An Integrated Color-Appearance Model
Using CIELUV and Its Applications
Yoshinobu Nayatani,* Hideki Sakai
Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
Received 6 January 2007; revised 20 April 2007; accepted 22 May 2007
Abstract: A new type of color-appearance model is pre-
sented together with its formulations. It is named In-
CAM(CIELUV), which means the integrated color-
appearance model using CIELUV space. Using the In-
CAM(CIELUV), we can integrate its fields of applications
in both colorimetric engineering and artistic color design.
Various applications are introduced in colorimetric and
color design fields. The In-CAM(CIELUV) connects
directly colorimetric color space and perceptual Hue-
Tone color order systems. In other words, the In-CAM
(CIELUV) gives a colorimetric basis for Hue-Tone sys-
tem. The three color attributes in the In-CAM(CIELUV)
space are mutually independent. This is a very convenient
feature for selecting color combinations. Some two-color
combinations selected systematically in the In-CAM(CIE-
LUV) space are shown. Ó 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res
Appl, 33, 125 – 134, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20387
Key words: color-appearance model; Hue-Tone system;
whiteness–blackness; opponent-colors system; color com-
binations
INTRODUCTION
The concept and importance of Integrated Color-Appear-
ance Models (In-CAMs) were reported in the previous
study together with its new features in color-appearance
study.1 The In-CAMs have characteristics as follows:
all the perceptual color attributes in In-CAM space are
mutually independent, because the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch
(H-K) effect in the VCC method is taken into account.2 It
can determine object colors with the same Tone (equi-per-
*Correspondence to: Yoshinobu Nayatani (e-mail: nayatani@pearl.ocn.
ne.jp).
V
C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volume 33, Number 2, April 2008
ceived lightness, equi-perceived chroma) irrespective of
hues under reference illuminant. Using the In-CAM, we
can integrate the fields of applications in both colorimet-
ric engineering and artistic color design. Further, the In-
CAM clarifies the importance of attribute of whiteness–
blackness in surface color perception, and also the useful-
ness of a concept named ‘‘Hue-Tone’’ or ‘‘Hue-Nuance’’
system widely used in the field of color design.
We also reported that we can develop various In-CAM
formulations on the basis of each of CAMs developed so
far.1 The usefulness of each In-CAM developed depends
upon its structure and application. However, the funda-
mental concepts and procedures are the same for trans-
forming each of CAMs already developed, for example
CIECAM02,3 to its corresponding In-CAM.
In this article, an example of In-CAM is given using
CIELUV4 to illustrate the concept because of the simplicity
for model formulation. It is named the In-CAM (CIELUV),
which means the Integrated Color-Appearance Model using
the CIELUV space. Readers must understand that we do
not claim that the In-CAM(CIELUV) is the best In-CAM.
We can expect to have various excellent In-CAMs in
future as already stated.
In the next section, after a brief introduction, detailed for-
mulation of In-CAM(CIELUV) is described step by step.
Graphical representations of the In-CAM(CIELUV) space are
given in the third section. Then, two applications are given:
one for colorimetric fields in the fourth section, the other for
color design fields in the fifth section. In the color design
application, some color figures (a hue ring and two-color com-
binations) are used to show the Hue-Tone concept. The In-
CAM is expected to prove the Hue-Tone or Hue-Nuance sys-
tem as a useful tool for assisting color designers in selecting
various color combinations. Finally, in the sixth section, we
discuss the significance of In-CAM concept in color science.
STRUCTURE OF In-CAM(CIELUV)
In this section, the detailed formulation of In-CAM(CIE-
LUV) is described after a brief introduction.
125
Brief Introduction of In-CAM(CIELUV)
The concept of In-CAM was already reported in a pre-
vious article in detail.1 In this article, detailed formulation
of In-CAM using CIELUV or In-CAM(CIELUV) are
described together with two examples of its application in
the fields of colorimetry and color design. The reason of
using CIELUV space is already described. For taking an
effect of chromatic adaptation into account, combined is
the CIECAT94-new5–7 to In-CAM(CIELUV). The pur-
pose of this article is to show the concept of In-CAM
clearly and concretely.
We fully expect the development of various new In-
CAMs in future, which have better performance than In-
CAM(CIELUV). The In-CAM(CIELUV) is closely related
with the analytical formula of the Nayatani-Theoretical
(NT) color order system already proposed by the senior
author.8–10 In NT space, Munsell color attributes H V/C FIG. 1. A flow chart on the computational procedure of
are used for relating the color attributes of the NT and In-CAM(CIELUV).
Munsell systems directly.
