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Solution Notes PPT 3
Solution Notes PPT 3
Solution Notes PPT 3
SUBJECT EXPERT
DR. TANUJA NAUTIYAL
DH1Separation of
solute molecules
DH2 Separation of
solvent molecules
N2 CO O2 Ar Kr
Solubility (M) Solubility (M) Solubility (M) Solubility (M) Solubility (M)
0.69 X 10-3 1.04 X 10-3 1.38 X 10-3 1.50 X 10-3 2.79 X 10-3
Henry’s Law:
Sg = kPg
Sg is the solubility of the gas;
k is the Henry’s law constant for that gas in that solvent;
Pg is the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.
PA = XAPA
1. Volatile solute – both solvent and solute are found in the vapor above the
solution. A solution of ethanol in is an example.
2. Non-volatile solute – only the solvent has a vapor pressure. The solute does
not contribute to the pressure so there is a “vapor pressure lowering”.
P1 = X1P01 Ptotal = P1 + P2
P1 = X1P01 P2 = X2P02
Ptotal = P1 + P 2
In a solution containing only one solute, X1 = 1 – X2, where X2 is the mole
fraction of the solute.
= X1P1 + X2P2
= (1 - X2)P1 + X2P2
= P1+ X2 (P2- P1)
A plot of the total pressure has the form of a straight line.
The boiling point elevation (DTb ) is defined as the boiling point of the solution
(Tb) minus the boiling point of the pure solvent (T°b):
DTb = Tb - T°b
The value of DTb is proportional to the vapor-pressure lowering, and so is also
proportional to the concentration (molality) of the solution. That is, D Tb α m
The change in boiling point is proportional to the molality of the solution:
DTb = Kb m
DTb = Kb m
DTf = Kf m
Here Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent.
The similarity between freezing point depression and boiling point ele
vation is not accidental.
They both depend on the shift in the equilibrium caused when a solut
ion is formed and changes the equilibrium of the liquid with respect t
o the solid or vapor.
In both equations, DT does not depend on what the solute is, but
only on how many particles are dissolved.
One mole of NaCl in water does not really give rise to two moles of ions.
Some Na+ and Cl− re associate as hydrated ion pairs, so the true
concentration of particles is somewhat less than two times the
concentration of NaCl. Some Na+ and Cl− re associate as hydrated ion
pairs, so the true concentration of particles is somewhat less than two
times the concentration of NaCl.
Re association is more likely at higher concentration.
Therefore, the number of particles present is concentration dependent.
𝒏
= MRT= 𝑹𝑻
𝑽
PA = XAPA
DTb = Kb . m
DTf = Kf . m
𝒏
= MRT= 𝑹𝑻
𝑽
Presentation by
Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal