PRELIMS

Monday, August 8, 2022 9:52 PM

• Malacañang Palace in Manila

• New President of Philippines Ferdinand Marcos Jnr.

• The digital economy, comprising information technology (about six million jobs), electronics manufacturing (about three million jobs), and telecom (about a
million jobs) employs more than 10 million people in India today.

• Ashwini Vaishnav is Union minister for electronics and IT, communication, and railways

• The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) was initially set up as a Cell in the DGCA in January 1978 on the recommendation of the Pande Committee.

• Dharmadhikari Committee relates to matters relating to integration of erstwhile Air India and Indian Airlines employees including pay, allowances and
career progression structure

• The Commission of Railway Safety (CRS) , working under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India, deals with
matters pertaining to the safety of rail travel and train operation and is charged with certain statutory functions as laid down in the Railways Act (1989),
which are of an inspectorial, investigatory & advisory nature

The most important duty of the Commission is to ensure that any new Railway line to be opened for passenger traffic should conform to the standards and
specifications prescribed by the Ministry of Railways and the new line is safe in all respects for carrying passenger traffic.

• The launch of U.S.A’s new trade initiative for the region, the Indo- Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), which was witnessed by leaders of 13
countries, was heralded as the start of a new economic bloc in the region, one which could be seen as a counter to China

• India is home to over 70% of the tiger population globally

• The Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) program of the World Bank

• Kamlang Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh is the 50th latest Tiger Reserve

• Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve is the fifth Tiger Reserve of Tamil Nadu, and 51th tiger reserve of India

• The Valmiki Tiger Reserve is the only tiger reserve in Bihar, which forms the easternmost extent of the Himalayan Terai forests in India

• The Family Courts Act, 1984 was enacted for the establishment of Family Courts with a view to promote conciliation, and secure speedy settlement of
disputes relating to marriage and family affairs and for related matters.

The State Government may, with the concurrence of the High Court, appoint one or more persons to be the Judge or Judges of a Family Court

• The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological hypothesis

• AI4Bharat is an initiative by IIT Madras. This initiative would contribute to and accelerate Indic language AI work as a public good

• Participatory Notes or P-Notes (PNs) are financial instruments issued by a registered foreign institutional investor (FII) to an overseas investor who wishes
to invest in Indian stock markets without registering themselves with the market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

About 45 % of the total investments are made through participatory notes by foreign instructional investors (FIIs). P-Notes also help in keeping the
investor’s name anonymous along with reducing the transaction costs.

• Stagflation means a situation characterized by simultaneous increase in prices and stagnation of economic growth.

The term Stagflation was coined by Iain Macleod, a Conservative Party MP in the United Kingdom, in November 1965

It is described as a situation in the economy where the growth rate slows down, the level of unemployment remains steadily hi gh and yet the inflation or
price level remains high at the same time

• Core Inflation is Headline Inflation minus the food and fuel inflation.
Core Inflation is also known as underlying inflation

• The misery index is meant to measure the degree of economic distress felt by everyday people, due to the risk of (or actual) joblessness combined with an
increasing cost of living

The misery index is calculated by adding the unemployment rate to the inflation rate

• Pryushan Parv - Jain festival in which Jain Monks and Nuns stay with the community and provide them instructions and guidance. It is also a festival of

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• Pryushan Parv - Jain festival in which Jain Monks and Nuns stay with the community and provide them instructions and guidance. It is also a festival of
“Forgiveness”.

• Seekho aur Kamao (Learn & Earn) is a scheme implemented by the Ministry of Minority Affairs It is a Skill development scheme for the youth of the 14 – 35
years age group.
The scheme ensures placements of a minimum of 75% trainees, out of which at least 50% placement is in the organized sector

• The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has released the Aridity Anomaly Outlook(AAO) Index

The index is computed for weekly or two-week periods

• Aid for Trade (A4T) Initiative - WTO - launched in 2005

• The Minister for Environment & Forests is the current Chairperson of the National Tiger Conservation Authority

• No alternation of boundaries in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries can be done without the approval of the National Board for Wildlife

• Local Self Govt committees :

Balwant Rai Mehta - 1957
Ashok Mehta Committee in 1977
Hanumantha Rao Committee - 1983
G.V.K. Rao Committee - 1985
L.M.Singhvi Committee - 1986
Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State relations - 1988
P.K. Thungan Committee - 1989
Harlal Singh Kharra Committee - 1990

• Monazite - one of the beach sand minerals that contain rare earth like lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium etc.
It is translucent and one of the most resistant minerals to weathering.
It is a radioactive atomic mineral used for the production of Thorium and has the potential to be used as fuel in the nuclear power system

• No restriction on drone operations by foreign-owned companies registered in India

No flight permission is required up to 400 feet in green zones and up to 200 feet in the area between 8 and 12 km from the airport perimeter.

Coverage of drones under Drone Rules, 2021 increased from 300 kg to 500 kg

• Kamakoti Committee - Artificial Intelligence - constituted by Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry

• Nanda Lake is the freshwater marshes, located adjacent to one of the rivulets of Zuari River in Goa

• Astrobee is NASA’s new free-flying robotic system

• India is currently the world’s fifth largest producer of natural rubber while it also remains the second biggest consumer of the material globally.
About 40% of India’s total natural rubber consumption is currently met through imports.

