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Project 181034110854 Shyamli
Project 181034110854 Shyamli
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of B.com Honours in Accounting & Finance under the
University of Calcutta.
SUBMITTED BY
Name of the Candidate –SHYAMLI KUMARI BOSAK
SUPERVISED BY
Name of the supervisor- Rupasree Basu Mallik
DATE OF SUBMISSION
2022
SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms.Shyamil Kumari Bosak a student of B.Com Honours in Accounting &
Finance of ShriShikshayatan College under University of Calcutta has worked under my supervision
and guidance for her Project Work and prepared a Project report with the title “Changing shopping
patterns during Lockdown” which she is submitting with her genuine and original work for the best
of my knowledge.
Signature
Date-
Place-Kolkata
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Project Work with the title “CHANGING PATTERNS OF SHOPPING
DURING LOCKDOWN” submitted by me for the partial fulfilment of the degree of B. Com Honours in
Accounting & Finance under the University of Calcutta is my original work and has not been submitted
earlier to any other University for the fulfilment of the requirement for any course of study.
I also declare that no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part has been incorporated in this report
from any earlier work done by others or by me. However, extracts of any literature which has been used
for this report has been duly acknowledged providing details of such literature in the references.
SIGNATURE
NAME-SHYAMLI KUMARI BOSAK
COLLEGE: SHRI SHIKSHAYATAN COLLEGE
DATE:
PLACE-KOLKATA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An accomplishment requires work and efforts of many people which is true for this project to. It would
not have been possible without some individuals to whom I would like to extend my sincere thanks.
I am highly indebted to UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA since the affiliating university felt the need of
introducing such a paper in the curriculum which helps students to get a glimpse of corporate
environment at academic level. Secondly, I would thank our PRINCIPAL Dr. (Mrs.) Aditi Dey for
providing all infrastructural and related facilities as and when required for uninterrupted functioningI
would like to thank my INTERNAL PROJECT SUPERVISOR: Rupasree Basu Malik for providing
constant help in preparing the project work, making us understand every novel aspect of the work,
providing necessary information regarding the project and also immense support to complete it.
My thanks and appreciation also goes to my friend, family and group of people who have responded to
the questionnaire and willingly helped me out with their abilities.
CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1
CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR PROCESS 8-9
2.2
MERITS OF ONLINE SHOPPING 10
2.3
DEMERITS OF ONLINE SHOPPING 11
CONCLUSION 27
4.1
RECOMMENDATION 28
4.2
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
6 ANNEXURE
6.1
QUESTIONNAIRE 30-34
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1GENERAL INFROMATION
In today’s world, for every busy life now online shopping is the easy solution. In the past decade, there
had been a massive change in customer buying behaviour. Even with growing use of internet in India
provides a developing prospect for online shopping. Many companies are going virtual that is they are
providing people with website/online platform to make their shopping more convenient and easier. People
now a days are so busy that they need something really short and simple even if they need shopping at
their fingertips. The E-commerce market has a tremendous potential now and surely in near future and
with growing use of internet companies creating more unique opportunities to reach every region and to
every potential customer. Even in the pandemic we have seen that how e-commerce created great services
and reach every person to satisfy their needs and demands.
In India, e-commerce is projected to increase from 4% of the total food and grocery, apparels and
electronics retail trade in 2020 to 8% by 2025. Most Indians now a days, have started shopping online
rather than stepping outside their houses, this has witnessed an increase in the e-commerce sector. The
pandemic COVID-19 has somehow accelerated the shifting of people towards the digital world from the
physical interactions and it had also triggered changes in online shopping behaviours that will last long
for sure. Consumers also intended to explore a lot many online channels to purchase smartphones,
apparels in the past one year. It had also shown, in a recent survey that how the stay in home lifestyle or
lockdown period had completely increased the use of mobile than before. People started depending on the
mobiles and internet even more during the lockdown. It had also been studied by the Facebook and
Boston Consulting Group that 90% of customers who had purchased apparels online during the
lockdown, are willing to continue their online buying even in the future. So, there is a complete increase
in the online shopping in past one year that is the pandemic days. People use to prefer buying products
online rather than stepping outside during this time.
1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Huseynov and Yildirim (2014) emphasized that the lack of physical interaction tends to be the critical
impediment in online retail sales followed by the privacy of individual information and security of
financial transactions over the internet.
