UTS Unit 2 Hand-Outs Aug 2020 (NEW)

Understanding the Self (1st Term, AY 2020-2021)
UNPACKING THE SELF
PHYSICAL
SELF
MATERIAL/
ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
SELF
PHYSICAL SELF
SELF The self as impacted by the body
SEXUAL SELF SPIRITUAL SELF DIGITAL SELF
Understanding the Self UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self Understanding the Self UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self
Physical Self
 is the concrete dimension, the
“ Learn how to see. Realize that everything tangible aspect of the person
connects to everything else.” that can be directly observed
– Leonardo da Vinci and examined.
UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 1

Psychosexual Theory of Development

(Sigmund Freud)
“Physical Self/Body is an
 In the Psychoanalytical
initial source of sensation
school, Sigmund Freud's
and necessary for the origin and construction of self and
maintenance of personality” personality makes the
–William James physical body the core of
human experience.
 Oral, anal, phallic, latency
and genital stage
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Psychosocial Theory of Development

(Erik Erikson)
Development  -The role of bodily organs is
1. Oral Stage (Birth-1.5 years) especially important in early
developmental stages of a
2. Anal Stage (1.5-3 years) persons life.
3. Phallic Stage (4-5 years)
 Later in life, the development of
4. Latent Stage (5 years – puberty) physical as well as intellectual
skills help determine whether the
5. Genital Stage (puberty) individual will achieve a sense of
competence and ability to choose
demanding roles in a complex
society.

Somatic Society The obsession to have a beautiful face & body

(Bryan Turner)
 The sociology of the body
become an established
discipline in the 1990’s.
 Bryan Turner, coined the
term “somatic society” which
means the new found
importance of the body in
contemporary society.
The demand for Cosmetic Surgery and Skin Whiteners

Body Shaming
 Criticizing your own
appearance, through a
judgment or comparison to
another person.
 Criticizing another’s
appearance in front of them
 Criticizing another’s
appearance without their
knowledge.

Physical Self
Issues and Conflicts
Eating Disorders
(DSM-5)
 Anorexia Nervosa
 characterized by loss of
body weight and refusal to
eat. Appetite is usually
intact.
 Bulimia Nervosa Body Dysmorphic Disorder
 characterized by recurrent (DSM-5)
and frequent binge eating
with or without vomiting.  characterized by a distressing and
impairing preoccupation with an
imagined or slight defect in
appearance.
Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder...
SEXUAL SELF
Understanding one’s identity and sexuality
We are NOT our bodies.
We live in our bodies, but our bodies do not make up
WHO we are.

Biological Perspective of Secondary Sex Characteristics

One’s Sex
▪ At conception, egg and sperm unite to
create a new organism that
incorporates some characteristics of
each parent.
▪ The first 22 pairs are called
AUTOSOMES. The last pair is known as
the SEX CHROMOSOMES.
 Genetic basis for Sex Determination:
▪ X Chromosome
▪ Y Chromosome
Erogenous Zones
The Sexual Response Cycle
• where the libido is centered model that describes the physiological responses, that occur
during sexual activity.
(according to Freud)
• parts of the body that
experience heightened
sensitivity and/or signal
sexual arousal of some kind
• Needs stimulation by
engaging the person in
gratifying activities

Chemistry of
Lust, Attraction and Attachment
Chemistry of Chemistry of
Lust, Attraction and Attachment Lust, Attraction and Attachment
• Lust and attraction shut off the • The hypothalamus of the brain
prefrontal cortex of the brain, plays a big role in stimulating the
which includes rational behavior. production of the sex
• The hypothalamus regulates the hormones testosterone and
function of the pituitary gland to estrogen from the testes and
secrete hormones. ovaries

Chemistry of Chemistry of
Lust, Attraction and Attachment Lust, Attraction and Attachment
• Attachment is the predominant factor in long-
• Attraction involves the brain pathways that term relationships. While lust and attraction are
control “reward” behavior, which partly pretty much exclusive to romantic
entanglements, attachment mediates
explains why the first few weeks or months
friendships, parent-infant bonding, social
of a relationship can be so exhilarating and cordiality, and many other intimacies as well.
even all-consuming.
• High levels of dopamine • Primary hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin
and norepinephrine, are released during • Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) is produced by the
attraction. These chemicals make us giddy, hypothalamus and released in large quantities
energetic, and euphoric, even leading to during sex, breastfeeding, and childbirth.
decreased appetite and insomnia.
Sex vs. Gender Sex vs. Gender

SEX GENDER
• Sex (sometimes called biological sex, anatomical • Gender is the structure of social relations that
sex, or physical sex) centers on the reproductive arena, and the set of
• A person’s identity based on their physical practices that bring reproductive distinctions into
characteristics, genes and hormones. social processes.
• Male: Penis • A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions
• Female: Vagina associated with a given sex; it is generally
• Intersex: chromosomes and hormones of a considered to be a socially constructed concept.
female/male but external genital is like that • Gender underlies assumptions regarding
of a male/female ‘Masculine’ or ‘Feminine’ behavior
• Also refers to sexual acts, as in ‘having sex’
• Primary and Secondary Sex characteristics

Sex vs. Gender Sexual Diversity

GENDER
• Refers to the attitudes, feelings and behaviors that ▪ Sex and gender are often thought of as binary
a given culture associates with a person's categories; that is, we can be either male or female,
biological sex. or feminine or masculine. However, this is a FALSE
assumption.
• Behavior that is compatible with cultural
expectations is referred to as gender - normative; ▪ Although sex can be quantified by DNA and genetic
testing, sometimes the results are difficult to make
• Behaviors that are viewed as incompatible with
sense of with regard to their social implications.
these expectations constitute gender non -
conformity (APA, 2012).
Sexual Diversity Sexual Diversity

GENDER IDENTITY GENDER IDENTITY
Who you think you are Who you think you are
▪ One's innermost concept of self as male, female, a ▪ CISGENDER – A person whose gender
blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive identity matches his or her assigned sex
themselves and what they call themselves which can ▪ TRANSGENDER – A person whose lived
be the same or different from their sex assigned at experiences do not match their assigned
birth. sex
▪ Gender identity, in nearly all instances, is self- ▪ Transwoman - person whose
identified, as a result of a combination of inherent assigned sex is male and identifies
and extrinsic or environmental factors. as a woman
▪ Transman - person whose assigned
sex is female and identifies as a man

Sexual Diversity Sexual Diversity

GENDER EXPRESSION SEXUAL ORIENTATION/ATTRACTION
How you demonstrate who you are Who you are romantically and sexually into
Refers to the ways that humans choose to display their Sexual orientation is all about who you are physically,
gender identity to the world usually expressed spiritually, and emotionally attracted to (specifically
through: into sexual and romantic attraction), and the labels
• behavior, tend to describe the relationships between your
• clothing, gender and the gender types you’re attracted to.
• haircut or voice • Straight (Heterosexual) - Attracted to people of the
and which may/may not conform to socially defined opposite gender
behaviors and characteristics typically associated with • Gay/Lesbian (Homosexual) - Attracted to people of
being either masculine or feminine. the same gender
• Bisexual - Can be attracted to both men and women
The Church and Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexual Intercourse
▪ 1 million STI cases everyday worldwide
the two primary purposes of sexual
intercourse are: (WHO, 2016)
▪ “UNITIVE” (unite the couple) and ▪ Estimated 357 million each year are
▪ “PROCREATIVE” (create more people). infected by 1 of 4 STIs: Chlamydia,
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis
(WHO, 2016)
Pope Francis on Sexuality
▪ Drug resistance is a challenge esp. for
• Pope Francis has repeatedly spoken about Gonorrhea (WHO, 2018)
the need for the Catholic Church to
welcome and love all people regardless of ▪ Poor young females more vulnerable
sexual orientation. than well-off counterparts (Abrigo, n.a.)

