READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Module 2
KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION:
Memoirs of a General
By: Santiago Alvarez
 Memoir
● Latin: memoria

● A narrative, written from the

perspective of the author, about
an important part of his/her life.

PRIMARY SOURCE
 Who is Santiago V. Alvarez?

● born July 25, 1872 and died October 30, 1930

● he was the only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez
and Nicolasa Virata, he was born in Imus but was raised in
Noveleta, Cavite

● Kidlat ng Apoy (Lightning of Fire) because of his inflamed

bravery and participation in the Battle of Dalahican

● He was among the first in Cavite to take up arms against Spain

● When the American civil government was established in the
Philippines in 1901, he assisted in the organization of the
Nacionalista Party, where he later became president of its
directorate
Who is Santiago V. Alvarez?

● The memoirs was published in the year 1902 in

Sampaguita, a Tagalog weekly, in 36
installments (from July 24, 1927 to April 15,
1928)

Paula Carolina S. Malay

● She reproduced the memoir in
book form and translated it in
English
 Summary of the Memoirs of a General
The events I have related in this account of the Katipunan and the Revolution reverberate with shouts
of “Long live our patriots!” and “Death to the enemy!” These were in answer to the enemy’s assaults
with mausers and cannons, the latter fired from both land and sea.
The Magdiwang government honored me with an appointment as captain general, or head of its
army. Gen. Artemio Ricarte was lieutenant general.
I will now attempt to write down what I saw and what I know about the Katipunan and the
Revolution. First, I shall narrate the events relating to the Revolution beginning from March 14, 1896;
then I shall deal with the organization and the activities of the Most Venerable Supreme Society of
the Sons of the People (Kamahalmahalan at Kataastaasang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan). The
Katipunan account is based on records which were entrusted to me by the original founder of the
Katipunan. In the interest of honorable truth, I shall now attempt to write a history of the Katipunan
and the Revolution which I hope will be acceptable to all. However, I realize that it is inevitable that, in
the narration of actual happenings, I shall run the risk of hurting the feeling of contemporaries and
comrades- in- arms. I would like to make it clear that I shall try to be as possible and that it is far from
my intention of depreciate anyone’s patriotism and greatness.
I shall be honored if these memoirs become a worthy addiction to what Gen. Artemio Ricarte as
already published in this weekly.
Propaganda Movement Katipunan
The Founding of Katipunan

House of Deodato Arellano at

No. 72 Azcarraga Street
 Recruitment Process

Triangle method

Two-tier sanggunian structure

The Initiation Process

● What was the condition

of the Philippines in the
early times?

● What is the condition

today?

● What will be the

condition in the future?
The Initiation Process
 Organizational Structure
Katipon (member)
 Organizational Structure
Kawal (soldier)
 Organizational Structure
Bayani (patriot)
 The Katipunan Factions
MAGDALO MAGDIWANG

Baldomero Aguinaldo Mariano Alvarez

THE TABON CAVE
By: Robert B. Fox
Who is Robert Bradford Fox?

● an anthropologist and leading historian

on the pre-hispanic Philippines

● he actively served the National Museum

of the Philippines from 1948 to 1975

● he led a six- year archaeological research

project in Palawan, focused mainly on the
caves and rockshelters of Lipuun Point in
the southern part of the island
 THE TABON CAVE

● Scattered fossil bones of at least three

individuals were excavated, including a large
fragment of a frontal bone with the brows
and portions of the nasal bone.

● The available data would suggest that

Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 to
24,000 years ago

● The fossil bones are those of Homo

sapiens.
 Homo Sapiens

Niah Skull
Sarawak (38,000 BC) Keilor Cranium
Melbourne (16,000 BC)
Tabon Man
Palawan (22,000-24000 BC)
 CALLAO MAN
By: Armand Salvador B. Mijares
Who is Armand Salvador B. Mijares?

● a University of the Philippines Associate

Professor who led an international
multidisciplinary team in discovering
the newest human species here in
Cagayan Valley

● The project that led to the discovery

of Homo luzonensis 
 THE CALLAO CAVE
● His group started excavating in the year
2003 but later stopped for they did not
find anything

● In the year 2004 when a discovery in Indonesian

island was found it prompted Prof. Armand to dig
deeper. Little by little they are unveiling another
account of history from the fossils that they have
discovered.