Järvenpää and Todd (1997a) proposed a model of attitude, behaviour, and shopping intention towards
online shopping. The design proposed includes several indicators that is classified into four categories
i.e., product value, quality services offered, shopping experience and the risk perception of the online
shopping.
Chang, Cheung and Lai, in 2005, studied categories of variables, which drive online shopping activities.
During their study, they divided the features into three broad categories. The first one is the perceived
characteristics of the web sale channel which includes risk, online shopping experiences, advantage,
service quality, trust. The website and product features are the second category which includes risk
reduction measures, site features, and product characteristics. And the last group is the consumer
characteristics which includes various types of features like demographic variables, consumer shopping
orientations, consumer innovativeness and psychological variables, computer and internet knowledge.
In 2008, Kim, Zhao, Yang; Laforet & Li (2005); Sabbir Rahman, 2012, given that demographics
variables such as age, gender, and level of income play a very vital and facilitating role because they
influence consumer perception and consumer behaviour that drives them towards online shopping.
In 2015, Hoque, Ali, & Mahfuz says Consumers attitudes toward online shopping been determined by
mostly two factors: trust and perceived benefits.
1.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Due to the improvement of the technology surrounding the net, businesses which can be involved to promote their
merchandise via their internet site even via shoppers and dealers maybe lots of miles apart, can also additionally
belong to distinctive components of the world, would possibly communicate distinctive languages additionally.
Since the net is a new digital medium and a lot of capable clients, the web outlets are vital to recognize the wants
and desires of clients. The significance of analysing and figuring out the elements influencing the patron while she
or he makes a decision to buy at the net is critical due to the fact the new digital marketplace will deliver massive
variations to the clients. Analysing customer behaviour isn't always a new phenomenon. Many theories were used
for decades now no longer handiest to apprehend the purchaser’s mindset however additionally create a advertising
and marketing approach to be able to appeal to the purchaser efficiently. However, a few differences have to
nevertheless be made while thinking about the conventional client behaviour and online patron behaviour. Even
though there are numerous studies subjects regarding the discipline of enterprise to purchaser, the context of net
enterprise, online retailing is a new retailing medium and online client behaviour is numerous from conventional
purchaser behaviour, one need to discover what affects the net purchaser. Therefore, if the clients love to do
shopping, what elements are influencing them to buy items through the net is pretty meaningful. These elements
want to be diagnosed and brought into consideration through online shops so that you can fulfil the purchaser needs
and compete with them inside the online marketplace. From this history the researcher’s are on the whole to
perceive and get the principle elements that affect online while shopping services and products through online.
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of my research is not only to understand the most preferred method of shopping but also to
what the consumer is looking for while selecting the method of shopping. Due to change of technology
and today's busy schedule most people prefer online shopping rather than physical store shopping. This
trend of online shopping came into effect in the past few years when many big companies amalgamated
together to achieve maximum benefits and satisfy their consumers
Main objectives
Out of the two methods quantitative and qualitative -quantitative research method has been used as it is
the short way since my research is for academic purpose and so a quantitative method would be
appropriate forgetting the significant research conclusions.
Data collection
The research is based on data primarily- Google form has been used to conduct the research. The
respondents are geographically scattered as the research form has been shared over email and whatsapp.
The present research is basically through online surveys on Google forms. The population for the research
is friends, colleagues and family members and a sample size of at least one hundred respondents has been
agreed upon. Questionnaires were sent over online platforms and a total 149 responses were received.
Questionnaire design
The questionnaire is carefully designed so as to meet the requirements of my research. Some questions
are taken from previous questionnaires and summer self- design to assess the research problems.
Tools used
After collecting the data, the data analysis was done in which the use of tools like charts, tables and many
other statistical tools were taken to do the analysis of the present situation.
