of
various chemical species in the atmosphere at various levels. The
High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), found on NOAA
polar-orbiting satellites, is a passive instrument. See passive system.
Sounding rocket: A research rocket used to obtain data from the
upper atmosphere.
Sour Crude/Sweet Crude: Sour crudes contain appreciable
quantities of hydrogen sulfide, disulfides or other sulfur compounds;
sweet crudes do not.
Sour gas: A gaseous environment containing hydrogen sulfide and
carbon dioxide in hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Sour Gas: A gaseous environment containing hydrogen sulfide and
carbon dioxide in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Prolonged exposure to
sour gas can lead to hydrogen damage, sulfide-stress cracking
and/or stress-corrosion cracking in ferrous alloys.
Sour water: Waste water containing malodorous materials, usually
sulfur compounds.
South american : A standard model for computing earth data
Southern oscillation: A large-scale atmospheric and hydrospheric
fluctuation centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It exhibits a
nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian
Ocean and high over the South Pacific. Its period is slightly variable,
averaging 2.33 years. The variation in pressure is accompanied by
variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea-surface
temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding areas. El Niño
and La Niña occurrences are associated with the phenomenon.
Southern oscillation: A large-scale atmospheric and hydrospheric
fluctuation centered in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It exhibits a
nearly annual pressure anomaly, alternatively high over the Indian
Ocean and high over the South Pacific. Its period is slightly variable,
averaging 2.33 years. The variation in pressure is accompanied by
variations in wind strengths, ocean currents, sea-surface
temperatures, and precipitation in the surrounding areas. El
Nino occurrences are associated with the phenomenon.
Southern oscillation index: An indicator based on the pressure
gradient between the quasi-stationary low pressure region and the
center of a subtropical high pressure cell. A positive index
corresponds to an anomalously high pressure difference between
the two centers of action.
Sow Block: A block of heat-treated steel placed between the anvil of
the hammer and the forging die to prevent under wear to the anvil.
Sow blocks arc occasionally used to hold insert dies. Also called
anvil cap.
SP : Single Pilot
Spa : Single Pilot Airplane
Space: The universe beyond Earth's atmosphere. The boundary at
which the atmosphere ends and space begins is not sharp but starts
at approximately 100 miles above Earth's surface.
Space Centered (Concerning Space Lattices): Body centered.
Space colony: Hypothetical extra-terrestrial habitat, for hundreds,
thousands or even millions of people, perhaps established on a
moon or planet or as an artificial construction in free space.
Space debris: Man-made objects or parts thereof in space which
do not serve any useful purpose.
Space Lattice: A regular, periodic array of points (lattice points) in
space that represents the locations of atoms of the same kind in a
perfect crystal. The concept may be extended, where appropriate, to
crystalline compmounds and other substances, in which case the
lattice points often represent locations of groups of atoms of identical
composition, arrangement and orientation.
Space Lattice (Crystal): A system of equivalent points formed by
the intersections of three sets of planes parallel to pairs of principal
axes; the space lattice may be thought of as formed by the corners
of the unit cells.
Space platform: A large artificial satellite conceived as a habitable
base in space with scientific, exploratory or military applications. A
space station.
Space station: An orbiting spacecraft designed to support human
activity for an extended time.
Space weather: The popular name for energy-releasing
phenomena in the magnetosphere, associated with magnetic storms,
substorms and shocks.
Spacecraft: A piloted or unpiloted vehicle designed for travel in
space.
Spacecraft clock: A counter maintained by the command & data
subsystem. It meters the passing of time during the life of the
spacecraft, and regulates nearly all activity within the spacecraft
systems.
Spacers: Steel plates used to separate coils stacked on top of each
other in batch annealing.
Spacers: Steel plates used to separate coils stacked on top of each
other in batch annealing.
Spadats: Space Detection and Tracking System (USA).
Spalling: (1) Separation of particles from a surface in the form of
flakes. The term spalling is commonly associated with rolling-
element bearings and with gear teeth. Spalling is usually a result of
subsurface fatigue and is more extensive than pitting. (2) The
spontaneous chipping, fragmentation or separation of a surface or
surface coating. (3) A chipping or flaking of a surface due to any kind
of improper heat treatment or material dissociation.
Spalling: 1. The cracking and flaking of metal particles from a
surface. 2. Breaking away of refractory.
Spalling: The cracking and flaking of metal particles from a surface.
Spalling of Refractories: The cracking or rupturing of a refractory
unit, which usually results in the detachment of a portion of the unit.
Spalling of Refractories, Thermal: The spalling of a refractory unit,
which usually results in the detachment of a portion of the unit
produced by a difference in temperature.
Span: The horizontal distance center-to-center of runway rails.
Span: The total length of the wing measured from one tip to the
opposite tip.
Span: The distance from tip to tip of the wing or tailplane.
Span, also "wingspan" : The widest straight-line distance between
the two wingtips.
Spangle: 1. Finish achieved when zinc is allowed to "freeze"
naturally on the sheet – galvanize. Achieved by adding antimony to
the hot dip bath. 2. The spangle of a hot-dip coated sheet surface is
the visual manifestation of the grains that form within the coating
when it solidifies as the sheet emerges from the pot of molten
coating metal. The spangle or grain varies in size, brightness and
surface relief, depending upon a number of factors, most of which
are related to the composition of the coating and cooling practices.
Spangle: Finish achieved when zinc is allowed to freeze naturally on
the sheet galvanize. Achieved by adding antimony to the hot dip
bath.
Spangle Free: A galvanized product in which the spangle formation
has been suppressed; accomplished by eliminating Antimony and
Lead in the molten zinc bath during the production of Hot Dipped
Galvanized. Galvannealed is always spangle free.
Spangle Free: A galvanized product in which the spangle formation
has been suppressed; accomplished by eliminating Antimony and
Lead in the molten zinc bath during the production of Hot Dipped
Galvanized. Galvannealed is always spangle free.
Spanner Wrench: Special wrench used in tightening arbor nuts.
Spanwise: Used to describe the orientation of a measurement along
a wing or tailplane in this case from root to tip.
Spar: The main structural loadbearing element of a wing or
tailplane from which the rest of that structure is constructed and
attached to the fuselage or airframe.
Spar: A primary structural member of an airfoil surface, from which
ribs or frames are mounted to form the desired airfoil contours.
Spar : A principal section of the wing structure of an airplane, going
from tip to tip.
Spar : The main members in any wing are the SPARS. These are
beams that run the full length of the wing and are responsible not
only for carrying the bulk of the load, but for providing stiffness to the
wing to prevent twisting or distortion.
Spare: A fifth wheel and tire that is stored on or in a vehicle for use
when one of the four tires in use becomes disabled.
Sparger: An extension into the bottom of a tank of a pipe which has
a distribution nozzle on the end for mixing one fluid with another.
Spark ignition: it is the type of ignition in internal combustion engine
in which a spark induced from the spark plug is used to ignite the
fuel mixture into the combustion chamber. It occurred at the end of
the compression stroke.
Spark plug: The device used to ignite the compressed fuel in the
engine. It is made up of the insulator coating caring the electric rode.
It transfers the high voltage up to 25000 volts and connected to the
distributor.
Spark plug wires: Cables that carry a high-voltage electrical charge
from the distributor cap or ignition coils to the spark plugs.
Spark Testing: This is an inspection method for quickly determing
the approximate analyst of steel. It is intended primarily for the
separation of mixed steel and when properly conducted, is a fast,
accurate and economical method of separation. It consists in holding
the sample against a high-speed grinding wheel and noting the
character and color of the spark which is compared with samples of
known analysis.
Spark Testing: This is an inspection method for quickly determining
the approxiamte analyst of steel. It is intended primarily for the
separation of mixed steel and when properly conducted,is a fast,
accurate and economical method of separation. It consists in holding
the sample against a high speed grinding wheel and noting the
character and color of the spark which is compared with samples of
known analysis.
Spark timing: It is the timing for each cylinder to get spark at the
end of the compression stroke of the cylinder. A spark induced from
plug to ignite the fuel.
Spary Quenching: After solution heat treating, a mode of quenching
in which a spray of water is directed upon material just removed from
the furnace.
Spary Quenching: After solution heat treating, a mode of quenching
in which a spray of water is directed upon material just removed from
the furnace.
Spasur: Space Surveillance System (USA).
Spatial: A characteristic that refers to a location (which may be a
specific location on the Earth's surface, or relative to an arbitrary
point).
Spatter: The metal particles expelled during arc or gas welding.
They do not form part of the weld.
Speaker configuration: The number and arrangement of speakers
as well as the number of independent speaker channels (including
center and subwoofer channels) that are supported by a vehicles
sound system.
SPECI : Special Report (Meteo)
Special Bar Quality (SBQ): A quality suitable for forging, heat
treating, cold drawing, turning, etc. These applications require
special manufacturing control for chemical composition, deoxidation,
mold practice, pouring, discard, surface preparation, heating, rolling,
cooling, testing and inspection.
Special Bar Quality (Sbq): SBQ represents a wide variety of higher
quality carbon and alloy bars that are used in the forging, machining
and cold drawing industries for the production of automotive parts,
hand tools, electric motor shafts and valves. SBQ generally contains
more alloys than merchant quality and commodity grades of steel
bars, and is produced with more precise dimensions and chemistry.
Special Killed: 1. Low carbon aluminum killed steels used mainly for
extra deep drawing varieties of sheet and strip. 2. Steel deoxidized
by silicon or aluminum or in combination to reduce the oxygen
content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs during solidification
of the metal.
Special Killed: 1.) Low carbon aluminum killed steels used mainly
for extra deep drawing varieties of sheet and strip. 2) Steel
deoxidized by silicon or aluminum or in combination to reduce the
oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs during
solidification of the metal.
Special lease: Also referred to as a "subsidized lease" or
"subvented lease." A form of "incentive and rebate" that consists of a
vehicle lease offered by a vehicle manufacturer in which the amount
of the monthly payment is reduced below that then offered by
independent leasing companies (the cost of which is absorbed by
the manufacturer). Typically this is accomplished by using a higher
residual value or a lower interest rate, or both.
Special Metals: Designates all alloys and metals produced other
than stainless steels. Categories of special metals would include
nickel, nickel base alloys, cobalt base alloys, titanium and titanium
base alloys, glass sealing alloys (iron-nickel), etc.
Special Metals: Designates all alloys and metals produced at USSM
other than stainless steels and precipitation hardenable stainless
steels. Categories of special metals would include nickel,nickel base
alloys,cobalt base alloys,titanium and titanium base alloys,glass
sealing alloys (iron nickle),etc.
Special Treatment: A treatment applied to electrogalvanized to
enhance corrosion resistance.
Special use airspace (sua) : Airspace of defined dimensions
identified by an area on the surface of the earth wherein activities
must be confined because of their nature and/or wherein limitations
may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those
activities. Types of special use airspace are: a. Alert Area - Airspace
which may contain a high volume of pilot training activities or an
unusual type of aerial activity, neither of which is hazardous to
aircraft. Alert Areas are depicted on aeronautical charts for the
information of nonparticipating pilots. All activities within an Alert
Area are conducted in accordance with Federal Aviation
Regulations, and pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots
transiting the area are equally responsible for collision avoidance. b.
Controlled Firing Area - Airspace wherein activities are conducted
under conditions so controlled as to eliminate hazards to
nonparticipating aircraft and to ensure the safety of persons and
property on the ground. c. Military Operations Area (MOA) -
Special use permit: See Use Permit.
Special vfr conditions : meteorological conditions that are less than
those required for basic VFR flight in controlled airspace and in
which some aircraft are permitted fight under visual flight rules
Special vfr operations : aircraft operating in accordance with
clearances within controlled airspace in meteorological conditions
less than the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be
requested by the pilot and approved by ATC
Specialty Alloys: Alloys composed of two or more chemical
elements that typically perform under very rigorous service
conditions or that have special electrical, thermal, magnetic,
corrosion-resistant or mechanical properties. Metals with distinct
chemical and physical properties. These alloys are produced for
specific applications and are considered to be on the low end of
superalloys.
Specialty Steel: Category of steel that includes electrical, alloy,
stainless and tool steels. (see Silicon Electrical Steel) (see Stainless
Steel) (see Tool Steel)
Specialty Steel: Steels such as electrical, alloy or stainless steels.
These generally are produced in smaller volumes to meet the
specific needs of customers.
Specialty Tube: Refers to a wide variety of high-quality custom-
made tubular products requiring critical tolerances, precise
dimensional control and special metallurgical properties. Specialty
tubing is used in the manufacture of automotive, construction and
agricultural equipment, and in industrial applications such as
hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers. Because of
the range of industrial applications, the market typically follows
general economic conditions.
Specialty Tube: Refers to a wide variety of high quality custom
made tubular products requiring critical tolerances, precise
dimensional control and special metallurgical properties. Specialty
tubing is used in the manufacture of automotive, construction and
agricultural equipment, and in industrial applications such as
hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers. Because of
the range of industrial applications, the market typically follows
general economic conditions.
Specific conductance: Measures the ability of water to conduct
electricity. Conductivity increases with total dissolved solids and is
therefore used to estimate dissolved solids present in the water.
Specific Energy: In cutting or grinding, the energy expended or
work done in removing a unit volume of material.
Specific gravity: Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of a reference substance. Water is taken as
the reference substance. Properties of the water may vary from
place to place.
Specific gravity: The density of a substance compared to the
density of a standard material such as water.
Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of water, often at a specified temperature.
Specific heat: Ratio of quantity of heat required to raise temperature
of a body 1 degree to that required to raise temperature of equal
mass of water 1 degree.
Specific Heat: Equivalent to thermal capacity, or the quantity of heat
required to produce a unit change in the temperature of a unit mass.
Specific heat (cp: The ratio of the mount of heat required to raise a
mass of material 1 degree in temperature to the amount required to
raise equal mass of reference substance, usually water, 1 degree in
temperature.
Specific humidity: Ratio of weight of vapor to the weight of gas in a
unit volume of an air water vapor mixture.
Specific impulse: Parameter for rating the performance of a rocket
engine. Indicates how many pounds or kilograms of thrust are
obtained by consumption of a pound or kilogram of propellant in one
second.
Specific volume: Volume per unit mass of a substance.
Specific Volume: Volume of one gram of a substance at a specific
temperature, usually 68°F (20°C).
Specification : The chemical composition and dimensions of
products made by the plant. The specifications include all processes
required to achieve the finished product.
Specifications: The chemical composition, mechanical properties,
and dimensions of products made to the customers requirements or
nationally recognized organizations such as ASTM, AISI, JIS, SAE,
etc.
Specified Hardness: Order requirement for when a hardness
(minimum, maximum or range) is guaranteed for the product.
Specimen: A test object, often of standard dimensions and/or
configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing.
One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample.
Specimen: That portion of a sample taken for evaluation of some
specific characteristic or property
Spectograph: An optical instrument for determining the presence or
concentration of minor metallic constituents in a material by
indicating the presence and intensity of specific wave lengths of
radiation when the material is thermally or electrically excited.
Spectograph (X Rays): An instrument using an extended surface a
photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen for receiving the X
ray diffraction pattern.
Spectograph (X-rays): An instrument using an extended surface --
a photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen -- for receiving
the X-ray diffraction pattern.
Spectral band: A finite segment of wavelengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Spectral signature: This refers to the particular form or shape
evinced by the power spectrum calculated from the data comprising
the time series of a process.
Spectrometer: An optical instrument that splits the light received
from an object into its component wavelengths by means of a
diffraction grating; then measuring the amplitudes of the individual
wavelengths.
Spectrophotometer: A device for measuring the relative amounts of
radiant energy or radiant flux as a function of wavelength.
Spectroradiometers: Spectroradiometers are measurement
devices used to determine the amount of light emitted by a device
such as a lamp, computer screen or television screen.
Spectroradiometers measure light in the visible range, with
wavelenghts between about 390 and 750 nanometers. The light is
measured in terms of spectral power distribution - a measure of
power per unit area for each wavelength.
Spectroscopy: The study of the production, measurement and
interpretation of electromagnetic spectra.
Spectrum: A particular distribution of wavelengths and frequencies.
Spectrum: The series of colored bands diffracted and arranged in
the order of their respective wave lengths by the passage of white
light through a prism or other diffracting medium and shading
continuously from red (produced by the longest visible wave) to
violet (produced by the shortest visible wave).
Speed: Galileo defined speed as the distance covered per unit of
time. V = d/t.
Speed brakes : Large panels that fold out of the aircraft structure to
provide a lot of extra drag to the air. They are not part of the wing
structure, but are usually mounted on the fuselage. Military jets most
often have speed brakes, which fold out of the fuselage. Some
airliners use spoilers as speed brakes when at altitude.
Speed cue : Flight director cue to control speed; in fixed-wing
aircraft, a throttle cue; in rotary-wing aircraft, a longitudinal cyclic cue
Speed error : A basic output from guidance to flight director,
indicating the difference between actual speed and desired speed;
Symbols: DELTA V; Typical Units: ft/s, kt; Dimensions: Length / Time.
Speed governing: it is a process of controlling constant speed of
any mechanical system
Speed model: a particular type of Control Line model that has been
designed for timed pure speed events
Speed model: a particular type of Control Line model that has been
designed for timed pure speed events.
Speed of sound: The speed at which sound waves travel. If you
stand a distance away from a friend and say something to him, the
sound waves of your voice will travel very quickly to the ear of your
friend. The speed of sound is the speed at which those waves
traveled.
Speed of Travel: In welding, the speed wilh which a weld is made
along its longitudinal axis, usually measured in meters per second or
inches per minute.
Speed rating: An alphabetical code (A-Z) assigned to a tyre
indicating the range of speeds at which the tyre can carry a load
under specified service conditions.
Speed sensors: The devices used to measures or sense the speed
of the any object. It may be the vehicle speed or any other moving
object.
Speed : Scalar velocity;
Speedometer: The device or gauge designed to measures and
displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. It is mounted on the
instrumental panel of the vehicle for driver access.
Speed-sensitive power steering: Speed-sensitive power steering
or variable-assist steering which increase the amount of power assist
at low vehicle speeds and decreases at higher speeds. It is like a
smart steering technology.
Speed-sensitive volume control: A feature in some vehicle sound
systems that lowers the speaker volume in proportion to vehicle
speed.
Speed-sensitive wipers: A feature that increases the speed of the
wipers with vehicle speed.
Speiss: Metallic arsenides and antimonides that result from smelting
metal ores such as those of cobalt or lead.
Spelter (Prime Western Spelter): A low grade of Virgin Zinc
containing approximately 98% Zinc used in Galvanizing processes.
Speroidizing: Heating and cooling to produce a spheroidal or
globular form of carbide in steel. Spheroidizing methods frequently
used are: 1. Prolonged holding at a temperature just below Ae1. 2.
Heating and cooling alternately between temperatures that are just
below Ae1. . 3. Heating to temperature above Ae1 or Ae3 and then
cooling very slowly in the furnace or holding at a temperature just
below Ae1. 4. Cooling at a suitable rate from the minimum
temperature at which all carbide is dissolved, to prevent the
reformation of a carbide network, and then re heating in accordance
with methods 1 or 2 above. (Applicable to hypereutectoid steel
containing a carbide network.
Speroidizing Annealing: A subcritical annealing treatment intended
to produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide phases.
Sperry : Avionics mfr
Sph : Single Pilot Helicopter
Spherical error probability(sep) : A probability that a percentage of
three-dimension measurements will lie within a sphere of given
radius, with the sphere centered at truth or mean of the
measurements; SEP specifies test cases for measurement errors of
sensors of three dimensions, such as velocity east, north, and
vertical. Compare: circular error probability, radial error probability;
Spherical Roller Bearings: Rolling bearings designed with barrel-
shaped rollers, suitable for most heavy-duty service. (see Rolling
Element/Rolling contact/antifriction bearing)
Spherodizing Annealing: Involves prolonged heating at a
temperature near or slightly below the lower critical temperature,
followed by slow cooling, with the object of producing a globular
(spheroidal) condition of the carbide to obtain maximum softness.
Spheroidal Graphite: Graphite of spheroidal shape with a
polycrystalline radial structure. This structure can be obtained, for
example, by adding cerium or magnesium to the melt. See also
ductile iron and nodular graphite. (see Ductile Iron) (see Nodular
Graphite)
Spheroidite: A cementite aggregate of globular carbide and ferrite.
Spheroidite: A cementite aggregate of globular carbide and ferrite.
Spheroidization: Heating and cooling an object to produce a
spheriodal or globular form of carbide in its microstructure. It has the
effect of softening the higher carbon steels.
Spheroidized Cementite (Divorced Pearlite): The globular
condition of iron carbide after a spheroidizing treatment.
Spheroidized Cementite (Divorced Pearlite): The globular
condition of iron carbide after a spheroidizing treatment.
Spheroidized Structure: A microstructure consisting of a matrix
containing spheroidal particles of another constituent.
Spheroidized Structure: A microstructure consisting of a matrix
containing spheroidal particles of another constituent.
Spheroidizing: A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating
of iron base alloys at a temperature in the neighborhood of, but
generally slightly below the critical range, usually followed by a
relatively slow cooling. Spheroidizing causes the graphite to assume
a spheroidal shape, hence the name.
Spheroidizing: A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating
of iron base alloys at a temperature in the neighborhood of, but
generally slightly below the critical range, usually followed by a
relatively slow cooling. Spheroidizing causes the graphite to assume
a spheroidal shape, hence the name.
Spheroidizing Annealing: A subcritical annealing treatment
intended to produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide
phases.
Spic : Student Pilot in Command (JAR-FCL)
Spider: A refractory brick that distributes the flow of molten metal
from the trumpet toward the separate molds.
Spider (Gears): A design consisting of a ring or solid center with
projections, used to space and align gears, e.g., the part that
controls the sun gears in automotive differential gears.
Spiegel: High manganese pig iron, containing 15 30% manganese,
approximately 5% carbon, and less than 1% silicon used in the
manufacture of steel by the Bessemer, or basic open hearth process.
Spiegeleisen (Spiegel): Alloy of iron and manganese used in basic
and acid open hearth steelmaking practice. A high manganese pig
iron, usually containing 15% or 20 Mn and 4.5-6.5% C.
Spiegeleisen (Spiegel): Alloy of iron and manganese used in basic
and acid open hearth steelmaking practice. A high manganese pig
iron, usually containing 15% or 20 Mn and 4.5 6.5% C.
Spiff: A cash incentive, contest entry or prize given by a dealership
to salespersons as motivation to sell vehicles.
Spill: Passengers denied booking due to capacity restrictions.
Spin: The aircraft is made to yaw around the yaw axis with one wing
stalled and one wing flying.
Spin stabilization: Spacecraft stabilization accomplished by
rotating the spacecraft mass, thus using gyroscopic action as the
stabilizing mechanism.
Spin : A maneuver where one wing is stalled and the other is still
flying. This causes the airplane to rotate around its middle while it
descends at a high rate of speed. When it`s done on purpose, it is a
precision maneuver, with the pilot trying to get the airplane to rotate
an exact number of turns from entry to exit. When it`s done
accidentally, it can easily result in a crash. Many aircrafts crash when
the pilot enters an accidental spin too close to the ground. This is
caused by improper speed control during the landing approach.
Spindle: Part of the slitter head shaft that holds the spacers, knives,
fibers and nuts.
Spindle Oils: Light-bodied, high-quality R&O oils fortified with
antiwear agents, used principally for lubricating high-speed
metalworking machine spindles like grinders. (NOTE: these
machinery spindles are not to be confused with the mill spindles that
couple mill pinions to mill rolls; that application requires completely
different kinds of lubricants for the spindle carriers and the coupling
ends.)
Spinner: A streamlined fairing over a propeller hub.
Spinner: A metal or plastic cone-shaped piece that covers the
center of the propeller.
Spinner : The bullet-shaped fairing on the nose of the airplane
around the propeller. This smoothes the airflow around the propeller
hub and also makes the airplane look much better.
Spinning: The forming of a seamless hollow metal part by forcing a
rotating blank to conform to a shaped mandrel that rotates
concentrically with the blank. In the typical application, a flat-rolled
metal blank is forced against the mandrel by a blunt, rounded tool;
however, other stock (notably, welded or seamless tubing) can be
formed. A roller is sometimes used as the working end of the tool.
Spinning: The procedure of making sheet metal discs into hollow
shapes by pressing the metal against a rotating form (spinning
chuck) by a tool.
Spinodal Structure: A fine homogeneous mixture of two phases
that form by the growth of composition waves in a solid solution
during suitable heat treatment. The phases of a spinodal structure
differ in composition from each other and from the parent phase, but
have the same crystal structure as the parent phase.
Spiral: An aerobatic maneuver whereby the airplane is flown
vertically down towards the ground, while being made to roll.
Spiral: A method of applying reinforcement in which there is no
interlacing between individual strands of reinforcement; coiling
around an axis in a series of planes, helical.
Spiral Bevel Gear (Gears): Quieter and stronger than the spur gear;
assumes some of the sliding action of a worm gear, but more than
one tooth carries the load.
Spiral Test: A method of interpreting the fluidity of an alloy by
pouring molten metal into a mold with a long narrow channel. The
length of such casting, under standardized conditions, is taken as
the fluidity index of that alloy.
Spiral Test: A method of interpreting the fluidity of an alloy by
pouring molten metal into a mold with a long narrow channel. The
length of such casting, under standardized conditions, is taken as
the fluidity index of that alloy.
Spl: Student Pilot Licence
S-plane : Continuous complex frequency plane; S-plane is used in
control systems engineering in the design of control laws See Also:
Laplace transform;
Splash Core: A core of tile placed in a mold to prevent erosion of
the mold at places where metal impinges with more than normal
force. Splash cores are commonly used at the bottom of large
rammed pouring basins, at the bottom of long downsprues, or at the
ingates of large molds.
Splash Core: A core of tile placed in a mold to prevent erosion of
the mold at places where metal impinges with more than normal
force. Splash cores are commonly used at the bottom of large
rammed pouring basins, at the bottom of long downsprues, or at the
ingates of large molds.
Splash Lubrication: System in which parts of a mechanism dip into
a lubricant sump and splash the lubricant onto themselves and/or
other parts of the machine by mechanical or other means.
Splash system: The type of engine cooling system in which a scoop
attached to the end of connecting rod and it splash the coolant on
the walls of cylinder and piston. This system not uses any engine
power for lubrication.
Splash system, oiling: Method of lubricating moving parts by
agitating or splashing oil in the crankcase. It is very generally used
system in engine lubrication system
Splice: A mechanical device used to join the adjacent ends of track
sections.
Spline: Any of a series of longitudinal, straight projections on a shaft
that fit into slots on a mating part to transfer rotation to or from the
shaft.
Split: 1. IMIS action for a smaller produced coil that has been split
from a larger consumed coil. 2. (Stripped) The process of unloading
any or all coils from stools/bases in the batch anneal.
Split: 1) IMIS action for a smaller produced coil that has been split
from a larger consumed coil. 2) (Stripped) The process of unloading
any or all coils from stools/bases in the Batch Anneal.
Split Bearings: Bearings divided into two parts that completely
encircle the journal when fitted together, often with shims of each
side for adjustment or fitting; can be adjusted to compensate for
wear to the bearing or the journal, or both, by removing shims or by
filing to fit the two parts together to any desired clearance.
Split brake: it is the part of the braking system which carry the
separated fluid pressure for the braking of the individual line. It is
done for the special reasons. It is of three types front split braking
system rear split braking system and diagonal split braking system.
Split Count: Field incremented by one each time a consumed IPM
is split into smaller coils which are then assigned individual IPM's.
Split Die: A die made of parts that can be separated for ready
removal of the workpiece. Also known as segment die.
Split flap: A FLAP built into the underside of a wing, as opposed to
a Full Flap wherein a whole portion of the trailing edge is used.
Split Punch: A segmented punch or a set of punches in a powder
metallurgy forming press that allow(s) a separate positioning for
different powder fill heights and compact levels in dual-step and
multistep parts.
Split Wind: Tying all of the blowers into one main header to feed
wind to more than one furnace.
Split Wind: Tying all of the blowers into one main header to feed
wind to more than one furnace.
Split-limit insurance: A policy with separately stated dollar limits for
different types of coverage. Bodily injury liability coverage is also
usually split into a maximum payment per person and a maximum
payment per accident. (For example, an automobile liability policy of
50/100/25 provides a maximum of $50,000 bodily injury coverage
per person, $100,000 bodily injury coverage per accident, and a
property damage limit of $25,000 per accident.) Compare "single-
limit insurance."
Split-s : Basically a reverse Immelmann. The airplane rolls onto its
back, and then the nose comes down to finish a 1/2-loop. The
direction of flight is changed 180ø.
Split-stream dealkalizer: Where the flow of water is divided through
a parallel arrangement of hydrogen and sodium cat ion exchange.
The combined product being soft and low in alkalinity.
Splpax: Student Pilot Licence holder with passenger carrying
privileges; ie. has passed general flying progress flight test (GFPT)
Spoh : Since prop overhaul.
Spoiler: The device used in automobiles which is designed to
balance the vehicle at high speed. Now a day it is also used for the
dynamic and sporty look of the vehicle.
Spoiler: An attachment to a vehicle (or component of its body)
originally introduced for the purpose of directing airflow over such
device (or the entire vehicle) to decrease lift and increase stability at
high speeds, but that is sometimes used on consumer vehicles
solely for aesthetic reasons.
Spoiler: A device which reduces lift in an aircraft generally on
the upper surface of a wing and when deployed into the
airstream reduces lift while moderately increasing drag. Used to
control rate of descent and thus landing at a desired spot.
Spoiler: A long, movable, narrow plate along the upper surface of an
airplane wing used to reduce lift and increase drag by breaking or
spoiling the smoothness of the airflow.
Spoiler: A device, normally located on the top of the wing, for
changing the airflow around a wing to reduce lift. Pilotsdeploy
spoilers when they land so that the airplane is no longer "lifted" into
the air.
Spoiler : A control surface on fixed-wing aircraft, usually mounted to
the wings, that provides roll control and lift; Symbols: delta sub S;
Typical Units: rad, deg;
Spoiler(s) : Control surfaces on the wing that destroy lift. They
"spoil" it. They are used on sail-planes because they can steepen
the very flat glide of the aircraft, which makes landings much easier.
On full-size aircraft, spoilers are also used to kill lift on landing to
make sure the airplane is firmly on the ground. They also add a lot of
drag to help with aerodynamic braking.
Spoilers: Drag-inducing surfaces which can be deployed
differentially for lateral control, or simultaneously for lift dumping to
improve the effectiveness of landing brakes.
Sponge: A form of metal characterized by a porous condition that is
the result of the decomposition or reduction of a compound without
fusion. The term is applied to forms of iron, titanium, zirconium,
uranium, plutonium and the platinum-group metals.
Sponge Iron: The product of the direct reduction process. Also
known as direct reduced iron (DRI).
Spongy Casting: A casting in which the metal is porous and
dendritic.
Spongy Casting: A casting in which the metal is porous and
dendritic.
Sponson: A short, wing like protuberance on each side of a
seaplane fuselage to increase lateral stability when on the water.
Spool: A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically
shaped part of a hydraulic component, which moves to direct flow
through the component.
Spool: A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically
shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow
through the component.
Spooled Coil: A coil having edges that are turned up (like a spool of
thread).
Spooled Coil: A coil having edges that are turned up (like a spool of
thread).
Sport airplanes: A general term for model airplanes that can be
used for training on but are also capable of aerobatic maneuvers,
whether intentional or not.
Sport utility vehicle: Sport utility vehicle or SUV are the vehicle
having appeal of the sport spirit. They are usually looks more rough
and dynamic having the better engine powers.
Spot: (or Coupon) A round disk of steel cut from the strip used in
determining Rockwell hardness and coating weight. The disk has a
diameter of 2.52 inches, and an area of 5 square inches.
Spot: Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre. French, polar-orbiting
Earth observation satellite(s) with ground resolution of 10 meters.
SPOT images are available commercially and are intended for such
purposes as environmental research and monitoring, ecology
management, and for use by the media, environmentalists,
legislators, etc.
Spot Check: A coil processed on the plater and sent to the Side
Trimmer to check for defects.
Spot Drilling: Making an initial indentation in a work surface, with a
drill, to serve as a centering guide in a subsequent machining
process.
Spot Material: Metal or finished products available for prompt
delivery.
Spot Welding: An electric-resistance welding process in which the
fusion is limited to a small area. The pieces being welded are
pressed together between a pair of water-cooled electrodes through
which an electrical current is passed during a very short interval so
that fusion occurs over a small area at the interface between the
pieces.
Spotfacing: Using a rotary, hole-piloted end-facing tool to produce a
flat surface normal to the axis of rotation of the tool on or slightly
below the workpiece surface.
Spout: A trough through which the metal flows from the furnace to
the ladle.
Spout: A trough through which the metal flows from the furnace to
the ladle.
Spray carryover: Are referred to a mist or fog and is a degree of
atomization of the boiler water and carried with the steam. This type
of carryover is to be prevented by the drum internals.
Spray cooling: Method of refrigerating by spraying expendable
refrigerant or by spraying refrigerated water.
Spray manifold: A pipe, or extension of a water line, that has
several openings fitted with nozzles which spray water.
Spray Quenching: Quenching in a spray of liquid.
Spray Transfer: In consumable-electrode arc welding, a type of
metal transfer in which the molten filler metal is propelled across the
arc as fine droplets.
Spray-coil unit: A cooling circuit that sprays water over cooling coils
through inflowing air to humidify or dehumidify that air, as required.
Spray-cooling circuit: An open cooling water circuit which sprays
water and cools by evaporation, for example, a cooling tower, all
evaporative condenser, an air washer, or a spray coil unit.
Spread spectrum: The latest technology for radio control systems.
Based on the 2.4GHz frequency band, spread spectrum radio
systems use a modulation scheme where all users share the same
band while being virtually interference-proof.
Spreader Hooks: Lifting device used by crane to move coils.
Consists of a heavy top bar and two manually adjustable arms.
Spreader Hooks: Lifting device used by crane to move coils.
Consists of a heavy top bar and two manually adjustable arms.
Spring Back: An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured
as the increase in diameter of a curved strip after removing it from
the mandrel about which it was held. The measurement is employed
as an indicator of the extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses
that has been achieved by the transformation of elastic strain to
plastic strain during heating or stress relieving.
Spring guard: A helically wound component applied internally or
externally to a hose assembly, used to strain relief, abrasion
resistance, or collapse resistance.
Spring Return: A device used on a manual bridge crane controller,
master switch, or pushbutton to cause the unit to return automatically
to the neutral position, when released by the operator.
Spring Steel: This steel will tolerate continual deflection under load,
but recover to its original form once the loading is removed. It is a
medium-carbon steel (0.4-0.95%) available both as a long product
(bar, wire) or in flat form. High yield strength is important and the key
alloying additions used to determine the steel's final properties are
silicon and manganese. There is a considerable difference in the in-
service requirements imposed on spring steels, with automotive
engine valve springs an example of the top end of the performance
range. These have to operate with precision at a rate of several
thousand compression cycles per minute over a normal engine
lifespan of several thousand hours. Most springs are made from
hardened and tempered steel, though to ease the manufacture of
larger springs these may be produced from annealed steel and
hardened after fabrication.
Spring Steel Strip: Any of a number of strip steels produced for use
in the manufacture of steel springs or where high tensile properties
are required marketed in the annealed state, hard rolled or as
hardened and tempered strip.
Spring Temper: A temper of non-ferrous alloys and some ferrous
alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-
thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper.
Spring Temper: In brass mill terminology, Spring Temper is eight
numbers hard or 60.50% reduction.
Springback: The tendency of a material deformed under load to
return to its original shape when the load is removed, like a rubber
band returning to its unstretched condition when an applied load is
released. Springback occurs in the elastic deformation regime, or at
loads less than the yield strength of the material.
Spring-Back: An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured
as the increase in diameter of a curved strip after removing it from
the mandrel about which it was held. The measurement is employed
as an indicator of the extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses
that has been achieved by the transformation of elastic strain to
plastic strain during heating or stress-relieving.
Springs: The devices which store the mechanical energy. They are
elastic in nature made up of the annealed steels. In automobiles
suspension system springs are used to damp the vibrations and
shocks.
Sprocket, Idle: A freely rotating device that changes the direction of
the load chain.
Sprue: (1) The mold channel that connects the pouring basin with
the runner or, in the absence of a pouring basin, directly into which
molten metal is poured. Sometimes, referred to as downsprue or
downgate. (2) Sometimes used to mean all gates, risers, runners
and similar scrap that are removed from castings after shakeout.
Sprue Base: An enlargement or rounded section at the bottom of
the downsprue, used to help streamline the flow of metal into the
runner, lowering the velocity.
Sprue Base: An enlargement or rounded section at the bottom of
the downsprue, used to help streamline the flow of metal into the
runner, lowering the velocity.
Sprue Bottom: A print attached to the top or squeeze board of a
mold to make an impression in the cope indicating where the sprue
should be cut.
Sprue Bottom: A print attached to the top or squeeze board of a
mold to make an impression in the cope indicating where the sprue
should be cut.
Sprue Cutter: A metal tool used in cutting the pouring aperture, the
sprue hole.
Sprue Hole: The opening through which the metal is poured into the
cope to run into the casting cavity.
Sprue Hole: The opening through which the metal is poured into the
cope to run into the casting cavity.
Sprung weight: Sprung mass or sprung weight may be defined as
the part of the total mass or weight of the vehicle above the
suspension system. It is all supported by the suspension system.
Sprung weight: The parts of a car that are supported by its springs,
including the frame, engine and body.
Spun Bearing: Bearing of which the bearing material is centrifugally
spun instead of poured; this method of applying the material yields a
finer grain and better bonding of the bearing material to the shell or
back.
Spur Gear (Gears): Gear with a straight tooth parallel to the shaft
axis, also known as an involute gear.
Spur Track: A fixed track arranged to interlock with an adjacent
crane girder to permit passage of carriers from the spur track to the
crane, and vice versa.
Sputtering: The bombardment of a solid surface with a flux of
energetic particles (ions) that results in the ejection of atomic
species. The ejected material may be used as a source for
deposition.
Square Drilling: Making square holes by means of a specially
constructed drill made to rotate and also to oscillate so as to follow
accurately the periphery of a square guide bushing or template.
Square engine: A U engine in which two parallel-twin engines are
coupled together.
Squareness: Characteristic of having adjacent sides or planes
meeting at 90 degrees
Squaring Shaft: A driven shaft which transmits torque to drive
wheels operating on two or more tracks.
Squaring Shear: A shear for trimming sheets or tin plate so as to
true up the edges, bring to close tolerances in dimensions and make
the corners 90°.
Squawk : A 4-digit (actually 4-octal-digit -
Squeeze Board: A board used on the cope half of the mold to
permit squeezing of the mold.
Squeeze Casting: A hybrid liquid metal forging process in which
liquid metal is forced into a permanent mold by a hydraulic press.
Squeeze Film: Phenomenon occurring when two surfaces suddenly
come together, trapping the lubricant momentarily, as with gear teeth
or rolling element bearings; high fluid pressure develops in the film,
raising its viscosity and helping to keep the moving surfaces apart.
This phenomenon also occurs during elastohydrodynamic
lubrication.
Squeeze Head: In certain type of molding machines, a stationary or
movable plate against which a filled mold is compressed, in order to
complete the compacting of the sand.
Squeezer Machine: A power operated, usually pneumatic, device
used to pack sand into a flask.
Squirm: Flexing of the tread blocks between the belt package and
the road surface. Less squirm means better steering response; more
squirm means worse steering response.
Squirrel Cage Induction Motors: A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
is the most commonly encountered induction motor. It employs a
rotor with conductive bars running along its axial length.
Squish: It is the flow of the fuel mixture into the engine chamber
trapped between the cylinder head and the piston crown. It is used to
increase the turbulence of the charge in to the chamber which
enhances the air fuel mixing.
Squitter : The transmission of a specified reply format at a minimum
rate without the need to be interrogated (transponders)
Sr: See Single Reduced.
Sr Plate: Single Reduced Plate. This product comes from the
Temper Mills and goes to the Tin Mill for processing but does not get
any further cold reduction.
SR : Sunrise
Srb: Solid Rocket Booster.
SRB PROPELLANT: Composite propellant used in the Space
Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. Consists mainly of ammonium
perchlorate as the oxidizer, powdered aluminum as the metallic fuel,
and PBAN, polybutadiene-acrylic acid-acrylonitrile terpolymer, as the
polymeric fuel binder. A small amount of iron oxide is added to
increase the burning rate. The final product is a rubbery material not
unlike a typewriter eraser.
SRBM: Short Range Ballistic Missile (range <800 km).
SRC: Science Research Council (UK).
S-Relay: A device used to direct the oil flow to the main piston,
which in turn, causes it to move allowing the opening and closing of
the steam controlling valves on a low-pressure generator.
SRI: www.recycle-steel.org (see Steel Recycling Institute)
Sri: See Steel Recycling Institute.
SRJ : Slot Improvement Proposal Rejection Message
Srl: Single random length line pipe with 17.5? minimum average
length
SRR : Slot Revision Request Message
SRS : Standard Routing Scheme (ARN)
SRV: A reciprocating test device for evaluating friction and wear.
SS : Sunset
SSALS : simplified short approach light system.
SSALSR : simplified short approach light system with runway
alignment indicator lights.
SSCVR : Solid state cockpit voice recorder.
SSO: Sun-Synchronous Orbit.
SSPO: Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit.
SST : Slot Start Time
STA : Scheduled Time of Arrival
Stab : Horizontal stabilizer, "smaller wing"
Stabilator: A fullflying or single piece tailplane in which the entire
surface deflects about its thickest point to create pitch movement of
the airframe.
Stability: Situation in which the driver maintains control of the
vehicle.
Stability: Ability of a system to maintain control when subject to
severe outside disturbances.
Stability: The property of an aircraft to maintain its attitude or to
resist displacement, and if displaced, to develop forces and
moments tending to restore the original condition.
Stability: The condition of being steady. A motion of an aircraft is
said to have stability, or be stable, if the aircraft will return to that
motion after a disturbance, without the pilot having to move
the controls.
Stability: Ability of a system to maintain control when subject to
severe outside disturbances.
Stability control: Also known as "electronic stability control," or
"ESC." A safety feature that improves the safety of a vehicles
handling by detecting skids and compensating by adjusting braking
pressure to help maintain the intended direction of the vehicle. Some
stability control systems also reduce engine power until control is
regained.
Stability coordinates : Coordinates referenced to the air mass;
Compare: body coordinates, earth coordinates;
Stability index: An imperial modification of the saturation index
used to predict scaling or corrosive tendencies in water systems.
Stabilization: A term applied to a number of processes: 1. A type of
heat treatment to relieve internal stresses. 2. The retarding or
prevention of a particular reaction by the addition of a stabilizing
element. 3. A thermal and/or mechanical treatment given to
magnetic material in order to increase the permanency of its
magnetic properties or condition.
Stabilization: A term used in a number of different contexts: 1. A
thermal treatment to stabilize the microstructure, mechanical
properties or dimensions of a metal. 2. The addition of the elements
Ti or Nb in certain grades of austenitic stainless steel, to prevent
intragranular corrosion. 3. The effect of the addition of Al to deep
drawing sheet steel to prevent it from aging. 4. The addition of Ti
and/or Nb to interstitial free steels to prevent aging, by combining the
C and N.
Stabilization: A term applied to a number of processes: a)A type of
heat treatment to relieve internal stresses. b)The retarding or
prevention of a particular reaction by the addition of stabilising
element. c)a thermal and/or mechanical treatment given to magnetic
material in order to increase the permanency of its magnetic
properties or condition.
Stabilizer: The horizontal tailplane which is fixed and from which the
elevator hinges.
Stabilizer: A surface that helps to provide stability for an aircraft.
Anairplane has two stabilizers: a vertical stabilizer and ahorizontal
stabilizer. Stabilizers are like the feathers on an arrow, which keep
the arrow pointed in the right direction.
Stabilizer bar: The bar used into the front independent suspension
system for reducing the tendency of rolling during Turing the vehicle.
Stabilizer bar: Sometimes called an anti-roll or anti-sway bar. A
device that connects the left and right sides of a suspension to limit
body roll in turns.
Stabilizer Roll: Submerged roll in the galvanize pot used to stabilize
the strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies.
Stabilizer : A surface which increases the stability of a aircraft. Most
aircraft have two stabilizers, the horizontal (stab) and vertical (fin),
which are mounted on the tail. The stabilizers help the aircraft
overcome the rotational forces caused by the engine.
Stabilizers: The horizontal and vertical stabilizers are the fixed
parts of the tail plane of an aircraft.
Stabilizing: A low-temperature thermal treatment designed to
prevent age-softening in certain strains hardened alloys containing
magnesium.
Stabilizing Anneal: A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels
that contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of
heating to a temperature below that of a full anneal in order to
precipitate the maximum amount of carbon at titanium carbide or
columbium carbide. This eliminates precipitation at lower
temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the steel to
corrosion.
Stabilizing Anneal: A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels
that contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of
heating to a temperature below that of a full anneal in order to
precipitate the maximum amount of carbon at titanium carbide or
columbium carbide. This eliminates precipitation at lower
temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the steel to
corrosion.
Stabilizing Treatment: (1) Before finishing to final dimensions,
repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above
its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room
temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2)
Transforming retained austenite in quenched hard enable steels,
usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution treated stabilized
grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F)
to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is
avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature.
Stablizing Treatment: Any treatment intended to stabilize the
structure of an alloy of the dimensions of a part. (1) Heating
austenitic stainless steels that contain titanium, columbium, or
tantalum to a suitable temperature below that of a full anneal in order
to inactivate the maximum amount of carbon by precipitation as a
carbide of titanium, columbium, or tantalum. (2) Transforming
retained austenite in parts made from tool steel. (3) Precipitating a
constituent from a nonferrous solid solution to improve the
workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden
at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability.
Stack: 1. A component of a hydraulic system that runs an individual
function of that system. 2. The boiler exhaust pipe. Each stack is
equipped with a stack cap for isolating the boiler from the
atmosphere and two butterflies for directing the gases.
Stack: 1) A component of a hydraulic system that runs an individual
function of that system. 2) The boiler exhaust pipe. Each stack is
equipped with a stack cap for isolating the boiler from atmosphere
and two butterflies for directing the gases to either A & B and C & D
scrubbers.
Stack Cutting: Thermal cutting of stacked metal plates arranged so
that all the plates are severed by a single cut.
Stack Molding: A foundry practice that makes use of both faces of a
mold section, one face acting as the drag and the other as the cope.
Sections, when assembled to other similar sections, form several
tiers of mold cavities, all castings being poured together through a
common sprue.
Stack Test: A test of chem-treat effectiveness in the retardation of
white rust on galvanize.
Stack Test: A full width sample of chem treat steel saved for
metallurgical testing.
Staffel : Luftwaffe equivalent to a squadron.
Stage: An independently powered section of a rocket or spacecraft,
often combined with others to form multistage vehicles.
Stagger: The relative longitudinal position of the wings on a biplane.
Positive Stagger is when the upper wing's leading edge is in
advance of that of the lower wing, and vice versa for Negative
Stagger.
Stagger Wind: Uneven winding of coil on delivery end; used for
shearplate.
Stagger Wind: Uneven winding of coil on delivery end; used for
shearplate.
Stagger Wrap: Offsetting the laps and wrap of a coil by turning the
askania handle so that the coil does not wrap straight.
Stagger Wrap: Offsetting the laps and wrap of a coil by turning the
askania handle so that the coil does not wrap straight.
Staggered-tooth Cutters: Milling cutters with alternate flutes of
oppositely directed helixes.
Staggering: A staggered fitment is putting larger wheels on the back
of your vehicle than the front of your vehicle.
Staging Area: A small (3 20 coil) area of floor space, usually at the
delivery end or the entry end of an operating unit. These are areas
where inventory is being loaded on or removed from an operating
unit.
Stagnation pressure : Total pressure
Stain: A defect on the surface causing a discoloration.
Stain: A defect on the plate causing a discoloration of the plate.
Stain, Heat Treat: A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of
the metal surface during heat treatment.
Stain, Oil: Surface discoloration which may vary from dark brown to
white and is produced during thermal treatment by incomplete
evaporation and/or oxidation of lubricants on the surface.
Stain, Saw Lubricant: A yellow to brown area of the surface
discoloration at the ends of the extruded length. It is the residue of
certain types of saw lubricants if they are not removed from the
metal prior to the thermal treatment.
Stainless steel:
Stainless Steel: Good corrosion resistance due to a high chromium
content is the key characteristic. Opinions vary on the level of
chromium (Cr) at which a steel becomes stainless, but it is at least
10.5%. Nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) are often present, and
manganese, copper, titanium, silicon + other alloying elements may
be added. The principal grades are austenitic (typically 16-26% Cr,
6-22 Ni); ferritic (10.5-28% Cr with no/low Ni); martensitic (higher
carbon content than ferritic and typically 12-19% Cr with low/no Ni);
and duplex, a dual-phase austenitic/ferritic steel (Cr>21%, Ni<8%).
Austenitics are non-magnetic, easily formed, but harden rapidly
during processing (typically used in the process industries, heat
exchangers, cutlery). Ferritics are less corrosion-resistant, easily
formed and magnetic (catering, architectural, materials handling).
Martensitics are magnetic, have higher strength, are less easily
worked (surgical instruments, shafts, fasteners). Duplex is strong
with good impact resistance (desalination, heat exchangers).
Stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearly, a
metallurgist from Sheffield.
Stainless Steel -- Type 201/202 etc.: Low Nickel Austenitic S S
containing 2-5% Nickel. Used as cheaper substitute of Type 304
grade for production of utensils.
Stainless Steel -- Type 304: Chrome –Nickel Austenitic S S
accounting for more than half of SS produced in the world. 18 :8 SS
used for utensils are the most common example.
Stainless Steel -- Type 316: Chrome –Nickel (Austenitic) SS
containing 2-3% Molybdenum, intended for specific industrial use.
Stainless Steel -- Type 410: Plain Chromium (Martensitic) S S with
exeptional strength. It is a low cost, heat treatable grade suitable for
non-corrosive applications.
Stainless Steel -- Type 430: Plain Chrome (Ferritic) S S, offering
general purpose corrosion resistance, often in decorative
applications.
Stainless Steel Pipe: A pipe is a long tube or hollow cylinder use to
move fluid or gaseous substances. The term pipe is often used in
reference to metal components, whereas the term tube is more often
associated with flexible material such as braided metal or plastics.
Stainless steel is one of many different materials used for pipe
construction and is characterized by high strength and corrosion
resistance.
Staking: Fastening two parts together permanently by recessing one
part within the other and then causing plastic flow at the joint.
Stall: Term used to indicate that the line has tension on it, but is not
moving.
Stall: Condition which arises when the smooth airflow over a wing's
upper surface breaks down and its lift is destroyed.
Stall: A stall occurs when the flying speed gets too low and the
necessary amount of lift needed to hold the model in the air is lost.
Sudden loss of lift when the angle of attack increases to a point
where the flow of air breaks away from a wing or airfoil, causing it to
drop.
Stall: A breakdown of the airflow over a wing, which suddenly
reduces lift. When an airplane stalls it will usually drop
suddenly. Pilots know how to recover from a stall and smooth out
the airflow over the wings to produce more liftagain.
Stall turn: An aerobatic maneuver whereby the airplane is put into a
vertical climb, power is reduced and full rudder is applied. The
airplane should stop in mid-air and turn through 180 degrees, thus
facing the ground, in the direction that the rudder was applied.
Stall turn : The maneuver in which the aircraft is flown to a point at
which the main wing is vertical, stalls, then is turned about the yaw
axis to continue in a nose down attitude, then is returned to
horizontal flight.
Stall : When the air flowing over the wing cannot produce enough lift
to support the weight of the aircraft, it`s called a "stall". This can
happen if the air crafter flies too slowly, or if the wing is at a too-high
angle to the incoming airflow. If the wing is at a too-high angle to the
incoming airflow, then it cannot flow over the wing properly to
develop lift.
Stamping: The general term used to denote all sheet metal
pressworking. It includes blanking, shearing, hot or cold forming,
drawing, bending or coining.
Stamping: A term used to refer to various press forming operations
in coining, embossing, blanking, and pressing.
Stand: A component of a hydraulic system, which is made up of a
number of stacks.
Stand: 1) A component of a hydraulic system, which is made up of a
number of stacks. 2) Sets of rolls; Both Temper Mills consist of two
stands. Some are four rolls; two backup rolls and two work rolls.
Some are work rolls only.
Stand of Rolls: The simplest unit of a rolling mill, consisting of a set
of rolls, the housings, bearings and guides required for the rolling of
steel.
Standard: A document, or an object for physical comparison, for
defining product characteristics, products, or processes, prepared by
a consensus of a properly constituted group of those substantially
affected and having the qualifications to prepare the standard for
use.
Standard air conditions: Standard air density has been set at
0.075 Ib/cu ft. This corresponds approximately to dry air at 70°F and
29.92 in Hg. In metric units, the standard air density is 1.2041 kg/m3
at 20°C and at 101.325 kPa.
Standard atmosphere : the atmosphere defined in U.S. Standard
Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude tables)
Standard conditions: The standard conditions referred to in
environmental system work for air are: dry air at 70°F and at an
atmospheric pressure of 29.92 inches mercury (in Hg). For water,
standard conditions are 68°F at the same barometric pressure. At
these standard conditions, the density of air is 0.075 pounds per
cubic feet and the density of water is 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.
Standard Cost Code: 1.) Accounting field connected to unit
standards for doing specific prodcuts; will vary by unit. 2) Code
entered into IMIS to identify the incoming product and to identify the
process applied to the product by the side trimmer.
Standard Deviation: A statistical quantity used to describe the
variation of a measurable attribute about some average value.
Standard Deviation: A statistical quantity used to describe the
variation of a measurable attribute about some average value.
Standard Electrode Potential: The reversible potential for an
electrode process when all products and reactions are at unit activity
on a scale in which the potential for the standard hydrogen half-cell
is zero.
Standard Gold: A legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. In the
United States, the alloy contains 10% Cu.
Standard Gold: A legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. In the
United States the alloy contains 10% Cu.
Standard I Beam: A structural steel beam with sloping or tapered
flanges and a range of 3 in. to 24 in. between the outside surface of
the flanges. The widest flange is 8 in.
Standard load: The amount of weight that a given size tyre can
carry at a recommended air pressure.
Standard or Industrial Quality Wire Rods: Produced from low or
medium low carbon steel and are generally intended for drawing into
industrial, merchant or standard quality wire. Rods of this type are
usually available as rolled, or in thermally treated conditions.
Generally speaking there are practical limitations on drawing this
quality of steel rods without intermediate annealing. As an example,
low carbon rods starting at 7/32” (5.5 mm) can be drawn to 0.80” in
five drafts without annealing.
Standard Pattern: A pattern of high grade material and
workmanship in daily use or at frequent intervals. A pattern used as
a master to make or check production patterns.
Standard Pipe: Used for low-pressure conveyance of air, steam,
gas, water, oil or other fluids and for mechanical applications. Used
primarily in machinery, buildings, sprinkler systems, irrigation
systems, and water wells rather than in pipelines or distribution
systems.
Standard rate turn : A turn of three degrees compass heading per
second.
Standard Reference Material: A reference material, the
composition or properties of which are certified by a recognized
standardizing agency or group.
Standard Samples: A sample of known composition used to
calibrate an instrument or method of analysis.
Standard Samples: A sample of know composition used to calibrate
an instrument or method of analysis.
Standard Shapes: Refractory units stocked by manufacturers or
made from stock molds.
Standard units : Units commonly encountered for a particular
quantity;
Standardize: Act of recalibrating the x-ray gauge equipment.
Standardize: Act of recalibrating the x ray gauge equipment.
Standby: Period when flight crews remain on call for the airline in
the event of unforeseen incidents, sick leave or absenteeism.
Star: A self-luminous celestial body consisting of a mass of gas held
together by its own gravity in which the energy generated by nuclear
reactions in the interior is balanced by the outflow of energy to the
surface, and the inward-directed gravitational forces are balanced by
the outward-directed gas and radiation pressures.
Star pattern: A pattern for tightening the lug nuts when mounting the
tyre and wheel assembly to the vehicle. This pattern assures uniform
pressure, prevents misalignment and helps to keep the wheel
centred.
Star : Standard Arrival
Starboard: Right-hand side when facing forward.
Starboard : Nautical usage adopted in aviation. The right side, as
determined by an observer in the vehicle, when vehicle and observer
are right side up, and observer is looking "forward" (in the normal
direction of travel of the vessel or vehicle).
Start Up: The first turn after the line has been down.
Starter safety switch: An electrical switch that prevents the starter
from being engaged unless certain conditions are met, such as
shifter placement or brake pedal depression.
Starting Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the start of the
weld.
Starting motor : It is the device or the motor used to start the
engine. It is operated by the self system giving to the driver cabin.
This motor is equipped with the special type of the gearing system
which rotates the flywheel.
Starting Sheet: A thin sheet of metal used as the cathode in
electrolyte refining.
Starting table: A very safe way to start the aircraft
Starting torque: Torque applied to start the vehicle is called starting
torque. High torque is required to start any machine from starting
position due to high friction force. In automobiles first gear designed
for highest torque to start the vehicle normally. It is used for cranking.
Start-stop system: A system typically found in hybrid vehicles that
automatically stops and restarts the internal combustion engine to
reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling and improve fuel
economy.
Starvation: Non uniform coating application which results in
absence of coating in certain areas.
Stastical Process Control (SPC): A technique used to predict when
a steelmaking function's quality may deteriorate. By tightly
monitoring the product's variance from specifications, the operator
can determine when to apply preventative maintenance to a machine
before any low-quality (secondary) steel is produced.
State: Refers to the form of a fluid, either liquid, gas or solid. Liquids
used in environmental systems are water, thermal fluids such as
ethylene glycol solutions, and refrigerants in the liquid state. Gases
are steam, evaporated refrigerants and the air water vapor mixture
found in the atmosphere. Some substances, including commonly
used refrigerants, may exist in any of three states. A simple example
is water, which may be solid (ice), liquid (water), or gas (steam or
water vapor).
State data : Data that defines aircraft parameters, such as position,
velocity, attitude; Some standard terms for state data include:
Groundspeed vector, wind speed vector, true airspeed vector, true
bearing, true track, ground track angle, relative bearing, sideslip
angle, drift angle, true heading, magnetic variation, grivation. earth
speed vector, vertical velocity, air mass flight path angle, earth-
referenced flight path angle, angle of attack, pitch, radar altitude,
barometric altitude, earth radius, glide slope, gravity vector, lift
vector, lateral acceleration vector, bank angle.
State of Strain: A complete description of the deformation within a
homogeneously deformed volume or at a point. The description
requires, in general, the knowledge of the independent components
of strain.
State of Stress: A complete description of the stresses within a
homogeneously stressed volume or at a point. The description
requires, in general, the knowledge of the independent components
of stress.
State-space model : A mathematical relationship of a system in
time using state variables, inputs, outputs, and constants; The state-
space model is composed of n state variables (x sub 1 , x sub 2 , ...,
x sub n), m input variables (u sub 1 , u sub 2 , ..., u sub m), k output
variables (y sub 1 , y sub 2 , ..., y sub k), and four constants a, b, c,
and d. Alternatively, a state-space model can be expressed with
matrices. Compare: continuous-time equation, difference equation,
differential equation, discrete-time equation, Laplace transform, Z
transform;
Static balance: Exists when the weight mass is evenly distributed
around the axis of rotation. Static imbalance can be detected from
vibrations through the seat, floor and steering column.
Static balance: means that the weight of the surface in front of the
hinge offsets the weight that’s behind the hinge line. The distance
the counterweight is from the hinge line also contributes to the
balancing act. Statically balanced controls are much less apt to
flutter, since the servo doesn’t hold up the full weight of the control
surface.
Static behavior: Describes how a control system, or an individual
unit, carries on under fixed conditions (As contrasted to dynamic
behavior which refers to behavior under changing conditions).
Static Behaviour: Describes how a control system, or an individual
unit, carries on under fixed conditions (As contrasted to dynamic
behaviour, which refers to behaviour under changing conditions).
Static Bridge Crane Control: A method of switching electrical
circuits without the use of contacts.
Static conductive: Having the capability of furnishing a path for a
flow of static electricity.
Static Electricity: Accumulated stationary electrical charges
generated by friction.
Static Fatigue: A term sometimes used to identify a form of
hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture
spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress.
There almost always is a delay between the application of stress (or
exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of
cracking. More properly referred to as hydrogen-induced delayed
cracking.
Static firing: The firing of a rocket on a special test stand to
measure thrust, etc.
Static Friction: Force just sufficient to initiate relative motion
between two bodies under load.
Static Grounding: Use of a grounded conductive material to
prevent the accumulation of static electrical charges.
Static head: A measurement of pressure that is present when no
fluid flow exists in a passage. The static head is normally expressed
in feet of water.
Static head : The pressure due to the weight of a fluid above the
point of measurement.
Static loaded radius: Distance from the wheel axis of rotation to the
supporting surface at a given load and stated inflation pressure.
Static pressure : A measure of barometric pressure as if the sensor
were not moving with respect to the air; Compare: total pressure;
Symbols: p sub s; Typical Units: psi lbf/in-squared; Dimensions:
Mass /Time-squared * Length
Static suction head : The positive vertical height in feet from the
pump centerline to the top of the level of the liquid source.
Static suction lift : The distance in feet between the pump
centerline and the source of liquid below the pump centerline.
Static Transmitted Load (Gears): Tangential pitch line force
transmitted from one gear to another without regard to dynamic
effects.
Station Manager: The Metro employee who oversees activity in a
Metrorail station and serves as the head Metrorail official in a station.
The Station Manager's Office is the kiosk located near the faregates.
Station manager: In charge of supervising operating teams and
monitoring activities at the airport, such as passengers, ticketing,
information desks or operations.
Station Overrun: When a Metrorail train arrives at a platform, but
the lead car in the train passes the platform
Station Tie: Name of the transformer in the power house that ties
the 23KV bus in the power house with the 6.9 KV bus that is called
the 'Synchronizing Bus'.
Station : A structure on the ground, perhaps containing VOR or
TACAN
Stationary Track: A fixed track attached to the building or
supporting structure.
Statistical-dynamical models: Computer programs that calculate
simplified climate models based on versions of the conservation
equations that have been averaged over longitude, with the effects
of the synoptic eddies parameterized statistically in the meridional
plane.
Stator: May refer to the stationary member in a steam turbine, a
hydraulic torque converter or the framework surrounding the
armature of a direct current motor or generator.
Status indicator : An binary indicator of a particular aspect of a
device; status indicators are independent of each other; status
indicators listed in this dictionary are derived from existing programs.
See Also: off, warning, operations, communications, usability,
initialization, test, maintenance, unknown;
Status words : Data words reported by devices to indicate status;
Each bit is defined on a device-by-device basis. The number of
words vary from device to device. Status words are used by
maintenance personnel and maintenance software. Present, past,
and test status words are reported.
Status : An indicator of how well a system or subsystem is working
Stave: A vertical wooden post or plank in a building or other
structure.
Stave Construction: Attaching staves to polygonshaped heads in
the building of cylindrical bodies; also, standard method used in
making semicircular core boxes.
STC : (1) Supplemental Type Certificate. (2) Sensitivity-time
compensation. In weather radar, a technique and circuit for
calibrating a display.
STD : Supplemental Type Certificate
STDMA : Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access (VDL)
Steadite: A hard structural constituent of cast iron that consists of a
binary eutectic of ferrite, containing some phosphorus in solution and
iron phosphide (Fe3P). The eutectic consists of 10.2% P and 89.8%
Fe. The melting temperature is 1050 °C (1920 °F).
Stead's Brittleness: A condition of brittleness that causes
transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from
prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously
rolled at a temperature below about 705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture
usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling.
Stead's Brittleness: A condition of brittleness that causes
transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from
prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously
rolled at a temperature below about 705°C (1,300°F). The fracture
usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling.
Steam: Water in vapor state. Gas form of water.
Steam Blowing Process: A process that puts water droplets on
steel leaving the galvanizing pot to suppress spangle formation. (see
Minimized Spangle) (see Spangle Free)
Steam Blowing Process: A process that puts water droplets on
steel leaving the galvanizing pot to suppress spangle formation. See
Minimized Spangle and Spangle Free.
Steam Chest: The inside of the turbine housing.
Steam Chest: The inside of the turbine housing.
Steam Demand: The necessary amount of steam generation
required at any point in time to satisfy the powerhouse, turbo blowers
and any additional needs of the steelmaking process.
Steam Demand: The necessary amount of steam generation
required at any point in time to satisfy the power house, turbo
blowers, and any additional needs of the steel making process.
Steam Drum: The upper drum/drums of the boiler. This is where the
feedwater is introduced, continuous blowdown takes place, the water
level is controlled, and the steam is released at the surface of the
water and exits to the superheater elements.
Steam drum : A pressure chamber located at the upper extremity of
a boiler circulatory system, in which the steam is generated in the
boiler and separated from the water.
Steam Flow: The measured amount of steam gathered by the boiler
at any given time, expressed in thousands of pounds per hour.
Steam Flow: The measured amount of steam generated by the
boiler at any given time, expressed in thousands of pounds per hour.
Steam Hammer: A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for
each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy
delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of
the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure.
Energy delivered during each stroke may be varied.
Steam Hammer: A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for
each stroke by a double action steam cylinder and the energy
delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of
the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure.
Energy delivered during each stroke may be varied.
Steam Header Line: High-pressure line which connects the boiler to
the powerhouse manifold and through which the steam is delivered.
Steam Header Line: High pressure line which connects the boiler to
the power house manifold and through which the steam is delivered.
Steam Header Valve: Electrically- or manually-operated stop valve
located in-line on the steam header line used to isolate a boiler off
the system when needed.
Steam Header Valve: Electrically or manually operated stop valve
located in line on the steam header line used to isolate a boiler off
the system when needed.
Steam jet refrigeration : Refrigerating system which uses a steam
venture to create high vacuum (low pressure) on a water container
causing water to evaporate at low temperature.
Steam Pressure: The amount of pressure that the steam has. It is
either high-pressure at 800 lbs or low-pressure at 210 lbs.
Steam Pressure: The amount of pressure that the steam has. It is
either high pressure @800 lbs. or low pressure @ 210 lbs.
