Sample Solutions of Assignment 2 for MAT200-03:

1. Determine if the following equation is exact. If it is exact, find out the solutions
0 0
(a). (x4 + 4y) + (4x − 3y 8 )y = 0 (b). (x + y) + (2x − y)y = 0
0
(c). (2xy 2 + 2y) + (2x2 y + 2x)y = 0 (d). (x log y + xy)dx + (y log x + xy)dy = 0
ydy
(e). (x2 +yx2 )3/2 dx + 3 =0
(x2 +y 2 ) 2
Answer: (a). Since ∂y (x4 + 4y) = 4 and ∂x (4x − 3y 8 ) = 4, the equation is exact. And
1 5
5
x + 4xy − 31 y 9 = C is the first integral.
(b). Since ∂y (x + y) = 1 and ∂x (2x − y) = 2, the equation is not exact.
(c). Since ∂y (2xy 2 + 2y) = 4xy + 2 and ∂x (2x2 y + 2x) = 4xy + 2, the equation is exact. And
x2 y 2 + 2xy = C is the first integral.
x y
(d). Since ∂y (x log y + xy) = y
+ x and ∂x (y log x + xy) = x
+ y, the equation is not exact.
2xy y 2xy
(e). Since ∂y ( (x2 +yx2 )3/2 ) = − 23 (x2 +y 2 )5/2 and ∂x ( 3 ) = − 32 (x2 +y 2 )5/2 , the equation is exact.
(x2 +y 2 ) 2
And − (x2 +y12 )1/2 = C is the first integral.

2. Using the integrating factors given below to solve the corresponding ODEs.
0 1
(a). x2 y 3 + x(1 + y 2 )y = 0, µ(x, y) = xy 3
cos y+2e−x cos x
(b). ( siny y − 2e−x sin x)dx + y
dy = 0, µ(x, y) = yex
2
(c). (3x + y6 )dx + ( xy + 2 xy )dy = 0, µ(x, y) = xy
1
Answer: (a). Multiply µ(x, y) = xy 3
on both sides of equation, one has

1 + y2 0
x+ y =0
y3
1 1
⇒ d( x2 − 2 + ln y) = 0
2 2y
1 2 1
⇒ x − 2 + ln y = C
2 2y
1
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(b). Multiply µ(x, y) = yex on both sides of equation, one has

(ex sin y − 2ysin x)dx + (ex cos y + 2 cos x)dy = 0

⇒ d(ex sin y + 2y cos x) = 0
⇒ ex sin y + 2y cos x = C

(c). Multiply µ(x, y) = xy on both sides of equation, one has

(3x2 y + 6x)dx + (x3 + 2y 2 )dy = 0

2
⇒ d(x3 y + 3x2 + y 3 ) = 0
3
2
⇒ x3 y + 3x2 + y 3 = C
3

3. Find out the integrating factors of the following ODEs and solve the corresponding ODEs
(a). (3x2 y + 2xy + y 3 )dx + (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0 (b). dx + ( xy − sin y)dy = 0
(c). ydx + (2xy − e−2y )dy = 0 (d). ex dx + (ex cot y + 2y csc y)dy = 0
My −Nx
Answer: (a). Since My − Nx = 3x2 + 3y 2 = 3N , µx = N
µ = 3µ. Hence we can choose
µ = e3x . Multiple µ on both side of ODE, we have

e3x (3x2 y + 2xy + y 3 )dx + e3x (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0