1.6. SCOPE OF STUDY
Online shopping is a convenient way of shopping experience - by staying at one place we can visit
different websites and go in for shopping without spending much time and energy, and purchasing and
selling goods and services without physically going to the market over the internet is a concept of online
shopping. Online shopping has made shopping pain free and made shopping interesting. The blessings of
online buying are that they hook up with the consumers. The internet stores can offer products that cater
to the needs of the clients. Cookies can be used for tracking the consumer desire over the internet or what
is on their internet when they visit the website again. Online shopping makes use of internet technology
for managing the flow of products and payments between purchasers, suppliers and sellers. E-shopping
can be either B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to customers). A shopping cart is one of the
crucial facilities supplied in online buying. This leads customers to browse particular items and services
and the one they choose to shop they can add the object to the purchasing cart after which they can
continue with their shopping by surfing or browsing until their final selection. Customers can even
remove the goods from the cart to which they had added earlier before they give their final order. The
products in the shopping carts remain in our carts just like in department stores and are delivered at our
doorsteps by the sellers.
1.7. LIMITATIONS
Almost every survey has some limitations and so is the case with this one too. One of the limitations in
this survey is the time limit. At the same time cost is also another restriction in this survey. Considering
time and budget, a survey about online shoppers was made only among groups of friends, colleagues and
family. One of the other restrictions in this survey is the convenience of sampling, due to lack of
availability of perfect data on respondents beforehand, random sampling could not be done. The trial size
is also not very high as only responses of 149 online e-shoppers could be collected. Lastly, the conclusion
derived from the study cannot be generalized to a larger population; however, it can act as a base for
further studies of similar nature.
CHAPTER 2
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR PROCESS
A consumer passes through five different stages in the buying process. These stages start before the actual
purchase and go beyond the purchase.
● Problem recognition
● Information search
● Evaluation of alternative
● Purchase decision
Post purchase behaviour
PROBLEM RECOGNITION
In Problem recognition the buying process of any goods or service starts as soon as the buyer senses a
need or a problem of that goods or services. The problem or need of the buyer can be sensed by the
internal stimuli or the external stimuli.
You may be roaming in a shopping mall and you may feel hungry that leads you to buy food or while
roaming in the shopping mall you like a shirt in the case of food it is the internal stimuli while in case of
shirt it is the influence of the external stimuli which is driving you to recognise the problem or need.
INFORMATION RESEARCH
Once there is the need for a problem with a product we start searching about the product regarding getting
more information about the product.
In case of need for food you may not search for information as you may be familiar about the options
available in case of food but in case of mobile you may not be familiar and hence you may search for the
information.
Once you identify the need of a product you get into the mode of off heightened attention where you
become more interested about the information in that case the print ads, television ads and hoardings may
be attracting your attention. Going further we may go for an active information search where we are
trying to find the information from our dear friends or from newspaper magazines or television.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE
Once the search for information is over the consumer needs to evaluate the alternative before he or she
makes the purchase. In case of buying sugar or onion the consumer may not think twice about the brand
but in case of high value goods or service like a smart phone consumer tries to evaluate all the alternatives
and try to get the best out of them.
PURCHASE DECISION
Based on the choice of the consumer as the consumer has decided the product or service he or she wants to
purchase then they have to decide the quantity he/she has to purchase and also about the brand they want
to purchase and at what time they want to purchase the product or services.
It is very convenient as we can do online shopping any time 24 x 7, 365 days a year. We can shop online
at any time from any place as convenient to us. We don’t need to travel for online shopping anywhere as
we can do it from home or from any place and so it also saves our time and energy that can be utilised for
some other work. One of the biggest benefits of online shopping is the various types of discounts
provided by different online shopping websites. We can compare various brands while shopping online
on the same platform and can also come to know about the quality of the product described by the online
selling companies. This helps us to choose the products we want wisely. Return policy is also available
while we are shopping online so if we are not satisfied we can return the product. Nowadays online
shopping is getting easier because of their graphics and development of their websites so that it becomes
customer friendly. Some companies also provide free shipping of their products which depends on the
price and distance. There are also different extra discounts on shopping if paying from the card as
prescribed by the websites from which you are shopping this helps consumers to get the product at a
cheaper rate.
2.3. DEMERITS OF ONLINE SHOPPING
Online shopping also comes with its drawbacks. Here a consumer has to give his personal details and
financial data which can be leaked so the consumer is always worried. But online companies try to secure
their best and prevent fraud and protect their consumers. The other demerit of online shopping is the on
time delivery as the companies should make their arrangement about the on time delivery of goods or
services.
CHAPTER 3
GENDER RESPONSES
Male 79
Female 70
TOTAL 149
As our research was all about knowing the changing patterns of shopping of the customers this chart
shows us the gender distribution of respondents consisting of 53% of male respondents and 47% of
female respondents.