Steam purity : Refers to all matter but water in the steam.
Steam quality: The percentage by weight of vapor in a steam and
water mixture.
Steam Refined: Term applied to unfiltered residual cylinder oils from
which lighter fractions have been distilled by the direct application of
steam.
Steam Seal: A type of seal that is applied to the shaft on a turbine
by putting steam around the shaft to stop the flow of air into a
turbine.
Steam Seal: A type of seal that is applied to the shaft on a turbine
by putting steam around the shaft to stop the flow of air into a
turbine.
Steam Temperature: The temperature of the steam as it enters the
turbine.
Steam Temperature: The temperature of the steam as it enters the
turbine.
Steam Trays: Items that let water pass through steam lines without
losing steam pressure.
Steam Treatment: The treatment of a sintered ferrous pan in steam
at temperatures between 510 and 595°C or (950 to 1100 °F) in order
to produce a layer of black iron oxide (magnetite, or ferrous-ferric
oxide) on the exposed surface for the purpose of increasing
hardness and wear resistance.
Steam-absorption condenser: That part of a steam absorption
machine in which the water refrigerant is condensed by cooling
tower water and returned to the evaporator or chiller.
Steam-absorption machine: A refrigeration or air-conditioning
machine which uses, as a refrigerant, water evaporated by
absorption in brine regenerated by steam and condensed by cooling
tower water.
Steckel Mill: A reversing steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil
boxes at each end. Steel sheet or plate is sent through the rolls of
the reversing mill and coiled at the end of the mill, reheated in the
coil box, and sent back through the Steckel stands and recoiled. By
reheating the steel prior to each pass, the rolls can squeeze the steel
thinner per pass and impart a better surface finish.
Steckel Mill: A reversing steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil
boxes at each end. Steel sheet or plate is sent through the rolls of
the reversing mill and coiled at the end of the mill, reheated in the
coil box, and sent back through the Steckel stands and recoiled. By
reheating the steel prior to each pass, the rolls can squeeze the steel
thinner per pass and impart a better surface finish.
Steel: An iron-base alloy usually containing carbon and other
alloying elements. In carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum
carbon content is about 2.0%; in high-alloy steel, about 2.5%. The
dividing line between low-alloy and high-alloy steels is generally
regarded as the 5% level of total metallic alloying elements. Steel is
differentiated from two general classes of iron, namely, cast-irons,
which have high carbon concentrations, and relatively pure irons,
which have low carbon concentrations.
Steel belt: The combination of steel cords covered with rubber that
forms a strip or belt placed under the tread rubber and on top of the
casing (carcass); ensures uniformity when the tyre is rotating and
helps to prevent flats.
Steel Drum: Center insert that keeps a coil from collapsing. Used on
DR material.
Steel Drum: Center insert that keeps a coil from collapsing. Used on
DR material.
Steel Insert: Small corrugated insert used to keep coils from
collapsing before rewinding.
Steel Intensity: The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic
product. Intensity reflects the secular demand for steel, as opposed
to cyclical demand. The amount of steel used in vehicles and the
popularity of alternative materials affect the intensity, or how much
steel is needed per unit produced. The state of the economy,
however, determines the number of units.
Steel Intensity: The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic
product. Intensity reflects the secular demand for steel, as opposed
to cyclical demand. The amount of steel used in vehicles and the
popularity of alternative materials affect the intensity, or how much
steel is needed per unit produced. The state of the economy,
however, determines the number of units.
Steel Intensive Products: Consumer products such as automobiles
and appliances that, because so much of their weight is from steel,
exhibit a high demand correlation with steel.
Steel Ladle: A vessel for receiving and handling liquid steel. It is
made with a steel shell, lined with refractories.
Steel Pressure Vessels: Steel Pressure Vessels are closed
containers used to store a fluid or gas at pressures much different
than ambient pressure. Steel is the common material of choice due
to the material strength required to withstand the potentially large
forces created by the differential pressures. While a spherical vessel
is ideally the strongest design, pressure vessels are typically
cylindrical with hemispherical end caps, or heads. This design
serves as a compromise between the ideal design and one that is
easier and more affordable to manufacture. The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides standards for the design of
pressure vessels.
Steel Recycling Institute: A steel industry association that
promotes and sustains the recycling of all steel products. The SRI
educates the solid waste industry, government, business and
ultimately the consumer about the benefits of steel's infinite re-
cycling cycle.
Steel Scrap: Steel discard, cuttings, drillings, ingot butts, or other
steel material which is useless except for remelting.
Steel Service Center Inventories: End-of-period material stocks
reported by the Steel Service Center Institute (SSCI).
Steel Service Center Inventories: End of period material stocks
reported by the Steel Service Center Institute (SSCI).
Steel Strapping: Banding and packaging material that is used to
close and reinforce shipping units, such as bales, boxes, cartons,
coils, crates and skids.
Steel Strapping: Banding and packaging material that is used to
close and reinforce shipping units, such as bales, boxes, cartons,
coils, crates, and skids.
Steel Substrate: Base metal which may be coated or plated.
Steel Substrate: Base metal which may be coated or plated.
Steel-Intensive Products: Consumer products such as automobiles
and appliances that, because so much of their weight is from steel,
exhibit a high demand correlation with steel.
Steels, SAE: Common designation for the standard grades of steel
approved by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
Steeped Construction: In patternmaking, the courses of material
that when fastened together resemble steps.
Steering arm: It is the part of steering system which is connected
between the stub axle or steering knuckle and steering track rod. It
helps to converts the linier motion of track rod into the angular
motion.
Steering box: It is the box in steering system which holds the all
gear and other operated mechanism. It is connected to the steering
arms and shaft.
Steering column lock: It is the vehicle steering locking system
mounted on the steering column. It is the combination of the pin and
hole with key system. It is used to lock the steering of the vehicle. It
is used in two wheelers and four wheelers.
Steering column lock: A mechanism that prevents steering wheel
movement unless the ignition switch is moved from the locked
position.
Steering damper: A shock absorber attached to the steering linkage
intended to prevent abrupt "kickback" at the steering wheel, usually
found on trucks or vehicles that can be used off-road.
Steering gearbox: A steering mechanism that converts the
rotational motion of a steering wheel to the side-to-side motion of a
lever that is connected to the steering linkage.
Steering intermediate shaft: A component in the steering system
that connects the steering shaft to the steering mechanism.
Steering knuckle: The pivoting component to which the front wheel
hubs are attached.
Steering linkage: The arrangement of rods and lubricated joints
connecting the steering gearbox to the wheel spindles.
Steering rack: The steering component that converts the rotational
motion of the steering wheel to the horizontal motion necessary to
operate the steering linkage.
Steering response: A vehicle’s reaction to a driver’s steering input.
Also the feedback that drivers get through the steering wheel as they
make steering input.
Steering Roll: A device or set of rolls used to position the passline
of the strip.
Steering Roll: A device or set of rolls used to position the passline
of the strip.
Steering stop: it is the stopper step given in to steering system to
stop the steering gear to go beyond the turning radius.
Steering system: The entyre mechanism that allows the driver to
guide and direct the vehicle; includes the steering wheel, steering
column, steering gear, linkages and wheel supports.
Steering wheel: The wheel provided to steer the vehicle is called
the steering wheel. It is part of steering system of vehicle. Now a
days so many controls are provided on the steering wheel.
Steering wheel adjustment: The mechanism that controls the
position of a vehicles steering column to suit the needs of the driver.
Steering wheel controls: Electronic controls for a vehicles
entertainment, cruise control, telematics and/or climate control
systems that are mounted on the steering wheel for the driver?s
convenience.
Stellite: Proprietary name of a group of complex alloys retaining
their hardness strength and resistance to oxidation at high
temperatures; contains W, Co, Cr and C.
Stellite: Proprietary name of a group of complex alloys retaining
their hardness strength and resistance to oxidation at high
temperatures; contains W, Co, Cr and C.
Stelmor Process: A thermal treatment process that develops a
microstructure in hot rolled wire rods that permits direct drawing into
wire of medium or high carbon grades of steel that would otherwise
require patenting. It is the predominate method used in North
America to produce controlled cooled wire rods.
Stencil: Identification painted on pipe. Specification, size, wall test
pressure, method of manufacture and mill are usually indicated.
Stencil: Identification painted on pipe. Specification, size, wall test
pressure, methoc of maufacture and mill are usually indicated.
Stennis space center (ssc): The John C. Stennis Space Center
(SSC), located on Mississippi's Gulf Coast, is NASA's prime test
facility for large liquid propellant rocket engines and propulsion
systems. The main mission of the Center is to support testing, on a
regular basis, of the Space Shuttle's main propulsion system. SSC is
responsible for a variety of research programs in the environmental
sciences and the remote-sensing of Earth resources, weather, and
oceans, and is the lead NASA Center for the commercialization of
space remote sensing. SSC Web Site
Step Aging: Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, without
cooling to room temperature after each step. Compare with
interrupted aging and progressive aging. (see Aging)
Step Bearing: Plane-surface bearing that supports the lower end of
a vertical shaft.
Step Change: The change from one value to another in a single
step.
Step change: The change from one value to another in a single
step.
Step Channel: This is similar to channel except the web thinner
toward the center of the bar (bar rolling).
Step Down Transformers: A transformer is an electrical device that
transfers energy from one circuit to another. The transformer
includes to coils, a primary and a secondary. When the primary coil
is subjected to a varying current throught he windings, a varying
magnetic flux is generated in the coil. The varying magnetic flux
results in a varying magnetic field in secondary winding, which in
turn leads to a voltage. When a load is connected to the secondary
winding, electric current flows and energy is transferred from the
primary to the secondary coil. The ratio of primary to secondary
windings is directly related to the ratio of the voltages. Therefore,
when the secondary coil has fewer windings than the primary coil,
the voltage is stepped down through the transformer.
Step Fracture: Cleavage fractures that initiate on many parallel
cleavage planes.
Step groove: A design feature at the base of the groove that
generates an additional gripping mechanism in deeper snow.
Stepless Bridge Crane Control: A type of Bridge Crane Control
system with infinite speed Bridge Crane Control between minimum
speed and full speed.
Stepped Bridge Crane Control: A type of Bridge Crane Control
system with fixed speed points.
Stepped Compact: A powder metallurgy compact with one (dual
step) or more (multistep) abrupt cross-sectional changes, usually
obtained by pressing with split punches, each section of which uses
a different pressure and a different rate of compaction. See also split
punch. (see Split Punch)
Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA): Equipment used for
computerized building of three-dimensional models and patterns.
Enables the data representation of a CAD solid model to be directly
converted into a plastic model of a casting.
Stereolithography Apparatus (Sla): Equipment used for
computerized building of three dimensional models and patterns.
Enables the data representation of a CAD solid model to be directly
converted into a plastic model of a casting.
Stereoscopic Micrographs: A pair of micrographs (or fractographs)
of the same area, but taken from different angles so that the two
micrographs when properly mounted and viewed reveal the
structures of the objects in their three-dimensional relationships.
Steric height: The mean dynamic depth (or height) of the ocean for
the month minus the annual mean dynamic depth for the same
isobaric reference level.
Sterling Silver: A silver alloy containing at least 92.5% Ag, the
remainder being unspecified but usually copper. Sterling silver is
used for flat and hollow tableware and for various items of jewelry.
Sterling Silver: A silver alloy containing at least 95.2% Ag, the
remainder being unspecified but usually copper.
Stick Electrode: A shop term for covered electrode.
Stick Welding: See preferred term shielded metal arc welding.
Stick : A control in the cockpit which controls the elevators
(forward/back axis) and the ailerons (left/right axis).
Sticker: Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots
caused by overheating during box annealing.
Sticker: Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots
caused by overheating during box annealing.
Sticker Breaks: Arc-shaped coil breaks, usually located near the
center of sheet or strip.
Sticker price: See "MSRP."
Sticking: Adherence of foil surfaces sufficient to interfere with the
normal ease if unwinding
Stick-Slip (Slip-Stick): A condition occurring in slow moving or
oscillating sliding bearings under near boundary conditions, where
there are fluctuations of velocity and friction coefficients, including
periods of static friction. It is a critical factor in precision machine tool
operations, where such conditions can result in erratic motion and
improper machining of parts.
Stiction (static friction): Resistance of start of motion.
Stiffness: (1) The rate of stress with respect to strain; the greater
the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material
is said to be. (2) The ability of a material or shape to resist elastic
deflection. For identical shapes, the stiffness is proportional to the
modulus of elasticity. For a given material, the stiffness increases
with increasing moment of inertia, which is computed from cross-
sectional dimensions.
Stills: An apparatus consisting of a vessel in which a liquid is heated
and vaporized and a cooling device for condensing the vapor.
STLE: Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (formerly,
the American Society of Lubrication Engineers, or ASLE).
www.stle.org
Stock: A general term used to refer to a supply of metal in any form
or shape and also to an individual piece of metal that is formed,
forged or machined to make parts.
Stock Allowance: Material added to a part to allow for surface
preparation or precise dimensioning by machining.
Stock Allowance: Material added to a part to allow for surface
preparation or precise dimensioning by machining.
Stock Core: Core of standard diameter usually made on a core
machine and kept on hand, sawed to required length.
Stoichiometric: The ratio of chemical substances reacting in the
water that correspond to their combining weights in the theoretical
chemical reaction.
Stoke: The standard unit of kinematic viscosity in the cgs system,
expressed in cm2/s.
Stoker: A mechanical device for feeding coal or other solid fuels to a
furnace.
Stoking: (Obsolete). Presintering, or sintering, in such a way that
powder metallurgy compacts are advanced through the furnace at a
fixed rate by manual or mechanical means; also called continuous
sintering.
Stol: Short take-off and landing capability.
Stol : Short takeoff and landing ability.
Stol : Short Take-Off and Landing.
Stoma, plant stomata: A minute pore in the epidermis of plant
leaves or stems. Stoma, which are bordered by guard cells that
regulate the size of the opening, function in gas exchange between
the plant and the external environment. The stomatal apparatus or
stomate consists of the stoma plus guard cells.
Stomping Soil Compactors: A Stomping Soil Compactor is
machine that is used to compact earth by repeatedly driving a large
plate into the ground.
Stool: The platform on which coils are stacked on a base. Also
known as "stand". (see Stand)
Stool: The platform on which coils are stacked on a base. Also
known as stand.
Stool Plate: Large metal plate that supports a circular cluster of
ingot molds used in the bottom pouring operation. Steel flows down
through a central fill tube (trumpet), through grooves (runners) in the
bottom of the plate, and up into the ingots through holes in the
bottom of the ingots.
Stool Plate: Plate on a mold machine on which stools are mounted.
Stooling: Supporting green sand cores in the machine molding
while the pattern is being withdrawn.
Stooling: Supporting green sand cores in machine molding while
pattern is being withdrawn.
Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device
normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have
energy absorbing ability.
Stop Cock Valve: See PitCock Valve.
Stop way : an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less wide than the
runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway,
able to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without
causing structural damage to the airplane, and designated by the
airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an
aborted takeoff
Stopper Head: A refractory shape at the end of a stopper rod,
usually clay and graphite, seated in a ladle's nozzle.
Stopper Head: A refractory shape at the end of a stopper rod,
usually clay and graphite, seated in a ladle's nozzle.
Stopper Rod: A device in a bottom-pour ladle for controlling the flow
of metal through the nozzle into the casting. The stopper rod
consists of a steel rod, protecting sleeves, and a graphite stopper
head. It may also be a single piece manufactured from graphite.
Stopper Rod: A device in a bottom pour ladle for controlling the flow
of metal through the nozzle into the casting. The stopper rod
consists of a steel rod, protecting sleeves, and a graphite stopper
head. It may also be a single piece manufactured from graphite.
Stopping Off: 1. Applying a resist. 2. Depositing a metal (copper, for
example) in localized areas to prevent carburization, decarburization,
or nitriding in those areas.
Stopping Off: Filling in a portion of a mold cavity which is not to be
cast.
Storage Bins: Used for storage of raw materials to ensure a
necessary quantity required for sinter production.
Storage media: The physical media that a vehicle sound system is
capable of playing and/or recording to, such as CD, DVD, hard drive,
USB or flash drive.
Storage Vessels: Storage Vessels are used to hold consumer or
industrial solids, fluids, or gases for later use. Some storage vessels
may also be pressure vessels.
Stovl: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing.
Stradle Milling: Face milling a workpiece on both sides at once
using two cutters spaced as required.
Straight and level: Flying in a straight line, with no fluctuation in
altitude. A well trimmed/balanced airplane should fly straight and
level with the TX sticks in their central positions.
Straight Chrome: An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of
stainless steels the principal alloying element of which is chromium
in varying amounts from 4.00 to 27.00%.
Straight Polarity: See preferred term direct current electrode
negative (DCEN). (see Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN))
Straight wing: A wing that sticks straight out from the fuselage - it
does not slant to the front or the rear. The ER-2 is an example of
an aircraft that has straight wings.
Straight-Chrome: An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of
stainless steels, the principle alloying element of which is chromium
in varying amounts from 4.00 to 27.00%.
Straightening: (1) Any bending, twisting or stretching operation to
correct any deviation from straightness in bars, tubes or similar long
parts or shapes. This deviation can be expressed as either camber
(deviation from a straight line) or as total indicator reading (TIR) per
unit of length. (2) A finishing operation for correcting misalignment in
a forging or between various sections of a forging. See also roll
straightening.
Straightness: The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line
in the direction of measurement.
Straightness: The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line
in the direction of measurement
Strain: The amount of elongation or compression that occurs in a
metal at a given stress or load. Generally in terms of inches
elongation per inch of material.
Strain Aging: (1) Aging following plastic deformation. (2) The
changes in ductility, hardness, yield point and tensile strength that
occur when a metal or alloy that has been cold worked is stored for
some time. In steel, strain aging is characterized by a loss of ductility
and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield point and tensile
strength.
Strain Aging: Aging induced by cold work.
Strain Energy: The potential energy stored in a body by virtue of
elastic deformation, equal to the work that must be done to produce
this deformation.
Strain Gauge Amplifier: A Strain Gauge Amplifier is used to
increase the boost the signal of a strain gauge. This improves
resolution of the gauge.
Strain Gauge Load Cell: A Strain Gauge Load Cell is used to
measure elongation of a structure under load. It consisted of several
conductors that can be adhered to the surface of the structure. As
the structure elongates, the conductors stretch and their resistance
increases. This change in resistance can be correlated to a
mechanical strain.
Strain Hardening: The increase in strength and hardness that
occurs when a metal is plastically deformed under such conditions
that softening does not take place, i.e., below the recrystalization
temperature. Also known as work hardening.
Strain Hardening: An increase in hardness and strength caused by
p;astic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization
range.
Strain Rate: The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test.
Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for
determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of
strain rate are reciprocal time.
Strain Relief Connector: A Strain Relief Connector is used to
connect a power cable to a device. Its purpose it to reduce crimping
and bending of the cable.
Strain Rods: (1) Rods sometimes used on gap frame metalforming
presses to lessen the frame deflection. (2) Rods used to measure
elastic strain and thus stresses, in frames of metal forming presses.
Strain-Age Embrittlement: A loss in ductility accompanied by an
increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel
(especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic
deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time
and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C
(400°F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature.
Strained Casting: A phrase used to describe the result when molten
metal is poured into the mold at too fast a rate, causing the cope to
rise slightly from the drag and resulting in an oversize casting.
Strained Casting: A phrase used to describe the result when molten
metal is poured into the mold at too fast a rate or under too great
metallstatic pressure, causing the cope to rise slightly from the drag
and resulting in an oversize casting.
Strainer: A filtering device which is used to remove large particles of
contamination from drive oil or morgoil.
Strainer: A series of wire or fabric meshes, which are bonded
together by cops or perforated cylinders and are fitted into hydraulic
system passages to strain particles from fluid passed through the
passage.
Strainer: A series of wire or fabric meshes which are bonded
together by caps or perforated cylinders and are fitted into hydraulic
system passages to strain particles from fluid passed through the
passage.
Strainer Basket: A metal filtering basket which is part of a strainer
assembly.
Strainer Core: See Core Strainer
Strain-rate Sensitivity (m-value): The increase in stress needed to
cause a certain increase in plastic strain rate at a given level of
plastic strain and a given temperature.
Strand Casting: A generic term describing continuous casting of
one or more elongated shapes such as billets, blooms or slabs; if
two or more shapes are cast simultaneously, they are often of
identical cross section.
Stranded Electrode: A composite filler metal electrode consisting of
stranded wires that may mechanically enclose materials to improve
properties, stabilize the arc or provide shielding.
Strap down inertial sensor : Accelerometers mounted to a platform
fixed to the aircraft; Compare: gimbaled inertial sensor
Stratification: The formation of distinct layers with different
temperatures, salinity, or oxygen content in the ocean or another
body of water. When the water column becomes stratified with a
layer of warm, buoyant water at the surface and a layer of colder,
denser water below, vertical mixing (upwelling) slows down or stops.
The lack of mixing can cause deeper water to become oxygen
depleted, while surface waters become nutrient depleted.
Stratification: Separating into layers.
Stratocumulus: Low altitude gray colored clouds composed of
water droplets that have a patchy appearance. Each cloud patch
consists of a rounded mass. This cloud has a somewhat uniform
base and normally covers the entire sky. Between the patches blue
sky can be seen.
Stratosphere: A division of the Earth's atmosphere extending from
altitudes ranging 5-10 miles to 18-30 miles.
Stratosphere: Region of the atmosphere between the troposphere
and mesosphere, having a lower boundary of approximately 8 km at
the poles to 15 km at the equator and an upper boundary of
approximately 50 km. Depending upon latitude and season, the
temperature in the lower stratosphere can increase, be isothermal,
or even decrease with altitude, but the temperature in the upper
stratosphere generally increases with height due to absorption of
solar radiation by ozone.
Stratosphere: The region of the upper atmosphere extending from
the tropopause (8 to 15 km altitude) to about 50 km. The thermal
structure is determined by its radiation balance and is generally very
stable with low humidity.
Stratospheric aerosol & gas experiment (sage): A NASA
experiment to determine the vertical distribution of stratospheric
aerosols, ozone, nitrogen oxide, and water vapor on a global scale
and to develop a viable, satellite-based, remote sensing technique to
measure these gases. SAGE III web site
Stratovolcano: a volcano composed of alternating layers of volcanic
ash, lava, and rocks ejected by previous eruptions. Stratovolcanoes
are typically steep-sloped and conical.
Stray Current: (1) Current flowing through paths other than the
intended circuit. (2) Current flowing in electrodeposition by way of an
unplanned and undesired bipolar electrode that may be the tank
itself or a poorly connected electrode.
Stray Mist Suppressant: (ASTM D 3705) a polymer added to mist
oils to reduce the stray mist.
Stray-current Corrosion: Corrosion resulting from direct current
flow through paths other than the intended circuit. For example, by
an extraneous current in the earth.
Streak (Stripe): A superficial band or elongated mark which
produces a non-uniform surface appearance. A streak is often
described by source.
Streak, Bearing: A longitudinal discoloration that can occur where
there are large changes in wall thickness as a result of uneven
cooling. These streaks usually appear lighter than the surrounding
metal.
Streak, Bright: A bright superficial band or elongated mark which
produces a non-uniform surface appearance.
Streak, Buff: A dull continuous streak caused by smudge buildup on
a buff used at shearing or other operation.
Streak, Burnish: A bright region on the sheet caused by excessive
roll surface wear.
Streak, Coating: A banded condition caused by non-uniform
adherence of roll coating to a work roll. It can be created during hot
and/or cold rolling. If generated in the hot rolling process, it is also
called "hot mill pickup".
Streak, Dirt: Surface discoloration which may vary from gray to
black, is parallel to the direction of rolling, and contains rolled foreign
debris. It is usually extraneous material from an overhead location
that drops onto the rolling surface and is shallow enough to be
removed by etching or buffing.
Streak, Grease: A narrow discontinuous streak caused by rolling
over an area containing grossly excessive lubricant drippage.
Streak, Grinding: A streak with a helical pattern appearance
transferred to a rolled product from work roll.
Streak, Heat: Milky colored band(s) parallel to the rolling direction
which vary in both width and exact location along the length.
Streak, Leveler: A streak on the sheet surface in the rolling direction
caused by transfer from the leveler rolls.
Streak, Roll: A non-uniform surface appearance parallel to the
rolling direction.
Streak, Structural: A non-uniform appearance on an etched or
anodized surface caused by (variabilities) remaining in the metal
from the casting, thermal processes or hot working stages of
fabrication.
Streamline: To shape a structure so that it will cause the minimum
aerodynamic drag.
Streamline: To shape an object so that it creates less drag and
moves smoothly and easily through the air. Airfoils are streamlined,
as is the fuselage.
Strength: Ability to resist applied forces.
Strength: Properties related to the ability of steel to oppose applied
forces. Forms of strength include withstanding imposed loads
without a permanent change in shape or structure and resistance to
stretching.
Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Material criteria used primarily in the
transportation industry. High ratios for Titanium and Aluminum alloys
stress the need to develop higher strength inducing process for
heavier Iron, Nickel and Cobalt base alloys to improve their strength-
to-weight ratios.
Stress: The load per unit of area. Ordinarily, stress-strain curves do
not show the true stress (load divided by area at that moment), but a
fictitious value obtained by always using the original area.
Stress Amplitude: One-half the algebraic difference between the
maximum and minimum stresses in onc cycle of a repetitively
varying stress.
Stress Concentration Factor (Gears): Factor affecting beam
strength, related to the radius of the fillet at the tooth base; the larger
the radius, the lower the stress concentration.
Stress Corrosion Cracking: Spontaneous failure of metals by
cracking under combined conditions of corrosion and stress, either
residual or applied.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC): Slow growth of cracks in
stainless steel caused by the combined effect of mechanical stress
and exposure to a corrosive environment.
Stress Corrosion Failure: A phenomenon which occurs when metal
under stress in a corrosive atmosphere fails mechanically.
Stress Corrosion Failure: A phenomenon which occurs when metal
under stress in a corrosive atmosphere fails mechanically.
Stress Equilibrium Casing: A radial casing design that more evenly
distributes the forces of acceleration, cornering and braking
throughout the contact patch, allowing for design enhancements in
the shoulder and the use of softer, better gripping compounds.
Stress Raisers: Design features (such as sharp corners) or
mechanical defects (such as notches) that act to intensify the stress
at these locations.
Stress rapture: A general type of damage referring to carbon steel
tubing, when heated above 450°C. Material will plastically deform
(creep) and then rapture.
Stress Ratio (A or R): The algebraic ratio of two specified stress
values in a stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are: (1)
the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress; and
(2) the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress.
Stress Relaxation: The time-dependent decrease in stress in a
solid under constant constraint at constant temperature.
Stress Relief: Low temperature annealing for removing internal
stresses, such as those resulting on a metal from work hardening or
quenching.
Stress Relieving: A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal
object by heating the object to a suitable temperature and holding for
a sufficient time. This treatment may be applied to relieve stresses
induced by casting, quenching, normalizing, machining, cold working
or welding.
Stress Relieving: A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal
object to a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time.
This treatment may be applied to relieve stresses induced by
quenching, normalizing, machining, cold working, or welding.
Stress Rupture Test: A tension test performed at constant
temperature, the load being held at such a level as to cause rupture.
Also known as creep rupture test.
Stress, Residual: Those stresses set up in a metal as a result of
non-uniform plastic deformation or the unequal cooling of a casting.
Stress-relaxation Curve: A plot of the remaining or relaxed stress
as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress
minus the remaining stress. Also known as stress-time curve.
Stress-relief Cracking: Cracking in the heat-affected zone or weld
metal that occurs during the exposure of weldments to elevated
temperatures during postweld heat treatment, in order to reduce
residual stresses and improve toughness, or high-temperature
service.
Stress-relief Heat Treatment: Uniform heating of a structure or a
portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion
of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling.
Stress-Rupture Test: A tension test performed at constant
temperature, the load being held at such a level as to cause rupture.
Also known as creep-rupture test.
Stress-Strain Curve: A graphical plot of data obtained from a
tensile test, in which the stress on the metal being tested (the force
causing the specimen to deform divided by the original cross-
sectional area of the gauge length) is plotted against the resulting
strain (the extension of the gauge length divided by its original
length).
Stretch Forming: This method is more rapid than hammering and
beating by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape.
Stretch Forming: A process of forming panels and cowls of large
curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape. This
method is more rapid than hammering and beating.
Stretcher Leveling: Leveling where a piece of metal is gripped at
each end and subjected to a stress higher than its yield strength to
remove warp and distortion. Sometimes called patent leveling.
Stretcher Leveling: Leveling where a piece of metal is gripped at
each end and subjected to a stress higher than its yield strength to
remove warp and distortion. Sometimes called patent leveling.
Stretcher Straightening: A process for straightening rod, tubing
and shapes by the application of tension at the ends of the stock.
The products are elongated a definite amount to remove warpage.
Stretcher Straightening: A process for straightening rod, tubing,
and shapes by the application of tension at the ends of the stock.
The products are elongated a definite amount to remove warpage.
Stretcher Strains: Irregular lines that develop on steel during the
drawing or stretching process. (see Fluting)
Stretching: The extension of the surface of a metal sheet in all
directions. In stretching, the flange of the flat blank is securely
clamped. Deformation is restricted to the area initially within the die.
The stretching limit is the onset of metal failure.
Striation: A coating defect consisting of a series of near parallel
lines or channels in the cured coating. Striation is a type of flow
mark, which is caused by some contaminant, such a silicone
flowout.
Striation: A coating defect consisting of a series of near parallel
lines or channels in the cured coating. Striation is a type of flow
mark, which is caused by some contaminant, such a silicone flowout.
Striation is similar to ribbing, but striation is usually smaller in size
and not always parallel.
Strike: (1) A thin electrodeposited film of metal to be overlaid with
other plated coatings. (2) A plating solution of high covering power
and low efficiency designed to electroplate a thin, adherent film of
metal.
Strike Off: Operation of removing excess sand from top or core box
or flask.
Striking: Electrodepositing, under special conditions, a very thin film
of metal that will facilitate further plating with another metal or with
the same metal under different conditions.
Striking Surface: Those areas on the faces of a set of metalforming
dies that are designed to meet when the upper die and lower die are
brought together. The striking surface helps protect impressions from
impact shock and aids in maintaining longer die life.
Stringer: 1. A defect caused by the coating dies allowing excess
coating to accumulate on the edge of the strip. 2. The last coil
threaded through the line before a shutdown. The stringer coil
remains in the line until start-up.
Stringer: 1) A defect caused by the coating dies allowing excess
coating to accumulate on the edge of the strip. 2) The last coil
threaded through the line before a shutdown. The stringer coil
remains in the line until start up.
Stringer Bead: A continuous weld bead made without appreciable
transverse oscillation (weaving motion). Contrast with weave bead.
Strip: Thin, flat steel that resembles hot rolled sheet, but it is
normally narrower (up to 12 inches wide) and produced to more
closely controlled thicknesses. Strip may also be cut from steel sheet
by a slitting machine. (see Sheet Steel)
Strip: Thin, flat steel that resembles hot rolled sheet, but it is
normally narrower (up to 12 inches wide) and produced to more
closely controlled thicknesses. Strip also may be cut from steel sheet
by a slitting machine (see Sheet Steel).
Strip Cooler: Set of adjustable air nozzles that blow compressed air
on the strip to help achieve zinc drying.
Strip Steel (Cold Rolled): A flat cold rolled steel product (other than
flat wire) which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thickness
and temper on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold
mills in coil form from coiled hot rolled pickled strip steel.
Strip Steel Chart: A chart that shows how much water pressure is
going to the strip.
Stripper: A plate designed to remove, or strip sheet metal stock
from the punching members dwing the withdrawal cycle. Strippers
are also used to guide small precision punches in close-tolerance
dies to guide scrap away from dies and to assist in the cutting action.
Strippers are made in two types: fixed and movable.
Stripper Pins: On certain molding machines, a series of pins
(usually four in number) which support the rammed flask-half at the
parting surface so that the mounted pattern may be drawn by
lowering.
Stripper Pins: On certain molding machines, a series of pins
(usually four in number) which support the rammed flask half at the
parting surface so that the mounted pattern may be drawn by
lowering.
Stripper Punch: A punch that serves as the top or bottom of a
metalforming die cavity and later moves farther into the die to eject
the part or compact.
Stripping: (1) Removing a coating from a metal surface. (2)
Removing a foundry pattern from the mold or the core box from the
core.
Stripping: Removing the pattern from the mold or core box from
core.
Stripping Time: In oil oxygen and nobake mixture, the moment
when the core box may be satisfactorily drawn from the core, or
pattern from the sand.
Strobe Light: A light that is used throughout the line to help 'see'
defects. The strobe light is mainly used at the reflow areas.
Strobe Light: A light that is used throughout the line to help 'see'
defects. The strobe light is mainly used at the reflow areas.
Stroboscopes: A Stroboscope is used to study cyclical motion. The
object is illuminated at a frequency equal to or slower than the period
of motion. This creates a visual effect of the object being studied
moving much slower than its actual frequency.
Stroke: The travel of piston from BDC to TDC or vice versa is known
as the stroke. Engines are classified on the basis of stroke i.e. four
stroke engine and two stroke engine. In four strokes engine one
stroke complete in 180 Degree rotation of crankshaft.
Stroke: The distance, in inches, between the centerline of an
engines crankshaft and the centerline of its connecting rod journal.
Stroke: -The length of travel of a piston or plunger. -To change the
displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.
Strong Acid/Strong Base Numbers: (ASTM D 974) the quantity of
acid or base, expressed in equivalent numbers of milligrams of KOH,
required to neutralize strong acid (pH 4/g) or base (pH 11/g)
constituents.
Strong>biosphere: The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that
can support life. The part (reservoir) of the global carbon cycle that
includes living organisms (plants and animals) and life-derived
organic matter (litter, detritus). The terrestrial biosphere includes the
living biota (plants and animals) and the litter and soil organic matter
on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in
the oceans.
Structural: A generic term for all forms of iron and steel used in
constructing buildings, bridges, etc., of considerable strength and
toughness.
Structural competence: The ability of the machine and its
components to withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads.
Structural Hollow Sections: (see Rectangular Hollow Sections)
Structural Metal Fabrications: Structural Metal Fabrications use a
combination of beams, girders, plates and brackets to build a larger
structure. Components are typically welded or bolted together.
Structural Pipe and Tubing: Welded or seamless pipe and tubing
generally used for structural or load-bearing purposes above-ground
by the construction industry, as well as for structural members in
ships, trucks, and farm equipment.
Structural Quality: Material applicable to the various classes of
structures, indicated by the standard specifications, which is suitable
for the different mechanical operations employed for the fabrication
of such structures. Structural quality (the characteristics of which are
defined in the standard specifications of the American Society for
Testing Materials) represents the quality of steel produced under
regular or normal manufacturing conditions.
Structural Quality: Material applicable to the various classes of
structures, indicated by the standard specifications, which is suitable
for the different mechanical operations employed for the fabrication
of such structures. Structural quality (the characteristics of which are
defined in the standard specifications of the American Society for
Testing Materials) represents the quality of steel produced under
regular or normal manufacturing conditions.
Structural Shapes: Rolled flange sections, sections welded from
plates, and special sections with at least one dimension of their
cross-section 3 inches or greater. Included are angles, beams,
channels, tees and zeds.
Structural Streak: See ?Streak, Structural?.
Structural Supports: Structural members provided for the support
of runways or monorail track and switches.
Structural Tubing: Tubing refers to sections of long, hollow, flexible
cylinders typically used to move substances, usually fluids or gases.
When tubing is referred to as structural tubing, it has been designed
such that the cross-section shape, material selection and
manufacturing process yield a tube that can support high-strength
applications. Structural tubing is usually made of steel and hollow
square and rectangular cross-sections are more common than
round.
Structurals: Steel product group that includes I beams, H beams,
wide flange beams and sheet piling. These products are used in the
construction of multi story buildings, industrial buildings, bridge
trusses, vertical highway supports, and riverbank reinforcement.
Structure: The way in which a tyre carcass is constructed. Radial
structure tyres can be identified by the word radial or by the letter R
and today account for the majority of vehicle tyres.
Structure: As applied to a crystal, the shape and size of the unit cell
and the location of all atoms within the unit cell. As applied to
microstructure, the size, shape and arrangement of phases. See
also unit cell. (see Unit Cell)
Structure: The arangement of parts; in crystals, expecially, the
shape and dimension of the until cell, and the number, kinds and
positions of the atoms within it.
Structure (Cast Structure): The size and disposition of the
constituents of a metal as cast.
Strut: Solid or tubular member, usually streamlined, used for
bracing, as, for example, between the two wings of a biplane. Can
be required to carry tension or compression loads.
Strut : Basically this is a supporting member. A wing strut supports
the wing, and goes from the fuselage to the wing. Cabane struts are
on biplanes, and support the upper wing over the fuselage. A landing
gear strut is the portion that holds the wheel assembly to the
airplane, and away from the wing or fuselage.
Struts cabane : Used on biplanes to support the upper wing above
the fuselage.
Struts inter-plane : Used on bi-planes are used to join the upper
and lower wings, usually in the outer area of the wings.
Struts wing- : One end of each strut is normally attached to a
bracket on the lower part of the fuselage while the other end is
attached to the wing at approximately the mid-point. The purpose of
wing struts is to prevent the wings from folding during flight by
transferring part of the wing load back to the fuselage.
Stub Teeth (Gears): Gear teeth in which the working depth is less
than 2.0 divided by normal diametral pitch.
Stud Arc Welding: An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a metal
stud or similar part and the other workpiece. When the surfaces to
be joined are properly heated, they are brought together under
pressure. Partial shielding may be obtained by the use of a ceramic
ferrule surrounding the stud. Shielding gas or flux may or may not be
used.
Stud Welding: A general term for joining a metal stud or similar part
to a workpiece. Welding may be accommodated by arc, resistance,
friction or other processes with or without extemal gas shielding.
Stuffing box: That portion of the pump which houses the packing or
mechanical seal, The stuffing box is usually referred to as the dry
portion of the pump, and is located in back of the impeller and
around the shaft.
Stunt model: a Control Line model designed for Precision Aerobatic
events. The model characterized by interconnected elevator and
flaps, with a large wing area to provide light wing loadings for
maximum maneuverability.
Stunt model: a Control Line model designed for Precision Aerobatic
events. The model characterized by interconnected elevator and
flaps, with a large wing area to provide light wing loadings for
maximum maneuverability.
Styrofoam Pattern: An expendable pattern of foamed plastic,
especially expanded polystyrene, used in manufacturing castings by
the lost foam process.
Styroform Pattern: Expendable pattern of foamed plastic,
especially polystyrene, use in manufacturing casting by the
Full_Mold process.
SUA : Special Use Airspace (USA)
Sub: A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends.
Sub Boundary Structure : A network of low angle boundaries
(usually with misorientations or less than one degree) within the
main grains of a microstructure.
Subatomic particles: Fundamental components of matter such as
electrons or protons.
Subboundary Structure (Subgrain Structure): A network of low-
angle boundaries, usually with misorientations less than 1° within the
main grains of a microstructure.
Subcarrier: Modulation applied to a carrier which is itself modulated
with information-carrying variations.
Subcooling: The difference between the temperature of a pure
condensable fluid below saturation and the temperature at the liquid
saturated state, at the same pressure.
Subcooling: The process of cooling a liquid to a temperature below
its saturation temperature for any given saturation pressure.
Subcritical Annealing: An annealing treatment in which, a steel is
heated to a temperature below the A1 temperature and then cooled
slowly to room temperature.
Subcritical Annealing: An annealing treatment in which a steel is
heated to a temperature below the A1 temperature and then cooled
slowly to room temperature.
Subcutaneous Blowhole: Blowholes at or near the surface of
solidified metal, covered with a thin layer of metal. May also be
called pinhole porosity.
Subcutaneous Blowhole: Blowholes at or near the surface of
solidified metal, covered with a thin layer of metal. May also be
called pinhole porosity.
Subduction: a process in which one lithospheric plate descends
beneath another, often as a result of folding or faulting
Subgrain: A portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in
orientation from neighboring portions of the same crystal. Generally,
neighboring subgrains are separated by low-angle boundaries.
Subgrain: A portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in
orientation from neighboring portions of the same crystal. Generally,
neighboring subgrains are separated by low angle boundaries.
Sublance: Secondary lance on an oxygen steelmaking converter
(LD, BOF, etc.) that is used to measure temperature and/or
chemistry of a heat without tilting the vessel for the test. The lance is
used typically at the completion of the oxygen blow and prior to the
tapping process.
Sublimation: A change of state directly from solid to gas without
appearance of liquid.
Sublimation : Condition where a substance changes from a solid to
a gas without becoming a liquid.
Sublimator: An exposed metal plate, located on the outside of a
spacesuit, that functions as a cooling coil to control suit
temperatures.
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW): An arc welding process that
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs
between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the workpieces.
The arc and molten metal are shielded by a blanket of granular,
fusible material on the workpieces. Pressure is not used and filler
metal is obtained from the electrode and sometimes from a
supplemental source (welding rod, flux or metal granules).
Submerged-electrode Furnace: A furnace used for liquid
carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of
electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. See also immersed-
electrode furnace.
Submersible Centrifugal Pumps: A Submersible Centrifugal Pump
uses a rotating impeller to pump fluid. Submersible pumps have
waterproof electrical connections and are often used to pump water
from the bottom of a tank, well, or reservoir.
Submersible Mixers: A Submersible Mixer is used to keep solids in
suspension. In its most basic design, the mixer is a simply a rotating
fan on a shaft for churning fluid to maintain a uniform composition.
They are a key component in a wastewater treatment plant.
Submersible Motors: A Submersible Motor is a motor with all
electrical connections design to me waterproof. The majority of
submersible motors are induction motors and require no electrical
contact between the rotor and stator.
Submersible Slurry Pumps: A Submersible Slurry Pump is a
specially design to reliable pump liquid with a high concentration of
solids. Submersible slurry pumps can be operated underwater and
are used in mineral processing and wastewater treatment
applications.
Submersible Sump Pump: A Submersible Sump Pump is a pump
that is used to remove fluid from a sump, which is a low space that
collects water in a below grade structure, like a basement.
Submersible Water Pump: A Submersible Water Pump is a pump
that is design to be used underwater. It has waterproof electrical
connection. Most submersible water pumps are centrifugal, and uses
a impeller connected to the shaft of any electric motor to pump
water.
Sub-orbital: Not attaining orbit, i.e. a ballistic space shot.
Subplate: A metal base to which a specific valve may be attached
using a specified bolt kit.
Subplate: A metal base to which a specific valve may be attached
using a specified bolt kit.
Subplate Sections (Lube Systems): Baseplates that support the
working valve sections of stackable subplate divider valves,
containing internal porting, outlet ports and tie bolt holes.
Subprime: A loan made to a borrower with a low credit rating and
that typically bears interest at a higher rate to compensate the lender
for the greater risk.
Sub-satellite: A secondary object released from a parent satellite in
orbit, e.g. an electronic "ferret" released by a reconnaissance
satellite.
Subsatellite point: Point where a straight line drawn from a satellite
to the center of the Earth intersects the Earth's surface.
Subsea Pressure Vessels: A Subsea Pressure Vessel is a pressure
vessel that is designed to be used underwater. Typical applications
include flotation and buoyancy tanks for seagoing structures.
Subsea Welding: Subsea Welding refers to the practice of joining
metals underwater. This is typically done by a diver using a gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) technique.
Subsidence: In weather forecasting terminology, this term refers to
sinking motions of air masses. It could also refer to sinking motions
within fluids or bodies of water.
Subsidized or subvented lease: See "special lease."
Subsieve Fraction: Particles that will pass through a 44 um (325
mesh) screen.
Subsonic: Flight at a speed below that of sound.
Subsonic: Velocity less than the speed of sound. The MD-11 is a
subsonic aircraft because it never flies above the speed of sound.
Substation: Name given to an area that is an electrical power
distribution center. A substation may contain several feeders of
different voltages, transformers, and the associated circuit breakers
and instrumentation for protection.
Substation: Name given to an area that is an electrical power
distribution center. A substation may contain several feeders of
different voltages, transformers, and the associated circuit breakers
and instrumentation for protection.
Substation Dcs Systems: Substation DCS (Distributed Control
System) refers to a power generation system in which the
substations have decentralized control and can be monitored and
communicated to from a number of points on the power grid via a
system of controllers.
Substation Transformers: A Substation Transformer is used to
transform an incoming voltage into a desired output voltage. Often, a
step down transformer is used to transform high voltage used in long
distance power transmission into a lower voltage for residential and
light industrial use. A Step up transformer, on the other hand,
increases the voltage for heavy industrial usage.
Substitutional Element: An alloying element with an atomic size
and other features similar to the solvent that can replace or
substitute for the solvent atoms in the lattice and form a significant
region of solid solution in the phase diagram.
Substitutional Solid Solution: A solid solution in which the solvent
and solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the
crystal structure of the solution.
Substitutional Solid Solution: A solid solution in which the solvent
and solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the
crystal structure of the solution.
Substrate: Raw material used as an input for steel processing: for
example, hot-rolled steel is the substrate for cold rolling operations.
Substrate: The layer of metal underlying a coating, regardless of
whether the layer is base metal.
Subsurface Corrosion: Formation of isolated particles of corrosion
prooucts beneath a metal surface. This results from the preferential
reactions of certain alloy constituents to inward diffusion of oxygen,
nitrogen or sulfur.
Sub-trim : This is a trim function on many computer radios, allowing
trim function during set-up, and still allowing the full trim function in
flight.
Subtropical: Generally the part of the Earth's surface between the
tropics and the temperate regions, or between about 40 degrees N.
and S.
Subzero Treatment: Refrigeration of steel to promote
transformation of retained austenite.
Subzero Treatment: Refrigeration of steel to promote
transformation of retained austenite.
Suck In: A Defect caused when one face of a forging is sucked in to
fill a projection on the opposite side.
Suction Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil as it leaves the
system's storage tank before it enters the pump.
Suction Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil as it leaves the
system's storage tank before it enters the pump.
Suction head : The positive pressure on the pump inlet when the
source of liquid supply is above the pump centerline.
Suction lift : The combination of static suction lift and friction head
in the suction piping when the source of liquid is below the pump
centerline.
Suction line: A passage that leads from a reservoir or tank to the
inlet port of a pump.
Suction line : Tube or pipe used to carry refrigerant gas from
evaporator to compressor.
Suction pressure : Pressure in low-pressure side of a refrigerating
system.
Suction pressure control valve : Device located in the suction line
which maintains constant pressure in evaporator during running
portion of cycle.
Suction pressure control valve : Device located in the suction line
which maintains constant pressure in evaporator during running
portion of cycle.
Suction service valve : Two-way manually operated valve located
at the inlet to compressor. It controls suction gas flow and is used to
service unit.
Suction side : Low-pressure side of the system extending from the
refrigerant control through the evaporator to the inlet valve of the
compressor.
Suction stroke: It is the first stroke of the four stroke internal
combustion engine. In his condition inlet valve (four stoke engine) or
port (in case of two stroke engine) remains open and exhaust valve
close. The piston moves to BDC from TDC and suck the air fuel
mixture from inlet.
Suess effect: The relative change in the 14C/C or 13C/C ratio of
any carbon pool or reservoir caused by the addition of fossil-fuel
CO2 to the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are devoid of 14C because of
the radioactive decay of 14C to 14N during long underground
storage and are depleted in 13C because of isotopic fractionation
eons ago during photosynthesis by the plants that were the
precursors of the fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide produced by the
combustion of fossil fuels is thus virtually free of 14C and depleted
in 13C. The term Suess effect originally referred to the dilution of
the 14C/C ratio in atmospheric CO2 by the admixture of fossil-fuel
produced CO2, but the definition has been extended to both the 14C
and 13C ratios in any pool or reservoir of thecarbon cycle resulting
from human disturbances.
SUFT: Steel unfit for Tin.
SULEV: Super-ultra low emission vehicle. A vehicle that meets an
emissions standard that is stricter than the ULEV standard.
Sulface Alterations: Irregularities or changes on the surface of a
material due to machining or grinding operations. The types of
surface alterations associated with metal removal practices include
mechanical (for example, plastic deformation, hardness variations,
cracks. etc.), metallurgical (for example, phase transformations,
twinning, recrystallization and untempered or overtempered
martensite), chemical (for example, intergranular attack,
embriblement and pitting), thermal (heat-affected zone, recast or
redeposited metal and resolidified material) and electrical surface
alterations (conductivity change or resistive heating).
Sulface Roughness: Fine irregularities in the surface texture of a
material, usually including those resulting from the inherent action of
the production process. Surface roughness is usually reported as the
aritmetic roughness average, Ra, and is given in micrometers or
microinches.
Sulfate: A compound, ion, or salt of sulfur and oxygen, such as
sodium sulfate (Na2S04).
Sulfate aerosol: Particulate matter that consists of compounds of
sulfur formed by the interaction of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
with other compounds in the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols are
injected into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels and
the eruption of volcanoes like Mt. Pinatubo. Recent theory suggests
that sulfate aerosols may lower the Earth's temperature by reflecting
away solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). Global Climate
Models which incorporate the effects of sulfate aerosols more
accurately predict global temperature variations.
Sulfidation: The reaction of a metal or alloy with a sulfur-containing
species to produce a sulfur compound that forms on or beneath the
surface on the metal or alloy.
Sulfide Spheroidization: A stage of overheating in which sulfide
inclusions are partly or completely spheroidized.
Sulfide Staining: A coating defect consisting of dark gray-black
colored residue on tinplate which occurs when a break in the coating
permits a high sulfur food to contact the tinplate.
Sulfide Staining: A coating defect consisting of a dark grey black
colored residue on tinplate which occurs when a break in the coating
permits a high sulfur food to contact the tinplate.
Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC): Brittle fracture by cracking under
the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence
of water and hydrogen sulfide.
Sulfite decomposition : Sodium sulfite, which is used as an oxygen
scavenger, may decompose with higher temperatures and
concentration. The decomposition results in forming sulfur dioxide
and thus leading to an acidic anhydride causing corrosion.
Sulfonic: A specific acidic group (SO3H) on which depends the
exchange activity of certain cation adsorbents.
Sulfur: Chemical symbol S) Element No. 16 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 32.06. Non metal occurring in a number of allotropic
modifications, the most common being a pale yellow brittle solid. In
steel most commonly encountered as an undesired contaminant.
However, it is frequently deliberately added to cutting stock, to
increase machinability.
Sulfur (S): Normally kept as low as possible in steels as it has a
detrimental effect on hot and cold formability, ductility, fatigue
properties and on weldability. It is beneficial, through the form of
manganese sulfide particles, on the machinability of steel and up to
~0.35% can be present in free-cutting steels.
Sulfur dioxide (so2): A compound composed of one sulfur and two
oxygen molecules. Sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere
through natural and anthropogenic processes is changed in a
complex series of chemical reactions in the atmosphere to sulfate
aerosols. These aerosols result in negative radiative forcing (i.e.,
tending to cool the Earth's surface).
Sulfur dioxide (so2) : An old refrigerant.
Sulfur Dome: An inverted container, holding a high concentration of
sulfur dioxide gas, used in die casting to cover a pot of molten
magnesium to prevent burning.
Sulfur Print: A macrographic method of examining for the
distribution of sulfide impurities, in which a sheet of wet acidified
bromide paper is placed on the polished surface to be examined.
Sulfur Prints: A macrographic method of examining for the
distribution of sulfide impurities, in which a sheet of wet acidified
bromide paper is placed on the polished surface to be examined.
Summer schedule: Defined by IATA as the 7-month period running
from the last Saturday in March to the last Saturday in October.
Sump: A reservoir.
Sumps : Points underneath each fuel tank to test for contamination
like water or other debris.
Sun: The closest star to Earth (149,599,000 km away on average).
The sun dwarfs the other bodies in the solar system, representing
approximately 99.86 percent of all the mass in the solar system. One
hundred and nine Earths would be required to fit across the Sun's
disk, its interior could hold over 1.3 million Earths.The source of the
Sun's energy is the nuclear reactions that occur in its core. There, at
temperatures of 15 million degrees Celsius (27 million degrees
Fahrenheit) hydrogen atom nuclei, called protons, are fused and
become helium atom nuclei. The energy produced through fusion at
the core moves outward, first in the form of electromagnetic radiation
called photons. Next, energy moves upward in photon heated solar
gas--this type of energy transport is called convection. Convective
motions within the solar interior generate magnetic fields that
emerge at the surface as sunspots and loops of hot gas called
prominences. Most solar energy finally escapes from a thin layer of
the Sun's atmosphere called the photosphere--the part of the Sun
observable to the naked eye.The sun appears to have been active
for 4.6 billion years and has enough fuel for another 5 billion years or
so. At the end of its life, the Sun will start to fuse helium into heavier
elements and begin to swell up, ultimately growing so large that it will
swallow Earth. After a billion years as a 'red giant,' it will suddenly
collapse into a 'white dwarf.' It may take a trillion years to cool off
completely.
Sun effect : Solar energy transmitted into space through windows
and building materials.
Sun gear: The biggest and main gear provided in to the epicyclical
gear box and differential is known as the Sun gear. It is connected to
main shaft which controls the gear ratio.
Sun Gear: The center gear that remains in mesh with the planet
gears.
Sun Sensor: A dash top sensor, usually dome-shaped, that
measures the "sun load" on the vehicle to help improve the accuracy
of the automatic climate control system.
Sun synchronous orbit: A walking orbit whose orbital plan
precesses with the same period as the planet's solar orbital period.
In such an orbit, a satellite crosses periapsis at about the same local
time every orbit.
Sun : Sunday (MON-TUE-WED-THU-FRI-SAT-SUN-HOL)
Sunglint: The mirror-like reflection of the Sun off a water surface in
a satellite image. If the ocean were as smooth as a mirror, a
sequence of nearly perfect reflections of the Sun would appear in a
line along the track of the satellite’s orbit. Because the ocean is
never perfectly smooth or calm, however, the Sun’s reflection gets
blurred as the light is scattered in all directions by waves. The
blurred reflection gives the ocean surface a washed out appearance
—the sunglint region.
Sunphotometer: A device that measures the properties of light
emanating from the sun.
Sunroof: A fixed or operable opening in the roof of a vehicle that is
covered with a metal or glass plug.
Sunshade: A removable or retractable device that limits or prevents
light from passing through a vehicles window.
Sunspot: A region on the surface (photosphere) of the sun that is
temporarily cool and dark compared to surrounding areas.
See Sunspots and the Solar Max and ACRIMSAT fact sheet
Sunspot: A relatively dark, sharply defined region on the solar disk,
marked by an umbra approximately 2000K cooler than the effective
photospheric temperature, surrounded by a less dark but also
sharply bounded penumbra. The average spot diameter is about
3700 km, but can range up to 245,000 km. Most sunspots are found
in groups of two or more, but they can occur singly. Sunspots are
cyclic, with a period of approximately 11 years. The quantitative
description of sunspot activity is called the Wolf sunspot number,
denoted R. The Wolf sunspot number is also referred to as Wolfer
sunspot number, Zurich relative sunspot number (Rz), or relative
sunspot number.
Sunspot cycle: The recurring, eleven-year rise and fall in the
number of sunspots.
Sunspots: Dark regions on the Sun which are the centers of large
vortices and possess powerful magnetic fields. Maximum sunspot
activity occurs in cycles with a period of about 11 years.
Sun-synchronous: Describes the orbit of a satellite that provides
consistent lighting of the Earth-scan view. The satellite passes the
equator and each latitude at the same time each day. For example, a
satellite's sun-synchronous orbit might cross the equator twelve
times a day, each time at 3:00 p.m. local time. The orbital plane of a
sun-synchronous orbit must also precess (rotate) approximately one
degree each day, eastward, to keep pace with the Earth's revolution
around the sun.
Superabrasives: Synthetically produced diamond and cubic boron
nitride (CBN) used in a wide variety of cutting and grinding
applications.
Superalloy (High-Temperature Alloy): Alloy that can withstand
very hot operating environments — up to 2,000°F (1,093°C) for
some alloys — and attendant corrosion and oxidation problems.
Superalloys: An alloy developed for very high temperature use
where relatively high stresses are encountered and where oxidation
resistance is needed.
Supercharge: To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric
pressure.
Supercharged : Method for increasing engine power.
Supercharger: The device which increase the air intake pressure
and feed it into intake port of the engine. It is connected between the
air filter and engine intake port. It is driven by the engine power
directly or indirectly.
Supercharger: A device powered by a belt, gear, shaft or chain
connected to the engines crankshaft that forces air into an internal-
combustion engine in order to increase engine power.
Supercharger: A form of compressor, often turbine-driven, to force
more fuel/air mixture into the cylinders of a piston-engine than can
be induced by the pistons at ambient atmospheric pressure.
Supercharger drive belt: A "toothed" belt used to drive a pulley that
turns the impeller of a centrifugal-style supercharger.
Supercharger fluid: A liquid used to lubricate the internal
components (for example, the impeller and the bearings) of a
supercharger.
Supercharging: it is the process of supplying the air fuel mixture
above the atmospheric pressure to the engine. It improves the
volumetric efficiency of engine. So ultimately it helps into overall
efficiency of the engine.
Supercomputer: A computer that is especially designed to receive,
process and present very large amounts of data very quickly. The
Cray Y-MP is an example of a supercomputer that is resident
at NASA Ames Research Center and is used forCFD.
Superconductivity: A property of many metals, alloys, compounds,
oxides and organic materials at temperatures near absolute zero by
virtue of which theirelectrical resistivity vanishes and they become
strongly diamagnetic.
Supercooling: Cooling below the temperature at which an
equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually
obtaining the transformation.
Supercooling: Cooling of a substance below the temperature at
which a change of state would ordinarily place without such a
change of state occurring, for example, the cooling of a liquid below
its freezing point without freezing taking place; this results in a
metastable state.
Supercooling: Cooling to a temperature below that of an equilibrium
phase transformation without the transformation taking place.
Superduty Fireclay Brick: Having pce above 33 with less than 1.0
percent linear shrink in the 1599 B0C (2910 B0F) reheat test, and
less than 4.0 percent loss in panel spalling test preheated at 1649
B0C (3000 B0F).
Superficial Rockwell Hardness Test: Form of Rockwell hardness
test using relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration.
Used for determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections
or small parts, or where large hardness impression might be
harmful.
Superficial Rockwell Hardness Test: Form of Rockwell hardness
test using relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration.
Used for determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections
or small parts, or where large hardness impression might be harmful.
Superfines: The portion of a metal powder that is compopsed of
particles smaller than a specified size, ususually 10um.
Superfines: The portion of a metals powder that is composed of
particles smaller than a specified sizes, usually 10 um.
Superfinishing: A low-velocity abrading process very similar to
honing; however, unlike honing, superfinishing process focus
primarily on the improvement of surface finish and much less on
correction of geometric errors (dimensional accuracy). Also known
as microhoning.
Superheat: The heat added to a fluid above its saturation point.
Superheat: Any increment of temperature above the melting point of
a metal; sometimes construed to be any increment of temperature
above normal casting temperatures introduced for the purpose of
refining, alloying or improving fluidity.
Superheated Steam: Steam that has passed through the
superheater elements and has become saturated with heat to a
temperature of approximately 850°F. Higher steam temperature
allows for greater expansion of the steam in its end-use and thus,
more work can be performed by a given amount of steam.
Superheated Steam: Steam that has passed through the
superheater elements and has become saturated with heat to a
temperature of approximately 850 degrees. Higher steam
temperature allows for greater expansion of the steam in it's end use
and thus more work can be performed by a given amount of steam.
Superheated steam : Steam heated above its saturation
temperature.
Superheated vapor : A vapor which is not about to condense.
Superheater: Heat exchanger arranged to take heat from liquid
going to evaporator and using it to superheat vapor leaving
evaporator.
Superheater Elements: Bank of boiler tubes whose purpose is to
increase the steam temperature under the same pressure before it
exits the boiler. Only steam passes through the superheater
elements. This bank of tubes is in the hottest fire in the boiler.
Superheater Elements: Bank of boiler tubes whose purpose is to
increase the steam temperature under the same pressure before it
exits the boiler. Only steam passes through the superheater
elements. This bank of tubes is in the hottest fire in the boiler
Superheating: The process of adding heat to a vapor in order to
raise its temperature above saturation temperature. It is impossible
to superheat a saturated vapor as long as it is in contact with the
liquid from which it is being generated; hence the vapor must be led
away from the liquid before it can be superheated.
Superheating: 1. Heating a phase to a temperature above that of a
phase transformation without the transformation taking place. 2.
Heating molten metal to a temperature to obtain more complete
refining or greater fluidity.
Superior conjunction: Alignment between Earth and a planet on
the far side of the Sun.
Superior planets: Planets whose orbits are farther from the Sun
than Earth's, i.e. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
Also called outer planets.
Supernova: A large dying star, the final collapse of which is a
cataclysmic explosion, hurling its substance into space.
Superplastic Forming (SPF): A strain rate sensitive sheet metal
forming process that uses characteristics of materials exhibiting high
tensile elongation. During superplastic forming, gas pressure is
imposed on a superplastic sheet, causing the material to form into
the die configuration. See also superplasticity. (see Superplasticity)
Superplasticity: The ability of certain metals (most notably
aluminum- and titanium-base alloys) to develop extremely high
tensile elongations at elevated temperatures and under controlled
rates of deformation.
Supersaturated: Metastable solution in which the dissolved material
exceeds the amount the solvent can hold in normal equilibrium at the
temperature and under other conditions that prevail.
Supersaturated: Metastable solution in which the dissolved material
exceeds the amount the solvent can hold in normal equilibrium at the
temperature and under the other conditions that prevail.
Supersaturated solution : A solution of a salt or mineral with a
concentration beyond the normal saturation point.
Supersonic: Speed in excess of that of sound.
Supersonic: Velocity greater than the speed of sound. The SR-71 is
characterized as a supersonic aircraft because it travels from three
to four times the speed of sound. A supersonicaircraft can fly from
New York to London in less than two hours.
Supersonic Reflectoscope: An instrument for sending, receiving
and measuring sound waves over 20,000 cycles per second.
Supersonic Reflectoscope: An instrument for sending, receiving,
and measuring sound waves over 20,000 cycles per second.
Superstructure: The rotating upper frame structure of the machine
and the operating machinery mounted thereon.
Supersucker: A truck that is used to remove sludge from the plater
cells and plater distribution tank.
Supersucker: A truck that is used to remove sludge from the plater
cells and plater distribution tank.
Support Pin: Large steel pin used to hold the burr mashers in
place.
Support Pin: Large steel pin used to hold the burr mashers in place.
Support Plate: A plate that supports a draw ring or draw plate in a
sheet metal forming press. It also serves as a spacer. See also draw
plate and draw ring. (see Draw Plate) (see Draw Ring)
Supporting Knobs Technology: Small bumps in the shoulder
grooves help to provide lateral block rigidity.
Supporting Lift: A lifter that carries the load on rigid projection(s) or
bearing surface(s).
Supporting Structure: The structure used for the support of a
monorail or crane system.
Supramor: An electromagnetic flaw detection ink for the rapid
detection of subcutaneous and surface flaws in ferrous metals.
Supramor: An electromagnetic flaw detection ink for the rapid
detection of subcutaneous and surface flaws in ferrous metals.
Surcharge: This is an addition to the normal mill price of steel to
cover the cost of alloying elements used in producing certain grades.
In some cases, surcharges also reflect energy costs. Surcharges
were introduced when the price of alloying elements, such as nickel,
became much more volatile, moving sharply away from their historic,
and more stable, price range. Mills were faced with sharply
escalating prices and introduced surcharges to protect their margins.
Clearly over time, surcharge values move down as well as up. Apart
from nickel, other elements typically factored into mill surcharge
calculations include chrome, molybdenum, manganese, titanium,
vanadium, silicon and iron (scrap). Surcharges can play a very
influential role in setting the transaction price (base price +
surcharge) of stainless steel, and can significantly exceed the base
price. They are also a factor in the pricing of other alloy steels like
electrical sheet and engineering/SBQ grades, as well as carbon
steels in some markets (scrap surcharge). Values are usually
adjusted monthly based on recent past alloy/scrap price
movements.
Surface air temperature: The temperature of the air near the
surface of the Earth, usually determined by a thermometer in an
instrument shelter about 2 m above the ground. The true daily mean,
obtained from a thermograph, is approximated by the mean of 24
hourly readings and may differ by 1.0 degrees C from the average
based on minimum and maximum readings. The global average
surface air temperature is 15 degrees C.
Surface air temperature: The temperature of the air near the
surface of the Earth, usually determined by a thermometer in an
instrument shelter about 2 meters above the ground. The true daily
mean, obtained from a thermograph, is approximated by the mean of
24 hourly readings and may differ by 1.0 degree C from the average
based on minimum and maximum readings. The global average
surface air temperature is 15 degrees C.
Surface albedo: The fraction of solar radiation incident on the
Earth's surface that is reflected by it. Reflectivity varies with ground
cover, and during the winter months it varies greatly with the amount
of snow cover (depth and areal extent). Roughness of terrain,
moisture content, solar angle, and angular and spectral distribution
of ground-level irradiations are other factors affecting surface albedo.
Surface Blasting: Surface Blasting is a technique in which an
abrasive is combined with a pressurized air to mechanically abrade a
surface to remove rust, corrosion, paints, or coatings.
Surface blowdown : Removal of water, foam, etc. from the surface
at the water level in a boiler.
Surface Contamination: A defect referring to a particle or
substance foreign to the typical surface generated during normal
steel production. Such a foreign substance may be in the form of a
film, oxide growth, imbedded material, etc., and may cause
discoloration, poor lacquer adhesion, container forming problems,
corrosion, etc.
Surface Contamination: A defect referring to a particle or
substance foreign to the typical surface generated during normal
steel production. Such a foreign substance may be in the form of a
film, oxide growth, imbedded material, etc., and may cause
discoloration, poor lacquer adhesion, container forming problems,
corrosion, etc.
Surface Critical: An order specification which indicates the end-use
requirement and dictates special processing to ensure a uniform,
"defect free" surface.
Surface Critical: An order specification which indicates the end use
requirement and dictates special processing to ensure a uniform,
defect free surface.