• Lothal was one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization located in Gujarat

• Dholavira is the fifth largest metropolis of Indus Valley Civilization

Dholavira’s location is on the Tropic of Cancer. It is located on Khadir Bet Island in the Kachchh Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kachchh

• India Discrimination Report 2022: Oxfam India

• The Bahmani kingdom was established in south India by Hasan Gangu by revolting against the Delhi Sultanate in 1347

• M Damodaran committee - investments by venture capital and private equity investment

• Orange Revolution - Ukraine

Tulip Revolution - Kyrgyzstan
Jasmine Revolution - Tunisia

• Hong Kong Protest also called Umbrella Movement

• PM PRANAM stands for PM Promotion of Alternate Nutrients for Agriculture Management Yojana
It aims to reduce the use of chemical fertilisers by incentivising states

• The UNSC resolution 1267 sanctions committee is one of the most important and active UN subsidiary bodies working on efforts to combat terrorism

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• Cambodia is ASEAN's chair for 2022 and Indonesia is to assume the chair in 2023

• Omicron, Squid and Cardano are cryptocurrency

• The Global Registry of Fossil Fuels is the first-ever fully transparent public database that tracks fossil fuels across the world.
Launched by the Carbon Tracker and Global Energy Monitor
This inventory has data from more than 50,000 oil, gas and coal fields in 89 countries

• Kurmi is traditionally a non-elite tiller caste in the lower Gangetic plain of India

• NAAC is an outcome of the recommendations of the National Policy in Education (1986) which laid special emphasis on upholding the quality of higher
education in India.
HQ - Bengaluru

• Hedge funds are private investment partnerships and funds that invest or trade-in listed and unlisted derivatives, using a variety of proprietary strategies
Fund uses alternative investment methodologies to try to protect investor cash from market volatility.

• A macro hedge fund invests in stocks, bonds, and currencies

An equity hedge fund might be global or country-specific, investing in appealing stocks
A relative-value hedge fund takes advantage of price comparisons

• ADB’s five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each with 15.6% of total shares), the People’s Republic of China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and
Australia (5.8%).
Established in 1966 is owned by 68 members-49 from the region

• New Development Bank is a multilateral development bank jointly founded by the BRICS countries at the 6th BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil in 2014

• IFAD is an international financial institution and a specialised United Nations agency working in the field of poverty eradication in the rural areas of
developing countries by providing grants and loans with low interest for allied projects created in 1977, which is the outcome of the World Food Conference
of 1974
HQ - Rome

• “Dharamshala Declaration” was adopted for developing “sustainable and responsible tourism” and positions India as a “global leader in the tourism sector
by 2047

• UNFCCC, UNEP and Gulf organisation for research and Development (GORD) has unveiled GET with the aim to encourage actions to reduce the negative
impacts of various events on climate
It was proposed first in COP26

• The idea of LiFE was introduced by India during the 26 United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in 2021
• The idea promotes an environmentally conscious lifestyle that focuses on ‘mindful and deliberate utilisation’ instead of ‘mindless and wasteful consumption

• According to REN21's Renewables 2022 Global Status Report (GSR 2022), India was ranked third in wind power, fourth in solar power and third in
renewable power installed capacity in 2021

• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) partnership - QUAD

• the member countries will coordinate their disaster response operations in the Indo-Pacific region with other National and International agencies, private
nongovernmental organizations

• Batken region of Kyrgyzstan

• The two landlocked countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, share an approximately 1,000-km long border, a large part of which is disputed

• Roughly four years from now, the European Space Agency’s Hera project will conduct detailed surveys of both Dimorphos and asteroid Didymos, with a
particular focus on the crater left by DART’s collision and a precise measurement of Dimorphos’ mass

• Silchar-Sylhet Festival, in Assam, seeks to celebrate cross-border Sylheti culture.

It will 'showcase tribal culture, cuisine, arts, crafts, entertainment

• The Bengali-speaking region of Sylhet was historically a part of the erstwhile East Bengal, but the British tacked it on to the newly created province of Assam
in 1874 in order to boost the ‘backward’ region’s economic strength

• India was one of the first countries to legalise abortion with its Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971.

• World's largest greenfield refinery at Raigarh in Maharashtra by Saudi Aramco, Adnoc of the United Arab Emirates and Indian public sector oil companies

• In 2021, India and Saudi Arabia started their first-ever Naval joint exercise called the AlMohed Al-Hindi Exercise

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 • In 2021, India and Saudi Arabia started their first-ever Naval joint exercise called the AlMohed Al-Hindi Exercise

• Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) has launched the Convergence Portal between the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme, Pradhan
Mantri Micro Food Enterprises Upgradation Scheme (PMFME) and Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY)

• Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) along with Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, jointly launched a Convergence Portal to better reap
the benefits of the Agriculture and Food Processing Sector

• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, is envisaged as a comprehensive package,
which will result in creation of modern infrastructure with efficient supply chain management from farm gate to retail outlet

• Gujarat High Court was the first high court to livestream court proceedings followed by Karnataka high court

• Nuakhai is an annual harvest festival celebrated in Odisha

• Nabanna which is celebrated in Coastal Odisha

• Odisha recently became the first state in the country to start an encyclopedia on tribal communities to document their age-old and unique traditions
The encyclopedia was published by Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) and Odisha State Tribal Museum

• SCSTRTI is the oldest tribal research institute in India. It was established as the Tribal Research Bureau (TRB) in 1952 and was later renamed as Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) in 1994

• The Ranipur Tiger Reserve will be the fourth in UP, after Dudhwa, Pilibhit and Amangarh (buffer of Corbett Tiger Reserve)
It will also be the first in the state’s portion of the Bundelkhand region

• AVGAS 100 LL was indigenously developed by the Indian Oil Corporation for the piston engine aircrafts and unmanned aerial vehicles
It will be produced in Indian Oil’s refinery in Vadodara, Gujarat

• Besides the Western Ghats, Neelakurinji is also seen in the Shevroy in the Eastern Ghats, Sanduru hills of Bellary district in Karnataka

• Tigers will be reintroduced in the Madhav National Park (MNP) of Madhya Pradesh more than six decades after they were last se en there.

