Communication Engineering 5.4.2. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEGES OF TRF RECEIVER @ Advantages @) Cheaper, Gi) Very simple to implement, and Gi) High sensitivity. @ Disadvantages: : @ _ It is useful only to single-tuned circuit and low frequency applications. Gi) Variation in the Bandwidth: Their bandwidth varies with center frequency when tuned over wide range of frequencies. Instability: Due to large number of RF amplifiers, all tuned to the same center frequency, the receiver can be unstable Variation in Gain: The gain of TRF receiver is not uniform over a wide Gii) (iv) frequency range. (v) Insufficient Selectivity: Unable to achieve sufficient selectivity at high frequency. (vi) It was not possible to use double tuned RF amplifiers in this receiver. (vii) Poor adjacent channel rejection 5.5. AM SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER 5.5.1. INTRODUCTION - = © At higher radio frequencies the performance of a TRF becomes poor. The performance of the receiver is improved by a technique known as heterodyning. The process of mixing two signals having different frequencies to produce a signal with new frequency is called as heterodyning. * The problems in the TRF receiver are solved in this receiver by converting every selected RF signal to a fixed lower frequency signal, which is called as the “Intermediate Frequency (IF)”. " « Therefore, all the succeeding stages have to operate on a fixed frequency. Hence, the circuit design becomes simple with improved performance.aw Transmitter and Receiver ~~ Practically all radio and Ty rece’ f iver heterodyning. 532. GENERAL BLOCKS 5.5.2° .Rfsection Lun - laac The incoming AM wave is picked up by the receiving antenna and amplified in the RF section which is tuned to th —~< 10 the carrier frequency of the incoming wave. The RF section generally consists of a pi reselector and an amplifier stage. a} Preselector The preselect or is a broad-tuned Band Pass Filter (BPF) with an adjustable centre frequency that is tuned to the desired carrier frequency of the incoming signal and rejects the unwanted radio frequency called “image frequency” and it also reduces the noise bandwidth for noise and allows the useful signal. (ii) RF amplifier A receiver can have one or more RF amplifiers depending on the desired sensitivity and its output is a desired signal at frequency “f,” 5.5.2.2, Mixer. / Converter SECTION * The combination of mixer and local oscillator provides a heterodyning function, whereby the incoming signals (RF) is converted to a predetermined fixed Intermediate Frequency (LF) signal, usually lower than the incoming carrier frequency. Ss The carrier and sideband frequencies are translated from RF to IF, the shape of the envelope remains the same and therefore, the original information contained in the envelope remains unchanged. The mixer-local oscillator combination is sometimes referred to as the first detector and in this case the demodulator is called the second detector. The most common intermediate frequency used in AM broad — case receivers is 455 kHz.Communication Engineering 5.8 : sajuanbay : orpniy : : AS Jayeeds 40y3}@p siaytidwe adojeaua olpny na uonaas 10}93}9q uoyoas leubis 44 Jeqy ssedpueg fe uoyoas 4) we 4y z Joajasaig =O (3-9) seyanuoo pe uonoas 44 euuajue AM super heterodyne receiver ig.5.4.— SESE ies seceeeeevetaree eee seaceee tere ESSE AM Transmitter and Receiver = ( Local oscillator frequency (fo) The mixer receives signals from the RF amplifier at frequency (f,)-and from the Jocal oscillator at frequency (f>) such that fy > f. The local oscillator frequency fo is expressed as, 1 fo=f+f 0 Where, fe — Signal frequency, and Ji — Intermediate frequency, (ii) Signal frequency (f,) The signal frequency f, is below local oscillator frequency fp by an fi, the intermediate frequency. f=f—f bs = Q) (iii) Image signal frequency (f,,) Image signal frequency fy is given by fur fo+f : @) By substituting equation (1) in equation (3); fir f tft fi fa=f+2 6 a (4) This unwanted signal at frequency fy; is known as the “image frequency” and it is said to be the “image” of the signal frequency f,. It must be rejected by the receiver and the image rejection is depends on the front end selectivity of the receiver, i.e. the selectivity of the RF circuit. (IV) Image Frequency Rejection Ratio (IFRR) Image frequency rejection ratio is defined as “the radio of the gain at the signal frequency to the gain at the image frequency”. The IFRR of a single tuned circuit is expressed as, Gain at the signal frequency 7 TO FH lt wd Gain at the image frequency Qe °) favs f, ‘i Where, = is (6 are my5.10 Communication Engineering Q= Quality factor of tuned circuit, and ce = Image frequency rejection ratio (IFRR) The value of IFRR should be as high as possible. (v) Frequency changing and Tracking (Mixing) The mixer stage is a nonlinear device and its purpose is to convert radio frequencies to intermediate frequencies (RF-to IF frequency translation).The mixer receives signals from the RF amplifier at frequency (f) and from the local oscillator at frequency (fo) such that fo > f. From antenna 7 (or) : fo RF amplifer Mixer Output) (7 — 4.) Us) { (+h) (fo) From focal oscillator Fig. 5.5. Mixer 5.5.2.3. Intermediate Frequencies and IF Amplifier The mixer will mix the signals to produce signals having frequencies f., fo (fo + f:) and (fy — f). Out of these, the difference of frequency component, that is, (fo — f) is selected and all others are rejected. This frequency is called as the Intermediate Frequency (IF). fi=fo-f eea(7) This frequency contains the same modulation as the original signal f,. IF amplifier The IF amplifiers are relatively high-gain tuned amplifiers, which amplify the intermediate frequency. Most of the receiver gain is provided by this stage. More than one stage of IF amplifier is used to get a good sensitivity. 5.5.2.4. Demodulator (or) Detector The output of the IF section is applied to a demodulator which recovers the baseband or message signal.‘AM Transmitter and Receiver The detector is gene, =“ fa ar rally called an audio detector (or) the second detector in receiver because the information signals are in Audio Frequencies (AFs),, Audio Frequenci 5.5.2.5. Audio Amplifier and Loud Speaker di i i i The a io a Will amplify the AF signal and apply it to the loud speaker. The au Ho section comprises several cascaded audio amplifiers depends on the required audio signal power and contains one (or) more speakers. 5.5.2.6. ee of Super Heterodyne Receiver over TRF Receiver The following are the advantages of ‘super heterodyne receiver over TRF receiver: (i) No i in bandwidth. The BW remains constant over the entire operating range, (ii) High sensitivity and selectivity, (iii) High adjacent channel rejection, (iv) Improved stability, (v) Higher gain per stage because IF amplifiers are operated at a lower frequency, and (vi) Uniform bandwidth because of fixed intermediate frequency. 5.6. SOLVED PROBLEMS For a receiver with IF and RF frequencies of 455 kHz and 900 kHz respectively, determine () Local oscillator frequency, (ii) Image frequency, and (iii) Image frequency rejection ratio for Q of 80. Given: Intermediate frequency (IF) = 455 kHz Signal frequency f, = 900 kHz Quality factor, Q = 80