Surface Damage: In tribology, damage to a solid surface resulting
from mechanical contact with another substance, surface or surfaces
moving relatively to it and involving the displacement or removal of
material. In certain contexts, wear is a form of surface damage in
which material is progressively removed. In another context, surface
damage involves a deterioration of function of a solid surface even
though there is no material loss from that surface. Surface damage
may therefore precede wear.
Surface Finish: The surface roughness of a component as
measured by a surface profilometer.
Surface Finish: (Tin Mill Products) The ground roll finishes are 7B, a
smooth finish, normally for melted coatings intended for special
applications; 7C, the standard mill finish, for either melted or
unmelted coatings is the finish used for most applications. The
blasted roll finishes are 5B, a shot blast finish (SBF) with a melted tin
coating; 5C, a shot blast finish with an unmelted tin coating,
principally for crowns and closures; 5D, a shot blast finish with and
unmelted tin coating primarily for D&I cans.
Surface Hardening: A generic term covering several processes
applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by quench
hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear-resistant
than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical
composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are
induction hardening, flame hardening and shell hardening. Use of
the applicable specific process name is preferred.
Surface Hardening: generic term covering several processes
applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by quench
hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant
than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical
composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are
induction hardening, flame hardening and shell hardening. Use of
the applicable specific process name is preferred.
Surface heating : The exterior surface of a heating unit. Extended
heating surface (or extended surface), consisting of fins, pins, or ribs
which receive heat by conduction from the prime surface. Prime
surface: heating surface having the heating medium on one side and
air (or extended surface) on the other.
Surface Imperfections: A superficial defect that mars the surface of
steel and is detrimental to the end-use; examples include blisters
and roll mark defects.
Surface Imperfections: A superficial defect that mars the surface of
steel and is detrimental to the end use; examples include blisters
and roll mark defects.
Surface Inclusion: An inclusion or non-metallic particles that shows
through at the surface of the steel. (see Inclusions) (see Inclusions)
Surface Inclusion: An inclusion or non metallic particles that shows
through at the surface of the steel. (See also Inclusion)
Surface Inspection: The inspection of the surface of products for
defects such as ingot cracks, scabs, seams, burned steel, laps, twist,
guide marks, etc.
Surface Modification: The alteration of surface composition or
structure by the use of energy or particle beams. Two types of
surface modification methods commonly employed are ion
implantation and laser surface processing.
Surface Mount Hinge: A Surface Mount Hinge is used as a pivot
point to install a door on a cabinet. They are easy to install and
require minimal alterations to the structure.
Surface Oil: Oil which is applied for corrosion protection or other
special purposes.
Surface Oil Oil Which: Oil which is applied for corrosion protection
or other special purposes.
Surface Panel Mount Sockets: A Surface Panel Mount Socket is a
electrical connection that can be mounted on to a door or panel
easily with only a few bolts or screws. They are commonly used to
connect a electrical cabinet to an outside power source.
Surface penetrator: A probe designed to penetrate the surface of a
body, surviving an impact of hundreds of g's, measuring and
telemetering the properties of the penetrated surface.
Surface Protection Air Liquide (SPAL): The use of liquid argon,
liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide to minimize the reaction of air and
molten metal that normally occurs in an induction furnace. The liquid
or snow is fed onto the surface of the molten metal where it
vaporizes, displacing the air thus reducing slag and oxygen levels.
Surface Protection Air Liquide (Spal): The use of liquid argon,
liquid nitrogen, or carbon dioxide snow to minimize the reaction of air
and molten metal that normally occurs in an induction furnace. The
liquid or snow is fed onto the surface of the molten metal where it
vaporizes, displacing the air thus reducing slag and oxygen levels.
Surface Roughness: The texture or "pattern" of a steel surface.
Surface Roughness : The texture or pattern of a steel surface
determined by the grit on the roll or the grind on a brite roll.
Surface rover: A semi-autonomous roving vehicle deployed on the
surface of a planet or other body, taking images and soil analyses for
telemetering back to Earth.
Surface Tear: Minute surface cracks on rolled products which can
be caused by insufficient ingot scalping.
Surface Tear: Minute surface cracks on rolled products which can
be caused by insufficient ingot scalping,
Surface Tension: The attractive force exerted by molecules below
the surface upon molecules at the surface/air interface. The strength
of the surface tension varies with the polarity of the liquid: high-polar
substances like water have higher surface tension than low-polar
substances like organic solvents and oils.
Surface Tension: The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending
to minimize the area of the surface; quantitatively, the force that
appears to act across a line of unit length on the surface. Also known
as interfacial force; interfacial tension; surface tensity.
Surface Texture: The roughness, waviness, lay or other
characteristics of the surface of a part.
Surface water: All water naturally open to the atmosphere.
Surface : Related to surface of water;
Surface-spray unit : A spray coil unit.
Surfacing: Depositing a filler metal on a metal surface by any
method to obtain certain desired properties or dimensions.
Surfacing Weld: A type of weld composed of one or more stringer
or weave beads deposited on an unbroken surface to obtain desired
properties or dimensions.
Surfactant: A compound that affects interfacial tension between two
liquids. It usually reduces surface tension.
Surfactant: Any surface modifying material that imparts antiwear,
extreme pressure or rust inhibition properties, spreadability, etc.
Surfactant (Cleansers): A compound that reduces surface tension
when dissolved in water or aqueous solution, or that reduces
interfacial tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid. The
three types of surfactants are wetting agents, detergents and
emulsifiers.
Surfactants: A wetting agent used to prevent fouling, mainly in
water cooling systems.
Surge: The sudden displacement or movement of water in a closed
vessel or drum.
Surge: An increase in pressure that occurs for a specified short
period of time over the normal expected working pressure.
Surge Arrestors: A Surge Arrestor is used to protect delicate
electronics from an overvoltage surge, such as what can occur
during a lightening strike.
Surge surpressor : A device that reduces harmonic distortion in line
voltage circuits by clipping off transient voltages which are fed
through the power lines from operating equipment.
Surge tank : Container connected to the low-pressure side of a
refrigerating system which increases gas volume and reduces rate of
pressure change.
Surge Valve: A valve that is used to release pressure and wind on a
blower and to vent it to the atmosphere.
Surge Valve: A valve that is used to release pressure and wind on a
blower and to vent it to atmosphere.
Survey Equipment: Survey Equipment is used to measure
distances and positions on earth. Surveying is a fundamental civil
engineering technique.
Survivability : A survivability subsystem detects and counters
hostile actions.
Survival Power: The amount of power a mill must generate to keep
power on in critical areas (e.g., blast furnace, BOP, etc.).
Survival Power: The amount of power a mill must generate to keep
power on critical areas (e.g. blast furnace, BOP, etc.) in the event
that we should lose feeders 206 and 208 from Mon Power.
Suspended solids : Undisclosed solids in boiler water.
Suspended Solids Analyser: A Suspended Solids Analyser is used
to measure the concentration of suspended solids in a fluid, also
known as turbidity, by measuring the reflection of infrared light in a
fluid sample.
Suspension: The various springs, shock absorbers and linkages
used to suspend a vehicle’s frame, body, engine, and drive train
above its wheels.
Suspension Fittings: Fittings used to attach the track to the
supporting structure.
Suspension fluid: A fluid used in suspension systems that are
hydraulically adjustable.
Suspension geometry: The relationship between the placement of
the mounting points for each of a vehicles suspension components.
Sustainable development: Development which meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own (definition supplied in 1987 by the World Commission
on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report).
Sustainer engine: An engine that maintains propulsion of a launch
vehicle once it has discarded its boosters.
SVFR : Special VFR
Sv-vs: Soviet Military Aviation Forces (Sovietskiye Voenno-
Vozdushnye Sily).
Swage: Operation of reducing or changing the cross-sectional area
by revolving the stock under fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with
concave working surface; useful for rounding out work after its
preliminary drawing to size.
Swage: Operation of reducing or changing the cross sectional area
by revolving the stock under fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with
concave working surface; useful for rounding out work after its
preliminary drawing to size.
Swage: The method of fitting attachment incorporating a set of die
halves designed to progressively reduce the collar or ferrule
diameter to the required finish dimension by mechanically forcing the
fitting into the mating die.
Swaging: Tapering bar, rod, wire or tubing by forging, hammering or
squeezing; reducing a section by progressively tapering lengthwise
until the entire section attains the smaller dimension of the taper.
See also rotary swaging.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated by woody vegetation
and does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits; it may be fresh-
or saltwater, and tidal or nontidal.
Swamp cooler : Evaporative type cooler in which air is drawn
through porous mats soaked with water.
Swarf: Intimate mixture of grinding chips and fine particles of
abrasive and bond resulting from a grinding operation.
Swash Plate: A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump,
which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel
rotates.
Swash plate: A device that the control arms spin around on so that
the pitch of the blades is changed depending on their relative
position to the helicopter.
Swash plate: A stationary canted plate in an axial type-piston pump
which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel
rotates.
Swash plate : A device to control the pitch of rotors; on rotary-wing
aircraft, the swash plate is controlled by a collective and a cyclic;
Surface Wind Wave Motion
Swath: The area observed by a satellite as it orbits the Earth.
SWC : Significant Weather Chart
Sweat Soldering: A soldering process variation in which two or
more parts that have been precoated with solder are reheated and
assembled into a joint without the use of additional solder.
Sweep: Maximum lateral deviation from straightness of a structural
member, measured at right angles to the Y-Y axis.
Sweep: Second definition: A type of foundry pattern that is a
template cut to the profile of the desired mold shape that. When
revolved around a stake or spindle, produces that shape in the
mold.
Sweepback: A backward inclination of an airfoil from root to tip in a
way that causes the leading edge and often the trailing edge to meet
relative wind obliquely, as wing-forms that are swept back.
Sweepback wing: A wing that is slanted toward the rear of
the airplane. The F-18 aircraft is an example of a supersonic jet that
has sweepback wings.
Swell: A casting defect consisting of an increase in metal section
due to the displacement of sand by metal pressure.
Swell: A casting defect consisting of an increase in metal section
due to the displacement of sand by metal pressure.
Swelling: The expansion of an ion exchange which occurs when the
reactive groups on the resin are converted from one form to another.
Swelling: An increase in the volume or linear dimension of a
specimen immersed in liquid or exposed to a vapor.
Swept wing: Wing of which the angle between the wing leading-
edge and the centre line of the rear fuselage is less than 90 degrees.
Swept-wing : A wing in which both the leading and trailing edges
are slanted backward, to reduce air resistance at high speed.
Swift Cup Test: A simulative test for detennining formability of sheet
metal in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a
die ring and deep drawn into a cup by a flat-bottomed cylindrical
punch. The ratio of the largest blank diameter that can be drawn
successfully to the cup diameter is known as the limiting drawing
ratio (LDR) or deformation limit.
Swimming Pool Pumps: A Swimming Pool Pump is used to filter
and recirculate pool water. This prevents the water from stagnating.
Swing: Rotation of the superstructure for movement of loads in a
horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.
Swing Forging Machine: Equipment for continuously hot reducing
ingots, blooms or billets to square flats, rounds or rectangles by the
crank-driven oscillating action of paired dies.
Swing Frame Grinder: A device for grinding large castings where
the work remains stationary. This grinder, too large to be hand lifted,
is usually suspended from a hoist.
Swing Frame Grinder: A device for grinding large castings where
the work remains stationary. This grinder, too large to be hand lifted,
is usually suspended from a hoist.
Swing Lathes: A Swing Lathe is a lathe that features a cut out in the
bed to accommodate the turning of large diameter parts.
Swing Loaders: A Swing Loader is a front end loader with a pivoting
bucket to allow a load to be dumped to the side of the loader.
Swirl: It is type of the fuel mixture flow into the cylinder of the
engine. Swirl is the rotational flow of charge about its axis in to the
chamber. Some special types of the engine construction are used to
enhance the swirl action for better volumetric efficiency.
Swirl Ratio: It can be defined as the ratio of the air rotational speed
to the crankshaft rotation speed.
Switch: A digital device which closes or opens a discrete set of
contacts at a pre-set condition.
Switch, Cross-Track: A track switch containing one straight section
of track, pivoted about the center, which can be rotated to align with
other crossing tracks to allow passage of the carrier through the
junction without changing the direction of the carrier motion.
Switch, Emergency Stop: A manually actuated switch to
disconnect power independently of the regular operating Bridge
Crane Controls.
Switch, Glide (Slide): A track switch with a movable inner frame
containing straight or curved sections of track. The inner frame can
be moved to align these sections of track with other fixed tracks to
permit routing of carriers.
Switch, Limit: A device that is actuated by the motion of a part of a
power-driven machine or equipment to alter or disconnect the
electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic circuit associated with the machine
or equipment.
Switch, Main (Crane Disconnect): A switch on the crane Bridge
Crane Controlling the main power supply from the runway
conductors.
Switch, Master: Switch that dominates the operation of contactors,
relays, or other remotely operated devices.
Switch, Master, Spring-Return: A master switch that when
released will return automatically to a neutral (OFF) position.
Switch, Runway Disconnect: A switch, usually at floor level, Bridge
Crane Controlling the main power supply to the runway conductors.
Switch, Tongue: A track switch containing one straight section of
track, pivoted at one end, which can be swung to various positions to
connect with fixed tracks for routing of carriers.
Switch, Track: A device with a moving section of track that can be
moved to permit passage of a carrier from incoming fixed track(s) to
outgoing fixed track(s).
Switchboards: Switchboards are electronic equipment designed for
controlling the distribution of incoming power to different outputs.
Switchgear: Enclosures that house circuit breakers, metering and
protective relaying equipment and also distributes electrical power.
Switchgear: Switchgear is a device that uses disconnects, fuses,
and circuit breakers to isolate electric equipment from incoming
power for maintenance or repair.
Switching: An action by the load dispatcher of opening or closing
various circuit breakers in the plant for various reasons such as work
by line gang, work by breaker gang, restoring lost power.
Switching: An action by the Load Dispatcher of opening or closing
various circuit breakers in the plant for various reasons such as work
by line gang, work by breaker gang, restoring lost power.
Swivel Joint: A connector or fitting that is equipped with seals or o
rings that allow it to partially rotate while passing a fluid path through
a sealed internal passage.
Swivel joint: A connector or fitting that is equipped with seals or o-
rings allowing partial rotation while passing a fluid path through a
sealed internal passage.
Swm : SIP Wanted Message
Symmetrical Tread Design: The uniform tread pattern on both
sides of the tread for better performance in specific conditions and
on specific roads.
Synch : Engine Fan Synchronizer
Synchro: A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC
feedback signal generator, which indicates position. It can also be
used as a reference signal generator.
Synchro: A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC
feedback signal generator which indicates position. It can also be
used as a reference signal generator.
Synchro : Any device capable of converting mechanical position into
an analog electronic signal.
Synchronize: The act of bringing one electrical system (or
generator) into perfect electrical alignment with a separate electrical
system. For example, the A phase of system one would be reaching
its peak at the exact same time as the A phase of system two. It is
only when you have this synchronization that you can close a circuit
breaker and tie the two systems together.
Synchronize: The act of bringing one electrical system (or
generator) into perfect electrical alignment with a separate electrical
system. For example, the A phase of system 1 would be reaching its
peak at the exact same time as the A phase of system 2. It is only
when you have this synchronization that you can close a circuit
breaker and tie the two systems together.
Synchronous Gensets: A Synchronous Genset is a series of
generators that convert motion to electrical power via rotation of
permanent magnets. The rotating magnetic field creates an AC
voltage
Synchronous Motor: A Synchronous Motor is an AC motor which
spins at some frequency multiple of the input AC frequency. They
are generally employed in applications where constant motor speed
is critical.
Synergism: The combined action of several chemicals which
produce an effect greater than the additive effects of each.
Synergism : The combined action of several chemicals which
produce an effect greater than the additive effects of each.
Synoptic chart: Chart showing meteorological conditions over a
region at a given time; weather map.
Synoptic view: The ability to see large areas at the same time.
Synthesizer : Frequency synthesizer, an electronic circuit capable of
generating multiple frequencies from a single crystal oscillator.
Synthetic aperture radar: A radar imaging instrument which
provides a penetrating illumination of radio waves, and is capable of
imaging surfaces covered by clouds and haze. SAR images are
constructed of a matrix where lines of constant distance or range
intersect with lines of constant Doppler shift.
Synthetic aperture radar (sar): A high-resolution ground-mapping
technique that effectively synthesizes a large receiving antenna by
processing the phase of the reflected radar return. The along-track
resolution is obtained by timing the radar return (time-gating) as for
ordinary radar. The cross-track (azimuthal) resolution is obtained by
processing the Doppler phase of the radar return. The cross-track
'dimension' of the antenna is a function of the length of time over
which the Doppler phase is collected. See Doppler effect.
Synthetic Cold-rolled Sheet: A hot-rolled pickled sheet given a
sufficient final temper pass to impart a surface approximating that of
cold-rolled steel.
Synthetic Fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from a synthetic
base. A fluid manufactured to specified characteristics. Normally will
not support combustion if heated to a specific temperature.
Synthetic fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from a synthetic
base. A fluid, manufactured to specified characteristics. Normally will
not support combustion if heated to a specific temperature.
Synthetic Gear Oils: Synthetic Gear Oils are used to lubricate the
moving components in a gearbox or transmission. Synthetic Oils
have chemistries that are formulated for specific lubrication
properties and is an improvement over mineral oils
Synthetic Lubricant: A lubricant is a compound used to reduce
friction between moving surfaces such as those found in motors,
engines, shafts, gears and other mechanical connections. While
some lubricants may be natural, such as water, others are man-
made, or synthetic. Synthetic lubricants combine multiple chemicals
into a compound that delivers superior performance. For example,
synthetic oils are produced with chemical additives to improve
lubrication, increase resistance to heat breakdown, and increase the
effectiveness of the oil for a longer period of time.
Synthetic Lubricants/Fluids: Man-made products created by
chemically combining specific compounds, producing substances
with specialized lubricating qualities to meet specific objectives. This
group includes the following subgroups: synthesized hydrocarbons,
principally polyalphaolefin; organic esters, e.g., the diesters and
polyol esters; polyglycols, some of which are used in water-glycol FR
fluids; phosphate esters, FR fluids with good lubricating
characteristics; and others, e.g., silicones, silicate esters, polyphenyl
esters and fluorocarbons.
Synthetic Molding Sand: Any sand compounded from selected
individual materials which, when mixed together, produce a mixture
of the proper physical and mechanical properties from which to make
foundry molds.
Synthetic Molding Sand: Any sand compounded from selected
individual materials which, when mixed together, produce a mixture
of the proper physical and mechanical properties from which to make
foundry molds.
Synthetic rubber: Man-made, as opposed to natural, rubber. Most
of today’s passenger car and light commercial vehicle tyres have a
relatively small amount of natural rubber in their content.
Synthetics Cleaners: Synthetic Cleaners are specially formulated
chemical compounds that are designed for specific cleaning
purposes.
System: A series of ducts, conduits, elbows, branch piping, etc.
designed to guide the flow of air, gas or vapor to and from one or
more locations. A fan provides the necessary energy to overcome
the resistance to flow of the system and causes air or gas flow
through the system. Some components of a typical system are
louvers, grilles, diffusers, filters, heating and cooling coils, air
pollution control devices, burner assemblies, volume flow control
dampers, mixing boxes, sound attenuators, the ductwork and related
fittings.
System Pressure: See OPERATING PRESSURE.
System pressure: See OPERATING PRESSURE.
System Sand: Foundry sand used in making molds and which
eventually becomes the bulk of the sand used in the mechanical
system or mechanized unit. See also Sand
System Start: Button on the oil system's control panels which is
pushed after the pump selections have been made in order to start
the system.
System Stop: Button on the oil systems' control panel that is pushed
to shut down the system.
System : Applied to measurements, means the best value that the
system can determine.
System, central fan : A mechanical, indirect system of heating,
ventilating, or air conditioning, in which the air is treated or handled
by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central
location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by means of a fan and
a system of distributing ducts.
System, closed : A heating or refrigerating piping system in which
circulating water or brine is completely enclosed, under pressure
above atmospheric, and shut off from the atmosphere except for an
expansion tank.
System, duct : A series of ducts, conduits, elbows, branch piping,
etc. designed to guide the flow of air, gas or vapor to and from one or
more locations. A fan provides the necessary energy to overcome
the resistance to flow of the system and causes air or gas to flow
through the system. Some components of a typical system are
louvers, grilles, diffusers, filters, heating and cooling coils energy
recovery de vices, burner assemblies, volume dampers, mixing
boxes, sound attenuators, the ductwork and related fittings.
System, flooded : A system in which only part of the refrigerant
passing over the heat transfer surface is evaporated, and the portion
not evaporated is separated from the vapor and recirculated.
System, unitary : A complete, factory assembled and factory tested
refrigerating system comprising one or more assemblies which may
be shipped as one unit or separately but which are designed to be
used together.
T : A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated
for speeds up to 190 kph (118 mph), as in P220TR15.The next
higher rating is H and the one lower rating is S
T & C: Threaded and coupled. Male (pin) threads are cut into and
cut into pieces and a coupling provides female threads for both
lengths joined.
T & RA: tyre and Rim Association.
T / t : tonne
T/o : take-off
T/rs : Thrust Reversers
T3M: Trailing 3 Months
Ta: Chemical symbol for tantalum.
Ta: Chemical symbol for Tantalum
TA : Acronym for Temperature Air (Honda)
TA sensor : Intake Air Temperature Sensor
Ta : Traffic advisory (TCAS)
Tab : 1. A small projecting part as on a tab washer, or on a gasket
where it engages with another seal. 2. Not a continuous flange as
provided at the top mounting of a fender, but a short flange section to
provide localized fitting of one panel to another .
TAB : Acronym for Thermactor Air bypass solenoid
Tab washer : A washer with a projection that may be hammered
against a flat side of a nut, or into a hole in the surface, or over an
edge, in order to secure the nut to the surface on which it bears
Table Mill: In ring rolling, a type of ring forging equipment employing
multiple mandrels with a common main roll. Usually used in high
volume production of small-diameter rolled rings.
Table Mill: In ring rolling, a type of ring forging equipment employing
multiple mandrels with a common main roll. Usually used in high
volume production of small diameter rolled rings.
Table Test: A quality test taken to visually inspect the plate.
Table Test: A quality test taken to visually inspect the plate.
Tabs: Small auxiliary control surfaces which can be adjusted to
offset aerodynamic loads imposed on main control surfaces.
Tac: Tactical Air Command (USAF).
TAC : 1. Acronym for Thermostatic air cleaner 2. Acronym for
Throttle Actuator Control
TAC system : A contact breaker ignition system developed by
Lucas, controlled by two transistors, one serving as a power output
transistor
Tacan point-to-point (tcnp) : A basic guidance mode, providing
lateral guidance to a point relative to a TACAN station by specified
range and bearing;
Tacan : Terrain avoidance
Tach : Abbreviation for Tachometer.
Tach Roll: Roll used for measuring line speed.
Tacho : Colloquial term for Tachograph
Tachogenerators: A tachogenerator is a device for measuring the
rotational speed of a shaft by correlating speed to the voltage
produced by a small generator attached to the shaft.
Tachograph : Instrument to record, on a graph, vehicle trip
information such as speed, rpm, distance, time traveled, stop and go
periods. It is used on transport trucks.
Tachometer: An instrument that tells the driver how fast the engine
is rotating, commonly including a redline to indicate the maximum
engine speed.
Tachometer: An instrument used to measure the revolutions per
minute (rpm) of a rotating shaft of a turbine.
Tachometer: A digital or analog device that produces a pulse train
of electrical signals that is proportional to its rotational speed.
Tachometer : 1. A device used to indicate the speed of the engine
in rpm. The tachometer is mounted on or near the Dashboard (some
even appear on the Hood and others in a heads-up display on the
Windshield). It helps the Driver to know the optimum rpm for
changing gears on a vehicle with Manual transmission. A tachometer
is also a diagnostic device which a mechanic uses to determine Idle
speed and other Carburetor and running settings. Also called a rev
counter
Tachometer Gauges: A Tachometer Gauge is used to measure
rotational speed, typically on revolutions per minute.
Tachometer : An optical sensor designed specifically to count light
impulses through a turning propeller and read out the engine RPM.
Tack : 1. A term used to describe the sticky quality of a rubber
compound.2. The sticky quality of an adhesive film, either while wet
or after the film has set. Technically it is the pull resistance
(measured in dynes) exerted by a material completely adhering to
two surfaces being pulled apart.
Tack cloth : A special cloth used to wipe sanded panels prior to
spraying in order to remove even minute dust particles and other
foreign substances from the panel surface
Tack coat : The first Coat of Enamel that is allowed to dry until tacky
usually about 10-30 minutes, depending on the amount of Thinner
used. The surface is tacky when it will not stick to the finger when
light pressure is applied
Tack hammer : A special hammer with a magnetic head for inserting
small nails or tacks
Tack rag : A cloth impregnated with a non-drying Varnish that is
used to pick up dust and dirt particles.
Tack range : The time during of a film to distortion or rupture when it
is exposed to forces exerted in opposite directions (measured in psi).
Tack weld : Small weld used to temporarily hold together
components of an assembly.
Tack welding : Attaching a panel provisionally by placing a few
spots of weld along its outline; final spot or seam welding is carried
out only afterwards
Tack Welds: Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weld in
proper alignment while the final welds are being made.
Tack Welds: Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weld in
proper alignment while the final welds are being made.
Tackiness: A coating defect consisting of a stickiness of a cured
coating. Blocking is caused by tackiness.
Tackiness: A coating defect consisting of a stickiness of a cured
coating. Blocking is caused by tackiness.
Tackiness : The stickiness of the adhesive film while in the stage of
drying.
Tacking: Making tack welds.
Tacking : Attaching a panel provisionally by placing a few spots of
weld along its outline; final spot or seam welding is carried out only
afterwards
Taco : To bend a wheel over on itself, in the shape of a taco. "I
taco'd my wheel when I hit that tree."
Taconite: Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron. It is the
primary ore used in blast furnaces. Domestic supplies of iron-rich
ores (greater than 50% iron) were largely depleted in the 1940s, so
integrated steel companies now process the lower-grade taconite to
make it useful.
Taconite: Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron. It is the
primary ore used in blast furnaces. Domestic supplies of iron rich
ores (greater than 50% iron) were largely depleted in the 1940s, so
integrated steel companies now process the lower grade taconite to
make it useful.
Tact: See The Air Traffic Cargo Tariff.
TACT : Transition Altitude
Tactical air navigation (tacan) : A basic guidance mode, providing
lateral guidance to a TACAN station; Equipment that determines
range and bearing to a radio station with a TACAN transmitter;
Tactile paving : Contoured paving to mark out pedestrian crossing
points for those with vision problems.
TAD : Acronym for Thermactor air diverter solenoid
Tadpole cycle : A three wheel cycle with two wheels in front and
one in the back.
TAE : Track angle error
TAEE : Acronym for Tertiary amyl ethyl ether
TAF : Terminal Area Forecast (weather forecast)
Tag axle : A non-powered axle placed behind the drive axle in large
trucks. Contrasted with a Pusher axle which is placed in front of the
drive axle.
Tag block : A wiring harness terminal block with a number of
electrical plugs and sockets
Tag Trailers : A single axle trailer with equipment like generators,
cement mixers, or wood chippers.
Tagalong Trailers : Usually single axle equipment like generators,
cement mixers, or wood chippers.
Tagline: An electrical conductor system employing flexible cables.
Tag-Robinson Colorimeter : An instrument used to determine the
color of oils. Also a scale of color values.
TAGS: Transportation Association of Greater Springfield
Taiga: The open northern part of the boreal forest. It consists of
open woodland of coniferous trees growing in a rich floor of lichen,
and is generally cold and swampy.
Tail: Slag that has cooled to a solid phase at the spout.
Tail : The rear of a vehicle.
Tail boom: A horizontal portion of the helicopter that holds the tail
surfaces and tail rotor
Tail dragger: An airplane that has 2 main wheels and a small tail
wheel.
Tail dragger : The nickname of an airplane that sits on its tail with
the two main wheels in front and a tail wheel in the rear.
Tail End: 1. The balance of the coil removed from the entry end. 2.
The portion of the coil that makes up the inner diameter on the entry
reels and the outer diameter on the delivery reels.
Tail End: 1) The balance of the coil removed from the entry end. 2)
The portion of the coil that makes up the inner diameter on the entry
reels and the outer diameter on the delivery reels.
Tail fin : A vertical fin on the back of the rear fenders. Copied from a
Lockheed P38 fighter plane, Cadillac introduced tail fins on a coupe
in 1948; they were a fashion until the 1960s
Tail heavy : The description of the towing vehicle if the vehicle being
towed is too heavy
Tail lamp : The red rear light that illuminates as soon as the lights
are switched on, to show your vehicle to those behind you
Tail light : The red rear light that illuminates as soon as the lights
are switched on, to show your vehicle to those behind you
Tail light box : A deep-drawn panel spot-welded into the tail light
aperture to accept the complete tail light cluster. The tail light box
provides better corrosion protection for the electrical connections of
the tail light than would be possible by installing the tail light with a
rubber seal into the open light aperture
Tail lights: A set of housings that include a vehicles brake lamps,
reverse lights and rear turn signal lights.
Tail Mark: See ?Mark, Roll Bruise?.
Tail pipe: The end or back pipe of the automobile used to exhaust or
escape the burnt fuel gases.
Tail pipe : The Exhaust pipe which runs from the Muffler to the rear
of the vehicle. and is open to the atmosphere, through which the
Exhaust gases are routed into the atmosphere.
Tail plane: see horizontal stabilizer.
Tail rotor: A small rotor at the tail of the helicopter to counteract the
torque of the main rotor and provide yaw control.
Tail wheel : The small wheel at the tail of the airplane. This is found
on the type of airplane that has the two large wheels in the front, and
the small one in the rear. The airplane sits on its tail.
Tail wind: When the wind is blowing in the same direction as your
plane is flying, taking off or landing. Flying with a tail wind increases
the plane's ground speed.
Tailboard : A board at the rear of a pick-up that can be removed or
let down on a hinge. Compare Tailgate
Tailgate : On a truck it is the fold down access door to the truck bed.
On some Station wagon and SUVs, it is the rear opening which
usually requires the window to be lowered before the tailgate folds
out. It differs from a liftgate in that the back opening is raised to allow
entry.
Tailgating : Driving so close to the vehicle in front as to be affected
by its slipstream; a very dangerous practice as available reaction
time is reduced to a minimum. The correct distance is 2 or 3 seconds
behind the vehicle in front.
Tail-in: The orientation of the model relative to the pilot is when the
model's tail is facing towards the pilot.
Tailing Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the end of the
weld.
Tailing Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the end of the
weld.
Tailings: The end-product or waste of ore mining, usually piled up in
close proximity of a mining area. Some will often contain some metal
that can be extracted.
Tailings: The end product or waste of ore mining, usually piled up in
close proximity of a mining area. Some will often contain some metal
that can be extracted.
Tailored Blanks: A section of sheet or strip that is cut-to-length and
trimmed to match specifications for the manufacturer's stamping
design for a particular part. Because excess steel is cut away (to
save shipping costs), all that remains for the stamper is to impart the
three-dimensional shape with a die press. (see Blanking)
Tailored Blanks: A section of sheet or strip that is cut to length and
trimmed to match specifications for the manufacturer's stamping
design for a particular part. Because excess steel is cut away (to
save shipping costs), all that remains for the stamper is to impart the
three dimensional shape with a die press (see Blanking).
Tailpipe : The last link in the exhaust system. Conducts exhaust
gases from the muffler to the rear of the car and into the
atmosphere.
Tailpipe expander : A special automotive tool used for reshaping
and expanding tailpipes evenly, to assure a tight fit and prevent
exhaust leaks
Tailplane: The flying surface at the aft or tail section of an aircraft
used with horizontal or vertical to describe the axis of control or
stability.
Tailplane: Another word for a horizontal stabilizer.
Tailplane (stabilizer): Primary horizontal airfoil surface of tail unit.
Can be fixed, or may have variable incidence, and its purpose is to
provide longitudinal stability.
Tailrotor: The smaller rotor in the rear of a conventionally designed
helicopter that provides directional stability. Heliports should be
designed to minimize the potential for tailrotor strikes of people or
objects. Therefore, access points to the heliport should be well away
from where a tailrotor would normally be expected during or just after
a normal approach of just before a normal departure.
Tailshaft : A ship's propeller shaft.
Tailskid : On old World War I type aircraft, or pioneer-type aircraft,
there was no tail wheel. A wooden skid was used to support the tail
of the airplane. While this helps slow the airplane during landing, it is
useless as an aid to steering on the ground. The real aircraft with
tailskids had to be maneuvered on the ground by ground crews, who
put the tail on a small cart and towed the airplane where they wanted
it. For small distances, the tail was picked-up by hand and the
airplane pushed into position by the ground crew.
Take foot off the accelerator : The action of Easing up on the
accelerator completely so that there is only a minimal amount of fuel
entering the engine thus the engine will slow down
Take foot off the gas pedal : The action of Easing up on the gas
pedal completely so that there is only a minimal amount of fuel
entering the engine thus the engine will slow down
Take foot off the throttle pedal : The action of Easing up on the
throttle pedal completely so that there is only a minimal amount of
fuel entering the engine thus the engine will slow down
Take off : The action of accelerating your airplane along the ground
until flying speed is reached, and the thing gets airborne. Only
suitable for models with an undercarriage, otherwise you're limited to
hand launching.
Take Up: Steel block where material is wound when rolling or
slitting.
Take up : To begin to transmit the drive when the clutch is engaged
Takeoff: The process of using the thrust of
the engines to acceleratean airplane down a runway until
enough lift is generated so that the aircraft begins to fly.
Takeoff power : (1) With respect to reciprocating engines, means
the brake horsepower that is developed under standard sea level
conditions, and under the maximum conditions of crankshaft
rotational speed and engine manifold pressure approved for the
normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time
shown in the approved engine specification; and (2) With respect to
turbine engines, means the brake horsepower that is developed
under static conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric
temperature, and under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft
rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal
takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in
the approved engine specification
Takeoff safety speed : a referenced airspeed obtained after lift-off
at which the required one-engine-inoperative climb performance can
be achieved
Takeoff thrust : with respect to turbine engines, means the jet thrust
that is developed under static conditions at a specific altitude and
atmospheric temperature under the maximum conditions of rotor
shaft rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal
takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in
the approved engine specification. Tandem wing configuration
means a configuration having two wings of similar span, mounted in
tandem
Take-off weight: Maximum allowable weight of an aircraft at the
beginning of its take-off run.
Take-Up: Steel block where material is wound when rolling or
slitting.
Talbot : A vehicle brand of which all 105C and 110C models are
Classic cars. The 1946-54 Lago 4.5 models are Milestone cars.
Talbot Lago : A vehicle brand of which all 150C models are Classic
cars.
Talc : Powder lubricant to prevent sticking between tube and tire. A
soft mineral; a basic magnesium silicate usually occurring in foliated,
granular, or fibrous masses, used in the manufacture of electrical
insulators
Talking warning system : Using the car radio speakers, this
microprocessor-based system tells the driver the source of the
problem in a clear, pleasant (female) voice. If the radio is on at the
time of the alert, the computer automatically turns down the volume
so the warning can be heard
Tall Oil: A natural mixture of rosin acids obtained by acidifying the
black liquor skimmings of the alkaline paper pulp industry. “Tall” is an
abbreviation of the Swedish word “tallolja,” meaning pine; the
material was first investigated in Sweden. Tall oil is used in the
manufacture of cutting oils.
Tall oil : The oily mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and other
materials obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the
digesting (pulping) of pine wood.
Tall pipe: Outlet pipe from the evaporator.
Tallow: Animal fat prepared from beef and mutton, sometimes a
combination of solid and fluid fats; acidless tallow is used in the
formulation of compounded cylinder oils to increase wettability
properties in the presence of steam. Ordinary tallow contains 25%
fatty acids; acidless tallow contains less than 0.5%.
TAME : Acronym for Tertiary amyl methyl ether
Tamperproof carburetor : A carburetor with factory-adjusted idle
speed, sealed idle speed adjustment screw, and provisions to ensure
that exhaust emission levels remain within specified limits over an
extended period of time
Tandem : 1. A Bicycle that provides seats, bars, and pedals for two
or more riders, one behind the other. 2. A tractor-trailer truck.
Tandem axles : A pair of axles at the rear of the power unit (tractor
or straight truck) or trailer. For power units, if described as a tandem,
usually indicates the number of drive axles on the power unit.
Tandem booster : A vacuum power booster that uses two
diaphragms to increase brake application force. Smaller in diameter
than single-diaphragm boosters.
Tandem compound turbine: turbines are large turbines consisting
of two or more turbines in series coupled together as one shaft and
applied to one generator
Tandem drive : Two powered axles in combination.
Tandem master cylinder : A master cylinder with two pistons; when
the brake pedal is pressed, the pushrod activates the primary piston
which in turn moves the secondary piston; necessary for dual-circuit
braking systems
Tandem Mill: A type of cold rolling mill, the tandem mill imparts
greater strength, a uniform and smoother surface, and reduced
thickness to the steel sheet. Unlike the original single-stand mills, a
tandem mill rolls steel through a series of rolls (generally three to five
in a row) to achieve a desired thickness and surface quality.
Tandem Mill: A cluster of rolling mills where mill stands are in
tandem. At WSC, this terminology generally refers to WSC's cold
reducing mills.
Tandem Welding: Arc welding in which two or more electrodes are
in a plane parallel to the line of travel.
Tang : A device mounted on a rotating shaft or component that
engages in a recess of a component to be driven
Tangent Bending: The forming of one or more identical bends
having parallel axes by wiping sheet metal around one or more
radius dies in a single operation. The sheet, which may have side
flanges, is clamped against the radius die and then made to conform
to the radius die by pressure from a rocker-plate die that moves
along the periphery of the radius die. See also wiper forming. (see
wiper forming)
Tangential Sprays: Sprays that cool down exhaust heat before it
enters the scrubber duct work.
Tangential Sprays: Sprays that cool down exhaust heat before it
enters the scrubber duct work.
Tank: A storage receptacle for hydraulic oil, morgoil, drive oil or
grease.
Tank: See RESERVOIR.
Tank : A container into which any liquid or gas can be held. Also it
may even be empty such as a Vacuum tank.
Tank bag : A bag that sits on the gas tank of the motorcycle,
secured by a magnet or by straps. Tank bags are good for holding
lightweight items such as gloves, maps, and wallets
Tank bib : A leather or vinyl covering over the gas tank of a
motorcycle to protect the finish from scratches
Tank chap : A leather or vinyl covering over the sides of a gas tank
of a motorcycle to protect the finish from scratches
Tank Level Control Systems: A Tank Level Control System refers
to a set of process controls used to monitor and maintain the fluid
level in a storage or holding tank.
Tank Line: Any hose, pipe or tube used to carry a fluid from a
system to the system's storage tank.
Tank Line: Any hose, pipe or tube used to carry a fluid from a
system to the system's storage tank.
Tank Pressure Control: Tank Pressure Control is a system of
valves, sensors and controllers for automatically maintaining
pressure in a holding tank.
Tank Pumping System: A Tank Pumping System is used to remove
fluids and suspended solids from a holding tank; for example, a
septic tank.
Tank, supply : Separate tank connected directly or by a pump to the
oil-burning appliance.
Tank-barge : A river barge for the carrying of liquid bulk cargo
Tanker : An enclosed cargo body designed solely for the
transportation of fluid or gaseous commodities in bulk. Not to be
confused with trailers which are designed for carrying dry bulk
products.
Tanker truck : A truck designed to carry liquid in bulk. British term is
petrol tanker
Tanktop : A covering usually of wood, placed over the tank top for its
protection
Tannins: A chemical used as an inhibitor in relation with caustic
embrittlement.
Tantalum: A rare metal of silver-white color having excellent
corrosion-resistance and a high melting point. It is widely used for
chemical process equipment and specialized aerospace and nuclear
applications.
Tantalum: A rare metal of silver white color having excellent
corrosion resistance and a high melting point. It is widely used for
chemical process equipment and specialised aero space and
nuclear applications.
Tantalum Heat Exchangers: A Tantalum Heat Exchanger is used to
transfer heat between two fluids in a corrosive environment.
Tantalum is highly corrosion resistant.
Tap: A cylindrical or conical thread-cutting tool with one or more
cutting elements having threads of a desired form on the periphery.
By a combination of rotary and axial motions, the leading end cuts
an internal thread, the tool deriving its principal support from the
thread being produced.
Tap : 1. To cut threads in a hole, nut, or tube with a rotating tool
called a "tap." 2. The fluted tool used to cut the threads.
TAP : Acronym for Transmission Adaptive Pressure
Tap and die set : A set of taps and dies for internal and external
threading, usually covers a range of the most popular sizes.
Tap Bolt : A fully threaded hexagon head bolt.
Tap Density: The apparent density of a powder, obtained when the
volume receptacle is tapped or vibrated during loading under
specified conditions.
Tap End Stud : A double-end stud having each end threaded for a
different class of fit. The tap end has a Class 5 fit to produce an
interference fit in a tapped hole for semi-permanent assembly. The
nut end is threaded Class 2A for assembly with a standard nut.
Tap holder : A tool used to hold and drive taps, reamers, and screw
extractors with two long handles to provide high leverage for turning
operation
Tap Out System: System which includes the tap out box, venturi
doughnut, sluice ditch and ash collection box. Here the hot slag is
tapped off of the bottom of the boiler and collected in the ash box for
further processing.
Tap Out System: System which includes the tap out box, Venturi
(dough nut), sluice ditch, and ash collection box. Here the hot slag is
tapped off of the bottom of the boiler and collected in the ash box for
further processing
Tape Measure: Tool used to measure the width of the coil.
Tape recorder: A mechanical device for recording digital
information on magnetic tape and for playing back the recorded
material.
Taper : 1. A gradual narrowing in size of a long round object toward
one end. 2. A lack of parallelism. A defect in which the thickness of
the drum or rotor at the outer edge differs from its thickness at the
inner edge.
Taper cutter : A tool used to ream, deburr, align, and enlarge holes,
e.g., on car bodies. Also called Tapered reamer
Taper Lock Pulleys: A Taper Lock Pulley is pulley that is secured to
a rotating shaft with a tapered hub. The taper prevents the pulley
from being pulled off of the shaft. Taper Lock Pulleys are preferred
choice when absolute alignment between pulleys is not possible.
Taper of Head : In flat bearing surface fasteners, the taper of a head
or nut is the angle between a side and the axis.
Taper pin : A roll pin or Dowel pin that is wider at one end than the
other. The taper pin aids in hole alignment.
Taper seat : 1. A conical seat that provides positive centering of a
wheel bolt head in the wheel. The opposite of Radius seat.2.1. A
seal without a gasket achieved by mating the conical surface of the
spark plug shell and the cylinder head
Taper Section: A section made at an acute angle to a surface of
interest, thereby achieving a geometrical magnification of depth. A
sectioning angle 5° 43 achieves a depth magnification of 10:1.
Taper Section: A section made at an acute angle to a surface of
interest, thereby achieving a geometrical magnification of depth. A
sectioning angle 5(degrees) 43 achieves a depth magnification of 10:
1.
Tapered compression ring : The upper compression ring which,
due to its tapered cross-section, requires a reduced running-in
period thus ensuring a tight seal quickly
Tapered Pad/Land Bearing: A fixed pad (land) bearing in which the
surfaces of the pads are tapered to promote the establishment of a
hydrodynamic film.
Tapered roller bearing : An antifriction bearing using a series of
tapered, cone-shaped hardened steel Rollers operating between an
outer and inner hardened steel Race. It can accept axial thrust as
well as providing shaft location. Used where both radial and thrust
loads are to be handled.
Tapered Roller Bearings: Tapered Roller Bearings are bearings
which can withstand both thrust and radial forces. The inner and
outer races are conical. The rollers are also cone shaped. This
arrangement maximizes the contact surface in the bearing.
Tapped Hole : A threaded hole in a part.
Tappet : The screw used to adjust the Clearance between the
Valve stem and the Lifter or the Rocker arm.
Tappet noise : Noise caused by the Lash or Clearance between the
Valve stem and Rocker arm or between the valve stem and Valve
lifter.
Tappet wrench : A wrench designed for adjusting valve clearances
on OHV-engines with bucket tappet assembly that use an adjusting
screw instead of valve shims for adjustment
Tapping: (1) Producing internal threads with a cylindrical cutting tool
having two or more peripheral cutting elements shaped to cut
threads of the desired size and form. By a combination of rotary and
axial motion, the leading end of the tap cuts the thread while the tap
is supported mainly by the thread it produces. See also tap. (2)
Opening the outlet of a melting furnace to remove molten metal. (3)
Removing molten metal from a furnace. (see Tap)
Tapping: Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle.
Tapping and Plugging: Refers to the use of a non-tapered tap,
known as a bottoming or plug tap, after starting threads with two
previous tapered taps.
Tapping Chucks: Tapping Chucks are tool holders for holding taps
in drill press, milling machine, or other spindle. A tap must be have
its rotation reversed to safely remove it from a hole with out
damaging the threads or breaking the tap. There are several
different styles. An auto-reversing chuck has a mechanical clutch
which reverses the direction of the tap without reversing spindle
direction. A floating tapping chuck has built in axial float to
accommodate reversal of the spindle direction.
Tapping Out: The process of removing molten slag from the bottom
of a boiler.
Tapping Screw : A screw which is threaded to the head and
designed to form or tap its mating thread in one or more of the parts
to be assembled,
Tar : A black, sticky substance made from petroleum. It is useful for
patching cracks in the road. However, when driving over it, the
wheels kick up particles of it on a vehicle's painted surface.
Tar sands : Naturally occurring bitumen-impregnated sands that
yield mixtures of liquid hydrocarbon and that require further
processing other than mechanical blending before becoming finished
petroleum products.
Tare weight : The weight of a truck, exclusive of its contents, but
including gas, oil, etc., ready to roil.
Targa: A semi-convertible body style with a removable roof section
and a full-width roll bar behind the seats.
Targa : A removable-roof body style popularized by Porsche that is
similar to a convertible except that it incorporates a fixed, roll-bar-like
structure running from side to side behind the front seats.
Targa bar : A type of roll bar made of a relatively wide band of sheet
steel rather than of tubing; made popular by the Porsche 911 Targa
Targa top : A rigid, removable roof section between the windshield
and Targa bar
Target cursor : A symbol on a display, moved by a track handle or
similar device, to select objects on the display
Target : Object or point pointed by FLIR or radar
Tariff: The published rates, charges and related rules of a carrier.
Tariff : 1. A duty or tax imposed on imports.2.A published volume of
rate schedules and general terms and conditions under which a
product or service will be supplied.
Tarnish: Surface discoloration of a metal caused by formation of a
thin film of corrosion product.
Tarnish: Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of
oxide or sulfide.
Tarnish : To discolor due to the formation of a thin film of oxide,
sulfide, or some other corrosion product
Tarpaulin : Waterproof canvas material used to cover cargo being
transported
TAS : Acronym for Throttle Adjust Screw
TAS : True airspeed
Tatra : A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required
application are Classic cars.
Taurus : A model of automobile manufactured by Ford
Taut line : Basic guidance mode; provides vertical guidance to
maintain a taut line for a dipping sonar, or other such device.
TAV : Acronym for Temperature Actuated Vacuum
Taws : Terrain Awareness and Warning System
Tax disc : A road fund license disc displayed on the windshield to
show that a British road tax has been paid
Taxi : A vehicle in which passengers are carried for hire which is
usually recorded by a meter
Taxi rank : A British term for a Taxi stand
Taxi stand : A place where taxis wait to be hired
Taxi : The movement of an airplane under its own power on the
surface of an airport.
Taxicab : A car in which passengers are carried for hire which is
usually recorded by a meter
Taxiway: Used by aircraft and connects from the ramp to the runway
or to other airport facilities such as hangars.
Taxiway : A road leading from the airplane parking area to the
runway; always marked with yellow lines.
T-bend 0-,1-,2-, etc.: A mechanical operation wherein a sheet
sample is bent back upon itself with the inside bend radius specified
in terms of the sheet thicknesses. Thus a 2-T Bend is a bend with an
inside radius equivalent to two times the thickness of the metal sheet
being tested.
TBN: See neutroalization number, strong acid/strong base numbers.
TBO : Time between overhaul
TC : True Course
Tcaa: Transatlantic Common Aviation Area.
Tcas: Traffic Collision Avoidance System (US-FAA).
TCAS : Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System
TCH : Threshold Crossing Height
Tcm: Trajectory Corrective Maneuver.
TCN : Tacan
TCNP : Tacan Point-to-Point
TCS: See "Traction control."
TDC: Top dead centre.
TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access (VDL)
TDZL : touchdown zone lights.
Te: Chemical symbol for tellurium.
Te: Chemical symbol for Tellurium.
Teapot Ladle: A ladle in which, by means of an external spout,
metal is removed from the bottom rather than the top of the ladle.
Tech Roll: Roll used for measuring line speed.
Technical Illustration: A Technical Illustration is a drawing that is
used to show function of a device - often mechanical or electrical.
They are often used to augment a written description of a complex
system.
Technical Lifting Device: A mechanism composed of two or more
rigid parts which move with respect to each other for attaching a load
to a hoisting device.
Technical Service Bulletin: Technical service bulletins (TSBs) are
issued by the manufacturer for problems that affect the normal
operation of the vehicle. Sometimes called "secret warranties," TSBs
cover known problems and provide repair instructions for service
technicians and accordingly are distributed to all of the
manufacturer's dealerships.
Technical standard order (tso) : A performance specification and
production compliance criteria applied to avionics and defined by
FARs and the RTCA.
Tectonic: Corresponding with the broad architecture of the outer
part of the Earth
Teeming: Pouring metal into ingot molds.
Teeming: Pouring molten metal from a ladle into ingot molds. The
term applies particularly to the specific operation of pouring either
iron or steel into ingot molds.
Teflon: Polymer of tetrafluoroethene, also known as PTFE; material
trademarked by DuPont.
Tei: Trans-Earth Injection.
Telecommunication: Any process of communication over
considerable distance.
Telematics: The integrated use of telecommunications in a vehicle.
Telemetrics: The integrated use of telecommunications and
electronic data communications in a vehicle.
Telemetry: The system for radioing information, including
instrument readings and recordings, from a space vehicle to the
ground.
Telemetry: A space-to-ground data stream of measured values
(including instrument science data, instrument engineering data, and
spacecraft engineering data) that does not include command,
tracking, computer memory transfer, audio, or video signals.
Telescoped: Term given when the winding of a coil gradually
becomes concave or convex.
Telescoped: Term given when the winding of a coil gradually
becomes concave or convex.
Telescoping: Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so
that the edge of the coil is conical rather than flat.
Telescoping boom: Consists of a base boom from which one or
more boom sections are telescoped for additional length.
Telescoping Coil: A coil that has not wound properly whose
sidewall protrudes out. Tension problems or a bad start on the exit
reel causes this condition.
Telescoping Coil: A coil that has not wound properly whose
sidewall protrudes out. Tension problems or a bad start on the exit
reel causes this condition.
Television and infrared observation satellite (tiros): Television
and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) A series of NASA and
NOAA satellites launched to monitor Earth's weather from outer
space. The era of the meteorological satellites began with the launch
of TIROS-1 on April 1, 1960. For the first time, it was possible to
monitor weather conditions over most of the world regularly from
space. A series of these satellites were launched throughout the
1960s, those funded by NASA for research and development were
called TIROS, and those funded by the Environmental Science
Services Administration (ESSA, the predecessor of NOAA) for the
operational system were called ESSA.
Tellurium: Its main use in the steel industry is as an additive in
leadbearing freecutting steels to further improve their machinability.
Its presence in the steel is either within the manganese sulphide
paarticle where it is parially soluble, or as particles combined with
lead or manganese. For certain applications it offers significant
improvements in machinability but the added cost is a factor that
should be taken into account.
Temper: A condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or
thermal treatment and having characteristic structure and
mechanical properties. A given alloy may be in the fully softened or
annealed temper, or it may be cold worked to the hard temper, or
further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers produced by cold
working (rolling or drawing) are called "quarter-hard", "half-hard" and
"three-quarters hard", and are determined by the amount of cold
reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition to the
annealed temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the
solution heat treated temper and the heat treated and artificially aged
temper. Other tempers involve a combination of mechanical and
thermal treatments and include that temper produced by cold
working after heat treating, and that produced by artificial aging of
alloys that are as cast, as extruded, as forged and heat treated, and
worked.
Temper: A condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or
thermal treatment and having characteristics structure and
mechanical properties. A given alloy may be in the fully softened or
annealed temper, or it may be cold worked to the hard temper, or
further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers produced by cold
working (rolling or drawing) are called quarter hard, half hard and
three quarters hard, and are determined by the amount of cold
reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition to the
annealed temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the
solution heat treated temper and the heat treated and artificially aged
temper. Other tempers involve a combination of mechanical and
thermal treatments and include that temper produced by cold
working after heat treating, and that produced by artificial aging of
alloys that are as cast, as extruded, as forged and heat treated, and
worked.
Temper Brittleness: Brittleness that results when certain steels are
held within or cooled slowly through a certain range of temperature
below the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by
notched-bar impact tests at room temperature or lower
temperatures.
Temper Brittleness: Brittleness that results when certain steels are
held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of
temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is
revealed by notched bar impact tests at or below room temperature.
Temper Carbon: (see Annealing Carbon)
Temper Code: Industry-standard code for tinplate and blackplate
that indicates the hardness of the steel.
Temper Code: Industry standard code that indicates the hardness of
the steel.
Temper Color: A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin (only a few
molecules thick) that forms when steel is tempered at a low
temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing
atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending
on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies both with tempering time
and temperature.
Temper Colors: Before the use of instruments such as pyrometers,
colors were used to judge temperature when hardening and
tempering. For example, on carbon tool steel where the tempering
range may typically be from 200oC to 350oC, the color change with
the rise in temperature giving light straw at around 210oC, Purple
275oC, and Grey at 330oC, The practice wtill continues in
workshops where controlled heat treatment facilities are not
available.
Temper Embrittlement: Embrittlement of low-alloy steels caused by
holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range
(generally 300 to 600°C, or 570 to 1110 °F) just below the
transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation
at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony,
phosphorus and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in
ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be
reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then
cooling rapidly. Compare with tempered martensite embrittlement.
Temper Mill: A type of cold rolling mill, usually with only one or two
stands, that finishes cold rolled, annealed sheet steel by improving
the finish or texture to develop the required final mechanical
properties. By changing the rolls of the temper mill, steel can be
shipped with a shiny, dull or grooved surface.
Temper Mill: A relatively light cold rolling operation that may be
used on hot rolled, cold rolled and some coated steel such as
galvanized. Temper rolling hot rolled sheet helps to improve flatness,
minimize coil breaks and fluting and alter mechanical properties.
Temper rolling cold reduced and coated sheet steel improves surface
finish, alters mechanical properties and reduces the tendency of the
steel to flute during fabrication.
Temper Oil/Martempering Oil: Heavy mineral oil kept at relatively
high temperatures for long periods of time, suitable for tempering
operations. Hot metal is placed in a bath of oil, at a temperature of
400–600ºF, after which the metal and oil are permitted to cool slowly;
in the alternative, the hot bath may be used to heat the metal slowly
and uniformly without oxidizing the surface.
Temper Rolled: A product that has been processed at the Temper
Mill.
Temper Rolling: 1. A cold rolling process that develops the proper
stiffness temper in steel, improves flatness, and imparts a desired
surface finish. 2. A light cold reduction of the sheet steel. This
operation is performed to improve flatness, eliminate discontinuous
yielding and to obtain a uniform surface.
Temper Rolling: Subjecting metal sheet or strip to a slight amount of
cold rolling following annealing (usually 1/2 to 1 1/2%) to forestall
stretcher strains. Also termed Pinch Pass or Skin Rolled.
Temper Stressing: Quenching in water from the tempering
temperature to improve fatigue strength.
Temper Stressing: Quenching in water from the tempering
temperature to improve fatigue strength.
Temper Variation: Considered a defect when variation of the
hardness or forming properties of single reduced plate as generally
compared to the temper designation of the plate.
Temper Variation: Considered a defect when variation of the
hardness or forming properties of single reduced plate as generally
compared to the temper designation of the plate.
Temperate: Region in which the climate undergoes seasonal
change in temperature and moisture. Temperate regions of the earth
lie primarily between 30 and 60 degrees latitude in both
hemispheres.
Temperature: Degree of hotness or coldness as measured by a
thermometer.
Temperature: A measure of the energy in a substance. The more
heat energy in the substance, the higher the temperature. The Earth
receives only one two-billionth of the energy the sun produces. Much
of the energy that hits the Earth is reflected back into space. Most of
the energy that isn't reflected is absorbed by the Earth's surface. As
the surface warms, it also warms the air above it.
Temperature control: Temperature operated thermostatic device
which automatically opens or closes a circuit.
Temperature Controllers: A Temperature Controller is used to
maintain a desired temperature or range of temperatures via
electronic control. Typical features include multiple programmable
set points and minimum/maximum operating range.
Temperature critical: The saturation temperature corresponding to
the critical state of the substance at which the properties of the liquid
and vapor are identical.
Temperature Data Loggers: A Temperature Data Logger is a
device for recording temperatures over time. Its often used as part of
a process control system for forecasting.
Temperature Indicator: the devices used to know the temperature
of any system. It is made up one display unit and one sensor unit.
Temperature Meters: A Temperature Meter is a device used to
display temperature. Temperature meters can be interfaced with
sensors in a remote location via wired or wireless signal
transmission and are common in process control applications.
Temperature Sensors: A temperature sensor is used to determine
temperature. Common sensor technologies are thermocouples, RTD
(Resistive Temperature Detectors), and themistors.
Temperature switch: A digital device that opens or closes a switch
when the internal temperature changes state to a preset temperature
limit.
Temperature, dew point: The temperature at which the
condensation of water vapor in a space begins for a given state of
humidity and pressure as the temperature of the vapor is reduced.
The temperature corresponding to saturation (100 percent relative
humidity) for a given absolute humidity at constant pressure.
Temperature, drybulb: The temperature of a gas or mixture of
gases indicated by an accurate thermometer after correction for
radiation.
Temperature, effective: An arbitrary index which combines into a
single value the effect of temperature, humidity, and air movement
on the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body. The
numerical value is that of the temperature of still, saturated air which
would induce an identical sensation.
Temperature, Holding: 1. Temperature above the critical phase
transformation range at which castings are held as a part of the heat
treatment cycle. 2. The temperature maintained when metal is held
in a furnace, usually prior to pouring.
Temperature, Pouring: The temperature of the metal as it is poured
into the mold.
Temperature, saturation: The temperature at which no further
moisture can be added to the air water vapor mixture. Equals dew
point temperature.
Temperature, wet bulb: Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature is
the temperature at which liquid or solid water, by evaporating into air,
can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature.
Wet bulb temperature (without qualification) is the temperature
indicated by a wet bulb psychomotor constructed and used
according to specifications.
Temperature-humidity index: Actual temperature and humidity of
air sample compared to air at standard conditions.
Tempered Layer: A surface or subsurface layer in a steel specimen
that has been tempered by heating during some stage of the
metallographic preparation sequence (usually grinding). When
observed in a section after etching, the layer appears darker than the
base material.
Tempered Martensite: The decomposition products that result from
heating martensite below the ferriteaustenite transformation
temperature.
Tempered Martensite: Martensite that has been heated to produce
to BCC iron and a fine dispersion of iron carbide.
Tempered Martensite Embrittlement: Embrittlement of high-
strength alloy steels caused by tempering in the temperature range
of 205° to 370°C (400 to 700°F); also called 350°C or 500°F
embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to
result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prior-
austenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the
segregation of impurities at prior austenite grain boundaries. It differs
from temper embrittlement in the strength of the material and the
temperature exposure range. In temper embrittlement, the steel is
usually tempered at a relatively high temperature, producing lower
strength and hardness and embrittlement occurs upon slow cooling
after tempering and during service at temperatures within the
embrittlement range. In tempered martensite embrittlement, the steel
is tempered within the embrittlement range, and service exposure is
usually at room temperature.
Tempered Spring Steel Strip: Any medium or high carbon
(excluding clock spring) strip steel of spring quality which has been
hardened and tempered to meet specifications. Where specification
calls for blue or straw color, same is accomplished by passing
through heat prepared at proper temperature depending on color
required. Blue is developed at approximately 600 (degrees) F.
Tempering: A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized
steel to a temperature below the transformation range, then cooling
at any rate desired. Relieves internal stresses and imparts
toughness and ductility.
Tempering: Also known as drawing, the process by which steel or
iron is softened by reheating it at a considerably lower temperature
than that at which its previous hardening was done.
Temporal: A characteristic that refers to the time at which a given
data set was acquired.
TENC: Totally enclosed fan-cooled.
Tensile (Tension) Test: A destructive mechanical test whereby
strength and ductility properties are measured: yield strength, tensile
strength, elongation.
Tensile Strength: An object’s resistance to stretching or breaking
when placed in tension. Steel belts in a tyre are characterised and
compared based on their tensile strength.
Tensile strength: In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to
original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength.
Tensile Strength: 1. The greatest stress steel can sustain without
breaking. Test can be taken in the longitudinal or transverse
directions. 2. The maximum stress that a material can withstand. In
tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross sectional
area. Also called Ultimate Strength.
Tensile stress: A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on
either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart.
Tensile Stress: A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on
either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart.
Tensile Test: A destructive mechanical test whereby strength and
ductility properties are measured.
Tension: The force or load that produces elongation.
Tension Level: A mechanical operation wherein steel sheet, in coil
form, is processed on a unit that stretches the product beyond its
yield point to impart permanent deformation. The stretching
operation assists to flatten the sheet.
Tension Level: Stamco Leveler in #5 Galvinized line levels the
steel.
Tension Testing: A method of determining the behavior of materials
subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the material. A
longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at
both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture
occurs. Also known as tensile testing.
TENV: Totally enclosed non-ventilated.
Tephra: Any rock material produced by a volcano.
Terminal Blocks: A terminal block is a component mounted to a
printed circuit board for the purpose of connectiong multiple wires
together. There are many different types of terminal blocks and the
selection is based on the number of wires being connected at both
the input and output and the type of termination required. Typical
termination options are screw clamps, spring clamps, tab/blade
terminals and insulation displacement connections.
Terminal Phase: A solid solution having a restricted range of
compositions, one end of the range being a pure component of an
alloy system.
Terminal radar service area(trsa) : Airspace surrounding
designated airports wherein ATC provides radar vectoring,
sequencing, and separation on a full-time basis for all IFR and
participating VFR aircraft. Service provided at a TRSA is called
Stage III Service. TRSA`s are depicted on VFR aeronautical charts.
Pilot participation is urged but is not mandatory.
Terminal Solid Solution: In a multicomponent system, any solid
phase of limited composition range that includes the composition of
one of the components of the system. See also solid solution. (see
Solid Solution)
Terminal Station: The last stop along a Metrorail line or bus route
Terminal Strips: Terminal Strips, also known as terminal blocks, are
used to interface electronic devices, most often inside a electrical
cabinet or enclosure. Discrete wires are connected via many
methods, including screws terminals, quick connects, solder.
Terminal velocity: The maximum air stream velocity at the end of
the throw.
Terminus (of a glacier): The end, or foot, of a glacier.
Ternary Alloy: An alloy that contains three principle elements.
Ternary Alloy: An alloy that contains three principal elements.
Ternary System: The complete series of compositions produced by
mixing three components in all proportions.
Terne: Sheet steel coated with a mixture of lead and tin. Terne
principally is used in the manufacture of gasoline tanks, although it
also can be found in chemical containers, oil filters and television
chassis.
Terne Plate: Sheet steel, coated with a lead tin alloy. The
percentage of tin is usually kept as low as possible because of its
high cost; however, about 15% is normally necessary in order to
obtain proper coating of the steel, since pure lead does not alloy with
iron and some surface alloying is necessary for proper adhesion.
Terni Plate: Cold rolled steel sheets/strips coated with an alloy of tin
and lead, used in manufacture of Petrol Tanks for automobiles. Not
produced in India.
Terra: The flagship of the Earth Observing System, a series of
spacecraft that represent the next landmark steps in NASA's
leadership role to observe the Earth from the unique vantage point of
space. Focused on key measurements identified by a consensus of
U.S. and international scientists, Terra will enable new research into
the ways that Earth's lands, oceans, air, ice, and life function as a
total environmental system. See Terra website.
Terrain avoidance (ta) : Flight such that the aircraft maintains a
constant barometric altitude but flies around obstacles; Compare:
obstacle avoidance, threat avoidance;
Terrain following (tf) : A basic guidance mode, providing vertical
guidance to maintain an operator selected radar altitude above the
terrain. Flight such that the aircraft tries to maintain a constant height
above the terrain, usually in the range of 100-1,000 ft; Uses a g-
command from the Multi-Mode Radar to generate a flight director
cue. This controls the aircraft flight path so that the set clearance
altitude is achieved over major high points in the terrain with zero
flight path angle. Compare: nap-of-the-earth flight;
Terrain referenced navigation(trn) : A navigation mode based on
comparison of barometric altitude and radar altitude with a map;
Kalman filters correlate the terrain data and the altitudes. A primary
navigation data source. TRN combines INS with map references. It
is most accurate over rough terrain. Does not give accurate data
while over flat areas or water. See Also: Digital Map Generator;
Terrain : The contour of the earth;
Terrestrial: Of or pertaining to the Earth.
Terrestrial planet: Any of the four planets closest to the Sun
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
Terrestrial radiation: The total infrared radiation emitted by the
Earth and its atmosphere in the temperature range of approximately
200-300K. Because the Earth is nearly a perfect radiator, the
radiation from its surface varies as the fourth power of the surface's
absolute temperature. Terrestrial radiation provides a major part of
the potential energy changes necessary to drive the atmospheric
wind system and is responsible for maintaining the surface air
temperature within limits for livability.
Terrestrial radiation: The total infrared radiation emitted by the
Earth and its atmosphere in the temperature range of approximately
200-300K. Because the Earth is nearly a perfect radiator, the
radiation from its surface varies as the fourth power of the surface's
absolute temperature. Terrestrial radiation provides a major part of
the potential energy changes necessary to drive the atmospheric
wind system and is responsible for maintaining the surface air
temperature within limits for livability.
Test and ferry: Flying associated with the testing of an aircraft or
associated with its delivery or movement to a location for
maintenance, hire, or other planned use.
