COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

EEE 351 – Principles of Communication

Systems
Lab Manual for FALL 2022 & Onwards

Lab Resource Person

Muhammad Usman Iqbal

Theory Resource Person

Dr. Saleem Akhtar

Supervised By
Dr. Nadeem Raqfiq

Name: __________________________ Registration Number: CIIT / - - /LHR

Program: _______________________ Batch: ____________________________________________

Fall 2022
Revision History

S. No. Activity Date Performed by

(DD/MM/YYYY)
1 Lab Manual Preparation 02/09/2013 Engr. Rizwan Asif

2 Lab Manual Review 10/12/2014 Dr. Sobia Baig

3 Layout Modifications 02/01/2015 Ayesha Naz

4 Lab Manual Final Review 10/02/2015 Dr. Hafiz M. Asif

Lab Manual Modifications
5 20/08/2015 Ayesha Naz
and Review
Lab Manual Modifications to Ayesha Naz
6 04/08/2017
OBE Format Assad Ali
7 Lab Manual Review 22/09/2017 Dr. Sobia Baig

8 Lab Manual Format Changes 14/09/2018 Mayyda Mukhtar

Lab Manual Modifications in
9 28/02/2019 Numan Abdullah
OBE Format
Lab Manual Modifications in
10 6/02/2019 Rana Ahtisham Ali
OBE Format
11 Lab Manual Modifications 11/09/2021 M Usman Iqbal

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems i

Preface
The field of telecommunication has reconstructed the frontier upon which the world has come to
intricately interweave the lives of people across the globe. The industry has catapulted in a very
short span of time, and needless to say it would continue to do so for centuries to come. This
manual has been written as a laboratory reference for the course titled EEE 351 Principles of
Communication Systems. This is a basic course for students of BS Engineering. Students for whom
Principles of Communication Systems is the only one course offered in the field of communication.
The course starts with a brief review of Fourier analysis and random processes. Basic analog
communication systems, including Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation systems
are covered next. Then, digital communication systems using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM),
Pulse Amplitude Modulation is also discussed. The performance of communication systems in the
presence of noise is also analyzed. We will consider the effects of inter symbol interference and
noise and ways to mitigate them using software and hardware. In the laboratory, the student will
perform experiments which demonstrate the basic principles of analog and digital communication
systems, also covered in the theoretical part of curriculum.
All experiments described in this manual are performed on TIMS (Telecommunications
Instructional Modelling System) as well as Discreet Components. TIMS is a modular system for
modelling telecommunications block diagrams whereas the simulations are performed within the
environment of MATLAB which is interactive software for scientific and engineering
calculations. Simulations can model the behavior of real systems with remarkable degree of
precision.

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Books
Text Books
1. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems 4th Edition by B.P. Lathi
Reference Books
1. Introduction to Digital and Analog Communication Systems by Simon Haykin and Micheal
Moher, Wiley, 4th Edition
2. Fundamentals of Communication Systems by John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Prentice
Hall, 2004
Learning Outcomes
Theory CLOs
After successfully completing this course, the students will be able to:
1. Analyze the behavior of amplitude and angle modulated signals both in time and
frequency domain to comprehend the analog communication systems (Level: C4).
2. Design and analysis of digital data communication system using constituent basic
building blocks (Level: C5).
3. Evaluate performance of digital communication system using basic communication
parameters (Level C6).
Lab CLOs
After successfully completing this course, the students will be able to:
4. Display the performance of various analog and digital modulation techniques and
manipulates the associated parameters for their evaluation using software and hardware
tools (PLO5/P4)

CLOs – PLOs Mapping

PLO Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain
PLO2

PLO3

PLO4

PLO5

CLO

CLO1 x C4
CLO2 x C5
CLO3 x C6
CLO4 x P4

Lab CLOs – Lab Experiment Mapping

Lab
Lab 10

Lab 11

Lab 12

Lab 13

Lab 14
Lab 1

Lab 2

Lab 3

Lab 4

Lab 5

Lab 6

Lab 7

Lab 8

Lab 9

CLO

CLO4 P2 P2 P2 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems iii

Grading Policy
The final marks for lab would comprise of Lab Assessment (25%), Mid-Term (25 %) and Lab
Terminal (50%).