Naturally, Munsell H V/C is closely related with metric
hue angle y, metric lightness L*, and metric chroma C
uv
functions are introduced from its metric quantities to
in CIELUV, respectively. In Ref. 11, we already dis-
those perceived: for lightness, used is the coefficient ‘‘cz’’
cussed a relationship between Munsell, NT, and CIELUV
in Eq. (7.24) in the technical report; for chroma, ‘‘t’’
spaces.
function in Eq. (7.26); for hue, ‘‘H’’ in Eq. (7.22) and Ta-
ble III of Ref. 3. These functions are introduced for mak-
ing the CAM adapt to practical applications, and some-
Detailed Formulation of In-CAM(CIELUV)
times empirical functions are used in them.
The formulation of In-CAM(CIELUV) is described in Step 3: Derivation of L
eq . Perceived lightness correlate
this section. The model gives perceived lightness (its cor- or equivalent lightness L
eq is determined by Eq. (1)
relate given by equivalent lightness L
eq ,12 which takes below. The transformation takes the H-K(VCC) effect
into account the H-K effect2), perceived chroma correlate into account.12 The notation t(R) on the transformed col-
(C
uv ), and hue correlate (y) of any surface color under orimetric values of a test color under reference illuminant
any adapting illumination. They are further transformed to is excluded in succeeding descriptions.
the perceived attributes of whiteness–blackness (W-Bk),
correlate of Munsell Chroma (hCi), and the opponent-col- L
eq ¼ L
 0:8660  qðyÞ  C
uv þ 0:0872  KBr  C
uv ; (1)
ors Hue (H). The computational procedures are rather
long. Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the procedures for
readers’ convenience. where the values of q(y) for various hues are found in Ta-
Step 1: Transformation of Colorimetric Values Using ble I. It is also found in Table A1 of Ref. 12 for NCS hues.
the CIECAT94-New. Colorimetric values [x, y, Y]t of a The equation of q(y) in CIELUV space is shown in Appen-
test color under test illuminant T are transformed to [x, y, dix I. It is also given in Eqs. (3) and (4) of the Ref. 12.
Y]t(R) under reference illuminant R (usually C or D65) Equation (1) is already found in Eq. (8) of the Ref. 12.
using the CIECAT94-new.6,7 The coefficient KBr in Eq. (1) depends on the adapting
Step 2: Determination of L*, C
uv , and y. From the col- luminance in observation, and the equation of KBr is also
orimetric values [x, y, Y]t(R) under reference illuminant R, shown in Appendix I. It is normalized to KBr ¼ 1000 at the
values of [L*, C
uv , y]t(R) are derived using the CIELUV adapting luminance La ¼ 63.66 (cd/m2) under the reference
formula.4 illuminant D65 or C (1000 [lx] for gray background with Y
¼ 20). In this study, KBr ¼ 1.000 is always used.
Comment on Steps 1 and 2
The attributes [L*, C
uv , y]t(R) derived at Step 2 can be
used as a CAM-Match (a model for predicting the color- Comment on the Introduction of H-K Effect
appearance match under different adapting or observing Theoretically, any CAMs already proposed can introduce
conditions).1 Most of the present CAMs already proposed the H-K(VCC) effect referring the principle developed by
(CAMs-Match) correspond to Steps 1 and 2. Complex the senior author. At present, we have two kinds of H-K
formulations are used in them; for example, CIECAM02, formulas in the VCC method: one for nonlinear color-
and the nonlinear color-appearance model by the senior appearance model,14 and the other for CIELUV.12 We
author.13 In case of CIECAM02, complex transformation have no universal formula for predicting the H-K effect,

126 COLOR research and application

TABLE I. The coefficients q(y) and k(y) for 10 Comment on Step 4
fundamental Munsell hues at 5H 5.5/10 in the The scales of [W_Bk]eq and C
uv are closely related to
CIELUV space. those of CIELUV. It must be noted that [W_Bk]eq is the
whiteness and blackness in opponent-colors system. The
Munsell H In-CAM H y [deg.] q(y) k(y)
value of [W_Bk]eq [ 0 corresponds to whiteness,
5R R100 14.4 20.06465 0.8169 [W_Bk]eq \ 0 to blackness, and [W_Bk]eq ¼ 0 to gray-
5YR Y50R50 37.1 0.07489 0.8563 ness attribute. The In-CAM Hue H can be shown using
5Y Y100 67.3 0.21482 0.7319
5GY G50Y50 101.9 0.14662 0.7239 opponent-colors hues: R-G (red–green) and Y-B (yellow–
5G G100 151.2 0.00442 0.6248 blue) orthogonal axes. Three orthogonal axes, R-G, Y-B,
5BG B50G50 186.0 20.00965 0.6057 and W-Bk, constitute an opponent-colors space. The rela-
5B B100 224.1 20.04770 0.7146
5PB R25B75 249.3 20.09907 0.6888 tionship between the In-CAM Hue H and the CIELUV
5P R50B50 289.1 20.15518 0.5428 metric hue angle y can be derived on the basis of Munsell
5RP R75B25 347.2 20.14569 0.5946 or NCS system. Almost the same relationship holds as
Average 0.6900
found in Fig. 5 of Ref. 13 by the senior author on his
The coefficient k(y) ¼ [C
uv /C](1/10) is a scaling factor for trans- nonlinear color-appearance model, although some devia-
forming C
uv to C at each hue. The average of k(y) is 0.6900. Rela- tion is found for Blue Primary Color between Munsell
tionship between Munsell Hue and In-CAM Hue (opponent-colors
hue) is also shown. and NCS systems. In case of using Munsell Hues for
some practical applications, R100 corresponds to 5R,
G100 to 5G, Y100 to 5Y, and B100 to 5B. Several other
hues are indicated in the second column of Table I. The
because of large differences existing in the scale of three Munsell Hue 10YR is, for example, shown by Y75R25.