Test Flat: A means of testing "bycoils" for customers who buy
"bycoil". The coil is put on the cutting line, about 100 sheets cut to
check flatness, back to the coil off, and, determine whether coil will
be acceptable to the customer.
Test Flat: A means of testing by coils, for customers who buy by coil.
The coil is put on the cutting line, about 100 sheets cut to check
flatness, back the coil off, and, determine whether coil will be
acceptable to the customer.
Test Gauge: A measuring device used to check hydraulic pressure
in different components of a hydraulic system.
Test Gauge: A measuring device used to check hydraulic pressure
in different components of a hydraulic system.
Test Lug: An ear-like projection cast as part of the casting and later
removed for testing purposes.
Test Lug: An ear like projection cast as part of the casting and later
removed for testing purposes.
Test pilot: A pilot that is specially trained to test aircraft. Test pilots
must be exceptional pilots, have a complete understanding
of aeronautics and aerodynamics, and be able to accurately write
and speak about what they see, feel and hear during the testing of
an aircraft.
Test Sample: A piece of the strip used by various departments to
test or evaluate the quality of the steel. The size and place of the
sample taken will vary.
Test Sample: A piece of the strip used by various departments to
test or evaluate the quality of the steel. The size and place of the
sample taken will vary.
Test status words : Status words reported at the conclusion of a
test. Values: test in progress, not tested, normal, redundant,
degraded, failed;
Test Water: A boiler water sample taken for a chemical test.
Test, Application Breakaway Force: A test that is carried out in
accordance with instructions from the manufacturer of the lifting
magnet in order to establish the application breakaway force.
Test, Rated Breakaway Force: A test that is carried out per para.
20-3.3.2(b)(2) in order to establish the rated breakaway force.
Texture: In a polycrystalline aggregate, the state of distribution of
crystal orientations. In the usual sense, it is synonymous with
preferred orientation, in which the distribution is not random.
Texture: In a polycrystalline aggregate, the state of distribution of
crystal orientations. In the usual sense, it is synonymous with
preferred orientation, in which the distribution is not random.
TF : Terrain following;
TFS: (see Tin Free Steel)
TGL : Task Force
TH : True Heading
THA : Threat avoidance
The air cargo tariff (tact): Rules, regulations and rates published
for international air shipments.
The first law : (1 ) When work is expanded in generating heat, the
quantity of heat produced is proportional to the work expended; and,
conversely, when heat is employed in the performance of work, the
quantity of heat which disappears is proportional to the work done
(Joule); (2) If a system is caused to change from an initial state to a
final state by adiabatic means only, the work done is the same for all
adiabatic paths connecting the two states (Zemansky); (3) In any
power cycle or refrigeration cycle, the net heat absorbed by the
working substance is exactly equal to the net work done.
The RideGuide: The service provided by Metro that informs
customers of the various routes they can take to get to their desired
destinations
The second law: (1) It is impossible for a self acting machine,
unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from a body of lower
temperature to one of higher temperature (2) It is impossible to
derive mechanical work from heat taken from a body unless there is
available a body of lower temperature into which the residue not so
TheBus: Local bus service operated by the Prince George's County
(MD) Department of Transportation
Thematic mapper (tm): A Landsat multispectral scanner designed
to acquire data to categorize the Earth's surface. Particular emphasis
was placed on agricultural applications and identification of land use.
The scanner continuously scans the surface of the Earth,
simultaneously acquiring data in seven spectral channels.
Overlaying two or more bands produces a false color image. The
ground resolution of the six visible and shortwave bands of the
Thematic Mapper is 30 meters, and the resolution of the thermal
infrared band is 120 meters. Thematic mappers have been flown on
Landsats-4 and -5.
Theorem: The last statement of a formal proof; a mathematical
assertion that can be proven.
Theory: An explanation for some phenomenon that is based on
observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
Therm: Measurement used by gas utilities for billin3 purposes. 1
Therm = 100 cubic feet of gas = 100,000 Btu.
Therm: Quantity of heat equal to 100000 Btu.
Thermal: Of, making use of, producing, or caused by heat.
Thermal Actuator: A Thermal Actuator is a device that produces
motion as result of material thermal expansion caused by a
temperature change.
Thermal Aging: Exposure of a material or component to a given
thermal condition or a programmed series of conditions for
prescribed periods of time.
Thermal Analysis: A method for detennining transformations in a
metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur.
These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or
mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are
secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling,
the method is commonly used for determining certain critical
temperatures required for the construction of phase diagrams.
Thermal Analysis: A method of studying transformations in metal
by measuring the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur.
Thermal Anemometers: A Thermal Anemometer uses a
temperature sensor to measure wind speed. Two temperature
sensors are connected in a circuit. A temperature change at one of
the sensors resulting from an change in wind speed results in a
change in the resistivity of the circuit.
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of the capacity of a material to
conduct heat.
Thermal conductivity : The rate at which heat is transferred
through an object.
Thermal conductivity : The rate of heat flow, under steady
conditions, through unit area, per unit temperature gradient in the
direction perpendicular to the area. It is given in the SI nits s watts
per meter Kelvin (W/m • K).
Thermal Contraction: The decrease in a linear dimension and
volume of a material accompanying a change of temperature.
Thermal Contraction: The increase in a linear dimension and
volume of a material accompanying a change of temperature.
Thermal Cracking: the petrol refining process by which heavy
fraction of petroleum are decomposed.
Thermal Cracking: A process utilizing heat to break high molecular
weight substances into smaller units; facilitated in a controlled
manner during refining by the presence of a catalyst.
Thermal Cutting: A group of cutting processes that melts the metal
(material) to be cut.
Thermal Decomposition: (1) The decomposition of a compound
into its elemental species at elevated temperatures. (2) A process
whereby fine solid particles can be produced from a gaseous
compound. See also carbonyl powder. (see Carbonyl Powder)
Thermal efficiency : Ratio of shaft work out of a system to the heat
energy into the system.
Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine : Is the energy output of the
gas turbine divided by the energy input of the gas turbine.
Thermal Electromotive Force: 'The electromotive force generated
in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a
temperature different from that of the other. See also
thermocouple. (see Thermocouple)
Thermal electromotive force : The electromotive force generated
in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at
temperature different from that of the other. (see also thermocouple).
Thermal Embrittlement: Intergranular fracture of maraging steels
with decreased toughness resulting from improper processing after
hot working. Thermal embrittlement occurs upon heating above 1095
°C (2000 °F) and then slow cooling through the temperature range of
980 to 815°C (1800 to 1500 °F), and has been attributed to
precipitation of titanium carbides and titanium carbonitrides at
austenite grain boundaries during cooling through the critical
temperature range.
Thermal energy: Energy in the form of heat.
Thermal equilibrium : When two bodies originally at different
temperatures, have attained the same temperature
Thermal Expansion: The increase in a linear dimension and volume
of a material accompanying a change of temperature.
Thermal expansion : The change in length of a material with
change in temperature.
Thermal expansion valve: The metering device or flow control
which regulates the amount of liquid refrigerant which is allowed to
enter the evaporator.
Thermal Fatigue: Failure resulting from rapid cycles of alternate
heating and cooling.
Thermal Fatigue: Failure resulting from rapid cycles of alternate
heating and cooling.
Thermal Flattening: Similar to stress-relieving in that the metal is
passed through a continuous furnace, but tension is also applied
elongating the metal to improve overall flatness.
Thermal Flattening: Similar to stress relieving in that the metal is
passed through a continuous furnace, but tension is also applied
elongating the metal to improve over all flatness.
Thermal Gravimetric Analysis/TGA: A measure of weight loss
under specific conditions: normally, temperature is maintained
(isothermal) or increased in an atmosphere of nitrogen or oxygen;
used to study oil volatility and oil residues, for example,
contaminated roll oils.
Thermal infrared: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
between about 3 and 25 micrometers.
Thermal Inspection: A nondestructive test method in which heat-
sensing devices are used to measure temperature variations in
components, structures, systems or physical processes. Thermal
methods can be useful in the detection of subsurface flaws or voids,
provided the depth of the flaw is not large compared to its diameter.
Thermal inspection becomes less effecti ve in the detection of
subsurface flaws as the thickness of an object increases, because
the possible depth of the defects increases.
Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation is any material that is used
as a barrier to heat transfer. Fiberglass, foam, and refractive
ceramics are often employed.
Thermal Overload Relays: A Thermal Overload Relay protects an
electric motor from an overcurrent condition. A common method for
doing this employs the use of a bimetal strip. As the strip heats up
above a critical temperature, it bends and causes a relay to contact
to be broken. This stops current flow to the motor.
Thermal Response: The hardness achieved when steel reacts to a
heat treating cycle at a specified temperature for a specified time
and then cooling down or quenching and possibly tempering back at
a lower temperature.
Thermal Safety Valves: A Thermal Safety Valve is a valve that is
designed to relieve pressure resulting from the volumetric expansion
of a heated liquid.
Thermal Shock: Stress developed by rapid and uneven heating of a
material.
Thermal shock : The development of a steep temperature gradient
and accompanying high stress within a material or structure.
Thermal Spalling: Breaking up of refractory from stresses which
arise during repeated heating and cooling.
Thermal Spalling: Breaking up of refractory from stresses which
arise during repeated heating and cooling.
Thermal Spray Coating: Thermal Spray Coating is a process that
used to create a coating by spraying melted material on to a surface
and then allowing it to solidify. Thermal spray coatings are used for
thermal, corrosion, and mechanical wear barriers. Thermal Spray
Coating is capable of producing coatings that are much thicker than
other methods.
Thermal Spray Powder: Thermal Spray Powder is powder that is
used to make a thermal spray coating. The powder is introduced the
plasma jet for the sprayer and is instantly melted and propelled
toward the surface being coated.
Thermal Spraying: A group of coating or welding processes in
which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic materials are deposited in
a molten or semimolten condition to form a coating. The surfacing
material may be in the form of powder, rod or wire. See also flame
spraying, plasma spraying and powder flame spraying. (see Flame
Spraying) (see Plasma Spraying) (see Powder Flame Spraying)
Thermal Stability: Resistance of a material to drastic changes in
temperature.
Thermal Stability: Resistance of a material to drastic changes in
temperature.
Thermal Stresses: Stresses in metal, resulting from non-uniform
distribution of temperature.
Thermal Stresses: Stresses in metal, resulting from non uniform
distribution of temperature.
Thermal tile: Silica fiber insulation used to protect 70% of the
exterior of the Space Shuttle orbiter against reentry temperatures of
up to 1430oC. Surface heat dissipates so rapidly that an uncoated
tile can be held by its edges with the bare hand while its interior
glows red hot.
Thermal Treatment: Involves heating and cooling the steel in such a
manner as to achieve desired properties or structures.
Thermal treatment : Refers to the treatment of water with heat to
drive off the dissolved gases and soften certain minerals for easy
removal.
Thermal Wear: Removal of material due to softening, melting or
evaporation during sliding or rolling. Thermal shock and high-
temperature erosion may be included in the general description of
thermal wear. Wear by diffusion of separate atoms from one body to
the other at high temperatures, is also sometimes denoted as
thermal wear.
Thermistor: A two terminal semiconductor device whose resistance
is temperature sensitive.
Thermistor Relays: A Thermistor Relay is used to protect a device,
such as an electric motor, from overcurrent. An increase in current
cases a PTC thermistor relay to heat up, which increases its
resistivity and reduces the current to the device.
Thermit Reactions: Strongly exothermic self-propagating reactions
such as that where finely divided aluminum reacts with a metal
oxide. A mixture of aluminum and iron oxide produces sufficient heat
to steel, the filler metal being produced in the reaction. See also
thermit welding. (see Thermit Welding)
Thermit Welding: A welding process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with superheated liquid metal from a
chemical reaction between a metal oxide and aIuminum, with or
without the application of pressure. Filler metal is obtained from the
liquid metal.
Thermobank: A bank for storing heat.
Thermochemical Machining: Removal of workpiece material-
usually only burrs and fins-by exposure to hot fuel gases that are
formed by igniting an explosive, combustible mixture of natural gas
and oxygen. Also known as the thermal energy method.
Thermochemical Treatment: Heat treatment for steels carried out
in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical
composition of the object by exchange with the medium.
Thermocline: A transition layer of water in the ocean, with a steeper
vertical temperature gradient than that found in the layers of ocean
above and below. The permanent thermocline separates the warm
mixed surface layer of the ocean from the cold deep ocean water,
and is found between 100- and 1000-m depths. The thermocline first
appears at the 55(em60° N and S latitudes, where it forms a
horizontal separation between temperate and polar waters. The
thermocline reaches its maximum depth at mid-latitudes and is
shallowest at the equator and at its northern and southern limits. The
thermocline is stably stratified, and transfer of water and carbon
dioxide across this zone occurs very slowly. Thus, the thermocline
acts as a barrier to the downward mixing of carbon dioxide.
Thermocline: A transition layer of water in the ocean, with a steeper
vertical temperature gradient than that found in the layers of ocean
above and below. The permanent thermocline separates the warm
mixed surface layer of the ocean from the cold deep ocean water,
and is found between 100- and 1000-meter depths. The thermocline
first appears at the 55 - 60 degrees N and S latitudes, where it forms
a horizontal separation between temperate and polar waters. The
thermocline reaches its maximum depth at mid-latitudes and is
shallowest at the equator and at its northern and southern limits. The
thermocline is stably stratified, and transfer of water and carbon
dioxide across this zone occurs very slowly. Thus, the thermocline
acts as a barrier to the downward mixing of carbon dioxide.
Thermocouple: Device for measuring temperature utilizing the fact
that an electromotive force is generated whenever two junctions of
two dissimilar metals in an electric circuit are at different temperature
levels.
Thermocouple: Device which generates electricity, using the
principle that if two unlike metals are welded together and junction is
heated, voltage will develop across the open ends.
Thermocouple: A device for measuring temperatures, consisting of
lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at
one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the
other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal
electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the
difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions.
Thermocouple: A precision resistive element that changes
resistance in proportion to the temperature of the element. May be
used, therefore, with proper DC electrical voltage to indicate
temperature on a voltmeter style indicator.
Thermocouple Amplifiers: A Thermocouple Amplifier is used to
amplify and condition a thermocouple signal voltage so it can be
processed by a microcontroller or other device.
Thermocouple Sensors: A Thermocouple Sensor is a device for
measuring temperature. It consist of a bimetal wire pair that
produces a change in voltage across its junction in response to a
temperature change, known as the thermoelectric effect.
Thermocouple thermometer : Electrical instrument using
thermocouple as source of electrical flow, connected to millimeter
calibrated in temperature degrees.
Thermocouple Wire: A thermocouple wire is made up of two
separate, coated wires made of dissimilar metals. The two wires are
connected at a sensing location such that a voltage is measured that
reflects the temperature difference between the sensing end and the
reference end of the wire. The selection of metals is dependent on
the absolute temperature and temperature ranges being measured.
The insulation on the conductors is typically color coded, however,
the color coding scheme is different for the ASNI standard than for
the IEC standard.
Thermodisk defrost control : Electrical switch with bimetal disk
controlled by temperature changes.
Thermodynamic: The science of heat and temperature and of the
laws governing the conversion of heat into mechanical, electrical, or
chemical energy.
Thermodynamic properties : Basic qualities used in defining the
condition of a substance, such as temperature, pressure, volume,
enthalpy, entropy.
Thermodynamics: Part of science which deals with the
relationships between heat and mechanical action.
Thermoelectric refrigeration : Where refrigeration is produced by
the passage of electric current through two dissimilar materials.
Thermoelectricity: In physics, electricity generated by the
application of heat to the junction of two dissimilar materials. If two
wires of different materials are joined at their ends and one end is
maintained at a higher temperature than the other, a voltage
difference will arise, and an electric current will exist between the hot
and the cold junctions.
Thermography: The technique of obtaining a photographic record of
heat distribution in a solid or fluid.
Thermography: 1) The technique of obtaining a photographic
record of heat distribution in a solid or fluid.
Thermohaline: Refers to the combined effects of temperature and
salinity that contribute to density variations in the oceans.
Thermohaline: Refers to the combined effects of temperature
and salinity that contribute to density variations in the oceans.
Thermomechanical Working: A general term covering a variety of
metalforming processes combining controlled thermal and
deformation treatments to obtain synergistic effects, such as
improvement in strength without loss of toughness. Same as
thermal-mechanical treatment.
Thermomechanically Controlled Rolling
(TMCR): Thermomechanically rolling: this is the conventional hot
rolling process as a result of which, in combination with the chemical
composition of the material, the prescribed mechanical properties
are obtained in the as-rolled condition. Controlled rolling involves a
lower than normal finish rolling temperature and creates a fine grain
size and an excellent combination of strength and toughness,
without the need for subsequent heat treatment. Normalized rolling:
by carefully selected chemical composition and finishing and coiling
temperature, a set of prescribed mechanical properties is obtained
which will still be achievable after the product itself has been
normalized, i.e., at >900°C.
Thermometer: Device for measuring temperatures.
Thermomodule: Number of thermocouples used in parallel to
achieve low temperatures.
Thermopile: Number of thermocouples used in series to create a
higher voltage.
Thermoplastic Materials: A thermoplastic material is a polymer that
changes state. When heated sufficiently, the thermoplastic turns to
liquid and when cooled, the material freezes into a glass-like solid.
Thermoplastics are characterized by their melt temperature and
glass transition temperature, unique to each polymer.
Thermoplastics can be melted, reshaped, and frozen multiple times.
Thermoplastic Pipe: Thermoplastic Pipe is polymer pipe made from
Polyethylene or Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or similar that can be
repeatedly softened with heat.
Thermoplastic Tubing: Thermoplastic Tubing is polymer tubing
made from Polyethylene or Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or similar that
can be repeatedly softened with heat.
Thermoplastic Vessels: A Thermoplastic Vessel is a plastic storage
vessel that can be used to hold fluids. Fiber reinforcement maybe
incorporated for added strength, especially if the vessel is a pressure
vessel.
Thermosphere: The Earth atmosphere between 120 and 250 to
400 km (depending on the solar and geomagnetic activity levels),
where temperature has an exponential increase up to a limiting value
Texo at the thermopause. The temperature Texo is called the
exospheric temperature.
Thermosphere: The outermost shell of the atmosphere, between
the mesosphere and outer space; where temperatures increase
steadily with altitude.
Thermostat: Device, which senses ambient temperature, conditions
and, in turn, acts to control a circuit.
Thermostat valve: The unit or device installed into the engine
cooling system to control the pre cooling. It permits to flow the
cooling agent after 70 degree temperature. It is installed between
radiator and water jacket of engine.
Thermostatic control : Device which operates system or part of
system based on temperature change.
Thermostatic valve : Valve controlled by temperature change
response elements.
Thermostatic water valve : Valve used to control flow of water
through system, actuated (made to work) by temperature difference.
Used in units such as water-cooled compressor and/or condenser.
Thermostatically controlled air cleaner: A device on carbureted
engines to control emissions, which contains a thermostat-controlled
diverter that ducts air warmed by the exhaust manifold to the
carburetor during cold conditions, and then ambient air to it once a
certain temperature has been attained. This enables the engine to
reach a normal operating temperature and end its fuel-rich/inefficient
cold-temperature mode as quickly as possible.
Thickness: Used to describe the total frontal area of an airfoil and
generally represented as a percentage of the chord for a given airfoil
or wing section.
Thickness Gauge or Feeler Stock: A hardened and tempered,
edged, ground and polished thin section, high-carbon strip steel.
Usually 1/2 inch width and in thicknesses from 0.001 to 0.050
manufactured to extremely close tolerances. It is used primarily for
determining measurement of openings by tool and die makers,
machinists and automobile technicians.
Thickness Gauges: A thickness gauge is a device that determines
the thickness of thin wall or coating. This is often done with a the use
of a ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic waves propagated in the layer
being measured at a known wavespeed and reflect back to the
transducer when they encounter an interface. The transit time of the
wave in the material can be correlated to the thickness of the layer.
Thief: A racking device or nonfunctional pattern area used in the
electroplating process to provide a more uniform current density on
plated parts. Thieves absorb the unevenly distributed current on
irregularly shaped parts, thereby ensuring that the parts will receive
an electroplated coating of uniform thickness. See also robber. (see
Robber)
Thin Film/Mixed Film Lubrication: A condition of lubrication in
which the lubricant film is so thin that the friction between the
surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces as well as
the viscosity of the lubricant; also known as mixed film
lubrication. (see Boundary Lubrication)
Thin Gauge Diaphragms: A Thin Gauge Diaphragm is a flexible
mechanical barrier that is anchored on its perimeter.
Thin Slabs: In modern thin slab casting machine, liquid steel is
continuously cast into much thinner slabs of 35-50mm directly which
are used for production of Finished Hot Rolled Flat products upon
heating on-line.
Thin Strip Continuous Casting: Casting technology that takes
liquid steel and casts it into solid strip in one step, thereby
eliminating the need for a continuous slab caster and hot strip mill.
Thin Wall Tubing: Tubes with wall thickness that can be as thin as
.005 inches (.127 mm) yet remain structurally sound in many
environments. Such thin walls minimize the weight of the tube.
Thin-wall Casting: A term used to define a casting that has the
minimum wall thickness to satisfy its service function.
Third freedom: The right to fly from one’s own country to another.
Eg Qantas carrying passengers from Sydney to London as an
Australian airline.
Third Rail: The high voltage rail bar along the track that carries
electrical energy to run the trains on that track. The third rail voltage
is approximately 750 volts. It is also sometimes referred to as a
propulsion rail or contact rail.
Thixotropy: The property of a material like lubricating grease that is
manifested by a softening in consistency as the result of shearing,
followed by a hardening in consistency that begins immediately after
the shearing stops. With thixotropic cleansers, shearing may occur
with shaking, mixing, vibrating, pumping or stirring.
Thomas Process: The continental name for the basic Bessemer
steelmaking process, now superseded by modern-day BOS plants.
Thomas Process: The continental name for the basic Bessemer
steel making process, now superseded by modern day BOS plants
THR : Threshold
Thread Cutting Oil: Petroleum based product formulated to cool
and lubricate the threading tools that produce external threads on
metal rods or pipes. Single-point tools can be used, but the majority
of threading is performed by feeding special threading dies into the
workpiece until the desired length of thread is reached.
Thread Rolling: The production of threads by rolling the piece
between two grooved die plates, one of which is in motion, or
between rotating grooved circular rolls. Also known as roll threading.
Thread Sealant: Thread Sealant is used to seal threaded joints in
pressurized systems. There are several types including paste and
Teflon tape.
Threaded Valves: A Threaded Valve can be any type of valve with
threaded connections so it can be easily integrated into a pipe
system.
Threader Coil: 1. A narrow width coil of TU plate with a base weight
between 75 lbs to 100 lbs. This coil is used anytime the line is to be
shut down or on a line start-up. 2. The last coil threaded through the
line. The threader coil remains in the line until start-up. 3. A coil fed
into the line only to make a connection between sizes.
Threader Coil: A narrow width coil of TU plate with a base weight
between 75# to 100#. This coil is used anytime the line is to be shut
down or on a line start up. 2) The last coil threaded through the line.
The threader coil remains in the line until start up. 3) A coil fed into
the line only to make a connection between sizes.
Threading Table: Extension plate to assist in threading the coil end
into the McKay leveler.
Threading Table: Extension plate to assist in threading the coil end
into the McKay leveler.
Threat avoidance (tha) : Flight cues designed to avoid enemy
threats, such as anti-aircraft artillery and aircraft; Compare: obstacle
avoidance, terrain avoidance;
Three Phase Ac Motors: Three Phase AC Motors have three poles
spaced at 120 degrees. This arrangement produces a rotating
magnetic field in response input Three Phase AC power which
generates torque on the rotor shaft. Three Phase motors are reliable
and easy to maintain and do don't require a starting torque, unlike
single phase AC motors.
Three Phase Transformer: A Three Phase Transformer is used to
step-up or step-down voltages from a three phase power source.
Essentially a three phase transformer is nothing more than three
single phase transformers integrated into a single package.
Three Piece Can: Three piece cans consist of a body and two ends.
The body side seam can be accomplished by soldering, cementing
or welding. The two ends are attached using a double rolled seam.
The curl on the end, containing the seal compound and its flange on
the can body are indexed and rolled flat. The sealing compound
between fold gives an hermetic seal.
Three- point Bending: The bending of a piece of metal or a
structural member in which the object is placed across two supports
and force is applied between and in opposition to them.
Three Quarter Hard Temper: A) In stainless steel strip tempers are
based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium Nickel
grades three quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min.
(B) In Brass mill terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard
or 29.4% thickness reduction.
Three Way: A term used to describe a valve that has three ports,
normally a pressure (inlet) port, a normally closed (n.c.) port and a
normally open (n.o.) port. Used to block or open a common flow
passage.
Three way: A term used to describe a valve that has three ports,
normally a pressure (inlet) port, a normally closed (n.c.) port and a
normally open (n.o.) port. Used to block or open a common flow
passage.
Three Way Ball Valves: A Three Way Ball Valve is used to control
flow through from one input into two outputs, or two inputs into one
output. Both T- or L- shaped channels can be incorporated in the
ball.
Three way valve, manually and directoperated: A valve having a
three way functional capability that may be manually activated to
directly control the operating spool. Movement of the spool from
extreme end to extreme end reverses the flow paths of the ports.
See THREE WAY.
Three way valve, proportional control and direct operated: A
valve having a three way functional capability that may be
proportionately actuated by a solenoid to control the operating spool
in infinite resolution. Movement of the spool from extreme end to
extreme rod completely reverses the flow paths of the ports. See
THREE WAY.
Three way valve, solenoid and directoperated: A valve having a
three way functional capability that may be solenoid activated to
directly control the operating spool. Movement of the spool from
extreme end to extreme end reverses the flow paths of the ports.
See THREE WAY.
Three way valve, solenoid and pilot operated: A valve having a
three way functional capability that may be solenoid activated to
directly control the operating spool which then controls a secondary,
larger spool. Movement of the secondary spool from extreme end to
extreme end reverses the flow paths of ports. See THREE WAY.
Three-axis stabilization: Stabilization accomplished by nudging a
spacecraft back and forth within a deadband of allowed attitude
error, using small thrusters or reaction wheels.
Three-Piece Can: Three-piece cans consist of a body and two ends.
The body side seam can be accomplished by soldering, cementing
or welding. The two ends are attached using a double-rolled seam.
The curl on the end, containing the seal compound and its flange on
the can body are indexed and rolled flat. The sealing compound
between fold gives an hermetic seal.
Three-Quarter Hard Temper: 1. In stainless steel strip tempers are
based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For chromium-nickel
grades three-quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min.
In brass mill terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard or
29.4% thickness reduction.
Three-way: Coherent communications mode wherein a DSS
receives a downlink whose frequency is based upon the frequency of
an uplink provided by another DSS.
Three-way valve : Multiorifice (opening) flow control valve with three
fluid flow openings.
Threshold Stress: Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking.
The critical gross section stress at the onset of stress-corrostion
cracking under specified conditions.
Threshold treatment : Chemical treatment, used to prevent scale
formation, which acts to hold hardness in solution at the threshold of
precipitation.
Throat: That part of a rocket engine between the combustion
chamber and nozzle.
Throttle: To decrease the supply of propellant to an engine,
reducing thrust. Liquid propellant rocket engines can be throttled;
solid rocket motors cannot.
Throttle: To permit passing of a restricted flow. May control flow rate
or create a deliberate pressure drop.
Throttle : it is used to control the air fuel mixture into engine
provided between the engine and carburetor or air filter.
Throttle & kick down lever ball studs: Lubricated pivot points for
the throttle or kickdown linkages.
Throttle cue : A longitudinal flight director cue for fixed-wing aircraft,
primarily to control speed, by changing power; Compare: longitudinal
cyclic cue; Symbols: Gamma sub LONG; Typical Units: percent, in;
Throttle curve / pitch curve / programmable points : On
helicoptersSomewhat like exponential in that you change the way
the servos move as you move the stick. Usually you would have a
different curve setting for each idle up mode. In idle up one you
might have the throttle at 100% when the left stick is full down, at
50% when it's in the middle, and back to 100% when the left stick is
full up. This way you can fly upside down. Some radio's have more
curve points than others, which means you could have parts of the
stick less sensitive than others, so you could make it easier to hover
gracefully on a machine with a very sensitive collective.
Throttle governing : With throttle governing a single large control
valve controls the load from 0% to 100%When steam is throttled, the
superheat increases and the turbine exhaust steam is drier, reducing
the turbine blade erosion, but with the drier steam entering the
condenser, the condenser losses increase. Throttling of steam
through a valve is an isenthalpic ( constant enthalpy ) process and
no heat is lost. The socalled throttling losses occur in the condenser.
Throttle hold: A feature that comes with many transmitter models.
The opposite of Idle-Up, as in, this switch will keep the throttle at idle
so that you can increase the collective without gaining high RPMs
/power. This switch can be used as a "safety" switch when the
helicopter is carried to the flight line. It is more commonly used to
practice auto-rotations or if tail rotor control is lost causing the
helicopter to pirouette rapidly opposite rotor blade direction
Throttle linkage: A collection of mechanical connections between a
vehicles accelerator pedal and its throttle body or carburetor.
Throttle position sensor: It the part of electronic unit which monitor
the position of the throttle and control the throttling position.
Throttle system: The components used to control the volume of air
to the engine.
Throttle Valve: A manual valve used to regulate the amount of
steam entering the turbine.
Throttle Valve: A manual valve used to regulate the amount of
steam entering the turbine.
Throttle : The control that allows the pilot to change the speed of the
engine. In a car, the "gas pedal" is actually the throttle control for the
car.
Throttle-body: It is the part of engine air intake system. It controls
the amount of fuel air mixture. In sensor controlled vehicles sensor is
also placed on this body.
Throttling: An irreversible adiabatic steady flow process in which
the fluid is caused to flow through an obstruction in a pipe with a
resulting drop in pressure. This process is used to control the engine
speed in a automobile or it is used to control the fuel feed to any
system.
Throttling valve: The circular disc valve of carburetor provided to
control the flow of air and fuel. It is further connected to the
accelerator paddle.
Throttling range : The amount of change in the variable being
controlled to make the controlled device more through the full length
of its stroke.
Through cargo: Cargo staying on board at a stopping place en-
route for ongoing carrier on the same flight.
Throwing Power: (1) The relationship between the current density
at a point on a surface and its distance from the counterelecrrooe.
The greater the ratio of sruface resistivity shown by the electrode
reaction to the volume better is the resistivity of the electrolyte, the
ability of a throwing power of the process. (2) The plating solution to
produce a uniform metal distribution on an irregularly shaped
cathode.
Thrust: Force which propels an aircraft through the air; generated by
conventional propeller or the jet efflux of a turbine engine.
Thrust: The driving force of a propeller in the line of its shaft or the
forward force produced in reaction to the gases expelled rearward
from a jet or rocket engine. Opposite of DRAG.
Thrust: The force that is generated by the spinning propeller or
fan/turbine of the airplane, and pushes/pulls the model through the
air.
Thrust: The force that propels a rocket or spacecraft measured in
pounds, kilograms or Newtons. Thrust is generated by a high-speed
jet of gases discharging through a nozzle.
Thrust: A force created by
the engines that pushes an aircraftthrough the air.
Thrust Ball Bearings: A Thrust Ball Bearing consists of a ring of
ball bearings sandwiched axially between two bearing races. They
are suitable for axial loading only.
Thrust Bearing: An axial-load bearing.
Thrust chamber: The area in a propulsion rocket in which force
accumulates before ejection, e.g. the reaction chamber.
Thrust collar position indicator : The axial position of the rotor is
very important and an axial position indicator is often applied to the
thrust bearing.
Thrust vector control: Control of the thrust vector direction to steer
a rocket or spacecraft during powered flight. Thrust vector control is
most often achieved by hydraulically gimbaled engines.
Thrust : The forward force provided by the airplane`s engine. This is
the force that drives the airplane forward
Thruster: Rocket engines used for maneuvering spacecraft in
space.
Thunder: The sound that results from lightning. Lightning bolts
(static electricity) produce intense heat. This burst of heat makes the
air around the bolt expand explosively, producing the sound we hear
as thunder. Since light travels faster than sound, we see the lightning
before we hear the thunder.
Thunderstorm: Local storm resulting from warm humid air rising in
an unstable environment. Air may start moving upward because of
unequal surface heating, the lifting of warm air along a frontal zone,
or diverging upper-level winds (these diverging winds draw air up
beneath them). The scattered thunderstorms that develop in the
summer are called air-mass thunderstorms because they form in
warm, maritime tropical air masses away from other weather fronts.
More violent severe thunderstorms form in areas with a strong
vertical wind shear that forces the updraft into the mature stage, the
most intense stage of the thunderstorm. Severe thunderstorms can
produce large hail, forceful winds, flash floods, and tornadoes.
Ti: Chemical symbol for titanium.
Ti: Chemical symbol for Titanium
Tiaca: International Air Cargo Association.
Tidal marsh: Low, flat marshlands traversed by channels and tidal
hollows and subject to tidal innundation; normally, the only
vegetation present are salt-tolerant bushes and grasses.
Tie Bar: Bar or rod shaped part of the casting added to prevent
distortion caused by uneven contraction between separated
members.
Tie Bar, Rod: Bar- or rod-shaped part of the casting added to
prevent distortion caused by uneven contraction between separated
members.
Tie rod: It is the rod placed in to the steering system of the vehicle. It
controls and converts the rotation motion of steering wheel into the
linier motion. It is connected through the ball joints to move freely.
Tie rod: A metal rod that is used to prevent two or more components
from separating. Normally used to restrain the end plates of cylinders
against the cylinder tube.
Tie rod ends: Ball and socket parts of the steering linkage that
connect the wheel spindles to the rack and pinion or center link.
Tier 1 EPA Program: The EPAs first vehicle emission program
promulgated under the Clean Air Act of 1994, which set more
stringent national vehicle emissions standards than had previously
existed.
Tier 2 EPA Program: The EPAs second vehicle emission program
promulgated under the Clean Air Act of 1994, which set more
stringent national vehicle emissions standards than the Tier 1 EPA
Program.
TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas): A welding process that uses a non-
consumable tungsten electrode to provide an electric arc to melt a
work piece. Inert gases are used to shield the arc and the weld
puddle to prevent oxidation during cooling. Used for heat exchanger,
condenser and sanitary tubing.
Tiger Stripes: Continuous bright lines on sheet or strip in the rolling
direction.
Tight Flask: A type of flask which remains on mold during pouring.
Lugs are normally provided for clamping cope and drag together for
pouring.
Tight Flask: A type of flask which remains on mold during pouring.
Lugs are normally provided for clamping cope and drag together for
pouring.
Tilt Boundary: A subgrain boundary consisting of an array of edge
dislocations.
Tilt Mold: A casting mold, usually a book (permanent) mold, that
rotates from a horizontal to a vertical position during pouring, which
reduces agitation and thus the formation and entrapment of oxides.
Tilt rotor : An aircraft with tilting rotors for fixed-wing flight or rotary-
wing flight;
Tiltrotor: A type of powered-lift aircraft with characteristics of both
rotary wing and fixed wing aircraft. Tiltrotors have proprotors at each
wingtip. The proprotors can be positioned to allow the aircraft to
takeoff or land vertically, similar to a helicopter or horizontally, similar
to a fixed-wing aircraft. Once airborne, proprotors can be tilted
forward for horizontal flight. The U.S. Marine Corps operates the VS-
22 Osprey Tiltrotor. Bell and Agusta are partners in developing and
certifying the BA-609 civil tiltrotor.
Tim : Time (Euro control, everybody else is able to add an "e")
Time Belt Pulleys: A Time Belt Pulley is a notched pulley that is
used with a timing belt to synchronize motion of mechanical valves
or other similar applications.
Time constant : Constant for a first-order filter determining time at
which the output of the filter reaches nearly 0.6321 percent of a step
input; Symbols: tau; Typical Units: s; Dimensions: Time;
Time in service : with respect to maintenance time records, means
the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth
until it touches it at the next point of landing
Time of periapsis passage: The time in which a planet or satellite
moves through its point of periapsis.
Time Quenching: Interrupted quenching in which the time in the
quenching medium is controlled.
Time Temperature: An isothermal transforamtion diagram showing
the relationship between temperature and the time taken.
Timer Control Modules: A Timer Control Module is used to turn
devices on or off in response to a timer. Many modules can interface
multiple devices.
Timer-thermostat : Thermostat control which includes a clock
mechanism. Unit automatically controls room temperature and
changes temperature range depending on time of day.
Time-temperature Curve: A curve produced by plotting time against
temperature.
Timing: The fix schedule or system of any system. Technically in
automobiles it is used for the timings of ignition of fuel by spark
produced by spark plug.
Timing (valve): It is the accurate timing of the opening and closing
of the engine valves for better engine power output. Usually a timing
belt or chain is placed for better timing controls.
Timing belt: Belt with features teeth on the inside surface used in
internal combustion engine to synchronizes the rotation of the
crankshaft and the camshafts. It operates the valve of the engine on
proper timing.
Timing belt: A "toothed" belt that drives an overhead camshaft or
camshafts (and in some vehicles a water pump).
Timing belt tensionar: It is the nut and bolt unit placed on the
timing belt unit. It is used adjust the timing belt tension of the engine.
Timing belt tensioner: A spring-loaded idler wheel that
automatically keeps the timing belt under enough tension to prevent
the timing belt from allowing the camshaft(s) it controls to go out of
sync.
Timing chain: The chain provided to transfer the engine power to
the timing gear. It should be very accurate in tension.
Timing chain tensionar: It is the nut and bolt unit placed on the
timing chain unit. It is used adjust the timing belt tension of the
engine.
Timing gear: The gear used to transfer the power on the time to the
camshaft. The timings fixed by the engine design.
Timing mark: The mark given on the timing gear or crank pulley. It is
used to match the timing of ignition system or injection system with
engine fuel feeding system.
Timing Pulleys: A Timing Pulley is a notched pulley that is used
with a timing belt to synchronize motion of mechanical valves or
other similar applications.
Timing Relays: A Timing Relay is a relay that, once activated, will
stay on (or off) for a prescribed amount of time before breaking (or
engaging) contact.
Timken OK Load: Measure of the EP properties of a lubricant. The
Timken testing machine uses a lever arm that can be loaded to bring
a stationary block to bear against the rotating outer race of a bearing
until scoring occurs. The maximum load prior to scoring is called the
OK load.
Tin: Chemical symbol Sn. Element No. 50 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 118.70. Soft silvery-white metal of high malleability
and ductility, but low tensile strength; melting point 449°F, boiling
point 4,384°F, yielding the longest molten-state range for any
common metal; specific gravity 7.28. Principle use as a coating on
steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys.
Tin Free Steel: Chromium coated steel. Because it is used in food
cans just like tin plate, it ironically is classified as a tin mill product.
Tin free steel is easier to recycle because tin will contaminate scrap
steel in even small concentrations.
Tin Free Steel (TFS): Black electrolytically carbon steel that is
coated with chromium rather than tin.
Tin Mill: Continuous tin-plating facility to produce tin mill steel sheet
to be used in food and beverage cans and other containers.
Tin Mill: Continuous tin plating facility to produce tin mill steel sheet
to be used in food and beverage cans and other containers.
Tin Mill Product: Tin Plate, TFS, or Black Plate.
Tin Mill Product: Tin Plate, Tin Free Steel, or Black Plate.
Tin Pest: A polymorphic modification of tin that causes it to crumble
into a powder known as gray tin. It is generally accepted that the
maximum rate of transformation occurs at about -40 °C (-40 °F), but
transformation can occur at as high as about 13°C (55 °F).
Tin Plate: Tin plate is cold reduced steel sheet coated with a thin
layer of tin. It has good corrosion resistance and food compatibility –
although many products require a thin coating of lacquer to
maximize the shelf life of the contents. Around 90% of tin plate is
used in packaging, with food and drink cans the biggest market, but
it is also widely used for other consumer and general packaging,
such as aerosois, paints and oils. Tin is applied in a continuous
process where decoiled steel (tinplate feedstock is called blackplate)
passes through an electrolytic plating bath containing tin in solution.
Tin plate can be produced with different coating thicknesses on
either side of the sheet. The coating on each side is typically in the
range of 2.8-5.6 grams/sq. meter, but can be 1-14 grams/sq. meter.
(11.2 grams per sq. meter on each side equates to one pound "per
basis box", a unit of measure still used in the USA). Overall tin plate
thickness is usually in the range of 0.13-0.49mm.
Tin Plate: Tinplate is low carbon mild steel coated on both top and
bottom surfaces with an electrolytic deposition of tin. The deposited
tin exists as alloyed and free tim and has a passivated surface as
well as a coating of oil.
Tin Plate Base Box: A Tin Plate Base Box is measured in terms of
pounds per Base Box (112 sheets 14 x 20) a unit peculiar to the tin
industry. This corresponds to it's area of sheet totaling to 31.360
square inches of any gage and is applied to tin plate weighing from
55 to 275 pounds per base box. To convert to decimal thickness
multiply weight per base box by .00011.
Tin Plating: Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be
coated is made cathode (negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath
containing a decomposable tin salt.
Tin Tossing: Oxidizing impurities in molten tin by pouring it from one
vessel to another in air, forming a dross that is mechanically
separable.
Tin/Chrome Plating: A plating process whereby the molecules from
the positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively
charged sheet steel. The thickness of the coating is readily
controlled through regulation of the voltage and speed of the sheet
through the plating area.
Tin/Chrome Plating: A plating process whereby the molecules from
the positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively
charged sheet steel. The thickness of the coating is readily
controlled through regulation of the voltage and speed of the sheet
through the plating area.
Tin-Coated Steel: Cold rolled sheet, strip or plate coated with tin or
chromium.
Tin-Free Steel: Chromium-coated steel. Because it is used in food
cans just like tin plate, it ironically is classified as a tin mill product.
Tin-free steel is easier to recycle because tin will contaminate scrap
steel in even small concentrations.
Tinning: Coating metal with a very thin layer of molten solder or
brazing filler metal.
Tinning: Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten
tin or by electro deposition; also by spraying.
Tinplate: Thin steel sheet with a very thin coating of metallic tin.
Used primarily in can making.
Tinsel : RAF airborne jamming device used by wireless operators to
transmit engine noise over the German night fighter control
frequencies
Tint: It is the mixture of colors to increase or decrease the shades of
the colors. The term tinting is used for this process.
Tint: A transparent plastic film applied to a vehicles windows that
reduces visible light transmission and, in some cases, rejects heat
by reducing UV and infrared transmissions.
Tint Etching: Immersing metallographic specimens in specially
formulated chemical etchants in order to produce a stable film on the
specimen surface. When viewed under an optical microscope, these
surface films produce colors that correspond to the various phases in
the alloy. Also known as color etching.
Tip: the outboard end of a wing or tailplane.
Tip stall: The condition that occurs when one or both wing tips stall
before the rest of the wing. Such a stall is dangerous in that it usually
results in a wing drop
Tire Cord Quality Wire Rods: High carbon wire rods with restrictive
requirements for chemical analysis, cleanliness, segregation, de-
carbonization and surface imperfections. This steel is intended to be
drawn into very fine wire (0.006” to 0.015”) buy employing a series of
patenting process steps. Multiple fine wires are then taken to be
bunched (twisted) into tire cord used for the manufacure of “steel
belted” radial automobile tires. Special rod and steel making
practices are used to prevent non-deformable inclusions lager than 5
microns in size. Tire cord quality wire rods are usually supplied
“austenitic coarse grain” in steel Grade 1069 with restrictions on
carbon and manganese ranges. Steel Grades 1075 and 1080 are
also commonly used to produce high strength tire cords.
Tire diameter: The diameter, in inches, of a tire.
Tire inflator: A device used to inflate, or inflate and seal, a
collapsible spare or flat tire.
Tire inflator sealant cartridge: A disposable container of
pressurized sealing compound.
Tire load index: Also referred to as "load rating." A numerical value
assigned to a tire by its manufacturer to indicate the tires capability
to carry a load The higher the index number, the greater its load
capability.
Tire prefix: An alphabetic value assigned to a tire by its
manufacturer to indicate intended uses, such as "P" for passenger
cars and "LT" for light trucks.
Tire pressure monitoring system: An electronic system that
measures and displays to the driver the amount of pressure in a
vehicles tires.
Tire profile: A numeric value assigned to a tire by its manufacturer
to indicate the relationship between the tires sidewall height and its
tread width.
Tire retreading: It is the repairing or re manufacturing process of the
tires. It is used to replace the worn tread of the tires.
Tire size: Information displayed on the sidewall of a tire that includes
its prefix and information about its dimensions, load capacity and
speed rating.
Tire speed rating: An alphanumeric value assigned to a tire by its
manufacturer that indicates the maximum speed the tire can safely
sustain for a ten-minute period.
Tiros-n/noaa satellites: NOAA satellites that continuously orbit the
Earth from North to South Pole (hence, polar orbiting) at an altitude
of approximately 470 nautical miles (870.44 km or 540.86 statute
miles). These environmental satellites collect visible and infrared
imagery and provide atmospheric-sounding data and meteorological
data relay and collection. A primary mission of TIROS-N/NOAA is to
monitor the 70 percent of the globe covered by water-where weather
data is sparse and provide continuous data to the National Weather
Service for use in numerical forecast modeling. Each TIROS-
N/NOAA carries six primary systems: The Advanced Very High
Resolution Scanning Radiometer (AVHRR) senses clouds over both
ocean and land, using the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum.
It stores measurements on tape, and later plays them back to
NOAA's command and data acquisition stations. The satellites also
broadcast in real time, and the broadcasts can be received around
the world by anyone equipped with a direct readout receiving station.
TIS-B : Traffic Information System-Broadcast
Titanium: A metal which is commonly added to chrome nickel
stainless steel to improve its welding properties. So used, it is called
a "stabilizer" or is said to prevent "carbide precipitation". The amount
of titanium commonly used for this purpose is 5 to 7 times the carbon
content.
Titanium: Chemical symbol Ti. Element No. 22 of the periodic
system; atomic weight 47.90; melting point about 3270 (degrees) F.;
boiling point over 5430 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 4.5. Bright white
metal, very malleable and ductile when exceedingly pure. Its
principal functions as an alloy in the making of steel. (1) Fixes
carbon in inert particles (a) reduces martensitic hardness and
hardnability in medium chromium steels. (b) prevents formation of
austenite in high chromium steels. (c) prevents localized depletion of
chromium in stainless steel during long heating. Now finding
application in its own right because of its high strength and good
corrosion resistance.
Titanium Alpha Alloys: Titanium alloys that are either pure
(Commercially Pure Ti) or richer in alpha stabilizing elements (i.e.,
Al, Sn, Ga). These alloys can't be strengthened by heat treat, but
have good weldability.
Titanium Alpha-Beta Alloys: Titanium alloys that contain at least
one alpha stabilizer and one beta stabilizer. These alloys can be
strengthened by solution treating and aging. Titanium 6Al-4V is a
very common alpha-beta alloy.
Titanium Beta Alloys: Titanium alloys that are richer in beta
stabilizing elements (i.e., Mo, V). These titanium alloys have great
forgeability and high hardenability, but are higher in density.
Titanium Heat Exchangers: Titanium Heat Exchangers are used in
to transfer heat between fluids in moderately corrosive environments
that can attack copper heat exchangers. Titanium heat exchangers
are often used with treated pool water, for example.
Titanium Machining: Titanium Machining refers to shaping titanium
alloy with a rotating cutter on a milling machine. Titanium alloy is a
difficult material to machine because of its high strength and
relatively low heat transfer coefficient. Machined titanium
components are used in aerospace and biomedical applications.
Titanium Vessels: Titanium Vessels are used in certain applications
because of there high strength to weight ratio and in corrosive
environments because of titanium's resistance to many common
corrosives.
Titanium-Based Superalloys: Lightweight, corrosive-resistant
alloys suitable for high temperatures. These alloys have been used
for airplane parts. Titanium alloys can be blended with aluminum,
iron, vanadium, silicon, cobalt, tantalum, zirconium and manganese.
Title: Sometimes referred to as the "pink slip." The legal document
issued by the state in which the vehicle is purchased that reflects the
person or entity registered with the state as its legal owner.
Titration: A chemical process used in analyzing feed water.
TKE : Track error
TKOF : Take-Off
TlG Welding: Tungsten inert-gas welding.
Tli: Trans-Lunar Injection.
TLS : Transponder Landing System
TMA : Terminal (Control) Area
TMG : Touring Motor Glider
TMS: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
TNC : Tactical Navigation Chart
Tnt: Trinitrotoluene, a high explosive.
Toe: The term toe is used in automobiles for the angles of the tires
with longitudinal axis. It is usually of two types positive and negative
toe or toe and toe out.
Toe: The difference in distance between the front and rear of a pair
of tyres mounted on the same axle.
Toe in: Toe in is the front of the wheel pointing in towards the
centerline of the vehicle. It is also known as the negative toe.
Toe out: Toe out is the front of the wheel pointing away from the
centerline of the vehicle. It is also known as the positive toe.
Toe-In: The fronts of two tyres on the same axle are closer than the
rears of the tyres.
Toe-Out: The fronts of two tyres on the same axle are further apart
than the rears of the tyres.
Toe-Out Turns: Also known as the Ackerman Angle. A vehicle’s
wheels on the inside of a turn follow a smaller radius than the tyres
on the outside of the turn, because the two front wheels steer at
different angles when turning.
Toggle Bolt: A Toggle Bolt is a fastener that is used when attaching
something to drywall, or other structure that offers limited resistance
to thread pull-out. The toggle is a spring loaded clip that can be
pushed though the hole and provides an anchor to the opposite side
of the wall once it expands.
Toggle Press: A mechanical press in which the slide is actuated by
one or more toggle links or mechanisms.
Toggle Switches: Toggle Switches are mechanically actuated
switches. A light switch is an example of a toggle switch.
Tolerance: Term describing deviation from the prescribed
dimensional specifications for bore, OD and ring widths of standard
bearings; the slighter the deviation, the smaller the tolerance and the
closer the bearing comes to precision. The Annular Bearing
Engineering Committee has standardized the tolerances for ball
bearings, and the Roller Bearing Engineering Committee has
developed similar tolerances for roller bearings; higher numbers
mean greater precision.
Tolerance Limit: 1. The permissible deviation from the desired
value. 2. As applied to magnesium alloys, the specific critical amount
of an impurity element which, if exceeded, results in a great increase
in rate of corrosion in salt solutions.
Tolerance Limit: The permissible deviation from the desired value.
Tolerances : Allowed error in measurements
Toll Processing: The act of processing steel for a fee ("toll").
Owners of the steel sheet may not possess the facilities to perform
needed operations on the material (or may not have the open
capacity). Therefore, another steel mill or service center will slit, roll,
coat, anneal, or plate the metal for a fee.
Toll Processing: The act of processing steel for a fee (toll). Owners
of the steel sheet may not possess the facilities to perform needed
operations on the material (or may not have the open capacity).
Therefore, another steel mill or service center will slit, roll, coat,
anneal, or plate the metal for a fee.
Ton (T): Unit of measure for steel scrap and iron ore. Gross ton:
2,240 pounds. Long (net) ton: 2,240 pounds. Short (net) ton: 2,000
pounds. The normal measured unit of statistical raw material input
and steel output in the United States. Metric ton: 1,000 kilograms.
2,204.6 pounds or 1.102 short tons.
Ton refrigeration unit : Unit which removes same amount of heat in
24 hours as melting of 1 ton of ice.
Tong Hold: The portion of a forging billet, usually on one end, that is
gripped by the operator's tongs. It is removed from the part at the
end of the forging operation. Common to drop hammer and press
type forging.
Tonghold: The portion of the stock by which the operator grips the
stock with tongs. A small portion of metal projecting from the forging
used to manipulate the piece during the forging operation, usually
trimmed off.
Tonghold: The portion of the stock by which the operator grips the
stock with tongs. A small portion of metal projecting from the forging
used to manipulate the piece during the forging operation, usually
trimmed off.
Tongs: Long-handled pliers used to remove scrap pieces from the
welder or other sections of the line. (see Heppenstall)
Tongue Switch: A switch that contains one straight section of track,
pivoted at one end, which can be swung to various positions to
connect with other tracks for transfer of carriers from one to the
other.
Tonne: Metric ton, a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms (2,205
pounds).
Tonne (T): A metric ton, equivalent to 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6
pounds or 1.1023 short ton.
Ton's of refrigeration : The capacity of a refrigeration system that
can freeze 1 ton (1000 kg) of liquid water at 0°C into ice at 0°C in 24
hour is said to be 1 tone.
Tool: A term usually referring to the dies, mandrels, etc., used in the
production of extruded or drawn shapes or tube
Tool: A device or process that is used to do some kind of work. A
hand-held calculator is a tool for doing mathematics accurately and
quickly. The tools of aeronautics (CFD,Wind Tunnel Testing, Flight
Simulation and Flight Test) are processes that use special devices to
perform research inaeronautics.
Tool Sharpening Equipment: Tool Sharpening Equipment refers to
any tools that are used to repair or regrind cutting tools. The can be
as simple as a sharpening stone or as complex as a 5 axis CNC tool
grinder.
Tool Steel: Steel with high tempering temperatures with 0.5-1.5%
carbon, significant (75%) alloy content and usually containing
carbide stabilizers such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum,
vanadium and tungsten.
Tool steel : Any steel used o make tools for cutting, forming, or
otherwise shaping a material into a final part.
Tool Wear: A gradual deterioration of tools and dies. In the case of
fabrication of stainless steels, the surface oxides of the stainless
gradually either abrade or build up on the tooling. Other factors (high
hardness, non-metallic inclusions) can also accelerate tool wear.
Tool Wear: A gradual deterioration of tools and dies. In the case of
fabrication of stainless steels, the surface oxides of the stainless
gradually either abrade or build up on the tooling. Other factors (high
hardness,non metallic inclusions) can also accelerate tool wear.
Tooling Plate: A cast or rolled product of rectangular cross-section
of thickness 0.250 inch or greater and with edges either as-cast,
sheared or sawed with internal stress levels controlled to achieve
maximum stability for machining purposes to tool and jig
applications.
Tooling Plate: A cast or rolled product of rectangular cross section
of thickness 0.250 inch or greater and with edges either as cast,
sheared or sawed with internal stress levels controlled to achieve
maximum stability for machining purposes to tool and jig
applications.
Tooling Points: The fixed positions on the casting surfaces used for
references during layout and machining.
Tooth: (1) A projection on a multipoint tool (such as on a saw, milling
cutter or file) designed to produce cutting. (2) A projection on the
periphery of a wheel or segment thereof--as on a gear, spline or
sprocket, for example-designed to engage another mechanism and
thereby transmit force or motion, or both. A similar projection on a
flat member such as a rack.
Tooth Depth (Gears): Sum of the addendum, dedendum and a
small clearance space.
Tooth Point: The chamfered cuning edge of a face milling blade, to
which a flat is sometimes added to produce a shaving effect and to
improve finish.
Top dead center : Top most position in reach of the piston. It is the
maximum position of piston travel.
Top Dross: Skimmings for the continuous galvanize pot.
Composition consists of approximately 87% zinc. 5% aluminum, and
6% to 8% iron.
Top Dross: Skimmings for the continuous galvanize pot.
Composition consists of approximately 87% zinc. 5% aluminum, and
6% to 8% iron.
Top Running Crane: An electric overhead traveling crane having
the end trucks supported on rails attached to the top of the crane
runway.
Top-and-Bottom Process: A process for separating copper and
nickel, in which their molten sulfides are separated into two liquid
layers by the addition of sodiwn sulfide. The lower layer holds most
of the nickel.
Topex/poseidon: Ocean Topography Experiment, United States
(NASA)/France (CNES). Launched in 1992, the mission carries a
radar sensor—called an altimeter—to measure the ocean's surface
topography with unprecedented precision. TOPEX/POSEIDON is a
core element of the international World Ocean Circulation
Experiment (WOCE) and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere
(TOGA) seagoing measurements program. Mission objectives are to:
Study ocean circulation and its interaction with the atmosphere to
understand climate change better;
Topography: The technique of graphically representing the exact
physical features of a place or region on a map. The physical
features of a place or region.
Topping turbine: Have been used when old boilers are replaced
with new high pressure boilers. The turbine is a backpressure turbine
exhausting to the old boiler header still supplying steam to the old
lower pressure turbines.
Torch: See preferred terms cutting torch and welding torch. (see
Cutting Torch (Arc)) (see Welding Torch)
Torch Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is
furnished by a fuel gas flame.
Torch Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is
furnished by a fuel gas flame.
Torn Surface: A deep longitudinal rub mark resulting from abrasion
by extrusion or drawing tools.
Tornado: A twisting, spinning funnel of low pressure air. The most
unpredictable weather event, tornadoes are created during powerful
thunderstorms. As a column of warm air rises, air rushes in at
ground level and begins to spin. If the storm gathers energy, a
twisting, spinning funnel develops. Because of the funnel's cloud and
rain composition and the dust, soil, and debris it draws up, the funnel
appears blackish in color. The most energetic storms result in the
funnel touching the ground. In these tornadoes, the roaring winds in
the funnel can reach 300 mph, the strongest winds on Earth.
Funnels usually travel at 20 to 40 mph, moving toward the northeast.
When tornadoes form over lakes or oceans they suck water into the
funnel cloud and are called waterspouts.
Toroidal Current Transformers: A Toroidal Current Transformer is
a transformer that uses a toroid (donut-shaped) ferrous core.
Toroidal cores are more efficient than rectangular cores but also
more expensive to produce.
Torpedo Car: The hot metal car used to carry molten iron from the
blast furnace to steelmaking units.
Torpedo Car: The hot metal car used to carry molten iron from the
blast furnace to steelmaking units.
Torque: Torque is a measure of how much force acting on an object
causes that object to rotate or the tendency of a force to rotate an
object about an axis.
Torque: A measurement of an engine's power that indicates how
forcefully it can rotate the crankshaft at a given engine speed.
Torque: Turning or twisting effort, usually measured in lb-ft or
Newton metres.
Torque: The measure of force applied to a lever arm. Normally
expressed in lb.-ft. (pound-feet) or lb.-in. (pound-inch).
Torque rod: Torque rod or torque arm used for correct alignment of
axle. It is mounted with frame and axle with pivoted mountings.
Torque converter: Torque convertor or the automatic transmission
is the fluid drive having the rotating members into housing. It
transfers the power by means of the fluid friction and viscosity.
Torque converter: A rotary fluid coupling that is capable of
multiplying torque.
Torque Limiting Clutches: A Torque Limiting Clutch protects a drive
train from mechanical overload. This can be done either by failure of
a shear pin or slipping of friction disc interface.
Torque Motor: A coil of wire and bobbin assembly used in a servo
valve that causes the internal mechanism of the servo valve to be
offset when current passes through the coil.
Torque motor: A coil of wire and bobbin assembly used in a servo
valve that causes the internal mechanism of the servo valve to be
offset when current passes through the coil.
Torque Sensors: Torque Sensors is a load cell that converts
torsional strain into an electrical signal and is used to measure
torque on a shaft. They are often incorporated with as part of a
torque wrench to measure the tightening torque of a fastener.
Torque steer: It is the tendency of a front-wheel drive car to pull to
one side during hard acceleration.
Torque Transducers: A Torque Transducer is a load cell that
converts torsional strain into an electrical signal and is used to
measure torque on a shaft.
Torque : The force which tends to cause rotation.
Torque : The force generated by the turning propeller or helicopter
blades, which tends to turn the aircraft in the opposite direction.
Torque, Full Load (Motor): The torque produced by a motor
operating at its rated horsepower and speed.
Torque, Locked Rotor: The minimum torque which a squirrel- cage
motor will develop at rest, for all angular positions of the rotor, with
rated voltage applied at rated frequency. Not applicable to wound-
rotor (slip-ring) motors.
Torque, Motor Breakdown: The maximum torque which a squirrel-
cage or wound-rotor (slip-ring) motor will develop with rated voltage
applied at rated frequency, without an abrupt drop in speed.
Torque, Motor Full Load: The torque developed by an electric
motor (A.C. or D.C.) to produce its rated horsepower at rated full
load speed.
Torque, Motor Pull Up: The minimum torque developed by a
squirrel cage or wound rotor (slip-ring) motor during the period of
acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque
occurs. For squirrel cage motors with 8% or greater slip, the pull up
torque, the breakdown torque, and the starting torque are all equal
and occur at zero speed.
Torque-Locking Sipes: Sipes with vertical undulation (into tread
block) for added rigidity during cornering.
Torsion: Stain created in a material by a twisting action.
Correspondingly, the stress within the material resisting the twisting.
Torsion Bar: A long, straight bar fastened to the frame at one end
and to a suspension part at the other; acts like an uncoiled spring
that absorbs energy by twisting.
Torsional Box Girder: Girder in which the trolley rail is located over
one web.
Torsional Forces: Forces which can cause twisting of a member.
Torsional Moment: In a body being twisted, the algebraic sum of
the couples or the moments of the external forces about the axis of
twist, or both.
Torsional Strength: The resistance of a bar to twisting. Closely
related to its shear strength.
Torus: Solid geometrical figure with the shape of a doughnut or
innertube.
Total Acid Number (TAN): (see Neutralization (“neut”) number) (see
Strong acid/strong base numbers)
Total Acid/Total Base Numbers: Total acid number (TAN) and acid
number are synonymous, indicating the strong acid number values.
Total base number (TBN) reflects all basic constituents, including the
strong base component. (see Strong Acid/Strong Base Numbers)
Total aerodynamic force: The net force vector applied by the
various forces of lift.
Total Carbon: The sum of the free and combined carbon (including
carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy.
Total due at signing: See "drive off fees."
Total dynamic head: Dynamic discharge head (static discharge
head, plus friction head, plus velocity head) plus dynamic suction lift,
or dynamic discharge head minus dynamic suction head.
Total Elongation: The total amount of permanent extension of a test
piece broken in a tensile test usually expressed as a percentage
over a fixed gage length.
Total hardness: Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium
and magnesium hardness1, in mg/L as CaCO3. In addition to total
hardness, the test described here will allow you to determine the
concentration of Mg2+, in mg/L
Total heat: Sum of both the sensible and latent heat.
Total heat (enthalpy): Total heat is the sum of the sensible heat and
latent heat in an exchange process. In many cases, the addition or
subtraction of latent and sensible heat at terminal coils appears
simultaneously. Total heat also is called enthalpy, both of which can
be defined as the quantity of heat energy contained in that
substance.
Total ozone mapping spectrometer (toms): Flown on NASA's
Nimbus-7 satellite, its primary goal is to continue the high-resolution
global mapping of total ozone on a daily basis. The Nimbus-7 launch
in 1978 enabled TOMS to begin delivering data in 1979 and continue
providing information until 1993. TOMS has mapped the total
amount of ozone between the ground and the top of the atmosphere,
provided the first maps of the ozone hole, and continues to monitor
this phenomenon.
Total pressure : A measure of barometric pressure in the moving
air; Synonyms: dynamic pressure, Pitot pressure, stagnation
pressure; Compare: static pressure; Symbols: p sub t; Typical Units:
psi, lbf/in-squared; Dimensions: Mass /Time-squared * Length
Total Preventive Maintenance (TPM): A maintenance program of
industrial equipment based on multicapacitation of the employers.
They are prepared to not only operate equipment, but also make
repairs or diagnose eminent defects.
Total solar irradiance: The amount of solar energy hitting the top of
the Earth’s atmosphere, currently accepted to be about 1,368 watts
per square meter.
Total solids: Are the sum of the dissolved and suspended solids.
Touch Screen Displays: Touch Screen Displays allow an operator
to communicate to a device by touching different areas on a screen
instead of using a mouse or keyboard.
Touch-and-go: Landing practice in which an aircraft does not make
a full stop after a landing, but proceeds immediately to another take-
off.
Touchdown and liftoff area (tlof): A load-bearing area, normally
centered in the FATO, on which the helicopter lands or takes off. The
TLOF is frequently called a helipad or helideck.(Note
Older FAA publications referred to this area as the FATO, which now
has a different meaning. See above for current FATO definition.)
Tough Pitch Copper: Copper containing from 0.02 to 0.04% O,
obtained by refining copper in a reverberatory furnace.
Toughness: Ability of a material to absorb energy and deform
plastically before fracturing. Toughness is proportional to the area
under the stress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking point. In
metals, toughness is usually measured by the energy absorbed in a
notch impact test.
Tour of duty: A tour of duty comprises a series of flight legs (usually
2) flown by a flight crew. In Air France, long-haul tours of duty usually
last for 3 days, while on medium-haul they last from 1 to 4 days.
Touring tyres: Generally offer increased tread life, comfort and all-
season traction.
Tovs: TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder. See Television Infrared
Operational Satellite (TIROS).
Tow hooks: The hooks used to pull or lift the weight. Construction of
hook depends upon the requirements of the system. A tow hook is
provided in four wheelers to pull in case of emergency.
Tow hooks: Metal hooks or eyelets, either fixed or removable, that
are attached to a structurally sound section of a vehicles frame and
used as pickup points for tow cables.
Tower: 1. Consists of sets of mounted rolls. The top rolls are in a
fixed position, but the bottom rolls are mounted on a movable
carriage. The carriage is controlled by cables that can move the
carriage up or down in the tower. When the carriage is lowered, extra
strip is stored in the tower. This strip is used when a weld is being
made. 2. Tower for loops of steel; allows entry end to shut down
without stopping production; also a tower which allows the coating to
freeze on the steel.
Tower: 1) Consist of sets of mounted rolls. The top rolls are in a
fixed position but the bottom rolls are mounted on a moveable
carriage. The carriage is controlled by cables that can move the
carriage up or down in the tower. When the carriage is lowered extra
strip is stored in the tower. This strip is used when a weld is being
made. 2) Tower for loops of steel (#5 Galvanize); allows entry end to
shut down without stopping production; also a tower at which allows
the coating to freeze on the steel.
Tower fill: The interior structure of a cooling tower over which the
water flows.
Tower Oven: Vertical, continuous core oven with suspended shelves
attached to sprocket driven chains.
Tower : A terminal facility that uses air/ground communications,
visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft
operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area.
Towing: Includes glider, target and banner towing.
Towing capable: A vehicle with features and equipment that make it
well-suited for pulling a trailer.
Towing capacity: The maximum amount of weight a vehicle is
capable of towing (according to its manufacturer).
