CE LIBRARY & RECORD N

EEPISED BEPOET OF THE

0

OFFICE
OIL
PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO

N
THE

Chapter I: ] Qeneral aspect .off the N

n
L

3
MaJ'esar lands and then turns eastward on to Sibi. is injuriously violent, and when in flood brings down a large
The boyd of water. Its line lies close by Dhau), TIkrI Kahn,
second goes more directly to Sihi passing by the of
.

that viii . and so on .near, Sf rat Ram's garden .#o Ballab- ,. FfrozPu r Kalan, Ladhiap ur into the Publ of p
garh, hence it crosses the main road again on to the low Banger.
; t

&RECORDS
ground of Ranhera. Before the ra Canal was dug the (9.) Kot from under got,
(9.)-The last naddi is the one issuing N
I3

water
- -
used to spread over the fields of Ma.j'herf and Chan- Naddii
this is nearly as bad as Mangar nala when in flood-and
damages th lands of the villages through which it flows

O
WITHOUT

when it cothes down in heavy rains-it p asses through

., Alam-
o
INDIA

--A third channel descends from the hills south of Pur Sarohi, Khori-JamalPur, BiJ'upur
into the marsh at Sar-

g,
3.
Badhkltal through the Daulatabfd land, and. round to the math i Palwal and thence on to the Jhil of Khalilpur. Ofa N

Reference
BE

The largest all of these the most violent are No. 8, the Manger one-No.
T
south through AJ'raunda into the limits of MaJ'esar village.
/
O
(D
a tD

E
There it splits up into two streams; the main one passing arc Nos. 3, 3, 3 from Badhkhal and No. 9 from in the order named.' c
o

c
(D

between the two `abadls of MaJ'esar passes through the west 9.

There is no Perennial stream, howeyer, and except in the `c
lands of Ballabgarh on to Ranhera Jhil, the other rainy season the effects are s en only in the undulating
.

Op a

O
here and there cut into more clearly A
north of MaJ'esar into Saran ; some water too from this nala character of ground, .N c
o

1'W
a

-
.

Dc:
-

marked channels-the permanent moisture of the lower lands,

-
. comes down on the south lands of I2au1atsbad, through
Miner{ to Saran and meets the last named stream in th and in a few villages a pool of standing water which. though ..
Qt

dahar ' of Gaunchhi village. in dry seasons it disappears altogether, in wet ones swells

i
()4. -rAuother stream comes down from the hills on the into a Jhil or
.
of. considerable size. Thus in the cold
.weather I once found the road unpleasantly flooded between '/

c-
.- __ ' ..

to
abua lowlands, then Sa atlagon the border of Pawa1 and Ba a agar ao duck
.

,-,
-.
.

through p and N la touching the south- can be g enerally shot on the Ponds near Gaunchhi a .

o
o . .

into just

c_&.
instanced now the Agra

-c34.
West corner .of Saran, and falls Gaunchhf `dahar' ramaoe
n out tlie winter As
When in heavy flood it does not stop there but passes on to t of the Cahal has materially altered the drainage of the east-half Q

o
.
`a Canal, Tahsil. There is now no room for any
Shamapur too. of t he Ballabgarh
b
Reference

a of drainage flow on that side. There is

erable length
considerable
(5. -There
is a stream locally known as an escape duga from the canal south of Tilpat opposite the

-
of the BurhiYa naddi comes in, and this
baj' which comes down south of the last named on to Khelf place where the water
Gf jar.. meanders on in a slimy- . shor-mixed stream through the low
ar north of Bho pani on toward where it gets H
xO (

WITHOUT
INDIA

BE
COPYRIGHT P}I
bd

-
(G,)sixth tcwrent comes out of the . Pass. (s.) Pfili a doubtful exit into the river. The want , of drainage here y 'L!
is show n in the prevalence of `shor which more or less 9

i.
inbg by the south of the ` abadf' of that it goes to ,
o

affects aII the land lying in this neighbourhood.

-
like the other. O. C1
. Para.1O. 10. Turning to the drainge nor th of th e hills anal
ninag t, ` b
(7) -Another nala comes down from.__tiie h 11 near
It passes to the, north -_-Drainage beginning at the e of the district-the first
tb e udhr t n b
Kothra-h , of Pakal and north of the dralua ge ire that draws noticei th ech aEfl 1

)
touches the north of the Nekpur sands joining with No s. 5 hills. na.a IJ en tioned a b ove in Para. 7 which , runs down almost Nibx.

LIBRARY &
SSION OF THE
,
.

PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
and G in Kherf Gfijaran. Thence i gn through the he east side of the Banagar Chak. This
4.

due south, on lh
south-west corner of Na g and the north of K orelshfpur it The Budhi
comes down to within a few miles of Delhi, but in the latter
goes through Sar{ rAur and p and Nal very serpentine, and hence is
peat of its course it becomes
s No. 3 and 4
-yin -Sh ap ur. Thence moistenin g the lands of Jharsetli It has
, no clear outlet but
oti x
called there the Nag nala.
Kandhaol and. Kae1geon it passes through Na 1 Jo an gi, a Toli escape, dug from R
OFFICE

. is partly intercepted by the G.inga y

liarPhale, Mraho1 and Kabfilp ur. Bangam', out of the district,
' the canal 13 miles above Delhi. The large sheet of water
Q
.

neat Bhalswa JahangirPur marks. the continuation of this H

TO
a O.
channel which sooner or later it is hoped will be cleare d
m r
 ,.

[INDIA OFFICE LIBYAN &RECORDS

10 REVISED REPORT OF THE DELHI sET'I'L :!ENT. 11

2
General aspect of the District. - [Chapter L

3
As, however, there-is some reason to hope that the matter

*
out again. There are outlets or the drainage from the west

(B
slug into this channel near Jagdis p ur and Ladpur below will now receive systematic attention, I need not do ..more

)
than briefly- note the facts for the warning, it maybe of those

4
Sllnl Pat, but no outlet alas exists for the water when it

Q
comes there, except a very irregular
a passage down by Pitam- that come after. The alignment of the Canal, as it has stood
a not its at for some fiiftY years since its reconstruction, is

CD

Q_-.
11u1 which does do work all properly.
a great part of its course in this district in a valley-and

e-4-
IL Besides this nala the Khadar has a depres- in order to allow of irrigation
a on the hi g receding
sion well defined in some Parts, blocked uP by cultivation from its side, its bed has been raised so as to be not seldom
in others running down from Klieri Taaoa with a fork
g her than the adjacent fields. Percolation has been of

c
on one side through Pi li Khera, and another through. course immense. Then the distributaries have hitherto
Ramnagar. Between Dhaturi and )41a1i p.ur the channel is been constructed on the same principle without any thought

IOR

Reference
well defined but in Murthal it bgrows doubtful, appearing of economy of land or water. The watercourses often Inter-.
gain in a perfect net-work of hollows and sinuous depres- sect each other-often run Parallel side by side for dis-

CD
aeons in gunash P ur, Di al ur, and Kheorah. fence it ,tances. It is not wonderful therefore that the damage done

CD

.CD
takes a turn rather more south-east and joins a eats of by oing is immense, and in places all but irre-
the river at Mahrau1 . From the large pond in Pipla Khera trievable. With the best system of drainage possible and the

oaar
c,
mall trench it an hardly be called a ditch) has been best care and attention in watching over and enforcing that

(DD
dig for a consid le distance to the south-east to carry off system it will be a long time before the Bangar recovers

CD
the rain water, t it has not been vigorously followed up
,
or kept iujeiarr, and so is of little practical use. It may.
be asked at is the need of drainage than is in the Khadar
where th water suPP1Y is never too -abundant' but -this re---
itself:
-

13. One brancb-of the .drainage of the Delhi. Ban-

gar runs down to the west of Bali KutabPur, then south south-
-

,.

-mark .sup oses a grea west to Pugthalla `see ara. 69 on through the two aI nag
than actuailY exists.. As a matter of fact the Kbadar does and so into Rohtak to meet with the other lines at the
need drainagen though
b in comparison of the Bang ar not NaJ'afgarh
a Jhil. Another depression systematised . a
so much. There are not a few places in the Khadar where drainage cut starts from Juan and goes southsouth-west bby

(D
.

Reh' or `-Shoe' is pparent, especial]y under the lee of Salemsar MaJ'ra and Mahi p ur and so like the other out of

r+
,

Gr nk Road. This work forms in some places a The Grand Six lines the district. A third runs due south from Bhatgaon through.
Nest o the Nirthan a fourth crosses the line. of the Canal at Bhadaita
t b d.' several feet above the level of the adjacent i o ntry Trunk iia:d '
as a drainage Caual.
and necessarily impedes the passage of the rain drainage obstructor.
tow d the river. It is true there are scientific bridges
and Tharauti with, as . 'effec1i.
y be imagined, a terrible 'effect
while a fifth, a veryl important line, rues due south from the

WITHOUT
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-JOT TO
CD
at di ere t places-but the breadth of waterway was, it two Thanas by Nizampar Khurd, Kutabgarh, and passes

p
t,
would seem,rntended to be enough to protect the road, between the two large Ladpur and Kanjhaola with
rather than specially to allow free unimpeded passage of a course to the south-west into Rohtak, A sixth lies south-
.

the drainage. east Puthkhurd and goes through Sahibabad, Daulatpur,

a done in this way by the Grand
12. But fhe damage * 1; wish I
could say that this part of the drainage question
was not in the limbo of deferred schemes-bnt two years ago I wrote-" It
in'' wry that has been for many years going on in tie Bangar
a
. is tare the arignineii
" drainage. But the removal of obstructions in the present draiuage lines
by reason of the bad alignment of the Western Jamna Canal . autho-ritatively
"is quite as important and as urgent a work. Yet this after being autho
and want of proper provision for drainage of the rain water "t'tatively directed many months ago, appears to have been as authorita-
and surplus moisture from irrigation. The Settlement ` tively shelved A heavy responsibility lies with those who do this. It

OF THE
ie indeed hard to write strougly enough on the point, without seeming to
IOffiicer of Karnal no doubt will dwell on this point in his but I wish to record my deliberate conviction that the dis-
INDIA OFFICE

be

& RECORDS
'

- rePort, and the evil there is perhaps more painfully g laringb
han in Delhi -.but- even here it is bad enough and makes one
wonder at the comparative unconsciousness of responsibility,
.paani1este,d in some ways by our English administration,
trict has through the bad drainage of Canal lands lost in productive power
about as much as it has gained elsewhere since last settlement, an this
loss must bb measured yearly by takbs. The only remedy is an efficient
through drainage passiui; direct to the Jalana and not round by the
Najafgarh Jhil,
 REVISED EE1'ORT of THE .-
DELHI
O

5ETT1 E fEtr1'.
WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

General aspect of the District [Chapter I,

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY &
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH..

