Chapter 6-Geomechanical Properties - M

5/24/2023
VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
RESERVOIR PETROPHYSICS
Chapter 6
Geomechanical Properties
Lecturer : Do Quang Khanh

E-mail : khanhdq@pvu.edu.vn
Content
1.Overview: Introduction
2. Classification Parameters
3. Fundamental Geomechanica Properties and Processes
1. Stress and Strain
2. Fundamental Laboratory Techniques
3. Deformation Properties
4. Failure/Strength Properties
4. Correlation Between Static and Dynamic Moduli
5.Correlation Between Seismic Velocity and Strength
Properties
1.Some Experimental Results and Empirical
© 2014 – Petrovietnam University (PVU)
Relationships
2. Model-Based Relationships
6. Some Remarks About Shale Brittleness
Geomechanical Properties 2
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7.1 Overview: Introduction
v Rock deformation and failure or strength behaviour are

important problems in geomechanics. Stress distribution and
rock properties control the corresponding processes.
• Examples of geomechanical problems are:
-deformation and failure processes originated by tectonic stress,

earthquakes,
- landslides and rockfall,
-deformation of the underground (settlement) and subsurface
constructions (tunnel, cavern, mining) caused by the pressure of
construction in civil engineering
- slope and dam stability (failure problems),
- wellbore stability and fracturing,
-reservoir compaction during production and subsidence
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Physical Properties of Rocks
The physical problem of geomechanical properties evaluation in terms of
geophysical parameters.
- Under the influence of a stress field rocks answer with
+ Deformation: Controlled by the elastic properties (Young’s modulus,

shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio)
+ Failure,: Controlled by the strength properties (uniaxial strength,

cohesion, and angle of internal friction)
+ Changes of measurable physical properties (elastic wave velocities)
v There are two different types of response on a stress field:

(1)the geomechanical response (deformation and/or a failure),
(2)the geophysical response as change of the magnitude of a measured
parameter (for example velocity or resistivity)
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7.2 CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS
A more complex rock quality parameter Q was defined by

Barton et al. (1974); see also Barton (2007):
-RQDs is the rock quality designation index,

- Ja is a parameter depending on degree of joint alteration and
clay filling,
- Jn is a parameter depending on the number of joint sets,
- Jr is a parameter depending on joint roughness,
-Jw is a parameter depending on amount of water inflow or

pressure,
- SRF is the stress reduction factor (e.g. due to faulting).
7.3. FUNDAMENTAL GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES
v Stress and Strain

v Fundamental Laboratory Techniques
v Deformation Properties
v Failure/Strength Properties
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Stress and Strain
v Stress as the force acting on a given area can have normal and shear
components
v Normal stress acts perpendicular to a plane, shear stress acts along the
face of the plane
v A rock under the influence of stress responds through various kinds of
deformation or strain
Stress and Strain
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Stress and Strain
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Fundamental Laboratory Techniques
v Rock mechanical properties in the laboratory are

determined in most cases at cylindrical samples by
observing the rock deformation (strain) under the influence
of a defined stress
v Two types of properties are determined:
-static elastic or deformation moduli
-strength properties
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Gives some insights into the mechanical properties and

stress–strain curves.
The curves show deformation in axial and radial direction of
a cylindrical rock sample under the influence of axial stress
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The figures lead also to the two groups of parameters

characterizing mechanical properties:

(1) deformation properties
(2) strength properties
Deformation Properties
Deformation properties are derived from a static compression

test. Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of an axial stress
and the resulting axial strain:
Poisson’s ratio is defined as the relative change of the

radius divided by the relative change of axial length in
stress direction:
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Deformation Properties
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Failure/Strength Properties
Strength characterizes the amount of applied stress at rock

failure—the stress condition may be compressive, tensile, or
shear and defines the different measures of rock strength.

Lockner 1995 published a systematic description of
the physical processes of rock failure that includes a
bibliography of papers.There are three fundamental modes
of a failure test shown
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7.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULI
v The two types of investigation—static rock mechanical tests and

dynamic (seismic or ultrasonic) measurements—deliver moduli, which
are called “static” (Estat) and “dynamic” (Edyn) moduli, respectively
v The modulus is independent on the duration of stress application only
for an ideal elastic material—there is no difference in the moduli from a
“long term” static and an extremely “short term” dynamic test
v => Edyn > Estat

7.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULI
v For this discrepancy between the static and dynamic modulia couple of
mechanisms are responsible:
v - The magnitudes of stress and strain generated by ultrasonic or
seismic wave propagation are extremely small compared to stress and
strain associated with the static testing technique
v - During static deformation, nonelastic components also occur (for
example due to mobilization of microcracks and grain boundaries).
However,ultrasonic (and seismic) measurements are mainly affected
only by the elastic response.
v The major difference between the static and dynamic measurement is
the strain amplitude (Fjaer et al., 2008):
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7.5 Correlation Between Seismic Velocity and Strength

Properties
v Correlation between strength properties and seismic velocities within

a rock type is based on some dominant influences changing both
properties in a comparable direction:
+ Increasing fracturing or porosity decreases both properties.
+ Increasing cementation increases both properties.
7.5.1 Some Experimental Results and Empirical