• Ministry of Education released the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) rankings
It is the first-ever effort by the government to rank Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the country
Participation in NIRF was made compulsory for all government-run educational institutions in 2018

• CDS acts as the permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee which will also have three service chiefs as members
He also head the newly created Department of Military Affairs (DMA) in the Ministry of Defense

• Rotterdam Convention: was adopted on 10th September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, Netherlands and entered into force on
24th February 2004.
It covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have
been notified by Parties for inclusion in the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure
The Convention creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure

• E85 (or flex fuel) is a gasoline-ethanol blend containing 51% to 83% ethanol

• The Exercise Kakadu 2022 (KA22) is a multinational exercise hosted by the

Australian Navy in Darwin – the capital of Australia’s Northern Territory

• Storms that form towards the north of the equator rotate counterclockwise, while those that form to the south spin clockwise because of the rotation of
the Earth

• The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) launched a major operation code named “Operation Megh-Chakra” against circulation and sharing of child sexual
abuse material online

• Giorgia Meloni, head of the nationalist Brothers of Italy party, won the election and is all set to become the first Prime Minister at the head of its most right-
wing government since World War II

• Khosta-2 has been classified as sarbecovirus, a member of the coronavirus family

• Bathukamma is being celebrated in Telangana

Bathukamma means ‘Goddess of Life’ and is celebrated during Dussehra

• “Joint Vision for Space Cooperation”, India and France have signed an agreement for the cooperation on Gaganyaan Mission

• Project Siren Award 2022 is given on World Suicide Prevention Day for better reporting practices on suicide

• The consultation with the chief justice is obligatory in the case of appointment of a judge other than Chief justice

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 • Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organisation, independence, jurisdiction, powers and procedures of the Supreme Court

• The Indian constitution under Article 124(1) states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India constituting of a Chief Justice of India (CJI) and, until
Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than seven other Judges

• The Abraham Accord between Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain is mediated by the USA. It is the first Arab-Israeli peace deal in 26 years

• Egypt was the first Arab State to sign a peace deal with Israel in 1979

• In the Islamic tradition, the Kaaba in Mecca is considered the holiest site, followed by the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, and Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem

• Betting and Gambling comes under the State list and is banned in most states

• Montreal Protocol (1987) was set up with the aim to cut down 99% of all ozone-depleting substances (ODS) by active collaboration between Governments,
Scientists and Industry
It remains the only treaty to be ratified by all 198 UN Member States

• After Montreal Protocol, ODS Choloflourocarbon (CFCs) was replaced with Hydroflorurcarbons (HFCs).
Even though HFCs don’t harm ozone but are extremely potent to cause global warming and therefore under the Kigali amendment (2016), HFCs were
replaced as well

• India ratified the Kigali amendment in 2021

• Humans require UV-B to generate Vitamin D

• The PRASHAD Scheme aim to strengthen the tourist facilities around spiritual locations, under which 39 projects have been sanctioned in 24 States

• The Indian Government confers INSPIRE Award – MANAK (Million Minds Augmenting National Aspiration and Knowledge) every year under the SEAT
Program
Under the INSPIRE AWARDS – MANAK Scheme, students across India are encouraged to send original and creative technological ideas or innovations that
can solve common problems

• The Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) scheme has been implemented by Indian Government’s Department of Science and
Technology (DST) to encourage people aging 10 to 32 years to pursue science and a career in research
It has three components – Scheme for Early Attraction of Talent (SEATS), Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) and Assured Opportunity for Research
Careers (AORC).

• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research along with its National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP) and Crop Science Division is organizing a
hackathon KRITAGYA 3.0 aimed at promoting speed breeding for the improvement of crops.
It was launched in line with the National Education Policy, 2020

• The Indian Council for Agricultural Research launched the National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP) in November 2017 with the assistance
from the World Bank

• 1972 United Nations Conference on Human Environment also known as the Stockholm Conference

• Stockholm Declaration also known as Declaration on the Human Environment

• UNICEF created in 1946 as International Children’s Emergency Fund (ICEF) by UN relief Rehabilitation Administration to help children affected by World
War II.
UNICEF is guided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989

• Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park (also called the Darjeeling Zoo) is the largest high-altitude zoo in India
The zoo serves as the central hub for the Central Zoo Authority of India’s red panda program and is a member of the World Association of Zoos and
Aquariums.

• India's First Forest University to Come Up in Telangana

With only Russia and China having forest universities in the world, globally, this will be the third university of forestry

• India stands fourth in Global Crypto Adoption Index 2022

• The Indian government still hasn’t laid out a proper regulatory framework for the cryptocurrency industry except for the 30% crypto tax which came into
effect on July 1 of this year

• Jharkhand has become the third state after Bihar and Odisha in eastern India to have Food Security Atlas for its rural areas

• A CWC appointed by the State government under the JJ Act has the authority to dispose of cases of children in need of care an d protection brought before
them

• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children), Act offered provisions to allow trials of juveniles in the age group of 16-18 years as an adult who were

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• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children), Act offered provisions to allow trials of juveniles in the age group of 16-18 years as an adult who were
found to be in conflict with the law, especially heinous crimes.
The Act replaced the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956) and Guardians of the ward Act (1890) with more universally accessible adoption law

• Asian Development Bank has released an instalment of Rs 75 crore for Himachal Pradesh Sub-Tropical Horticulture, Irrigation and Value Addition project
(HP SHIVA).
The main project will begin from 2023 and will continue until 2028-29