metric attributes between various models. For example, These transformations are used for deriving H.
CIECAM02 has a quite different structure from the above Step 5: Transformation to [w, bk, gr, hCi, H]. In this
two models. For this reason, very tedious and laborious Step 5, the attributes ([W_Bk]eq, C
uv , H) are further trans-
procedures are required for deriving the H-K formula in formed to opponent-colors attributes similar to the NT
CIECAM02, even though the principle for deriving its H- color order system.8–10
K formula is known. Step 5-1: On Whiteness and Blackness. Now, the equiv-
alent Whiteness–Blackness [W_Bk]eq used in Eq. (2) is
Comment on Step 3 further transformed to have w ¼ 10 for Primary White
Up to this step, we have an In-CAM with attributes W, and bk ¼ 10 for Primary Black Bk. The values of
[L
eq ,C
uv , y].1 It gives psychological correlates of all the whiteness w and blackness bk are represented by Eqs. (3)
three attributes on color appearance of a surface color, that and (4). The value w ranges from 0 to 10, and bk from 0
is, perceived lightness correlate (L
eq ), perceived chroma to 10.
correlate (C
uv ), and hue correlate (y). In the next steps
(Steps 4 and 5), these attributes are further transformed to w ¼ ½W Bkeq =fð100  L
Gr Þ=10g;
whiteness (w) and blackness (bk). The attributes of white- bk ¼ 0; for ½W Bkeq  0; ð3Þ
ness and blackness are closely related to the tone concept
and are necessary for color design applications. and
Step 4: Derivation of [W_Bk]eq and H. The attributes
w ¼ 0;
in CIELUV space are transformed to those in opponent-
colors space. The transformed system consists of bk ¼ ½W Bkeq =fL
Gr =10g; for ½W Bkeq < 0: ð4Þ
[W_Bk]eq, C
uv , and H. The equivalent Whiteness–Black- Step 5-2: On Chroma. The metric chroma C
uv is
ness [W_Bk]eq is defined by Eq. (2) adjusted to have Munsell Chroma scale approximately.
The transformed values are represented by Munsell
½W Bkeq ¼ L
 L
G  qðyÞ  C
uv þ 0:0872  KBr  C
uv ; (2)
Chroma estimates hCi by the following equation,
where the L
Gr is the metric lightness of the reference hCi ¼ C
uv =½10kðyÞ; (5)
gray; L
Gr ¼ 55.0, which roughly corresponds to s ¼ w ¼
50 (gray color) in the NCS system. Note that the coeffi- where 1/[10 k(y)] is a transformation coefficient from C
uv
cient of q(y)  C
uv in Eq. (2) is approximated by 1 for to /C at each hue. See the Appendix of Ref. 11 for their
simplicity (strictly, it should be 0.8660).10 The attribute determination. The values of k(y) are shown in Table I
C
uv is kept as it is, and the opponent-colors hue H is for 10 fundamental Munsell hues. For intermediate hues,
determined from y on the basis of Munsell or NCS sys- linear interpolation method is used as described in Appen-
tem. Table I can be used for the purpose. In Table I, the dix I.
relationship between H and y is shown for 10 fundamen- Step 5-3: On Grayness. A chromatic color with w ¼ bk
tal Munsell hues; for intermediate hues, linear interpola- ¼ 0 and hCi ¼ 10 approximately has no grayness (gr ¼
tion method is used to derive H from y (see Appendix I 0) irrespective of its hue.8–10 Thus, the grayness gr is
for detailed procedures). defined as follows:

Volume 33, Number 2, April 2008 127


FIG. 2. Equi-hue plane of In-CAM with [w, bk, hCi, H] for
primary yellow hue Y100. The maximum chroma
hC(Y100;Max)i is 20. The grayness loci at gr ¼ 0 and gr ¼
5 are shown by dashed lines. The point gr ¼ 10
corresponds to the reference gray Gr.
gr ¼ 10  ðw þ bk þ hCiÞ; for ðw þ bk þ hCiÞ  10;
and
gr ¼ 0; for ðw þ bk þ hCiÞ > 10:
Step 5-4: On Hue Scale. The hue scale is the same as
H given in Step 4. Fundamentally, it has opponent-colors
hues proposed by Hering.15 Practically, it can be related
with Munsell Hue system approximately as already
described in Step 4.