HIV and AIDS How to avoid STIs and AIDS

▪ TRANSMITTED THROUGH:
▪ Unprotected sex ABSTINENCE
▪ Drug addicts The most reliable way to VACCINATION
avoid infection is to not Vaccines are safe, effective, and
▪ Blood transfusion
have sex (i.e., anal, vaginal recommended ways to prevent
▪ Pregnancy hepatitis B and HPV.
or oral).
▪ Non-sterile instruments
▪ NOT TRANSMITTED THROUGH: MUTUAL MONOGAMY
▪ Touching Mutual monogamy means that you
▪ Food agree to be sexually active with
▪ Kissing only one person, who has agreed
to be sexually active only with
▪ Insect bites you.
▪ Swimming in pools
William James on the “Self”

from his book The Principles of Psychology (1890)
“A man’s self is the sum total of all that he can call his, not only
his body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house,
his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation
and works, his lands and horses, and yacht and bank-account.
MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF All these things give him the same emotions. If they wax and
prosper, he feels triumphant; if they dwindle and die away, he
The Self in association to his/her possessions feels cast down,—not necessarily in the same degree for each
thing, but in much the same way for all.”
- William James

Functions of Possessions
Material Self
Refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation my or mine.
Possessions can go beyond their functional value.

• Influence
BODILY SELF EXTENDED SELF • Power
refers to any part refers to anything that is beyond our • Sympathy
of our body. These body (Psychological ownership) • Social status
entities are clearly • Emotions
an intimate part of
who we are.
Materialism
Can possessions really buy happiness and stability?
• The importance a consumer attaches to worldly
possessions.
• The extent to which consumption becomes the
primary source of satisfaction, as well as the
dominant mode of motivation.

Symbolic Communication Model: Symbolic Communication Model:

Possessions as Symbolic Expressions of Identity Possessions as Symbolic Expressions of Identity
• There’s an observation that one’s
possessions are considered a part of • Possessions can enhance one’s image and
oneself. They are symbols and develop a positive sense of self.
extensions of the personal and • It can be a reassurance that one is the person
social aspects of her one’s wishes to be.
identity/personhood. • Goods and possessions are used to fill in or to
• Possession help people define compensate for the person lacks.
themselves.
Possessions and Self-Identity Conspicuous Consumption

For example: Consumers own high-priced, status-oriented goods to impress others
and to convince them of their high social status.
A recent Ph.D., for example, may prominently display
his diploma in an attempt to convince himself (and The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
others) that he is the erudite scholar he aspires to be.
Even though you are not too smart or not qualified, so

long as you wear an expensive watch, an high-class pair
of shoes and you have the latest model of cellphone.

Loss of Possessions Possessions as Unstable Meanings

• Meaning is in a constant state of flux.
• Cultural categories of person that help

shape identity are subject to constant
manipulation by individuals, social groups,
and marketing agents.
• Meanings of objects that are used to make

visible and stabilize the categories of culture
are also subject to frequent change through
their appropriation in advertising, in
television programming, and among social
subgroups.
Material Self-care
Pets as Extensions of the Self
• Pets have become parts of the
extended self. Pets belong to the top
5 possessions.
• Positive relationship between self-
esteem and owning pets (Covert et
al, 1985)
• The dog as “co-therapist” (Levinson,
1962)

“It is the preoccupation with

possessions, more than anything
else, that prevents us from living
freely and nobly.”
SPIRITUAL SELF
― Bertrand Russell The practice of religion: belief in supernatural being and power
Religion: Rituals
Religion and Spirituality
▪ Religion – an organized system of ideas about the spiritual or ▪ Religions have rituals/ritu.
supernatural realm, that is accompanied by rituals. Through ▪ What ever is done repeatedly.
rituals, people attempt to influence things that they think are
beyond their control.
▪ Spirituality – also concerns an aspect of the divine and 2 types of ritual
supernatural but is often times limited to the individual, with ▪ According to the Calendar (Calendric)
no need for any formal organization. This is the search for
meaning and direction in life and the ways ▪ Based on crisis
▪ The two are related: Although not separate from one
another, spirituality is much more profound than religion.