1
⇒ d(e3x (x2 y + y 3 )) = 0
3
1
⇒ e3x (x2 y + y 3 ) = C
3

−Nx
(b). Since My − Nx = − y1 = − y1 M , µy = − MyM µ = 1
y
µ. Hence we can choose µ = y.
Multiple µ on both side of ODE, we have

ydx + (x − y sin y)dy = 0

⇒ d(xy − sin y − y cos y) = 0
⇒ xy − sin y − y cos y = C
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−Nx
(c). Since My − Nx = 1 − 2y = − 2y−1
y
M , µy = − MyM µ = 2y−1
y
µ. Hence we can choose
e2y
µ= y
. Multiple µ on both side of ODE, we have

e2y e2y
( )ydx + ( )(2xy − e−2y )dy = 0
y y
1
⇒ e2y dx + (2xe2y − )dy = 0
y
2y
⇒ d(e x − ln y) = 0
⇒ e2y x − ln y = C
−Nx
(d). Since My − Nx = −ex cot y = − cot yM , µy = − MyM µ = cot yµ. Hence we can choose
µ = sin y. Multiple µ on both side of ODE, we have
ex sin ydx + (ex cos y + 2y)dy = 0
⇒ d(ex sin y + y 2 ) = 0
⇒ ex sin y + y 2 = C

4. Solve the following ODEs

0 2x+y 0 y
(a). y = 3+3y 2 −x
, y(0) =0 (b). y = t−y
0 2 2x 0
(c). xy + y − y e = 0, y(0) = 0 (d). y = ex+y
dy
(e). xdy − ydx = 2x2 y 2 dy, y(1) = −2 (f). dx
= − 2xy+1
x2 +2y
0 y3 x2 −y
(g). y = 1−2xy 2
, y(0) =1 (h). (2y + 1)dx + x
dy =0
Answer: (a). Original ODE can be written as

(2x + y)dx + (x − 3y 2 − 3)dy = 0

Since My − Nx = 0, the equation is exact. Then we have

d(x2 + xy − y 3 − 3y) = 0
⇒ x2 + xy − y 3 − 3y = y 3 (0) − 3y(0) = 0

(b). Original ODE can be written as

ydt + (y − t)dy = 0
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Since My − Nt = 2 = y2 M ,µy = − MyM−Nt µ = − y2 µ. Hence we can choose µ = 1

y2
. Multiple µ on
both side of ODE, we have
1 1 t
dt + ( − 2 )dy = 0
y y y
t
⇒ d(ln |y| + ) = 0
y
t
⇒ ln |y| + = C
y
1
(c). Multiply x2
on both sides of original equation, we have
y − y 2 e2x 1
2
dx + dy = 0 (1)
x x
1−2ye2x 2−2ye2x −Nx
Since My − Nx = x2
+ 1
x2
= x2
= y2 M ,µy = − MyM µ = − y2 µ. Hence we can choose
1
µ= y2
. Multiple µ on both side of ODE (1), we have

1 2e2x 1
(2
− 2
)dx + 2 dy = 0
xy x xy
Z 2x
1 2e
⇒ d( + dx) = 0
xy x2
2e2x
Z
1
⇒ + dx = C
xy x2
Thus original ODE can’t have a nontrivial solution such that y(x = 0) = 0. Hence y ≡ 0 is the
only solution.
(d). Original ODE can be written as

ex+y dx − dy = 0
−Nx
Since My − Nx = ex+y = M ,µy = − MyM µ = −µ. Hence we can choose µ = e−y . Multiple µ on
both side of ODE, we have
ex dx − e−y dy = 0
⇒ d(ex + e−y ) = 0
⇒ ex + e−y = C
(e). Original ODE can be written as

ydx + (2x2 y 2 − x)dy = 0

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My −Nx
Since My − Nx = 2 − 4xy 2 = − x2 N ,µx = N
µ = − x2 µ. Hence we can choose µ = 1
x2
. Multiple
µ on both side of ODE, we have
y 1
2
dx + (2y 2 − )dy = 0
x x
2 3 y
⇒ d( y − ) = 0
3 x
2 3 y 2 10
⇒ y − = y 3 (1) − y(1) = −
3 x 3 3
(f). Original ODE can be written as