On the basis of the above procedures, all the color
attributes on NT system are defined analytically using
the CIELUV system. All the structures of NT system in
Ref. 9 are unchanged. From the above analyses, it is
understood that the colors with the same values of w, bk,
and hCi have the constant perceived lightness L
eq irre-
spective of hues. This corresponds to the concept of Hue-
Tone or Hue-Nuance system. The In-CAM(CIELUV) and
NT systems satisfy the concept.
Now, we have determined the attributes [L
eq , C
uv , y; w,
bk, gr, hCi, H] of In-CAM(CIELUV) under reference illu-
minant for any test colors under any test adapting illumi-
nants. A numerical example of whole In-CAM(CIELUV)
procedures is given in Appendix II.
PROPOSED GRAPHICAL EXPRESSIONS
OF THE SPACES
Equi-hue planes in attributes [w, bk, hCi] are shown in
Figs. 2 and 3 for two representative hues Y100 (Munsell
Hue 5Y) and B100 (Munsell Hue 5B). The ordinate
shows w or bk, and the abscissa Munsell Chroma estimate
hCi. The approximate values of C
uv are also shown on
the abscissa within parentheses. Practically, it is sufficient
to show until hCi ¼ 15 or C
uv ¼ 100. Primary chromatic
color at each hue is approximately determined to con-
verge from the primary white W and black Bk to the
point of the maximum Munsell Chroma C(H; Max) at
128
each hue H. The value of C(H; Max) ranges from about
20 to 36. The details are found from the fourth column of
Table A1 of Ref. 9.
AN APPLICATION OF In-CAM(CIELUV)
IN COLORIMETRIC FIELDS
In this section, an application of In-CAM(CIELUV) from
Steps 1 to 3 is shown with its numerical example.
Use of Attributes [L
eq ,C
uv , y] in the
In-CAM(CIELUV)
Consider two different object colors C1 and C2
observed under a test illuminant T with [x0,y0]. The color
C1 has tristimulus values [x, y, Y]1 and C2 has [x, y, Y]2
under the test illuminant. Test illuminance can be kept
different for the two colors. Using these colorimetric in-
formation and the procedures from Steps 1 to 3 described
in the second section, the following quantities under refer-
ence illuminant can be derived easily for each test color
[L
eq , C
uv , y]1 for C1 and [L
eq , C
uv , y]2 for C2.
When L
eq;1 is higher than L
eq;2 , the color C1 is per-
ð6Þ
ceived lighter than the color C2. When C
uv;1 is lower than
C
uv;2 , the color C1 is generally perceived lower in chroma
than the color C2. When y1 is equal to y2, test color C1 is
perceived to have the same hue as test color C2. The In-
CAM attributes [L
eq , C
uv , y] can be used for predicting,
whether color perceptions of any two test colors agree or
not under any test illuminant. A numerical example corre-
sponding to the explanation stated earlier is shown in the
next subsection.
Color Appearance of Surface Colors Under
Illuminant A––Numerical Example
A Numerical example is shown for illuminant A as a
test illuminant. The computational procedures are as fol-
lows:
FIG. 3. Equi-hue plane of In-CAM with [w, bk, hCi, H] for
primary blue hue B100. The maximum chroma
hC(B100;Max)i is 32. The grayness loci at gr ¼ 0 and gr ¼
5 are shown by dashed lines. The point gr ¼ 10
corresponds to the reference gray Gr.
COLOR research and application
TABLE II. Estimation of tone failure under illuminant A.
Test colors Hue Attributes under reference Attributes under illuminant A Deviations of attributes
Munsell In-CAM L
eq C
uv y L
eq (A;C) C
uv (A;C) y(A;C) DL
eq DC
uv Dy

5R R100 55.0 50.0 14.4 58.1 57.5 19.2 3.1 7.5 4.8
5YR Y50R50 55.0 50.0 37.1 57.3 53.0 38.8 2.3 3.0 1.8
5Y Y100 55.0 50.0 67.3 56.8 48.3 68.3 1.8 21.7 1.0
5GY G50Y50 55.0 50.0 101.9 56.5 45.9 110.4 1.5 24.1 8.5
5G G100 55.0 50.0 151.2 52.9 53.9 163.1 22.1 3.9 11.9
5BG B50G50 55.0 50.0 186.0 51.7 56.4 189.3 23.3 6.4 3.4
5B B100 55.0 50.0 224.1 50.6 46.2 220.3 24.4 23.8 23.7
5PB R25B75 55.0 50.0 249.3 50.5 37.8 249.2 24.5 212.2 0.0
5P R50B50 55.0 50.0 289.1 54.1 42.3 314.3 20.9 27.7 25.2
5RP R75B25 55.0 50.0 347.2 59.1 59.7 360.8 4.1 9.7 13.7
8.6a 21.9a 28.9a
4.1b 9.7b 25.2b
24.5c 212.2c 23.7c

DL
eq ¼ L
eq (A;C) 2 L
eq is the value of deviations of perceived lightness, DC
uv ¼ L
eq (A;C) 2 C
uv is that of perceived chroma, and Dy ¼ y
(A;C) 2 y is that of hue angle.