• Proof of Work is a consensus mechanism used to verify and add new validated transactions to a blockchain

• SCALE (Skill Certification Assessment for Leather Employees) app which provides a one-stop solution for the skilling, learning, assessment, and employment
needs of the leather industry

• Carbon Tracker and Global Energy Monitor said that they had launched the first global registry of oil and gas reserves, production and emissions with data
for more than 50,000 fields

• Amendment to Rule 89 of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: A candidate would have to maintain a separate account for receipt and payments related to
elections and the same has to be transparently disclosed to authorities, as an account of election expenditure

• Under the electoral bond scheme, only the ruling party via the State Bank of India (SBI) has a full account of all donations being made via electoral bonds

• The Finance Bill of 2017 amended Section 182 of the Companies Act of 2013 to remove the requirement for declaring disaggregated donations to political
parties

• Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules of 1964 lay down clear principles as to what the Government expects from its employees

• The National e-Governance Division of MeitY has developed the ABC platform: Which allows students to open an academic account Store credits earned
from them for receiving degrees and diplomas

• The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA): It is the premier legislation for the prevention of trafficking for commer cial sexual exploitation

• The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), has taken a unique initiative to support the research efforts of bright young minds of the
Country by developing the Studentship Program for Ayurveda Research Ken (SPARK).

• The logistics division of DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce & Industry undertakes an annual “Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)” survey in all States/
Uts to assess and suggest various improvements in logistics sector of the country

• Logistics Performance Index (LPI) conducted biennially by the World Bank

• IPEF is structured around four pillars relating to Trade (Pillar I); Supply Chains (Pillar II); Clean Economy (Pillar III); and Fair Economy (Pillar IV).

• Economic advisory council to PM and Institute for competitiveness has released “Roadmap for Better Growth- India @100”, to enable India to become a
high income country by 2047

• The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority established on 12 July 2016 by the Government of India under the jurisdiction of
the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar Act 2016
The UIDAI was initially set up by the Government of India in January 2009, as an attached office under the aegis of the Planning Commission

• The Vedic Planetarium Temple in Mayapur, West Bengal will soon become the world’s largest religious monument

• UNICEF and WHO released this report to see progress on WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) and linkages between WASH and infection prevention and
control (IPC)

• WHO began functioning on April 7, 1948 – a date now being celebrated every year as World Health Day

• Potassium iodide (KI) tablets or anti-radiation pills are known to provide some protection in cases of radiation exposure.
They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption and subsequent concentration of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.

• Hyderabad Liberation Day, on 17th September Operation Polo was the code name for the police action against the Princely State of Hyderabad in
September 1948

• Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt of India, has undertaken to set up India’s first-ever "Night Sky Sanctuary" in Ladakh

• Under Article 343 of the Constitution, the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari

• Ministry of S&T recently organized Jigyasa 2.0 for the renewable fuel program

• ICAO is a United Nations (UN) specialized agency, established in 1944, which laid the foundation for the standards and procedures for peaceful global air
navigation

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• Union Jal Shakti Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat has declared Andaman and Nicobar Islands as India's first Swachh Sujal Pradesh

• All the villages of A&N islands have received Har Ghar Jal Certification

• India is a member of CICA (total - 27) - founded in 1999

• The agriculture and allied sectors’ share in total Gross Value Added to the economy is around 18 percent

• Jute can grow in a wide range of soil but fertile loamy alluvial soil is better suited

• India accounted for more than 50 percent of global jute production.

• The scheme of Decentralized Procurement of food grains was introduced by the Government in 1997-98

• The objective of the Soil Health Card scheme is to issue soil health cards to farmers every 2 years

• Inland fisheries in India have seen a turnaround, and presently contribute 70% of total fish production in India

• India is the second-largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.56 percent of global production.

• The total livestock population in the country is 535.78 million, showing an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census 2012

• Uttar Pradesh has the largest share of livestock population

• India doesn’t have any significant amount of production of asafoetida

• In order to be listed as a D-SIB, a bank needs to have assets that exceed 2 per cent of the national GDP

• India has emerged as the largest exporter of gherkins in the world Nearly 15% of the world’s gherkin requirement, is produced in India.

• Okun's Law is an empirically observed relationship between unemployment and losses in a country's production
Okun's Law looks at the statistical relationship between GDP and unemployment

• Desulfovibrio vulgaris, extensively, to restore classical art

• Orang National Park is the oldest game reserve of the state of Assam

• Kulik Bird Sanctuary - WB

• Kaundinya Wildlife Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh, the only sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh with a population of Asian elephants

• Cold air rapidly weakens hurricanes, while it is an essential ingredient for bomb cyclones

• Largest tree cover in India: Maharashtra > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Karnataka > Uttar Pradesh

• 35.46% of the forest cover is prone to forest fires

• Lassa fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus, which belongs the family Arenaviridae

• RBI has asked urban co-operative banks (UCBs) with more than ₹10,000 crore deposits (Tier 4 category) to put in place a Board approved policy and a
Compliance Function, including the appointment of a Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) latest by April 1, 2023

• Payments banks and small finance banks (SFBs) have been removed from the list of lenders where prompt corrective action can be initiated

• The India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) is a joint initiative of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR), state governments and World Health Organization-India

• The 'International Day of Peace' is observed on September 21 around the world

• Micro sector - investment not more than 1 crore and annual turnover not more than 5 crore
Small sector - investment not more than 10 crore and annual turnover not more than 50 crore
Medium sector - investment not more than 50 crore and annual turnover not more than 250 crore

• The MSME sector account for nearly 40%of India’s exports

• The Ministry of Labour, Government of India, has categorized theunorganised labour force under four groups depending on occupation, nature of
employment, specially distressed categories, and service categories

• Telecom operators are required to pay licence fee and spectrum charges in the form of ‘revenue share’ to the Centre. The reve nue amount used to
calculate this revenue share is termed as the Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR).