TPC : Tactical Piloting Chart
TPIA : Transition Plan for Implementation of Airspace Strategy
TQIT: Bearing manufacturers’ nomenclature describing tapered roll-
neck, interference-fit bearings used in high-speed, heavy-duty rolling
mills where close gauge and shape tolerances are required.
TQO: Nomenclature used by tapered roller bearing manufacturers to
denote the straight-neck, loose-fit roller bearings used on heavy-
duty, low-to-medium speed rolling mills.
Tr or t/r short for tail rotor: . Used to counter the torque then
engine puts on the rotor blades which left unbalanced would make
cause the helicopter to spin around its main rotor axis.
TR : Abbreviation for Torque Roll, a 3D maneuver which begins as a
hover and the torque of the engine/propeller rotates the aircraft in a
counterclockwise direction without any aileron (roll) inputs.
Trace: Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to
determine quantitatively.
Trace constituents: Materials present at a concentration less than
0.01 mg/L.
Trace gas: Any one of the less common gases found in the Earth's
atmosphere. Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon make up more than 99
percent of the Earth's atmosphere. Other gases, such as carbon
dioxide, water vapor, methane, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, and
ammonia, are considered trace gases. Although relatively
unimportant in terms of their absolute volume, they have significant
effects on the Earth's weather and climate.
Trace gas: A minor constituent of the atmosphere. The most
important trace gases contributing to the greenhouse
effect are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, ammonia,
nitric acid, nitrous oxide, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide,
dichlorofluoromethane or Freon 12, trichlorofluoromethane or Freon
11, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide, and carbon tetrachloride.
Trace Heating: Trace Heating is a technique in which a flexible
heating element is used to heat along the entire length of a piping
system. Some radiant floor heating systems are trace heating
systems.
Tracer Milling: Duplication of a three-dimensional form by means of
a cutter controlled by a tracer that is directed by a master form.
Tracer Steam: Companion line to help maintain proper oil
temperature.
Track: The distance from the center plane of one wheel to the center
plane of its opposing wheel.
Track: The distance between the outside tread edges of two tyres on
the same axle.
Track: The structural member that supports the carrier or crane
wheels.
Track (trk) : A basic guidance mode, providing lateral guidance to
an operator selected ground track;
Track angle error (tae) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes; Typical Units: rad;
Track angle error gain (ktae) : A guidance control law parameter,
generated by the lateral guidance modes;
Track Capacity: The design load which consists of the rated load,
impact allowance and load imposed by the weight of the equipment.
Track Curves: Curved sections of monorail track used to change the
direction of carrier travel.
Track handle : A device to move a cursor in two axes on a display,
much like a mouse
Track Hangers: Fittings used to suspend the track from the
supporting structure.
Track Joint: The point at which two sections of track are joined
together.
Track Opener: A section of monorail track arranged to lift or swing
out of line to make an opening through which a door may pass.
Tracking: Side to side movement of the strip through any operating
unit.
Tracking: If the pitch of both rotor blades is not exact, one rotor
blade will be slightly off axis of the other blade, it will look like one
blade is higher then the other. Viewed from the side with blades at
eye level rotor blades would look like this: >< Ideally, you want
perfect tracking, so that the blades appear to be perfectly flat and
look from the side like this:-
Tracking: The science of monitoring satellite locations by means of
radio antennas at ground stations or by using other satellite systems
in space.
Tracking and data relay satellite system (tdrss): Tracking and
Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) An orbiting communications
satellite, developed by NASA, used to relay data from satellite
sensors to ground stations and to track the satellites in orbit.
Tracking station: A station set up to track an object through the
atmosphere or space, usually by means of radar or radio.
Tracking : Tracking is performed by the TRN
Traction: The friction between the tyres and the road surface; the
amount of grip provided.
Traction control: Also known as "traction control system," or "TCS."
A safety feature that regulates wheel spin and prevents loss of
control under acceleration by ensuring maximum traction and
contact between the tires and the road (by adjusting brake pressure
to one or more wheels, closing the throttle, or reducing the fuel
supply to at least one or more cylinders).
Traction control system: See "Traction control."
Traction Fluids: Fluids displaying high traction coefficients; under
high stresses they develop a glass-like structure, simultaneously
transmitting shear forces and protecting the contacting surfaces from
wear. Cycloaliphatics are superior traction fluids.
Tractor: A propeller mounted in front of its engine, pulling an aircraft
through the air, as opposed to a PUSHER configuration.
Tractor Drive: A motor driven unit supported from wheels and
propelled by drive wheel or wheels bearing on the underside of the
track.
Tractor Loader Buckets: Tractor Loader Buckets are steel buckets
that are used to scrape, scoop, and move soil and rock for
excavation and earth moving.
Tractor propeller: Propeller mounted forward of the engine. (See
propeller.)
Trade winds: Surface air from the horse latitudes that moves back
toward the equator and is deflected by the Coriolis Force, causing
the winds to blow from the Northeast in the Northern Hemisphere
and from the Southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. These steady
winds are called trade winds because they provided trade ships with
an ocean route to the New World.
Trade-in: A vehicle that is currently owned by the purchaser of a
new or used vehicle from a dealer and that is exchanged for the
newly purchased vehicle in order to reduce its net price.
Traffic collision avoidancesystem (tcas) : TCAS-I provides
warnings (TAs) of other nearby aircraft; TCAS II provides warnings
and resolutions advisories (RAs), and coordinates RAs with other
TCAS II equipped aircraft via Mode S transponder.
Traffic Mark: Abrasion which results from relative movement
between contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A
dark color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually
observed. A mirror image of a traffic mark is observed on the
adjacent contacting surface.
Traffic Mark: Abrasion which results from relative movement
between contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A
dark color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually
observed. A mirror image of a traffic mark is observed on the
adjacent contacting surface.
Traffic pattern : The traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing
at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an airfield.
Trailer hitch: A metal device attached to a structurally sound section
of a vehicles frame that is used to support a trailer while coupling it
to the vehicle.
Trailer hitch mountings: Trailer hitch attachment points on the body
or chassis.
Trailer wiring: A flat, four-way, weatherproof connector located near
a vehicles trailer hitch used to complete the circuits for a trailers
ground, running, left signal, right signal and break lights.
Trailerload: Quantities of commodities, including primary and
secondary metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 lbs each,
which is the standard weight limit on U.S. highways.
Trailerload: quantities of commodities, including primary and
secondary metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 pounds each,
which is the standard weight limit on U.S. highways.
Trailing edge: the aft or termination point of a flying surface.
Trailing edge: The rear edge of the wing, tail plane or rudder.
Trailing edge: The rearmost edge of an AIRFOIL.
Trailing edge: The rear edge of an airfoil. The trailing edge is
normally thin and sharp. The ailerons are normally located on the
trailing edge of the wing.
Trailing edge (te) : The rearmost edge of the wing or stabilizer
Trailing side: For a satellite that keeps the same face toward the
planet, the hemisphere that faces backwards, away from the
direction of motion.
Trailing-edge: The rear edge of an aerofoil.
Train Operator: The qualified Metro employee aboard a rail vehicle
who has direct and immediate control of the vehicle
Trainer: An R/C airplane that has been designed for learning to fly
on. Usually trainers are high wing, with plenty of dihedral.
Trainer airplane : A aircraft designed to be inherently stable and fly
at low speeds, to give first-time air crafters time to think and react as
they learn to fly.
Training gear: helicopters) Larger landing gear so that landing at a
angle is less dangerous. Beginners use these while learning to hover
and they typically are made of two crossing sticks with whiffle balls
on the ends.
Trajectory: The flight path of a projectile, missile, rocket or satellite.
Tramp: Combustion air.
Tramp: Combustion air.
Tramp Alloys: Residual alloying elements that are introduced into
steel when unidentified alloy steel is present in the scrap charge to a
steelmaking furnace.
Tramp Element (Trace): Contaminant in the components of a
furnace charge, or in the molten metal or casting, whose presence is
felt to be either unimportant or undesirable to the quality of the
casting.
Tramp Element (Trace): Contaminant in the components of a
furnace charge, or in the molten metal or casting, whose presence is
felt to be either unimportant or undesirable to the quality of the
casting.
Tramp Oil: Describes undesired oil scum in a system, e.g.,
lubricants or hydraulic fluids that mix with rolling oil systems in cold
mill areas.
Tramping: A state in which a vehicle bounces up and down
abnormally.
Trans shipment: The unloading of cargo from one flight and loading
onto another foronward carriage.
Transaxle: A combination transmission and differential/drive axle
assembly.
Transceiver : Type Rating
Transceivers : A device that receives and transmits
Transcrystalline Cracking: Cracking or fracturing that occurs
through or across a crystal. Also termed intracrystalline cracking.
Transducer: The means by which the controller converts the signal
from the sensing device into the means necessary to have the
appropriate effect on the controlled device. For example, a change in
air pressure in the pneumatic transmission piping.
Transducer: An electrical device that converts a signal from one
form of energy to another.
Transducer: Device for changing one kind of energy into another,
typically from heat, position, or pressure into a varying electrical
voltage or vice-versa, such as a microphone or speaker.
Transducer: An analog device which produces a change in signal
level during state changes. Normally used for high speed control
systems.
Trans-earth injection: The firing of a spacecraft's engines to
increase speed and break out of an orbit around the Moon, or
another planet, and begin it on a trajectory to Earth.
Transfer: Transferring strip from #1 to #2 reel on a continuous unit.
Transfer: Movement of cargo from one carrier to another against
transfer manifest.
Transfer cargo: Cargo arriving at a point by one carrier and
continuing it's journeyThere from by another carrier.
Transfer Cars: Electric rail cars which move coils in the tin mill from
the C.A. lines to the temper mill stock floor, or from the DR mills to
the plater stock floor.
Transfer Cars: Electric rail cars which move coils in the Tin Mill from
the C.A. lines to the Temper Mill stock floor, or from the DR Mills to
the Plater stock floor. (a.k.a. the Hoopey railroad.)
Transfer case fluid: Lubricant used in the transfer case.
Transfer Function: A mathematical expression of the relationship
between the outgoing and incoming signals of a process or control
element.
Transfer function: A mathematical expression of the relationship
between the outgoing and incoming signals of a process or control
element.
Transfer Ladle: A ladle that may be supported on a monorail or
carried in a shank and used to transfer metal from the melting
furnace to the holding furnace or from furnace to pouring ladles.
Transfer Ladle: A ladle that may be supported on a monorail or
carried in a shank and used to transfer metal from the melting
furnace to the holding furnace or from furnace to pouring ladles.
Transfer manifest (trm): The document executed by the
transferring carrier upon transfer of interline cargo and endorsed by
the receiving carrier as a receipt for theconsignment transferred.
Transfer Pump: A pump used to move hydraulic oil from one
storage tank to another.
Transfer Pump: A pump used to move hydraulic oil from one
storage tank to another.
Transfer Switches: A Transfer Switch is used to switch power to a
device from a primary to secondary source, which is often a back up
generator. They are used in critical situations where power
interruption can not be tolerated.
Transferring Boilers: Term used for the process of changing from
primary operating boiler to the standby boiler.
Transferring carrier: The participating carrier transferring the
consignment to another carrier at a transit point.
Transformation: A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the
change from gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from
austenite.
Transformation (Temperature) Range: The critical temperature at
which a change in phase occurs. To distinguish between the critical
points in heating and cooling, those in heating are referred to as the
Ac points (c for Chauffage or heating) and those in cooling, Ar (r for
Refroidissement).
Transformation (Temperature) Range: Those ranges of
temperature within which austenite forms during heating and
transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes
overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of these
ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of
change of temperature, particularly during cooling.
Transformation Hardening: Heat treatment of steels comprising
austenitization followed by cooling under conditions such that the
austenite transforms more or less completely into martensite and
possibly into bainite.
Transformation Range: Those ranges of temperature within which
austenite forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The
two ranges are distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding.
The limiting temperatures of the ranges depend on the composition
of the alloy and on the rate of change of temperature, particularly
during cooling.
Transformation Ranges (Transformation Temperature
Ranges): Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms
during heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are
distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting
temperatures of these ranges depend on the composition of the alloy
and on the rate of change of temperature, particuarly during cooling.
Transformation Temperature: The temperature at which a change
in phase occurs.
Transformation Temperature: The temperature at which a change
in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting
temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are
used for iron and steels: Ac(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the
temperature at which the solution of cementite in austentite is
completed during heating. Ac1 The temperature at which austenite
begins to form during heating. Ac3 The temperature at which
transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed during heating. .
Ac4 The temperature at which austenite transforms to delta ferrite
during heating. . Ae(cm) Ae1 Ae3 Ae4 The temperatures of phase
changes at equilibrium. . Ar(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the
temperature at which precipitation of cementite starts during cooling.
. Ar1 The temperature at which transformation of austenite to ferrite
or to ferrite plus cementite is completed during cooling. . Ar3 The
temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite during
cooling. . Ar4 The temperature at which delta ferrite transforms to
austentie during cooling. . M(s) (or Ar) The temperature at which
transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. . M(f)
The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during
cooling. .NOTE: All these changes except the formation of
martensite occur at lower temperatures during cooling than during
heating, and depend on the rate of change of temperature.
Transformation-Induced Plasticity: A phenomenon, occuring
chiefly in certain high alloyed steel have been heat-treated to
produce metastable austenite or metastable austenite plus
martensite, whereby, on subsequent deformation, part of the
austentite undergoes strain-induced transformation to martensite.
Steels capable of transforming in this manner, commonly referred to
as TRIP steels, are highly plastic after heat treatment, but exhibit a
very high rate of strain hardening and thus have high tensile and
yield strengths after plastic deformation at temperatures between
about 20 and 500°C (70 and 930°F). Cooling to -195°C (-320°F) may
or may not be required to complete the transformation to martensite.
Tempering usually is done following transformation.
Transformer: The system power supplying transformer is an
inductive stationary device which transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another. The transformer has two windings, primary and
secondary. A changing voltage applied to one of these, usually the
primary, induces a current to flow in the other winding. A coupling
transformer transfers energy at the same voltage; a stepdown
transformer transfers energy at a lower voltage, and a stepup
transformer transfers energy at a higher voltage.
Transformer: An electrical device that uses a magnetic field to
change a given voltage or current to a higher or lower voltage or
current.
Transformer: A device that transfers AC energy from one circuit to
another without electrical contact between the two circuits.
Transformer Oil: Oil suitable for use in a transformer, to dissipate
heat, keep the insulation on the wire pliable and retard the oxidizing
effect of the air. Since it circulates between the coils of wires that
carry high-voltage currents, it must resist the flow of current through
it from one coil to another; otherwise, the transformer short-circuits.
Such resistance is termed dielectric strength; oil that is extremely
dry, clean and acid-free has high dielectric strength.
Transformer Rectifiers: A Transformer Rectifier convert AC power
to DC power. It consists of a transformer and a series of diodes and
may also employ additional smoothing circuitry.
Transgranular: Through or across crystals or grains. Also called
intracrystalline or transcrystalline.
Transgranular Cracking: Cracking or fracturing that occurs through
or across a crystal or grain.
Transgranular Fracture: Fracture through or across the crystals or
grains of a material. Also called transcrystalline fracture.
Transient constituents: Are those constituents which change in
concentration or activity by changes in the aquatic environment. The
change my be due to oxidation potentials, biological activities, etc..
Transient tracers: Chemical elements (often radioactive) or
compounds that have finite lifetimes. Atmospheric testing of nuclear
weapons from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s released large
quantities of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Atmosphere-ocean
exchange processes have transferred some of these elements to the
oceans. Studying the behavior and distribution of these
specificisotopes and other chemical tracers in the ocean will provide
information on: (1) residence times of the water and its dissolved
components in gyres, basins, etc. (2) the mode and rate of formation
and the subsequent spreading rates of specific water types, such as
the polar water of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas, (3) deep-
ocean circulation and ocean-mixing processes, such
as advection and upwelling, and (4) the flux of anthropogenic carbon
dioxide into the ocean through its correlation with several different
transient tracers.
Transient-free switch : A switch with a wash-out filter so that the
output contains no transients (steps) at switch time
Transistor: An active semiconductor device used for providing
power amplification and having three or more terminals. A transistor
is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor
material with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit.
Transistor Arrays: A Transistor Array is a two or more transistors in
a single device and are used for signal filtering, amplification, or
function generation.
Transit: A period of time spent between flights.
Transit: An enroute stopping place where cargo remains on board.
Transit cargo: Cargo arriving at a point and departing by another
flight.
Transit Rust: This rust defect occurs when strip or plate becomes
wet from rain or snow during transit; or from damaged containers
exposing plate in transit. Strip or plate will generally exhibit a pattern
of rust on the edge going inwards due to capillary action.
Transition Lattice: An unstable crystallographic configuration that
forms as an intermediate step in a solid-state reaction such as
precipitation from solid solution or eutectoid decomposition.
Transition Metal: A metal in which the available electron energy
levels are occupied in such a way that the d-band contains less than
its maximum number of ten electrons per atom, for example, iron,
cobalt, nickel and tungsten. The distinctive properties of the
transition metals result from the incompletely filled d-Ievels.
Transition Point: The temperature of transformation from one solid
crystalline form of a substance to another. More broadly, the point
where different phases can exist in equilibrium.
Transition Structure: In precipitation from solid solution, a
metastable precipitate that is coherent with the matrix.
Transition Temperature: (1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that
lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture
characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched
specimens) change rapidly, such as the ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature (DBTT). The DBTT can be assessed in several ways,
the most common being the temperature for 50% ductile and 50%
brittle fracture (50% fracture appearance transition temperature, or
FATT), or the lowest temperature at which the fracture is 100%
ductile (100% fibrous criterion). (2) Sometimes used to denote an
arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility
changes rapidly with temperature.
Transition Temperature: An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies
within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics
(as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change
rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear) to primarily cleavage.
Translating tendency: When holding a heading with a helicopter
hovering level the force the tail rotor puts on the helicopter to keep it
aligned causes the entire helicopter to move the opposite direction of
the tail thrust.
Translational lift: When in forward flight, the spinning rotor disc
produces more lift than in a hover.
Translational motion: Motion along a straight line, such as an axis.
The translational motions of an aircraft are forward and back along
the longitudinal axis, side to side along the lateral axis, and up and
down along the vertical axis.
Trans-lunar injection: The firing of a spacecraft's engines to
increase speed and break out of a parking orbit around Earth and
begin it on a trajectory to the Moon.
Transmission Couplings: Transmission Couplings are used to
mechanically connect rotating shafts. Many designs have provisions
for shaft misalignment and may also use elastomeric dampers to
reduce vibration transmission.
Transmission modes: Driver-selectable transmission settings that
change drive ratios and/or shift points for fuel economy or
performance.
Transmission overdrive: A final gear ratio for an automatic
transmission that has an output speed greater than its input speed,
which increases highway fuel economy.
Transmission type: The type of transmission: automatic, manual,
shiftable automatic or automated manual.
Transmit : To radiate RF energy
Transmittance, thermal (u factor): The time rate of heat flow per
unit area under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of
a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference
between the two fluids.
Transmitter: The part of the radio control system that is held by the
pilot. Inputs to the receiver are done by moving sticks, buttons etc.
Transmitter: An electronic device that generates and amplifies a
carrier wave, modulates it with a meaningful signal, and radiates the
resulting signal from an antenna.
Transmitter: An analog device which produces a change in signal
level during state changes. Normally used for indication systems.
Transmitter (TX) : The hand-held radio controller. This is the unit
that sends out the commands that you input.
Transmitter : A device that transmits
Trans-neptunian object: A small body orbiting the Sun beyond
Neptune in a region known as the Kuiper belt.
Transonic: Velocity between nine tenths (.9) and one and four
tenths (1.4) times the speed of sound. The X-1 was the firstaircraft to
fly faster than the speed of sound. Several versions of the X-1 were
built. One succeeded at flying twice the speed of sound at
an altitude of 90,000 feet.
Transpiration: The process in plants by which water is taken up by
the roots and released as water vapor by the leaves. The term can
also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated.
Transpiration: The process in plants by which water is taken up by
the roots and released as water vapor by the leaves. The term can
also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated.
Transponder: A device that transmits a response signal
automatically when activated by an incoming signal.
Transponder (TX) : A receiver/transmitter which will generate a
reply signal upon proper interrogation; the interrogation and reply
being on different frequencies.
Transponder : Transmitter-Responder
Transport heliport: A public use heliport intended to accommodate
air carrier operators providing scheduled or unscheduled service with
large helicopters.
Transport Tanks: A Transport Tank is any tank that is designed for
transport fluids from one location to another. The tank on a tanker
truck is an example of a transport tank.
Transport canada: The agency that publishes heliport development
criteria in Canada. The agency is somewhat analogous to
the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.
Transverse Bow: See ?Bow,Transverse?.
Transverse Direction: Literally, "across," usually signifying a
direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled
plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long
transverse; the direction through the thickness, short transverse.
Transverse roUing machine. Equipment for producing complex
preforms or finished forgings from round billets inserted transversely
between two or three rolls that rotate in the same direction and drive
the billet. The rolls, carrying replaceable die segments with
appropriate impressions, make several revolutions for each rotation
of the workpiece. Transverse rupture strength (TRS). The stress.
Calculated from the bending stress formula. Required to break a
powder metallurgy specimen of a given di· mension. The specimen
is supponed near its ends with a load applied midway between the
fixed centerline of the supports. From the value of the break load, the
TRS can be calculated using: TRS = 3FL wlP where F is the load at
fracture, L is the span between supports. And Wand H are the width
and height of the test bar, respectively. Trees. Visible projections of
electrodeposited metal fonned at sites of high current density.
Trepanning. A machining process for producing a circular hole or
groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk. Cylinder. Or tube from
solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cuners
(usu· ally single-point) revolving around a center. Triaxiality. In a
triaxial stress state. The ratio of the smallest to the largest principal
stress. All stresses being tensile. Triaxial stress. A state of stress in
which none of the three principal stresses is zero. See also principal
stress (nol71Ul/). Tribology. (I) The science and technology of
interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices related
thereto. (2) The science concerned with the design, friction,
lubrication. And wear of contacting sutfaces that move relative to
each other (as in bearings, cams, or gears. For example). Trimmer
blade. The portion of the trimmers through which a forging is pushed
to shear off the flash. Trimmer die. The punch press die used for
triJTU1}ing flash from a forging. Trimmer punch, The upper portion of
the trimmer that contacts the forging and pushes it through the
trimmer blades; the lower end of the trimmer pooch is generally
shaped to fit the surface of the forging against which it pushes.
Trimmers. The combination of trimmer punch. Trimmer blades, and
perhaps trimming shoe used to remove the flash from the forging.
Trimming. (I) In forging, removing any parting-line flash or excess
material from the part with a trimmer in a trim press; can be done hot
or cold. (2) In drawing, shearing the irregular edge of the drawn pan.
(3) In casting, the removal of gates, risers, and fins. Trimming press.
A power press suitable for trimming flash from forgings. Trimming
shoe. The holder used to support trirruners. Sometimes called
trinuning chair. tripIe·action press. A mechanical or hydraulic press
having three slides with three motions properly synchronized for
triple-action drawing, redrawing, and fanning. Usually. Two slides-the
blankholder slide and the plunger- are located above and a lower
slide is located within the bed of the press. See also hydraulic press.
Mechanical press, and slide. Triple point. (I) A point on a phase
diagram where three phases of a substance coexist in equiJibriwn.
(2) The intersection of the boundaries of three adjoining grains, as
observed in a metallographic section. TRIP
Transverse Direction: A direction perpendicular to the direction of
working
Transverse Direction (T): Perpendicular to the rolling direction.
Transverse flow effect : ( helicopters) When in a slow forward flight,
wind in the rear part of the disk enters at a lower angle of attack due
to the leading edge of the disk pulling air down, which results in
vibrations.
Transverse Plane (Gears): In helical gears, a cross-section
(perpendicular) to the line of action.
Transverse Rolling Machine: Equipment for producing complex
preforms or finished forgings from round billets inserted transversely
between two or three rolls that rotate in the same direction and drive
the billet. The rolls, carrying replaceable die segments with
appropriate impressions, make several revolutions for each rotation
of the workpiece.
Transverse Rupture Strength (TRS): The stress, calculated from
the bending stress formula, required to break a powder metallurgy
specimen of a given dimension. The specimen is supported near its
ends with a load applied midway between the fixed centerline of the
supports.
Transverse Strength: A measurement of strength when the load is
applied across the longitudinal flow of the grain of a metal. Certain
impurities such as sulfur have a detrimental effect on the transverse
strength. This can be minimized by the inclusion modification
process.
Transverse Strength: A measurement of strength when the load is
applied acrosss the longitudinal flow of the frain of a metal. Certain
impurities such as sulphur have a detrimental effect on the
transverse strength. This can be minimised by the inclusion
modification process.
Transverse Test: A test taken at right angles to the principal
direction of rolling or forging.
Travel agent: The travel agent takes bookings on behalf of tour
operators or airlines. They receive "fees" for the services they
provide or, more rarely, a commission from the airlines.
Traverse: Transfer car used to move coils on and off, or toward and
away, from the reel.
Traverse Car: Used to place a coil on the reel or remove coil from
the reel. The traverse cars have movement in and out or up and
down.
Traverse Car: Used to place a coil on the reel or remove coil from
the reel. The traverse cars have movement in and out or up and
down.
TRE : Type Rating Examiner
Tread: That portion of a tyre that comes into contact with the road. It
is distinguished by the design of its ribs and grooves. Provides
traction in a variety of conditions, withstands high forces and resists
wear, abrasion, and heat.
Tread Buffing: Scraping rubber off the tread. Also known as
shaving.
Tread Depth: If a tyre comes new with 7.6mm of rubber, you have
6mm of usable rubber. tyres must be replaced when the wear bars
are visible at 1.6mm.
Tread Life: The life of a tyre before it is pulled from service; mileage.
Tread Plate: Sheet or plate having a raised figured pattern on one
surface to provide improved traction.
Tread Plate: Sheet or plate having a raise figured pattern on one
surface to provide improved traction.
Tread Rib: The tread section that runs around the circumference of
the tyre separated by the tread grooves.
Tread Width: The width of a tyre’s tread.
Treadwear Indicator: Narrow bands, sometimes called wear bars,
that appear across the tread of the tyre when only 1.6mm of tread
remains.
Treatment: A process whereby impurities are removed from water;
also a substance added to water to improve its physical or chemical
properties.
Tree rings: Annual growth increments of trees that indicate, among
other factors, the climatic conditions that enhance or limit growth.
Tree ring widths and indexes have been used to search for solar-
terrestrial relationships and climatic cycles and to reconstruct past
climates. See also dendroclimatology and dendrochronology.
Trees: Visible projections of electrodeposited metal formed at sites
of high current density.
Trees: A series of vertical spray nozzles arranged in fourteen groups
of three nozzles on each tree. The spray from the trees is directed at
the rebound panels to maximize particulate removal from the
exhaust gases.
Trend monitoring : Continuous computerized observation of turbine
engine performance. Used to detect early sings of wear.
Trepan: To remove a cylindrical core in a metal bar, creating a
hollow bar.
Trepanning: A machining process for producing a circular hole or
groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder or tube from
solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cutters
(usually single-point) revolving around a center.
Trepanning: A type of boring where an annular cut is made into a
solid material with the coincidental formation of a plug or solid
cylinder.
Tri Side-by-Side Compounding: A process that makes it possible
to precisely place three different types of rubber compounds across
the tread of a tyre.
TRI : Type Rating Instructor
Triaxial Stress: A state of stress in which none of the three principal
stresses is zero.
Triaxiality: In a triaxial stress state, the ratio of the smallest to the
largest principal stress, all stresses being tensile.
Tribology: The science concerned with the design, friction,
lubrication and wear of contacting surfaces that move relative to
each other (as in bearings, cams, or gears).
Tribology: A science that deals with the design, friction, wear and
lubrication of interacting surfaces in relative motion.
Tricresyl Phosphate/TCP: A colorless liquid used as a lubricant
additive and plasticizer.
Tricycle gear : The landing gear arrangement where the airplane
has main gear and a nose gear.
Tricycle undercarriage: A fixed undercarriage that consists of 2
main wheels and a nose wheel. Often abbreviated to 'trike'.
Tridair: A U.S.-based firm that developed the Gemini st, a twin-
engine conversion to the single engine Bell 206L LongRanger series
of helicopters.
Trijets: Trijets have three engines. See also twin-engined aircraft.
Trim: describes a state of the aircraft or control surface in which
settings are fixed to produce a particular attitude of the aircraft in
flight while no control inputs are being introduced by the pilot.
Trim Inclusion: Edge trimming accidentally wound into a roll of foil
Trim tab : A secondary control surface, usually mounted to primary
control surface such as aileron, elevator, rudder, or stabilizer, that
controls the position of the primary control surface, and is controlled
by the an operator or an autopilot; Symbols: delta sub T; Typical
Units: rad, deg;
Trim : To adjust an aircraft`s trim tabs and thereby relieve the
pressure required on the controls to keep the nose in the desired
position.
Trimmer Blade: The portion of the trimmers through which a forging
is pushed to shear off the flash.
Trimmer Die: The punch press die used for trimming flash from a
forging.
Trimmer Punch: The upper portion of the trimmer that contacts the
forging and pushes it through the trimmer blades; the lower end of
the trimmer pooch is generally shaped to fit the surface of the forging
against which it pushes.
Trimmers: The combination of trimmer punch, trimmer blades and
perhaps trimming shoe used to remove the flash from the forging.
Trimming: (1) In forging, removing any parting-line flash or excess
material from the part with a trimmer in a trim press; can be done hot
or cold. (2) In drawing, shearing the irregular edge of the drawn pan.
(3) In casting, the removal of gates, risers and fins.
Trimming: The action of getting a model to fly straight and level,
with the transmitter sticks in their neutral positions.
Trimming Press: A power press suitable for trimming flash from
forgings.
Trimming Shoe: The holder used to support trimmer. Sometimes
called trinuning chair.
Trip: To instantly put a boiler or piece of machinery out of service. To
disturb the logic of the boiler.
Trip: To instantly put a boiler or piece of machinery out of service. To
disturb the logic of boiler.
Trip computer: An electronic device used to calculate and display
trip information, such as distance traveled, average speed and fuel
economy.
Trip Out: One or more circuit breakers opening up and stopping the
flow of power.
Trip Out: One or more circuit breakers opening up and stopping the
flow of power.
TRIP Steel: A commercial steel product exhibiting transformation-
induced plasticity.
TRIP Steel: A commercial steel product exhibiting transformation-
induced plasticity.
TripIe-action Press: A mechanical or hydraulic press having three
slides with three motions properly synchronized for triple-action
drawing, redrawing and forming. Usually, two slides-the blankholder
slide and the plunger--are located above and a lower slide is located
within the bed of the press. See also hydraulic press, mechanical
press and slide. (see Hydraulic Press) (see Mechanical Press) (see
Slide)
Triplane: Fixed-wing aircraft with three sets of wings, mounted one
above another.
Triple Point: (1) A point on a phase diagram where three phases of
a substance coexist in equilibrium. (2) The intersection of the
boundaries of three adjoining grains, as observed in a
metallographic section.
Triple Point: The intersection of the boundaries of three adjoining
grains, as observed in a section.
Triple Spot Test: (see Minimum Triple Spot Average coating)
Triple Spot Test: See Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating.
TRK : Track
Trm: See Transfer Manifest.
TRN : Terrain Referenced Navigation;
TRN-INS : TRN with INS
Trojan Horse: A barrel-shaped vessel containing a seal oil reservoir
and a vacuum tank. Oil travels from the defoaming tanks into the
seal oil reservoir. It then flows into the vacuum tank compartment
where gases and vapor are liberated from the oil. The oil is then
drawn from the bottom of the vacuum tank through a differential
pressure regulator to maintain the oil seals.
Trojan Horse: A barrel shaped vessel containing a seal oil reservoir
and a vacuum tank. Oil travels from the defoaming tanks into the
seal oil reservoir. It then flows into the vacuum tank compartment
where gases and vapor are liberated from the oil. The oil is then
drawn from the bottom of the vacuum tank through a differential
pressure regulator to maintain the oil seals.
Trojan relay system: A method of ensuring uninterrupted radio
contact with the surface of any planet in the Solar System at any
time first proposed by James Strong in 1967. Two radio satellites,
keeping station along the Earth orbit, 60o ahead and 60o behind the
Earth, transmit/receive signals from a similar pair of relay satellites at
the Trojan equilaterals of another planet. Radio communications via
these satellite links, from surface to surface, then becomes possible
day and night, despite planetary rotation or orbital displacement. It
could be used, for example, in steering a remotely-controlled vehicle
on the surface of Mars.
Trolley (Carrier): The unit which travels on the bottom flange of the
bridge girder and carries the hoist.
Trolley Frame: The basic structure of the trolley on which are
mounted the hoisting and traversing mechanisms.
Trolley Speed: Trolley speed is the rate of motion that a motor
operated trolley (and hoist) attains while traveling along a beam.
Trolley Suspended: Suspension of hoist from a trolley. Hoist can be
connected to trolley by hook, clevis, or lug suspension, or the hoist
can be integral with trolley.
Trolley Travel: The trolley movement in directions at right angles to
the crane runway.
Troosite: Tempered martensite that etches rapidly, usually appears
dark, and is not resolved by the microscope.
Troosite (Obsolete): A previously unresolvable rapidly etching fine
aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering
martensite at low temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate
slower than the critical cooling rate. Preferred terminology for the first
product is tempered martensite; for the latter, fine pearlite.
Troostite (obsolete): A previously unresolvable, rapidly etching, fine
aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering
martensite at low temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate
slower than the critical cooling rate. Preferred terminology for the first
product is tempered manensite; for the latter, fine pearlite.
Trophic level: A segment of the food chain in which all organisms
obtain food and energy in, basically, the same manner
(e.g.,photosynthesis, herbivory, or carnivory) and in which all
organisms are the same number of links from the photosynthetic
segment.
Tropical: The area between 23.5 degrees north and south of the
equator. This region has small daily and seasonal changes in
temperature, but great seasonal changes in precipitation.
Tropical ocean-global atmosphere (toga): TOGA is a program
jointly sponsored by the United Nations World Meteorological
Organization (WMO); the International Council of Scientific Unions
(ICSU); the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC); and the ICSU Scientific Committee on Oceanic
Research (SCOR).
Tropical rainfall measuring mission (trmm): A joint NASA/NASDA
mission launched in November 1997. The goal of TRMM is to obtain
a minimum of 3 years of climatologically significant observations of
rainfall in the tropics. Because rainfall is such a variable
phenomenon, adequate sampling is a difficult problem. By averaging
the instantaneous rainfall rates for 30 days over a 5 degrees by 5
degrees grid, TRMM will obtain observations that meet climatological
requirements. TRMM measurements, used together with cloud
models, also will provide accurate estimates of vertical distributions
of latent heating in the atmosphere.
Tropical storm: Tropical storms generally form in the eastern
portion of tropical oceans and track westward. Hurricanes, typhoons,
and willy-willies all start out as weak low pressure areas that form
over warm tropical waters (e.g., surface water temperature of at least
80 degrees F). Initially, winds and cloud formations over the warm
tropical waters are minimal. Both intensify with time. Formation of
tropical storms also requires a significant Coriolis effect to induce
proper spin in the wind formation. As the storm begins to organize
itself into a coherent pattern, it will experience increased activity and
intensity.
Tropopause: The level separating the troposphere and the
stratosphere, occurring at an altitude of 5-10 miles.
Tropopause: The boundary between the troposphere and the
stratosphere (about 8 km in polar regions and about 15 km in tropical
regions), usually characterized by an abrupt change of lapse rate.
The regions above the troposphere have increased atmospheric
stability than those below. The tropopause marks the vertical limit of
most clouds and storms.
Tropopause: The boundary between the troposphere and
the stratosphere (about 8 km in polar regions and about 15 km in
tropical regions), usually characterized by an abrupt change of lapse
rate. The regions above the troposphere have greater atmospheric
stability than those below. The tropopause marks the vertical limit of
most clouds and storms.
Troposphere: A division of the Earth's atmosphere extending from
ground level to altitudes ranging 5-10 miles.
Troposphere: The lower atmosphere, to a height of 8-15 km above
Earth, where temperature generally decreases with altitude, clouds
form, precipitation occurs, and convection currents are active. See
atmosphere.
Troposphere: The inner layer of the atmosphere below about 15
km, within which there is normally a steady decrease of temperature
with increasing altitude. Nearly all clouds form
and weather conditions manifest themselves within this region, and
its thermal structure is caused primarily by the heating of the Earth's
surface by solar radiation, followed by heat transfer by turbulent
mixing and convection.
Tropospheric emission spectrometer: A high-resolution infrared
spectrometer for monitoring the minor components of the lower
atmosphere.
Tropospheric ozone (o3): Ozone that is located in the troposphere
and plays a significant role in the greenhouse gas effect and urban
smog. See Ozone for more details.
Trough: Elongated area of low atmospheric pressure, either at the
surface or in the upper atmosphere.
Trowel Steel: Hardened and tempered spring steel 0.90 to 1.05
carbon content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat — Rockwell
C 50. Used in the manufacture of plastering trowels.
Trowel Steel: Hardened and tempered spring steel. .90 to 1.05
carbon content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat Rockwell C
50. Used in the manufacture of plastering trowels.
Troy Ounce: A unit of weight for precious metals that is equal to
31.1034768 g (1.0971699 oz avoirdupois).
TRTO : Type Rating Training Organization
Truck: A unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles that
supports the bridge girders, the end ties of an overhead crane, or the
sill of a gantry crane unattended a condition in which the operator of
a crane is not at the operating bridge crane control devices.
However, on a floor-operated crane, if the operating bridge crane
control devices are within sight of the operator and within a distance
equal to the span of the crane, the crane. e should be considered
attended.
Truck Loadcells: A Truck Load Cell is used to measure the weight
of a loaded truck. Essentially, it is a scale integrated with a platform
that is large enough to accommodate freight trucks.
Truck Weighing Scales: A Truck Weighing Scale is used to
measure the weight of a loaded truck. Essentially, it is a scale
integrated with a platform that is large enough to accommodate
freight trucks.
Truckload: quantities of commodities, including primary and
secondary metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 pounds each,
which is the standard weight limit on U.S. highways.
True airspeed (tas) : The airspeed of an aircraft relative to
undisturbed air.
True airspeed : the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air.
True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by (0/)1/2.
True anomaly: The angular distance of a point in an orbit past the
point of periapsis, measured in degrees.
True bearing: Bearing expressed with respect to true north, often
used to indicate flight path alignment.
True bearing : Symbols: B sub T; Typical Units: rad, deg;
True Capacity: Volume at full utilization, allowing for the
maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material
constraints. (Bottlenecks of supply and distribution can change over
time — capacity will expand or reduce).
True heading : Heading of the aircraft relative to true north;
Symbols: psi sub T; Typical Units: rad, deg;
True Strain: (1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from
a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension
immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body
subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the rario of the gage
length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also
known as natural strain.
True Stress: The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a
member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it
acts.
True track : Ground track angle; Symbols: T sub T; Typical Units:
rad, deg;
True Vertical Lift: In true vertical lift, the load hook travels in a true
vertical path between the lower limit of lift and the upper limit of lift.
TRUE : Best available estimate, such as true airspeed; referenced to
true north, such as true heading;
Truing: The removal of the outside layer of abrasive grains on a
grinding wheel for the purpose of restoring its face.
Trumpet: A funnel which serves to deliver molten metal to a junction
of six or eight runners.
Truncated Domes: See Bumpy Tiles
Trunnion: Either of two opposite pivots or cylindrical projections
from the sides of an assembly, supported by bearings, that offer a
means of swiveling or turning an assembly or part of an assembly.
Trunnion bearings are used with basic oxygen furnaces.
Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve: A Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve is a
ball valve where the ball is supported at both the top and bottom by a
stems that are allow to rotate in bearings. The additional support
makes these valves suitable for high pressure applications and
larger valve sizes than a basic ball valve design.
Truss Spring Steel: Supplied cold rolled and bright-annealed.
Carbon content about 0.70, manganese 0.74. Must be formed very
severely and must be as free as possible from decarburization.
Truss Spring Steel: Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed.
Carbon content about .70 Manganese .74. Must be formed very
severely and must be as free as possible from decarburization.
Tsa: Transportation Security Administration.
TSC : Total Time Since CORE
TSMO : Time since major overhaul
TSN : Time Since New (also TTSN)
TSO : Technical Standard Order
TT : Total Time Airframe
Tt&c: Tracking, Telemetry and Command.
TTG, TTS OR TTW : Time to go, time to station, time to waypoint.
T-top: A vehicle roof with removable panels on either side of a rigid
bar, running from the center of the vehicles A pillar to the center of its
B pillar.
TTT Curve: An abbreviation for the time-temperature-transformation
curve. This is determined by dilatometer studies and are used to
identify the phases that will be present after specific thermal
treatments.
Tuba : a jamming device for Freya radar operating in the 70-200
MHz range
Tube: A hollow wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-
section, which is symmetrical and is round, a regular or hexagon or
octagon, elliptical, or square or rectangular with sharp or round
corners, and that has uniform wall thickness except as affected by
corner radii.
Tube: A term used to describe a passage for fluid in a hydraulic
system. Normally specified by outside diameter, wall thickness,
material type and material strength.
Tube: A term used to describe a passage for fluid in a hydraulic
system. Normally specified by outside diameter, wall thickness,
material type and material strength.
Tube Reducing: Reducing both the diameter and wall thickness of
tubing with a mandrel and a pair of rolls. See also spinning. (see
Spinning)
Tube sheet: The portion of a heat exchanger or boiler in to which
the tubes are rolled or secured.
Tube Sinking: Drawing tubing through a die or passing it through
rolls without the use of an interior tool (such as a mandrel or plug) to
control inside diameter; sinking generally produces a tube of
increased wall thickness and length.
Tube Stock: A semifinished tube suitable for the production of
drawn tube.
Tube, Alclad: Composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core
having on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically
bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the
core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion.
Tube, Alclad: Composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core
habing on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically
bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the
core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion.
Tube, Arc-Welded: Tube made from sheet or plate but welded by
either gas-tungsten or gas-metal arc-welding method with or without
the use of filler metal.
Tube, Butt-Welded: A welded tube, the seam of which is formed by
positioning on the edge of the sheet against the other for welding.
Tube, Drawn: A tube brought to final dimensions by cold drawing
through a die. (Note: this product may be produced from either
seamless or non-seamless extruded stock or from welded stock).
Tube, Embossed: A tube in which the outside surface has been roll-
embossed with a design in relief regularly repeated in a longitudinal
direction.
Tube, Finned: Tube which has integral fins or projections protruding
from its outside surface.
Tube, Fluted: A tube or nominally uniform wall thickness having
regular, longitudinal, concave corrugations with sharp cusps between
corrugations.
Tube, Heat-Exchange: A tube for use in apparatus in which fluid
inside the tube will be heated or cooled by fluid outside the tube. The
term usually is not applied to coiled tube or to tubes for use in
refrigerators. (Note: this product is typically seamless drawn tube).
Tube, Helical-Welded: A welded tube produced by winding the
sheet to form a closed helix and joining the edges of the seam by
welding.
Tube, Lap-Welded: A welded tube the seam of which is formed by
longitudinally lapping the edges of the sheet for welding.
Tube, Lock-Seam: A tube produced by forming and mechanically
lock-seaming sheet.
Tube, Open-Seam: A shape normally produced from sheet of
nominally uniform wall thickness and approximately tubular form but
having a longitudinal unjointed seam or gap of width not greater than
25% of the outside diameter or greatest overall dimension. Also
referred to as "butt-seam tube". (see Butt-Seam Tube)
Tube, Seamless: A tube that does not contain any line junctures
(metallurgical welds) resulting from the method of manufacture.
(Note: This product may be produced by die and mandrel or by hot
piecer processes. Tube produced by porthole die extrusion, bridge
die extrusion or welding processes are generally considered "non-
seamless").
Tubercle: A protective crust of corrosion products (rust) which builds
up over a pit caused by the loss of metal due to corrosion.
Tuberculation: A corrosion process that produces hard knoblike
mounds of corrosive products on metal surfaces, increasing friction
and reducing flow in a water distribution system.
Tuberculation: The formation of localized corrosion products
scattered over the surface in the form of knoblike mounds called
tubercles. The formation of tubercles is usually associated with
biological corrosion.
Tube-within-a-tube: Water-cooled condensing unit in which a small
tube is placed inside large unit. Refrigerant passes through outer
tube, water through the inner tube.
Tubing: When referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used
within the casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface. Depending
on conditions and well life, tubing may have to be replaced during
the operational life of a well.
Tubing: When referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used
within the casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface. Depending
on conditions and well life, tubing may have to be replaced during
the operational life of a well.
Tubing Electrical Metallic: A tube having certain standardized
length and combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness
thinner than that of ?Rigid conduit,? commonly designated by
nominal electrical trade sizes, for use with compression type fittings
as a protection for the electric wiring
Tubing-Electrical Metallic: A tube having certain standardized
length and combinations of outside diameter and a wall thickness
thinner than that of “rigid conduit”, commonly designated by nominal
electrical trade sizes, for use with compression-type as a protection
for the electric wiring.
Tubular Conductor: A tubular product suitable for use as an electric
conductor.
Tubular Conductor: A tubular product suitable for use as an electric
conductor.
Tuffriding: A form of surface hardening, the process involves
nitrogen but does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding.
Tuffriding: A form of surface hardening, the process involves
nitrogen but does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding.
Tukon Hardness Test A method for determining microhardness by
using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square base pyramid
indenter.
Tukon Hardness Test: A method for determining microhardness by
using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square base pyramid
indenter.
Tumbling: The process for removing scale from forgings in a
rotating container by means of impact with each other and abrasive
particles and small bits of metal. A process for removing scale and
roughness from forgings by impact with each other, together with
abrasive material in a rotating container.
Tumbling: The process for removing scale from forgings in a
rotating container by means of impact with each other and abrasive
particles and small bits of metal. A process for removing scale and
roughness from forgings by impact with each other, together with
abrasive material in a rotating container.
Tundish: The reservoir at the top of the continuous caster into which
molten steel is poured.
Tundish: The reservoir at the top of the continuous caster into which
molten steel is poured.
Tundra: A type of ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses,
grasses, and woody plants. It is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra)
and high altitudes (alpine tundra). Arctic tundra is underlain by
permafrost and usually very wet.
Tundra: A type of ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses,
grasses, and woody plants. It is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra)
and high altitudes (alpine tundra). Arctic tundra is underlain
by permafrost and is usually very wet.
Tune : To set the operating frequency or channel for a device
Tung Oil/Chinawood Oil: A drying oil from the seeds of tung trees
that dries to a soft, opaque white film.
Tungsten: A metal which is sometimes added to steel to make tool
steel.
Tungsten: Chemical symbol W. Element No. 74 of the periodic
system; atomic weight 183.92. Gray metal of high tensile strength,
ductile and malleable when specially handled. It is immune to
atmospheric influences and most acids, but not to strong alkalis. The
metal is used as filament and in thin sheet form in incandescent
bulbs and radio tubes. (1) Forms hard abrasion resistant particles in
tool steels. (2) Promotes hardness and strength at elevated
temperatures.
Tungsten Carbide: Advanced material that is very hard and wear-
resistant, making it suitable for severe service applications such as
cutting and grinding tools.
Tungsten Carbide: Compound of tungsten and carbon, of
composition varying between WC and W(2)C; imbedded in a matrix
of soft metal, such as cobalt, extensively used for Sintered Carbide
Tools.
Tungsten Carbide Heading Die: A Tungsten Carbide Heading Die
is used to form a head on the end of a metal rod. The rod is pushed
into the die and the material is allow to plastically flow inside the die.
Tungsten Carbide tooling is hard wearing and long-lived.
Tunnel: The underground passageway used by Metrorail cars
Tunnel Furnace: Type of furnace whereby stock to be heated is
placed upon cars which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the
furnace.
Tunnel Furnace: Type of furnace whereby stock to be heated is
placed upon cars which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the
furnace.
Turbidity: The measure of suspended matter in, a water sample
which contributes to the reflection of light or cloudiness.
Turbidity unit: The unit of measure of suspended matter in water. It
is the measure of light compared against light reflected by a
reference standard as defined by the standard methods of water
analysis in, APHA.
Turbine: Steam-driven mechanical device used to drive a piece of
machinery.
Turbine: A rotary device that is actuated by the impact of a moving
fluid against blades or vanes.
Turbine meter: A device used to measure water consumption in
industrial plants.
Turbine rotor: The rotating assembly enclosed within the turbine
casing
Turbo prop : Is said of an airplane powered by a type of jet engine,
the turbo prop, equipped with a turbine-driven propeller.
Turbocharger: The device used to increase the air intake of engine
by using the exhaust gas pressures. It is mounted on the engine
exhaust manifold. It compresses the air intake and feed it on the
pressure.
Turbocharger: Sometimes referred to as a "turbosupercharger." A
device that uses an exhaust-driven turbine to force air into an
internal-combustion engine in order to increase engine power.
Turbofan: Gas turbine engine with large diameter forward fan. Air is
dueled from the tips of these fan blades and by-passed around the
engine, and added to the normal jet efflux to provide high propulsive
efficiency.
Turbojet: Gas turbine engine in its simplest form, producing a high
velocity jet efflux.
Turbojet: An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the
jet operates a turbine that in turn operates the air compressor.
Turbojet aircraft : An aircraft having a jet engine in which the
energy of the jet operates a turbine which in turn operates the air
compressor.
Turboprop: Gas turbine engine in which maximum energy is taken
from the turbine to drive a reduction gear and conventional propeller.
Turboprop: An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the
jet operates a turbine that drives the propeller.
Turboprop aircraft : An aircraft having a jet engine in which the
energy of the jet operates a turbine which drives the propeller.
Turbopump: A pump driven by a gas turbine, generally used to
pump propellant into a combustion chamber.
Turboshaft: Gas turbine engine in which maximum energy is taken
from the turbine to drive a high speed shaft. It can be used to drive a
helicopter's rotor or any other form of machinery.
Turbulence: Air flow which is not smooth and steady. When
an airplaneflies through turbulent air, it can unexpectedly rise,
drop,roll, pitch or yaw very abruptly.
Turbulence chamber: It is the pre combustion chamber of the
engine placed on the head of the engine. It contains the hot air at the
end of compression stroke which helps in atomizing the fuel.
Turbulence mode : Flight control system mode in which a "softer"
response to gust upsets is programmed.
Turbulent Flow: Characterizes flow in eddies and currents through a
pipe, in contrast to streamline, or laminar, flow; turbulent flow causes
fluid friction loss. Flow quality depends on a combination of factors:
pipe diameter, fluid density, viscosity and velocity.
Turbulent Flow: A condition of flow in a passage that is typified by
rapid movement of fluid in a passage, where the fluid is churning and
bouncing off the passage walls.
Turbulent flow: A condition of flow in a passage that is typified by
rapid movement of fluid in a passage, where the fluid is churning and
bouncing off the passage walls. See LAMINAR FLOW.
Turk's-head Rolls: Four undriven working rolls, arranged in a
square or rectangular pattern, through which metal strip, wire or
tubing is drawn to form square or rectangular sections.
Turn signals: Flashing amber-colored lights that indicate when a
vehicles driver intends to make a turn or lane change.
Turner gauge: A device used to measure the actual scale thickness
in boiler tubes.
Turning: A method for removing the surface from a circular piece by
bringing the cutting edge of a tool against it while the piece is
rotated.
Turning circle: Also referred to as "turning diameter." The diameter
of the circle made by a vehicle in a full-lock 360 degree turn.
Turning Gear: A motor used to rotate the shaft when the generator
is down. The turning gear prevents the shaft from warping.
Turning Gear: A motor used to rotate the shaft when the generator
is down. The turning gear prevents the shaft from warping.
Turnkey System Design: Turnkey System Design refers to the
practice of designing, engineering and providing standalone process
stations to factories, plants, or end users that requires no or minimal
interfacing with existing factory equipment. For example, providing a
pre-programmed robotic automation system for part loading or a
similar operation.
Turnover: AIR FRANCE KLM turnover corresponds to all revenue
generated by the AIR FRANCE KLM Group in its three core activities
(passenger, cargo, maintenance) and related activities.
Turnover rate: The fraction of the total amount of mass (e.g.,
carbon) in a given pool or reservoir that is released from or that
enters the pool in a given length of time. The turnover rate of carbon
is often expressed as GtC/year.
Turntable: A track device with a movable inner frame containing a
straight section of track which can be rotated with a loaded carrier on
it to align the section of track with other tracks for the transfer of
carriers from one track to another.
Turntable: The base on which a centrifugal casting mold rests.
Tuyere: A copper water-cooled nozzle used in the blast furnace
where the hot blast enters the furnace.
Tvc: Thrust Vector Control.
TVOR : very high frequency terminal omni range station.
Twic: Transport Worker ID Card.
Twin: Two portions of a crystal having a definite orientation
relationship; one may be regarded as the parent, the other as the
twin. The orientation of the twin is either a mirror image of the
orientation of the parent across a twinning plane or an orientation
that can be derived by rotating the twin portion about a twinning
axis.
Twin: Two portions of a crystal having a definite orientation
relationship; one may be regarded as the parent, the other as the
twin. The orientation of the twin is either a mirror image of the
orientation of the parent across a twinning plane or an orientation
that can be derived by rotating the twin portion about a twinning axis.
Twin Annealing: A twin produced as the result of heat treatment.
Twin Bands: Bands across a crystal grain, observed on a polished
and etched section, where crystallographic orientations have a
mirror-image relationship to the orientation of the matrix grain across
a composition plane that is usually parallel to the sides of the band.
Twin Crystal: A portion of a crystal in which the lattice is a mirror
image of the lattice of the remainder of the crystal.
Twin Deformation: A twinned region produced by a shear like
distortion of the parent crystal structure during deformation. In ferrite,
deformation twins form on {211} planes.
Twin, Deformation: A twinned region produced by a shear-like
distortion of the parent crystal structure during deformation.
Twin-engine aircraft: Aircraft equipped with two engines. There are
also single-engined, triple-engined (or trijets) and four-engined
aircraft.
Twist: A condition wherein a transverse axis held in the plane of the
strip would rotate about the longitudinal axis when moved along the
strip.
Twist: A condition wherin a transverse axis held in the plane of the
strip would rotate about the longitundianl axis when moved along the
strip.
Twist: 1) The turns about the axis, per unit of length of a fiber, roving
yarn, cord, etc. Twist is usually expressed as turns per inch. 2) The
turn about the axis of a hose subjected to internal pressure.
Twist Boundary: A subgrain boundary consisting of an array of
screw dislocations.
Twist Lock Connector: A twist lock connector is a specialized type
of electrical plug designed to lock the plug into place. The plug is
characterized by curved prongs with overhanging fins. The plug is
inserted into the socket and rotated to lock the connector in place.
Two Blocking: The event in which a crane load block (hook, bale,
etc.) is operated in the hoisting direction and inadvertently comes in
contact with the trolley structure or upper sheave(s) of the crane.
Two blocking may cause the wire rope and other components to
become stressed and overloaded to the point of failure which could
result in the load, block, etc., falling. May be the result of hoist
overtravel limit device failure.
Two High Mill: A stand having only two rolls. Some two high mijlls
are reversing with screw downs to adjust the rolls; others are one
way only and may or may not have srew downs for roll adjustment
and may or may not be a part of continuous mill.
Two stroke engine : The engines which complete it cycle in to two
stroke of piston rather than four strokes. It complete its all the stroke
into one rotation of the crank shaft. It gives the power in every
rotation of crankshaft. It uses the ports with less moving parts.
Two Tone: A sharp color demarcation in the appearance of the
metal due to a difference in the work roll coating.
Two Way: A term used to describe a valve that has two ports,
normally a pressure (inlet) port and an outlet port. Used to open or
close a flow passage.May be configured as normally closed (n.c.) or
normally open (n.o.).
Two way: A term used to describe a valve that has two ports,
normally a pressure (inlet) port and an outlet port. Used to open or
close a flow passage. May be configured as normally closed (n.c.)
Or normally open (n.o.).
Two way valve, manually and directoperated: A valve having two
way functional capability that may be manually activated to directly
control the operating spool. Movement of the spool from extreme
end to extreme end opens or closed the flow paths of the ports. See
TWO WAY.
Two way valve, solenoid and direct operated: A valve having a
two way functional capability that may be solenoid activated to
directly control the operating spool. Movement of the spool from
extreme end to extreme end opens or closed the flow paths of the
ports. See TWO WAY.
Two way valve, solenoid and pilot operated: A valve having a two
way functional capability that may be solenoid activated to directly
control the operating spool which then controls a secondary, larger
spool. Movement of the secondary spool from extreme end to
extreme end opens or closes the flow paths of the ports. See TWO
WAY.
Two-High Mill: A stand having only two rolls. Some two-high mills
are reversing with screw-downs to adjust the rolls; others are one
way only and may or may not have screw-downs for roll adjustment
and may or may not be a part of continuous mill.
Two-stage unlocking: A remote electronic door lock system that
opens the drivers door on the first press and the other doors on the
second press.
Two-temperature valve: Pressure opened valve used in suction line
on multiple refrigerator installations, which maintains evaporators in
a system at different temperatures.
Two-way: Communications mode consisting of downlink received
from a spacecraft while uplink is being received at the spacecraft.
Two-way valve : Valve with one inlet port and one outlet port.
TWR : Tower (Control Tower)
Tx: Abbreviation for transmitter.
Type D: Base-metal steel, aluminum killed; sometimes required to
minimize severe fluting and stretcher strain hazards for severe
drawing applications.
Type D: Base metal steel, aluminum killed; sometimes required to
minimize severe fluting and stretcher strain hazards for severe
drawing applications.
Type Metal: Any of a series of alloys containing lead (58.5 to 95%),
antimony (2.5 to 25%) and tin (2.5 to 20%) used to make printing
type. Small amounts of copper (1.5 to 2.0%) are added to increase
hardness in some applications.
Type : (1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings,
privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a specific make and
basic model of aircraft, including modifications thereto that do not
change its handling or flight characteristics. Examples include: DC-7,
1049, and F-27; and (2) As used with respect to the certification of
aircraft, means those aircraft which are similar in design. Examples
include: DC-7 and DC-7C; 1049G and 1049H; and F-27 and F-27F.
(3) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft engines means
those engines which are similar in design. For example, JT8D and
JT8D-7 are engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A and JT9D-7 are
engines of the same type
Typhoon: Hurricanes in the Western Pacific Ocean.
tyre: Also called pneumatic tyre, a precisely engineered assembly of
rubber, chemicals, fabric and metal, designed to provide traction,
cushion road shock and carry a load under varying conditions.
tyre Designation: An alphanumeric code moulded into the sidewall
of the tyre that describes the tyre’s size, including width, aspect ratio,
rim diameter, load index and speed rating. Most designations use the
P-Metric system.
tyre Mixing: A situation in which tyres of various brands, types, or
sizes are mixed on a vehicle. This can lead to variations in the
vehicle’s ride and handling characteristics.
tyre Placard: A metal or paper tag permanently affixed to a vehicle,
which indicates the appropriate tyre size and inflation pressures for
the vehicle. The placard can ordinarily be found on either the driver’s
doorpost, the glove box lid or the fuel-filler door.
tyre Pressure Gauge: Tool used to properly measure the air
pressure in a tyre.
U: Chemical symbol for Uranium.
U Channel Extrusion: An extrusion is a component fabricated with
a manufacturing process in which a material such as plastic or a soft
metal is pulled through a die. The extrusion process results in long
pieces of material with a constant cross-sectional shape. A U-
channel extrusion has a cross-section shape consistent with a U,
either with a round or square bottom.
U : Airspace Euro control project Class U (unknown traffic)
U.S.S. Gauge: A gauge system used for carbon steels but not
appropriate for stainless steels where thickness is specified in
decimals. However, always question when unsure as to whether
U.S.S. or decimal is being specified. For example, 16 gauge for
U.S.S. is .058" not .016". U.S.S. does not stand for Ulbrich Stainless
Steel.
U.S.S. Gauge: A gauge system used for carbon steels but not
appropriate for stainless steels where thickness is specified in
decimals. However, salesperson should always question customer
when unsure as to whether U.S.S. or decimal is being specified. For
example, 16 gauge for U.S.S. is .058? not .016?. U.S.S. does not
stand for Ulbrich Stainless Steel.
U/S : unserviceable
U/V ADF : UHF/VHF Automatic Direction Finding
UAIB : Acronym for Union of Automobile Importers in Bulgaria
UART : Acronym for Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
UAT : Universal Access Transceiver
UAV : Unmanned (or Uninhabited) Aeronautical (or Aerial) Vehicle
UAW : Acronym for United Auto Workers- An international union of
workers in the automobile, aerospace, and agricultural implement
industries in North America.
U-bend Die: A die, commonly used in press-brake forming, that is
machined horizontally with a square or rectangular cross-sectional
opening that provides two edges over which metal is drawn into a
channel shape.
Ucr: See ULD Control Receipt.
UDMH: Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine, (CH3)2NNH2. A liquid
hypergolic fuel.
UFN : Until Further Notice
UFO : Unidentified Flying Object
Ugioe-sejoumet Process: A direct extrusion process for metals that
uses molten glass to insulate the hot billet and to act as a lubricant.
UHF: Ultrahigh Frequency.
UHF : Ultra High Frequencies (300 MHz-30 GHz)
Uhf/vhf automatic directionfinding (u/v adf) : An Automatic
Direction Finder that determines relative bearing to a transmitter to
which it is tuned, in either the UHF band or VHF band;
U-joints: Universal joints, which are flexible joints used on drive
shafts that are composed of two U-shaped yokes that share a
common cross-shaped member.
UL : Ultra light, Ultra-l©ger motoris©
Uld: See Unit Load Device.
Uld control receipt (ucr): A voucher of transfer ULD signed by
transferring and receiving carriers which is used to retrieve ULD and
for account settlement of ULD demurrage.
ULEV program: Ultra-low emission vehicle standard; an emissions
standard within the LEV program, tighter than the LEV standard.
Ullage: The amount by which a container, such as a tank, falls short
of being full.
Ullage maneuver: To supply positive acceleration to seat propellant
in the bottom of its tanks.
ULM : Ultra light, Ultra-l©ger motoris©
Ultimate Analysis: In chemistry, this is a quantitive analysis in which
percentages of all elements in the substance are determined.
Ultimate Analysis: In chemistry, this is a quantitive analysis in which
percentages of all elements in the substance are determined.
Ultimate Elongation: The elongation at rupture.
Ultimate strength: The maximum stress (tensile, compressive or
shear) a material can sustain without fracture. It is determined by
dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
Ultimate Strength: The maximum stress (tensile, compressive or
shear) a material can sustain without fracture; determined by dividing
maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength.
Ultimate Tensile Strength: The maximum load that a material
withstands in a tensile test before it fractures, divided by the original
cross-sectional area of the gauge length of the specimen. A more
correct term to apply to this parameter of a material is Tensile
Strength. (see Tensile Strength)
Ultimate Tensile Strength: The highest load applied in breaking a
tensile test piece devided by the original cross sectional area of the
test piece.
Ultra filtration: A process that forces water through a filtering
membrane by means of pressure gradients in order to obtain ultra
pure water.
Ultrahard Tool Materials: Very hard, wear-resistant materials--
specifically, polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron
nitrido-that are fabricated into solid or layered cutting tool blanks for
machining applications.
Ultrahigh frequency: Short radio waves used for communicating
with spacecraft.
Ultrahigh-strength Steels: Structural steels with minimum yield
strengths of 1380 Mpa (200 ksi).
Ultralight vehicle : An aeronautical vehicle operated for sport or
recreational purposes which does not require FAA registration, an
airworthiness certificate, nor pilot certification. They are primarily
single occupant vehicles, although some two place vehicles are
authorized for training purposes. Operation of an ultra light vehicle in
certain airspace requires authorization from ATC.
Ultra-Low Profile Technology: A specialised sidewall shape, bead
area and bead compound that enhances the durability and
mountability of tyres with very short sidewalls.
Ultraprecision Finishing: Machining processes used to alter
surface characteristics such as finish, waviness, roundness, etc.,
with substantial removal of the work material. Examples include
lapping and polishing of optical lenses, computer chips or magnetic
heads and honing of cylinder liners.
Ultrasonic Beam: A beam of acoustical radiation with a frequency
higher than the frequency range for audible sound--i.e., above about
20 kHz.
Ultrasonic Cleaning: Sends high-pitched sound waves through a
liquid solvent to remove dirt, grease and small metal particles quickly
and effectively from small corners and crevices.
Ultrasonic Frequency: A frequency, associated with elastic waves,
that is greater than the highest audible frequency, generally regarded
as being higher than 20 kHz.
Ultrasonic Impact Grinding: A form of abrasive grinding in which a
nonrotating tool vibrating at ultrasonic frequency causes a grit-
loaded slurry to impinge on the surface of a workpiece, and thereby
remove material.
Ultrasonic Inspection: An inspection technique in which high
frequency sound waves are introduced into material in order to
detect any surface or subsurface flaws that may be present.
Ultrasonic Inspection: A means of locating defects in steel. When
acoustic energy in the ultrasonic range is passed through steel, the
sound waves tend to travel in straight lines, rather than diffusing in
all directions as they do in the audible range. If there is a defect in
the path of the beam it will cause a reflection of some of the energy,
depleting the energy transmitted. This casts an acoustic shadow
which can be monitered by a detector placed opposite the
transducer or energy source. If the acoustic energy is introduced as
a very short burst, then the reflected energy coming back to the
originating transducer can also be used to show the size and depth
of the defect. Ultrsonic techniques can be used to detect deeply
located defects or those contained in the surface layer. Skill and
experience are required in interpreting the results portrayed on the
cathode ray tube.
Ultrasonic Machining: Material removal by means of the ultrasonic
vibration of a rotating diamond core drill or milling tool. The process
does not involve an abrasive slurry; instead, the diamond tool
contacts and cuts the workpiece.
Ultrasonic Soldering: A soldering process variation in which high-
frequency vibratory energy is transmitted through molten solder to
remove undesirable surface films and thereby promote wetting of the
base metal. This operation is usually accomplished without a flux.