2. AGE
TILL 20 25
21-40 113
41-60 11
ABOVE 60 0
The major group of online buyers was 21-40 (75.8%) followed by below 20(16.8%) and then 41-60
(7.4%).
3. MODE OF SHOPPING
OPTIONS RESPONSES
Online 116
Offline 33
As per our research most of the respondents like to use online mode of shopping because of the
convenience while there are also some respondents who prefer using offline mode as they do have the
mindset of going to physical stores with trying and buying facilities.
4. FREQUENCY OF SHOPPING
OPTIONS RESPONSES
None 1
The above table shows that 41.6% of the respondents buy regularly, 38.3% of the respondents buy
occasionally in 2-3 month, 16.8% buy frequently once a week ,2.7% respondents buy rarely.
5. WHICH KIND OF PRODUCT DO YOU BUY WHILE SHOPPING?
OPTIONS RESPONSES
Electronics 28
Furniture 0
Health products(medicine) 2
As per our research, the majority of respondents buy cloth and accessories (71.8%), electronics (18.8%),
food and groceries (6.7%), health products (1.3%) and gold and valuable jewellery (1.3%).
6. WHICH MODE OF PAYMENT DO YOU PREFER?
OPTIONS RESPONSES
Cash on delivery 57
Upi 61
Card payments 21
Net banking 9
Emi 0
Others 1
As per the above chart most of the respondents prefer to pay through upi (40.9%), cash on delivery
(38.3%), card payments (14.1%), net banking (6%).
7. DO YOU AGREE WITH THE FACT THAT THERE IS MORE RISK OF FRAUD
IN ONLINE SHOPPING?
OPTIONS RESPONSES
Agree 43
Neutral 74
Disagree 32
In the above chart the respondents were asked regarding their perceptions of risk in online shopping. The
responses were marked on three scales Agree, Neutral, Disagree. The details are that most of the
respondents are neutral (49.7%) on the fact of risk in online shopping, some respondents agree (28.9%)
and some disagree (21.5%).
8. WHICH ONLINE APPLICATION IS YOUR FAVOURITE?
OPTIONS RESPONSES
Amazon 63
Flipkart 60
Snapdeal 2
Tatacliq 1
Others 23
As per the research 42.3% respondents prefer amazon,40.3% of the respondents prefer flipkart,15.4%
respondents prefer other sites.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMERS TO SHOP ONLINE. (THE
RESPONSES ARE MARKED ON THE LEVEL OF THERE
AGREEMENT)
9. ON TIME DELIVERY
Most of the respondents strongly agree (48.3%) with the fact that on time delivery is the reason which
influences them to shop online and there are 2% respondents who strongly disagree with this.
10. SHOPPING CONVENIENCE
Most of the respondents strongly agree (41.6%) with the fact that shopping convenience is the reason
which influences them to shop online and there are 4% of the respondents who strongly disagree with
this.
11. ATTRACTIVE DISCOUNTS
Attractive discounts do influence the respondents to shop online but do not strongly influence.
12. HOW MANY TIMES DID YOU SHOP ONLINE BEFORE MARCH?
OPTIONS RESPONSES
3-5 times 47
Most of the respondents have shopped less than 3 times (44.3%), followed by the respondents who have
shopped 3 to 5 times (31.5%), and then respondents who have shopped more than 5 times (24.2%).
13. WHAT IS YOUR LEVEL OF SATISFACTION ON ONLINE SHOPPING?
As per the above graph the majority of respondents rated 4 out of 5 of their level of satisfaction towards
online shopping. This graph shows that people like to shop online more than offline as they get various
benefits and convenience to shop online.
3.2. FINDINGS
As per survey there are few points that I found out from respondents are below
● Majority of respondents prefer to buy online because of the faster delivery option.
● Respondents like to shop online because of the home delivery facility.
● Most of the respondents like to shop online because of the attractive discounts.
● Most of the respondents prefer to shop online with various payment options.
