Taibah University

College of Engineering
Department of Architectural Engineering
2022 Fall

3rd HOMEWORK

CASE STUDY
UNIVERSITY
PUBLIC LIBRARY
Supervised By: DR.ENG. Wasim Lasker
Maher Andajany 4100238
AE 333 1B
 A. Description of the Library Project
Re-use and adaptability of existing building in regard to user
needs and limited resources in time is a design problem. In this
context, this paper is structured by relying on the architectural
potential of an attic conversion to create a library space for long-
Fig. 1. The aerial photograph of the location of Faculty of Architecture building in BUU
term use, as well as to fulfill the requirements of the increasing
number of students in the Faculty of Architecture.
The Faculty building is located at 40°13'37.3"N longitude, 28°
52'36.5"E altitude in Bursa province Gorukle district, in
Fig. 2. Images from outside and courtyard of BUU Faculty of Architecture
temperate Mediterranean climate region. In 2019, the skillion
roof of the existing building was demolished and it was converted
to a terrace. The capacity and physical conditions of rooftop
classrooms were improved in line to the educational
requirements. The future library was planned to be located at the
Fig. 2. Images from outside Fig. 3. 3D perspective of the case building on the flat
roofcourtyard of BUU Faculty of Architecture
northern end of the flat roof. The aerial photograph of the Faculty
[10], photographs from the outside and courtyard, and 3D
perspective of the library project are demonstrated in Fig.1, Fig.2
and Fig. 3 respectively.
The proposed library project has approximately 150 m2 gross
area divided among two floors; a ground floor and a mezzanine
floor with 5 m clear ceiling height. The library consists of two
rows of book stacks with four study carrels, two reading areas
(one on the mezzanine floor), a computer workstation and a
librarian desk and info point. Space offers seating capacity for 55
students. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show furnished floor plans with
luminaires marked in yellow (represented from N1 to N6 in Table
2). The reference vertical working planes were marked in blue
(represented from A to E in Table 3) and horizontal working
planes were marked in red (represented from F to L in Table 3)
which will be used for lighting simulations in the following section.
This new library establishes a visual relationship between indoor
and outdoor, through fully glazed two main facades that are
oriented to NE and SW at an angle of 58° with cardinal directions.
From the transparent perimeter of the building, the university
forestland in the NE and faculty building’s terrace in the SW will be
viewed. There is no external obstruction restricting the view such
as surrounding buildings, trees, etc. Space also receives daylight
from the vertical openings on two side walls adjacent to the
restrooms on the terrace. Window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of the
investigated space are at NE (77%), SW (81%), NW(13.7%) and
SE (13.7%) respectively.
B. Lighting Simulations
The first aim of this research paper is to propose an electric lighting
design for the faculty library considering indoor visual comfort
conditions and lighting requirements (See Table 1) for the reference
horizontal and vertical working planes previously marked in Fig. 4
and Fig. 5. Luminaires with dimming and switching mechanisms that
are suitable for digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) control
were selected by comparing alternative products in DIALux evo
library [11,12]. Light reflectance values of internal surfaces were set
to 0.80 for ceiling, 0.70 for walls and 0.30 for floors. The
maintenance factor for lamps is assumed as 0.8. Table 2 shows the
luminaries used in the library project, numbered from N1 to N6,
including technical specifications, lighting distribution, and product
views. The total power of the proposed lighting design is 1,998 kW.
In the reading and staff areas, general (ambient) lighting (N1) is
applied together with (N2) to suit various activities of users. Task
lighting above the furniture increases the local illuminance on the
working plane while keeping the average lighting level and energy
consumption lower. Surface mounted direct lighting luminaries (N3)
are selected to illuminate the reading tables downstairs. A
combination of direct and indirect lighting in suspended fixtures
(N1+N4) is used on the mezzanine floor, resulting in soft, shadow-
free and reflected light from the ceiling. For stack lighting, linear
rows of ceiling surface mounted luminaires (N3) are located centered
above the aisles. It is aimed to distribute light across the
bookshelves through the downward directed parallel lighting
scheme. Additional luminaries (N5) are arranged and fixed directly on
the front edge and on the sides of the bookshelves to achieve a
uniform illumination level with adequate light reaching the bottom of
the furniture. Glare control is concerned for PC workstations and