Mid Term 0.5*(Lab Mid-Term) + 0.5* (Average of Lab evaluation for Labs 1-7)
Terminal 0.1*[(OEP marks out of 25) *2] + 0.4*(Terminal Exam result out of 50)
+0.25*[(average of lab evaluation of Lab 9-14) *5] + 0.10*[ (average of lab
evaluation of Lab 5-8) *5] + 0.15*[(average of lab evaluation of Lab 1-4) *5]

Lab Assignment Marks:

Lab Assignment 1 marks = Lab Evaluation Marks for Lab Experiment 1-3
Lab Assignment 2 marks = Lab Evaluation Marks for Lab Experiment 4-6.
Lab Assignment 3 marks = Lab Evaluation Marks for Lab Experiment 7-9.
Lab Assignment 4 marks = Lab Evaluation Marks for Lab Experiment 10-14.

The minimum pass marks for both lab and theory shall be 50%. Students obtaining less than
50% marks (in either theory or lab, or both) shall be deemed to have failed in the course.
The final marks would be computed with 75% weight to theory and 25% to lab final marks.

List of Equipment
 EMONA Telecommunications Instructional Modelling Systems (TIMS)
 Instek Digital Oscilloscope
 Multimeter
 Regulated Power Supply
 Functional Generators

Software Resources
 MATLAB

Lab Instructions
• This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Tasks & Viva session.
• The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for stepwise
evaluation.
• Only those tasks that are completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the
students.
• Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their
skills.

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Safety Instructions

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Know the location of electrical panels and disconnect switches in or near your laboratory so
that power can be quickly shut down in the event of a fire or electrical accident.
3. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory
instructor/staff available at the time.
4. If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor.
5. Make sure that the computers should be properly logged off when you complete your lab task.
6. Make sure that the software used in Lab is properly handled.
7. During any problem regarding software consult the Lab instructor/staff available.
8. Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory and do not use
laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages. Smoking is strictly prohibited in
lab area.
9. Do not plug in a flash drive on lab computers.
10. Do not upload, delete or alter any software on the lab PC.

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 Table of Contents
Revision History ............................................................................................................................................................i

Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................................ii

Books ........................................................................................................................................................................... iii

Learning Outcomes .....................................................................................................................................................iii

CLOs – PLOs Mapping ................................................................................................................................................... iii

Lab CLOs – Lab Experiment Mapping ............................................................................................................................ iii

Grading Policy ............................................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................ iv

Software Resources ..................................................................................................................................................... iv

Lab Instructions .......................................................................................................................................................... iv

Safety Instructions ........................................................................................................................................................ v

LAB # 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10

To Sketch Basic Signals and their Representation of for Analysis of Communication Systems Using MATLAB ... 10
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 11

LAB # 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26

To Construct a Modulator for Amplitude Modulation in Analog Communication Systems Using MATLAB and
TIMS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Equipment Required ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26

LAB # 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32

To Construct an Envelope Detector Using Discrete Components for Demodulation in Analog Communication
Systems ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems vi

 Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 32
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 33

LAB # 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39

To Assemble a Modem for Single Side Band Amplitude Modulation Using TIMS Trainer for Analog
Communication Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 39
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 40

LAB # 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45

To Assemble a Modem for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation using TIMS Trainer for Analog Communication
Systems ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 45
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 46

LAB # 6 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 52

To Assemble TIMS Trainer for FM Generation........................................................................................................ 52

Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 53

LAB # 7 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 56

To Construct Frequency Modulator using Discrete Components for Analog Communication Systems .................. 56
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 56
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 56

LAB # 8 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60

To Display Sampling of Analog Signals for Digitization using Discrete Components and MATLAB ...................... 60
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 60
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 61

LAB # 9 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64

To Display Various Line Coding Schemes for Pulse Code Modulation using TIMS Trainer ................................... 64

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems vii

 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 64
In-Lab Tasks .................................................................................................................................................................... 67

LAB # 10 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 70

To Assemble an Encoder for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) using TIMS Trainer ................................................. 70
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 70
Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 71

LAB # 11 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 75

To Assemble Decoder for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) using TIMS Trainer ....................................................... 75
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 76

LAB # 12 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79

To Construct a Modem Based on Amplitude Shift Keying using TIMS ................................................................... 79

Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 82

LAB # 13 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 85

To Construct Modem Based on Frequency Shift Keying using TIMS ...................................................................... 85

Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 85
Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 88

LAB # 14 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 91

To Construct Modem Based on Binary Phase Shift Keying using Discrete Components for Digital Communication
Systems ....................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Pre-Lab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 91
Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 94

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems viii

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems ix
 Lab Experiment | 1

LAB # 1
To Sketch Basic Signals and their Representation of for Analysis of
Communication Systems Using MATLAB
Objectives

 To display magnitude and phase response of signals using Fourier Series and Discrete Fourier
Transform in MATLAB.

