Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.1 The world of the microscope

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a advantages
relatively cheap, can be used almost anywhere, magnification up to 1
around ×2000
disadvantages
limited magnification and resolution 1
1b advantages
high magnification (up to around ×2 000 000), high resolution, can give 1
3D images
disadvantages
expensive, can only be used in temperature, pressure, and 1
humidity‑controlled rooms
2a
Size of real object =

capillary diameter =
1
= 0.005 mm 1
= 5.0 μm 1
2b
Magnification =

magnification = 1

= ×40 1

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
3 Electron microscopes
magnify up to around ×2 000 000 1
have a resolving power of about 10 nm (scanning electron microscope) 1
or 0.2 nm (transmission electron microscope)
may be used to examine subcellular structures (e.g., chromosomes 1
during cell division)
light microscopes
magnify up to around ×2 000 1
have a resolving power of about 200 nm 1
may be used to look at cells dividing (e.g., stained onion cells) 1

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.2 Animal and plant cells

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a Nucleus 1
cytoplasm 1
cell membrane 1
mitochondria 1
ribosomes 1
1b Cell wall 1
chloroplasts 1
permanent vacuole 1
1c Cell wall strengthens cell and provides support. 1
Chloroplasts for photosynthesis. 1
Permanent vacuole keeps cells rigid to support plant. 1
2 Nucleus
controls all cell activities 1
contains instructions for making new cells or new organisms 1
mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration 1
releasing energy for the cell 1
3 Any two from: 4 Any other valid suggestion.
• root cells – no exposure to light
• cells in centre of tree trunk – no exposure to light
• cells in flowers of plants – their function is not to
photosynthesise

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.3 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a Genetic material in a prokaryotic cell isn’t contained in a nucleus, 1
and may include extra rings of DNA (plasmids) separate from main 1
genetic material
1bi long protein strand that lashes about 1
1 b ii movement 1
2a small animal cell length around 10 μm 2

= 1.7
Length of small animal cell is same order of magnitude as cell nucleus.
2b large plant cell length around 100 μm 2

= 16.7
Length of large plant cell is an order of magnitude (101) bigger than cell
nucleus.
3 All cells have cell membranes 1
and cytoplasm 1
and both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can have cell wall. 1
Prokaryotes have no nucleus 1
and no chloroplasts 1
whilst eukaryotes have no plasmids. 1

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.4 Specialisation in animal cells

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature with explanation.
• lots of dendrites – to make connections to other nerve cells
• long axons – to carry nerve impulse
• synapses – to pass impulse to another cell or between nerve
cell and muscle using transmitter chemicals.
1b Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature with explanation.
• special proteins – that slide over each other to contract fibres
• many mitochondria – to produce energy for movement
• glycogen storage – for cellular respiration.
1c Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature with explanation.
• Any one from long tail – to move sperm towards egg
• many mitochondria – to produce energy for movement
• acrosome – stores digestive enzymes for breaking down outside
layers of egg
• large nucleus – to contain genetic material to be passed on.
2 Transmitter chemicals 1
are required to pass impulse from cone cell to another nerve cell and
then on to brain. 1
The many mitochondria 1
supply energy from cellular respiration needed to make transmitter 1
chemicals.

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
3 Any three from: 6 2 marks per feature with explanation. 6 marks
• number of mitochondria indicates how much energy cell uses in total.
• flagella or cilia – presence indicates whether cell moves around Credit any other valid feature and
or moves substances such as mucus explanation.
• nucleus – presence indicates whether cell is capable of
reproduction
• storage materials such as fat or starch – presence indicates
whether cell stores materials it can use for respiration.

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.5 Specialisation in plant cells

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature and explanation.
• increased surface area – to promote water uptake
• large permanent vacuole – to speed up movement of water by
osmosis
• many mitochondria – to produce energy for active transport of
minerals.
1b Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature and explanation.
• cells die forming long hollow tubes – to allow water and mineral
ions to move easily through them
• lignin spirals formed – to help cells withstand pressure of water
moving up plant and to support plant stem.
1c Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature and explanation.
• cell walls break down to form sieve plates – to enable water and
dissolved food to pass through
• companion cells – to support phloem cells and provide energy to
move substances up and down in phloem.
1d Any one from: 2 2 marks per feature and explanation.
• chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll to trap light needed for
photosynthesis
• positioned in leaves and outer layers of stem – to absorb as
much light as possible
• large permanent vacuole – to keep cell rigid and support leaf
and stem to capture light.
2 Cell not exposed to sunlight 1
and therefore not adapted to photosynthesise (not photosynthetic). 1

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
3 Any three from: 6 2 marks per feature and explanation. 6 marks
• chloroplasts – presence indicates whether cell is photosynthetic in total.
• large vacuole – presence indicates role in osmosis/rigid support
• lignin spirals – presence indicates strengthening and transport of
water
• sieve plates/companion cells – presence indicates transport of
dissolved food
• mitochondria – presence indicates active movement of
substances.