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 calculate this revenue share is termed as the Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR).

• Any worker who belongs to the unorganized sector and aged between 16-59, is eligible to register on the e-SHRAM portal
Universal Account Number is a 12-digit number uniquely assigned to each unorganized worker after registration on e-SHRAM portal
There is no need to renew the e-SHRAM card

• The Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, releases the Index of Eight Core Industries

• The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27 percent of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

• At present, FDI is prohibited in these sectors – lottery business; gambling and betting including casinos; chit funds; nidhi companies; trading in transferable
development rights; real estate business or construction of farmhouses; manufacturing of cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cig arettes, of tobacco or of
tobacco substitutes; atomic energy; and certain railway operations

• MSME SAMADHAAN Portal - For empowering micro and small entrepreneurs across the country to directly register their cases relating to delayed payments

• MSME SAMBANDH Portal - To help in monitoring the implementation of public procurement policy for micro and small enterprises

• CHAMPIONS Portal - Help the MSMEs capture new opportunities

• MSME SAMPARK Portal – A digital platform wherein jobseekers and recruiters get connected

• The Logistics Performance Index, created by the World Bank

• A ‘recognised’ party, declared as such by the Election Commission, can nominate a maximum of 40 star campaigners
An unrecognised political party can nominate a maximum of 20 star campaigners

• An eligible political party is the one registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and has se cured not less than one per cent
of the votes polled in the last General Election to the House of the People or to the Legislative Assembly

• In the Common Cause vs Union of India case, the Supreme Court held that the right to die with dignity is also included under Article 21 (Right to Life).

• Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) include clearing houses, depositories, and stock exchanges, and are a crucial component of the country's essential
economic infrastructure

• Sand Dollar is a central bank digital currency of Bahamas

• UPI is built over the Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) infrastructure

• Nepal will be the first country to adopt India's UPI system

• The Angadia system is a century-old parallel banking system in the country where traders send cash generally from one state to another through a person
called Angadia

• Switzerland has emerged as the world’s most innovative economy for the 12th consecutive year
India has been ranked at the 40th position in the index in 2022

• Uttar Pradesh (UP) approved the notification of the state’s fourth tiger reserve in the Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary (RWS) in Chitrakoot district.

• Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone for the “world’s first CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) terminal” at Bhavnagar in Gujarat

• Small Savings Schemes are a set of savings instruments managed by the central government with an aim to encourage citizens to save regularly irrespective
of their age.

• The Central Bureau of Investigation has launched a multi-phase ‘Operation Garuda’ against illicit drug trafficking network

• With the establishment of the NGT, India became the third country in the world to set up a specialised environmental tribunal, only after Australia and New
Zealand, and the first developing country to do so

• The Government of India has set a new target of a 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration in cities covered under the National Clean Air
Programme(NCAP) by 2026

• The Pahari community is a linguistic group mainly residing in the Pir Panjal valley comprising Rajouri and Poonch districts in J&K

• According to Article 342(1), the President of India declares a tribe as Scheduled Tribe, after consulting with the Governors of respective states

• Sukapaika is one of the several distributaries of the mighty Mahanadi river in Odisha

• The indigenous Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), Prachand was formally inducted into the Indian Air Force

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• The MoP (Memorandum of Procedure) is the playbook agreed upon by the government and the judiciary on the appointment of judge s. It is a crucial
document — because the Collegium system of appointing judges is a judicial innovation that is not mandated through legislation or text of the Constitution

• The MoP has evolved as the standard based on three decisions of the Supreme Court, known as the First Judges Case (1981), Second Judges Case (1993)
and the Third Judges Case (1998). These three judgments form the basis of a peer selection process for the appointment of judges.

• The MoP was first drawn up in 1999. It was re-negotiated in 2016 following the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down, in 2015, the constitutional
amendment that brought in the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) that sought to change the system of appointments and give the
government a foot in the door

• During the fiscals 2020 to 2025, sectors such as energy (24%), roads (19%), urban (16%), and railways (13%) amount to around 70% of the projected capital
expenditure in infrastructure in India for National Infrastructure Pipeline

• As of April 2022, India’s installed renewable energy capacity (including hydro) stood at 158.12 GW, representing 39.43% of the overall installed power
capacity

• The official data shows that 57.71 GW of solar power and 40.71 GW of wind energy have been installed till June 2022

• NITI Aayog has developed the National Monetization Pipeline, in consultation with infrastructure line ministries, based on the mandate for 'Asset
Monetisation' under Union Budget 2021-22.

• Asset monetisation, based on the philosophy of ‘Creation through Monetisation’, is aimed at tapping private sector investment for new infrastructure
creation

• The aggregate asset pipeline under NMP over the four-year period, FY 2022-2025, is indicatively valued at Rs 6.0 lakh crores
The top 5 sectors (by estimated value) capture ~83% of the aggregate pipeline value.
These top 5 sectors include: Roads (27%), followed by Railways (25%), Power (15%), Oil & Gas Pipelines (8%), and Telecom (6%).