a
Range of deviation.
b
Maximum deviation.
c
Minimum deviation.

1. Ten test colors [x, y, Y]i with different hues are used, (¼ 55), C
uv (¼ 50), y for 10 Hues. The attributes adapted
which have constant values of L
eq (¼ 55) and to test illuminant A, denoted by (A;C), are shown in the
C
uv (¼ 50) under the reference illuminant C and for 6th to the 8th columns. The deviations of attributes from
KBr ¼ 1.0. In the derivations of colorimetric values, their original values, DL
eq , DC
uv , and Dy, are shown in
Eq. (1) is used inversely. Their colorimetric values the 9th to the 11th columns.
are shown in Table II. They have approximately the
same perceived lightness and chroma, and thus
belong to the same Tone category.9 The Munsell
notations [H V/C]i are easily determined from the
values [x, y, Y]i of the 10 test colors.
2. Spectral reflectance functions R(k)i for the test colors are
estimated from [H V/C]i using the method by Sobagaki
et al.16–18 (JIS Z 8721-1993 specifies the colorimetric
values of Munsell Color Order System under illuminants
C and D65, respectively). The estimated R(k)i are shown
in Fig. 4. Note that it is possible to derive various spec-
tral distributions for the same Munsell notation H V/C.
In other words, estimated R(k)i of each test color
depends on the estimation method used. This problem is
called metamerism.19 The spectral reflectance functions
estimated by Sobagaki et al.’s method are very similar
to those found in Munsell Color Chart.
3. Their colorimetric values [x, y, Y]i(A) are derived
using R(k)i under illuminant A.
4. The colorimetric values [x, y, Y]i(A) under illuminant
A are transformed to the attributes [L
eq , C
uv ,
y]i(A;C) using the procedures of Steps 1–3 described
in the previous section. The computed results of
[L
eq , C
uv , y]i(A;C) are shown in Table II.
5. The attributes [L
eq , C
uv , y]i(A;C) are compared with
their original values, L
eq ¼ 55 and C
uv ¼ 50. The
deviations from their original values show the mag-
nitude of their Tone failures under illuminant A. If
these deviations are larger than the criteria specified,
the test illuminant or its corresponding light source
is not adequate for the expected color observation.
In Table II, the original values of three attributes under FIG. 4. Estimated spectral reflectance functions R(k)i for
illuminant C are shown in the 3rd to the 5th columns, L
eq the test colors. (a) R, YR, Y, GY, G; (b) BG, B, PB, P, RP.

Volume 33, Number 2, April 2008 129


FIG. 5. Estimation of tone failure under illuminant A: devi-
ation of perceived lightness DL
eq ¼ L
eq (A;C) 2 L
eq .
Ten test colors range in their deviation DL
eq from 24.5
to þ4.1; the range of DL
eq is 8.6. The range of DC
uv is
21.9, and the range of Dy is 28.9 in degrees. For Hue, as
an example, the maximum of deviation Dy is 25.2 at the
hue R50B50(5P). It is only five Munsell Hue steps. The
deviations are not so large. Therefore, light source corre-
sponding to illuminant A is acceptable for recognizing
surface colors in daily life (complete accuracy is not
required). Naturally, whether it is acceptable or not
depends on the criteria specified as is already described.
The following characteristics are also found between
the illuminant A (test) and C (reference) for lightness and
chroma attributes:
1. Perceived lightness (Fig. 5). The deviation DL
eq is
positive around red (R100 or 5R), and negative
around blue (B100 or 5B). This trend is very natural
considering the spectral distribution of illuminant A,
which contains plenty of long-wavelength (yellowish)
light. The spectral power ratio of long to short wave-
length, for example, 650 nm to 450 nm, is about 5 to
1. The fact suggests enhancing the lightness of red-
dish colors under illuminant A. However, the devia-
tion is appreciably reduced by adaptation or color
constancy effect. The actual deviation of L
eq is only
about 64 from the reference (about 60.4 in Munsell
Value unit).