Relationships
v McNally (1987) studied the correlation between the uniaxial

compression strength (142 samples) and the compressional wave
slowness (measured with a sonic log) of fine to medium-grained
sandstone.
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7.5.2 Model-Based Relationships
v Two model concepts shall be tested in order to explain both

correlation and scatter of strength versus velocity relations:
+The simple defect model (Section 6.8.4) preferred for fractured
rocks.
+The structured model (Section 6.8.7) preferred for porous rocks.
v In Section 6.8.4, a simple defect model for a fractured rock was

presented. It can be used for derivation of a relationship between
velocity and uniaxial compressive strength. Assuming that the strength of
a material is controlled by the material section without defects, for the
model the simple relation results.
where σ c,solid is the strength of the intact matrix material and D is the
defect parameter.
A comparison with Eq. (6.114) results in a relationship between
the strength and the square of the velocity:
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v The “structured model” was derived for elastic properties in Section

6.8.7. Strength properties of a sedimentary rock—particularly with a
granular structure—are controlled by the mechanical strength
behaviour at the grain–grain contact.
For this contact, Coulomb’s law can be applied:
7.5.2 Modael-Based Relationships
• Shear stress and normal stress are related to the contact plane
between the grains. Therefore, the two stresses can be expressed in
terms of stress components in the microsystem.
• Coulomb’s law for the microsystem is now (parameters a, b see
Section 6.8.7):
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v The application of the same model for velocity and strength

calculation offers the possibility for the derivation of relationships
between the two mechanical properties. Figure 7.28 shows an
example. Model calculation is:
7.6 Some Remarks About Shale Brittleness
v Deformation and strength can be critical for various stability

problems.
v Shale in general is of interest with respect to its mechanical
properties.
v Horsrud (2001) noted “shales have certain characteristic features
that make them difficult to handle correctly. The two most important
characteristics are low permeability and sensitivity to contacting
fluids”. Shales—also from the same geological unit—can have very
different properties as demonstrated in Table 7.8:
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Group 6 Geomechanical Properties 29
v The shale’s ability to fracture is of special interest Mechanical behaviour

of shale is important in hydraulic fracture stimulation.
v Brittle shale may be more easily fractured, opening flowpaths. Ductile
shales may require more proppants.Two types of criterion are used:
+ Criterion based on shale mineralogy: investigated Barnett shale and
noted that “most brittle section of Barnett shales have abundant quartz, the
least brittle have abundant clays.
+ Criterion based on Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio (derived from

elastic wave velocities and density): Grieser and Bray (2007), Rickman et
al. (2008), and Sondergeld et al. (2010) characterize shale with E>34.5 MPa
and s<0.25 as “brittle” and derived a plot for separation of the two types
(Fig. 7.29)
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5/24/2023

VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

Lecturer : Do Quang Khanh

7.1 Overview: Introduction

v Rock deformation and failure or strength behaviour are

7.1 Overview: Introduction

• Examples of geomechanical problems are:

-deformation and failure processes originated by tectonic stress,

7.1 Overview: Introduction

- Under the influence of a stress field rocks answer with

+ Deformation: Controlled by the elastic properties (Young’s modulus,

+ Failure,: Controlled by the strength properties (uniaxial strength,

+ Changes of measurable physical properties (elastic wave velocities)

7.1 Overview: Introduction

v There are two different types of response on a stress field:

7.2 CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS

A more complex rock quality parameter Q was defined by

-RQDs is the rock quality designation index,

-Jw is a parameter depending on amount of water inflow or

7.3. FUNDAMENTAL GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES

v Stress and Strain

Stress and Strain

Stress and Strain

Stress and Strain

Fundamental Laboratory Techniques

v Rock mechanical properties in the laboratory are

Fundamental Laboratory Techniques

Fundamental Laboratory Techniques

Gives some insights into the mechanical properties and

Fundamental Laboratory Techniques

The figures lead also to the two groups of parameters

characterizing mechanical properties:

Deformation properties are derived from a static compression

Poisson’s ratio is defined as the relative change of the

Strength characterizes the amount of applied stress at rock

shear and defines the different measures of rock strength.

7.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULI

v The two types of investigation—static rock mechanical tests and

v => Edyn > Estat

7.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULI

the strain amplitude (Fjaer et al., 2008):

7.5 Correlation Between Seismic Velocity and Strength

v Correlation between strength properties and seismic velocities within

7.5.1 Some Experimental Results and Empirical

v McNally (1987) studied the correlation between the uniaxial

7.5.2 Model-Based Relationships

v Two model concepts shall be tested in order to explain both

7.5.2 Model-Based Relationships

v In Section 6.8.4, a simple defect model for a fractured rock was

the strength and the square of the velocity:

7.5.2 Model-Based Relationships

v The “structured model” was derived for elastic properties in Section

7.5.2 Modael-Based Relationships

7.5.2 Model-Based Relationships

v The application of the same model for velocity and strength

7.6 Some Remarks About Shale Brittleness

v Deformation and strength can be critical for various stability

7.6 Some Remarks About Shale Brittleness

Group 6 Geomechanical Properties 29

7.6 Some Remarks About Shale Brittleness

v The shale’s ability to fracture is of special interest Mechanical behaviour

+ Criterion based on Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio (derived from