Pre-Lab
Read this experiment in its entirety to become familiar with objectives of this lab. Study in detail and
become familiar with the fundamentals of Fourier series and discrete time Fourier transform. The
instructor may provide the class some time to reflect upon these before proceeding with the lab.

Fourier Series
In mathematics, a Fourier series decomposed periodic functions or periodic signals into the sum of a
(possibly infinite) set of simple oscillating functions, namely sine and cosine (or complex
exponentials). The study of Fourier series is a branch of Fourier analysis.
Using Euler’s equation, we can convert the standard Rectangular Fourier Series into an exponential
form. Even though complex numbers are a little more complicated to comprehend, we use this form
for many reasons:
 Only need to perform one integration
 A single exponential can be manipulated more easily than a sum of sinusoids
 It provides a logical transition into a further discussion of the Fourier Transform
A signal 𝑔 (𝑡) can be expressed over an interval of duration 𝑇𝑜 second(s) as an exponential Fourier
series

where

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 10

 Lab Experiment | 1

The exponential Fourier series consists of components of the exponential form with
𝑛 varying from −∞ 𝑡𝑜 ∞. It is periodic with period 𝑇 .
Tasks
Compute the exponential Fourier series coefficient for the signal 𝑥(𝑡) in Fig. 1.1 and also recompute
the signal 𝑥(𝑡) from Fourier Series Coefficients.

/
Fig. 1.1: Exponential Signal 𝑒

In-Lab Tasks
Task 1
Sketch a single period and 𝑹 periods of the signal shown in Fig. 1.1 in separate figures where 𝑹 is
complete numeric part of your CUI Registration Number. Properly comment your code and label you
figures.

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 11

 Lab Experiment | 1

Fig. 1.2: Three Period of Exponential Signal

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 12

 Lab Experiment | 1

Place Result of your Code for R Periods of Signal

Task 2
Magnitude and Phase of Fourier Series Coefficients
(In exponential spectra, we plot coefficients 𝐷 as a function of ω where frequency range can be
computed using the n*𝜔.)
D = 0.504/ (1+j4n)

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 13

 Lab Experiment | 1

Magnitude Plot

Phase Plot

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 14

 Lab Experiment | 1

Useful Functions

end

___________________________________________________________________
function y=rect_MUI_10(t)
% Function Name: rect_MUI_RegistrationNumber
% Written by Muhammad Usman Iqbal, Registeration Number 10
% Summary of this function
% The rectangular function is a function of time 't'.
%
% rect(t) = 1, if |t| < 0.5

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 15

 Lab Experiment | 1

% rect(t) = 0, if |t| > 0.5

%
% Inputs:
% t = Input vector sequence, dimension 1 x n
% Output
% y = Rectangular signal
% ---------------------------------------------
% function code starts here
y =(sign(t+0.5)-sign(t-0.5) >0);
end

Task 3
Sketch fundamental signals using functions
Sketch unit step, sinc, rectangular and triangular signals using defined functions.

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 16

 Lab Experiment | 1

Fig. 1.3: Unit Step Signal

Unit Step Signal

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Fig. 1.4: Sinc Signal

Sinc Signal

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Fig. 1.5: Rectangular Signal

MATLAB Code Rectangular Signal

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Rectangular Signal

MATLAB Code Triangular Signal

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Fig. 1.5: Triangular Signal

Triangular Signal

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Task 4
Numerical Computation of Fourier Series Coefficients
Compute and sketch the Fourier Series Spectra for the following periodic signals.

Fig. 1.6: One Period of Triangular Signal

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Magnitude Plot

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 Lab Experiment | 1

Phase Plot

Muhammad Usman Iqbal |EEE 351 | Principles of Communication Systems 24

 Lab Experiment | 1

Rubric for lab assessment

Rubric for lab assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed all the tasks and showed the results without
Excellent 4
any help of the instructor.
The student completed all the tasks and showed the results with
Good 3
minimal help of the instructor.
Average The student partially completed the task and showed results. 2

Worst The student did not complete the task. 1

Instructor Signature: _______________________________ Date: ____________________

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