• NITI Aayog, in collaboration with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has developed a comprehensive Geographic Informa tion System (GIS) Energy
Map of India with the support of Ministries of Power, Coal, and Petroleum and Renewable Energy, to present all energy -related information in one web
portal

• Due to the inelastic nature of its demand, an increase in crude prices invariably leads to higher import bills for the country in the short run. This worsens the
Current Account Deficit

• A hypersonic missile is a weapon system which flies above at least Mach 5 i.e., five times the speed of sound, and is manoeuvrable

• IEA is an autonomous intergovernmental organisation

Headquarters (Secretariat): Paris, France

• The Marrakesh Agreement established the World Trade Organisation

• The structure of the WTO is dominated by its highest authority, the Ministerial Conference, composed of representatives of all WTO members, which is
required to meet at least once every two years, and which can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements

• The Peoples' Climate Vote is a pillar of the Mission 1.5 Campaign launched in 2020 by the United Nations Development Programme

• World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is observed every year on 17th of June

• The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), instituted in 1971 under the aegis of United Nations Conference on Trade and Dev elopment

• UNESCO and the International Union of Architects launched the World Capital of Architecture initiative to highlight the key role of architecture, city
planning, and culture, in shaping urban identity and sustainable urban development

• World Capital of Architecture for 2023, Copenhagen will host a series of major events and programmes on the theme, “Sustainable Futures – Leave No One
Behind”.

• The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is a statutory corporate fraud investigating agency in India, set up in 2003.
It is a multi-disciplinary organisation under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs

• The Chilika Lake in Odisha has emerged as the single largest habitat of Irrawaddy dolphins in the world

• In 2002, Chilika was taken out of the Montreux Record, in light of the improved conditions of the lake

• Tree City of the World programme is an initiative of United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation

• Mumbai and Hyderabad have been jointly recognised as ‘2021 Tree City of the World'

• Palli village, located in the Samba district of Jammu, has become India’s first panchayat to become carbon neutral

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• Surat has become the first city in the country to get a processed steel slag (industrial waste) road

• Parasnath Hills are a range of hills located in Giridih district of Jharkhand.

• Mahalanobis established the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), in 1931, in Kolkata.

• Mahalanobis was instrumental in formulating India’s strategy for industrialization in the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61)

• ODF primarily means the eradication of open defecation in the entire community. Every household, as well as public/community institutions, should be
using safe technological options for disposal of feces.

• ODF+ Protocol focuses on sustaining community/public toilet usage by ensuring their functionality, cleanliness, and maintenan ce.

• ODF++ Protocol focuses on achieving sanitation sustainability by addressing complete sanitation value chain, including safe containment, processing, and
disposal of fecal sludge and septage.

• Reskilling Revolution Project was introduced during the 50th annual meeting of World Economic Forum in 2020
It aims to improve the education, employment prospects, and skills of 1 billion people by 2030

• The Council of Europe Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions, known as the Macolin Convention, is a multilateral treaty aimed at checking
match-fixing

• On 3rd February 1959, Dr Rajendra Prasad commissioned the first blast furnace in the country, at Rourkela.

• Part XV of the Indian constitution deals with elections and establishes a commission for these matters

• Prime Minister declared Modhera, in Gujarat as India’s first round-the-clock solar-powered village involving a ground-mounted solar power plant and more
than 1,300 rooftop solar systems

• Manodarpan Initiative is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the
times of Covid-19.

• Asan Barage Conservation Reserve - Uttarakhand

Roper Wetland Conservation Reserve - Punjab
Dugong Conservation Reserve-Palk Bay

• Typhloesus dubbed the “alien goldfish”

• Shrink inflation is when a product downsizes its quantity while keeping the same price.

• UNSC is headquartered in New York

• PM CARES Fund allows an option for Micro donation; one can donate as low as Rs 10 to the PM CARES Fund

• OSIRIS-REx is NASA’s first mission to visit a near-Earth asteroid, survey its surface and collect a sample from it

• The Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) utilizes long wave-infrared, temperature measurements from geostationary satellites to estimate tropical cyclone
(TC) intensity

• Productivity Paranoia is a concept that shows the delusion of employers that their employee's work or performance is not up t o the mark

• BrahMos has a range of 290 km and is the fastest cruise missile in the world with a top speed of Mach 2.8

• Indonesia and Malaysia together account for almost 90% of the global palm oil production, with Indonesia producing the largest quantity at over 45 million
tonnes in 2021

• India is the largest importer of palm oil in Asia, accounting for 15% of global imports, followed by China (9%), Pakistan (4%) and Bangladesh (2%).

• Kalijai Temple - Located on an island in the Chilika Lake

• The Rotterdam Convention is an international treaty designed to facilitate informed decision-making by countries with regard to trade in hazardous
chemicals

• The Attorney General (AG) of India is a part of the Union Executive

• Caribbean Community Nations (CARICOM) came into being on 4 July 1973 with the signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas

• Bakten province - Kyrgyzstan

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• Karnali River and Seti River - Nepal

• Jebil National Park - Tunisia

• The Global Innovation Index 2022 has been released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

• Small Savings Schemes are a set of savings instruments managed by the central government with an aim to encourage citizens to save regularly irrespective
of their age

• All deposits received under various small savings schemes are pooled in the National Small Savings Fund

• Udayagiri, the largest Buddhist complex in Odisha

• India, which is not a part of the Global Methane Pledge

• The Narmada near Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) forms the DhuanDhar Falls

• Operation Garuda was initiated in close coordination with Interpol and Narcotics Control Bureau, for combating the smuggling of illicit drugs and
psychotropic substances, with a special focus on the Indian Ocean region

• Enceladus is one of the moons of Saturn

• Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Global Environmental Facility (GEF) is the designated interim financial mechanism for the Stockholm Convention

• National Clean Air Programme is aimed at achieving a 20% to 30% reduction target in Particulate Matter concentrations by 2024 where 2017 is kept as the
base year for the comparison of concentration

• The war which took place between Cholas and Pandyas at a place called Chevur is called as "Battle of Chevur".