. -Sawan-Bhadon-AsoJj. In this period plentiful ram is

expected and wished for,
however, it is
.

eIeciall Y in Bhadon.* In Aso'J,

getting too late for cotton and til The air
then, if. the west wind blows, is fresh and health -the east
' Para. 17.
will be heavy war for the oxen rn watering the young rabi
crops,* and in Po though
,1 b late it is better than
17. The oily peculiarity in the way of disease in
l

n
BE REPRODUCED

wind is very debilitating and is said to produce boils and Delhi Boil. the district is the Delhi Boil. The causes of this sore are
fever. Asoj brings us on to October when the nights are as yet not known, but the best 'local opinion's point to a
beginning to get cool. Then comes the feverish season The weather scorbutic origin. Some years ago in the Indian Medical

es
which is alwaY s bad in Delhi., but duringb the last few yeara fit for each Gazette there appeared a memorandum by Lord Mark Kerr,
season.
has been so fatal as in some parts to material1 diminish the sounding a paean over the supposed fact at the end

.
PoP ulation. The canal villages b .which might bet ught b
eight years" his Lordship's return home from India
roost likely to suffer have not been distinguished lately in in 1864 "the disorder has entirely disappeared
this way. 'Toward the end of November' or the beginning from Delhi:'. Enquiry was instituted by the Sanitary Com-
b b
of December matters begin to improve, for the `Jhra' or missioner with the Government of India but the reply re-
cold season has well begun. The four months Khtik-- ceived did not show any evidence either one . way or another.

J
Mang sir-Poh-Magh, n bring,, us round again to the ` Kha There had been no doubt a decided temporary decrease, but
Rain is almost unknown in November but is thought bgOOd it was not as yet certain to be Permanent-and conclusions

for husbandry in December,+ as if there is no rain there were considered 'premature.}+ At the city Dis ensa in
Delhi the annual average of cases treated for this diS a for

C)
the last five years ( 1875-79 ) is 37.
(L)-` Barsega B
_ Karega ad.'
.
.
{Asarh If it rain-irr
It will make (the
p
count
w_
y)
. _

.
Mangsir men nahin de kor
*
bailon ko iega'ya Chor'f . .
ous.
(2)-` Siwan ki Jhari The showers of Sdwan.
vateri is not ven in
the oxen !
-s , y
-
Motion ki bhari.' Are filled with learl8.
Si wan ki Jharf
.

(!n) the showers of Samoan. t

` Barsegh Poh, '

Sukhi gili sab ho gai harl.' Dry and moist ( all beca,nes Mara mota jamkar bhi ho.' ,
green.
If it rains in Poh, there will still be somethingo of a crop, full or thin.
.

(3.)- c liarsega Bhadon

, I it '
in Bhadon.
$ Lord Mark Kerr had assumed that the sore was caused by the state

r
To Sakh hongi dondn ;' Then both ha?rots will

o
of Delhi. His Lordship writes ;-= . . .

while heat for Jeth and Bhadon are pithily indicated

"Before my arrival in India, I had heard of the existence of certain
in the forcible lines
"boils and sores in many eastern cities which, having once been places
(4.)- Ghana na ant ka bolna ,ghani na ant ki chu p enormous populations, and all the requirements of wealth and lux-

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

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BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
Ghana na alit ka barsna ; ghani na ant ki dhup.' ury-well drained and well watered and adorned with numerous trees
RECORDS

Bhadon ant ka barsn'a ; Jethon ant ki dhup and gardens-had in the process of centuries become, for the most part,
.
Bhadon ant ka bolua ; Bahuon ant J i chup.' wastes, their canals and watercourses choked up and their early
which be translated thus "vegetation unwholes me weeds."
Talk as a rule is good but not too much ; silence is good but not too much'. " I knew such to e the case at Bagdad, Aleppo, and other places.
« When I arrived at De
.

I found the inhabitants and those with whom

Rain is good but not too much ; sunshine is good but not too much. " I, as Brigadier General, was most concerned, the garrison both European
and Native, to a great extent suffering from boils, sores, and unsightly
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

But the more we get th.better, of rain in 13hadon, or sun in Jeth, or talk
qu uur story-tellers, or silence our waves.
.
fungus-looking growths on their han d limbs, and I found Delhi
"within the walls a surface of barrenness covered here and there for the
`Asoj. laf; 'hart
.. a
Tilon tel, na bi non puri.' ' of 2 miles in length and 500 yards in breadth by foul weeds, heaps
of demolished buildings with wells and water-ducts choked up. " As a
remedy, trees and grass were planted-and his Lordship's opinion is that
.. ..
If it rains in Asoj, the ti]. wont give (good) oil, nor cotton trees (goodj it was completely
.Pi
SDI

'pods. _

IO
The men of the
+ a a ya Mangsu'r ,
regiment at the Kabulgate were entirely free
and men sent but « among the trees and verdure of the old canton
Gehun aye rangsir.'
. meat, rapidly improved. The Durya Gunje aqueduct was restored. Lord

I
1vit1L rain the wheat will be of. gwd colour. Mark Kerx left in Jauuary 186 ' .
VIM I

OIL
 INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECD

General aspect of the District [Chapter L General aspect of the District

.
are indeed a very degenerate race.* Many villagesb now drink Rainfall for
WITHOUT PERMISSION

canal water though they abuse it as the cause of all their woes. each crop,

For the April ... Common ($ug.16-31 For the (October. '
21. Thero is nothing special to record of the district
BE REPRODUCED

111 respect of cholera. The cityY of course suffers when anY Kharif May ... to both September... R.abi November.
cholera is inn about, but the other parts of the district Cholera. crop ... December.
June
COPYRIGHT

crop ... ... crops ...

are, if anything, more free from it the averabge. The { { .{
last epidemic was in 1878 when the deaths for a short time Ju1y ... January.

O
_
were very high. But cholera is not fatal as fever, which Fever, February.

.-
August ... r
for the last two or three years h been very Prevalent
during the autumn months. , ,
;
l(1-15) ... l lMarch. _

22. The averageb rainfall for the whole district dur- -Para. 22.
in g the 12 Years 1869-1879 is 231 inches. This is the 4 Months... 1 Month ,.. 6 Months.

'
Rainfall.
result of carefully abstracting the monthly returns pitblished
in the Punjab Gazette but it is, I think, curious when corn- b rainfall in the first period; i. e., the purely
The average
Pared with the la er rainfall in Panip at, and the larger
. b Kbarif rains is 134-for the rains common to both crops'
rainfall on the other side in Gurg which certainly has above defined 69-and for the Rabi alone about 3 inches.

.p
C
the reputation of being a thirsty tract as compared w' ma convent-
a pus inthe Para. 23. 23. A note of past years

0
thisslistr' rag .
a fat ure
figure than the others, thus- Years of ently be made here, seeingb that the main cause of
unipat gives 227-Delhi 25'5-Ballabgarh 21.3 inches. scarcity or of food is a failure of These as known by tradition or
rain.

drought. reported by different authorities,* are .the years A. D.1345;

..The earl averages for the district are here
.

1631. 1661. 1739. 17770. 1783-84. 1803-4 ; 18/3-/4; --

-

-
1819. 1825-26 .1827-28. 1832-34. 1837-38 ; 1860-61;
1865. 1868; and 1877:
1867-68 68.69 69-70 70-7]. 71-72 72-73 73-74 74.751 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79

'00
Of these the worst are said to have been 1783-84,18Q3-4,
1837- 38, and 1860-61. Perhaps this is said because there
26.2 82 206 24.7 25.8 24.5 3U7 210 349 217 135 240 is a more commonly known tradition of these years than of
others especially of the terrible ` chalisa' 1783-84 (Sambat
1840. But the earlier famines are well known in histories.
The striking deficiency in 1868-69 accounts for the
acarcitY in thaiear--lie
Y other had year 1877-78 had , it will
__..hrought__o ,-
Muhammad Tub hlak's savage b extravagance in his war schemes
1s said,-the_faminn_of134herem men ate_
each other. Shah Jahn saw two years of drought 1629-3 ,

P
be noticed, a considerably larger rainfall, though it was less and this induced the scarctY
. of the fo11owin8 Y, Auras - Year.

than of the annual average. But 1877 was not so severely zeb's reign had the famine of 1661 in which, in s ite of the
felt in this district as in Rohtak and Gurg3on. A detailed
.

personal exertions of the Emperor, multitudes Perished, and

analysis of the figures will be found in A radix No. I. I at least as many at Delhi, as in other places E`chirag-ke-
have had the months arranged in three divisions according niche andhera'. In 1825-26, it is said, there was great.

e4-
CD

as `their rainfall may be su. pposed to affect the Rabi crop- drought in Delhi-out of a revenue demand of 28,72,272, the
balances were 10 59 212. In the Northern Division of the , .