Ultrasonic Testing: The scanning of material with an ultrasonic
beam, during which reflections from faults in the material can be
detected: a powerful nondestructive test method.
Ultrasonic Welding: A solid-state welding process in which
materials are welded by locally applying high frequency vibratory
energy to a joint held together under pressure.
Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves used to detect product
defects.
Ultraviolet: A band of electromagnetic radiation with a higher
frequency and shorter wavelength than visible blue light. Ultraviolet
astronomy is generally performed in space, since Earth's
atmosphere absorbs most ultraviolet radiation.
Ultraviolet radiation: The energy range just beyond the violet end
of the visible spectrum. Although ultraviolet radiation constitutes only
about 5 percent of the total energy emitted from the sun, it is the
major energy source for the stratosphere and mesosphere, playing a
dominant role in both energy balance and chemical composition.
UM: Unaccompanied Minor:Children aged between 4 and 12 years
old may travel alone. Airlines take charge of the children during the
flight. Air France provides this service free of charge
UM Plate: Universal Mill Plate, or plate which is rolled to width by
vertical rolls, as well as being rolled to thickness by horizontal rolls.
UMAS : Unmanaged Air Space (Euro control Definition)
Umbilical: A cable conveying power to a rocket or spacecraft before
liftoff. Also a tethering or supply line for an astronaut outside a
spacecraft.
Uncover Temperature: The temperature of the coil after processing
at the batch anneal, approximately 180°F.
Uncover Temperature: The temperature of the coil after processing
at the batch anneal approx. 180 degre
Uncropped Coils: Coils not sheared to length following hot rolling.
Under body: The underside of the automobiles is called the
underbody. In case of service and inspection of underbody is done
for any fault. All power transmission system of this system can be
seen from the under body.
Under camber : This means that the lower surface of the wing has a
hollow curve when observed from front to back. A thin wing with a
high camber will be under cambered.
Under deposit attack: Corrosion under or around a localized
deposit on a metal surface (a form of crevice corrosion).
Under inflation: This is the fault of tire inflation having the air
pressure less than the requirements or recommendations. It may
cause the loss of power or low fuel efficiency in the automobiles.
Under Running Crane: An electric overhead traveling crane having
the end trucks supported on track attached to the bottom flanges of
the beams; or supported on bottom flanges of beams. These beams
make up the crane runway.
Under seat storage: A storage console located under a vehicles
seat.
Underbead Crack: A crack in the heat-affected zone of a weld
generally not extending to the surface of the base metal.
Underbody: The area of a vehicle that is typically not visible from
above and that is exposed to the road.
Undercamber: The characteristic of an airfoil in which the lower
surface is concave which generally creates higher lift at lower
speeds.
Undercarriage: see landing gear.
Undercarriage: The part of an aircraft that provides support while
theaircraft is on the ground. It includes wheels, shock absorbers and
support struts. There is an undercarriage unit under the nose of
the aircraft as well as approximately midway back, under
the fuselage. Undercarriage normally includes rubber tires, but may
have skis for landing on snow or floats for landing on water.
Undercarriage strut : A part of an airplane`s structure, designed to
resist distortion, which supports the landing gear.
Undercure (Blocking): If the initial cure is carried out below that
necessary for full polymerization undercure may result in subsequent
“blocking” or sticking of coated sheets.
Undercut: The void behind the rib, on rebar, usually caused by
backlash (bar rolling).
Underdraft: A condition wherein a metal curves downward on
leaving a set of rolls because of higher speed in the upper roll.
Underfill: (1) In weldments, a depression on the face of the weld or
root surface extending below the surface of the adjacent base metal.
(2) A portion of a forging that has insufficient metal to give it the true
shape of the impression.
Underfilm Corrosion: Corrosion that occurs under organic films in
the fonn of randomly distributed threadlike filaments or spots. In
many cases this is identical to filiform corrosion.
Underhood label ID: A label required by the EPA that is affixed to
the underside of a new vehicles hood to designate its engine family
and EPA vehicle test group.
Under-inflation: Operating a tyre without sufficient air pressure to
support the weight of the vehicle with occupants and additional load;
could cause failure of the tyre when heat is generated inside the tyre
to the point of degeneration of components.
Underlap: The condition of a spool and body in a servo valve or
other spool valve wherein the spool is displaced a specified amount
(the underlap) to expose two adjacent cavities to each other.
Underlap: The condition of a spool and body in a servo valve or
other spool valve wherein the spool is displaced a specified amount
(the underlap) to expose two adjacent cavities to each other.
Undershoot: Landed short of the runway
Understeer: A handling characteristic of a vehicle that causes it to
turn less sharply than the driver intends because the front wheels
are sliding to the outside of the turn.
Under-steer: The handling characteristic in which the front tyres
break loose because they are running a larger slip angle than the
rear tyres. Also known as ploughing.
Understressing: Applying a cyclic stress lower than the endurance
limit. This may improve fatigue life if the member is later cyclically
stressed at levels above the endurance limit.
Under-tread: The material between the bottom of the tread rubber
and the top layer of steel belts; acts as a cushion that enhances
comfort.
Undervoltage Protection: A device operative on the reduction or
failure of voltage to cause and maintain the interruption of power in
the main circuit.
Underwater Welding: Underwater Welding is the process in which
divers use shielded metal arc welding (SMAW or stick welding) to
join metal, almost exclusively low carbon steels, underwater.
Underwind: Steel strip that comes off of the bottom of the coil on the
entry reel into the side trimmer.
Underwind: Steel strip that comes off of the bottom of the coil on the
entry reel into the side trimmer.
Underwrap: The direction which coils are being wrapped or
unwrapped. If coil is underwrapping, the reel is turning and the steel
is fed from the bottom.
Underwrap: The direction which coils are being wrapped or
unwrapped. If coil is underwrapping the reel is turning and the steel
is fed from the bottom.
Underwriter: A company that engages in insurance underwriting.
See "Underwriting."
Underwriting: The process of evaluating the risk exposure to a
potential insured (or class or category of insureds), whether to
accept the risk and offer insurance coverage, and the premium to be
charged for that coverage.
Uniaxial Stress: A state of stress in which two of the three principal
stresses are zero. See also principal stress (normal). (see Principal
Stress (normal))
Uni-Directional Tread: Also known as directional tread, this is a tyre
designed to only rotate in one direction.
Uniform Corrosion: (1) A type of corrosion attack (deterioration)
uniformly distributed over a metal surface. (2) Corrosion that
proceeds at approximately the same rate over a metal surface. Also
called general corrosion. (see General Corrosion)
Uniform Elongation: The elongation at maximum load and
immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tensile test.
Uniform Strain: The strain occurring prior to the beginning of
localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the
tension test.
Unit Cell: A parallelepiped element of crystal structure, containing a
certain number of atoms, the repetition of which through space will
build up the complete crystal.
Unit functions : A collection of functions used as standard test
cases in control systems engineering; The primary unit functions of
interest in avionics are the unit impulse, the unit step, and the unit
ramp. Symbols: u sub k ( t );
Unit impulse : A function used as a standard test case in control
systems engineering; a spike of "area" one at time t = 0; Synonyms:
impulse; See Also: unit functions; Symbols: u sub
Unit less : No units, such as ratios; a quantity with standard units of
1; a quantity with primary units of 1; Synonyms: dimensionless;
Unit load device (uld): A container or pallet used to transport cargo
on an aircraft.Valuable Cargo (VAL) Shipments of high value
requiring advance arrangement and special handling.
Unit Power: The net amount of power required during machining or
grinding to remove a unit volume of material in unit time.
Unit ramp : A function used as a standard test case in control
systems engineering; a line of slope 1 starting at zero at time t = 0;
Synonyms: ramp; See Also: unit functions; Symbols: u sub
Unit step : A function used as a standard test case in control
systems engineering; a step from zero to one at time t = 0;
Synonyms: step; See Also: unit functions; Symbols: u sub
Unitary system: A room unit which performs part or all of the air
conditioning functions. It may or may not be used with a central fan
system.
United states air carrier : a citizen of the United States who
undertakes directly by lease, or other arrangement, to engage in air
transportation.
United states geological survey (usgs): A bureau of the
Department of the Interior. USGS was established in 1879 following
several Federally sponsored independent natural resource surveys
of the West and Midwest. The Department of the Interior has
responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and
natural resources. The USGS monitors resources such as energy,
minerals, water, land, agriculture, and irrigation. The resulting
scientific information contributes to environmental-policy decision
making and public safety. For example, USGS identifies flood- and
landslide-prone areas and maintains maps of the United States.
United states global change research program (usgcrp): The
USGCRP addresses significant uncertainties concerning the natural
and human-induced changes to Earth's environment. The USGCRP
has a comprehensive and multidisciplinary scientific research
agenda. See Global Change Research Program.
United states : in a geographical sense, means (1) the States, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions, including the
territorial waters, and (2) the airspace of those areas.
Units : A standard quantity, such as ft or mi; Synonyms: dimension;
Universal Coupling: A Universal Joint Shaft Coupling is a
mechanical joint use the transfer rotation between two non-
concentric shafts. In practice, universal joints are used whenever to
shaft need to be joined together.
Universal Forging Mill: A combination of four hydraulic presses
arranged in one plane equipped with billet manipulators and
automatic controls, used for radial or draw forging.
Universal joint: The joint designed to transfer the power at angle. It
is used in automobiles for power transmission to the wheels.
Universal Mill: A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the
edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the
horizontal rolls.
Universal Mill: A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the
edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the
horizontal rolls.
Universal Mill Plate: A mill for rolling steel plates, which has a
vertical as well as horizontal rolls, so that its product has rolled
edges.
Universal remote control: A wireless device that can be
programmed to control all aspects of a vehicles entertainment
system.
Universal remote transmitter: An electronic device integrated into
a key or key fob that controls a vehicles remote-operated
accessories.
Universal Temperature Controllers: A Universal Temperature
Controller is a programmable dev ice that can monitor temperature
and provide output signals for enabling heaters, chillers, or other
devices.
Universal time: The mean solar time of the meridian of Greenwich,
England. Formerly called Greenwich mean time.
Universal time coordinated: The world-wide scientific standard of
timekeeping; based upon carefully maintained atomic clocks and
accurate to within microseconds. The addition or subtraction of leap
seconds, as necessary, keeps it in step with Earth's rotation. Its
reference point is Greenwich, England; when it is midnight there, it is
midnight UTC.
Universal transverse mercator(utm) : A system of fixed earth
coordinates, sometimes used instead of latitude and longitude,
accurate relative to others close by, such as ground troops;
Universe: All matter and energy, including Earth, the galaxies and
all therein, and the contents of intergalactic space, regarded as a
whole.
Unkilled Steel: A wild steel insufficiently deoxidized so that it
evolves gas and blowholes during solidification.
Unkilled Steel: A wild steel insufficiently deoxidized so that it
evolves gas and blowholes during solidification.
Unload: To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent
pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.
Unload: To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent
pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.
Unloader: A device in or on the compressor for equalizing high side
and low side pressures for a brief time during starting and for
controlling compressor capacity by rendering one or more cylinders
ineffective.
Unloading valve: A valve that is normally closed and opens from a
separate fluid source on rising pressure that is balanced against a
precision spring. Re-set point is normally fixed.
Unloading Valve (Hydraulics): A device that directs hydraulic fluid
back to the reservoir at low pressure when there is no demand on
the system.
Unmanned aircraft systems (uas): See the Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (UAS) webpage for information.
UNS: Defines the chemical analysis (Unified Numbering System) as
a joint responsibility of the SAE and ASTM.
Uns: Defines the chemical analysis (Unified Numbering System) as
a joint responsibility of the SAE and ASTM.
Unsprung weight: unsprung mass or unsprung weight may be
defined as the the part of the total mass or weight of the vehicle
below the suspension system. It is all supported by the wheels.
Unsprung Weight: The weight of the parts of a vehicle not
supported by its springs, including wheels and tyres, outboard brake
assemblies, the rear axle assembly, suspension members, springs,
shock absorbers and anti-roll bars.
Unworked Pen/Penetration: (ASTM D 217) the penetration at 77ºF
of a sample of grease that has experienced minimum handling in
transfer to the test apparatus and that has not been subjected to the
action of a grease worker.
Up flow: The operation of an ion exchange unit in which solutions
are passed in at the bottom and out at the top of the container.
Up flow filter: A unit containing a single filter medium, usually with
graded sand.
Up flow furnace: A furnace in which the heated air flows upward as
it leaves the furnace.
Update : A process by which position is reset with a known better
position; updates occur at the data source level or at the physical
device level, depending upon specific implementation of the device
and the data source (choice of implementation is transparent above
the data source); all updates are operator initiated, but the new
position may be derived from other sources such as FLIR, MMR, or
radio navigation; a basic control to a data source from controls and
displays for updating a device Compare: aiding;
Updraft: A relatively small-scale current of air with marked upward
vertical motion.
Upend Forging: A forging in which the metal is so placed in the die
that the direction of the fiber structure is at right angles to the faces
of the die.
Upend Forging: A forging in which the metal is so placed in the die
that the direction of the fiber structure is at aright angles to the faces
of the die.
Upgrading: In castings, the removal and repair of discontinuities to
raise the quality level of the casting beyond that which can be
economically achieved by good foundry practice.
Upgrading: In castings, the removal and repair of discontinuities to
raise the quality level of the casting beyond that which can be
economically achieved by good foundry practice.
Upholstery: Cloth, leather or synthetic material used to cover a
vehicles seats, door panels, arm rests and headrests.
Upkeep : Codename for Barnes Wallis` bouncing bomb used in the
Dambusters` raid
Uplink: The radio signal transmitted to a spacecraft from Earth.
Upper atmosphere research satellite (uars): UARS is part of a
long-term, international program of space research into global
atmospheric change. Beginning in 1991, NASA's UARS program
began to carry out the first systematic, detailed satellite study of the
Earth's stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere;
establish the comprehensive data base needed for an understanding
of stratospheric ozone depletion; and bring together scientists and
governments around the world to assess the role of human activities
in atmospheric change. Launched on September 12, 1991, UARS
became the first official space component of NASA's Earth Science
Enterprise.
Upper Block: A fixed block located on a trolley that, through a
system of sheaves, bearings, pins, and frame, supports the load
block and its load.
Upper Yield Point (Also Yield Point): Denoted in yield point
phenomenon as a distinct break from the elastic region accompanied
by a drop in load, yet prior to plastic deformation in the stress strain
curve in a low carbon steel.
Upset: Working metal in such a manner that the cross-sectional area
of a portion or all of the stock is increased and the length is
decreased.
Upset: Working metal in such a manner that the cross sectional area
of a portion or all of the stock is increased and length is decreased.
Upset Forging: A forging obtained by upset of a suitable length of
bar, billet or bloom; formed by heading or gathering the material by
pressure upon hot or cold metal between dies operated in a
horizontal plane.
Upset Forging: A forging obtained by upset of a suitable length of
bar, billet or bloom; formed by heading or gathering the material by
pressure upon hot or cold metal between dies operated in a
horizontal plane.
Upset Welding: A resistance welding process in which the weld is
produced, simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces or
progressively along a joint, by applying mechanical force (pressure)
to the joint, then causing electrical current to flow across the joint to
heat the abutting surfaces. Pressure is maintained throughout the
heating period.
Upsetter : A machine, with horizontal action, used for making upset
forgings.
Upsetter (Forging Machine): A machine, with horizontal action,
used for making upset forgings.
Upsetting: 1. A metal working operation similar to forging. 2. The
process of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming
heads on rivets by flattening the end of wire.
Upsetting: (1) A metal working operation similar to forging. (2) The
process of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming
heads on rivets by flattening the end of wire.
Upside-down: The status of a vehicle loan when the loan amount is
greater than the current value of the vehicle.
Up-sized wheels: See "Plus size wheels."
Upstream: The inlet side of an instrument, a pump, valve, etc..
Upstream: The passage ahead of a device, normally at the inlet of
direction of flow.
Upstream: The passage ahead of a device, normally at the inlet of
direction of flow.
Upwelling: The rising of colder, denser water from deep in the
ocean or other body of water to the surface, often as a result of wind-
driven surface currents. Upwelling can occur anywhere, but is most
common in coastal areas and along the equator. Because nutrients
accumulate in deeper ocean water through the remains and waste of
marine life, upwelling fertilizes surface waters and increases
productivity.
Upwelling: The vertical motion of water in the ocean by which
subsurface water of lower temperature and greater density moves
toward the surface of the ocean. Upwelling occurs most commonly
among the western coastlines of continents, but may occur
anywhere in the ocean. Upwelling results when winds blowing nearly
parallel to a continental coastline transport the light surface water
away from the coast. Subsurface water of greater density and lower
temperature replaces the surface water, and exerts a considerable
influence on the weather of coastal regions. Carbon dioxide is
transferred to the atmosphere in regions of upwelling. This is
especially important in the Pacific equatorial regions, where 1 - 2
GtC/year may be released to the atmosphere. Upwelling also results
in increased ocean productivity by transporting nutrient-rich waters to
the surface layer of the ocean.
Uranium: A white malleable metal which is softer than steel. Its
specific gravity is 18.7, it melts at a temperature of 2,400°C.
Uranium: A white malleable metal which is softer than steel. Its
specific gravity is 18.7, it melts at a temperature of 2400oC.
Uranus: Seventh planet from the Sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
URB : User Relations Bureau (CFMU)
Urea Formaldehyde Resin: A thermosetting product of
condensation from urea or thio urea and formaldehyde, soluble in
water and used as a sand binder in core and mold compounds.
Urethane Wheels: Urethane Wheels are plastic wheels that are
relatively hard wearing while also providing good traction. They are
often used as casters for industrial equipment.
USAAC: United States Army Air Corps (predecessor of USAAF).
USAAF: United States Army Air Force (predecessor of USAF).
USAAS: United States Army Air Service (predecessor of USAAC).
Usable fuel (lbs) : Usable fuel (gallons) x 6.7 lbs/gallon
USAF: United States Air Force.
USAF : US Air Force
USCG: United States Coast Guard.
USDOT: United States Department of Transportation
Use permit: A zoning approval required by many cities or counties
to develop and operate aheliport or helistop. The actual name can
vary from one jurisdiction to another. Some common terminology
includes conditional use permit, major use permit or special use
permit.
Used Beverage Cans (UBCs): Scrap aluminum beverage cans,
although sometimes applied to steel cans as well (steel has a
microscopic share of the beverage can market in America, but a
much larger share in Europe and elsewhere).
Useful load : Maximum Ramp Weight - (minus) Basic Operating
Weight
USG (AL) : US-Gallon (3.78 Liter)
USMC: United States Marine Corps.
USN: United States Navy.
UT: Universal Time.
UTC: UT Universal Time:Preferred usage for giving times rather than
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). Time zones around the world are
described in UTC.
UTC: United Technologies Corporation; Chemical Systems Division
(USA).
UTC: Universal Time Coordinated.
UTC : Universal Coordinated Time.
Utility Sheet Aluminum: Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified
composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and
suitable for general building trade usage.
Utility Sheet Aluminum: Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified
composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and
suitable for general building trade usage.
Utility transformer : Primary and secondary coils of wire which
reduce (step down) the utility supply volt age for use within a facility.
UTM : Universal Transverse Mercator
UTQGS: Also known as Uniform tyre Quality Grading Standards. A
government-sponsored tyre information system that provides
consumers with ratings (from AA to C) for a tyre’s traction and
temperature. Treadwear is normally rated from 60 to 700.
U-tube manometer : A U-shaped section of plastic or glass tubing
that is partially filled with water or mercury. They are used to
measure the lower pressure ranges of gases.
UV: Ultraviolet.
Uv Disinfection System: A UV Disinfection System uses Ultraviolet
(UV) radiation to sterilize harmful bacteria.
Uv Radiometer: A UV radiometer is a measurement device used to
determine the strength of ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is
used in many different industries including food packaging, medical
and cosmetic industries and in the use of tanning beds. The UV
radiometer measures the intensity of the UV light in terms of intensity
per unit area over a period of time.
V (x) : Speed for best angle of climb.
V (y) : Speed for best rate of climb.
V Process: A molding (casting) process in which the sand is held in
place in the mold by vacuum. The mold halves are covered with a
thin sheet of plastic to retain the vacuum.
V : Universal Time Coordinated
V/STOL: Vertical and/or short take-off and landing capability.
V/stol : Vertical and Short Take-Off and Landing.
V1 : speed for best angle of climb.
VA : Value analysis.
VA : Maneuvering Speed (max. structural speed allowed for full
control deflection)
Vac : Abbreviation for Vacuum
VAC : Volts alternating current.
Vacancy: A type of structural imperfection in which an individual
atom site is temporarily unoccupied.
Vacancy: A type of structural imperfection in which an individual
atom site is temporarily unoccupied.
Vacuum: Pressure less than ambient atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum: Pressure less than atmospheric pressure. It is usually
expressed in inches of mercury (Hg) as referred to the existing
atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum : 1. An enclosed area in which the air pressure is below
that of the surrounding Atmospheric pressure.2. Technically, a
complete absence of pressure (0 psi), although the term is
commonly used to describe any pressure less than atmospheric.
Vacuum : Pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum activators : Dampers and control valves used in
automotive air conditioning system controlled by the vacuum created
by engine intake manifold vacuum.
Vacuum advance : A mechanism on the side of the Distributor that
automatically varies the instant at which the Spark occurs as a
function of Intake manifold vacuum. Vacuum advance provides the
additional advance that is needed when the engine is operating at
part throttle. At part throttle less Air-fuel mixture gets into the
Cylinders and the mixture takes longer to burn after it is ignited.
Because the mixture burns more slowly, the Piston will be past Top
dead center and moving down before the mixture has a chance to
burn and produce high power. As a result much of the power in the
fuel will be lost. The vacuum advance mechanism consists of a
flexible spring-loaded Diaphragm connected by a Linkage to the
Breaker plate on which the points are mounted. The sealed side of
the Diaphragm is connected by a tube to the Carburetor. The
Throttle valve is below the vacuum passage in the Carburetor Air
horn so there is no vacuum advance when the engine is idling
because the throttle is closed. However, when the throttle is partly
open, Intake manifold vacuum pulls the Diaphragm in and this
causes the Breaker plate to rotate a few degrees and advance the
Timing. With wide-open throttle there is very little vacuum in the
Intake manifold so there will be no vacuum advance. In most
instances the vacuum advance is disconnected before checking the
timing and Point gap.
Vacuum Annealing: Annealing that is done in a vacuum to prevent
the alloy from reacting with oxygen while at high temperatures. This
process is particularly important for titanium alloys, where alpha-
case can form at high temperatures when in the presence of oxygen
found in air furnaces. This type of annealing can also be used to
reduce hydrogen content in titanium.
Vacuum Annealing: Vacuum is best characterized as a lack of
atmosphere (i.e. air,oxygen or other gases). Hence when metals or
alloys are heated to high temperatures in a vacuum furnace, there is
essentially no oxygen present to oxidize and discolor the surface of
the material. Unfortunately, vacuum annealing is not condusive to
strand annealing (i.e. uncoiling, heating and recoiling). Titanium
rolled Ulbrich is annealed in coil form in vacuum furnaces by outside
heat treaters.
Vacuum Arc Degassing (VAD): (see Ladle Refining System (LRS))
Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR): Refining process in which a
previously melted electrode is remelted under a vacuum to produce
a finer, more uniform grain structure in metals.
Vacuum assist unit : An actuating mechanism that uses vacuum on
one side of a diaphragm as a source of power.
Vacuum booster : 1. A small Diaphragm Vacuum pump, generally
in combination with the Fuel pump, that is used to bolster engine
Vacuum during Acceleration so that the vacuum operated devices
will continue to operate. 2. A power brake actuating mechanism that
uses vacuum on one side of a diaphragm as a power source
Vacuum brake booster : A device directly connected to the master
cylinder and mounted on the engine side of the bulkhead, which
uses engine manifold vacuum to produce additional braking force
Vacuum brake supply line : The conduit for transmitting supply
vacuum from a vacuum source to the vacuum reservoirs.
Vacuum brake system : A brake system that uses engine vacuum
to operate and control.
Vacuum Breaker: A valve used to break the vacuum on the exhaust
of a turbine.
Vacuum breaker : A device to prevent a suction in a water pipe.
Vacuum capsule : A pneumatic actuator that converts air pressure
differences into a regulating short-stroke movement; the circular, flat
capsule has a spring-loaded diaphragm with a lever attached
Vacuum Carburizing: A high-temperature gas carburizing process
using furnace pressures between 13 and 67 kPa (0.1 to 0.5 torr)
during the carburizing portion of the cycle. Steels undergoing this
treatment are austenitized in a rough vacuum, carburized in a partial
pressure of hydrocarbon gas, diffused in a rough vacuum and then
quenched in either oil or gas.
Vacuum Casting: A casting in which metal is melted and poured
under very low atmospheric pressure; a form of permanent mold
casting where the mold is inserted into liquid metal; vacuum is
applied, and metal drawn up into the cavity.
Vacuum chamber : A pneumatic actuator that converts air pressure
differences into a regulating short-stroke movement; the circular, flat
capsule has a spring-loaded diaphragm with a lever attached
Vacuum check valve : (VCK-V) a one-way valve used to retain a
vacuum signal in a line after the vacuum source is gone
Vacuum control : A load-dependant mechanical ignition timing,
controlled by the inlet manifold vacuum
Vacuum control switch : A switch that monitors the vacuum signal
enabling the ECU to recognize open or closed throttle (idle)
operation
Vacuum control system : Intake manifold vacuum is used to
operate dampers and controls in some automobile systems.
Vacuum control unit : An assembly for load-dependent ignition
timing controlled by the intake manifold vacuum, consisting of a
vacuum capsule with a spring-loaded diaphragm linked to the
breaker plate
Vacuum control valve : (VCV) a ported vacuum switch, controls
vacuum to other emission devices during engine warm up
Vacuum Degassing: A secondary refining process for liquid steel in
which it is exposed to a low pressure environment with the aim of
achieving one or more of the following: reduction of dissolved gases,
improved cleanliness, greater uniformity control of chemical
composition.
Vacuum Degassing: An advanced steel refining facility that
removes oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a
vacuum) to produce ultra low carbon steel for demanding electrical
and automotive applications. Normally performed in the ladle, the
removal of dissolved gases results in cleaner, higher quality, more
pure steel
Vacuum Dehydration: The process commonly used for oil to
vacuum for reducing the vapor pressure, thus boiling off the volatile
contaminant such as water, gases and solvents from the fluid.
Vacuum delay valve : (VDV) a valve used by GM to bleed ported
vacuum to the vacuum advance unit through a small orifice and
control vacuum advance rate. Used to retard or delay the application
of a vacuum signal. Also called Delay valve
Vacuum Deposition: Deposition of a metal film onto a substrate in a
vacuum by metal evaporation techniques.
Vacuum differential valve : (VDV) a device used in a Thermactor
system with a catalyst that sense intake manifold vacuum and
triggers the bypass valve to dump injection air to the atmosphere
during deceleration
Vacuum distillation : Distillation under reduced pressure (less the
atmospheric) which lowers the boiling temperature of the liquid being
distilled. This technique with its relatively low temperatures prevents
cracking or decomposition of the charge stock.
Vacuum Feeding Systems: A Vacuum Feeding System uses the
venturi effect to pull fluids or fluidized solids from one system to
another. Feed rate is controlled by the input air pressure.
Vacuum filter : A filter which removes electrical noise from the
vacuum signal sent from the vacuum sensor to the ECU
Vacuum Furnace: A furnace using low atmospheric pressures
instead of a protective gas atmosphere like most heat-treating
furnaces.
Vacuum gauge: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for `zero'
psi at atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to
indicate the level of pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum gauge : A gauge used to determine the amount of Vacuum
existing in a chamber.
Vacuum Gauges: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for 'zero'
psi at atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to
indicate the level of pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum Generators: A Vacuum Generator is device that utilizes the
venturi effect to create a vacuum. These are more economical than
vacuum pumps but cannot achieve high vacuum.
Vacuum hose : A pipe which connects the intake manifold to the
vacuum brake booster
Vacuum Hot Pressing: A method of processing materials
(especially metal and ceramic powders) at elevated temperatures,
consolidation pressures and low atmospheric pressures.
Vacuum hydraulic power unit : A unit consisting of a vacuum
brake cylinder or chamber, hydraulic cylinder(s) and control valve, in
which driver effort is combined with force from the cylinder piston or
chamber diaphragm to displace fluid under pressure for actuation of
the brake(s).
Vacuum Induction Melting (VIM): Manufacturing process in which
raw materials are melted within a vacuum using the heat from an
induced magnetic field. VIM ensures tight control of a metal's
chemistry and more consistent structural properties.
Vacuum leak : A loss of vacuum from a leaking hose or defective
gasket
Vacuum Lifter: A below-the-hook lifting device for lifting and
transporting loads in a fixed attitude using a holding force by means
of vacuum.
Vacuum lines & hoses: Flexible tubing used to carry air, fluids,
vapors or pressurized gas.
Vacuum Manipulator: A vacuum lifter capable of repositioning the
load while suspended.
Vacuum Melting: Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination
from air and to remove gases already dissolved in the metal; the
solidification can also be carried out in a vacuum or at low pressure.
Vacuum Melting: Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination
from air, as well as to remove gases already dissolved in the metal;
the solidification may also be carried out in a vacuum or at low
pressure.
Vacuum modulated EGR : An exhaust gas recirculation in which
the amount of exhaust gas admitted to the intake manifold depends
on a vacuum signal controlled by throttle position. When the throttle
is closed, at idle or during deceleration, there is no vacuum signal to
the EGR valve; as the throttle is opened, a vacuum signal is supplied
causing the EGR valve to open
Vacuum modulator : A small unit attached to the Automatic
transmission. If the vehicle tends to stay in Low gear, shifts with
difficulty or produces whitish smoke, has an Automatic transmission,
and is constantly low in Transmission fluid, try replacing the vacuum
modulator before undertaking major repairs. Most vacuum
modulators simply screw into place.
Vacuum motor : A vacuum-actuated device used to operate doors
and valves
Vacuum Nitrocarburizing: A subatmospheric nitrocarburizing
process using a basic atmosphere of 50% ammonia/50% methane,
containing controlled oxygen additions of up to 2%.
Vacuum operated exhaust heat control valve : (VHC) a vacuum
operated heat riser valve used by Ford to cause the exhaust to flow
through the intake crossover passage for preheating of the air-fuel
mixture
Vacuum over hydraulic brake system : A hydraulic-type brake
system actuated by a vacuum-powered master cylinder.
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD): A refinement of stainless
steel that reduces carbon content. Molten, unrefined stainless steel
is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters
from the top. Many undesirable gases escape from the stainless
steel and are evacuated by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other
additives are then mixed in to refine the molten stainless steel
further.
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD): Process for further
refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content.
The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in
carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element
content below 5%). While electric arc furnaces (EAF) are the
conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, VOD is
an economical supplement, as operating time is reduced and
temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using
VOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF
for melting purposes.
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (Vod): WHAT Process for further
refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content.
WHY The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than
that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying
element content below 5%). While electric arc furnaces (EAF) are
the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, VOD
is an economical supplement, as operating time is reduced and
temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using
VOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF
for melting purposes. HOW Molten, unrefined steel is transferred
from the EAF into a separate vessel, where it is heated and stirred
by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top of the
vessel. Substantial quantities of undesirable gases escape from the
steel and are drawn off by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other
additives are then mixed in to refine the molten steel further.
Vacuum Pad: A device which applies a holding force on the load by
means of vacuum.
Vacuum power motor : A device for use in opening doors in heating
and air conditioning systems
Vacuum power unit : A device for use in opening valves and doors
in heating and air conditioning systems using vacuum as a source of
power.
Vacuum pressure : Any pressure less than that exerted by the
atmosphere.
Vacuum pump : 1. A Diaphragm type of Pump used to produce a
Vacuum. 2. A special high efficiency device used for creating high
vacuums for testing or drying purposes.
Vacuum pump : Special high efficiency device used for creating
high vacuums for testing or drying purposes.
Vacuum reducer valve : (VRV) A valve used by GM to limit the
amount of vacuum governing the ignition advance mechanism of the
distributor; on some ignition systems, a VRV is used to reduce intake
manifold vacuum when the coolant temperature is above 104°C, in
order to prevent or reduce detonation
Vacuum Refining: Melting in a vacuum, usually by electrical
induction, to remove gaseous contaminants from the metal.
Vacuum Refining: Melting in a vacuum, usually by electrical
induction, to remove gaseous contaminants from the metal.
Vacuum regulator valve three and four-port : (VRV) this type of
vacuum regulator valve is used to control the vacuum advance to the
distributor
Vacuum regulator valve two-port : (VRV) this vacuum regulator
provides a constant output signal when the input level is greater than
a preset level. At a lower input vacuum, the output equals the input
Vacuum relief valve : A valve which automatically opens and closes
a vent for relieving a vacuum within the a system, depending on
whether the vacuum is above or below a predetermined value.
Vacuum Reservoir: The evacuated portion of the vacuum system
whose function is to compensate for leakage into the vacuum system
or to provide a vacuum reserve in event of vacuum generator
failure.
Vacuum reservoir : (VRESER) stores excess vacuum to prevent
rapid fluctuations and sudden drops in a vacuum signal, such as
during acceleration
Vacuum restrictor : (VREST) controls the flow rate and/or timing in
actions to the different emission control components
Vacuum retard : A vacuum control unit for retarding the spark
Vacuum retard delay valve : (VRDV) delays a decrease in vacuum
at the distributor vacuum advance unit when the source vacuum
decreases. Used to delay release of vacuum from a diaphragm -- a
momentary vacuum trap
Vacuum retard unit : A vacuum control unit for retarding the spark
Vacuum runout point : The point reached when a vacuum brake
power Piston has built up all the braking force it is capable of with
the Vacuum available.
Vacuum sealing apparatus : A component in continuous zinc vapor
deposition lines through which steel strips enter the deposition
chamber and which prevents a build-up of pressure within the
chamber
Vacuum sensor : A sensor which detects changes in manifold
pressure in comparison to barometric pressure; such changes
indicate the need for an adjustment in air/fuel mixture and electronic
spark timing to maintain efficient engine operation. Also called
Manifold pressure sensor, Pressure differential sensor, or Manifold
vacuum sensor
Vacuum servo : A flexible diaphragm with a linkage attached to it
installed in a sealed housing. When vacuum is applied to one side of
the diaphragm, atmospheric pressure on the other side moves the
diaphragm and linkage to perform work.
Vacuum Sintering: Sintering of ceramics or metals at
subatmospheric pressure.
Vacuum solenoid : On some engines, a vacuum solenoid controlled
by an electrical sensor switch is used to control the EGR valve
Vacuum suction cup : A hand tool for pulling out shallow body
dents and for lifting flat, heavy objects such as windshields or sheet
metal
Vacuum suspended power booster : A type of power booster that
contains vacuum in both chambers of the booster when the brake
pedal is at rest. When the pedal is applied, the rear chamber is
vented to the atmosphere, causing the diaphragm of the booster to
move toward the master cylinder which assist the driver in the
application of the brakes
Vacuum switch : A switch that closes or opens its contacts in
response to changing vacuum conditions.
Vacuum switching valve : (VSV) an electrically controlled vacuum
switching valve used to control emission control devices
Vacuum tank : A tank in which a Vacuum exists. It is generally used
to provide vacuum to a Power brake installation in the event engine
vacuum cannot be obtained. The tank will supply several brake
applications before the vacuum is exhausted.
Vacuum transducer : A sensor with a vacuum diaphragm which
moves an iron rod inside a coil of wire sending a signal to the
computer that is proportional to the amount of vacuum.
Vacuum transmitting valve : (VTV) a valve used to limit the rate of
vacuum advance
Vacuum vent valve : (VVV) controls the induction of fresh air into a
vacuum system to prevent chemical decay of the vacuum diaphragm
that can occur on contact with fuel
Vacuum-electric Switch : A component which gives gross reading
of vacuum in the intake manifold by using a diaphragm to operate a
simple on-off electrical switch.
Vacuum-powered master cylinder : A brake master cylinder
actuated by a vacuum cylinder or chamber.
Vacuum-suspended power chamber : A booster power chamber
that has vacuum on both sides of its diaphragm when the brakes are
not applied.
VAF : 1. Acronym for Vane air-flow meter. 2. Acronym for Volume
Air Flow
VAL : Visual Approach and Landing (Chart)
Valance : A panel used to conceal structural detail or to provide
extra protection.
Valet switch : On some alarm systems, a switch to override the
alarm system for valet parking, car washes, etc.
Validation: Comparing a climate model's predictions with
observations of the real climate, in order to test the reliability and
accuracy of the model. The most obvious way to test a climate
model is to use it to analyze past events, and then see whether its
simulated prediction 'came true,' or how close it was to being correct.
Value of shipment : Summation of value of shipments produced by
establishment, receipts of custom and repair revenue.
Valve: The piece of metal or other device used to open and close
the port for inlet or outlet of the fluid or air.
Valve: A device that lets air in or out of a tyre. It is fitted with a valve
cap to keep out dirt and moisture, plus a valve core to prevent air
from escaping.
Valve: A mechanical device that is used in a fluid power system,
which is used to provide some change of state of the fluid.
Valve : A device used to either open or close an opening to allow or
prevent the flow of a liquid or gas from one place to another.
Valve adjusting screw : A screw at the end of a rocker which bears
on a pushrod; used to tilt the rocker and thus adjust the valve
clearance
Valve and transducer assembly : This type of EGR valve consist of
a modified ported EGR valve and a remote Transducer. Works the
same way as an integral backpressure transducer EGR valve
Valve angle : A segment of the full circle of a rotary disc valve cut
out to admit the fresh charge into the cylinder
Valve assembly : A device through which a tire is inflated. It
includes a valve stem, valve core, and valve cap.
Valve body : Part of the valve assembly containing plungers,
pistons, springs, etc.
Valve body housing : A housing which incorporates the bores in
which the valve spools slide and the canals which channel the oil
flow
Valve body separator plate : A plate sandwiched between two
gaskets which separates the upper and lower parts of the valve body
Valve bounce : The bouncing of a valve on its seat due to the valve
spring resonating at very high engine speeds. Also called flutter.
Valve cap : A screw-on cap to prevent the entry of dirt and dust into
the tire valve. It does not keep the air in -- the Valve core does that.
Valve clearance: The clearance between the valve and the valve
guide. It is provided for free movement and lubricant film.
Valve clearance: The maximum amount of space between a rocker
arm or cam and the part it contacts to actuate a valve.
Valve clearance : The distance between the small end of the Valve
stem and the Rocker arm or Valve lifter. This gap is necessary to
compensate for Expansion due to heat. Also called Valve lash.
Valve clearance depression : A recess in the piston crown
Valve core : A check valve within a tire air valve which permits air
pressure chucks without undue loss of air pressure. The core should
not be considered a valve seal.
Valve cover : A long metal lid located on the top of the Cylinder
head on vehicles with overhead camshafts. The valve cover is
removed when the valves need adjusting. The British term is rocker
box or rocker cover.
Valve cover gasket : A gasket between the cylinder head and the
valve cover; usually either a flat paper or cork gasket or an O-ring.
The British term is rocker cover gasket.
Valve cut-out : On some four-valve engines at low speed the main
rocker arms open only two valves per combustion chamber in order
to keep the energy of the gases at a high level; with increasing rpm,
the energy of the gases becomes sufficiently strong for the
remaining two valves to be opened via hydraulic locking bolts
Valve diameter : Intake valves can be distinguished from exhaust
valves by their larger diameter
Valve duration : The length of time, measured in degrees of engine
Crankshaft rotation, that a valve remains open.
Valve extension : Extra length added to a tire valve stem for greater
accessibility particularly on inside duals.
Valve face : The outer lower edge of the Valve head. The face
contacts the Valve seat when the valve is closed.
Valve float : A condition where the valves in the engine are forced
back open before they have had a chance to seat. Brought about
(usually) by extremely high rpm. The Valve lifters lose contact with
the cam lobes because the Valve springs are not strong enough to
overcome the Momentum of the various Valvetrain components. The
onset of valve float prevents higher-rpm operation. Extended periods
of valve float will damage the Valvetrain. Also called Valve bounce
Valve gear : A mechanism that operates the intake and exhaust
valves; includes the cams, pushrods, rocker arms, etc. but not the
valves themselves
Valve gear type: The number of camshafts used by an engine, as
well as their orientation in relation to its valves.
Valve grinder : A special automotive tool consisting of a wooden
shaft and rubber suction cup(s) for hand grinding valves.
Valve grinding : Renewing the Valve face area by grinding on a
special grinding machine.
Valve grinding compound : An abrasive compound used for
refacing valve seats. The suction cup is placed on the valve head
and the valve is pressed into the seat; turning the handle between
one's hands will grind the valve into its seat; always use with grinding
paste. Not to be confused with valve seat cutter which is used to cut
worn valve seats to a specific angle. Also called valve lapping
compound
Valve grinding tool : A special automotive tool consisting of a
wooden shaft and rubber suction cup(s) for hand grinding valves
Valve guide : The cylindrical hole which is located in the Cylinder
head or Block through which the stem of the Poppet valve passes. It
is designed to keep the valve in proper alignment. It also serves as a
bearing surface. Some guides are pressed into place and others are
merely drilled in the block or in the head metal.
Valve guide driver : A tool for installing valve guides
Valve guide reamer : A tool used to enlarge worn valve guides to
accommodate oversized valve stems
Valve guide remover : A drift punch for driving out valve guides
Valve head : The surface of the large end of a valve.
Valve hole : The circular opening in the rim of a wheel for mounting
tubeless tires. Tubeless car tires commonly have a snap-in valve
consisting of a rubber molding bonded to the metal stem casing. The
rubber molding has a groove formed at the base; when the valve is
pulled through the valve hole, the pliable rubber base snaps into
position. Commercial vehicle valves for tubeless tires are all metal;
they are attached to the rim and the valve hole by an extended
thread formed at the base and secured by a nut. Airtight sealing is
achieved by either an O-ring or a fiat and flanged rubber washer.
Commercial vehicle valve stems may have a single, double, or triple
bend to accommodate different rim profiles and single and twin
wheel combinations. On bicycle rims, the hole may be one of two
sizes to accommodate Presta or Schrader valves. Also called valve
aperture
Valve job : Replacing or regrinding old valves
Valve keeper : A small unit that snaps into a groove in the end of the
Valve stem. It is designed to secure the Valve spring, valve spring
retaining washer and valve stem together. Some are of a split
design, some of a horseshoe shape, etc. Also called Valve key or
valve retainer.
Valve key : Key, keeper, washer, or other device which holds valve
spring cup or washer in place on valve stem
Valve lag: Late closing of the valve either inlet valve or outlet valve.
It may be intensely or by fault.
Valve lag : The time between TDC or BDC and a valve closing
Valve lapper : A special automotive tool for grinding (lapping) valves
into valve seats; some types are power-operated, thus allowing
faster grinding compared with standard suction-type valve grinding
tools
Valve lash : Valve tappet Clearance or total Clearance in the valve
operating train with Cam follower on Camshaft Base circle.
Valve lead: Early opening of the valve either inlet valve or outlet
valve.
Valve Lead : The time between a valve opening and TDC or BDC
Valve lift : Distance a valve moves from the full closed to the full
open position. It is usually about a quarter of the diameter of the port.
Valve lifter : The cylindrically shaped component that presses
against the lobe of a camshaft and moves up and down as the cam
lobe rotates. Most valve lifters have an oil-lubricated hardened face
that slides on the cam lobe. So-called roller lifters, however, have a
small Roller in contact with the cam lobe -- thereby reducing the
friction between the cam lobe and the lifter. Also called valve follower
or Cam follower.
Valve lock : Key, keeper, washer, or other device which holds valve
spring cup or washer in place on valve stem
Valve margin : The width of the edge of the Valve head between the
top of the valve and the edge of the face. Too narrow a margin
results in Preignition and valve damage through over-heating.
Valve mechanism: The system used to open and close the valves
on time as per the requirements of the system. In engine valve
mechanism it is operated through camshaft rotations. It may be
mounted on engine head or engine block as per the engine design.
Valve oil seal : A Neoprene rubber ring that is placed in a groove in
the Valve stem to prevent excess oil entering the area between the
stem and the guide. There are other types of these seals.
Valve overlap: It is stated as the timing overlap of the closing or
opening of both inlet and outlet valves of the engine on same time.
Because of some limitations or requirements it may be designed
intentionally.
Valve overlap: it is the time period in at which both inlet and outlet
valves considered as open or close.
Valve overlap : A certain period in which both the Intake and
Exhaust valve are partially open. The intake is starting to open while
the exhaust is not yet closed. It is usually expressed in degrees of
crankshaft rotation and determined by the valve timing, valve overlap
is necessary for the efficient flow of gases in and out of the
combustion chamber
Valve plate : Part of compressor located between top of compressor
body and head. It contains compressor valves and ports.
Valve port : The opening, through the Head or block, from the Intake
or Exhaust manifold to the valve seat.
Valve Positioners: A Valve Positioner is a system that compares the
actual position of a valve to its commanded position and adjusts as
necessary. This is accomplished via process monitoring and sensor
feedback to the valve controller.
Valve principle : The original method of ABS control using an
electrically operated valve to control the air pressure
Valve rotator : A unit that is placed on the end of the Valve stem so
that when the valve is opened and closed, the valve will rotate a
small amount with each opening and closing. This gives longer valve
life. Also called Roto cap
Valve seat : 1. The area onto which the face of the Poppet seats
when closed. The two common angles for this seat are forty-five and
thirty degrees.2. The surface against which a valve comes to rest to
provide a seal against leakage.
Valve seat cutter : A special automotive tool with carting blades for
use with power tools; used to cut worn valve seats with 30° or 45°
angles
Valve seat face : An annular part of a valve head located at the
valve seat of the cylinder head
Valve seat grinding : Renewing the valve seat area by grinding with
a stone mounted upon a special Mandrel.
Valve seat insert : A hardened steel valve seat that may be
removed and replaced. The use of valve seat inserts dispenses with
the need for lead in the fuel to act as a lubricant between the valve
head and seat
Valve seat ring : A ring-shaped insert of a harder metal than that of
the cylinder head; the use of valve seat inserts dispenses with the
need for lead in the fuel to act as a lubricant between the valve head
and seat
Valve shim : A calibrated shim used to adjust valve clearance on
OHV engines with bucket tappet assembly; for adjustment, a
calibrated valve shim is placed or removed from between tappet and
cam
Valve shim pliers : A special automotive tool for the removal and
installation of valve shims
Valve slot : Tube-type tires require a valve slot instead of a valve
hole to allow the tire valve to be removed from the rim; a thread
adaptor is molded to a circular rubber patch vulcanized to the inner
tube; the valve stem casing is then screwed onto the tube adaptor
Valve spool : 1. In an automatic transmission, a sliding cylindrical
internal part of a valve with one or more sections of reduced
diameter 2. A spool-shaped valve, such as in the power-steering
unit.
Valve spring : A small Coil spring that closes the valve after it has
been opened by the cam, and prevents the valve from bouncing on
its seat. The action of the spring keeps the Lifter in contact with the
cam. If the spring is weak, noise will be generated and the valve,
spring, lifter and cam will be subjected to hammer-like blows that
cause Metal fatigue.
Valve spring cap : The retaining cap (of intake or exhaust valves)
which secures the valve keeper on the valve stem
Valve spring collar : The retaining cap (of intake or exhaust valves)
which secures the valve keeper on the valve stem
Valve spring compressor : A special automotive tool used to
compress valve springs for removal and replacement; the most
common type is a c-shaped clamp
Valve spring depressor : A lever-type tool used to depress valve
springs, e.g., for removal and installation of valve stem seals
Valve spring lifter : A pliers-type tool with two expanding jaws, used
to lift and compress valve springs for removal and replacement
Valve spring seat : A seat retaining the bottom of the valve spring
Valve stem : The long cylindrical portion of the valve that moves up
and down in the Valve guide.
Valve stem seal : The oil seal between the valve and the cylinder
head which prevents excessive oil leakage from the top of the
cylinder head into the combustion chamber
Valve stem seal installer : A sleeve-type tool used to push down
valve stem seals for installation
Valve stem seal pliers : A special plier for removing valve stem
seals on overhead camshaft engines
Valve tappet : An adjusting screw to obtain the specified Clearance
at the end of the Valve stem (tappet clearance). The screw may be in
the top of the Lifter, in the Rocker arm, or in the case of the Ball joint
rocker arm, the nut on the mounting Stud acts in place of a tappet
screw.
Valve timing : Adjusting the position of the Camshaft to the
Crankshaft so that the valves will open and close at the proper time.
Valve tip : The upper end of the valve that contacts the rocker arm
Valve train : 1. The various parts making up the valve and its
operating mechanism which causes the valves to open and
close.2.The system of valves that lets the fuel charges in and let the
exhaust gases out.
Valve umbrella : A washer-like unit that is placed over the end of
the Valve stem to prevent the entry of excess oil between the stem
and the guide. Used in valve-in-head installations.
Valve, expansion : Type of refrigerant control which maintains
constant pressure in the low side of refrigerating mechanism. Valve
is caused to operate by pressure in low or suction side, Often
referred to as an automatic expansion valve or AEV.
Valve, modulating : A valve which can be positioned anywhere
between fully on and fully off to proportion the rate of flow in
response to a modulating controller (see modulating control).
Valve, needle : A form of globe valve that contains a sharp pointed,
needle like plug that is driven into the and out of a cone shaped seat
to accurately control a relatively small rate of flow of a fluid.
Valve, pop : A spring loaded safety valve that opens automatically
when pressure exceeds the limits for which the valve is set. It is used
a safety device on pressurized vessels and other equipment to
prevent damage from excessive pressure, also called relief valve or
a safety valve.
Valve, poppet : A device that controls the rate of flow of fluid in a
line or opens or shuts of the flow of fluid completely. When open, the
sealing surface of the valve is moved away from a seat. When
closed, the sealing surface contacts the seat to shut of the flow.
Poppet valves are used extensively as pneumatic controls and as
intake and exhaust valves in most internal combustion engines.
Valve, pressure relief : A valve designed to minimize the possibility
of explosion when air temperature surrounding a refrigeration system
may rise to a point where the pressure of the refrigerant gas to
increase to a danger point.
Valve, pressure relief : A valve designed to minimize the possibility
of explosion when air temperature surrounding a refrigeration system
may rise to a point where the pressure of the refrigerant gas to
increase to a danger point.
Valve, relief: Also called pressure relief valve.
Valve, service : Device used to check pressures, service, and
charge refrigerating systems.
Valve, solenoid : Valve made to work by magnetic action through an
electrically energized coil.
Valve, suction : Valve in refrigeration compressor which allows
vaporized refrigerant to enter cylinder from suction line and prevents
its return.
Valve, two-position: A valve which is either fully on or fully off with
no positions between. Also called an "onoff valve".
Valve, two-position : A valve which is either fully on or fully off with
no positions between. Also called an "on-off valve".
Valve, water : In most water cooling units. a valve that provides a
flow of water to cool the system while it is running.
Valve-in-head engine : An engine in which both Intake and Exhaust
valves are mounted in the Cylinder head and are driven by pushrods
or by an overhead camshaft. Also called I-head engine or Overhead-
valve engine.
Valves per cylinder: The total number of intake and exhaust valves
employed in each individual cylinder of an engine.
Valves-in-receiver unit : (VIR) a component used on GM system, in
which the thermostatic expansion valve, POA suction throttling valve,
the receiver-drier, and, if equipped, the sight glass are all combined
into one assembly
Van : It is slot made on the rotor of blowers. It pressurizes the air
and transfer to the output.
Van : 1. A covered road vehicle for carrying goods. 2. A recreational
vehicle based on the body of a commercial van, usually with
comfortable, plush interior trim, often with a bed.
Van allen belts or van allen radiation belts: Doughnut-shaped
regions encircling Earth and containing high energy electrons and
ions trapped in the Earth's magnetic field (the magnetic field has
definite boundaries, and is distorted into a tear-drop shape by the
solar wind). Explorer I, launched by NASA in 1958, discovered this
intense radiation zone. These regions are called the inner and outer
Van Allen radiation belts, named after the scientist who first
observed them. See magnetosphere.
Van allen radiation belts: Two doughnut-shaped zones of radiation
about the Earth, concentrated at altitudes of 3,000 and 10,000 miles;
named after James A. Van Allen who instrumented the satellite
Explorer I. The belts contain charged particles generated by solar
flares and trapped by the Earth's magnetic field.
Van lift : A platform which is deployed from a vehicle, allowing
people who use wheelchairs or have trouble stepping up easy
access. These platforms or lifts are run by electricity or hydraulics
but can always be manually operated in the event that one of the
previously-mentioned power sources fail.
Vanadium (V): Used in small amounts, up to 0.15% for grain refining
and strengthening of microalloyed high-strength structural steels and
up to 0.2% in certain hot forging steels for improving hardenability. A
strong carbide former, giving rise to secondary hardening, so is used
in tool steels for use at elevated temperatures and in creep-resistant
steels.
Vanadium Inhibitor : An organic and/or inorganic metal bearing
chemical intended to chemically and/or physically combine with the
compounds formed during combustion of heavy fuel oil to improve
the surface properties of the treated ash compounds.
Vane : A thin plate that is affixed to a rotatable unit to either throw off
air or liquid, or to receive the thrust imparted by moving air or liquid
striking the vane. In the first case it would be acting as a Pump and
in the second case as a Turbine.
Vane : That portion of an impeller which throws the water toward the
volute case.
Vane air temperature sensor : (VAT) located inside the vane airflow
meter housing; sense the temperature of the air flowing into the
engine
Vane air-flow meter : (VAF) a sensor with a moveable vane
connected to a potentiometer calibrated to cause the amount of air
flowing to the engine
Vane blower: It is vane type supercharger with rotary type blower. It
consists of rotor and its housing. It sucks air from inlet and by
trapping the air into the vanes transfer to the output.
Vane pump : A type of rotary pump with either a slotted rotor and
sliding vanes or a rotor with hinged vanes; typically used for air
pumps in secondary air injection systems, as a compressor in air
conditioning systems, and in some transmission systems.
Vane wheel impeller : An impeller with straight radial vanes
Vanes compressor : Mechanism for pumping fluid by revolving
blades inside cylindrical housing.
Vanity mirror : A mirror on the inside of a sun visor
Vanity mirrors: Mirrors commonly placed on the underside of a
vehicles sun visors intended to be used for personal grooming.
Vanity plate : A personalized license plate
Vapor: A gas, particularly one near to equilibrium with the liquid
phase of the substance and which does not follow the gas laws.
Usually used instead of gas for a refrigerant, and, in general, for any
gas below the critical temperature.
Vapor: The gaseous phase of substances that are liquid or solid at
atmospheric pressure (e.g., steam).
Vapor : 1. The gaseous form of a liquid which is usually created by
heating the liquid.2.The gaseous state of refrigerant. Vaporized
refrigerant is preferred to the word gas.
Vapor barrier: A moisture impervious layer applied to the surfaces
enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where
it may condense due to lower temperature.
Vapor barrier : Thin plastic or metal foil sheet used in air-
conditioned structures to prevent water vapor from penetrating
insulating material.
Vapor barrier : A moisture-impervious layer applied to the surfaces
enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where
it may condense due to lower temperature.
Vapor Degreasing: Cleaning procedure to remove oil, grease and
lightly attached solids from metals. An appropriate solvent, e.g.,
hexane or cleaners solvent, is boiled; as the vapors condense on the
metal surfaces, contaminants fall into the reservoir.
Vapor degreasing : A type of cleansing procedure to remove
grease, oil, and loosely attached solids from metals; a solvent such
as trichlorethylene is boiled, and its vapors are condensed on the
metal surfaces
Vapor Deposition: See chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor
deposition and sputtering. (see Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD))
(see Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)) (see Sputtering)
Vapor deposition : A production of a surface film of metal on a
heated surface, usually in a vacuum, either by decomposition of the
vapor of a compound at the work surface, or by direct reaction
between the work surface and the vapor.
Vapor displacement : The release of vapors that had previously
occupied space above liquid fuels stored in tanks. These releases
occur when tanks are emptied and filled.
Vapor lines : Air conditioning system lines in which refrigerant is
normally in a gaseous or vapor state.
Vapor lock : 1. The abnormal condition that occurs when brake fluid
contains too much moisture and is overheated, causing the moisture
in the fluid to boil. Gas bubbles are formed in the fluid, which causes
a spongy brake pedal or a complete loss of hydraulic pressure.
Vapor lock : A condition where liquid flow is impeded by vapor
trapped in a liquid line.
Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors: Fine, volatile powders made
from stable nitrites of organic amines that prevent rusting; after
vaporizing, they are adsorbed by metal surfaces. They are also
marketed as treated papers; see VCI paper.
Vapor Phase Inhibitor/VPI: Corrosion inhibitor in the form of a
vapor, also referred to as a vapor corrosion inhibitor. (see Volatile
Corrosion-inhibiting (VCI) paper)
Vapor phase inhibitors : A system using an organic nitrite
compound, a powder which vaporizes slowly to protect ferrous metal
from contact with oxygen.
Vapor Plating: Deposition of a metal or compound on a heated
surface by reduction or decomposition of a volatile compound at a
temperature below the melting points of the deposit and the base
material. The reduction is usually accomplished by a gaseous
reducing agent such as hydrogen. The decomposition process may
involve thermal dissociation or reaction with the base material.
Vapor Pressure: Measure of the volatility of a liquid at specified
temperatures and pressures (or vacuum).
Vapor Pressure: The measure of pressure at which a specific fluid
will change to a gas.
Vapor pressure: The measure of pressure at which a specific fluid
will change to a gas.
Vapor pressure : 1. Pressure imposed by either a vapor or gas. 2.
The tendency of a liquid to pass into the vapor state at a given
temperature. With automotive fuels, volatility is determined by
measuring RVP.
Vapor pressure : Vapor pressure denotes the lowest absolute
pressure that a given liquid at a given temperature will remain liquid
before evaporating into its gaseous form or state.
Vapor pressure curve : Graphic presentation of various pressures
produced by refrigerant under various temperatures.
Vapor recovery : An emission control system used by gasoline
stations. A special filler nozzle seals the gap between the pump filler
nozzle and the car's filler opening, preventing benzene vapors from
escaping into the atmosphere; instead, they are recycled into the gas
station's own fuel tank; the same system is also used when the gas
station receives a new delivery of fuel from a gas tanker
Vapor recovery system : A system that prevents the escape of
Gasoline vapors from the Fuel system into the atmosphere. The
basic system consists of a Canister filled with activated Charcoal and
pipes connecting the Canister to the Fuel tank and Carburetor. Any
vapor-filled air that leaves the Fuel tank because of Expansion
passes through special Emission control pipes to the Canister where
the vapors are grabbed and stored by the Charcoal. Then when the
engine is started, Intake manifold Vacuum draws fresh outside air up
through an opening in the Canister. This moving air pulls the fuel
vapor out of the Charcoal and carries it to the Carburetor and into
the engine. In the meantime any Gasoline that evaporates from the
Carburetor collects in the Carburetor and Air cleaner. As soon as the
engine starts this vapor is drawn down through the Carburetor and
into the engine along with the entering Fuel-air mixture. Also called
evaporative Emission control.
Vapor separator : A device used on cars equipped with air
conditioning to prevent Vapor lock by feeding vapors back to the
Fuel tank via a separate line.
Vapor valve refrigerant cylinder : -Dual hand valve on refrigerant
cylinders, which is used to release either gas or liquid refrigerant
from the cylinder.
Vapor withdrawal : A system of piping and connection to operate an
engine directly on vapor taken from the top of an LPG tank
Vapor, saturated: Vapor in equilibrium with its liquid; i.e., when the
numbers per unit time of molecules passing in two directions through
the surface dividing the two phases are equal.
Vapor, saturated : Vapor condition which will result in condensation
into droplets of liquid if vapor temperature is reduced
Vapor, superheated: The vapor produced after pressurized water
above 100˚C.
Vapor, superheated : Vapor at a temperature which is higher than
the saturation temperature (i.e., boiling point) at the existing
pressure.
Vapor, water: vapor is gases form of water ,vapor may be produced
from ice of by evaporation of water boiling.
Vapor, water : Water used commonly in air conditioning parlance to
refer to steam in the atmosphere.
Vaporization : 1. Breaking the Gasoline into fine particles and
mixing it with the incoming air. 2. Change of liquid into a gaseous
state.
Vaporize : The action of converting a liquid into a mist or vapor by
breaking it into small particles and mixing it with air. The design of
the Carburetor and Fuel injectors vaporizes Gasoline to produce a
combustible Fuel-air mixture. If it is not vaporized, the liquid gasoline
may not burn properly and may even Hydraulic.
Vaporous carryover : Referring to impurities carried over with the
steam and then forming a deposit on turbine bladings. This type of
carryover is difficult to prevent.
Vapour : British spelling for Vapor
VAR : A unit of reactive power in a circuit carrying a sinusoidal
current. A VAR equals the amount of reactive power in the circuit
when the product of the root-mean-square value of the voltage
(volts) by the root-mean value of the current (amps) and the sine of
the phase angle between the voltage and the current, equals 1.
VAR : Variation
VARI : Acronym for Vacuum Assisted Resin Injection -- a process for
forming composite panels and bodywork with consistent, controllable
results.
Variable: A factor or condition which can be measured, altered or
controlled, i.e., temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level, humidity,
weight, chemical composition, colour, etc.
Variable: A factor or condition which can be measured, altered or
controlled, i.e., temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level, humidity,
weight, chemical composition, color, etc.
Variable air volume : (VAV) system on the heating and cooling
system: A means of varying the amount of conditioned air to a
space. A variable air volume system maintains the air flow at a
constant temperature, but supplies varying quantities of conditioned
air in different parts of the building according to the heating and
cooling needs.
Variable air volume controller : (VAV) Device having electronic
components used to regulate the volume of air in a distribution
system.
Variable assist power steering : A power steering system that
enables the stiffness or tension of the steering to increase at higher
speeds for more control or to soften at low speeds when performing
slower activities, such as parallel parking.
Variable belt transmission : A continuously variable transmission
using rubber V-belts on expanding-contracting pulleys, depending on
engine speed and load; originally developed by van Doorne for DAF
and then used on the Volvo 340
Variable Contact Patch: A system that maximises the contact patch
area during cornering through a combination of asymmetrical tread
patterns and underlying belts.
Variable displacement compressor : A compressor which can
change its output in accordance with the conditions.
Variable Displacement Pumps: Pumps that can be adjusted to
deliver a variable volume while the speed remains constant.
Variable Frequency: A method of bridge crane control by which the
motor supply voltage and frequency can be adjusted.
Variable gear ratio steering assembly: The steering mechanism
that converts the rotational motion of a steering wheel to the side-to-
side motion of a lever that is connected to the steering linkage.
Variable hole cutter : A drill bit with a stepped cutting head used to
drill holes into sheet metal and to enlarge the radii gradually by
advancing from one step diameter to the next on the same drill bit
Variable intake manifold : A setup in which the path through which
air travels into the engine can be altered. Altering the path at a set
point allows an engine to develop more power over its rev range.
Variable Integrated Pitch: The process of varying the size of tread
blocks around the circumference of a tyre to minimize the noise
generated by the tyre as it rolls.
Variable limited-slip axle/center differential : A limited-slip
axle/center differential with an electronically operated multiple-disc
clutch as a slip-inhibiting device
Variable message sign : An upright electronic computer-controlled
highway information sign sign (either permanent or movable), which
reveals road conditions, traffic restrictions, road safety, etc.
Variable pitch pulley : Pulley which can be adjusted to provide
different pulley drive ratios
Variable pitch stator : A Stator that has Vanes that may be adjusted
to various angles depending on load conditions. The vane
adjustment will increase or decrease the Efficiency of the Stator.
Variable rate springs : Springs which become stiffer under
compression; variable rate gas springs are a feature of air
suspension systems
Variable ratio steering : Steering ratio characteristics in power
steering systems providing different ratios for small and large
steering angles
Variable reluctance sensor : (VR or VRS) a non-contact
Transducer that converts mechanical motion into electrical control
signals
Variable resistor : A resistor, connected in series with an electric
motor that can be adjusted to vary the amount of current available
and thereby alter motor speed
Variable Speed Pumps: A pump is an electro-mechanical device
used to move a substance, usually a liquid or gas, from one location
to another. In a variable speed pump, the drive system is varied in
order to control the pump flow rate, thereby allowing the pump to run
only at the flow rate necessary at any given time. Variable frequency
drive systems are typically used to adjust the drive system and
therefore control the pump speed. Variable speed pumps improve
the overall efficiency of a system and increase the life of the system
components, making them a very cost effective upgrade to system
with constant speed pumps.
Variable spring : Spring providing variable effective length through
cam action to suit load.
Variable sweep wing: Wings that are hinged so they can be slanted
forward or backward during flight. The F-14 aircraft is an example of
asupersonic jet with variable sweep wings.
Variable Thickness or Bi-directional Sipe: Two types of sipe
technology that increase the rigidity of the tread under loaded
conditions, such as cornering, braking or accelerating. This
technology allows tread block surfaces to lock together (in both
longitudinal and lateral directions), resulting in precise and
responsive steering, short braking distances and improved
transmission of engine torque to the driving surface.
Variable valve actuation : In older engines, the Intake and Exhaust
valves operated in a fixed program of timed openings and closings.
With variable valve actuation, these actions are varied for a better
balance of low-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed operation.
Variable valve timing: An engine feature that allows the lift, timing
or duration of the engines valvetrain to be changed dynamically
while it is in operation.
Variable valve timing : Through the use of computers, the precise
time when the valves open and close can be altered. It may be better
to change the timing slightly when the engine is at a higher RPM
than when it is slower.
Variable volume induction system intake configuration : A
restrictor plate that opens and closes controlling the amount of
oxygen that can go into the engine.
Variable-geometry wing: Wings which, fully extended, give the best
low-speed performance for take-off and landing, and can be swept in
flight to optimum positions for best cruising and high-speed flight
performance.
Variable-jet carburetor : A carburetor with a sliding needle which
moves in and out of a jet to change its functioning size. A type found
on many motorcycle carburetors.
Variable-pitch propeller: Usually a propeller in which the blades
can be set to two positions a fine-pitch setting for take-off and
landing, and a coarse-pitch setting for economic cruise performance.
Variable-speed wind turbines : Turbines in which the rotor speed
increases and decreases with changing wind speed, producing
electricity with a variable frequency.