librarian desk task lighting where computer-based work is
performed. The luminaires (N4) are located calculating glare on the
vertical working plane of computer screens.
Linear and sphere lighting fixtures with opal diffusers, reflectors and
louvers are used throughout the library together mostly with LED
lamps due to their advantage of energy efficiency. General lighting is
supported with recessed luminaires (N6) mounted in the side walls
not to leave dark areas in the perimeter of the space such as
entrance halls and the staircase. The colour temperature of the
selected lamps are between 3000 – 4000K and colour rendering
index (Ra) is between 80 – 90. The lamps can be dimmed or
switched separately by the contribution of daylight sensors and
DALI. The lighting system can also be controlled manually to meet
user requirements.
In the second step, the daylighting analysis was performed for 09:00 (morning), 12:00
(noon), 15:00 (afternoon) and 17:00 (before sunset) representing the library and the faculty
working hours. Simulations were run for the 21st of June (CIE standard clear sky) and for the
21st of December (CIE standard overcast sky) representing summer and winter solstice days
of the year. Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), visible light transmittance (Tvis), and thermal
transmittance (U-value) of the selected double pane Low-E glazing are 70.3%, 78.1%, and
2.685W/m2 K respectively. The daylighting and artificial lighting simulation results are
presented together in Table 3, including the description of reference working planes (See Fig.
4 and Fig. 5), Em, U0, UGRL values. The proposed artificial lighting design is aimed to comply
with the recommended levels in Table 1. Illuminance values that are below the limit level and
require additional artificial light are marked in bold in Table 3. Similarly, high illuminance
levels (>3000lx) that may cause visual discomfort and glare in the library are underlined.
In the second step, the daylighting analysis was performed for 09:00 (morning), 12:00
(noon), 15:00 (afternoon) and 17:00 (before sunset) representing the library and the faculty
working hours. Simulations were run for the 21st of June (CIE standard clear sky) and for the
21st of December (CIE standard overcast sky) representing summer and winter solstice days
of the year. Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), visible light transmittance (Tvis), and thermal
transmittance (U-value) of the selected double pane Low-E glazing are 70.3%, 78.1%, and
2.685W/m2 K respectively. The daylighting and artificial lighting simulation results are
presented together in Table 3, including the description of reference working planes (See Fig.
4 and Fig. 5), Em, U0, UGRL values. The proposed artificial lighting design is aimed to comply
with the recommended levels in Table 1. Illuminance values that are below the limit level and
require additional artificial light are marked in bold in Table 3. Similarly, high illuminance
levels (>3000lx) that may cause visual discomfort and glare in the library are underlined.
As observed in the third column in Table 3, the minimum level of illuminance can be achieved
by daylight between 12:00 – 15:00 except two book stacks (C-D) below the mezzanine floor
on the 21st of December. However, the target level can not be provided by natural light in
the morning and the afternoon (except E, F, L); thus there is a need for additional artificial
lighting on the 21st of December representing the winter months.
Since the maintained average illuminance values are above the recommended values, no
additional artificial lighting is required during the library working hours on the 21st of June,
representing the summer months (See Table 3, column 5). However, glare may occur on the
working planes due to high illumination levels and low angle direct sunlight entering the
space particularly in the morning and in the afternoon. The investigated library’s DIALux evo
3D visuals are demonstrated for December 21st at noon, June 21st at noon, and for the
absence of daylight in Table 4.
. CONCLUSIONS
Every building is unique from site level to materials, therefore in the pre-design phase of
each case, simulation based optimisation method is necessary for dimensioning and testing of
architectural elements, analyzing visual and thermal comfort, calculating energy loads and for
decision making. This study aims to provide an approach to design artificial lighting and solar
control systems via a case study using computer simulations. As a part of an ongoing
architectural project, an additional library unit of the existing university library is investigated
in the pre-design phase according to visual comfort conditions, daylight availability and
maximum energy saving potential that can be obtained using external devices.
. REFERENCES
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[10] Google Earth, Aerial photograph of case study Faculty building in Gorukle, Nilufer district, Bursa. Retrieved from:
https://earth.google.com/web/on 16 June 2019.