Territory a whole Years revenue was remitted, and in the

* I remember when appointing Head Iambardrs in canal vill ea Western Division there was considerable distress. Suffering

noticing how in large places of .three or four hundred proprietors-har y
a single man:came up to vote who had not some bodily defect. He was
either palpably suffering from spleen-or was illnourished and Weakly, or
lame, one eyed, semi-paralytic, or the like
OQ
* The facts of this Para. were chiefly taken, I think, from an official
report of the North West Provinces, but I forgot to note the reference, and
cannot now recall the name of the writer.
 DELHI SETTLE [ENT. .21

Chapter 1L] Products of the District

o
00
CB
of the District-A. SP ontaneous._
f f
Products
Mineral--Ve9etable and
l
Para. 24. . The n ticeabie minerals of the district so 'far as
1.
Minerals of known are Stone, Crystal, Kankar, and C h alk thou gh it is
the District. said the quartz-like formation of the hilly renders the

r
.

existence of gold no impossible, and the. known presenGe

-

.
,

of crystal at Arangpur has been xecentl alluded to as favour..

t

r
ing the probability. ,

Pa 2; .2. The q quartz-like kind of stone is hard and not

,
Delhi Stone,
.
easily worked except for uses not requiring dehcate shape_-.
it is seen as its best in many of the old buildings round
Delhi where it fit!Y harmonises with the sombre dignity.
of the Pathan StY 1e. For .the Aagra Canal a eonsiderab1e
quantity was used, bit for the new Delhi Branch I believe
.

the softer and Snore malleable Agra stone has been preferred.
There is also a sandstone found in the hills near Balls h
which is soft and looks handsome when worked up. The
'a's palace, now the Tahs11 atBallabgarh, shows same very.
pretty pieces of this work in pillars and arches
Para. 26. 3 The only p 1ace where crystal has been brought

-
a
_ Crystal at to the surface is in the limits' of Ara ur, a hill village
about 2 miles south of Delhi. Amine here was first start-

r.11

-
ed, it is said a hundred years ago go byy the Raja of Ballab-

-
.
garh who spent a good deal of money in g ettinga out and
sendingfor sale a supply of the mineral, Most of the pieces,

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
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BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
however, were small octagonal a blocks of no great com-
mercial value, and after this one attempt the Ra a gavea up l

o
a Their scientific description is given as follows :-
"A core of quartzite with more or less vertical bedding, and the also.
« dated rocks as far as they are
-
exposed on the flanks of in.
"dicate advanced metamorphic."
MedIioott and Blanford's Manual of Geology of India page 52.

I
See an enthusiastic letter in the Indian culturist for June I 880
. The idea of finding gold at ` Sony' in Gurgi on loses any basis it might
have in the name ofthe place when it is noted that the word m
Bdt the mineralogy of the writer may be more accurate than his philology :

IO
and those who take an interest in the district may hope no, though hard-
ly able to expect as he ap ntly oes, that the "very considerable sum
,

of money" required for the an .`Yat "may he drawn frown the valley

r
of &rangpur.. Sce also para, 2Q4 .- .

OL
 I
22 REVIbED REPORT OF THE }W

o
GRAPHIC
H-NOT T

THE

Chapter IL

Z
the enterprise and closed the mine. After the ma stonettse in kind of subterranean ignition,
chalk byY

£
a r o e i took a con rat or wormg it; ut after The product is of some value : in the village of Kasf rnpur
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGR

INDIA OFFICE LIBR

BE REPRODUCED PHO

.s-
spending some 1,500 rupees in trying to find the Crystal, the lease of the c alk.mines has for some .years past brought
gave up th&attemPt and his contract also. The localiY t of in an income of ov r Is. 300/- on the average. The expenses of

e+-
yQQ-

the mine is rather inaccessible ; it lies to the south-west of a washing, and making up into cakes for
excavatiop, carriage,

r/
the village which itself is a collection of huts at a consider- market sale are estimated at s. 15/6 Per 100 maunda, she
s.

o
able distance from the main road. Dr. .Thompson in his bazar price of which is about 30

p
report on rock Crystal mines'r says that "the Crystal does Para. 29..

*
' G. Salt is not now made anywhere in the Delhi
WITHOUT

"not cur in its primitive position but its a secondary deposit 5

Salt. district though it used to be in certain villages where
of sihceous breccia very highly impregnated with iron ; the marks of the earth-beds ( `sat') are still evident,

o
,

each crystal is encased in a sheath of heematite. As we go Saltpetre. Saltpetre is occasional) Y made in different During

e+-
parts.

downwards the rock. becomes less ferruginous, and lower the last ten years 30 licenses have en given for this pur-

)
"still is met with in pieces of pure quartz, embedded in a pose in 15 villa Es.j' . .

" matrix of almost, pure white clay."

-

7. The soil of the district is main) alluvial and is

4. Kankar is found more or less extensively through- classified as Dakar, Rausli, and Bhf r which are described
.

Para. 27.
out the district. In Sump at it is not regularly worked but gaukar. Soils of the
respectively as. a clayey loam, a half sandy half clayey loam
in nine villages it has been found and doubtless might be District how and a sandy loam degenerating in its inferior state to mere
obtained if needed in a good planY more. In Delhi Tahsfl classified lo- sand. The zamindar distinguishes the three kinds accord-
.

,
33 villages produce it, chiefly in the subcolline and marshy cally. in to their degrees of consistent Y -the Dakar clods are hard

(b)
pa ts. In Ballabgarh 22 villages are shown as producing it. and stiff, not easily
. broken-the Rausli while looking firm
Ver little digging is required to reach the beds-the chief as a clod should crumble in fine pieces when let fall from the
.
(

e1e ent in its cost is that of carriage and transport to the hand to the earth-while as a rule does not lie in
Place where it is required for use. It is not appropriated for clods at all.+

++
.
-

roads in this district so exclusively as in others where it.is

A

* The zamfndars do not dig the chalk themselves; they lease the right
the- only material available. Macadamite is also used, and The villages to strangers, generally' men of low cast, living in the neighbourhood.
'

the station roads are many of them laid with `Bajri' a where salt- Cooly labour at this work fetches 2I annas per diem for the digger working
op.-o

reddish gravel)Y Kankar++ found in the beds of hill torrents petre is made. down below, and 2 or only 11 annas for the lighter work on the surface.
and such like places. ` BaJ'ri' is cheaper than Kankar, but
is not so durable and softens more under heavy rain. '( These are :- 1 undal,
Pinant, Nizampur.
Sunipat-Rampur,
Malakpurzer Najafgarh, Ker.
5. Chalk is either worked or known to exist in

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o

Ballabgarh-Bhopanf, Jaik alias Unchagaon, Shdhjahanpnr, Mujerf, Sfhf,

Kasumpur-, Mahrauli, Malikpur Kohi, and Arangpur. It is Phapunda, Aghwanpnr, Fatehpur Billoch.
oa
duga out of rude mine made by sinkingg a shaft 30 or 40 feet :-

I
$ A comparison with other classifications in the Punjab is given below

++
'

r' and 5 or 6 feet in diameter, and then makinga tunnels

deep,
,--

1O
in all directions horizontally at the bottom. The blocks
..l

(` dalla' or ` dhir' ) that are turned out whole are sold on DAKAR RAUBLI
the spot-the smaller pieces (` tikYa') are taken to Malcha . is equivalent to is equivalent to
.

`Chiknot'-Gurgaon. Less clayey `N.a.mot'-

village and there washed and dried, and then sold for whiten- Gurgaon.
.

ing. The local idea, I know not whether correctly, makes More clayey Narmot'- Superior `Magda' Gur-
Y

goon.
* Quoted at p. Punjab Products.
47 of
Gurglon.
Rohf-(` chikni mrtti' Less clayey' i'-
when very stiff)-Barf B3rf Doab.
" A calcareous concrete consisting of carbonate of lime in irregular and Rechna Doab.
kind of foliated pieces. More clayey `Doshahf'- Superior
Punjab Products p. 141. Barf and Rechnt Doab. Doab.
' Sikand'--Montgomery. Gasrd'-Montgomery. Retti'-Montgomery.
Diaintegrated gneiss.'' as Mr, Baden Fowell says, P. 39 Punjab

I
+ J ' Karkani'- ,, y
Product-

OJ
 --

REPORT OF TUE DELHI SETTLEMENTS —'I

S
Prodiiöthbf the District. [Chapter IL Chapter II. I Products of the District.
S
The tyl
I § 8. qualities of the soils may be es- Para. 31. BALLAbGARH. DEwiI. SUNLP&T.
timated from their description. ' ' is strong and Their pro-
fertile if it is well worked and its separated— ductive quali-
but it is generally too stiff for the comparatively light ploughs ties compared Chak. Soil.
of the native agriculture, while its great retentiveness of Axes Area.
C)
$4
a,
C)
$4
-a)
S
moisture requires a favourable
. of wet and dry S
weather. ' Rausli ' is more easily worked, and is more porous; •1

with less natural strength and forcing power, it is on the 1'

Dákar. 1,235 1,152 9,575 11,962 10
whole as good as because it mixes better with Rausli... 32,025 6,354 56,705 84 95,084 79
manure, and allows the chemical action of the air freer scope.
A light 'Rausli,' likes a brackish ('malmala') water well —
the know this thcngh to a stranger they not
* Bhür 6,093
.

1,68?
.

