Where Our Fear of

Friday the 13th Came

From
The deep-rooted cultural phobia may have safety, and psychological, benefits.

Why do some superstitions linger, from fear of black cats to Friday the 13th?

PHOTOGRAPH BY JOANA COSTA NOGUEIRA, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC YOUR SHOT

By Brian Handwerk
John Roach, National Geographic 
PUBLISHED NOVEMBER 13, 2015
Another Friday the 13th is upon us. But don’t despair: experts say people may actually be safer
on this infamous day, despite long-held beliefs of gloom and doom. And the cultural
superstition may be good for mental health.

Those psychological benefits can include an increased sense of order, saidRebecca Borah, a
professor of English at the University of Cincinnati. In other words, superstitions are attempts
to understand and even control fate in an uncertain world.

"When you have rules and you know how to play by them, it always seems a lot easier," Borah
said. "If you have Dracula, you can pretty much figure out how to avoid him, or go out and get
the garlic and be able to ward off evil. That's pretty comforting."

People often avoid dangerous activities on Friday the 13th, or take extra care to make sure they
are well prepared for problems, Borah added. “Some people may even stay at home." That can
make it less crowded and congested for everyone else.

Fear of 13

Still, Stuart Vyse, a professor of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, says

irrational fears can also be unproductive.

"If nobody bothered to teach us about these negative taboo superstitions like Friday the 13th,
we might in fact all be better off," he said in 2013.

People who harbor a Friday the 13th superstition might have triskaidekaphobia, or fear of the
number 13, and often pass on their belief to their children, he noted. Popular culture's
obsession with fear—think of those Friday the 13th horror films and even this story—helps
keep it alive, added Vyse, the author of Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition .

Although superstitions can be arbitrary—a fear of ladders or black cats, for example—"once
they are in the culture, we tend to honor them," saidThomas Gilovich, a professor of
psychology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

"You feel like if you are going to ignore it, you are tempting fate," he explained in 2013.

WATCH: Brain Games host Jason Silva sees the good and the bad in the human tendency towards superstition.

Origins Rooted in Religion

The trepidation surrounding Friday the 13th is rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th
guest at the Last Supper—Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus—and the crucifixion
of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman's day and was already a source of anxiety,
Vyse said. (Related: "Friday the 13th Superstitions Rooted in Bible and More.")

The two fears merged, resulting "in this sort of double whammy of 13 falling on an already
nervous day," he said.
The taboo against the number 13 spread with Christianity and into non-Christian areas,
noted Phillips Stevens, Jr., an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Buffalo
in New York. "It became extremely widespread through the Euro-American world, embedded
in culture, [and] extremely persistent," he said in 2013.

More interesting, he noted, is why people associate any Friday the 13th with bad luck. The
answer, he said, has to do with what he calls principles of "magical thinking" found in cultures
around the world.

One of these principles involves things or actions: If they "resemble other things in any way of
resemblance—shape or sound or odor or color—people tend to think those things are related
and in a causal way," he explained.

In this framework, there were 13 people present at the Last Supper, so anything connected to
the number 13 is bad luck.

Numerology

Thomas Fernsler, an associate policy scientist in the Mathematics and Science Education
Resource Center at the University of Delaware in Newark, said the number 13 suffers because
of its position after 12.

According to Fernsler, numerologists consider 12 a "complete" number. There are 12 months

in a year, 12 signs of the zodiac, 12 gods of Olympus, 12 labors of Hercules, 12 tribes of Israel,
and 12 apostles of Jesus. (See "Lost Gospel Revealed; Says Jesus Asked Judas to Betray Him.")

Fernsler said 13's association with bad luck "has to do with just being a little beyond
completeness. The number becomes restless or squirmy," he said in 2013.

Then there's Friday. Not only was Christ crucified on that day, but some biblical scholars
believe Eve tempted Adam with the forbidden fruit on a Friday. Perhaps most significant is a
belief that Abel was slain by his brother Cain on Friday the 13th.

Negative Effects

On Friday the 13th, some people are so crippled by fear that they lock themselves inside;
others have no choice but to grit their teeth and nervously get through the day.

Interestingly, they may actually encounter a slightly less dangerous world. A 2008 study by the
Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics revealed that fewer traffic accidents occur on a Friday the
13th than on other Fridays. Reports of fire and theft also dropped, the study found.

Nevertheless, many people will refuse to fly, buy a house, or act on a hot stock tip, inactions
that noticeably slow economic activity, according toDonald Dossey, a folklore historian and
founder of the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in Asheville, North Carolina.
(Read about animal phobias.)
"It's been estimated that $800 or $900 million [U.S.] is lost in business on this day because
people will not fly or do business they normally would do," he said in 2013.

To overcome the fear, Vyse said, people should take small steps outside their comfort zone.
Those who are afraid to leave the house could consider meeting a close friend at a cozy cafe, for
example.

"Try some small thing that they would be reluctant to do under normal circumstances and
gradually experience, hopefully, no horrible thing happen when they push through and carry
on," he said.