• On 4 February 1916, Gandhiji made his first public appearance after returning from South Africa in BHU.

• The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) Secretariat is based in Montreal, Canada and it operates under the United Nations
Environment Programme.

• The UNCCD permanent secretariat is located in Bonn, Germany

• Kappaphycus alvarezii is red algae but, its actual live colour is green or yellow

• The Pahari community is a linguistic group mainly residing in the Pir Panjal valley comprising Rajouri and Poonch districts in J&K

• The highest policy-making body of UNCTAD is the Conference, which meets once every four years to set policy guidelines and to formulate a program of
work.

• The Lassa fever-causing virus is found in West Africa and was first discovered in 1969 in Lassa, Nigeria
The virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the virus family Arenaviridae

• The Global Hunger Report 2022 released by Concern Worldwide and Welt Hunger Hilfe, Non-Government Organisations from Ireland and Germany
respectively, has ranked India at 107 among 121 countries.

• India is one of the founding members of CICA.

• The International Monetary and Finance Committee meets twice a year, during the Spring and Annual Meetings. The Committee discusses matters of
common concern affecting the global economy and also advises the IMF on the direction its work.

• Port Gqeberha (also known as Port Elizabeth), South Africa

• Talwar Class warships active in Indian Navy - INS Talwar, INS Trishul, INS Tabar, INS Teg, INS Tarkash, INS Trikand
Talwar class frigates are guided missile frigates designed and built by Russia

• Grameen Udhyami Project aims to skill tribal youth across India to enable them to create a perennial stream of income without having to migrate to urban
areas

• The period of Cholas was around 9th to 12th century AD

• Lok Adalat was given statutory status under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.

• Ranganath Misra Commission (2004) - Scheduled Caste status - recommended that SC status should be made fully religion-neutral like Scheduled Tribes

• Financial Stability and Development Council is a non-statutory apex council under the Ministry of Finance constituted by the Executive Order in 2010

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• Financial Stability and Development Council is a non-statutory apex council under the Ministry of Finance constituted by the Executive Order in 2010

• A bank run occurs when a large number of customers of a bank or other financial institution withdraw their deposits simultaneously over concerns about
the bank's solvency

• The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, generally known as the Bonn Convention or CMS, is an intergovernmental
agreement signed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme.

• India has also launched the National Action Plan for the conservation of migratory species under the Central Asian Flyway

• The first CICA summit was held on 4 June 2002 with participation of 16 Member States and Almaty Act, the charter of the CICA, was adopted

• Banni grassland was declared a Protected Forest in 1955, under the Indian Forest Act, 1927

• Solidarity- 2023 - RATS (SCO)

• The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body created by the United Nations General Assembly resolution
It meets at the UN Office in Geneva
The Council is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly

• In a first-of-its-kind event, Indonesia will host a global summit of religious leaders modelled on the G20 forum - called the ‘G20 Religion Forum’, or R- 20

• Electoral bonds are purchased anonymously by donors and are valid for 15 days from the date of issue

• Only the Political Parties registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 (43 of 1951) and which has secured not less than
one per cent of the votes polled in the last General Election to the House of the People or the Legislative Assembly of the State, shall be eligible to receive
the Electoral Bonds

• Malacca Strait - joins Andaman Sea and South China Sea

Otranto Strait - join: Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea
Bab-el-Mandeb Strait - join: Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

• Namdapha is the only park in the World to have the four Feline species of big cat namely the Tiger (Panthera Tigris), Leopard (Panthera Pardus), Snow
Leopard (Panthera Uncia), and Clouded Leopard (Neofelis Nebulosa).

• India is the 1st country in the world to achieve Mars Orbit Insertion in the very 1st attempt

• Mars Orbiter Mission was launched with the help of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C-25.

• Pratyush and Mihir are two High-Performance Computing (HPC) units

• Pratyush Supercomputer is India’s fastest supercomputer and India’s first multi-petaflops computer

• A non-deliverable forward (NDF) is a two-party currency derivatives future contract to exchange cash flows/ currencies
The largest NDF markets are in the Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, South Korean won, New Taiwan dollar, and Brazilian real

• The Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets, set up by the RBI, chaired by Usha Thorat

• Durgavati Tiger Reserve (DTR), will spread across Narisinghpur, Damoh and Sagar districts in Madhya Pradesh

• Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee-Employer Mapping (ASEEM) Portal is an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital platform to bridge the demand-supply gap
of skilled workforce across sectors thereby facilitating skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities

• Grameen Udhyami is a unique multi-skilling project funded by the National Skill Development Corporation aims to skill tribal youth across India to enable
them to create a perennial stream of income without having to migrate to urban areas

• Grameen Udyami Yojana is implemented under Sansadiya Parisankul Yojana

• The state executive consists of the governor, the chief minister, the council of ministers and the advocate-general of the state

• No alternation of boundaries in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries can be done without the approval of the National Boar d for Wildlife (NBWL)

• Groningen gas fields in the Netherlands

• The paramitas (paramis) represent qualities that the bodhisattva strives to perfect in order to purify karma and kleshas, and develop bodhicitta to the
highest degree possible

• Banas culture (2600 BC–1900 BC) in south-east Rajasthan

Inamgaon is an important site of Jorwe culture
Kayatha(2100 BC– 2000BC)with Chambal in Madhya Pradesh
Malwa Culture (1700 BC–1400 BC) with Navdatoli in Western Madhya Pradesh

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 Malwa Culture (1700 BC–1400 BC) with Navdatoli in Western Madhya Pradesh

