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    Chapter 14

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    陈希尧
    This document discusses principles of neutralization titrations. It describes how titrations can be used to diagnose medical conditions by measuring enzyme activity and titrating the products. Strong acids and bases are preferred for titrations as they react more completely. Acid-base indicators change color at specific pH values and are used to detect the endpoint of titrations. Titrations of strong acids and bases with their conjugates result in a sharp pH change at the equivalence point. Titrations of weak acids and bases are more complex as the weak species influence the pH throughout the titration depending on factors like concentration and dissociation constants.

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    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    陈希尧
    8 views55 pages
    This document discusses principles of neutralization titrations. It describes how titrations can be used to diagnose medical conditions by measuring enzyme activity and titrating the products. Strong acids and bases are preferred for titrations as they react more completely. Acid-base indicators change color at specific pH values and are used to detect the endpoint of titrations. Titrations of strong acids and bases with their conjugates result in a sharp pH change at the equivalence point. Titrations of weak acids and bases are more complex as the weak species influence the pH throughout the titration depending on factors like concentration and dissociation constants.

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    This document discusses principles of neutralization titrations. It describes how titrations can be used to diagnose medical conditions by measuring enzyme activity and titrating the products. Strong acids and bases are preferred for titrations as they react more completely. Acid-base indicators change color at specific pH values and are used to detect the endpoint of titrations. Titrations of strong acids and bases with their conjugates result in a sharp pH change at the equivalence point. Titrations of weak acids and bases are more complex as the weak species influence the pH throughout the titration depending on factors like concentration and dissociation constants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views55 pages

    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    陈希尧
    This document discusses principles of neutralization titrations. It describes how titrations can be used to diagnose medical conditions by measuring enzyme activity and titrating the products. Strong acids and bases are preferred for titrations as they react more completely. Acid-base indicators change color at specific pH values and are used to detect the endpoint of titrations. Titrations of strong acids and bases with their conjugates result in a sharp pH change at the equivalence point. Titrations of weak acids and bases are more complex as the weak species influence the pH throughout the titration depending on factors like concentration and dissociation constants.

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    of 55

    Analytical Chemistry

    Chapter 14. Principles of Neutralization Titrations


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    In clinical chemistry, for example, pancreatitis can be diagnosed by measuring the


    activity of serum lipase. Lipases hydrolyze the long-chain fatty acid triglyceride.
    Then the liberated fatty acid is titrated with NaOH.
    Neutralization
    Titrations
    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    ➢ Solutions and Indicators for Acid/Base Titrations

    ➢ Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

    ➢ Titration of Weak Acids and Bases


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Standard Solutions

    The standard solutions used in neutralization titrations are strong acids or


    strong bases because these substances react more completely with an analyte
    than do weak acids and bases, and as a result, they produce sharper end points.

    Eye protection!
    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Acid/Base Indicators

    An acid/base indicator is a weak organic acid or a weak organic base whose


    undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate base or its conjugate acid
    form.

    For an acid-type indicator

    For an base-type indicator


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Acid/Base Indicators

    For an base-type indicator


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Acid/Base Indicators

    For an acid-type indicator


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Acid/Base Indicators

    The human eye is not very sensitive to color differences in a solution


    containing a mixture of HIn and In-, particularly when the ratio [HIn]/[In-] is
    greater than about 10 or smaller than about 0.1.

    pure acid color

    pure base color


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Acid/Base Indicators
    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    Titration Errors with Acid/Base Indicators

    ➢ The first is a determinate error that occurs when the pH at which the
    indicator changes color differs from the pH at the equivalence point.
    (can usually be minimized by choosing the indicator carefully or by
    making a blank correction.)

    ➢ The second type is an indeterminate error that originates from the


    limited ability of the human eye to distinguish reproducibly the
    intermediate color of the indicator.
    (the visual uncertainty: 0.5 to 1 pH unit and can be decreased to 0.1 pH
    unit by matching the color of the solution being titrated with that of a
    reference standard containing a similar amount of indicator at the
    appropriate pH)
    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    The Common Acid/Base Indicators


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    The Common Acid/Base Indicators

    Methyl Orange (MO) pKa=3.5


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    The Common Acid/Base Indicators

    Methyl Red (MR) pKa=5.0


    Principles of Neutralization Titrations

    The Common Acid/Base Indicators

    Phenolphthalein (PP) pKa=9.1

    8.3 9.1 10.0


    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

    ➢Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

    ➢Titrating a Strong Base with a Strong Acid


    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

    Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

    ➢ Preequivalence
    ➢ Equivalence
    ➢ Postequivalence
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

    Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base


    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

    Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

    ➢ The Effect of Concentration


    ➢ Choosing an Indicator
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases

    Titrating a Strong Base with a Strong Acid

    ➢ Preequivalence
    ➢ Equivalence
    ➢ Postequivalence
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Strong Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Titrating a weak acid with a strong base


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Titrating a weak acid with a strong base


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Assumption?
    pH calculation for buffer solutions

    Assuming
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Half-titration point: to determine the dissociation constants


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    The effect of concentration

    Assumption
    Fails!
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    The effect of concentration

    Assuming
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    The effect of concentration

    Higher

    Lower
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    ➢ The effect of reaction completeness


    ➢ Choosing an indicator
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Titrating a weak base with a strong acid


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    The effect of Kb
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    The composition of solutions during acid/base titrations

    ➢ The relative equilibrium concentration of the weak acid: a0


    ➢ The relative equilibrium concentration of the conjugate base: a1
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    The composition of solutions during acid/base titrations


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Locating titration end points via pH measurement


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Locating titration end points via pH measurement


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Locating titration end points via the Gran plot


    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases
    Titration of Weak Acids and Bases

    Locating titration end points via the Gran plot


    Home work
    13-27; 13-28

    14-29; 14-30; 14-42; 14-44

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