4,872 12,647 11
C,
I
unfrequently make the complaint bil-kul (our Dákar... 13,288 29,•12( 2r .
17
water is altogether salt) as proving the want of productive- CD
ness in the soiL This is referred to further on under para. Rausli .. 49,842 5S,723 71 82,705 71 1, 91, 270 . -76
65 with reference to irrigation. Bhár 6, 788 1 2,514 5,157 14,459 I 'I

§ 9. The kind most commonly met with is ' RausiL' Pal•&L 32. 'U 7CD
.

Dákar.. 2,942 p 9,201 12,143

In fact ' ' is hardly found except in drainage lines, or Respective
$4 1'2

I _I
old beds of poois and ponds, while ' Bhuir' proportions RausIf... I 1,970 .

41,408 -
53,37S 73 pot7'•
sand scarcely at all mixed with vegetable matter is foun& BMr 5,525 2,640 F 8,165 11.
also rare : the proportion as found in the district cultivaled
.

I area is Rausli 79 p. c., 13 p. BhOJr 8 p. c.

Para 33.
Dakar .:. .
178 I 796 4 974 3
Tj
Tbere is a considerabledifference in. the various
§ 10.
assessment circles in respect of
' Dákar ' soil is found extensively in low distribution of soils. Generalfea-
ture of distri-
$4
a)
Rausli...
Bhár
10,212

7,757 4:
17,0.38

213
OF

I 7,970
75
22
0
lying lands where the
passage of drainage water either free Or impeded, may be
Dá.kar 14
suspected. It is formed in canal lands by the accumu-. 14
-d
lalEed deposit of alluvial matter which is brought down by Rausli ... 6,254 1OC 4,598 10,85'2 97
canal, and the layer of decayed vegetation which gene-

/
Bhár "'S 364 364 3
into theground year by year. 'Rausil' is the normal .

soil of the Bángar, aud ' ' represents the result of drain- Dák&r ... 18 60
age washing away the lighter particles of or rock, so
0 Rausli ... 12,713 104 27,2043
that it is not unnaturally founìd most largely in the Khádar 14,493 94'

near the river, or in the tracts immediately lying und er the Bluir .. - 'I 52 I , 631 6
hills : the average of the assessment chaks regards the '
distribution are given here :—
-
chakwár.' C)
Dakar ... '.4 24,511 38,695 21 13
'.4
Rausil ... 1, 796 1,40,834 81 1,39,410 74 4,05,..04G 79

0 27,742 17 7,465 I- ,1O,029 5 45,236 8 w

0 1,58,151 1,72,810 1,88,134 5, 19,0951t
'
F-I ._

* In Sunipat this is w/thllyKhkdar : in the ether two Tahslls the vii.

lagos mostly contain both and Khádar soil.
1• The revised measurements give a slight increase on this of 322 acres,
viz., 5,19,417, ace para. 39 and. tnra. 200. I

/
'I
-' --
-'
-

— — — — j." ,-
'
'— : :
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Chapter IIl ]
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Agricultural Products

Profucts-B--A9"r"cultural Produots with some re- KHARIF.

. maths on. the agriculture
" fl the District. Acres. 4cres.
The` principal crops of the district with the areas
1.
Juar .. ,,, ...

& RECORDS
under each, as ascertained duringg the recent m easurements, , 1,01,589 Wheat ... ,,. ,., -109 222
are given below :-- . a .., ... .:. , 90,320 Barley ... ... .:. 44,141
Su garcane ,,. ..
f
[ Staterlent o area.2t acres under aach croP at
.... ...
30,782 Gram ... ... ... 43,265
the tome o measurements. f Cotton... 28,83 Bar1ey and Gram.., 83,473
I

Wheat.and Gram... 24,527

Ballab-
garb.
7:-- Some crops, such as sugarcane and rice,. are hardly ever
grown except on irrigated and manured soil-while o there
Cotton ...... b
rChillies......
stables ...
11,
11,521
253
28,835
1,101
The difference
between the
are for the most part grown on land dependent on rain for
Sugarcane ...
. 581
129
1,578
30,782
total here given
and that entered
its moisture. Among these last are Bark , Juar and
Channa. .
'
Rice ... .. 11, 819 in S. 12 of Chap.
Juar ...... 24, 985
11

1,01 %, viz., 5;19,417 2. The rates of produce as ascertained partly by ex-

Indlancorn ... 1,450 8,040 isdue to the `do- periment and partly b Y the , opinion of the most m telllgent
I?.

Baba ... .., 36, 90,320 fasli' land which

Til ... 8 20i here of course Produce zanundars, are also given in Appendix II and the average _

Mash ...
Hemp .»
61 t
1,213. appears wi c e.
155 The area of 3u1-
estimates how
far trust-
prices of each as.com p uted for the last 20 y ears in four"qu1n-
' .

603
69
worthy.
quennial periods, in Appendix III, It will be seen further
923 1,526 tivation shown
Gii... .
on (in Chapter XI) that the estimates produce as at first

c.,.
.I 3,457 .. 2,144 15,180 in pare. 33, viz., .

Lobia .. .:. : 60 1 64 5,19,095. acres obtained by exp eriment only, were not received as trust .

Italian Millet 5i 76 was the area of worthy. Those given now are better, though they cannot
Moth ... 1,474 7,215 the uncorrected
M n ...... 593 793 and unrevised In Sunipat
be depended on altogether. In Sunipat I too k . the opinions
took.g .
ChenS,. ko.... 126 266 Statements. how formed. of selected zamf ndars, .and the result founded on their ludi-
Wheat .....
vidual answers is certainl Y not below the mark. Taking the
30,806 2,1313 57,103 1,.09,222 Estimates average of all estimates obtained during the settlement,
Wheat & Gram' 8,287 2,190 14,050 24,527 now given of
Wheat and the principal and checking them by mown knowledge, I should give the
Barley...... 5,301 4,835 10,829 crops, produce of the principal crops per acre as follows* :-

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...... 15,155 25,824 44,141
Bar1eY and
Gram ...... 9,472 21,839 2,162 33,473 C. a o r. K i' RIF.
......
.

Gram 23,818 2, 964, 16,483 43,265

Melons 1,448 .
551 51 1,554
Aj wi, Saunf,
&c. 350 59'i 83 492
Tobacco ... 560 46 262 1,286.
"0 n ...... - 30 24 37 91 Wheat ... ... 440 sera
Saff1ower ... 71 142 75 288
Sareaun .,. 118 54

III
247 419 Barley
Tarah ... 560 643
, ... 148asers
1,553 2,"r56
Mast r ... ` ... 8 79 13 100
Arhar ... ... 238 52
cram ,.. ...
28(
789 . 439 1,4271 l3arley & Gram 500

1O
Wheat & Gra n 480 hers
TOTAL, ... 2,06,696 2,06,814

.,;q
's
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$EVIBED EFPOEP OP THE

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agiicultural Products.
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t.4
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INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

Number of plough-
. A

a Irrigated. or Mouth of per and succeed- as to weather,,

Sown after i of
Crops; When sown. watering seed per pakki1 c hoeings or laud. pakk bigh. ed by what croP& rain, and soil required.
-
d

; ( ` palewd' )

-
. bigah. cleanings. used or not. .
,ao
..

or without.
.
!s.-,-

-
as ' z
.;
:,

Ju4r. ' Aaadh.. sets. to 5 1 not

U'' ...
K'atik. 3 to 6 in b rain is wanted for
andeuoceededbygram judr and bdjra in the early

)
watenng.
.

used. rain season July and ffrat

r part of Auguat.
. .
.

nirrigated. Kdtik. 3 to 6 inch. by wheat, the two b4jra is gener-

AsAdh sera, 2 1 not and succeeded by sown on the poorer
watering. - - used. wheat, or barley. The character of bSrLni ,

laud may be diatrtgurshed

.
in no small degree by D-
tiring this. .

and gran- grown in onlythe more

J
Irrigated. Asau' and 3 to 25 mda,
Without sera. 6 2 Wheat. Kdtik. vdlageaof .Sunipat
: watering. . Canal Tract. .

a.

.
G
M
s

Hemp. Aaddh, Without Unu' Kdtik. 3 mde. by ]'udr, important in this

sere. 2 clean- not and `makd(,' and suca district : it generally is
watering. ings. used, .
- seeded by wheat, sown as a border to
pi
barley, or grams, cane.
.- .-

d LfOHLIM
.

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Unirrigated, Asau]' and to 12 coda. by barley,
Indian corn. Asddh. sirs. '
c

. , 2 3 used ( 3 waterings Kdtik. or wheat, and aucceed-

watering. on land given in time of ed by gram.
drought.)

Chi1lies.
Irrigated (15 K44tik. 6 to mda. best in the hot--
`Pa1ew&' ser. 5 4 to 20 waterings) strong soil of the Delhi
Khandrat-it wants much
a bigah. manuring and very copious
irrigation.
. ....., , .., .
,., ..
, i
/ ,,
,t '

dO
}

OF THE
. ti

ravel, grown, I don't

Indigo, - Chait and to 1 aer.
Irrigated, Poh.
,
7 to 15: coda,. No croPB specified.
.

2 not remember more than

L
_
$aasakiL not requir- used.
-
. two or three fields.
. ' ed.
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Chapter IIL ] .Agricultural Products N

N
n
IO

. w

plough-
after of of Irrigated or un Month of Produce per Preceded and as to Weather,

s.
d

crops. When sown. watering seed per pakk os hoeings or

(`palewe' ) big'ah. cleavinga used er not. irrigated land. harvest, pakka b> L ed by what crops, rain, and aoil r'e9aired.

Number
or without.

RECORDS
n
Z i

9
Without sera, 2 1 not Preceded by wheat,
watering, used. barley and grasp (` b-- H

IOR
char,) or barley-and
r . succeeded by wheat on
land left fallow after
the crop is cut. y.
fD
.Op.' .