● Most of the respondents preferred buying clothing, food and groceries and electronics
CHAPTER 4
4.1. CONCLUSION
Online purchasing is turning into extra famous daily with the high use of net understanding client want
for online promoting has emerged as a project for entrepreneurs the online companies will have a benefit
over other if they understand the behaviour of customers towards online shopping and also they will be at
and aggressive side to others if they make enhancement in the different factors of online shopping. The
main benefit of online shopping is the convenience that it provide to its customer as the customer can
purchase the product from their home at any time they want with their preference. People normally search
for comfort and Rapid transport for getting online shopping. As in keeping with our studies maximum of
the respondents prefer cash on delivery and also customers prefer UPI like Google pay or phonepe. The
modern day Technology improvement with appreciation to the net has given upward push to a brand new
Advertising and Marketing System. The maximum of the web clients are knowledgeable humans and
college students who have a nice belief towards online buying. The security issues relating to financial or
private data are stopping many humans from purchasing online. Companies have to make an arrangement
for on time delivery of goods and also to have a good quality of goods for its customers to acquire a stake
in the market. It should make heavy discount proposals for the customer as more and more people come
to shop from their website. This will create a greater customer base. It concludes that online customers are
satisfied. The companies need to provide new appealing schemes at regular intervals to acquire new
customers.
4.2. RECOMMENDATION
● As for the convenience of the customers the companies can give their own expert design product
for customers who are shopping from the online shopping website so that the customer can get the
perfect product for them. And it can also save the time of the customer and also it will increase the
Goodwill of the company.
● Nowadays doubt clearing is very important and hence the companies selling their goods online
should have good customer care in which they can take care of the question of their customers
relating to the delivery of the goods for payment related issues or any other doubt of the customer.
As this will help the company to increase its goodwill and credibility in the market.
● As at this time the majority of the public are mobile or smartphone friendly so the company
selling goods online should make a website that is mobile friendly as its graphic should be as good
as it looks on a larger screen.
● The websites of the company should be designed in such a way that the customer can find the
goods he or she wants easily and without any problem. The companies should make such an
arrangement that the private and as well as financial data of the customers cannot be leaked.
● The companies should make such an arrangement that the customer never has any problem
regarding on time delivery and also regarding the quality of the product.
CHAPTER 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Huseynov, F. Yildirim S.O (2014).Internet users’ attitudes toward business-to-consumer online shopping: A
survey. Sage journals, Vol-32, Issue-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666914554812
2. Mohammad Anisur Rahman, Md. Aminul Islam, Bushra Humyra Esha, Nahida Sultana & Sujan Chakravorty |
Andreea Molnar (Reviewing editor) (2018). Consumer buying behavior towards online shopping: An empirical
study on Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Cogent Business & Management. Volume 5, 2018 - Issue 1.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1514940
3.Jarvenpaa, S.L., and Todd, P.A., (Winter 1996-1997), “Modeling consumer retail behavior on the World Wide
Web”,Journal of Electronic Commerce,1(2),59-88.
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Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce,2(3), 189-197.
5. Chang, M.K., Cheung, W., & Lai, V.S. (2005) Literature derived reference models for the adoption of online
shopping. Information & Management, 42(4), 543-559
6. Kim, C., Zhao, W., & Yang, K. H. (2008). An empirical study on the integrated framework of e-CRM in online
shopping. Journal of Electronic Commerce inOrganizations,6(3),1–19. doi:10.4018/JECO
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in Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 25(1). doi:10.14329/apjis.2015.25.1.001
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Journal of Asia Business Studies,7(3), 214–230.doi:10.1108/JABS-02-2013-0006
CHAPTER 6
ANNEXURE
6.1 QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTION 1
Age*
● Till 20
● 21-40
● 41-60
● Above 60
QUESTION 2
Gender*
● Male
● Female
● Others
QUESTION 3
● Online
● offline
QUESTION 4
QUESTION 6
● Cash on delivery
● Upi
● Card payments
● Net banking
● Emi
● others
QUESTION 7
Do you agree with the fact that there is more risk of fraud in online shopping? *
● Agree
● Neutral
● Disagree
QUESTION 8
● Amazon
● Flipkart
● Snapdeal
● Tatacliq
● Others
● Below are the factors that influence your tendency to shop online (mark your responses as per
your level of agreement)
QUESTION 9
On time delivery*
1 2 3 4 5
QUESTION 10
Shopping convenience*
1 2 3 4 5
QUESTION 11
Attractive discounts *
1 2 3 4 5
QUESTION 12
How many times in a month did you shop online before march 2020? *
QUESTION 13
1 2 3 4 5