2. Perceived chroma (Fig. 6), the deviations DC
uv are
positive near green or red hues. Those colors corre-
spond to the R100(5R)-G100(5G) axis in the oppo-
nent-colors space. On the other hand, the deviations
are negative near blue or yellow hues. They corre-
spond to the Y100(5Y)-B100(5B) axis. At a first
glance, we feel that the fact, especially DC
uv (Y100) \
0, may contradict the expectation from the spectral dis-
tribution of illuminant A (plenty of long-wavelength
light). It is interesting that the chromatic adaptation
effects on chroma perception completely follow the
opponent-colors concept. This can be a minor finding
in color appearance studies.
130
AN APPLICATION OF In-CAM IN COLOR
DESIGN FIELDS
In this section, an application of In-CAM(CIELUV) for
color design fields is shown. The In-CAM(CIELUV) can
clarify a concept of Hue-Tone system, which is widely
used in artistic color design field, but has yet to be
explained by colorimetric terms.1
Using In-CAM to Determine the Hue-Tone
The In-CAM can determine object colors with the same
Tone (equi-whiteness, equi-blackness, and equi-perceived
chroma). By specifying the attributes [w, bk, hCi], colori-
metric values [x, y, Y] of any Tone colors can be obtained
using the In-CAM(CIELUV) inversely (from Steps 5 to
1). An example is shown for Tone colors with [w ¼ bk ¼
0, and hCi ¼ 10] in Fig. 7.
Figure 7(a) shows a 10 hue ring with the same Tone
([w ¼ bk ¼ 0, hCi ¼ 10]), together with Munsell nota-
tions. Figure 7(b) shows the corresponding achromatic-
color ring. The Munsell values at the same position of the
two rings are kept the same. One can easily understand
that the colors in Fig. 7(a) have approximately the same
Tone irrespective of hues (i.e., a constant whiteness, a
constant blackness, and a constant chroma). In contrast,
the colors in Fig. 7(b) have quite different whiteness or
blackness. Approximately the same perceived lightness
found in Fig. 7(a) between 10 colors clearly shows a large
contribution of chromatic strength (CS) of each hue to
perceived lightness.1
In Fig. 7(a), the maximum luminance factor is Y(5Y) ¼
34.04 for 5Y 6.4/10, and the minimum one is Y(5RP) ¼
12.35 for 5RP 4.1/10. The ratio between the maximum and
the minimum Y values [Y(5Y)/Y(5RP)] is 2.76 or 276%,
This is significantly large in spite of approximately the
same perceived lightness between those colors. The authors
hope that readers understand the significantly large H-
K(VCC) effect and its importance in color appearance. The
H-K(VAC) effect gives wrong results for estimating per-
ceived lightness of chromatic colors.2
FIG. 6. Estimation of tone failure under illuminant A: devi-
ation of perceived chroma DC
uv ¼ C
uv (A;C) 2 C
uv .
COLOR research and application
 Tone concept is very important in the artistic field of
painting and color design. Using In-CAM(CIELUV), the
magnitude of color shifts or Tone failures can be esti-
mated analytically and quantitatively, because all the
attributes in In-CAM space are defined colorimetrically.
Use of In-CAM for Selecting Color Combinations
Three color attributes (whiteness or blackness, chroma,
hue) in the In-CAM(CIELUV) space are perceptually in-
dependent to each other. Thus, each perceived color at-
tribute can be changed independently of other two attrib-
utes in any two-color combinations. This is a very con-
venient feature in the use of its color space for color
designers. For example, the Munsell equi-value colors
with 5Y 7/C and 5PB 4/C are plotted on the In-CAM
(CIELUV) space in Fig. 8. In spite of having a fixed
Munsell Value, these colors have different whiteness or
blackness (perceived lightness). Thus, they are plotted
FIG. 7. (a) A hue ring consisting of 10 chromatic colors
with the attributes [w ¼ bk ¼ 0, hCi ¼ 10] in In-CAM(CIE-
LUV) with their Munsell color notations. (b) The corre-
sponding achromatic-color ring. The Munsell values at the
same position of the two rings are kept the same.
Volume 33, Number 2, April 2008
FIG. 8. Munsell colors with 5Y 7/C and 5PB 4/C in In-
CAM(CIELUV) space.
obliquely. Figure 8 clearly shows that the color attributes
of the Munsell system are not mutually independent. This
is the reason why painters or color designers do not like
to use Munsell system in their work as is discussed in
Ref. 1.
Some examples of two-color combinations are selected
systematically in the In-CAM(CIELUV) space. They are
shown in Fig. 9. In the figure, two-color combinations
with different hues or tones are shown.
Figure 9(a) shows two kinds of constant Hue plane.
Each plane consists of attributes [w or bk, hCi, H]. In the
figure, the concept is shown for two kinds of examples on
two-color combinations. One is the color combination
with different Hues but with the same Tone (the same
values of w or bk, and hCi); the other with different
Tones (different values of w or bk, and hCi) but with the
same Hue. The former examples are shown in Fig. 9(b),
three kinds of two-color combinations with different Hues
(H1 and H2) and the same Tone of [w ¼ bk ¼ 0, hCi ¼
10]. These two-color combinations consist of different
hues, but have the same perceived lightness and chroma.