(2xy + 1)dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0

Since My − Nx = 0, the equation is exact. Then we have

(2xy + 1)dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0
⇒ d(x2 y + x + y 2 ) = 0
⇒ x2 y + x + y 2 = C
(g). Original ODE can be written as

y 3 dx + (2xy 2 − 1)dy = 0
−Nx
Since My − Nx = y 2 = y1 M ,µy = − MyM µ = − y1 µ. Hence we can choose µ = y1 . Multiple µ on
both side of ODE, we have
1
y 2 dx + (2xy − )dy = 0
y
2
⇒ d(xy − ln y) = 0
⇒ xy 2 − ln y = − ln y(0) = 0
(h). Original ODE can be written as
y
(2y + 1)dx + (x − )dy = 0
x
y My −Nx
Since My − Nx = 1 − x2
= x1 N ,µx = M
µ = x1 µ. Hence we can choose µ = x. Multiple µ on
both side of ODE, we have
(2xy + x)dx + (x2 − y)dy = 0
1 1
⇒ d(x2 y + x2 − y 2 ) = 0
2 2
1 1
⇒ x2 y + x2 − y 2 = C
2 2
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5. Transform the given initial value problem into an equivalent problem with the initial point
at the origin
dy dy
(a).= t2 + y 2 , y(1) = 2, (b). = 1 − y 3 , y(−1) = 3
dt dt
Answer: (a)Let t = s + 1, y = w + 2, then
dy
=1
dw
dt
=1
ds
the original problem can be written as
dw
= (s + 1)2 + (w + 2)2 , w(0) = 0.
ds
(b)Let t = s − 1, y = w + 3, then
dy
=1
dw
dt
=1
ds
the original problem can be written as
dw
= 1 − (w + 3)3 , w(0) = 0.
ds

6. Use the method of successive approximations to solve the given initial value problem: (1)
Determine φn (t); (2) Find the limit of {φn }.
0 0
(a).y = −y − 1, y(0) = 0, (b)y = y + 1 − t, y(0) = 0.
Answer:
(a) If y = φ(t), then the corresponding integral equation is
Z t
φ(t) = − (φ(s) + 1)ds
0
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If the initial approximation is φ0 (t) = 0, then

Z t
φ1 (t) = − 1ds = −t
0
Z t
1
φ2 (t) = − (−t + 1)ds = t2 − t
0 2
and
t n
(−t)k
Z X
φn (t) = − (φn−1 (s) + 1)ds =
0 k=1
k!
lim φn (t) = e−t − 1
n→∞

(b) If y = φ(t), then the corresponding integral equation is

Z t
φ(t) = (φ(s) + 1 − s)ds
0

If the initial approximation is φ0 (t) = 0, then

Z t
1
φ1 (t) = (1 − s)ds = t − t
0 2!
Z t
1 1
φ2 (t) = 2(1 − s)ds = t − t3
0 2 3!
and
t
tn+1
Z
φn (t) = 2(φn−1 (s) + 1 − s)ds = t −
0 (n + 1)!
lim φn (t) = t
n→∞

7. Suppose that a certain population has a growth rate that varies with time and that this
population satisfies the differential equation
dy
= (0.5 + sin(kt))y/N.
dt
If y(0) = y0 , find the time τ at which the population has doubled. Suppose y0 = 1, k =
2π, N = 5. Estimate τ .
Answer: The original equation can be written as
dy 1
= (0.5 + sin (kt))dt
y N
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then one has

1 1
y = ce N (0.5t− k cos (kt))
1
and c = y0 e N k by y(0) = y0 .
Assuming y(τ ) = 2y0 , and substituting y0 = 1, k = 2π, N = 5 to the above result, then
−1
πτ − cos 2πτ = 10π log (2e 10π )

Hence the τ ≈ 7.2500

8. Consider the following Schaefer’s model in population dynamics:

dy y
= r(1 − )y − Ey
dt K
Suppose E < r. Find the equilibrium points and state if they are stable or unstable.
y
Answer: Let f (y) = r(1 − K
)y − Ey, then
0 y y
f (y) = r(1 − )−r −E
K K

Setting f (y) = 0, then y = 0, or y = k(1 − Er )

0
At the point y = 0, f (0) = r − E > 0, this is an unstable equilibrium point.
0
At the point y = K(1 − Er ), f (K(1 − Er )) = E − r < 0, this is a stable equilibrium point.