Examples of Catholic Rituals The Meaning of Spirituality

▪ Fasting (Pag-aayuno) • Attending mass (Pagmimisa) (Yabut, 2013)
▪ Healing (Panggagamot) • Praying a novena (Pagnonobena)
1. It is phenomenological
▪ Offering (Pag-aalay) • Praying the rosary (Pagrorosaryo)
experience.
▪ “Panalanging walang patid” • Senakulo
2. This has to do with the
human being.
Stages of Faith Development for Adolescence Logotherapy

(Fowler, 1981) (Victor Frankl)
Logotherapy aids individuals to find personal
SYNTHETIC CONVENTIONAL STAGE (age 12 and up) meaning of life, whatever life situation they may
conformity to authority and the religious development of a be.
personal identity. Any conflicts with one's beliefs are ignored 1. Someone – special someone, friend,
at this stage due to the fear of threat from inconsistencies. children, and family
2. Deed, Act or Work – finding fulfilment
INDIVIDUATIVE-REFLECTIVE STAGE (age 21 and up) and/or being passionate about one’s
stage of angst and struggle. The individual takes personal
responsibility for his or her beliefs and feelings. As one is work/deed
able to reflect on one's own beliefs, there is an openness 3. Suffering – through
to a new complexity of faith, but this also increases the rumination/contemplation, we get to have a
awareness of conflicts in one's belief.
deeper sense of our self and experiences.

POLITICAL SELF
Developing a Filipino Identity
Political Self – an increasing awareness of the deeply
dysfunctional and divisive nature of many of our traditional
political and economic institutions.
Politics, Citizenship and the Self Active Citizenship

• Politics – refers to the actions or activities  Structured forms of engagement
concerned with achieving and using power in a with political processes and
nation or society. everyday forms of participation in a
• Politics as imbibed by man implies several society.
things:  Engaging in such activities can also
• Concerned with power enhance efficacy and competence
• Functions based on a particular social of the younger generation, as they
economic and cultural context are considered to be the “future
• Based on one’s personality leaders of the society”
• Goes hand in hand with the society

Political Self among Filipinos in the Present

 The SWS survey was conducted
through face-to-face interviews
with 1,440 adults 18 years old
and above.
 One out of 4 Filipinos looks for
senatorial candidates who "will
not be corrupt"
Understanding the Self UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self
COVID-19 Pandemic and

Political Preferences and Socio-economic Status Implications of Government’s Response
“In fact, this is an acid test of
every single country’s
 quality of healthcare,
 standard of governance and
 social capital.
If any one of this tripod is weak, it
will be exposed, and exposed
quite unmercifully by this
epidemic.”
-Dr. Vivian Balakrishnan,
Singapore Foreign Minister
Understanding the Self UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self

COVID-19 Pandemic and

Implications of Government’s Response
DIGITAL SELF
Self and identity in the cyberspace
Cyberpsychology how we interact with others using technology

 New field within applied psychology
 Branch of psychology that examines:
 how we interact with others using
technology
 how our behaviour is influenced by
technology
 how technology can be developed to best
suit our needs
 how our psychological states can be
affected by technologies

how our behaviour is influenced by technology how technology can be developed to best suit
our needs
how our psychological states can be affected by Cyberpsychology

technologies  Mainly focused in the world wide web specifically Social Media
Other technologies involved:
 Online and offline gaming such as video games
 Mobile computing
 Artificial intelligence
 Virtual reality
 Augmented reality

Self and identity in the cyberspace Environments affecting the online behavior
 Identity – development of one’s self-concept, including one’s Identifiable Offline world
• any deviance from established social
thought and feelings about oneself norms may be punished or ridiculed.
• A person’s true self is often inhibited
ONLINE WORLD
Anonymous Online World
• the masks people wear offline are often discarded
ACTUAL SELF OUGHT SELF IDEAL SELF and their ‘true’ selves allowed to emerge.
• E.g. negative rants in Twitter, Facebook freedom
walls
ONLINE ANONYMITY Identifiable Online world

Gives people the chance to present any of these three selves and hence
• People may tend to express their “hoped-for possible selves” (socially
permits individuals to better present aspect of their true selves than they pleasing identities)
would feel capable of doing in a face-to-face interaction • e.g. Edited and filtered photos in Facebook, posting of achievements