The latter examples are shown in Fig. 9(c), three kinds of
two-color combinations with the same Hue and different
Tones. Selected Tones are [w ¼ bk ¼ 0, hCi ¼ 10] and
[w ¼ 4, bk ¼ 0, hCi ¼ 4] for each component color.
Munsell notations of each component color are also
shown in the figure.
Readers probably notice the convenience of Hue-Tone
system for selecting color combinations from the colored
examples in Fig. 9. We expect that the method described
here will be used for training in color-design education.
The authors also feel that the method is also useful to
assist color designers from the viewpoint of color science.
Note that, however, the proposed method does not force
to use the selected color combinations in actual color
designs.
131
FIG. 9. Examples of two-color combinations selected using In-CAM(CIELUV). (a) Schematic diagram for showing the
selected two-color combinations used in (b) and (c). Selected values of w or bk, hCi, and H are shown for each compo-
nent color. (b) Examples of two-color combinations with different Hues and the same Tone. (c) Examples of two-color com-
binations with different Tones (differences found in w and hCi) and the same Hue. Note: Munsell notation of each compo-
nent color is also shown in the figure.
Future Studies of In-CAM in Color Design Fields
Various proposals and their studies are further
requested for the use of Hue-Tone system based on In-
CAM in future. Using the In-CAM(CIELUV), for exam-
ple, we shall be able to examine the effectiveness of vari-
ous proposals by color designers and researchers, which
are used for selecting practically applicable color combi-
nations with various feelings. For example, Moon and
Spencer proposed a method for selecting pleasing color
combinations by similarity and contrast20; it will be inter-
esting to examine their method by using the Hue-Tone
system. This is an example of cooperation between artis-
tic color design and color science.
SIGNIFICANCE OF In-CAM IN COLOR SCIENCE
The senior author often experiences that the beginners in
colorimetry believe that surface colors with the same
Munsell Value have the same perceived lightness irre-
spective their hues. They are usually astonished by the
existence of significant perceived lightness difference
between Munsell colors with 5Y 5/10 and 5PB 5/10 (the
same Value 5/), when the two colors are shown to them.
This is the reason why many famous color psychologists
including Edward Hering, painters, and color designers
have proposed the concept, so called, Hue-Tone or Hue-
Nuance system (also including the concepts of whiteness,
blackness, and chroma) up to the present for adapting to
practical and important color applications of surface colors.
132
However, color scientists, whose scientific background is
the present CIE 1931 colorimetric system, usually do not
understand the claims of the important concept of Hue-
Tone or Hue-Nuance system. On the other hand, psycholo-
gists or color designers, whose background is a Hue-Tone
or Hue-Nuance system, cannot prove its practical impor-
tance on the basis of CIE 1931 colorimetric system. The
senior author feels this situation, as if both parties have dif-
ferent foreign languages within a common color field.
For this reason, the senior author has believed it is im-
portant to explain Hue-Tone or Hue-Nuance system theo-
retically on the basis of CIE 1931 colorimetric system
over the last 15 years.
The studies conducted so far are summarized as
follows:
1. Discovering the existence of two kinds of H-K effect
(VCC and VAC methods), and their prediction formu-
las. Only the VCC method can predict the perceived
lightness or equivalent lightness (denoted by L
eq or
Veq) for any chromatic colors.2,12
2. Derivation of attributes on whiteness w, blackness bk,
and grayness gr. It is also found that the fundamental
attributes [w, bk, gr] are closely related with equiva-
lent lightness L
eq or Veq.
3. Development of a theoretical Hue-Tone system (NT color
order system).8–10 It consists of the attributes Hue H, white-
ness w or blackness bk, grayness gr, and Munsell Chroma /
C. NT space is now belongs to a part of In-CAM.1
COLOR research and application
4. The above studies have led to the proposal of In-CAM
by the authors in the previous and the present studies.1
Readers should understand that the proposal of In-CAM
expects to act as an interpreter for the above two mutually
un-understandable parties. The authors believe that the
problem raised has been already solved theoretically.
CONCLUSIONS
The following results are obtained in the present study.
1. An example of the Integrated Color-Appearance
Model, named In-CAM(CIELUV), is given with its
formulations.
2. The computational procedures are described for the
whole steps of In-CAM(CIELUV). Some examples of
its applications are shown for colorimetric field and for
color design field.
3. The In-CAM(CIELUV) connects directly the colori-
metric color space and the perceptual Hue-Tone color
order systems. In other words, the In-CAM(CIELUV)
gives a colorimetric basis for Hue-Tone system.
