1.

1. Graph shown.
2. Expressing only S1 leads to the density of live cells lowering, so the cells in
culture 1 died off with only expressing S1, as they were vulnerable to other
bacterias’ S1. However, in culture 2, where both S and R proteins were produced,
and that they had the corresponding number (1), meant that the cells in the cell
culture were able to protect themselves from other S protein signals, since they
had the appropriate R protein. On the other hand, culture 3 also had both S and R
proteins, but the numbers of the proteins did not correspond, so it is basically
like not having any R protein at all, as they could not protect themselves (1 and
2).
3. Mutualism for cells in the center, and a competition-based/predation
relationship for cells on the edge. It is obvious that the claim is correct because
biofilms are densely populated aggregates of bacteria, and to be sufficiently
densely populated, there should be a lot of bacteria, instead of a low population
density of bacteria. Additionally, there is less signaling with the low population
density, as bacteria will be farther apart and there will be fewer, so
communication is more difficult.
2.
1. The independent variable is the appearance of model, the dependent variable is
the aggression score, and the negative control treatment is the GW model.
2. There is the highest level of aggression when the Makira birds are exposed to an
M model. Based on the data, the two most statistically significant and highest
aggression score bars both have the M model; therefore, the claim is supported.
Regarding the song recordings, the Makira birds may have a slight increase in
aggression or not an increase at all, and definitely does not increase as much as
when exposed to an M model. This is because in the data, treatment group 3 does not
have as much aggression as treatment group 2 which has the M model, but does not
have the M song. Also, treatment group 3 is almost statistically the same as
treatment group 4, so this supports the part where the aggression may not increase
at all. Treatment group 1 also has the M song, and is more aggressive than
Treatment group 2, which does not, but it is only a slight increase.
3. Two prezygotic barriers are mating rituals regarding songs, and potential sexual
dimorphism regarding looks (belly color for example) of the birds and mating based
on this. Something that supports speciation is the completely different belly
colors of the two populations.

3.
1. 0 proportion of deep flowers and 0 flower density. Around 0.7 to 1.0.
2. In future generations, the proportion of deep flowers will likely remain the
same. This is because bees with short tongues are able to drill the bottom of the
flower, so it doesn’t really matter if the flower is shallow or deep.
4.
1. Ligand A and ligand B both trigger the same secondary messenger, and in
transduction, the same secondary messenger will have the same response based on
this, and trigger a cellular pathway, so ligand A and ligand B will trigger the
same cellular response as a whole. Also, receptor protein A and receptor protein
B’s receptor responses do not necessarily have to be different, even though the
ligands are.
2. If this occurs, then the protein will no longer function. This is because two
nucleotide deletions in the intron will cause a frame shift, shifting all the
nucleotides on the right, to the left. Then, exon 5 will be incorrect, and won’t
work anymore since the original sequence was heavily altered.

5.
1. Long-distance signaling, as the hormones are spread throughout the body.
2. Drawing shown below.
6.
1. Cladogram shown below.
2. This EPASI gene SNP pattern became prevalent due to the environment that the
Tibetans lived in. High mountain ranges indicate low oxygen conditions, and the
TIbetans needed to live through this. Natural selection comes into play here, in
which the most fit survive, which are the Tibetans who had the most effective Epasi
gene SNP pattern, and the fit then reproduced and spread this pattern, which is why
it is prevalent in the modern era.
7.
1. 10^(-3) micrometers of Atovaquone.
2. A competitive inhibitor. It inhibits irreversibly the DHODH enzyme.
3. It is likely found in the Mitochondrial matrix.
8.
1. Model E. The first piece of reasoning is that polar attracts polar, and nonpolar
attracts nonpolar, so since the environment is nonaqueous (nonpolar), the nonpolar
tail will face the environment and the heads cannot face the tails. The second
piece of reasoning is that a traditional animal cell’s cytosol is aqueous, so the
polar head will have to face the inner area. The only model that covers all of
these conditions is model E.