The role of anonymity in impression management Responsible use of social media

 Impression management - selectively-self Setting Boundaries to your online self: Smart Sharing
presenting or editing messages to reveal
socially desirable attitudes and dimensions of  Guide Questions to
the self consider before posting:
 Positive effect in the role of privacy or the  Is this post/story necessary?
amount of contact that someone has with
others  Is there a real benefit to this
post – is it funny, warm-
 Negative effect – increased aggression and anti- hearted, teachable – or am I
social behaviour just making noise online
 Autonomy - where people can try out new without purpose?
behaviors without fear of social consequences
Netiquette Digital Citizenship

The ABCs of Online School Etiquette (Reiner, 2020) (Council of Europe, 2019)
 A is for Avoid Acronyms
 B is for Brevity
 C is for Courtesy
 D is for Ditching Distractions
 E is for Early
Being Online Well-being Online Rights Online
Netiquette means the correct or acceptable way of  F is for Focus and Friendships Information related to how we Information related to how we feel Information related to being
communicating on the internet. engage and exist online, it comprises online, comprising another three accountable online, comprising the
 G is for Good Intentions three digital domains: access and digital domains: ethics and empathy, final four digital domains: active
inclusion, learning and creativity and health and well-being, and e- participation, rights and
media and information literacy. presence and communications. responsibilities, privacy and security
and consumer awareness.

Digital World Digital World

issues and conflicts issues and conflicts
Fear of missing out (FoMO) Screen Dependency Disorder
 exists when an individual is anxious of  Emerging problem (not yet included in
being left out and feels the constant DSM-5 and/or ICD-10)
need to know what the others are  dependent, problematic behavior,
doing including withdrawal symptoms,
increasing tolerance (for screen use),
 It is an anxiety that emanates from the
feeling that you are not up to date  failure to reduce or stop screen activities,
lying about the extent of use, loss of
because of the phase social media and outside interests, and continuation of
news pass very quickly screen use despite adverse
consequences.
Digital World
issues and conflicts
Internet gaming disorder
 is a pattern of excessive and prolonged
Internet gaming that results in a cluster of
cognitive and behavioral symptoms,
including progressive loss of control over
gaming, tolerance, and withdrawal
symptoms, analogous to the symptoms of
substance use disorders.
 Conditions for further study (DSM-5)

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Understanding the Self (1st Term, AY 2020-2021)

UNPACKING THE SELF

SEXUAL SELF SPIRITUAL SELF DIGITAL SELF

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 1

Psychosexual Theory of Development

Psychosexual Stages of Personality Psychosocial Theory of Development

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 2

Somatic Society The obsession to have a beautiful face & body

The demand for Cosmetic Surgery and Skin Whiteners

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 3

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 4

Biological Perspective of Secondary Sex Characteristics

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 5

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 6

Sex vs. Gender Sex vs. Gender

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 7

Sex vs. Gender Sexual Diversity

Sexual Diversity Sexual Diversity

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 8

Sexual Diversity Sexual Diversity

The Church and Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 9

HIV and AIDS How to avoid STIs and AIDS

William James on the “Self”

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 10

Possessions can go beyond their functional value.

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 11

Symbolic Communication Model: Symbolic Communication Model:

Possessions and Self-Identity Conspicuous Consumption

others) that he is the erudite scholar he aspires to be.

Even though you are not too smart or not qualified, so

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 12

Loss of Possessions Possessions as Unstable Meanings

• Cultural categories of person that help

• Meanings of objects that are used to make

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 13

“It is the preoccupation with

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 14

Examples of Catholic Rituals The Meaning of Spirituality

Stages of Faith Development for Adolescence Logotherapy

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 15

Politics, Citizenship and the Self Active Citizenship

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 16

Political Self among Filipinos in the Present

Understanding the Self UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self

COVID-19 Pandemic and

Understanding the Self UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 17

COVID-19 Pandemic and

Cyberpsychology how we interact with others using technology

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 18

how our psychological states can be affected by Cyberpsychology

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 19

ONLINE ANONYMITY Identifiable Online world

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 20

The role of anonymity in impression management Responsible use of social media

Netiquette Digital Citizenship

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 21

Digital World Digital World

UNIT 2: Unpacking the Self 22

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