4. The color attributes in In-CAM(CIELUV) space are
approximately independent to each other. This is a
common feature of any In-CAM to be developed in
future. This feature is very convenient for selecting
various color combinations. Some examples are shown
for two-color combinations, which are selected system-
atically in the In-CAM(CIELUV) space.
5. Various proposals and their studies are further
requested for the use of Hue-Tone system based on the
In-CAM in future.
6. Some discussions are given on the significance of In-
CAM concept in color science.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank anonymous referees for their valuable
comments. The comments were very helpful for improv-
ing the manuscript.
APPENDIX I: DETAILED INFORMATION
OF CALCULATION
q(y) and KBr used in Eq. (1)
The q(y) is a coefficient for determining the Gray-Pure
color line in the Munsell space, and KBr is the coefficient
determined by the adapting luminance (La in cd/m2). See
Ref. 12 for their derivations. The equations are again
shown later.
qðyÞ ¼ 0:01585  0:03017 cosy  0:04556 cos2y
 0:02667 cos3y  0:00295 cos4y
þ 0:14592 siny þ 0:05084 sin2y
 0:01900 sin3y  0:00764 sin4y; ðA1Þ
Volume 33, Number 2, April 2008
6:469 þ 6:362L0:4495
KBr ¼ 0:2717  a
; (A2)
6:469 þ L0:4495
a
where y is the metric hue angle of a test color in the CIE-
LUV space.
H and k(y) used in Steps 4 and 5
The values of H and k(y) are given in Table I for 10
fundamental Munsell hues. For these hues, data in Table I
can be used directly. For other hues, linear interpolation
method is used as follows:
For example, if the metric hue angle of a test color is y
¼ 19.28, it is between the first and second items in Table I,
that is, between R100 (y ¼ 14.48) and Y50R50 (y ¼
37.18). Therefore, In-CAM Hue H (opponent-colors hue) is
determined by
yðHÞ  yðR100Þ 19:2  14:4
¼ ¼ 0:21: (A3)
yðY50R50Þ  yðR100Þ 37:1  14:4
R100 has 100 red components and no yellow compo-
nent; Y50R10 has 50 red components and 50 yellow com-
ponents. Therefore, red and yellow components of a test
color are,
ðRed componentÞ ¼ 100 3 ð1  0:21Þ þ 50 3 0:21 ¼ 89:5;
ðYellow componentÞ ¼ 0 3 ð1  0:21Þ þ 50 3 0:21 ¼ 10:5:
Then, we obtain H ¼ Y10.5R89.5. For a coefficient
k(y),
kðh ¼ 19:2Þ ¼ 0:1869 3 ð1  0:21Þ þ 0:8563 3 0:21
¼ 0:82517:
Then, we obtain k(y ¼ 19.2) ¼ 0.82517.
APPENDIX II: A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE IN WHOLE
ATTRIBUTES OF In-CAM(CIELUV)
An example of In-CAM(CIELUV) computations is given
from Steps 1 to 5. Numerical conditions are as follows; it
corresponds to the first item (R100 or 5R) in Table II. A
test illuminant is illuminant A with 1000 lx, and reference
illuminant is illuminant C with 1000 lx.
Input: Colorimetric values of a test color under the test
illuminant A. [x, y, Y]t ¼ [0.5512, 0.3730, 19.60]t
Step 1. Transformation of colorimetric values using the
CIECAT94-new: [x, y, Y]t(C) ¼ [0.4334, 0.3337, 19.44]
Step 2. Determination of L*, C*uv, and y: By using CIE-
LUV, we obtain L*(A;C) ¼ 51.2, C*uv(A;C) ¼ 57.5,
y(A;C) ¼ 19.2 deg.
Step 3. Derivation of L*eq: By using Eq. (1), we obtain
L*eq(A;C) ¼ 58.1, where q(y ¼ 19.2) ¼ –0.03880 and
KBr ¼ 1.000.
133
 Step 4. Derivation of [W_Bk]eq and H: By using Eq.
(2), we obtain [W_Bk]eq ¼ 3.45.
In-CAM Hue H for y ¼ 19.2 deg. is already derived in
Appendix I. That is, H ¼ Y10.5R89.5.
Step 5. Transformation to [w, bk, gr, hCi, H]: When
[W_Bk]eq ¼ 3.45 [ 0, Eq. (3) is used. Then, we obtain
w ¼ 3.45/{(100255.0)/10} ¼ 0.77, and bk ¼ 0. For hCi,
by using Eq. (5) with k(y) ¼ 0.82517, we obatin hCi ¼
C*uv/[10 k(y)] ¼ 57.5/(10 3 0.82517) ¼ 6.97. Then, using
Eq. (6), gr ¼ 10 2 (w þ bk þ hCi) ¼ 10 2 (0.77 þ 0 þ
6.97) ¼ 2.26.
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COLOR research and application