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.6 Diffusion

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 Spreading out of particles of a gas or a substance in solution along a 1
concentration gradient (from area of higher concentration to area of
lower concentration).
This takes place as a result of random movement of particles. When 1
particles are concentrated, there are more collisions.
2a Heating makes particles move more quickly 1
speeding up diffusion as particles collide more often and harder 1
and spread out faster. 1
2b Folded membranes provide increased surface area. 1
The greater the surface area, the more diffusion of dissolved 1
substances can take place across it.
3a Digested food molecules move from gut (high concentration) into 1
bloodstream (low concentration) down a concentration gradient.
Large surface area of small intestine lining increases rate of diffusion. 1
Rich blood supply maintains concentration gradient. 1
3b Carbon dioxide moves from blood (high concentration) into air in the 1
alveoli of the lungs (low concentration) down a concentration gradient.
Large surface area of alveoli increases rate of diffusion. 1
Rich blood supply maintains concentration gradient. 1
3c Chemicals produced by female moth spread out into air around her 1
down concentration gradient.
Chemicals more concentrated close to female moth (high 1
concentration) than further away (low concentration).
Male moth flies up concentration gradient, following chemical to reach 1
female moth.

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.7 Osmosis
Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a In diffusion all particles move freely down concentration gradients. 1
In osmosis only water (solvent) molecules move across a partially 1
permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
1b If cells use up water in chemical reactions and cytoplasm becomes too 1
concentrated, water moves into cells by osmosis.
If cells make water during chemical reactions and cytoplasm becomes 1
too dilute, water moves out of cells by osmosis.
2ai solution with same concentration of solutes as inside of cell 1
2 a ii solution with lower concentration of solutes than inside of cell 1
2 a iii solution with higher concentration of solutes than inside of cell 1
2 b If solute concentration outside body cells is more dilute than cell 1
contents, water will move into cells by osmosis – cells will swell and
may burst.
If solute concentration outside body cells is higher than cell contents, 1
water will leave cells by osmosis – cells will shrink and stop working
properly.
Solute concentration outside body cells must be as constant as possible 1
to minimise changes in size and shape of cells,
keeping them working normally. 1
3 Cytoplasm of Amoeba is more concentrated than fresh water. 1
Its cell membrane is partially permeable, so water constantly moves into 1
Amoeba from its surroundings by osmosis.
If this continued without stopping, the organism would burst. 1
Water is moved into special vacuole by active transport, and vacuole 1
then bursts to remove excess water

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.8 Osmosis in plants

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 Movement of water (solvent) molecules across a partially permeable 1
membrane from dilute solution to concentrated solution
2 Mass gained
surrounding sugar solution hypotonic to beetroot cells 1
so water moved into cells by osmosis. 1
Mass lost
surrounding sugar solution hypertonic to beetroot cells 1
so water moves out of cells by osmosis. 1
Mass constant
surrounding sugar solution isotonic to beetroot cells 1
so no net movement of water into or out of cells by osmosis. 1
3 Plants rely on osmosis to support stems and leaves. 1
Water moves into plant cells by osmosis. 1
Vacuole swells and presses cytoplasm against plant cell walls. 1
Turgor pressure is reached when pressure is so great that no more 1
water can physically enter cell.
This makes cells hard and rigid (turgid), 1
preventing wilting. 1

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.9 Active transport

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 Useful molecule binds to transport protein in cell membrane. 1
Transport protein changes shape and moves useful molecule across 1
membrane into cell
against concentration gradient. 1
Useful molecule is released, transport protein returns to original 1
position.
2a Active transport:
substances moved against concentration gradient across partially 1
permeable membrane
process uses energy supplied by cellular respiration. 1
Osmosis and diffusion:
substances moved down concentration gradient (diffusion) or water 1
concentration (osmosis); no requirement for energy from respiration.
2b Cellular respiration in mitochondria releases energy needed for active 1
transport.
Cells that carry out a lot of active transport often have many 1
mitochondria to meet their energy requirements.
3a Marine birds are exposed to salt water in the sea. 1
They use active transport to remove excess salt from the body against 1
a concentration gradient.
3b Plants need to move mineral ions from soil into their roots. 1
Mineral ion solutions in soil are much more dilute than the solution in 1
plant root hair cells,
so they are moved against a concentration gradient using active 1
transport.

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 Student Book answers B1 Cell structure and transport

B1.10 Exchanging materials

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 Any two from: 2
• large surface area
• being thin
• having an efficient blood supply (in animals)
• being ventilated (in animals).
2 Fish have gills and turtles have specialised excretory opening. 1
Both gas exchange systems have large surface area, 1
rich blood supply, 1
and are ventilated by flow of water for steep concentration gradient. 1
Main difference is location of gas exchange surface (fish gills on side of 1
head, excretory opening on underside of turtle).
3a Affects how quickly organism can exchange materials with outside 1
world.
Smaller ratio means diffusion alone cannot provide sufficient gas and 1
food molecules to cells and metabolic waste cannot be removed quickly
enough.
3b Any three from: 6 2 marks per reason and explanation
• large surface area – greater area over which exchange can take
place
• thin membrane – short diffusion path
• efficient blood supply – maintains steep concentration gradient
• being ventilated – maintains steep concentration gradient

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