• Gufkral - Jammu
Chirand - Bihar
Koldihwa - UP
Burzahom - Jammu

• Chanhu-Daro is the only Harappan city without a citadel

• There are three principal inscriptions on the Allahabad Pillar - Asoka, Samudragupta, Jahangir

• Mauryas had a highly centralized bureaucratic rule with the king as the fountain head of all powers

• Varahamihira books - Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita, and Brihat Jataka

• Rabatak inscriptions give remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty

• Akananuru, Periplus of Erythraean Sea, Purananuru, and several other Sangam literatures mentioned Muziris as an important port of the Cheras

• Satavahanas used Silver coins called Karshapanas were used for trade

• Lothal is known as Manchester of Harappan civilization for its cotton trade

• Kalibangan - Ghaggar river

• Ariz-i-Mumalik - Head of Military Department

Sadr - Head of Religious Affairs
Barid - Spies

• The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, and later enlarged by Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji

• Kharaj was the tax on cultivation amounting to 50% of the peasant’s produce

• Masahat is the term used for the measurement of land

• Zakat was a religious tax levied on Muslims

• Khams was the share in war booty

• Alauddin Khalji was the first Sultan of Delhi who ordered for the measurement of land

• Biswa was the standard unit of measurement

• Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sultan to impose Sharb (irrigation tax)

• Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a new department called Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity) to take care of orphans and widows.

• He also developed royal factories called karkhanas in which thousands of slaves were employed, organised under the Diwan-i-Bandagan (Department of
Slaves). The officer in- charge was Wakil-i-dar

• Araghatta was a Persian water-wheel used for irrigation

• Hiranya-garbha (literally, the golden womb) was a ritual performed by the non-Kshatriyas to become a Kshatriya and a ruler

• The Rashtrakutas in the Deccan were subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka

• The magnificent Kailasanatha temple at Ellora was built during the reign of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I

• The Chandelas initially ruled as feudatories of the Gurjara−Pratiharas of Kannauj, and were involved in conflicts with the Pratiharas, the Palas, and the
Kalachuris of Chedi

• Paramara rulers were feudatories of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta

• The administration under Chalukyas were highly centralised

• Rana Kumbha built the Victory Tower at Chittor

• The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Raya

• The Vijayanagara kings issued a large number of gold coins called Varaha

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• Vijayanagara rulers adopted the emblem of the Chalukyas, the boar, or varahaas, in their royal insignia

• Forest Advisory Committee is a statutory body which was constituted by the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980

• The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) is an internationally accepted methodology for determining the physical damages, economic losses, and costs
of meeting recovery needs after a natural disaster through a government-led process

• Post Disaster Needs Assessment(PDNA) was first adopted during the Kerala floods of 2018 and again during the cyclone in Odish a in 2019

• Lokpal motto - Ishabasoupanishad - Do not be greedy for anyone’s wealth

• The Lokpal will consist of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members

• The armed forces do not come under the ambit of Lokpal

• FATF Secretariat is located at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) headquarters in Paris

• Spillover event is the term used to describe when a virus has overcome the many naturally occurring barriers necessary to “spill over” from onespecies to
another

• The Economist Intelligence Unit has released the Democracy Index

• National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO) is an apex body formed under the aegis of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).

• Sagaing Region is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the northwestern part of the country

• Polycrack technology is the world’s very first patented heterogeneous catalytic process which converts multiple feedstocks into hydrocarbon liquid fuels,
gas, carbon as well as water.

• The Swachh Survekshan Gramin-2022 award by the Jal Shakti ministry

• International Day for the Eradication of Poverty is observed every year on October 17 globally

• The 2022 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought was conferred to the Ukrainian people

• Darjeeling Tea was the first Indian product to get a GI tag

• In 1985 the United Nations designated the first Monday of October every year as World Habitat Day

• Living Planet Report 2022 is a joint endeavor of the World Wildlife Fund and Zoological Society of London

• India-Bhutan border gates at Samdrup Jongkhar and Gelephu along the Assam frontier

• The first edition of India-Mozambique-Tanzania Trilateral Exercise(IMT TRILAT) has started at Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

• Giri and Tons rivers, both tributaries of the Yamuna

• First steel slag road in India was built in Surat under the ‘Waste to Wealth’ initiative

• The Charminar is situated on the east bank of Musi River

• The Chandrabhaga beach on the Konark coast of Odisha has become Asia's first beach to get the Blue Flag certification

• The Alps are young fold mountains

• Only Switzerland and Austria can be considered true Alpine countries

• The Andes is the tallest mountain range outside Asia

• MTCR was established in April 1987 by G-7 countries – USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, and Japan

• PARIMAN is a Geo-portal for the National Capital Region (NCR) - Developed by: National Informatics Centre(NIC).

• Solar maximum - when sun has the highest number of sun spots

• The ASO-S is China’s first full-scale satellite dedicated to researching the Sun.
It is the world’s first solar telescope capable of simultaneously monitoring both solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

• Valery Polyakov, who held the record for the achieving the longest single stay in space (437 days)

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• Mir Space Station was operated from 1986 to 2001 by Soviet Union and later by Russia

• Tiangong space station - Tianhe, Wentian, Mengtian - in the LEO

• Lake Hazen in Canada – the world’s largest High Arctic lake by volume

• Food Waste Index Report published by the United Nations Environment Programme

• Tons valley - Uttarakhand

• Sochi National Park is UNESCO world heritage site in Russia

• The Chang’e 5 is China’s first lunar sample-return mission launched in November 2020

• Currently, AIIMS Delhi is the only institute doing virtual autopsy in Southeast Asia for the past two years

• Nonplastics are plastic debris particles that are smaller than 1,000 nanometre, which is equal to one billionth of a metre.

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