4
Without not
. f.

(5)A
Iding. As dh, ears. 2 t
.
watering. used. I ,

.
,
.
v
-

...
U1
$oh., gs11i 4
F.

w Without 6
,

1
.

- °H nC

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Cotton. to Do., sere. to 5 4 used Extensively grown, but T
.
Aaddh. `Palewa' if on Chdhi do not think it is often of
Hxy b
sowninChai s fine growth, or very good
quality-the rain for it
/r

should be early-end the

. ` O id C7
season not too cold at the .d
tune when the picking be-
n

d
bua.

bx

PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
H
Pc
P p( Us to- 9- or Manure to 40

o O
z
o

` to 10 . YO
Chatty
.

each iili= 10 (` Gur.')

.
. ..
164 `gandas'
of cane)
x

.
H
C
r
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DELHI SEDTLE1[ENT.
THE

Agricultural Products. [Chapter III. Chapter III ] 9gricu1tura1 Products.

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Number of plough-
.
-
after of a of manure
ropa. sown.
` wateruip s eedperPakk
palewa )
bigah,
o
ised or not.
Irrigated or un- Month of per and succeed- .aa to
Harvest.

or without. iv
cleaninga. irrigated land. harvest, pakka biggah. ed by what crape, rain, and soil required. .

ings.
. a m
a
zq
WITHOUT

Wheat, Katiik. `Pa1ewn,' if to 30 sera. to a nure If irrigated, 6 Baia1kh. 4Jhahi-10 or judr. If notgrown genera
.
' the soil is Bi on ' are to 13 mds,. preceded by 13djra, exceptingood and
` In-faslf ;' :
land, not on Barani-5 wheat will g r o w

o.
.
given- are various distinc-
.

. otherwise, baraul. to 8 coda. better aid yield a good drawn in some parts

Reference V
without it. .outturn. as to quality of seed.
anure
Barley. Kutik. See above. to 21 sere, to Chah1-11 B3jra or juar-( see
a

k
As above, Chat. .
to wheat as
- Bsrani usedonch'ahi .
' to 16 inch above),
. none, sometimes on
barani also. to 9mda, barley if he thinks the
ground will grow wheat
we1L
Aaau'.
1 to 15 aera. 3 nure Unirrigated. to 9 rods. by judr, light early
watering inga. not used. and succeeded by the rain, and the winter rain
same. (`mahawal' )'and agentle
equal wind. A dry
.

FN
Magh. water- sera.
'
5 nure
the plant.
PT
B

w 3 Irrigated ( 20 Jeth, 15 to 20 rods. by Like pepper in

.. ing. used as for waterings ). and. auoceeded by juiir. dry, hot soil of the
R

- wheat khandralandeopiouswater-
.
'281

Sarson. See Wheat. eer. 6 clean- Wheat to

L
.
See Wheat. Baisakh, 3 5, mda- Wheat. This' out the .salt
of the soil, which

3
exceedingly,
'Irrigai ed (5 JetLr
..,,,,,,,,,
Ma' gh. See Wheat. to eer. 6 Wheat. " to 15 rods by. cotton Picrop' and
rapid

2
orate ' _ or juar, and succeeded copious.urigation,
by juar, said to show bad cultivation,
I know not why-thus the
proverb.
Melons, M'agh. Without wa- 6 3 used If irrigated, Jeth. 50 to 250 by `mi ' a

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Leg broken
tering. once, but,it is mds, succeeded by the same. Aua-
generally un- ehori ehakttrl bandmati da
irrigated4 being ore of
grown in moist Hare kare tliin9 culti-
lands.--( See , . sate chtn6
Appendix IV). kisati' thieve, or ga

d
PERMISSION OF THE
1R

out service,

See separate no to Appen-

tIOISS]I
.
dix IV,
.

" But some wag alluding

to the labour of culti '
n . the crop replied,
<
:

.
{ '""7 Gultivatinq
.

_ I
. chakdrl chgnc, tJiiev.

RECORDS
. , , . Mardonhilcr£ ing, and ser-
.. .- kana' viceareftt

OIL
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the landsca a and calculate rou hl how much lies under .

Pairs of oxen,
4

at

No, of turns.
.
a
each. On every side the oxen are moving up and down the s

pegs.
m

the men
.

-S v in .

O
Out-turtl

E.
pretty long slope leading to the hollow which is dug out so of to w° many

o
,

JO
as to give them a better purchase on the ground in makin Vu.Lecr. day. ° w mutht one o in one
r

No. of
g water. °.. ka turn, hour.
the ,

'°N
the pull to raise the water voices of men and boys at a z Chars z.
close intervals fill the air with the musical cry made when
the ` charsa' is being
ung heaved up at the top of the p
COPYRIGHT

Streams Chars. Sunpiat, 10 to `haths' 2 men mde.

- --
pull.
9
of water trickling silently along the narrow, carefully earthed 11a.x
irrigation channels tell that busy work is going on and 11 `b tha.' onpeg ... sera
here adhere a barefooted Jat is alternate)YIening o up and Charsa. ZainPur, 1145 to `h5t1s.' 2 man rather
closing the little beds (`kiari ) which all careful cultivators.. 12 45. A. rope broken

P
use so as to economise the precious fluid. Spare yoke of u. 11 `haths.' ... peg sers. 4

2
oxen stand lazily eating straw at the mud-built manger- tind5s

-
Persian Be 12 to 1 sera
trees sprinkled here and there give at once variety and shade wheel P.11[.

'
to the scene which to one interested in the leo p le is very 11 `hatha' ... ... chits.

-
pleasing.
.
Several hundred aces are laborious)Y and finely Chars4... Mitr$on, 123O to 2 men full
tilled, and the sweat of the w earns good bread. The 1'30 P. at. 52 x 2 S.
men themselves, as before noted, are f good stature, straight- 13`haths' ... on pegs chits.

.
Imbed, and wiry withal. Their voices are baritones, not ;hi,r 310 to 2 2 men full inch.
war ' in a rough melody, and their faces are many , of them 410 P. i. 51x23,
coin ly. Draw up to them and unless they 19 `h5t1s.' on pegs ... clots. sere.
'me that
.

anyt ' is to be gof bYw '

.
, them talk
. will show them
fair)Y a to do, and contented. .
How much
water is r e-
It is difficult to estimate the quantity of water required
5. But to return to the question of the efficiency of .Para. quired to to water a iven area-but at. different rates of depth some
the charsa as compared with the ` karat.' The labour of 61. water a given idea. may be obtained as follows,
comparative taking 340
.the men on the `charsa' has already been stated as greater of theComparison
`chars' maunds as perhaps the fairest average :-
than at the `karat.' The labour of the oxen is considered and `harat
more severe also. Personal observation obtained the follow- (continued.)
'- This gives
In 340 x 82-=
7
27,977
2
nearly.
ing
g res which may be relied on as trustworthyy andd care-
fully accurate. The depth of water of course is a very im-
A cubic foot of water `wenghs 1,000 oz. avoirdupois 62 -
lbs, so that there would be 4472 cubic feet- nearly poured out
'ng

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portant element in determur' the supply-another, less so
.

erhaps but still important, is the abundance of the spring
supply ; as a water-level which falls rapidly is much the
same as if it were on 'ally lower. The . n tuber of men
size of the `charsa.' '
again at work * makes.a difference necessarily, and also the
A big one though it moves a trifle
more slowly on the whole Yr'elds more. The Yr,'eld in Miitraon
in one hour.
At an estimate of 1 inch depth this would give very
nearly an acre in a day of eight working hours. The actual
extent irrigated is less than this considerably, and the depth
Para. 62.
I should say greater.
6. The estimate of the extent of land which can

?
,

it will be noticed on a good specimen of well with men to
match is very large. The g eneral result so far as it goes;
would show the supplY Yr'e1ded byY a fair `charsa' to be greater
khan chat of a Persian wheel.
Area protect- considered thoroughly protected by a one-lao well is not very
ed by a `lao' on clearly made out. It necessarily differs inversely
inverse) according
the average. b
to the depth and rapidity of exhausting the supply. The
zamfndars themselves perhaps think the latter point more

et-
.

* Onll one man at a time can work .t the bucket, important than the actual depth from the surface. Nothing
but at the peg of the delights a good husbandman more than. a strong equable
loo,' there are sometimes two-sometimes one only.
'h The size of the `chars' is reckoned by the number of ' muthia '
spring of water which he can work at for hours without re- .

or doting it more than a foot or so-` pakka 'ni'-then

.TO
hand-breadtbs-it measures when nded vertically, he
8u1es
calls it-` kachcha pn ,
-on the other hand he comPlams of
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REVISED ; EPO. T OF TIIE DELIII SETTLEMET.

PERMISSION OF THE

Wells-Bands-and Canals. [Chapter IV.

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT

COI
may
!O NOISS

greatly-where .the water 1elsinks sometimes as much as G or surface or further. e

7 e2 in a few hours. I a good many vrllabes
g the wells cannot used to be to sink the cYTinder down to the real spring level;
continuous)Y all day-rest his to be given to them but now the usual way is to sink it, as said before, down

ii ivy
be worked
to get the supply rp
. e lenished by Percolation. 10 acres on some 14 or 15 cubits and then bore down in the centre of
the average is perhaps a low estimate of protection-the
. the cYliilder with a `balk.' made of two or three beams fitted
.

zamindars will allow this-about 11 will bgive probably more is about 11 together and headed with a shat1`1 p int. Across this balls
really accurate results. The lest diameter for a single ` Tao' acre. is fitted a cross beam ` dandila' to both ends of which is
d

well that I have seen in use is 3 4 or say 4 cubits equal to fastened a well rope. This is passed over a, pulley (chdk or
Gz feet or there abouts. The largest would be more than bhawan as at the well and then the `ball' is alternately
double this-a four-lao well in full work.is a fine sight.
- raised and let down. sinking down at each .time lower and,
lower till the real sp ring is arrived at. This is at 52 `baths
,;§ 7..asThe cleaning out of wells depends much bn their Para. 63. the `Bawani' .

er'
spring leveL beneath the surface, and this point the natural spring level

IOR
IOI
Reference
position of course one protected bY a masonry coPiitg
.