Variable-venturi carburetor : The characteristic feature of this
carburetor is the vacuum-operated piston which adjusts the cross-
sectional area of the venturi and moves a jet needle in and out of a
needle jet; typical designs are the SU and Stromberg carburetors
Variomatic transmission : A transmission which used rubber belts
and expanding pulleys to provide an infinitely variable belt drive.
Variometer : Also known as a rateofclimb indicator, this
instrument informs the pilot of changes in altitude as they
continouslby as they occur by visual or audible means.
Varnish: In lubrication, a deposit resulting from oxidation and
polymerization of fuels and lubricants; like lacquer, but softer.
Varnish: A colorless, transparent finish applied over a decorative
system to protect the substrate and inks and improve gloss.
VARS: Or KVAR. Unit used to measure the part of the electrical
power that is used to magnetize the iron in an electrical motor or
transformer so that the motor or transformer will work. No work
output is obtained from VARS, but they are always in the circuit.
Vars: (or KVAR) Unit used to measure the part of the electrical
power that is used to magnetize the iron in an electrical motor or
transformer so that the motor or transformer will work. You get no
work output from VARS, but they are always in the circuit.
Varve: A layer of sediment deposited in lakes during one year. Each
layer consists of two parts, which are deposited at different seasons
and which differ in color and texture; thus, the layers can be counted
and measured. In a complete series, the number of layers gives the
date on which the ground was vacated by the retreating ice.
VASI : Visual Approach Slope Indicator
Vat: Value-Added Tax
VAT : Acronym for Vane air temperature sensor
VAT : Value Added Tax
VATS : Acronym for Vehicle AntiTheft System
Vault: The underground Metrorail station's main cavity bordered by
the interior walls between the station and the external rock-bed
Vauxhall : A vehicle brand of which only the 25/70 and 30/98
models of 1925-1948 are Classic cars.
VAV : Acronym for Variable air volume
VAWT : Acronym for vertical-axis wind turbine
VB : design speed for maximum gust intensity.
V-bend Die: A die commonly used in press-brake forming, usually
machined with a triangular cross-sectional opening to provide two
edges as fulcrums for accomplishing three-point bending.
VC : design cruising speed.
VD : Max. Dive Speed (for certification only)
VDB : VHF Data Broadcast
VDC : Volts direct current.
VDF : demonstrated flight diving speed.
VDL : VHF Data Link (-n = type n)
Vector: A quantity that is specified by magnitude, direction and
sense.
Vector: A physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a
direction and that adds like displacement; velocity, acceleration, and
force are prime examples.
Vector-borne disease: A vector-borne disease is one in which the
pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual
to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with
other animals serving as intermediary hosts. The transmission
depends upon the attributes and requirements of at least three
different living organisms: the pathologic agent, either a virus,
protozoa, bacteria, or helminth (worm); the vector, which are
commonly arthropods such as ticks or mosquitoes; and the human
host. In addition, intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or
wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until
susceptible human populations are exposed. SeeMapping Malaria
Vee-engine: One with two banks of in-line cylinders mounted with an
angular separation on a common crankcase.
VEF : the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during
takeoff.
Vegetable Oils: Oils extracted from plants, used as drying oils in oil
core manufacture. Linseed oil is an example of a vegetable oil.
Vegetable Oils: Oils extracted from plants, used as drying oils in oil
core manufacture. Linseed oil is an example.
Vegetation canopy lidar (vcl): The first satellite mission of NASA's
Earth System Science Pathfinder project that will create the first
maps of the three-dimensional structure of vegetation in the world's
forests. The VCL lidar holds five lasers that each send 242 pulses
per second at the Earth's surface. Each beam covers an area 75 feet
across. By spacing the five beams a little over a mile apart, each
VCL orbit will sample an area 5 miles across. See VCL fact sheet.
Vehicle Identification Number: A Vehicle Identification Number, or
"VIN," is the unique code that is assigned to an individual vehicle by
its manufacturer and that distinguishes it from all other vehicles. No
two vehicles can have the same VIN. Typically, the VIN is stamped
into a plate or printed on a sticker and affixed to the vehicle in
several different places, including inside the engine bay and on the
driver's side door jamb.
Vehicle Monitoring System: A Vehicle Monitoring System can refer
to any system used to track the location or diagnostics of a vehicle
remotely. GPS is an example of a widely used vehicle monitoring
system.
Vehicle type: The type of vehicle class, examples of which are large
cars, midsize cars, minivans, pickup trucks, small cars, special
purpose vehicles, sports utility vehicles, station wagons and vans.
Vehicle/pedestrian deviation(vpd) : An entry or movement on an
airport movement area by a vehicle operator or pedestrian that has
not been authorized by air traffic control (includes aircraft operated
by a non- pilot).
Veining: A type of sub boundary structure that can be delineated
because of the presence of a greater than average concentration of
precipitate or solute atoms.
Veins: A discontinuity on the surface of a casting appearing as a
raised, narrow, linear ridge that forms upon cracking of the sand
mold or core due to expansion of the sand during filling of the mold
with molten metal.
Veins: A discontinuity on the surface of a casting appearing as a
raised, narrow, linear ridge that forms upon cracking of the sand
mold or core due to expansion of the sand during filling of the mold
with molten metal.
Velocity: A vector quantity which denotes, at once, the time rate and
the direction of a linear motion.
Velocity: The speed of an object, in a certain direction.
Velocity: The time rate at which a body changes its position vector;
velocity is a vector quantity whose magnitude is expressed in units of
distance over time, such as miles per hour. (From the Latin word for
"speed.")
Velocity: The speed of fluid flow through a hydraulic line. Expressed
in feet per second (fps), inches per second (ips), or meters per
second (mps). Also, the speed or a rotating component measure in
resolutions per minute (rpm).
Velocity : velocity is physical vector quantity which denotes, at once,
the time rate and the direction of a linear motion. Magnitude of
velocity is called "speed", a quantity that is measured in metres per
second (m/s or m⋅s−1) in the SI (metric) system.
Velocity east : Aircraft velocity in true east direction; Symbols: V sub
E; Typical Units: kt, ft/s; Dimensions: Length / Time;
Velocity error scale factor(kvsf) : A guidance control law
parameter, generated by the longitudinal guidance modes;
Velocity head : The vertical distance a liquid must fall to acquire the
velocity with which it flows through the piping system. For a given
quantity of flow, the velocity head will vary indirectly as the pipe
diameter varies.
Velocity north : Aircraft velocity in true north direction; Symbols: V
sub N; Typical Units: kt, ft/s; Dimensions: Length / Time;
Velocity Transducers: A Velocity Transducer is a device for
measuring velocity. Then are often used to measure flow speed in
fluid processing.
Velocity trim: See orbit trim maneuver.
Velocity vector: Magnitude of speed plus direction.
Velocity : Rate of change of location, either scalar or vector, often
with subscripts such as ENU or XYZ to denote the coordinate frame;
time derivative of position; time integral of acceleration; Symbols:
vivo; Typical Units: tuft/s; Dimensions: Length / Time;
Velocity, terminal : The highest sustained air stream velocity
existing in the mixed air path at the end of the throw.
Vent: A small opening in a foundry mold for the escape of gases.
Vent: -To permit opening of a pressure control valve by opening its
pilot port (vent connection) to atmospheric pressure.An air breathing
device on a fluid reservoir.-To remove trapped air from a component.
Vent : An opening in a vessel or other enclosed space for the
removal of gas or vapor.
Vent Mark: A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the
entrance of metal into a die vent hole.
Vent Mark: A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the
entrance of metal into a die vent hole.
Vent Valve: A valve that may be manually opened to allow air or
fluid or a combination of both to be exhausted into a lower pressure
chamber or to the atmosphere.
Vent valve: A valve that may be manually opened to allow air or fluid
or a combination of both to be exhausted into a lower pressure
chamber or to the atmosphere.
Vent Valve (Lube Systems): Device for relieving supply line
pressure.
Ventilated seats: Seats that can direct ambient cabin air through
tiny holes in the center section of the seat bottom.
Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means, to or from a space; such air may or may not
have been conditioned.
Venting: Perforation with a vent wire of the sand over and around a
mold cavity to assist in the escape of the gases.
Venting: Perforation with a vent wire of the sand over and around a
mold cavity to assist in the escape of the gases.
Ventral: Relating to the under-surface of an aircraft's fuselage.
Ventral fin : A small vertical surface on the bottom of the aft
fuselage. Usually a long, slim triangle that is narrow at the front, and
widens toward the rear. It usually ends at the rudder hinge line.
Venturi: The narrow space provided to change the air pressure in to
some system. A venturi is provided in to the carburetor for opening
the fuel port by creating the pressure difference.
Venturi: Tube, constricted at the middle and flared at both ends, in
the pathway of a fluid, to reduce fluid pressure in the constricted
area.
Venturi Meter: A form of flow measuring device containing no
moving parts that operates on the principle of velocity to pressure
conversion with values taken on each side of the venturi tube.
Venturi Throat Dampers: North and South. Common to both
boilers.
Venturi tube meter : A flow meter used to determine the rate of flow
and employing a venturi tube as the primary element for creating
differential pressure in flowing gases or liquids.
Venturi Valve: Valve that contains nozzled openings arranged in a
360° pattern, which is often referred to as a doughnut due to its
shape. Water is fed through the venturi at a high pressure level and
the water flow develops suction on the line that can be used for
various purposes.
Venturi Valve: Valve that contains nozzled openings arranged in a
360 B0 pattern, which is often referred to as a doughnut due to its
shape. Water is fed through the Venturi at a high pressure level and
the water flow develops suction on the line that can be used for
various purposes.
Venturis: Perform the primary scrubbing of waste gases, by
introducing water to waste heat gases.
Venturis: Perform the primary scrubbing of waste gases, by
introducing water to waste heat gases.
Venus: Second planet from the Sun, a terrestrial planet.
Vermicular Graphite Iron: Same as compacted graphite iron. (see
Compacted Graphite Iron)
Vermiculite: Minerals similar to mica which expand greatly when
heated; used in the expanded state for heat insulation.
Vernal equinox: The beginning of spring in the Northern
Hemisphere. The time/day that the sun crosses the equatorial plane
going from south to north.
Vernier: Rocket engine of small thrust used for fine adjustments in
velocity and trajectory.
Vert spd : Vertical speed hold
Vertical acceleration : Aircraft acceleration in earth vertical
direction; Symbols: A sub V; Typical Units: ft/s-squared, g;
Dimensions: Length / Time-squared;
Vertical axis: The axis extending straight up and down through
the center of gravity of an aircraft. The vertical axis is perpendicular
to the longitudinal and lateral axes. The vertical axis is sometimes
called the "z" axis. Yaw is a motion around the vertical axis.
Vertical Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in
which the axis of rotation of the mold is vertical.
Vertical Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in
which the axis of rotation of the mold is vertical
Vertical Bouncing: Vertical bouncing, or static imbalance, exists
when the weight is not evenly distributed around the wheel’s axis of
rotation. You can feel this through the floor, seat and steering
column.
Vertical cue : A cue to control altitude; See Also: yoke cue,
collective cue;
Vertical guidance : Calculations for the vertical axis, rather than the
longitudinal axis. The control law vertical axis input data are: Desired
Altitude, Altitude Integral, Altitude Integral Gain, Altitude Integral
Limit, Altitude Error Scale Factor, Magnitude limit for delta altitudes.
The major output from Vertical Guidance is the altitude error for the
selected vertical guidance mode.
Vertical Lift: A condition where the surface to which a vacuum pad
is attached is in a vertical plane.
Vertical Milling: Vertical Milling is a machining process that uses a
rotating cutter for material removal. The cutter is so that its axis of
rotation is vertical. The majority of modern machining centers are
vertical mills.
Vertical speed hold (vert spd) : A basic guidance mode, providing
vertical guidance to maintain an operator selected vertical speed;
Vertical speed indicator (vsi) : An onboard instrument which
gauges rate of climb or descent, in feet per minute.
Vertical stabilizer: The vertical part of the tail. The vertical stabilizer
helps to increase the stability of the aircraft. It is also known as afin.
Vertical Turbine Pumps: A Vertical Turbine Pump is used for
pumping fluids up a large vertical distance. A turbine (impeller) is
mounted on a vertical shaft which is attached to a motor. Multiple
impellers (stages) maybe mounted on the shaft to provide greater
lifting power.
Vertical velocity : Aircraft velocity in earth vertical direction;
Symbols: V sub V; Typical Units: ft/s; Dimensions: Length / Time;
Vertical Water Storage Tanks: A Vertical Water Storage Tank is
used to store water. Vertical tanks can provide higher pressurization
compared to horizontal tanks of equal volume.
Vertical : Reference to earth radial, for example, vertical velocity is
velocity along earth radial; See Also: East-North-Vertical;
Vertiport: A facility designed to accommodate powered-lift aircraft
such as tiltrotors. A vertiport would normally have a short runway to
facilitate rolling takeoffs in a quieter and more fuel-efficient mode
than true vertical takeoffs.
Vessel Cover: Section of the boiler tubes that are located directly
over the steelmaking vessel. The tubes are in the entry area of the
heat and waste gases during steelmaking.
Vessel Cover: (also called 'Hood') Section of the boiler tubes that
are located directly over the steel making vessel. The tubes are in
the entry area of the heat and waste gases during steel making.
VF : design flap speed.
VFE : Max. Flaps Extended Speed
VFR: Visual Flight Rules; i.e. flight under conditions of good external
visibility, without dependence on aircraft instruments.
VFR: Visual Flight Rules:A set of aviation regulations that define the
minimum weather conditions needed to fly an aircraft.
Vfr: Visual Flight Rules
Vfr: Verein fur Raumschiffahrt e. V. (Germany).
VFR over-the-top : with respect to the operation of aircraft, means
the operation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not
being operated on an IFR flight plan. Warning area. A warning area
is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 3 nautical miles
outward from the coast of the United States, that contains activity
that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of
such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential
danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or
international waters or both. Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-plane
surface extending from a lifting surface. The surface may or may not
have control surfaces.
VFR : Visual Flight Rules ("good" weather operations rules)
VH : maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous
power.
Vhf: Very High Frequency.
Vhf: Very High Frequency.
Vhf: Very High Frequency.
Vhf omni range (vor) : Equipment that determines bearing to a
radio station with a VOR transmitter; VOR transmitters usually
contain ILS transmitters in addition to VOR; A basic guidance mode,
providing lateral guidance to a VOR station. A VOR/ILS/MB. radio
receiver provides a VHF Omni-Direction Range (VOR) function and
Instrument Landing System with Marker Beacon (MB) function. VOR
provides bearings to a fixed point (Localizer function); ILS/MB
provides course (localizer function) and glide slope deviations (Glide
Slope (G/S) function) during approach to a runway, along with
marker beacon indications. If VOR is collocated with a TACAN
(VOR-TAC, or VORTAC), bearing and range information is provided.
VHF : Very High Frequency radio equipment.
Vibrating Conveyors: A Vibrating Conveyor is a material transport
system that has implemented vibration to aid in steady and
predictable material movement.
Vibration: Amplitude motion occurring at a given frequency
Vibration Analysis: Analytical method used to monitor bearing
conditions during operations.
Vibrator: A device, operated by compressed air or electricity, for
loosening and withdrawing patterns from a mold, or for vibrating a
hopper or chute to promote the flow of material from the hopper or
chute.
Vibrator Motors: A Vibrator Motor is a motor used to drive a
vibrator. Vibrator motors must be designed for long service life with a
purposely unbalanced load.
Vibrator Reed Steel: Hardened, tempered and white polished extra-
precision rolled. Carbon content about 1.00. Steel must withstand
great fatigue stresses.
Vibrator Reed Steel: Hardened, tempered and white polished wxtra
precision rolled. Carbon content about 1.00. Steel must withstand
great fatigue stresses.
Vibratory Feeders: A Vibratory Feeder is a device the feeds solid
material with the aid of vibration, such as a shaker table, chute, or
vibrating screen.
Vibratory Finishing: A process for deburring and surface finishing
in which the product and an abrasive mixture are placed in a
container and vibrated.
Vicers Diamond Pyramid Hardness Tester: Patented indentation
hardness machine. See Hardness
Vickers Hardness (Test): Standard method for measuring the
hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces;
the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length
of time by means of a pyramid shaped diamond. The diagonal of the
resulting indention is measured under a microscope and the Vickers
Hardness value read from a conversion table.
Vickers Hardness Number (HV): A number related to the applied
load and the surface area of the permanent impression made by a
square-based pyramidal diamond indenter having included face
angles of 136°.
Vickers Hardness Test: Also known as the diamond pyramid test,
as the indenter used in the test is a pyramid-shaped diamond. This is
forced under a given load into the metal specimen for a fixed time.
On removal of the load, the diagonals of the diamond-shaped
indentation are measured under a low-power optical microscope.
The average value of the two readings together with the applied load
is then used to determine from standard tables, a hardness number
for the metal. The load used is varied according to the softness or
hardness of the metal being tested, and also its thickness.
Video game input: A set of RCA plugs located in the rear
passenger section of a vehicle.
Video monitor: A color or monochromatic liquid crystal display used
for information, navigation or video located in a vehicles dashboard,
headliner or headrests.
Video remote control: A wireless device that uses infrared or radio
frequency to control a vehicles video system.
Video source: A device that produces a video signal to be displayed
by a vehicles entertainment system.
Vidicon: An imaging device consisting of a vacuum tube, in which
an electron beam is swept across a phosphor coating on the glass
where the image is focused, and its electrical potential varies in
proportion to the level of light it encounters. This varying potential
becomes the basis of the video signal produced.
Village inn : A gun laying radar installed in the rear-turret of some
Lancaster bombers allowing blind-firing on an "illuminated" target
Vin: Vehicle identification number
Vinyl: Vinyl resins are copolymers with vinyl chloride and vinyl
acetate as the major film formers. They offer toughness, flexibility,
and adhesion and are considered flavor-free.
Vinyl: Vinyl resins are copolymers with vinyl chloride and vinyl
acetate as the major film formers. They offer toughness, flexibility,
and adhesion and are considered flavor free.
Vinyl Adhesives: A Vinyl Adhesive is a widely used bonding agent
for plastics that dries clear and is waterproof after curing.
Vinyl Alkyd: A type of resin consisting of a physical mixture of vinyl
with alkyd to improve performance characteristics such as flexibility.
Vinyl Alkyd: A type of resin consisting of a physical mixture of vinyl
with alkyd to improve performance characteristics such as flexibility.
Vinyl Tape: Vinyl Tape is conforming and impermeable tape that is
used in many applications, and especially electrical protection and
repair.
Virbrator: A device, operated by compressed air of electricity, for
loosening and withdrawing patterns from a mold, or for vibrating a
hopper or chute to promote the flow of material from the hopper or
chute.
Virgin Metal: Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before.
Virgin Metal: Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before.
Virgin Oil: A fresh oil product not recycled or reclaimed.
VIS : Very High Frequency (30-300 MHz)
Viscometer/Viscosimeter: An apparatus for determining the
viscosity of a fluid.
Viscosity: That property of semi-fluids, fluids, and gases by virtue of
which they resist an instantaneous change of shape or arrangement
of parts. It is the cause of fluid friction whenever adjacent layers of
fluid move with relation to each other.
Viscosity: The property of a fluid, semifluid or semisolid substance
that causes it to resist flow. Its numerical value is based on the ratio
of shear stress to the rate of shear during flow. The standard unit of
absolute viscosity in the English system is the reyn, expressed as lb-
s/in2. The standard unit of viscosity is the cgs and ISO system is the
poise, expressed as dyne-s/cm2. Conversion from one system to the
other is as follows: reyn = poise x 1.45 x 10-5 poise = reyn x 6.895 x
104 centipoise = poise x 10-2 microreyn = reyn x 10-6For Saybolt
seconds, convert to centistokes, then to centipoise before converting
to reyns. Specific calculations are: cp = cSt x specific gravity cSt =
0.22 x SUS-180/SUS (see Absolute Viscosity) (see Kinematic
viscosity)
Viscosity: The measure of resistance to flow of a fluid against an
established standard. See SUS and SSU.
Viscosity index: A measure of the viscosity-temperature
characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference
fluids (ASTM Designation D2270-64).
Viscosity index : A commonly used measure of the change in
viscosity of a fluid with temperature. The higher the viscosity index,
the smaller the relative change in viscosity with temperature.
Viscosity Index : A measure of the viscosity temperature
characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference
fluids (ASTM Designation D2270 64).
Viscosity Index/VI: Common measure of changes in viscosity with
temperature; the higher the viscosity index, the smaller the relative
change in viscosity with temperature.
Viscous Planing: Can occur just after a rain shower wets a dry road
surface. Oil on the road surface migrates to the top of the layer of
moisture, and can be very slippery, even when the layer of moisture
is very thin. Continuing rain lessens the condition by washing the oil
away.
Visible: That part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the
human eye is sensitive, between about 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers.
See spectrum.
Visible/infrared spin scan radiometer (vissr): High-resolution,
multi-spectral imaging system flown on the pre-GOES-8
geostationary GOES spacecraft. Similar systems are flown on the
METEOSAT and GMS spacecraft.
Visual flight rule (VFR) : Rules that govern the procedures for
conducting flight under visual conditions (VMC). The term is also
used in the United States to indicate weather conditions that are
equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. In addition, it is
used by pilots and controllers to indicate a type of flight plan.
Visual meteorological conditions(vmc) : Meteorological conditions
expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling
equal to or better than specified minima.
Vital heat : The heat generated by fruits and vegetables in storage;
caused by ripening.
Vitrification: Changing or making into glass or a similar substance,
especially through heat fusion.
VJAR-FCL : Verordnung JAR-FCL (JAR-FCL transformed to Swiss
Law)
VLA : Very Light Aircraft (Aircraft certification category)
Vlbi: Very Long Baseline Interferometer.
VLE : Max. Landing Gear Extended Speed
VLF : Very Low Frequency radio equipment
VLO : Max. Landing Gear Operation Speed
VLOF : lift-off speed.
VMC: Visual Meteorological Conditions:Term used in aviation to
define conditions whereby pilots have sufficient visibility (refers to
certain visibility minimums, cloud ceilings and clearances) to fly the
aircraft according to VFR (visual flight rules), which may vary
depending on the airspace.
VMC : Visual Meteo Conditions ("good" weather for VFR or IFR)
VMO : maximum operating limit speed.
VMU : minimum unstick speed.
VNAV : Vertical navigation, or the capability to compute pitch-axis
maneuvers and altitude-related points in space.
VNE : Never Exceed Speed
VNO : Max. Structural Cruising Speed
Vog: volcanic smog that results from the mixing of sulfur dioxide and
other volcanic pollutants with oxygen and water vapor in the
presence of sunlight.
Void: A shrinkage cavity produced in casting during solidification.
Void: A shrinkage cavity produced in casting during solidification.
Voip Systems: VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) Systems transfer
voice data over internet instead of regular phone lines for
communication.
Volatile Corrosion-Inhibiting (VCI) paper: Corrosion-inhibiting
papers and films impregnated with vapor phase corrosion inhibitors
to prevent corrosion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; may be used
to wrap new parts to prevent corrosion during storage or shipping.
(see Vapor Phase Corrosion inhibitors)
Volatile Organic Content/VOC: As potential hazard or pollutant,
applies to any carbon compound that can be evaporated using
standard test methods, except for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates and ammonium
carbonate. Because of the complexities involved in measuring VOC,
no universal definition has been formulated. VOC control is often
enforced by local government agencies.
Volatile solids : Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost
on ignition of dry solids at 550°F.
Volatile treatment : Based on the use of hydrazine and neutralizing
amines or ammonia. Leaves no solids in the boiler.
Volatility: Volatility, surface tension and capillary action of a fluid are
incidental to environmental systems. Volatility is the rapidity with
which liquids evaporates extremely rapidly and therefore is highly
volatile.
Volcanism: Volcanic force or activity.
Volcano: An opening in a planet's crust that allows magma to reach
the surface.
Volcano: A naturally occurring vent or fissure at the Earth's surface
through which erupt molten, solid, and gaseous materials. Volcanic
eruptions inject large quantities of dust, gas, and aerosols into the
atmosphere. A major component of volcanic clouds is sulfur dioxide,
a strong absorber of ultraviolet radiation. Chemical interactions
between sulfur dioxide and water cause sulfuric acid aerosols which
can scatter some of the incident solar radiation back to space, thus
causing a global cooling effect. For example, Mt. Pinatubo in the
Philippines erupted in June 1991, and in the following year the global
surface temperature was observed to decrease by about 0.3
degrees C.
Volt: The unit of potential difference or electromotive force in the
meter-kilogram-second system, equal to the potential difference
between two points for which 1 coulomb of electricity will do 1 joule
of work in going from one point to another.
Volt: Unit of measurement that describes the difference in potential
between two points in a circuit. The greater the difference in
potential, the more push the electrons that are flowing in the circuit
have.
Voltage: -The size of a space or chamber in cubic units. -Loosely
applied to the output of a pump in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters
per minute (LMP)
Voltage (e) : The electromotive force in an electrical circuit. The
difference in potential between two unlike charges in an electrical
circuit is its voltage measured in "volts" (V).
Voltage Drop: The loss of voltage in an electric conductor between
supply tap and load tap.
Voltage drop : The voltage drop around a circuit including wiring
and loads must equal the supply volt age.
Voltage Meters: A Voltage Meter is a device that is used to measure
voltage.
Voltage Relays: A Voltage Relay is used to apply or remove voltage
in an electric circuit. The relay is essentially a switch that is
controlled via low power signal from a controller or other source.
Voltaic cell : A storage device that converts chemical to electrical
energy.
Volume: The size of a space or chamber in cubic units. Loosely
applied to the output of a pump, in gallons per minute.
Volume: The size of a space or chamber in cubic units. Loosely
applied to the output of a pump in gallons per minute.
Volume, specific : The volume of a substance per unit mass; the
reciprocal of density.
Volumetric efficiency: the volume of air fuel mixture drawn into the
cylinder of the engine at the atmospheric pressure during the intake
stroke compared to the total volume of the cylinder is known as the
volumetric efficiency. It is the important factor in case of engine
efficiency and power output.
Volumetric expansion: The volume increase of hose when
subjected to internal pressure.
Volumetric Feeder: A Volumetric Feeder is a device for metering
solid infeed by volume (as opposed to weight). While not as accurate
as a scale, they are economical. The may use gravity, a screw
feeder, or a pump for metering.
Voluntary Restraint Agreements (Vras): A compromise reached
between the U.S. government and foreign steel exporting nations.
Instead of the United States imposing punitive duties on subsidized
steel imports, the foreigners would voluntarily limit their steel exports
to the United States.
Volute: The spiral-shaped casing surrounding a pump impeller that
collects the liquid discharged by the impeller.
VOR : A ground-based electronic navigation aid transmitting very
high frequency navigation signals, 360 degrees in azimuth, oriented
from magnetic north. Used as the basis for navigation in the National
Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies itself by Morse
Code and may have an additional voice identification feature. Voice
features may be used by ATC or FSS for transmitting
instructions/information to pilots. A VOR sends out a radio signal that
is slightly different in each direction (the difference is phase, if you
want to get technical). So, an airplane`s VOR tool listens to the VOR,
and by measuring the difference in the radio, it can tell which
direction it is from the VOR. Since your chart will show where the
VOR is, and you now know where you are in relation to the VOR, it
has helped you figure out where in the local area you might happen
to be. WAAS
VOR/DME : Vertical Navigation (GLS)
VORTAC : VHF Omni range;
Vortex: A mass of fluid rotating about an axis, i.e., whirlpool or
whirlwind.
Voss: Leveler on all three galvanizing lines; series of rolls that flatten
the strip.
Voss: Leveler on all three galvanizing lines; series of rolls that flatten
the strip.
Voss Leveler: A set of rolls that flattens and stretches the strip into a
flat shape.
Voss Leveler: A set of rolls that flattens and stretches the strip into a
flat shape.
VR : Rotation Speed
VRE: Virginia Railway Express
VS : the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which
the airplane is controllable.
VS0 : Stalling Speed Landing Config
VS1 : Stalling Speed in a specified Config.
VSSE : Minimum Safe Single Engine Speed
VSTOL: Vertical or short take-off and landing.
VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing capability.
VTOSS : takeoff safety speed for Category A rotorcraft.
Vulcanization: The irreversible process of heating rubber under
pressure to improve its strength and resilience.
Vulcanization: A process during which a rubber compound, through
a change in its chemical structure improves or extends elastic
properties over a greater range of tempertures.
VX : Best Angle of Climb Speed
VXSE : Best Angle of Climb Speed, 1 engine inoperative
VY : Best Rate of Climb Speed
VYSE : Best Rate of Climb Speed, 1 engine inoperative
W: Chemical symbol for Tungsten.
W : 1. A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically
rated for speeds up to 270 kph, as in P220WR15.The next higher
rating is Y and the one lower rating is V
W/ : Abbreviation for with, as in black w/white top.
WA : (IAOPA) World Assembly
WAAS : GNSS wide-area augmentation system.
WAC : Acronym for Wide Open Throttle A/C Cutoff Relay
WACA : Acronym for A/C Wide Open Throttle Cutout Relay Monitor
Wad punch : A tool with a round cutting edge for cutting out holes in
gaskets or other soft materials
Waddle : A side to side rocking movement of a vehicle in motion,
caused by suspension or tire damage or excessive lateral runout
Wading plugs : Oil drain holes are provided in the bottom of the
clutch housing (and the camshaft drive-belt housing on Tdi and 2.5D
engines) to preclude the possibility of the clutch or cam belts
becoming contaminated in the event of oil leaks from the adjacent
bearings. Wading plugs should be fitted to block these holes when
driving through water over 30 cm deep and subsequently removed.
Wafer : A thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material) made
by cutting it from a single crystal or ingot.
Wafer Check Valves: Wafer Check Valves are also known as lift
valves and are designed to permit fluid flow in only one direction. A
thin disk is attached is allow to pivot on a hinge mounted to the top of
the disk. When sufficient pressure is reached on the inlet side to
overcome the back pressure on the valve, the wafer disk pivots up
and fluid is allowed to pass.
Wafer Valve: A two way valve that may be opened or closed to block
the flow of fluid in a passage. Normally manually operated, but may
be automated, especially for larger sizes.Normally designed so that
when open, the opening of the passage is only restricted by the
thickness of the wafer. There will be some pressure loss.
Wafer valve: A two way valve that may be opened or closed to block
the flow of fluid in a passage. Normally manually operated, but may
be automated, especially for larger sizes. Normally designed so that
when open, the opening of the passage is only restricted by the
thickness of the wafer. There will be some pressure loss. See GATE
VALVE, GLOBE VALVE and NEEDLE VALVE.
Waistline : A British term for Belt line. An imaginary or molded
horizontal line below the bottom of the side window that separates
the roof area from the bottom of the body
Walked over : Trucker slang for over powered by a stronger c.b.
signal as in "Come back on that someone walked all over you."
Walker cell: A zonal circulation of the atmosphere confined to
equatorial regions and driven principally by the oceanic temperature
gradient. In the Pacific, air flows westward from the colder, eastern
area to the warm, western ocean, where it acquires warmth and
moisture and subsequently rises. A return flow aloft and subsidence
over the eastern ocean complete the cell.
Walker cell: A zonal circulation of the atmosphere confined to
equatorial regions and driven principally by the oceanic temperature
gradient. In the Pacific, air flows westward from the colder, eastern
area to the warm, western ocean, where it acquires warmth and
moisture and subsequently rises. A return flow aloft and subsidence
over the eastern ocean complete the cell.
Walk-in cooler : Larger Commercially refrigerated space kept below
room temperature. Often found in supermarkets or wholesale meat
distribution centers.
Walk-in-cooler : A large commercial refrigerated space often found
in supermarkets or places for whole sale distribution.
Walking Beam: A means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc.,
across a cooling bed or through a furnace. The material to be
conveyed rests on a metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift
up and move forward between the stationary grid, thus lifting the
material and "walking" it forward, before returning to make another
stroke.
Walking Beam: A means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc.,
across a cooling bed or through a furnace. The material to be
conveyed rests on a metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift
up and move forward between the stationary grid, thus lifting the
material and walking it forward, before returning to make another
stroke.
Walking Beam Furnace: A hot strip mill reheat furnace where the
slab is repeatedly lifted and set down at a more forward point in the
furnace; this is in contrast to a batch reheat furnace or a pusher-type
reheat furnace.
Walking Beam Furnace: A type of continuous reheat furnace in
which the billet or slab moves through distinct heating zones within
the furnace: By controlling the speed through the zones, steelmakers
can achieve precise rolling temperatures and consume less fuel
during operation.
Walking Beam Suspension : A type of truck and tractor rear
suspension consisting of two beams, one at each side of the
chassis, which pivot in the center and connect at the front to one
axle of a tandem and at the rear to the other axle.
Walking Floor : A type of dump trailer with a conveyor belt or chain
running down the center of the floor of the trailer to unload the cargo.
Also called live bottom
Walking orbit: An orbit in which gravitational influences are used to
induce a precession in a satellite's orbital plane.
Wall Mounted: A type of hoist mounting in which the hoist is
mounted to a vertical surface.
Wallner Lines: A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines,
sometimes producing a set of Y-shaped lines, sometimes observed
when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an
electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction
between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high
velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue
striations.
Waloon Process: An early two-hearth process for making wrought
iron by refining cast-iron. The conversion proper was carried out in a
hearth furnace known as a finery; reheating for forging was carried
out in a second hearth furnace known as a chafery.
Waloon Process: An early two hearth process for making wrought
iron by refining cast iron. The conversion proper was carried out in a
hearth furnace known as a finery; re heating for forging was carried
out in a second hearth furnace known as a chafery.
Wander: A vehicle’s tendency to stray or wander from its intended
direction of travel as a result of steering abnormalities, worn tyres,
suspension misalignment, cross winds or road irregularities.
Wander : A steering action where the vehicle moves or rambles from
a fixed course without positive control.
Wanderer : The first Wanderer car with a 5/12 hp four-cylinder
engine was test driven in 1912. It went into series production in
1913. This small Wanderer car had not been on the market very long
when it became a stage star in the operetta Puppchen (which can be
translated loosely as "darling") by Jean Gilbert. The title song was
rather catchy "Darling, you are the apple of my eye, darling, I think
the world of you." From then on the little Wanderer was known
simply by the name Puppchen.
Wandering : A condition in which the front wheels of an automobile
tend to steer slowly one way and then another, and interferes with
directional control of stability
Wanganui : Colored flares dropped on H2S to sky mark a target
Wankel engine: wankel or rotary engine is the engine with no
reciprocating parts and piston. It consists of the three lobe rotor
directly mounted on the power shaft. They are not in use because of
the non reliability of the system. Friction losses are very much so it
cannot be used as the conventionally.
Wankel engine : A rotary internal combustion engine invented by
Felix Wankel (1902-1988). It consists of an equilateral triangular
member with curved sides orbiting about an Eccentric on a shaft
inside a stationary Housing whose inner working surface is in the
shape of an Epitrochoid. The Rotor is in sliding contact with the
Eccentric and imparts power to the eccentric shaft as a connecting
rod does to a Crankshaft. With one-third of a rotor revolution per
shaft revolution and a power impulse for each of the three rotor
sides, the Wankel generates one power impulse per revolution per
rotor--twice which of what the Four-cycle Piston engine produces.
Thus it has become accepted practice to multiply the geometry
Displacement of the Wankel by a factor of two for comparison with
Otto-cycle piston engines. The Wankel's advantages include
compact size, light weight and smooth operation because there are
no Reciprocating parts. Its drawbacks include relatively high Exhaust
emission, possible sealing problems and low Fuel economy. Mazda,
however, has made significant improvements in all three areas.
Warm up : To run an engine until it reaches normal operating
temperature. The laps taken on the track prior to the race used to
warm up the tires, transmission, engine fluids and other components
of the race car before the start of the event.
Warm Working: Deformation of metals at elevated temperatures
below the recrystallization temperature. The flow stress and rate of
strain hardening are reduced with increasing temperature; therefore,
lower forces are required than in cold working.
Warm-up : The action of starting an engine and allowing it to idle
until it reaches operating temperature before driving away.
Warm-up control unit : A unit that produces the richer mixture
needed for cold running and modulates fuel system pressure
according to engine temperature; the unit includes an electrically
heated thermostatic spring, which reduces the force on a spring-
loaded control diaphragm
Warm-up enrichment : A reduced enrichment of the air/fuel mixture
following cranking and after-start enrichment. In the past, warming
up an engine was thought to be good practice but now
manufacturers recommend that motorists should drive off
immediately, as this is the quickest way of heating up the engine and
preventing oil being washed off the cylinder walls by partially burnt
rich mixture (which causes engine wear)
Warm-up regulator : On Bosch CIS, the original name for the
control-pressure regulator
Warning lamp : A small lamp on the instrument panel that lights up
if there is a problem
Warning light : A small lamp on the instrument panel that lights up if
there is a problem.
Warning light valve : A valve in the hydraulic circuits of a dual
brake system that switches on a dash warning light when one
system fails.
Warning tracks : The little ridges in the road that warn you of an
upcoming tollbooth or another lane. Sometimes called wake-up
bumps or Bot's Dots -- Mr. Bot got very rich off these. A part of the
race track which is off the main part of the section for driving.
Warning triangle : A triangular red safety reflector that should be
carried on all vehicles and be placed at the side of the road to warn
of an obstruction ahead, such as a broken-down vehicle
Warning : A signal which alerts the operator to a dangerous
condition requiring immediate action (from MIL-STD-1472D); an
annunciator that is the most critical (more than an advisory or a
caution); Also, an indicator of potential failure soon; Values: none,
hot, low-power, high-power, other;
Warning, caution, advisory (wca) : See: warning, caution,
advisory, annunciator, alert;
Warp : A bending or twisting out of shape. Threads in cloth that run
along the length of the material. To bend or twist out of shape
Warpage: Deformation other than contraction that develops in a
casting between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion
occurring during annealing, stress-relieving and high-temperature
service.
Warpage: Deformation other than contraction that develops in a
casting between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion
occurring during annealing, stress relieving, and high temperature
service.
Warranty : The promise made by both the vehicle manufacturer and
the vehicle dealer to fix or replace parts on a new vehicle if there is a
malfunction before a specific time or distance has elapsed. In some
instances some manufacturers or dealers grant warranty even after
the expiry of the designated time or distance. This is called good will
warranty.
Warsaw convention: The Warsaw Convention was signed on 12
October 1929 and amended in 1933, 1955 and 1966. It governs the
transportation of persons, baggage and freight by aircraft in
exchange for payment. The Montreal Convention will eventually
replace the Warsaw Convention but at the moment they coexist.
Wash: A casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal
flowing over the mold or corded surfaces. They appear as rough
spots and excess metal on the casting surface. Also referred to as
cuts.
Wash: A casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal
flowing over the mold or corded surfaces. They appear as rough
spots and excess metal on the casting surface. Also call cuts.
Wash Metal: Molten metal used to wash out a furnace, ladle or other
container.
Wash/wipe switch : A switch on the instrument panel that operates
the rear wash/wipe system
Washboard : A road surface which has a series of lateral grooves --
usually found on gravel roads and caused by water runoff. Also
called corrugations
Washburn Core: A thin core which constricts the riser at the point of
attachment to the casting. The thin core heats quickly and promotes
feeding of the casting. Riser removal cost is minimized.
Washburn Core: A thin core which constricts the riser at the point of
attachment to the casting. The thin core heats quickly and promotes
feeding of the casting. Riser removal cost is minimized.
Washcoat : An oxide layer on the catalyst substrate which increases
with the active surface area
Washer : A flat Disc with a hole in the center. It may be made of
metal, rubber, plastic, or leather. It is often placed under a nut to
even out pressure and prevent damage to the part on which it rests.
Washer face : A circular rim or boss on the underside of the head of
a bolt (i.e., the bearing surface) or on one side of a nut to give a flat
surface for the bolt or nut to sit on. A smooth washer face takes
away any burrs or imperfections caused by the manufacturing
process.
Washer fluid : A fluid added to the water in the windshield washer
and rear window washer reservoirs/bottles to improve the cleaning
action and lower the freezing point.
Wash-in, wash-out: A method of increasing lift by increasing (Wash-
In) or decreasing (Wash-Out) the ANGLE OF INCIDENCE on the
outer part of an airplane wing to counteract the effects of engine
TORQUE. Wash out is usually used to prevent tip stalling
Wash-out filter : A filter to smooth a transition due to change of
input source, such as when changing modes; See Also: transient-
free switch;
Washout : The twist in an airfoil which causes less angle of attack at
the tips than the root. For airplanes, this increases stability of the
aircraft at slow speeds as the wing tips will stall after the center of
the wing, avoiding accidental tip stalls.
Wassermann : German long range radar with a range of up to 190
Km.
Waste gate : A valve used to limit the boost developed in a
turbocharger. A waste gate operates by allowing some of the
engines exhaust flow to bypass the turbocharger's Turbine section
under certain conditions.
Waste Heat: The heat produced by the steelmaking process, which
is used to heat the boilers and produce steam.
Waste Heat: The heat produced by the steel making process, which
is used to heat the boilers and produce steam.
Waste materials : Otherwise discarded combustible materials that,
when burned, produce energy for such purposes as space heating
and electric power generation. The size of the waste may be
reduced by shredders, grinders, or hammer mills. Noncombustible
materials, if any, may be removed. The waste may be dried and then
burned, either alone or in combination with fossil fuels.
Waste oil : Petroleum-based materials that are worthless for any
purpose other than fuel use.
Waste spark method : In distributor less ignition systems, dual-
spark coils fire two spark plugs at the same time; one of these
sparks is in a cylinder during its exhaust stroke, where the spark has
no effect (waste spark); the other spark occurs in the cylinder near
the end of the compression stroke
Waste tar : Petroleum-based materials that are worthless for any
purpose other than fuel use.
Waste Waste: Slightly defective tin plate that cannot be repaired, but
is sold as is. Waste waste is commonly used to make buttons, toys
and containers not requiring a perfect tin coating.
Waste water : The used water and solids from industrial processes
that flow to a treatment plant.
Waste Water Pumps: Waste Water Pumps are used to pump waste
water. They are designed for trouble-free pumping of sludge,
suspended solids, and abrasives that may be present in the waste
water.
Waste Water Storage Tanks: Waste Water Storage Tanks are used
to hold waste water prior to treatment.
Waste Water Treatment Plant: A Waste Water Treatment Plant is a
municipal or industrial facility that removes pollutants, sediment, and
contaminants from waste water.
Waste Yarn Lubrication: Lubrication system that delivers the
lubricant to the bearing and journal surface by the capillary action of
an oil-soaked fibrous material like yarn or textile waste, in contact
with a relatively slow moving journal. Like pad lubrication, this form
of lubrication has been used in the over-the-road railway cars.
Waste, Oily: Term applied to all fuels, lubricants and petroleum
products that may cause environmental pollution because of leakage
and spills or as part of plant waste.
Waster Coil: A coil with a weight greater than 5000 lbs. that does
not meet customer specifications and cannot be sold as a prime coil.
These coils get an index number of 800011.
Wasters: Sheets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams
and buckled plates. Generally fit for remelting purposes only.
Wasters: Sheets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams
and buckled plates. Generally fit for re melting purposes only.
Watch Main Spring Steel: Usually supplied cold rolled and
annealed in large widths and cut and hardened by the spring
manufacturers. Carbon content about 1.15 and tungsten 0.17, extra-
precision rolled.
Watch Main Spring Steel: Usually supplied cold rolled and
annealed in large widths and cut and hardened by the spring
manufacturers. Carbon content about 1.15 and Tungsten .17, extra
precision rolled.
Watchdog timer : A device that detects controller malfunction and
initiates independent action to safely deactivate the equipment
operated by the failed controller. The device accomplishes failure
detection, by monitoring a periodic update signal from the controller,
and activation, if this periodic signal does not occur within a specified
time period.
Water: A tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid in its pure state.
Water absorption : The amount of weight gain (%) experienced in a
polymer after immersion in water for a specific length of time under
controlled environment.
Water bar : A diversion ditch and/or hump installed across a trail or
road to divert runoff from the surface before the flow gains enough
volume and velocity to cause soil movement and erosion, and
deposit the runoff into a dispersion area. Water bars are most
frequently used on retired roads, trails, and landings.
Water Based: Aqueous) A coating in which the film forming
ingredients are dissolved in or suspended in a volatile system
containing water as the major solvent.
Water Column: Device to which the water glass is mounted. The
water column is connected to the top and bottom of the steam drum
through piping and the water seeks the same level in the column as
it is in the boiler. This coupled with the water glass and level
controller allows the water level in the boiler to be controlled and
measured.
Water column : A reference term used in connection with a
manometer
Water Cooled Diesel Engines: A Water Cooled Diesel Engine uses
water-based coolant circulating through water jackets to remove heat
from the engine and a radiator to transfer the heat to the surrounding
atmosphere. A well designed water cooling system is more efficient
than an air cooled system, but also more costly.
Water cooling system : The normal cooling system used on most
cars and trucks to keep the temperature of the engine down to a
desirable level; engine heat is removed via water acting as a coolant
which surrounds the cylinders in a water jacket; the system typically
includes water passages, coolant pump, thermostat, hoses, and
radiator
Water cycle: The process by which water is transpired and
evaporated from the land and water, condensed in the clouds, and
precipitated out onto the earth once again to replenish the water in
the bodies of water on the earth. See The Water Cycle
Water defrosting : Use of water to melt ice and frost from
evaporator during off-cycle.
Water Desalination: Water Desalination is the process of removing
salt from water for agriculture and to provide drinking water. There
are many methods is use, including evaporation, distillation, and
filtration techniques.
Water Elevated Tanks: Water Elevated Tanks, also known as water
towers, are used as holding tanks for municipal or industrial water
systems. The elevation provides pressurization for the water system.
Water fade : A delay in brake application caused by water
contamination that reduces friction between the brake linings and
drum or rotor.
Water Filter Housing: A Water Filter Housing is a housing that is
designed to hold a filter as well as direct water flow through the filter.
It has both water intake and outlet ports that are separated by the
filter or filter media.
Water Filtration Systems: Water Filtration Systems remove
pollutants and sediment from water via mechanical, chemical, and/or
biological filtration methods.
Water gauge : A device, often a glass tube, which shows the level of
water.
Water Glass: The water glass is mounted to the water column and
has a series of vertical buttons which change color from green to red
to indicate the level of water in the column. Green represents water
and red indicates steam. This allows for visual observation of the
water level in the boiler at all times.
Water Glass: The water glass is mounted to the water column and
has a series of vertical buttons which change color from green to red
to indicate the level of water in the column. Green represents water
and red indicates steam. This allows for visual observation of the
water level in the boiler at all times.
Water Glycol: FR hydraulic fluid composed of water and one of the
glycols.
Water Glycol Fluid: A hydraulic fluid, that is comprised of a mix of
distilled or other pure water and glycol, to form a fluid that has
enough lubricity to function as a fluid power fluid; but is relatively fire
resistant, i.e. will not support combustion.
Water glycol fluid: A hydraulic fluid that is comprised of a mix of
distilled or other pure water and glycol to form a fluid that has
enough lubricity to function as a fluid power fluid, but is relatively fire-
resistant, i.e., will not support combustion.
Water hammer : Noise generated by back pressure of water when a
valve is closed.
Water hammer : Banging of pipes caused by the shock of closing
valves (faucets).
Water Hardening: Process of hardening high-carbon steels by
quenching in water or brine, after heating.
Water Hardening: Process of hardening high carbon steels by
quenching in water or brine, after heating.
Water injection : In an attempt to improve performance and allow
the use of lower octane Gasoline, water injection was developed.
The cooling of the water vapor charge suppresses Detonation. A
small amount of water or alcohol-water fluid is injected into the Fuel-
air mixture as it enters into the Carburetor. Theoretically, as the water
evaporates it should cool the incoming charge which then becomes
denser, leading to higher Volumetric efficiency. This in turn should
lead to improvements in performance and Economy and allow the
use of lower octane fuel because cooling of the charge suppresses
Detonation.
Water jacket : The area around the Cylinder block and Head or
Intake manifold that is left hollow so that water may be admitted for
cooling. Also called cooling jacket. Channels in the engine through
which water and coolant circulate to cool the engine.
Water jet cutter : A stream of water under great pressure (50,000
psi) which is controlled by a computer and is used to accurately cut
plastic and fiberglass, etc.
Water Lance: A pipe connected by a hose to a water supply. The
lance is used to wash slag from the boiler tubes.
Water Lance: A pipe connected by a hose to a water supply. The
lance is used to wash slag from the boiler tubes.
Water leg : That space that is full of boiler water between two
parallel plates. It usually forms one or more sides of internally fired
boilers.
Water lubricant : Water used as a lubricant; for example, in a
mechanical seal on a centrifugal water pump.
Water marking : Stains on the paintwork caused when a drop of
water evaporates, leaving behind an outline of the drop
Water passage : A passage within the water jacket designed to
prevent the formation of pockets of steam
Water Pollution Control: Water Pollution Control is general term
used to describe methods form removing and preventing the spread
of pollutants in water systems.
Water pump: The mechanism which transfer the water from one
place to another place with high pressure. It is used in cooling
system of automobiles which transfer water from radiator lower tank
to engine jacket.
Water pump: A device that circulates coolant through a vehicles
cooling system.
Water pump : A device that circulates the liquid through the Cooling
system by pumping it from the engine Water jackets to the Radiator.
The pump is usually mounted at the front of the engine and is driven
by a belt from a Pulley on the front end of the Crankshaft. Also called
a coolant pump.
Water pump weep hole: A small orifice on a water pump behind
and below the exposed end of the shaft.
Water Quenching: A quench in which water is the quenching
medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor
efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process.
See also quenching. (see Quenching)
Water Resistance (Grease): The ability of lubricating grease to
withstand the addition of water to the lubricant system without
adverse effects, generally rated by the following criteria: washout
resistance (ASTM D 1264); water absorption; water corrosion
resistance (ASTM D 1743) and water sprayoff resistance (ASTM D
4049).
Water separator : A device found on diesel cars which removes any
water that may have contaminated the diesel fuel.
Water softener : A device or system used to remove calcium and
magnesium hardness minerals from a water supply.
Water Softener : Water Softeners are used to remove dissolved
minerals from water. Hard water is undesirable as it can leave
mineral scale after evaporation. This can have adverse effects on
heaters, filters, and other water processing equipment.
Water spotting : Stains on the paintwork that occur when a drop of
water evaporates from the painted surface and leaves a white spot
behind.
Water stress effect: The closing of the stomata by a plant in
response to excessive water loss through transpiration or in
response to drought conditions. The stomatal closing reduces
CO2 uptake as well as water loss, thus decreasing the
photosynthetic rate. However, under conditions of elevated
CO2 concentration, the CO2 gradient between the atmosphere and
the leaf is higher than under ambient conditions, and CO2 can pass
through partially closed stomates at a rate similar to that under
conditions of lower CO2and open stomates. The humidity gradient
remains the same at higher CO2, and transpiration is impeded. The
net result is improved water-use efficiency by some plants.
Water table: The level of groundwater.
Water temperature gauge : A gauge on the instrument panel which
indicates coolant temperature
Water Temperature Sensor: A Water Temperature Sensor is used
to accurately monitor water temperature and may also be used to
send enable/disable signals to heaters, chillers, or other devices
when the temperature reaches a certain set point.
Water Test: To subject a casting to water pressure in such a manner
that any porous areas will show leakage.
Water Treatment: Water Treatment is general term that describes
the manipulation of incoming water to make it suitable for the
intended purpose. This can include mechanical, chemical, and
biological filtration; and also chemical treatment to alter basic
chemistry (such as pH).
Water Treatment Chemicals: Water treatment chemicals are used
in systems for water filtration, desalination, disinfection, or treatment.
Chemicals may be used to treat algae, reduce rust and scale build-
up, balance the pH of the water, reduce foam, or to disinfect the
water.
Water Treatment Plant: A Water Treatment Plant is a industrial or
municipal facility for the purpose of removing pollutants, sediment,
and biological contaminants from water so that it is potable.
Water Treatment Purification System: A Water Treatment
Purification System is used to remove pollutants, suspended solids,
and bacteria for water so it is potable. It may include a combination
of physical, chemical, and biological filters.
Water tube : A boiler tube through which the fluid under pressure
flows. The products of combustion surround the tube.
Water turbine : A turbine that uses water pressure to rotate its
blades; the primary types are the Pelton wheel, for high heads
(pressure); the Francis turbine, for low to medium heads; and the
Kaplan for a wide range of heads. Primarily used to power an electric
generator.
Water valve : A shut-off valve, mechanically or vacuum operated, for
stopping the flow of hot coolant to the heater.In most water cooling
units, a valve that provides a flow of water to cool the system while it
is running.
Water vapor: The most abundant greenhouse gas, it is the water
present in the atmosphere in gaseous form. Water vapor is an
important part of the natural greenhouse effect. While humans are
not significantly increasing its concentration, it contributes to the
enhanced greenhouse effect because the warming influence of
greenhouse gases leads to a positive water vapor feedback. In
addition to its role as a natural greenhouse gas, water vapor plays
an important role in regulating the temperature of the planet because
clouds form when excess water vapor in the atmosphere condenses
to form ice and water droplets and precipitation.
Water vapor: Water present in the atmosphere in gaseous form; the
source of all forms of condensation and precipitation. Water
vapor,clouds, and carbon dioxide are the main atmospheric
components in the exchange of terrestrial radiation in
thetroposphere, serving as a regulator of planetary temperatures via
the greenhouse effect. Approximately 50 percent of the
atmosphere's moisture lies within about 1.84 km of the earth's
surface, and only a minute fraction of the total occurs above
thetropopause.
Water vapor : Water in a vaporous form, especially when below
boiling temperature and diffused (e.g., in the atmosphere)
Water vapor : In air conditioning, the water in the atmosphere.
Water vapor feedback: A process in which an increase in the
amount of water vapor increases the atmosphere's absorption
of longwave radiation, thereby contributing to a warming of the
atmosphere. Warming, in turn, may result in increased evaporation
and an increase in the initial water vapor anomaly. This feedback,
along with carbon dioxide, is responsible for the greenhouse
effect and operates virtually continuously in the atmosphere.
Water wall : A row of water tubes lining a furnace or combustion
chamber, exposed to the radiant heat of the fire.
Water, brakish : (1) Water having less salt than sea water, but
undrinkable. (2) Water having salinity values ranging from about 0.5
to 17 parts per thousand.
Water, potable : Water that is safe to drink.
Water, sour : Waste waters containing fetid materials, usually sulfur
compounds.
Water-Based (Aqueous): A coating in which the film forming
ingredients are dissolved in or suspended in a volatile system
containing water as the major solvent.
Water-cooled : An engine which is cooled by antifreeze in contrast
with an air-cooled engine.
Water-cooled condenser : Heat exchanger designed to transfer
heat from hot gaseous refrigerant to water. Condensing unit which is
cooled through use of water flow.
Watercourse : A definite channel with bed and banks within which
concentrated water flows continuously, frequently or infrequently.
Water-ice refrigeration system : Heat is absorbed as ice melts and
thus producing a cooling effect.
Waterjet Cutting: Water Jet Cutting uses a directed jet of high
pressure water, often mixed with abrasive particles, to cut materials.
Waterjet can be used to cut nearly any material. It creates minimal
heat in the workpiece, making it desirable for cutting temperature
sensitive materials, and can also be used to cut very thick
workpieces.
Waterjet/Abrasive Waterjet Machining: A hydrodynamic machining
process that uses a high-velocity stream of water as a cutting tool.
This process is limited to the cutting of nonmetallic materials when
the jet stream consists solely of water. However, when fine abrasive
particles are injected into the water stream, the process can be used
to cut harder and denser materials. Abrasive waterjet machining has
expanded the range of fluid jet machining to include the cutting of
metals, glass, ceramics and composite materials.
Waterline : The line of the water's edge when the ship is afloat.
Waterproof Coatings: A Waterproof Coating is used to protect
surfaces and structure from water and moisture. Common
waterproof coatings include epoxies, shellacs, and polyurethanes
paints.
Waterproof Enclosures: A Waterproof Enclosure is a structural
case, often made of plastic or fiberglass, that is made to protect
electronics and other water-sensitive components. They often
incorporate gaskets, drip edges, and other design features to ensure
performance.
Water-spotting : Drops of water that mar the Finish before it is
thoroughly cured.
Water-use efficiency: A measure of the amount of water used by
plants per unit of plant material produced. The term can be applied
at the leaf, whole-plant, and ecosystem levels. At the leaf level, it is
more precisely referred to as the instantaneous transpiration
efficiency, the CO2 assimilation rate (photosynthesis) divided by
the transpiration rate (the moles of CO2 taken up divided by the
moles of water lost through transpiration in a unit of time per unit leaf
area). At the whole-plant level, it is more precisely referred to as
the growth water-use efficiency, the units of dry matter synthesized
divided by the units of water lost. At the ecosystem level, it is more
precisely referred to as the crop water-use efficiency, the grams of
dry weight gained by plants during the growing season per unit land
area divided by the millimeters of water lost (including evaporation
directly from the soil).
Wats: World Air Transport Statistics.
Wats: World Air Transport Statistics.
Watt : The international unit of measurement of power. One watt
equals one Joule per second. The unit of electrical power equal to
one ampere under a pressure of one volt. A Watt is equal to 1/746
horsepower.
Watt (or kW): It is the part of the electrical power that actually does
the work or gets consumed in a circuit. To find watts, multiply the
current times the voltage times the power factor.
Watt (w) : A measure of electric power equal to a current flow of one
ampere under one volt of pressure; or one joule per second in SI
units.
Watt linkage : A Suspension Linkage which has three-bars to locate
the De Dion or Live axle. There are two usual methods for arranging
a Watt linkage Frame to pivot on axle Housing to frame or axle to
pivot on frame to axle. In either arrangement, this link structure
restrains all movement of the axle to a vertical plane.
Watts: A measure of the amount of power that an amplifier is
capable of producing or a speaker is capable of enduring.
Watt's law: States that when one amp. of current flow through a
device with one volt voltage drop, one watt of power is dissipated in
the form of heat(P = I x E).
Watts link : A device used to control side to side motion in a ladder
bar, torque-tube, or 4-link rear suspension. A watts link has a pivot
point in the center of the axle and a rod that runs to each side of the
car. This design eliminate the side to side motion of a panhard rod.
Wave: Out-of-flat condition generally introduced during cold rolling of
metal or alloy coils. Edge waves are more common and generally
can be minimized by allowing for “dropping a cut” during edge
slitting. It is also possible to produce wavy edges during slitting.
Wave: Out of flat condition generally introduced during cold rolling of
metal or alloy coils. Edge waves are more common and generally
can be minimized by allowing for ?dropping a cut? during edge
slitting. It is also possible to produce wavy edges during slitting.
Wave: In electricity, a periodic variation of an electric current or
voltage.In physics, any of the series of advancing impulses set up by
a vibration, pulsation, or disturbance in air or some other medium, as
in the transmission of heat, light, sound, etc.
Wave cyclone: A cyclone that forms and moves along a front,
producing by its circulation a wavelike deformation of the front.
Wavelength: The distance from crest to crest, or trough to trough,
of an electromagnetic or other wave. Wavelengths are related to
frequency The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency.
Wavelength: Physical distance of one period (wave repeat).
Waviness: A wavelike variation from a perfect surface, generally
much larger and wider than the roughness caused by tool or grinding
marks.
Wavy: Not flat. A slight wave following the direction of rolling and
beyond the standard limitation for flatness.
Wavy Edges: A shape defect caused when an edge-to-edge length
differential occurs because the material along the edge(s) are longer
than the material in the center of the strip.
Wavy Edges: A term used to describe a quality defect in which the
edge of the strip is wavy.
Wavy Edges: A term used to describe a quality defect in which the
edge of the strip is wavy.
Wax: The aliphatic paraffin series of hydrocarbons with high boiling
points and high molecular weight; classes include paraffin
(crystalline), microcrystalline and petrolatum (amorphous and
microcrystalline). Petrolatum is obtained from the heavy residual
stock; heavier grades are used for rust prevention and wire rope
lubrication. (see Petrolatum)
Wax : A substance resembling beeswax in appearance and
character, and in general distinguished by its composition of esters
and higher alcohols, and by its freedom from fatty acids; used for
underbody sealing, cavity sealing, and paintwork care.
Wax injection : The injection of corrosion-inhibiting wax into car
body cavities
Wax lancing : The injection of corrosion-inhibiting wax into car body
cavities
Wax Pattern: 1. A precise duplicate, allowing for shrinkage, of the
casting and required gates, usually formed by pouring or injecting
molten wax into a die or mold. 2. Wax molded around the parts to be
welded by a termite welding process.
Waxing : The formation of wax crystals in diesel fuel in freezing
conditions, thus clogging the fuel filter and stopping the engine;
avoided by the use of a fuel heater or fuel additives. The application
of a wax finish on the paint surface of a vehicle to preserve the paint
and maintain its beauty
Wax-type thermostat : A thermostat in which the expansion of
melting paraffin wax (in a rigid cylinder) deforms a molded rubber
membrane and displaces a piston/pin from the cylinder; this has the
advantage of being insensitive to sudden temperature fluctuations or
to the pressure in the system
Waypoint (WYPT) : A point on the ground, predefined as a point of
interest for the flight; a basic guidance mode, providing lateral
guidance to a waypoint, either by course or by direct (operator
selectable);
Waypoint approach : To approach a waypoint
Waypoint : A predetermined geographical position used for
route/instrument approach definition, or progress reporting purposes,
that is defined relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of
latitude/longitude coordinates.
Ways : The machined abutments on which a sliding brake caliper
rides Special sliding surfaces machined into the anchor plate and
caliper body where these parts of a sliding caliper make contact and
move against one another.
WCA : Warning, Caution, Advisory
Wear: The undesired deterioration of a component by the removal of
material from its surface.
Wear: The undesired deterioration of a component by the removal of
material from its surface.
Wear Debris: Particles that become detached in a wear process.
Wear Pad: In forming, an expendable pad of rubber or rubberlike
material of nominal thickness that is placed against the diaphragm to
lessen the wear on it.
Wear Pads: A wear pad is a hard wearing insert that is used as a
sacrificial layer to product structural components subject to surface
abrasion.
Wear Resistant Epoxy Linings: Wear Resistant Epoxy Linings are
is a protective polymer coating that can be applied commonly via
paint or powder coating methods and forms a hard impermeable
barrier once cured.
Wear Resistant Rubber Sheeting: Wear Resistant Rubber
Sheeting is used in industrial applications as both a liner, and also
commonly as a belt conveyor. Special grades of rubber are
formulated to be lightweight, flexible, and tough wearing and are
especially useful for conveying abrasives, slurries, and ore.
Weather: Atmospheric condition at any given time or place.
Compare with climate.
Weather: The instantaneous state of the global atmosphere-ocean-
cryosphere system.
Weather Seal Strip: A weather seal strip is an insulation device
typically used to seal around doors and windows in a building. The
weather seal is usually a piece of foam or plastic and is used to
prevent the infiltration of air through the gap around the perimeter of
the door or window.
Weather strip: The rubber stripping around a vehicles doors and
hatches or their portals.
Weathering: Exposure of materials to the outdoor environment.
Weathering: the natural processes by which the actions of
atmospheric and other environmental agents, such as wind, rain,
and temperture changes, result in the physical disintegration and
chemical decomposition of rocks and earth materials in place, with
little or no transport of the loosened or altered material.
Weathering: The surface deterioration of a hose cover during
outdoor exposure, as shown by checking, cracking, crazing, and
chalking.
Weathering Steel: A steel using alloying elements such as copper,
chromium, silicon and nickel to enhance resistance to atmospheric
corrosion. (Refer to ASTM A 606)
Weathervane: The property of a aircraft to turn into the wind like a
windsock
Weathervane : This describes the tendency to point into the wind.
Stabilizers on a aircraft result in its desire to weathervane.
Weave Bead: A type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation.
Web: (1) A relatively flat, thin portion ofa forging that effects an
interconnection between ribs and bosses; a panel or wall that is
generally parallel to the forging plane. See also rib. (2) For twist drills
and reamers, the central portion of the tool body that joins the lands.
(3) A plate or thin portion between stiffening ribs or flanges, as in an
I-beam, H-beam or other similar section. (see Rib)
Web Plate: The vertical plate connecting the upper and lower
flanges or cover plates of a girder.
Webbing: A material placed between two structures to increase the
shear or bending loadbearing characteristics of such structure as in
the case of spar construction.
Wedge: In any given coil, the variance in width from one edge to the
opposite edge. Because USSM buys narrow width (12" to 14") coils
slit from wider coils, the wedge effect presents an ongoing problem
in shape and gauge control.
Wedge Pulleys: A wedge pulley is one one of the most commonly
used pulleys in power transmission systems. The belt is designed
with a trapezoidal (wedge) cross-section to overcome the alignment
and belt slippage problems associated with other pulley designs.
Under load, the belt will wedge deeper into the pulley groove,
improving the transmission of the torque.
Wedge Roll: A roll used to stabilize the plate as it enters the slitter
knife area.
Wedge Roll: A roll used to stabilize the plate as it enters the slitter
knife area.
Weigh Strip Weigh: A coating weight test.
Weighfeeders: A weighfeeder is a component of an industrial
conveyer system used to measure the amount of material traveling
through the conveyer system. The weighfeeder is responsible for
measuring the amount of material, typically bulk materials, that are
contained on the weigh belt at any given time. The weigh feeder
provides the mass flow rate measurement for the system, allowing
for process control and automation.
Weighing Controllers: A weighing controller is used in conjunction
with a weigh belt or weighfeeder to provide visual feedback and
system responses in a conveyer system. The weighing controller will
use the input from the weighfeeder to control actions in the system
such as adjusting speed control, stopping the belt, or providing
system fault messages when problems are detected by the weigh
system. A weighing controller may also be referred to as a weight
indicator.
Weigh-Strip-Weigh: A coating weight test.
Weight: The force acting on a body in a gravitational field, equal to
the product of its mass and the acceleration of the body produced by
the field.
Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object. The
weight forcepulls an aircraft toward the Earth and must be overcome
by a combination of lift and thrust.
Weight Indicators: A weight indicator is a display device used to
provide feedback in a weight measuring system, typically on
industrial conveyors. When the weight indicator provides system
feedback and control functions, it is also referred to as a weigh
controller.