(man ) standing a foot or two above the surface of theb cutCleaning (`ear' ) is called actor ' 1 `bawani:'
ground prevents sand and earth from falling .in. The Persian wcll&
In the ` Khadar' water is found at 14 `haths, ' and the
lyheel which general)Y has nothing of the kind requires much .cYfinder goes some 7 or 8 `baths' below this 'point. The
more attention in this respect than the `charsa.' The Tat t er `nimchak' is made by the village carpenter-the masonry work
if kept fairly full of water needs cleaning on1Y once in 5 Years riiresq a mason who is found only in the .
towns or, larger
and often not then. The task when necessary is Perforred villages. In' he Khadar the excavation is made by the Jats

;A
well-div
by the owner or his tenants. and inkei. ' themseIves. In every village , who can dive
are several fellows,
8., The expense of sinkg

'
ul a well of course varies
very greatly according to the kind of soil in which it is made
and}the depth at which water is met with. In SunsP at there
are three degrees noted-one of the Ban .soil ` arh' )
the second is the higher Khadar-the third the land im-
Pai64.
Expense of
sinking a well
(` gote mar)', and they go down into the.water with the `kh9ssa'
which brings up each time enough earth to give,.hard work .
to some 20 men to raise it up on to the `dharan platform.
The divers are of every tribe and caste. In the Hangar the
pTan used to be the same, but since the canal Irr'ga' an has
rendered the sub-soilpercolation more copious, few m n not
(r!

mediately , bordering on the river. In digging wells in the

uiaking a reguTar trade of it can stand the enormous flow of
Reference

Hangar, the soil turned out is very generally stiff loam, with
here and there a stratum of `kankar.' Occasional)Y a small
depth of sand intervenes to be succeeded lower down
by the loam as above.. In the Khadar this soil is not found
-
water that comes in below a certain depth, so that the diver
who can work in a Bin r ` go1 generally becomes known-
he has also the dignity of a special name ` Slha. They are

or found only in thin strata; the subsoil is maim Y sand. Of Rates of generally of the Jhinwar caste. They get about 12 arenas or

o
o
L

Pay. Re. 1/-per foot of excavation-with a ` a r at the finish.

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course this alters the conditions of excavation. The
PTan of
sinking a well is as follows :- For beginning the .work of course a lucky day is neces-

)-o
Q
OFFICE IIBRARY &RECORDS

». The earth is excavated down to the spring sarY The ` p arohit' or some other person possessing the
level-then .
H-.

A 1uc'.y necessary learnmg is called in, and generally getting some-

the `nim-chak' is made-a round .
`lasora, or. dhak'-the wood is about 11 foot broad and a
' '
frame either oof ` klkar, .
start is neces- thing for his p. pains-either. a rupee, or some meal and `ghi,!fi
points out the propitious season. It is incumbent on the
sary.
span thick (i.e.; hi h.) The pieces are fitted closely together
like those of a wheel, and are. fastend with nails. On n
U this is
husbandman at all events to make a beginning on that day-
built' up the masonry cylindernder ( ` ola ' or ` kothi' . This the `kothi' if he cannot convenient)Y spend, much time he must at least
generally extends beneath the surface from 14 to 1 7 `hat' hs ' dig not less than five hoe-furs with his `kassi' The under-
_

and above it some 12 or 13 ` haths.' On the top of this taking thus auspiciously begun may then be intermitted, if
rciously b
.cylinder a rough fame work is placed consisting of four large need be for a month. There is a practice still obtaining in
1

beams, two one way ,and two another ( ` dha,ran ' .On some parts of placing 5 vessels' full of `water on the `spot
"

these is heaped up p a mixture of mud and earth- as a make-

weight, and the earth dug out from below is also put on it.

f
The ,weight thus accumulated.. sinks the well

L
.
VIaNI

iM :.
 REVISED REPORT OF THE DELHI SETTLEMENT`. 55 `

Wolfs-Bands-and Canals. [Chapter Chapter V. J Wells-Bands-and Cauala

. _ _- __-
chosen for the well. Afar standing g for a whole night, if theY
are found full in the morning, the place is reckoned lucky.
If not full,. expectation of good water is unreasonable. Some below :-
of the intelligent zamindars, however, doubt whether this is Doubted by AsEA IBIIGSTED gaol[
thoroughly some. WBLL8 WITH
t7 J reliable. A more reasonable custom is that of W B'L L 8.
AGE ON CULTIVATED
distributing alms 1arge or small on the eompletion of the un- Number of
dertaking. When asked what would happen if this is not
wells in each Cultivat-
Assessment circle. ed area ,
AREA.

masonry.
masonry.

Maaonry.
Distribution chak.

Without

Without
in acres.
.

done, the zamindars reP1Y-` who would omit such agood 0 0

of alone. H
m

Total.
o

Total.
m o
precaution ? The work of danger is finished , -and thanks are 0 a
reasonable.' The s1ecu1ative character of the risks in sinking
a well is shown by the proverb. ... A. A.
lfhadar.
Hangar... 39,35 246 75 32 2,015
5
404
1
2,419
6
c57,87
an Hangar ... ... 57 87 >
613 ` 217 83 6,359 1,505 7,864
a 11 3 14
Dahri-Sai1lb5... 20,437 159 7 16 658 11 -' 669
3 0 3
. 9. Distinctions are drawn here as elsewhere as to the Para. fia.. w Zerkohf ... .. 18,147 160 3 16 874 3 877
4 0 4
quality of the water which may be sweet ( ` mitha '
brackish (` malmala') _or salt ` namkin' or ` khar)
)- Distinctions
a' The quality
drawn as to
a
a
Khandr4t ... ... 6,25 228 0 22 1,874
30 0
0 1,871
30
salt water is of course not good for water, but the brackish of Ho ...... ... 16,09 80 0 8 334 0 334
water. 2 0 2
wells often produce the finest crops, nor is this good effec
confined alone to inferior soils. On superior soil also it is ToraL ... , 1,58,151 1,486 302 _1,7. 12,111 1,923 103¢,
considered best of all to have the first watering `kor' or s 1 9.

korwa' made by Y .brackish water,

. and then water with sweet. ghedar &'ingar... ry 9, 1$ 1031 ' 156 25 881 1,653 2,534
Where there are two wells within a Practcable distance of 10_ Is
each other-the water of both -will ... .. 74,52 512 182 69 3,927 2,380 6,307
- - be iiiterchanged g
way=the b1kish war _ V - 5 3
Reference

tin the lands of both for the Dabar ... .. 53,24 745 32 777 5,259 205 5,464
`kor, and then the sweet water coming over aII .in its turn. to 0 lo
The reason 1 given for this is that the land °requires some Zerkohf ...... 18,047 207 1 20 1,775 13 ° 1,788

'
a 9 0 9
degree of saltuess-it is alleged that there will be a percepti- w K hi ... ... ... 12,82 70 O 7 722 O 722
ble difference in the yield of two fields side by side--one of A 6 0 6
which has the malmala kor, and the other the sweet. The Salt as a llhaudrat ...... 4,976 246 2 24 2,012 15 2,027
appreciation of salt as a manure is shown from-the fact that manure. 41 0 41
INDIA OFFICE. LIBRARY &RECORDS

it is common to serape the ground iound the ` abadi ' 'and Tomi .. , 2,81 1,883 373 2,25 14,576 .4,266 18,842
carry it on the fields-one cart-load being a dose for 2 kasha 9 2 - 11
bi has. Distinction is even made in the quality of land edLand affect-
...
. by
from -its trees-the' best banjar is shown b the growth of saline qualities
the F
c
B .

.
.. 1,16,98 8 s7 189 1,076 s, 1 97
fi
1,573
1
7,770
7

A
va
`dhak -then `bans (TePhrosia Puipurea) and lastl Y `air' of its trees. a . 71,15 2,597 1,124 3,721 X8,447 8,345 36,792
.
12 52

Su NI
40
The bansa itself is known as a salt plant, and consequently z
the laud near the 'Plant for a short time is productive-but TOTAL ... 1,88,134 3,484 1,313 4,79 34,644 9918 44,562
.