Weight limitation marking: For elevated TLOFs, a marking
indicating the maximum weight, in thousands of pounds, that the
TLOF is capable of supporting. For example, a "12" indicates a
12,000-pound maximum aircraft weight.
Weight on wheels (wow) : Indication of whether the aircraft has
weight on its wheels, meaning airborne or on the ground; weight on
wheels can be detected by a sensor on the wheels, computed from
other state data, or a combination;
Weight Percent: Percentage composition by weight. Contrast with
atomic percent.
Weight to power ratio : It is the weight of the machine producing
work. For example the gas turbine is capable of producing more
horse power per given mass of its machinery, then the same amount
of horse power produced by a machine having many times that
mass.
Weightlessness: A state experienced in a ballistic trajectory (i.e. in
orbit or free fall) when, because the gravitational attraction is
opposed by equal and opposite inertial forces, a body experiences
no mechanical stress.
Weirbrite Clear: A dried-in-place chromate treatment applied to
Weirzin to provide a bright finish and excellent corrosion protection
for non-painted applications.
Weirbrite Clear: A dried in place chromate treatment applied to
Weirzin to provide a bright finish and excellent corrosion protection
for non painted applications.
Weirchrome: (Or Tin-Free Steel), Also Electrolytic Chromium
Coated Sheets (ECCS) or TFS. Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold
reduced steel on which chromium and oxides of chromium have
been electrodeposited; primarily used for drawn applications, can
ends and closures.
Weirchrome: (or tin free steel) Also Electrolytic Chromium Coated
Sheets (ECCS) or TFS. Light gauge, low carbon, cold reduced steel
on which chromium and oxides of chromium have been
electrodeposited; primarily used for drawn applications, can ends
and closures.
Weirite: Single reduced product.
Weirlite Mill: A cold reduction rolling mill which further reduces (20
to 45%) the gauge of steel that has already been reduced at the
tandem mill and has been annealed. This mill is used to produce
double-reduced (DR) tin mill products.
Weirlite Mill: A cold reduction rolling mill which further reduces (20
to 45%) the gauge of steel that has already been reduced at the
tandem mill and has been annealed. This mill is used to produce
double reduced (DR) tin mill products at WSC.
Weirzin: Electrolytic zinc-coated steel. Coating weights range from
0.025 oz./sq. ft. to 0.20 oz./sq. ft. This can be given a variety of post
treatments to enhance corrosion resistance and paintability.
Weirzin: Electrolytic zinc coated steel. Coating weights range from
0.025 oz./sq. ft to 0.20 oz./ sq/ ft. This can be given a variety of post
treatments to enhance corrosion resistance and paintability.
Weld: A localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced
either by heating the materials to suitable temperatures, with or
without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure
alone with or without the use of filler metal.
Weld: A union made by welding.
Weld Bead: The built-up portion of a fusion weld, formed either from
the filler metal or the melting of the parent metal.
Weld Bead: The built up portion of a fusion weld, formed either from
the filler metal or the melting of the parent metal.
Weld Decay: Intergranular corrosion, usually of stainless steels or
certain nickel-base alloys, that occurs as the result of sensitization in
the heat-affected zone during the welding operation. See also
sensitization. (see Sensitization)
Weld Failure Analysis: Weld failure analysis is an engineering
service that uses computational or experimental techniques to
determine the reasons for the weld failure of a component. The weld
failure analysis will determine if the failure is the result of a faulty
weld, or a stress or fatigue failure in the weld or adjoining materials.
Weld Interface: The interface between weld metal and base metal
in a fusion weld, between base metals in a solid-state weld without
filler metal, or between filler metal and base metal in a solid-state
weld with a filler metal and in a braze.
Weld Line: See preferred term weld interface. (see Weld Interface)
Weld Metal: That portion of a weld that has been melted during
welding.
Weld Nugget: The weld metal in spot, seam or projection welding.
See also nugget and resistance spot welding. (see Nugget) (see
Resistance Spot Welding)
Weld Pass: A single progression of a welding or surfacing operation
along a joint, weld deposit or substrate. The result of a pass is a
weld bead, layer or spray deposit.
Weld Pool: The localized volume of molten metal in a weld prior to
its solidification as weld metal.
Weld Reinforcement: Weld metal in excess of the quantity required
to fill a joint.
Weld Ticket: A red or green ticket used to identify location of a weld
in a coil. These tickets are placed in the sidewall of a coil while the
coil is being produced.
Weld, Incomplete: The junction line of metal that has passed
through a die forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not
completely rejoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld
integrity.
Weldability: The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. A
number of factors affect weldability including chemistry, surface
finish, heat-treating tendencies, etc.
Weldability: The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. A
number of factors affect weldability including chemistry,surface
finish,heat treating tendencies, etc.
Welded Mesh: Welded mesh, also known as welded wire mesh, is
produced by welding pieces of metal wire together to form a
continous piece of mesh material. Welded mesh is commonly used
in construction and fencing. Because it is often used outside, welded
mesh is commonly made of stainless steel or is dipped or coated in a
protective material.
Welded Tube/Pipe: This is made from hot rolled or cold reduced
strip, sheet or plate. Small and medium diameters are produced in
continuous, multiple-roll mills that progressively bend incoming,
unheated strip into a circular cross-section prior to welding along the
longitudinal seam. Tube may subsequently by cold-drawn through
dies to achieve precise dimensions and finish. This is cheaper than
the seamless process, but welded tube generally has a lower
mechanical and pressure performance. Large diameters are made
from discrete plate. First, this is bent into a "U" shape, then an "O"
shape, which is welded prior to mechanical or hydraulic expansion –
the "E" of the UOE process – to achieve final dimensions. This pipe
can be 400-1,600mm diameter. Spiral welded tube/pipe uses HR
strip that is twisted as it goes through a mill to form a hollow spiral
which is then welded. It is cheap to make, but has traditionally had a
lower integrity than conventional welded pipe – though it is
improving. Diameters of up to 2,500mm are possible.
Welded Tubing: Tubular products which are roll formed and then
joined continuously along a longitudinal seam by a material fusion
process. The process employed at RathGibson is Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding (GTAW). See "Gas Tungsten Arc Welding" and "Laser
Beam Welding" (LBW).
Welder Board: A "U-shaped" wooden trough used to guide a hand
welder.
Welder Board: A U shaped wooden trough used to guide hand
welder
Welder Box: Special electrical outlet receptacle to accomodate plug
from hand welder. Located at several places throughout the line.
Welder Box: Special electrical outlet receptacle to accommodate
plug from hand welder. Located at several places throughout the
line.
Welder Clamps: Devices used to hold the strip securely in place
while a weld is being made.
Welder Clamps: Devices used to hold the strip securely in place
while a weld is being made.
Welder Pinch Roll: A roll located on the three-high tower used to
run the strip into and out of the welder.
Welder Stick: A tool used to lift and hold the edge of the strip to be
welded. This purpose is to check the alignment of the edges.
Welding: A process used to join metals by the application of heat.
Fusion welding, which includes gas, arc and resistance welding,
requires that the parent metals be melted. This distinguishes fusion
welding from brazing. In pressure welding, joining is accomplished
by the use of heat and pressure without melting. The parts that are
being welded are pressed together and heated simultaneously, so
that recrystallization occurs across the Interface.
Welding Electrode: A metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in
electric arc welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply
molten metal or alloy at the point where the weld is to be
accomplished.
Welding Electrode: A metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in
electric arc welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply
molten metal or alloy at the point where the weld is to be
accomplished.
Welding Fabrication: Welding fabrication is a production process
that uses welding to assemble components and produce a final part.
The welding fabrication process uses a heat source to melt the
adjoining workpieces and a a filler material is added to the joint,
mixing with the melted material, and finally hardening into the weld
joint. There are many different kinds of welding, with the heat source
being supplied by fire, electricity, and lasers, among others.
Welding Flash: Skin exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of
welding or melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn. Though temporary
blindness can result, it is not permanent, as is popularly believed.
Welding Flash: Skin exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of
welding or melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn. Though temporary
blindness can result, it is not permanent, as is popularly believed.
Welding Generators: A welding generator is a power supply
generator unit used when electricity is not available for arc welding.
The size of the generator needed is based on the welding application
and the required power. For example, TIG welding and plasma
welding usually required a minimum of 8 kilowatts from an AC
generator.
Welding Inspection: Welding inspection is the process of visually or
experimentally analyzing a weld joint to determine the weld quality
and/or weld strength. In addition to visual inspection, weld test
equipment can be used to test weld joints either destructively or non-
destructively. See Weld Test Equipment.
Welding Leads: The electrical cables that serve as either work lead
or electrode lead of an arc welding circuit.
Welding Machines: A welding machine is a piece of equipment
used in the welding process to join two pieces of material together. A
welding machine is usually a self-contained unit that includes all of
the parts necessary to perform the welding process. As such, the
welding machine may include a power supply, a heat source, and the
welding torch that delivers the heat source. Welding machines may
be small, portable units or larger, fixed units.
Welding Monitor: A welding monitor is a component in a welding
machine or a welding process used to monitor and control the weld
process. Depending on the type of welding being done, the monitor
may allow for control of voltage/power, gas flow, temperature, length
of the weld and other parameters.
Welding Quality Wire Rods: Produced with care to provide for
electric arc welding, gas welding, submerged arc welding and metal
inert gas welding. These rods are generally supplied from low or
medium-carbon killed steel. Rods for welding are produced as
restricted chemistry steels. The chemical composition for wire rods
used for welding wires must be established for each application.
Additional requirements for the rods include that precautions are
taken to prevent detrimental segregation, so that uniform steel
compositions are obtained.
Welding Rod: A rolled, extruded or cast round filler metal for use in
joining by welding.
Welding Rod: A rolled, extruded or cast round filler metal for use in
joining by welding.
Welding Shielded Arc: Electric arc welding in which the molten
weld metal is protected from the atmosphere. An inert gaseous
atmosphere or fluxcoated electrode may be employed.
Welding Shielded-Arc: Electric-arc welding in which the molten
weld metal is protected from the atmosphere. An inert gaseous
atmosphere or fluxcoated electrode may be employed.
Welding Sockets: A welding socket is a connector, such as a 'T', 'Y',
cap, or inline connector, used to provide a welded connection in
pipes and tubes. A welding socket is used in place of butt welding
(end-to-end) to provide more surface area and thereby reducing the
amount of heat and time required to complete the weld connection.
Welding Stress: That stress resulting from localized heating and
cooling of metal during welding.
Welding Stress: That stress resulting from localized heating and
cooling of metal during welding.
Welding Wire: A form of welding filler metal, normally packaged as
coils or spools, that may or may not conduct electrical current
depending on the welding process with which it is used. See also
electrode (welding) and welding rod. (see Electrode) (see Welding
Rod)
Welding, Arc: Welding accomplished by using an electric arc that
can be formed between a metal or carbon electrode and the metal
being welded; between two separate electrodes, as in atomic
hydrogen welding or between the two separate pieces being welded,
as in flash welding.
Welding, Autogenous: Method of uniting two pieces of metal by
melting their edges together without solder or any added welding
metal, as by the thermite process that employs a medium of finely
divided aluminum powder and oxide or iron by which a temperature
of some 2,982°C (5,400°F) is obtained.
Weldment: An assembly whose component parts are joined by
welding.
Well Level: The amount of water that is in the pump hole. Measured
in feet.
Well Level: The amount of water that is in the pump hole. It is
measured in feet.
Well-to-wheel: See "Environmental impact."
Wenstrom Mill: A rolling mill similar to a universal mill but where the
edges and sides of a rolled section are acted on simultaneously.
West antarctic ice sheet: See ice sheet.
Westland: See AgustaWestland.
Wet Blasting: A process for cleaning or finishing by means of a
slurry of abrasive in water directed at high velocity against the
workpieces.
Wet bulb : Device used in measurement of relative humidity.
Evaporation of moisture lowers temperature of wet bulb compared to
dry bulb temperature in same area.
Wet bulb temperature (wb) : The temperature registered by a
thermometer whose bulb is covered by a saturated wick and
exposed to a current of rapidly moving air. The wet bulb temperature
also represents the dew point temperature of the air, where the
moisture of the air condenses on a cold surface.
Wet Film Thickness: The thickness of the paint film immediately
after coating and prior to curing. The required wet film thickness is
dependent on the proportion of solids and solvents in the liquid paint
for producing the appropriate dry film thickness.
Wet Film Thickness: Wet film thickness can be measured using the
PFund Gauge. A spherical section of glass is pressed into the wet
coating. The diameter of the spot is measured in mm and wet film
thickness correlated to dry film thickness.
Wet lease: A wet lease is a leasing arrangement whereby one
airline (lessor) provides an aircraft, complete crew, maintenance, and
insurance.
Wet Scrubber (Gas Washer): In air pollution control, a liquid
(usually water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping
foundry gases.
Wet Scrubber (Gas Washer): In air pollution control, a liquid
(usually water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping
foundry gases.
Wet standby : Boiler is filled completely with water or maintained at
normal operating level with a positive nitrogen pressure of 35 to 70
kPa.
Wet traction: Indicates how efficiently the tyre disperses water to
combat aqua-planing, and how well it grips wet roads in low-speed
driving.
Wet wings : Method for containing fuel in wings without using rubber
fuel cells.
Wet-bulb depression : The difference between the dry-bulb
temperature and the wet bulb temperature.
Wetlands: An area that is regularly saturated by surface
water or groundwater and subsequently is characterized by a
prevalence of vegetation that is adapted for life in saturated-soil
conditions.
Wettability Test: The degree to which a metal that has passed
through a die forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not
completely rejoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld
integrity.
Wettability Test: The degree to which a metal that has passed
through a die forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not
completely rejoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld
integrity.
Wetting: A phenomenon involving a solid and a liquid in such
intimate contact that the adhesive force between the two phases in
greater than the cohesive force within the liquid. Thus a solid that is
wetted, on being removed from the liquid bath, will have a thin
continuous layer of liquid adhering to it. Foreign substances such as
grease may prevent wetting. Additional agents, such as detergents,
may induce wetting by lowering the surface tension of the liquid.
Wetting: A phenomenon involving a solid and a liquid in such
intimate contact that the adhesive force between the two phases is
greater than the cohesive force within the liquid. Thus a solid that is
wetted, on being removed from the liquid bath, will have a thin
continuous layer of liquid adherring to it. Foreign substances such as
grease may prevent wetting. Addition agents, such as detergents,
may induce wetting by lowering the surface tension of the liquid.
Wetting Agent: A surface active agent that produces wetting by
decreasing the cohesion within the liquid.
Wetting Agent (Cleansers): A surfactant that, added to water
causes the water to spread more easily over the surface of another
material. Wetting agents do not usually impart any detergent or
emulsifying properties to water.
Wetting Agent (Lubricants): An oiliness additive; an additive that
adsorbs to metal to enhance the spreading of a lubricant.
Wfna: White Fuming Nitric Acid; 97.5% HNO3 + 2% H2O + < 0.5%
NOX
WGS72 : World Geodetic Survey 1972
WGS84 : World Geodetic Survey 1984
WGS-84 : Wide Area Augmentation System
Wheel alignment: The adjustment of various components to meet
predetermined specifications for camber, caster, toe and ride height.
Wheel bearings: The assemblies that permit smooth rotation
between the wheel hub and spindle.
Wheel Bearings: A wheel bearing is a mechanical component used
to transfer load from one rotating component to another. Wheel
bearings are typically designed to allow for the transfer or rotating
motion while restricting linear motion. There are many different types
of wheel bearings, depending on the application and the load range.
Wheel bolt: The bolts designed to fit or mount the wheel on wheel
hub. They use the spacial threads for high speed application.
Wheel Clamps: A wheel clamp is a mechanism used to lock a wheel
in place, thus preventing it and the vehicle it's attached to from
moving. Wheel clamps may be used as security devices to prevent
others from stealing a vehicle, or as a punitive device such as in the
case of locking illegally parked cars.
Wheel covers: The covers designed for decoration or covering the
wheels of automobiles.
Wheel covers: A decorative metal or plastic disc that obscures a
vehicles stamped steel wheels, lug nuts and/or hubs from view.
Wheel cue : A lateral flight director cue for fixed-wing aircraft,
primarily to control heading, by changing roll; Compare: lateral cyclic
cue; Symbols: Gamma sub "LAT" ; Typical Units: percent, in;
Wheel cylinder: The device used to perform the action for braking
of automobile braking system. It is mounted into the wheel of
automobiles. It is the part of hydraulic braking system. It is
constructed of piston and cylinder and works with hydraulic pressure.
Wheel cylinders, rear: In drum-type brakes, small-bore hydraulic
cylinders that are fitted between the brake shoes and are actuated
when the brakes are applied.
Wheel diameter: The diameter, in inches, of a vehicles wheel.
Wheel Excavators: A wheel excavator is a construction machine
used for excavating rock and soil and then loading the material into
trucks or moving it to other locations. The wheel term refers to the
use of a wheels and tires instead of tracks for moving the equipment
around. The boom, or arm of the machine is usually capable of fitting
various attachments to the end in order to accomplish specific jobs
such as digging, breaking, or scooping.
Wheel hub: The device used to mount the wheel and transfer the
power from engine. It contains the combination of some bearings.
Wheel Load: The load without impact on any wheel with the trolley
and lifted load (rated capacity) positioned on the bridge to give
maximum loading.
Wheel locks: Wheel lock is a device
Wheel locks: Special lugnuts intended to prevent wheel theft that
can only be installed or removed with a specific wrench or key.
Wheel lug nuts/bolts: The nuts that hold a wheel onto its hub.
Wheel offset: The distance from a wheels hub-mounting surface to
the centerline of the wheel. Zero offset means the hub-mount
surface is even with centerline. Positive offset means the hub-mount
surface is towards the front (or outside) of the centerline. Negative
offset means the hub-mount surface is towards the back (behind) of
the centerline.
Wheel pants : The large fairings used to streamline the wheels of an
aircraft that has non-retracting, or "fixed" landing gear (so-called
because it`s "fixed" in place).
Wheel specs: The dimensions of a vehicles wheels.
Wheel speed sensor wiring: Electrical connections of the system
that relay the speed of each wheel to a computer that makes
adjustments in brake application to prevent wheels from locking up.
Wheel spin: Wheel spin is the process in which the wheel rotates
without any traction, This is a modern stunt.
Wheel track: Distance between two wheels on same axle, The
length of an axle which have wheels both side.
Wheel weights: Small weights attached or secured to the wheel to
balance the tyre and wheel assembly.
Wheel width: The distance of a wheel from bead to bead.
Wheel Yoke: A frame on which a pair of carrier (trolley) wheels are
mounted.
Wheel : A flight control operated by turning with hands in fixed-wing
aircraft, primarily to control roll (heading) via the ailerons; wheel is
connected to yoke;
Wheelbase: Distance between the front wheel and rear wheel of any
vehicle is known as wheelbase.
Wheelbase: The distance between the center of a vehicles front
axle and the center of its rear axle.
Wheelbase: The longitudinal distance from the centre of the front
wheel to the centre of the rear wheel on the same side of the vehicle.
Wheelbase: Distance from center-to-center of outermost wheels.
Wheelie: A hoax with a bicycle or a motorbike, In which rider rides
for a short distance on rear wheel.
Whiskers: Thin hair-like growths on metal that are barely visible to
the naked eye, they are stronger than the metals from which they are
formed, probably because they are free from defects.
Whiskers: Thin hair like growths on metal that are barely visible to
the naked eye, they are stronger than the metals from which they are
formed,probably because they are free from defects.
White Annealing: A heat treatment process carried out on pickled
steel with the objective of eliminating the hydrogen that has entered
the steel during the pickling operation, thus removing any tendency
to hydrogen embrittlement.
White Annealing: A heat treatment process carried out on pickled
steel with the objective of eliminating the hydrogen that has entered
the steel during the pickling operation thus removing any tendency to
hydrogen embrittlement.
White bombs : Nickname for propaganda leaflets.
White Iron: A cast that is essentially free of graphite and most of the
carbon content is present as separate grains of hard Fe3C. White
iron exhibits a white, crystalline fracture surface because fracture
occurs along the iron carbide platelets.
White Iron: A cast that is essentially free of graphite and most of the
carbon content is present as separate grains of hard Fe3C. white
iron exhibits a white,crystalline fracture surface because fracture
occurs along the iron carbide platelets.
White Layer: (1) Compound layer that forms in steels as a result of
the nitriding process. (2) In tribology, a white-etching layer, typically
associated with ferrous alloys, that is visible in metallographic cross
sections of bearing surfaces. See also Beilby layer. (see Beilby
Layer)
White Metal: 1. A general term covering alloys that are based on tin,
lead or antimony, such as bearing, type and babbitt metals. 2. A
copper matte of about 77% Cu obtained from the smelting of sulfide
copper ores.
White Oils: Light-colored, usually highly-refined mineral oils
frequently employed in pharmaceutical and medicinal preparation
and used as bases for creams, salves and ointments. White oil
lubricants are used where color and/or environmental concerns are
important.
White Petroleum Jelly: The whitest grade of petrolatum.
White Rust: A coating metal oxide, such as zinc oxide, which
develops when the oxygen in the atmosphere and moisture mixes
with the coating material (such as galvanized coating). (see
Sacrificial Barrier)
White Rust: A coating metal oxide, such as zinc oxide, which
develops when the oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with the coating
material (such as galvanized coating). See Sacrificial Barrier.
White Ticket: Ticket used to identify coil. The white ticket contains
the coil IPM number, and is placed in the sidewall of the coil.
White-etching Layer: A surface layer in a steel that, as viewed in a
section after etching, appears whiter than the base metal. The
presence of the layer may be due to a number of causes, including
plastic deformation induced by machining or surface rubbing, heating
during a metallographic preparation stage to such an extent that the
layer is austenitized and then hardened during cooling and diffusion
of extraneous elements into the surface.
Who: World Health Organisation.
Who: World Health Organisation.
Wholesale value: The price at which dealers purchase vehicles
from other dealers or from lenders, usually at auction.
Wick Lubrication: Lubrication system that uses a wick to deliver the
lubricant to the bearing surface.
Wide Flange Beam: A structural steel section on which the flanges
are not tapered, but have equal thickness from the tip to the web and
are at right angles to the web. Wide flange beams are differentiated
by the width of the web, which can range from 3 inches to more than
40 inches, and by the weight of the beam, measured in pounds per
foot.
Wide Strips: Strips of widths 600mm and above. Also known as
coils in India and wide coils in Europe etc. Accordingly, the terms HR
coils/wide coils or CR coils/wide coils etc. are commonly used.
Wideband oxygen sensor: A faster, more sensitive oxygen sensor
that enables an engine control unit to make changes to the air/fuel
ratio more rapidly and precisely than with a conventional sensor.
Wide-bodied aircraft: Wide-bodied aircraft (as opposed to narrow-
bodied) usually have two aisles and can carry 200 passengers or
more. Also used to describe wide-bodied freighters
Wide-Flange Beam: A structural steel section on which the flanges
are not tapered, but have equal thickness from the tip to the web and
are at right angles to the web. Wide-flange beams are differentiated
by the width of the web, which can range from 3 inches to more than
40 inches, and by the weight of the beam, measured in pounds per
foot.
Widmanstatten Structure: A structure characterized by a geometric
pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase on certain
crystallographic planes in the parent phase. The orientation of the
lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the
orientation of the lattice in the parent phase.
Widmanstatten Structure: A structure characterized by a geometric
pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase on certain
crystallographic planes in the parent phase. The orientation of the
lattice in the new phase is related cystallographically to the
orientation of the lattice in the parent phase.
Width: The width of a vehicle at its widest point.
Width: The lateral dimension of rolled steel, as opposed to the
length or the gauge (thickness). If width of the steel strip is not
controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed.
Width Variation: Product whose width fluctuates above and below
the customer's finished width tolerance.
Width Variation: Product whose width fluctuates above and below
the customer's finished width tolerance.
Widths: The lateral dimension of rolled steel, as opposed to the
length or the gauge (thickness). If width of the steel strip is not
controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed.
Wild Steel: Steel which has not been completely deoxidized and
reacts violently after casting due to liberation of gases of cooling.
Wilde sau : WILD BOAR. German ground- controlled night fighter
system using twin engined aircraft
Wildness: A condition that exists when molten metal during cooling
evolves so much gas that it becomes violently agitated, forcibly
ejecting metal from the mold or other container.
Willans line : The Willians line is used to show steam rates at
different loads on the turbine. Often, a willans line for a specific
turbine is not available, and one only has has incomplete information
about an installed steam turbine; namely the rated power and
(perhaps a guesstimate) the isentropic efficiency or specific steam
consumption at full load. But what you need and don't have is the
steam consumption at the turbine operating load.
Wimpy : RAF nickname for the Vickers Wellington bomber. The
name came from J. Wellington Wimpy, a character in the Popeye
cartoon in the Daily Mirror
WIMS : System Wide Information Management
Winch Drive: (Clutch) A hydraulic piston that applies pressure to
clutch plates to obtain the required motor amperage, controlling loop
tension on the winch drive.
Winch Drive (Clutch): A hydraulic piston that applies pressure to
clutch plates to obtain the required motor amperage, controlling loop
tension on the winch drive.
Winch Gear Units: A winch is a mechanical device used to reel in or
let out a rope or cable, while maintaining tension in the line. In a
winch gear unit, the winch is driven by a gear set designed to
convert the high speed power produced by the winch motor into a
low speed, high torque force. Winch gear units cab be designed with
planetary, worm, or spur gear units.
Winch : This consist of a motor driven winlass that pull a glider up to
flying speed and then released or launched into flight.
Winches: A winch is a mechanical device used to reel in or let out a
rope or cable, while maintaining tension in the line. Winches can be
mechanically controlled by a motor and drive train or manually
controlled with a hand crank.
Wind: A natural motion of the air, especially a noticeable current of
air moving in the atmosphere parallel to the Earth's surface. Winds
are caused by unequal heating and cooling of the Earth and
atmosphere due to absorbed, incoming solar radiation and infrared
radiation lost to space--as modified by such effects as the Coriolis
force, the condensation of water vapor, the formation of clouds, the
interaction of air masses and frontal systems, friction over land and
water, etc.
Wind age drift : That water lost from an open re-circulating-water
system by means of wind blown through the spray area that carries
water out of the system. This is not the same as loss by evaporation,
since such a loss can occur even without evaporation.
Wind bearing : Symbols: B sub W; Typical Units: rad, deg;
Wind Box: The box-type structure of the boiler, located on the
burner deck that contains the fuel supply manifolds, burners and air
registers. Combustion air is delivered to the windbox where it is
distributed by means of the air registers to all four burners.
Wind Box: The box type structure of the boiler, located on the
burner deck that contains the fuel supply manifolds, burners and air
registers. Combustion air is delivered to the windbox where it is
distributed by means of the air registers to all four burners.
Wind chill: The wind can reduce significantly the amount of heat
your body retains. The following wind chill chart does not take into
account such variables as type of clothing worn, amount of exposed
flesh, and physical condition, all of which would alter body heat.
Wind resistance: The process of resistance in wind and dust
particles by glass or any transparent plastic to protect the vehicle
interior.
Wind screen: Wind screen is a glass screen in front of Automobile
vehicle. It prevents driver from wind and dust from the environment.
Wind speed : Symbols: V sub W; Typical Units: kt, ft/s; Dimensions:
Length / Time;
Wind tunnel: A wind tunnel is a tube or cylinder in which a model of
anairplane or part of an airplane is placed. Air is blown past
the model so that it experiences the same forces as it would if it were
actually flying. The struts that hold the model in place measure
these forces.
Wind tunnel testing: A tool of aeronautics that involves placing
a model of anaircraft or part of an aircraft into a wind tunnel and
usinginstruments to gather data while air is blown past themodel.
Wind tunnel testing is used to investigate and accurately describe
the effects of airflow on an aircraft or part of an aircraft.
Wind up: Artificial air in wind tunnel for testing the aerodynamics of
a car., Small cars are in trend they also known as windup cars.
Wind velocity: Vector term that includes both wind speed and wind
direction.
Windcone: A device designed to visually indicate wind speed and
direction to pilots using aheliport. Heliports intended for nighttime
use should have a lighted windcone. The common way of lighting
windcones is with four downward directed flood lights mounted
above the windcone although some are internally lighted. Either
method is acceptable. A lighted windcone also normally includes a
red obstruction light mounted on its mast.
Winding coil: Winding coil is a copper wire bundle which is used in
the motors and alternators for making mutual induction.
Window: Term used to denote a region of the electromagnetic
spectrum where the atmosphere does not absorb radiation strongly.
Window control: The manner in which a vehicles windows are
operated: manual control, power control, one-touch, automatic or
remote control.
Window sticker: See "Monroney sticker."
Window : Strips of silver paper dropped by British aircraft to confuse
the German ground radars
Windshear : Localized change in wind speed and/or direction over a
short distance, resulting in a tearing or shearing effect, usually at low
altitude, that can cause a sudden loss of airspeed with occasionally
disastrous results if encountered when taking-off or landing.
Windsock: (See Windcone.)
Windsock: A funnel shaped tube of fabric, mounted on a tall pole at
the flying field. It indicates the direction and strength of the wind.
Windsock : This can be used to describe a number of devices, all of
which give a visual clue to the direction and speed of wind in a given
location.
Wing: The primary flying or lifting surface of an aircraft.
Wing: A flying surface with an airfoil cross section producing a
certain amount of lift and drag thus allowing an aircraft to remain
airborne under sufficient power to overcome the drag of the wing.
Wing: A part of an airplane that is attached to the fuselage. Wings
are shaped like airfoils and are used to provide lift for theairplane.
There are four basic types of wings: straight,
sweep, delta and variable sweep.
Wing fence: A narrow vertical blade extending over most of the
chord, placed on the top of a wing between the flap and aileron to
prevent span wise flow of air.
Wing fence : Term preferred by Airbus and McDonnell-Douglas
aircraft manufacturers for the vertical structures at the outside ends
of the wings of some of their jets. More at winglet.
Wing joiner : Generally the rod or blade and associated sleeve,
tube, (box or lugs and pins or bolts in full size aircraft) in which the
wings are borne and/or attached to the fuselage or carrythrough
structure.
Wing loading: the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area
of the wing nearly always given in either lb/ft2 or kg/m2 (full size
aircraft or oz/ft2 for models) and one of the determining factors or
indicators of aircraft performance. See also Area.
Wing loading: A calculation that is useful when determining certain
flight performance characteristics of a plane, the figure is obtained by
dividing the flying weight of the airplane by the total wing area. A
plane with large wings relative to its weight will have a lower wing
loading, which means better lifting capacity but not so great high
speed performance, and vice versa. Wing loading values are given
in oz./sq. ft. (ounces per square foot).
Wing loading: The maximum take-off gross weight of an aircraft
divided by its wing area.
Wing loading : This is the amount of weight per square foot that has
to be overcome to provide lift. It is normally expressed in ounces per
square foot. This specification can be easily calculated as follows: If
you know the square inches of the wing, simply divide by 144 to
obtain square feet. Divide the total weight (in ounces) of the airplane
by the wing area (in square feet). This information is valuable when
deciding on which airplane to build next. Planes with high wing
loading numbers must fly faster to stay in the air. These are
generally "performance" airplanes. Conversely, planes with lower
numbers do not need as much air flowing around the wing to keep it
flying. Trainers are designed to have low wing loading because slow,
efficient flight is desired.
Wing mirror: Wing mirror is a accessory for a car which helps the
driver to see behind and in the side of vehical while parking,
overtaking and taking turns.
Wing ribs: See Ribs
Wing root: The inboard section of the wing which is the section
closest to the fuselage.
Wing root : The centerline of the wing, where the left and right wing
panels are joined.
Wing warping: Method of lateral control adopted by Wright brothers
and many early builders/designers, in which a flexible wing is twisted
(warped) to provide roll control as with ailerons.
Wing warping:: a mechanism to provide lateral control of
the aircraftthrough flexible wing tips; wires enabled the wing tips to
arch so that the ends of the wings were four inches lower than the
center (the concept was devised by the Wrights after observing the
wing tips of a hawk in flight).
Wing : The main lifting surface of an airplane.
Winglet: A small verticallyoriented surface at the tip of the wing used
to modify the lifting characteristics of a wing by changing the airflow
across the primary surface.
Winglet: Control surfaces situated on the trailing (back) edge of the
wings and are used to make the aircraft roll. They allow the aircraft
to turn.
Winglet: A small, stabilizing, rudder like addition to the tips of a wing
to increase efficiency by reducing tip losses
Winglet : A small vertical surface at the tips of the wings. They help
direct the turbulent airflow that all wings have at the tips. They
makes the wings more efficient. Term preferred by Boeing for the
vertical structures at the ends of the wings on their 747-400. Airbus
and McDonnell-Douglas aircraft manufacturers use the term
Wing-loading: The gross take-off weight of an aircraft divided by its
wing area. A Boeing 747, for example, can have a maximum wing
loading of 149Ib/sq ft (727.8kg/m2); a high-performance sailplane,
such as the Scheibe Bergfaike, can be as low as 6.02Ib/sq ft
(29.4kg/m2).
Wingspan: The overall length of the wing, from tip to tip. Wingspan
is the primary measurement when referring to an airplane's size and
it's usually stated in inches (").
Winning: Recovering a metal from an ore or chemical compound
using any suitable hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical or
electrometallurgical method.
Winter schedule: Defined by IATA as the 5-month period running
from the first Sunday after the last Saturday in October to the Friday
preceding the last Saturday in March.
WIP : Work in Progress
Wiped Coat: A hot dipped galvanized coating from which virtually all
free zinc is removed by wiping prior to solidification, leaving only a
thin zinc-iron alloy layer.
Wiped Joint: A joint made with solder having a wide melting range
and with the heat supplied by the molten solder poured onto the
joint. The solder is manipulated with a hand-held cloth or paddle so
as to obtain the required size and contour.
Wiper : Wiper is electrical equipment used for cleaning windshields.
Wiper Forming: Method of curving sheet metal sections or tubing
over a form block or die in which this form block is moved relative to
a wiper block or slide block.
Wiper Ring: A rubber or other synthetic seal that is fitted around a
moving shaft to form a low pressure seal. Normally used to prevent
fluid from entering the sealed volume.
Wiper ring: A rubber or other synthetic seal that is fitted around a
moving shaft to form a low pressure seal. Normally used to prevent
fluid from entering the sealed volume.
Wiping: The smearing or removal of material from one point, often
followed by the redeposition of the material at another point, on the
surfaces of two bodies in sliding contact; a form of wear.
Wiping Effect: Activation of a metal surface by mechanical rubbing
or wiping to enhance the formation of conversion coatings, such as
phosphate coatings.
Wire: A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-
section, which is square or rectangular with sharp or rounded
corners or edges or is round, hexagonal or octagonal and whose
diameter or greatest perpendicular distance between parallel faces is
less than 0.375 inch.
Wire Bar: A cast shape, particularly of tough pitch copper, that has a
cross section approximately square with tapered ends, designed for
hot rolling to rod for subsequent drawing into wire.
Wire Drawing: Reducing the cross section of wire by pulling it
through a die.
Wire EDM: Wire EDM is short for Wire Electrical Discharge
Machining (EDM) and is an electro-chemical production process
used to cut high-strength metals and alloys. In the Wire EDM
process, a voltage is passed through a thin-wire electrode and the
resulting series of rapid electrical discharges (sparks) erode, or cut
through, the material. The material to be cut must be electrically
conductive and the process uses either a steady stream or a
circulating bath of non-conductive fluid (de-ionized water) to flush
away the small amounts of material cut away during the process.
Production process used to cut high-strength metals and alloys. In
the Wire EDM process, a voltage is passed through a thin-wire
electrode and the resulting series of rapid electrical discharges
(sparks) erode, or cut through, the material. The material to be cut
must be electrically conductive and the process uses either a steady
stream or a circulating bath of non-conductive fluid (de-ionized
water) to flush away the small amounts of material cut away during
the process.
Wire Ferrules: A ferrule is a type of fastener often used to create a
loop from materials such as rope or wire. The ferrule is a tube-like
fastener through which one or more strands of the material are
passed through. A tool such as a pliers or other crimping device is
then used to crimp the ferrule down around the material until it is
tight enough to restrict movement through the ferrule.
Wire Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process variation in
which the material to be sprayed is in wire or rod form. See also
flame spraying. (see Flame Spraying)
Wire Mesh: Wire mesh is a product resulting from the combination
of wire strands into a net-like structure. Wire mesh can fabricated
with many different metals, different thickness, and with varying
mesh densities. The mesh can be woven, welded, or manufactured
by punching or cutting holes into a solid sheet of material.
Wire reinforced: A hose containing wires to give added strength,
increased dimensional stability; crush resitance. See reinforcement.
Wire Rods: Coiled bars of up to 18.5 mm in diameter, used mainly in
the production of wire.
Wire Rope Winch: A winch designed to reel or let out wire rope
around the spindle of the winch. See definition of Winch.
Wire wheel: Wire Wheel are same as spoke wheels, This is a rim of
tension spoked.
Wire, Alclad: A composite wire product comprised of an aluminum-
alloy wire having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or
aluminum-alloy coating that is anodic to the alloy to which it is
bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against
corrosion.
Wire, Cold Heating: Wire quality suitable for use in the manufacture
of cold headed products such as ribets and bolts.
Wire, Drawn: Wire brought to final dimensions by the drawing
through a die.
Wire, Extruded: Wire produced by hot extruding.
Wire, Flattened: Wire having two parallel flat surfaces and round
edges produced by roll-flattening round wire.
Wire, Flattened and Slit: Flattened wire that has been slit to obtain
square edges.
Wireless Access Control Systems: Access control systems define
the wide range of security solutions used to provide an individual or
corporate authority access control over it's facilities and/or computer
systems. Access control systems can be small home security
systems or large corporate-wide computer systems. Access is
granted via an electronic key, or passcode, or a combination of
hardware and software keys. A wireless access control system
utilizes wireless communication devices and protocols to allow for
the remote operation of the access control system.
Wireless Communications: Wireless communications refers to the
transmittion of signals through the air rather than through a wired
connection. Wireless communications are transferred by energy
signals such as infrared, radio frequency, laser/light, or acoustic
transmissions.
Wireless data link: A method of transferring digital data wirelessly
through Bluetooth or WiFi technology.
Wiring: Formation of a curl along the edge of a shell, tube or sheet
and insertion of a rod or wire within the curl for stiffening the edge.
See also curling. (see Curling)
Wiring harness: The groups of wires and connectors that carry
electric current through the vehicle.
Wishbone: Wishbone is a A-TYPE structure to support the wheel
and suspension.
Wizard Control: Control used to set auto valves at specific points.
WMATA: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
WMO : World Meteorological Organization
Wobble plate-swash plate : Type of compressor designed to
compress gas, with piston motion parallel to crankshaft.
Wobbling: A unsteadily from side to side in a wheel or gear, Rocking
motion in rotating parts.
Wœrzburg : German short (11 mile) range gun laying radar capable
of giving both height and range.
Wolfram: The alternative name for tungsten.
Wolfram: The alternative name for tungsten
Wood Doors: A wood door is barrier constructed from wood and
used to open and close access through an opening by swinging or
sliding the door.
Wood Working Machinery: Wood working machinery includes a
wide array of power equipment designed to cut and shape wood.
Wood working machinery includes different types of saws, planers,
routers, lathes, and many other specialized tools.
Woody Fracture: A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance
due to the elongation of the individual grains. This may be
accentuated by the presence of slag or by a banded structure. It is
gray and dull and is characteristic of ductile but non-homogeneous
material such as wrought iron.
Woody Fracture: A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance
due to the elongation of the individual grains. This may be
accentuated by the presence of slag or by a banded structure. It is
grey and dull and is characteristic of ductile but non homogeneous
material such as wrought iron
Woody Structure: A macrostructure, found panicularly in wrought
iron and in extruded rods of aluminum alloys, that shows elongated
surfaces of separation when fractured.
Woof and poof (helicopters): Named after the sound it makes
when the rotor blades go wildly out of track, 4 inches (10
centimeters) or more vertical separation.
Wootz: A carbon steel containing 1 to 1.6% carbon produced by
melting a bloomery iron or an inhomogeneous steel with charcoal in
a crucible. The process originated in India as early as the 3rd
Century A.D.
Wootz: A carbon steel containing 1 to 1.6% C produced by melting a
bloomery iron or an inhomogeneous steel with charcoal in a crucible.
The process originated in India as early as the 3rd century A.D.
Work: The transfer of power from one state to another. The
movement of weight over a specified distance.
Work: The transfer of power from one state to another. The
movement of weight over a specified distance.
Work Hardening: Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e., in
hardness) produced by cold working.
Work Hardening: Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e. in
hardness) produced by cold working. Same as strain hardening
Work Lead: The electrical conductor connecting the source of arc
welding current to the work. Also called work connection, welding
ground or ground lead.
Work Roll Balance: Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the
work rolls up in place.
Work Roll Balance: Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the
work rolls up in place.
Work Rolls: Two, smaller rolls of a four-high stand of the Weirlite
Mills, tandem mills and the temper mills. These rolls, through the use
of hydraulic pressure, are responsible (along with the backup rolls)
for the shape of the steel.
Work Rolls: Two, smaller, rolls of a four high stand of the Weirlite
Mills, Tandem Mills, and the Temper Mills. These rolls, through the
use of hydraulic pressure, are responsible (along with the backup
rolls) for the shape of the steel.
Workability: The characteristic or group of characteristics that
determine the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
Workability: The characteristic or group of characteristics that
determines the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
Worked Penetration: (ASTM D 217) penetration of a sample of
lubricating grease immediately after it has been brought to 77ºF and
subjected to 60 strokes in a standard grease worker.
Working Electrode: The test or specimen electrode in an
electrochemical cell.
Working fluid : is the substance which does the work in a heat
engine. The air is one of the working fluids used with gas turbines.
Freon's are the working fluids used with some refrigeration systems.
Water is the working fluid used with steam boilers.
Working pressure: The maximum pressure to which a hose will be
subjected, including momentary surges in pressure, which can occur
during service.
Working the Heat: In open hearth practice, the treatment given a
bath (heat), during the latter part of the process. It involves the
addition of ore or pig iron for the purpose of adjusting the carbon
content of the bath. In EAF operations, adding fluxes, carbon, etc. to
attain the proper chemistry.
World geodetic survey 1972 (wgs72) : A standard model for
computing earth data;
World geodetic survey 1984 (wgs84) : A standard model for
computing earth data;
Worm: An exudation (sweat) of molten metal forced through the top
crust of solidifying metal by gas evolution. See also zinc worms.
Worm Gear: A screw-thread-like gear consisting of worm and worm
wheel; the worm, made of steel, is the driving gear, and the worm
wheel, made of non-ferrous metal, is the driven gear. Worm drives
have relatively low gear ratios.
Worm Gear Limit Switches: A worm gear limit switch is typically
used in actuators or industrial machinery where the rotary motion of
the machine is linked to the linear motion of another part. The limit
switch is then used to trigger an event when the linear motion
reaches a predetermined limit.
Worm Gear Screwjacks: A screwjack is a mechanical device used
to lift heavy objects. In a worm gear screwjack, the jacking action is
controlled by a gear or screw that sits perpendicular to the jacking
screw.
Worm Gear Sets: A worm gear set contains a screw-like driving
gear, called the worm, and a mating spur gear that is used to drive a
rotating piece of equipment. A worm gear set is capable of
generating high torque with a low turning speed, producing a very
high gear ratios.
Worm Gear Speed Reducer: A worm gear set contains a screw-like
driving gear, called the worm, and a mating spur gear that is used to
drive a rotating piece of equipment. A worm gear set is capable of
generating high torque with a low turning speed, producing a very
high gear ratios. As a result, worm gear speed reducers are a very
effective way to reduce shaft RPM from the input to the output of the
gear set.
Worm steering gear: The worm steering gear is a mechanism
which oversights the steering system turning ratio.
Worm wheel: Worm wheel is assembly of nut and gears for
transferring the torque and power at angle. It is used in Steering
system.
Worm Winch: A worm winch is a winch controlled by a worm gear
unit in which the driving gear,the worm, is a screw-like gear turning a
spur gear. Worm winches typicallly have a very high reliability,
however at a much lower efficiency than planetary or spur gear
winches. Worm winches operate at an efficiency of about 35 to 40%.
Woven Mesh: Woven mesh is a product resulting from the
combination of wire strands, woven into a net-like structure. Woven
mesh can fabricated with many different metals, different wire
thicknesses, and with varying mesh densities.
WOW : Weight on wheels
WP : Waypoint
WPT : Waypoint
Wrap test : A test to send data to a device having it sent back
unaltered
Wrap, Loose: A condition in a coil due to insufficient tension which
creates a small void between adjacent wraps.
Wrapped cure: A vulcanizing process using a tensioned wrapper,
usually of fabric, to apply external pressure.
Wringer Rolls: A set of rubber rolls that removes water or solution
from the plate.
Wringer Rolls: A set of rubber rolls that removes water or solution
from the plate.
Wrinkling: A coating defect consisting of the formation of small
ridges or folds in the coating which resemble the surface of a prune,
but are usually smaller in size.
Wrinkling: A coating defect consisting of the formation of small
ridges or folds in the coating which resemble the surface of a prune,
but are usually smaller in size.
Wrought Iron: An iron produced by direct reduction of ore or by
refining molten cast-iron under continuous where a pasty mass of
solid iron with included slag is produced. The iron has a low carbon
content.
Wrought Iron: Iron that contains 1-3% slag in the form of elongated
particles in the same direction that gives a characteristic grain
pattern. It is more rust-resistant than steel and welds more easily.
Has a low carbon content.
Wrought Iron: An iron produced by direct reduction of ore or by
refining molten cast iron under conditions where a pasty mass of
solid iron with included slag is produced. The iron has a low carbon
content.
Wrought Metals: An easily welded or forged metal containing
approximately 0.2% carbon and total impurities less than 0.5%.
Wrought Prodcut: A product that has been subjected to mechanical
working by such process as rolling,extruding,forging,etc.
Wrought Product: A product that has been subjected to mechanical
working by such processes as rolling, extruding, forging, etc.
Wto: World Tourism Organisation.
Wto-omc: World Trade Organisation (formerly GATT).
Wto-omc: World Trade Organisation (formerly GATT).
Wttc: World Travel and Tourism Council.
Wttc: World Travel and Tourism Council.
Wustite: The oxide of iron of lowest valence which exist over a wide
range of compositions, they do not quite include the stoichiometric
composition FeO.
Wustite: The oxide of iron of lowest valence which exist over a wide
range of compositions they do not quite include the stoichiometric
composition FeO.
Wwf: The mission of the WWF (World Wildlife Fund), one of the first
worldwide associations to be set up for the conservation and
defence of the natural environment, is to halt and reverse the
destruction of the earth in order to build a world wheremen live in
harmony with nature. The association hasover 4.7 million members
across the world, and hasan operational network in 96 countries
which proposes 12,000 programmes for the protection of nature in
220 ecoregions essential for the safeguard of the earth’s
biodiversity.The Foundation is organized around six priority themes:
endangered species, freshwater ecosystems, oceans & coasts,
forests, climate change and pollution.Contrary to other NGOs, the
WWF considers partnershipswith selected businesses useful in
promoting their ideas.
WWII : Waypoint
WX : Weather
WYPT : Waypoint
Wzn: Weir zinc product from the #1 Plater.
X : Originally this letter indicated experimental vehicles, but later
came to indicate an exotic or unusual vehicle.
X Ray Gauge Recorder: Equipment used to produce a gauge chart
that records thickness measurements.
X Ray Gauge Unit: Equipment used to measure thickness of steel.
The unit is positioned across the width of the strip on the entry end of
the line.
X Rays: Form of radiant energy with wavelength shorter than that of
visible light and with the ability to penetrate materials that absorb or
reflect ordinary light. X rays are usually produced by bombarding a
metallic target with electrons in a high vacuum. In nuclear reactions it
is customary to refer to photons originating in the nucleus as gamma
rays and to those originating in the extranuclear part of the atom as x
rays.
X-axis: See roll.
X-band: A nominal frequency range from 12.5 to 8 GHz (2.4 to 3.75
cm wavelength) within the microwave (radar) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. X-band is a suitable frequency for several
high-resolution radar applications and has often been used for both
experimental and operational airborne systems.
X-band : A range of microwave radio frequencies in the
neighborhood of 8 to 12 GHz.
X-band : Frequency range in which most general aviation weather
radars operate.
X-beams : German radio beams used to guide their bombers to the
target
Xenolith: Rock fragment or mineral found in igneous rock that is not
of igneous origins.
Xeric: An environment or habitat containing little moisture.
XPDR : Transponder. Radar-enhancement/data link box for ATC
purposes.
XPOND : Transponder
X-ray: Form of radiant energy with a wavelength shorter than that of
visible light and with the ability to penetrate materials that absorb or
reflect ordinary light. X-rays are usually produced by bombarding a
metallic target with electrons in a high vacuum.
X-ray: Short electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths range from
.00001 to 3000 angstroms.
X-ray Crystallography: X-ray photographs of metals are a means of
providing information which in many cases cannot be obtained by
microscopic methods. The line produced by each element or phase
are characteristic and their general pattern enables the crystalline
structure to be identified. The scale of the pattern can be used to
determine accurately the size of the unit cell and therefore the
distance apart of the individual atoms. From the relative intensity of
the lines, it is possible to deduce the distribution throughout the unit
cell, the various types of atoms in an alloy or the degree of preferred
orientation in the material.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): An analytical technique in which
measurements are made of the angles at which x-rays are
preferentially scattered from a sample (as well as of the intensities
scattered at various angles) in order to deduce information on the
crystalline nature of the sample-its crystal structure, orientations and
so on.
X-ray Fluorescence: Emission by a substance of its characteristic
x-ray line spectrum on exposure to x-rays.
X-ray Gauge Recorder: Equipment used to produce a gauge chart
that records thickness measurements.
X-ray Gauge Unit: Equipment used to measure the thickness of
steel. The unit is positioned across the width of the strip on the entry
end of the line.
X-ray Map: An intensity map (usually corresponding to an image) in
which the intensity in any area is proportional to the concentration of
a specific element in that area.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): An analytical technique
that measures the energy spectra of electrons emitted from the
surface of a material when exposed to monochromatic x-rays.
X-ray Spectrometry (XPS): Measurement of wavelengths of x-rays
by observing their diffraction by crystals of known lattice spacing.
X-ray Spectrum: The plot of the intensity or number of x-ray
photons versus energy (or wavelength).
X-ray Topography: A technique that comprises topography and x-
ray diffraction. The term topography refers to a detailed description
and mapping of physical (surface) features in a region. In the context
of the x-ray diffraction, topographic methods are used to survey the
lattice structure and imperfections in crystalline materials.
X-rays: A band of electromagnetic radiation intermediate in
wavelength between ultraviolet radiation and gamma rays. Because
x-rays are absorbed by the atmosphere, x-ray astronomy is
performed in space.
XTK : Cross track; cross track error.
XTKD : Cross track deviation
XTKR : Cross track deviation rate
XYZ : A standard aircraft coordinate frame and sign convention,
where nose, right wing, and down are positive X, Y, and Z,
respectively; often used as subscripts; Compare: east-north-up;
Y : A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated
for speeds up to 300 kph (186 mph), as in P220YR15.The next
higher rating is Z and the one lower rating is W
Y2k : Year-2000 (computer date problem) NOTE: k=decimal
kilo=1000 (1-1000); thus Y2k=2000 K=binary kilo=1024 (0-1023);
thus Y2K=2047
Yag Laser Marker: A YAG Laser Marker is a marking system that
uses a diode-pumped solid state laser. Yttrium Aluminum Garnet
(YAG) is a common crystal used in DPSS systems as the lasing
medium and is often doped with neodymium. For additional
information, see Diode-Pumped Laser Marker.
Yamaha : A Japanese motorcycle manufacturer
Yard Horse : A tractor for moving trailers short distances in a truck
yard or terminal compound. Also called switching tractor, yard
tractor, trailer spotter, yard dog, and linehauler. Equipment is
manufactured and sold for such exclusively off-road use, but
sometimes old, spare, or unroadworthy tractors are used.
Yard Jockey : A person who operates a Yard tractor
Yard Mule : Special tractor used to move trailers around a terminal,
warehouse, distribution center, etc. Also called a Yard Tractor
Yard sale : A bicycle term borrowed from skiing where a serious
crash leaves all your various wares -- water bottles, pump, tool bag,
etc. -- scattered as if on display for sale.
Yard Tractor : Special tractor used to move trailers around a
terminal, warehouse, distribution center, etc. Also called a Yard Mule
Yarding : Method of transport from harvest area to storage landing.
Yardstick : Trucker slang for Mile markers on the road side as in
"There's a smokey advertising at the 75 yardstick."
Yarn: A fibrous material like wool, twisted into a loose thread and
added to greases for special applications.
Yarways: A measuring instrument used to monitor the water level of
drums.
Yarways: A measuring instrument used to monitor the water level of
drums.
Yaw: The angle of the aircraft's heading relative to the vertical axis
and generally controlled by the pilot using the rudder and in which
stability is provided by the fixed or nonmovable fin
YAW: Movement of an aircraft about its vertical axis, representing
movement of its tail unit to port or starboard, to change the aircraft's
heading.
Yaw: The rotational movement of an aircraft about its vertical axis,
controlled by the rudder or the rotation of the model around the main
rotor shaft, i.e.: tail rotor inputs.
Yaw: Of the three axes in flight, this specifies the side-to-side
movement of an aircraft on its vertical axis, as in skewing. Compare
PITCH and ROLL.
Yaw: The rotation of a vehicle about its vertical (Z) axis, i.e.
movement in azimuth.
Yaw: A rotational motion in which the aircraft turns around itsvertical
axis. This causes the aircraft's nose to move to thepilot's right or
left. Pushing the right rudder pedal will tilt the rudder to the right.
The pilot will see the nose of theaircraft turn to the right.
Yaw : The rotation about a vertical axis that passes through the car's
center of gravity.
Yaw acceleration : A steady increase in the yaw angle
Yaw angle : The angle of deviation between a vehicle's longitudinal
axis and its true direction of motion, i.e., the difference between the
direction a vehicle is pointing when cornering and the direction in
which it is actually moving
Yaw axis : The airplane axis controlled by the rudder. Yaw is
illustrated by hanging the airplane level by a wire located at the
center of gravity. Left or right movement of the nose is the Yaw
movement.
Yaw rate : The rate of movement about the vertical axis of a aircraft.
Yaw rate : (helicopter) A term that describes the control input of a
heading hold type gyro. Instead of the rudder control adjusting
strictly the tail pitch, as it does with another gyro, a yaw rate gyro will
uniformly control the rate at which the helicopter yaws.
Yaw : The nose-left and nose-right movement of the airplane. This is
controlled by the rudder.
Y-axis: See pitch.
Y-beams : German radio beams used to guide their bombers to the
target
Y-block: A single keel block.
Yellow Brass: 65% copper and 35% zinc. Also known as high brass.
A copper-zinc alloy named for its yellow hue. Formerly a very
popular alloy, but now largely replaced by cartridge brass.
Yellow Brass: 65% copper and 35% zinc. Also known as High
Brass. A copper zinc alloy, named for its yellow hue. Formerly a very
popular alloy, but now largely replaced by Cartridge Brass.
Yellowing: A coating defect consisting of a physical change of a
coating in which the color of the cured coating gets yellower as it
ages, or after rebaking.
Yellowing: A coating defect consisting of a physical change of a
coating in which the color of the cured coating gets yellower as it
ages, or after rebaking.
Yield: The amount of steel delivered to the ladle and not necessarily
the same as the amount of scrap charged. The ratio of the quantity
of finished shipments to the total raw steel produced, adjusted for
changes in inventory and any slabs that are purchased from outside.
Yield has significantly improved during the past decade, primarily as
the result of the industry's conversion to continually cast steel, whose
yield is superior to that of traditional ingot teeming. Tons of finished
steel products, divided by total tons of charged steel, as a
percentage.
Yield: The ratio of the quantity of finished shipments to the total raw
steel produced, adjusted for changes in inventory and any slabs that
are purchased from outside. Yield has significantly improved during
the past decade, primarily as the result of the industry's conversion
to continually cast steel, whose yield is superior to that of traditional
ingot teeming. Tons of finished steel products, divided by total tons of
charged steel, as a percentage
Yield: Financial term referring to revenue generated by one fare-
paying passenger carrried for one kilometer (RPK).
Yield: Airline term for revenue per unit, eg revenue per mile per
passenger.
Yield management:: The management, by airlines, of revenue
based on the assumption that:There is a fixed amount of resource
available for sale (eg the number of seats on a plane) The resources
are perishable and time limited after which they become valueless
(eg airline seats unsold on a flight perish once the flight departs)
That the cost of the seat (the common resource) is variable
depending on the terms of sale (eg airlines reduce the unit price on
flights where there are many unsold seats and increase the unit price
on flights where there are few available seats, thereby maximising
the amount of average revenue generated per seat mile on a
particular flight.
Yield Point: 1) The stress in a material at which there occurs a
marked increase in strain without an increase in stress during tensile
testing. 2. The load or stress at which a marked increase in the
deformation of the sheet occurs without increasing the applied load.
Yield point is one of the characteristics of low-carbon steels after
they have been annealed. The yield point is usually calculated using
a tensile-test specimen, and it is the load that is commensurate with
the point beyond the elastic limit at which the specimen lengthens
considerably without an additional increase in load.
Yield Point: The first stress in a material less than the maximum
obtainable stess at which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress. Also known as upper yield stress.
Yield Point Elongation: Corresponds to a region of non-
homogeneous deformation when a sample is subjected to tensile
testing.
Yield Point Elongation: Corresponds to a region of non
homogeneous deformation when a sample is subjected to tensile
testing.
Yield Ratio: The ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength.
Yield Ratio: The ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength.
Yield Strength: 1. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified
limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain during
tensile testing. 2. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified
deviation from a linear proportionality between load and elongation.
In the tension test, the load associated with an offset of 0.2% from
linearity is used for many metals to calculate the yield strength.
Yield Strength: The stress at which a material exhibits a specified
limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The
deviation is expressed in terms of strain. Also known as proof stress.
Yield Stress: The stress level of highly ductile materials at which
large strains take place without further increase in stress.
Yoke cue : A vertical flight director cue for fixed-wing aircraft,
primarily to control altitude, by changing pitch; Compare: collective
cue; Symbols: Gamma sub VERT; Typical Units: percent, in;
Young's Modulus: The coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a
stretched wire, Young’s Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force
per unit cross-sectional area to the elongation per unit length. The
values of Young’s Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes
per square cm. (see Modulus of Elasticity)
Young's Modulus: the coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a
stretched wire, Young's Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force
per unit cross sectional area to the elongation per unit length. The
values of Young's Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes
per square cm. See Modulus of Elasticity
Y-service : British organization for the interception and reporting of
German wireless "chatter" for intelligence purposes.
Z : A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated
for speeds over 300 kph (186 mph), as in P245/50ZR16. There is no
higher rating, but the one lower rating is Y
Z Mill: The full name for z mill is Sendzimir mill. A Z mill operates
with a very small diameter work roll, normally about 2 inches, backed
up by a number of rolls in a pyramid shaped stack. This roll set up
allows you to exert extremely high forces through the work roll and
yet keep the work roll from extreme flexing. The take up roll on the Z
Mill also exerts a tension on the coil as it comes through the mill. The
combination of high pressure and tension makes the mill capable of
rolling material thin and flat.
Z transform : A mathematical relationship to model a discrete
function in the complex frequency domain (Z-plane); Z transforms
are commonly used by systems engineers to describe avionics
systems; Compare: continuous-time equation, difference equation,
differential equation, discrete-time equation, Laplace transform,
state-space model; See Also: first-order filter, second-order filter, unit
functions;
Z : Infra-red identification equipment
Zahme sau : TAME BOAR. German "free lance" night fighter system
using single engined aircraft
Zahn Viscometer: A crude funnel viscosity device for factory and
laboratory use, consisting of a wire bail that holds a cone-shaped
cup with an orifice at the bottom. After the cup is filled with the
sample, the test consists of recording the temperature and the time
required for the test sample to flow from the filled cup. Cups with
orifices of various sizes are available.
Z-axis: See yaw.
Z-axle : A rear axle introduced with the BMW Z1 in 1988, consisting
of a trailing arm, one upper lateral link, one lower diagonal link, and a
coil spring at each side; also included is an anti-roll bar
Z-bend: A simple Z-shaped bend in the wire end of a pushrod,
which is used to attach the pushrod to a servo output arm
Z-bend : A type of linkage point using a bend in the control rod
which resemble a Z.
Zenith: The point on the celestial sphere directly above the
observer. Opposite the nadir.
Zeolite : A natural mineral (hydrous silicates) that has the capacity
to absorb hardness, calcium, and magnesium ions from water.
Zeolite softening : Refers to the process, where zeolite chemicals
are capable to exchange ions with the hardness causing impurities
of the water.
Zerk Fitting: A common grease fitting, one of many types of fittings
used in lubrication and hydraulics.
Zero gravity: A condition in which gravity appears to be absent.
Zero gravity occurs when gravitational forces are balanced by the
acceleration of a body in orbit or free fall.
Zero lift trajectory: A trajectory in which the control system acts to
maintain a condition of no aerodynamic lift on the rocket.
Zero offset: When the mounting face of the wheel directly aligns
with the wheel’s centre line.
Zero PressureTechnology: Michelin Zero Pressure tyres feature a
reinforced sidewall that is designed to support the weight of your car
even after a loss of air pressure even with no air in the tyre.
Michelin Zero Pressure Technology allows you to continue driving up
to 80 km at 80 km/h, so you don’t have to change a tyre on the side
of a busy motorway. Best of all, Zero Pressure Technology has been
applied to some of the best-performing Michelin tyres.
Zero toe: When tyres on the same axle are parallel; the fronts and
rears of the tyres are equidistant.
Zerst–rer geshwader : Luftwaffe Destroyer Wings, composed of
Bf110 Heavy fighters
Zeta potential : The difference in voltage between the surface of the
diffuse layer surrounding a colloidal particle and the bulk liquid
beyond.
ZEV: Zero emission vehicle. The most restrictive emissions
standard.
Zig Zag Sipes Technology: A zig-zag shaped, normally horizontal
sipe that flexes and bites into the snow to help provide reliable cold-
weather traction.
Zinc (Zn): Applied to steels by hot dipping or by electroplating
(galvanizing) as a corrosion preventative coating.
Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate/Zinc Diaryl
Dithiophosphate/ZDDP: A popular anti-wear additive used in motor
oils and hydraulic fluids; though it also has oxidation inhibiting
properties, it cannot be used in engines employing silver bearings.
Zinc Worms: Surface imperfections. characteristic of high-zinc brass
castings, that occur when zinc vapor condenses at the mold/metal
interface, where it is oxidized and then becomes entrapped in the
solidifying metals.
Zincrometal: A steel coil-coated product consisting of a mixed-oxide
underlayer containing zinc particles and a zinc-rich organic (epoxy)
topcoat. It is weldable, formable, paintable and compatible with
commonly used adhesives. Zincrometal is used to protect outer body
door panels in automobiles from corrosion.
Zircon: A mineral, zirconium silicate; used as a refractory.
Zircon: The mineral zircon silicate, ZrSiO4, a very high melting point
acid refractory material used as a molding material in steel foundries.
Zirconia: A zirconium oxide used as pigments for paints and in the
manufacture of refractories.
Zirconia: ZrO2 an acid refractory up to 2500 B0C (4532 B0F) having
good thermal shock resistance and low electrical resistively.
Zirconium: Silvery-white, metallic element, mp 1,860°C (3,380°F), a
powerful deoxidizer when added to molten steel.
Zirconium: Silvery white, metallic element, mp 1860 B0C (3380
B0F), a powerful deoxidizer when added to molten steel.
Zirconium Oxide Refractory: Refractory products consisting
substantially of zirconium dioxide.
Z-mill: The full name for Z-mill is Sendzimir mill. A Z-mill operates
with a very small diameter work roll, normally about two inches,
backed up by a number of rolls in a pyramid-shaped stack. This roll
setup allows you to exert extremely high forces through the work roll
and yet keep the work roll from extreme flexing. The take-up roll on
the Z-mill also exerts a tension on the coil as it comes through the
mill. The combination of high pressure and tension makes the mill
capable of rolling material thin and flat.
Zn: Chemical symbol for Zinc
ZN/P Curve: A graphic representation of the effects of speed (N),
load (P) and viscosity on the coefficient of friction (m) as a shaft
rotates in a plain bearing. The dimensionless equation states that the
coefficient of friction (m) is a function (f) of the ratio (viscosity x
speed)/load, or m = (f)ZN/P.
Zoc : Zone of confusion
Zonally-averaged models: Statistical-dynamical or energy-balance
models in which only the latitudinally averaged quantities are
determined and the effects of the longitudinally-varying transports
are determined parametrically. Abbreviated as ZAM.
Zone Melting: Highly localized melting, usually by induction heating,
of a small volume of an otherwise solid metal piece, usually a metal
rod by moving the induction coil along the rod, the melted zone can
be transferred from one end to the other. In a binary mixture where
there is a large difference in composition on the liquidus and solidus
lines, high purity can be attained by concentrating one of the
constituents in the liquid as it moves along the rod.
Zone of confusion (zoc) : A circular area centered at a TACAN
station in which bearing is extremely noisy;
Zoning : The practice of dividing a building into small sections for
heating and cooling control. Each section is selected so that one
thermostat can be used to determine its requirements.
Zooplankton: Animal plankton. Small herbivores that float or drift
near the surface of aquatic systems and that feed on plant plankton
(phytoplankton and nanoplankton).
Zooplankton: Animal plankton. Small herbivores that float or drift
near the surface of aquatic systems and that feed on plant plankton
(phytoplankton and nanoplankton).
Z-plane : Discrete complex frequency plane; Z-plane is used in
control systems engineering in the design of control laws See Also: Z
transform;
Zr: Chemical symbol for Zirconium
Zulu : Greenwich Mean Time, also known as Universal Coordinated
Time.
Zyglo: A method for non-destructive surface inspection of primarily
non-magnetic materials using fluorescent penetrants. Trade name of
Magnaflux Corp.
Zyglo: A method for nondestructive surface inspection of primarily
non magnetic materials using fluorescent penetrants. Trade name of
Magnaflux Corp.