.
,
or
afterwards becomes what it naturally would be 19 5 24

DISTRICT.
U
G>iartu TpTdL ... 5,19,09 6,853 ' 1,9 8,8 61,331 16,x,07 77,438'
M 12 3 15
A
*'These are the figures of the assessor nt reports The corrected area is
5,19,417-or 322 acres more. The corrected Well watered area is 75,389 (see
para. 200 ). .

e
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56 REVI8Eb REPORT or THE ADELH1 SETTLEMENT,

TO
WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

Irrigation from bands' is a characteristic feature

11. Pare. 67. water might not be thus advan eouslY stored. I know that
the zamindars are foolish)Y obstinate about the proposa1 to
1
in ,all its of the district, 1Ymg under or near the hills. The Irrigation
pay 8 annas per bigah instead of 4 an,but this I believe
prlncip le is that of concentrating
n the rain-fall so as perma- from `bands.'
is partly because of the new Settlement and the fear lest the
Bent) Y to moisten a given cultivated. area, allowing surplus
.

water to run or drain off and applications of this principle erection or repair of a `band' should bring with i1 an increase
in the assessment. I think in some instances now they
were successfully made on a large scale by the former rulers
would be willing to pay the higher rate, but if not I would
COPYRIGHT

of the country. In no respect perhaps does the civilization of ,

still suggest consideration of the projects in question not as

l
the Mughal Empire show better than in this of artificial
irrigation. In a report of 1848, written by Mr. E. Bathe,
in charge of the Na of h dhil works, there is an interest
account of two of the largest of the lull circle `bands--
Chhatai ur, and KhirkL But there are numerous others
.
interesting
a financial speculation but as a benefit to the least advan
tageously situated parts of the district.

which only a good local knowledge gives an acquaintance

with, for most of them are in a semi-ruinous condition, and TAHSIL.
not a few are in out of the way corners, among ravines, or on
the sloe p of not very accessible hills. Some are evidentl Y

Funds. '
too far gone for repair, some, are not worth it, but others
almost certain)Y are and might well get it from the District
t
,

It gives a sense of drew desolation to ride through

these gaping holes in What are still magnificent lines of
works which might be so beneficial and remunerative, but
Estimated to irrigate 215 acres, but
this `band' has been broken, and is not
worth repair, in fact it probably did
more harm than good.

About 130 acres. are moistened by

this `band,' which is a natural basin and
of which the only use at present seems to be to remind us thus is kept in fair working order.
that in some administrative matters we have much to, learn:
About 300 acres were moistened by
§ 12. Below is given a list of all but very petty bands ' Para. 68.
.

.
this band, but it is broken and
showiug the locality, and the area affected by them, with
-p

,
List of should not be repaired, as it does more
some other facts. One or two of the large earth-work `bands' harm than good.

-_ ofhe
bands.'
and notablY that of Tilpat, have been very much injured _,
-- bY
c

- Ballabgarh ... A fine `band' moistening some 500

--
-

the construction -Canal, the line of which comes acres, broken and wants repairing. If
it is not repaired, deterioration of the
down athwart the catch basin of the `band' in one p Itpart.

neighbouring lands is certain.

may be noted that there are places here and there where

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probably new `bands might be constructed with success. new `bands' Gurgaon ... Another fine ` band'-the lands of sire
There are two or three places at the foot of the hills on their would benefit from its repair, and
will be damaged by its continued bro-
Ballabgarh side where it is almost impossible to think that ken condition.

* '1fiere is a printed correspondence on this subject with government

Ballabgarh ... About 40 acres here `hauz' or
bath-tank in fair preservation and theie
letter No. 2,927 L dated loth July 1877. is no chance of damage,
-,1.
One attempt by-the way bas recently been made to do the right thing
in this, but it was not successful The District Rates Committee last year Ballabgarh ... This `band' is broken and might well
be repaired, it would prevent the for-
( 1878-79 ) appropriated a large sum to repair the breach in the of ravines and f asures over a
`band.' The estimates were sound, and could have been successfully carried
out, but the work was not pushed on with sufficient energy, though on the large extent of ground.
approach of the rainy season, great exertions were made to raise the work to
`a sufficient heigl.- to save it from the expected floods. The `Fahsildar sent in A very fine masonry but .-

a false report as to the height of the earthwork, but when the rains began, broken and neglected-.would moisten .

the truth, was found out. For several days an exciting race ensued between 200 acres if well looked after, and pre-
the slowly rising embankment and the uncertain effeet8 of the heavy clouds, serve other land too.
but at last a 2-inch rain came, and the embankment "went," An episode

11O
not without a .moral
 Y
-NOT TO
&
PERMISSION
TAHSIL.
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INDIA OFFICE
A first rate position for a `band,' but
broken now in the middle, still moistens
COPYRIGHT
about 100 acres. Ravines are forming
near the break--a masonry `band.'
Narnina A. kach4 `band' made in 1861-and
broken in 1875. No need to repair it,
it is not in aood place. .
P4iam ... . A large work, broken, and not fit to be
repaired, If `bands' are made onthis side
of the hills they should be made higher
up, i. e., more to the east than this line.
Rajokhri Delhi ... ... A very strong masonry `band' of an-
cient make, long since partially broken,
now it would be difficult to repair as
deep ravines have formed.
Sultanpur ... Ballabgarh A pakk3 `band'repaired by the zamfn-
d'ars, so ew broken but not much-
and will now doubtless repaired.
Moistens some 40 acres
Ballabgash ... A l .rgekach `band' made in 1861-
broken by the line of the Agra CanaL
Itstill moistens some land, but not
much.
Ballabgarh ... Two `bands,' one an old one, the other
made in 1861--broken but might well
be.repaired-perhapsby the zamindars-
about 110 acres moistened by them.
Ballabgarh ... A kach4 `band' made in 1861, and still
in good repair. Some abfaua is taken
here.
13. There are besides the hill `bands' in the Qrth-
west of Bal1abgarh, the south-west
, of Delhi, and the east
centre of Ba11abgarh, several minor `bands,' made to catch the Minor
`bands' in
drainage near DhauJ' and Pali, but these apparently are very south Ballab-
happy-go-lucky concerns, and are not at present of any ton- garh.
iderable importance. There is also, or rather was, a `band'
in the boundary of Pu halls in the north-west of Sum1at
tahsi which tale men of that villageeither erected or, as some
say, strengthened in the stormy days of the mutiny. For.
,twenty years therefore the band has been doing its work, but
.
Chapter IV.] Wells-Bands-and CanaL4
lately compTaint was made by the villagers of Balli gutabP ur
whose land, it will be seen on the map, is on the south-west
.
corner a good deal swamped by the drainage water, thrown back
by the `band,' The canal officers, on the ground that a natural
drainage of the country was obstructed, have obtained
demolition of the `band'; the water now if it goes along what .the
is said to be the drainage line of this Part of the country,
should go off south-west and then south into the Na'af h
Jhrl. This `band did good to the lands of Pu halls in the
way that is usually attempted in Jhelum, and ShahPur, and
other hill districts of the PunJ ab, i. e., by keeper'
' the water
of the land-allowingb moisture to come only by percolation.
Small `band' There is another small `ban d ' in the lands of Mandaerr' in
at Mandauii.
Sunipat, the reason of the construction of which I could never
understand. It rather looks as though the zamindar had
miscalculated the effects of canal irrigation. At present.in a
fairly rainy year there is generally a good swamp on what
should be only moderately , moist ground. Of course it sup-
plies the villagers with a grievance.
There are no other works in this district which can be
said to have been erected as `bands.' The roads do as a matter
of fact and as already noted serve or ", dis-serve" as `bands.'
,
.
A
' 14. The Jhil works seem to require separate
notice. The sources of the drainage flow, whichinordinarY Years
sets in so strongly from the south-west and north-west and east
from the hills, have been described in Chapter I of this reAort.
History of The idea of draining the Jhil and thus reclaiming the land
drainage appears to have originated with Kishan Lal, Diwan to the
'
schemes.
Kishan Lal's JhaJjar Nawab. He offered to execute the work, the expense
proposals. of which he estimated at I .70,000/- if he might have half the
profit. 'Government refused the offer and undertook the scheme
itself. The Jhil was then esimatedtocover 52L square miles-the
cost was put down at Rs. 40,000/- and it was thought that40,00Q
bi ahs of land aqualtoRts.1,20,000/- revenuewould be recovered .
The Collector's estimate, however, of the revenue to be g gained.
was at first Bs. 35,000/- and then 1s. 24,000/-. The work was
carried out under Captains Durand and Western at a cost which
appears to have been R. 53,154/-. The actual result has
never been accurately gaubged, but Mr. Lawrence, in his report
of 1844, while giving reasons for the estimate of the
Engineers to be too small, puts the gain to the, revenue at
Bs.13,000 - on an outlay of nearly Rs. 60,000/-. From Captain.
 p

P MAP THE
0
0
I
0
of
70 para&. 70, 71 of the Report.

0 C

0 0

0 0

1)
— — —.—-—— i
 62 REVISEREPORT OF THE
OT TO
OL

OF THE

pages, ') (8.)-" Suited to the circumstances .under which they are
H

LIBRARY

,
(afterwards Sir Hen Durand's interesting report submitted in Abstract of "placed, is the system of cultivation pursued by the

w
1838, I abstract the following notes, as the report itself is not his report of
"villages bordering the Jhil. Experience has taught
.

1838.
accessible to most readers. The sketch plan 'ven in the
lan given "them the level which the waters usually attain, and with

, hihdhba
II

mar ' , which is adapted with slight alterations from his

wifi-show the sources of thedrainage
b which #lowsinto the Jhil- frhteger
"reference to this, is the dis sition of their cm
i s,om otine
b grouns tey th common
' That
d.

(1)-These are :-(1 The Sahibs. 2 The Badshahp ur nulla. "Banns crops; their cotton is sown out of reach of any-
thing but extraordinary floods; theirs
COPYRIGHT
d

'
(3) The drainage from Bhopania. (4) That from Baha- cane fringes
the whole Jhil, and is kept accurately a little above, but
WITHOUT

da h. (a) That from the west side of the Delhi hills

"close to, the ordinary level of. the Jhi1 water, s as to
INDIA
YIQNI

immediately overlooking the Jhil. _

"facilitate the irrigation of the plant without aetuallY

(2.)-The Badshahpur nulls used to throw its water to the " subjecting it to injury from submersion; the low
BE

fir.-4
grounds
M

south into the Sohna valley. It was diverted by " establish-
"ing two dams at Badshah ur, a critical point, where the
" northerly and.southerlY sloping plams meet, unembarras-
" ed by the range of hills, the continuity of which is broken."
y drainage, by evaporation, &c., the rich soil laid dry is
(3.)-The object of this is s'sad to have been to irrigate the
land between Badshahpur and Dh{1kot-but as the Jhil
was a good deal lower than the surrounding country, the
"in the immediate vicinity of the Jhi1 are sown with
" am and wheat, and also as the water retires in con-
sequence of being expended in irrigation, by partial
ploughed up, and produces a fine crop of wheat.'
(9.)-The floor of the arches supporting
rt' the canal is only two
feet below the bottom of the man. line and secondary
1

A
abrasion of .the fall of .the drainage cut out a deep branches or six miles below the deepest 1art'of the basin-
.__ channel, and carried back the low level of the Jhil some .

at the southern extremity of the main line...

.

way beyond Dhfilkot. (10.)-Without drainage the alternation of heavy and light

e-
.
(

(4.)-From the sketch plan it will be seen that the Jhi1 mayy rainfall in successive years keeps up a kind of equilibrium.

"be divided into three branches, the main one extending of moisture-if coinPfete drainage were made yearly earl
« from the Pul chadar
or canal ueduct to Dhulkot. ( In there would be no residuum of moisture to fall back on
a later report he says to Magraula which is 2412 miles); in a dry Y Year-a "defect by no means to be overlooked."
1
j

the Bhopanfa line which branches fruln-.lie main- one The remedy proposed was to have .an escape on the west
3U

" at Kang anheri (1 miles;) and the Bahadar ' rh line ' side' of the Western Jamna Canal and run off surplus
"which joins the rnain ne near to NaJ'afgarh " --71 (z miles. ) water into the Jhil as might be wanted.
9J9

(5.)-The mainline is remarkable for the hollow at its southern (11.)-" The customary height of the Jhf1 water in the month
extremity. It was forrnerlY deeper than at present, but the " of October, may, be said to be that of the pier ledges of

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
the `Pul chadar, or three feet six inches u n the $ak-
a from the Badshahpur nulla has brought down
drainage po
silt, and raised it materially (a foot or a foot and a half in raula gauge pillar. BY the end of October, oowing to
-

half a century)-a fortunate occurrence not foreseen. the evaporation and the commencement of cultivation
4

(G.)-The line of the Sahibs stream is crossed by the Badli the water level is reduced to about three feet upon the
dam in Rohtak. This, beang out of my district, I need "gauge. In the month of November more water is

d
not disc ss. Captain Durand, however, notes the impor- "consumed in the cultivation of the lands border' the
" Jhi1 than in the preceding month, this together with
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

tance o ' connection with any scheme for draining the

NOISS]
"evaporation, &c., reduces the level o ter to two feet

CD
Najafgarh Jhil.
four inches upon the gau g In rain usual-
(7. -From Bases Darapui: to the `Pul chadar' the ground is " ly falls, upon which the waters.. again rise to two, feet
gauge.

ligh-from there westward to Keshop ur there is a or seven upon the g aug From this month until

CD
rapid fall-and also on the eastward to the Jamna- May
gauge.

.
" the waters rapidly diminish until the gauge is left eft
.

' "the ridge therefore on which the Hansi road and the dry
"dr ;that to say, until about three feet of water in,
CD

"canal aqueduct are situated may be looked on as the the total supply which remains over as a
.natural obstruction to the drainage of the Jhfl." "stock for the rains of the fo11owing June to add to.
c
 PHOTOGRAPHICALLY

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

naroa'r of Tg$

VIC
64 RsvlsED
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO

wev$-s ae-tea canes. [chapter IV.

THE

The total of subme ed ground in October withthe ordinary caused by the want 'of' it. In this connection too the-rerrtarks
CIO

three feet six inches on the kakraula gauge, is 27,040 of Dr. A. Ta in his report (quoted in p 19 above) are

-
para.
WITHOUT PERMISSION

acres, or a little over 42 square miles. worthy of consideration. He states that there is a noticeable
(12.)-Captain Durand then proposes to construct a regula- improvement i physical we11-being of the cultivators in
III

for bri a dam on the west side of Basei-to have a th neighbourhood consequent on the-drainage of the JhiL t
regulator for the Bdsh hPur nulls, and an escape for Proposals for
Regulators '
' 16. The canal-irri ation is Perhaps the most imp.orb-
_

ant of all,
l
d

cana1 surP1us water for use,., dry years.ears. He anticipates both good, and for ill. Irrigation

c+
, and Escape.
drammg 33 000 bighs at lie 1/- Per bi ah additional from the Agra a Canal is and' rhaps always will be insigui'
d LfOHLIM

revenue. The present arrangement at the `Pul chadar' Errant owing to the high level of the .land in this district
><s the outcome of the scheme-the regulation of the through avhich it runs. But the water of the Western . Jamna,
The Western Canal haor many
BadshahPur nulls aPPS to have been given up as im- been a factor of enormous power in
I

Jamna Canal. determining Years

while the construction of an escape on the the condition of the zanlrndar in a 1 '"'b e and
BE

Practicable
I west side of the
.

was by the Super- , portion of the district. An account of the

intending Engineer on the ground of the silt which construction of the canal does not seem to fall strictly within
would be passed down the canal toward Delhi instead the limits of this re1port as it is only a branch which comes
of be' taken off higher uP in KarnaL .
into the district ' and the facts will Probably be given in the
15. The actual benefit derived from the drainage
Karnal Settlement Report. It appears that the Deihi anal
Its antiquity.
is a wore of considerable antiquity, certainly some centuries
of the h. Jhil, so far as it has hitherto been effected, is
old, and the tradition of the country side says that after
difficult to gauge, but it must have been considerable. Under copious and long continued ua-rgation the Hangar ' chak of
the new .arrangements of the chak Jlul (see para. 250 A.) if the district. became ruined with that the canal was given
mY proposa1 made as to credit of the revenue realised on the up, and people took to wells, or to dependence on the rain-
land within the chak is accePted, of the out-come
at least will be clean known Re'constnac-
fall, to their crops. I do not know how far this is
tion in t h e true, but about the year 1815 the canal water was re-intro-
.

As re the pa.t, in the printed correspondence al-
readyY alluded to (No. 11 proceedings July 1877) the capital
of the Jhil works is stated at .1,35,29 - the average direct
income for the past ten Years had been lbs. 4,687/- and the cost
of establishment and maintenance R,s.14,179/- per annum ; s0
that there was a loss of over Rs. 9,000/- yearly. This be-
ing demonstrated there would seem little chance of any finan-
cial success in dealing with the q But it must be
early days of duced. In an.official document of the time it was noted that
our Adminis several persons were ready to contract to do the excavation
ti ation,
a.nd clearing work necessary for this purpose, but "a work so
dignified, so popular, and so beneficial should not fall to the
share of any but the Government." It was estimated that
one lac yearly for three years would cover the expenses of the
scheme, the result of which it was hoped would be to brieg
under` cultivation "vast tracts now deserted. , -

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

WITHOUT PERMISION OF THE
BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
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question.

remembered that we have to think not merely of the increase

-
Lieutenant Blaine, the Officer in charge of the work, was
of revenue which may be obtained by drainage, but also of

I
`' called away to the field by. the Goorkha war, but operations
the loss of revenue in remissions and deterioration of soil must have been pushed on without great delay, for in 1819,
* In 1873 another report was submitted by Captain Ashton Brandreth, as is noted p para.178 infra, th canal was running.
R. E. He first deals with the supply of the Jhil, and then turning to the After this I have no ion at hand before 1838

r
r
question of drainage he distinguishes two objects--the first to prevent the Clearances.
autumn floods from injuring the crops-the second to dry up the lands when a systematic clearance was made, and- once again
a before

O
.

flooded in time for the winter crops. He also discusses the financial and reve- the mutiny. At the regu1ar meat in 1842 little damage
nue alpecis of the question, but as bis facts here are at fault the results arrived from water-logging scans to have been noticed or even ap-
at ae-ot conclusive. The impossibility of preventing the Kharif floods is, I r
but the other part of the project is not dealt with, and rehended. But in 1856, remissions for `shor
prehended. began, and

C)
thiiik, demonstrated
this to a revenue officer seems more important. There is, however, I believe
the drain and getting more command over the * For the last conclusions arrived at by `experts' on the subject of `reh'
a scheme on hand for enlarging of two years can justify as} The `Reh' reference should be made to the `Report on the deterioration of Land by reh
water in the JhiL So far as local knowledge
a very large portion of Committees at in the Aligarh district' in 1878. The opinions indeed held by the committee
opinion, I do not think that annual drawage of even
Aligarh in issuing the report are not unanimous, but every one of them illustrates, I think,
the submerged area would do an damage in the way anticipated by Captain
1818. the progress made of late years in the appreciation of the importance and of
Durand. the true nature of the problew.. I may record my general agreement with ?Tr.

OIL
Ibbetsbn as to his statement of the cage, though I cannot accept the necessity
of his proposed remedy, universal `lift' irrigation.
 INDIA OFFICE
OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS
OL

OF THE

Chapter ID.] Wells-Bands-and Canals. O

N
8

Fi
n
58, arid

2,25,760
15,80,319
-otb=ers---wer
W
been one of constant anxiety to all officers acquainted with

ending 1$77-78
the state of the case. Nothing can more try a man's loyalty Remark on ,

to the idea of the advantages a of canal irri tioli than district

82,92

71,1190

96,552
72, 04

80
if the roble '
.

work near the banks of the -Western Jamna Canal, an " Are Canals

`60`t

`I9
`Z4

58,

`9L
I have been able to preserve mine it is because I expect good.?

&RECORDS
es_ which tliough tong promised, and tong de-

75,211

6,014 1,08,879

41,033 5,54,085
4,542 .84,551

44,245

63,055
much from c N

7,453 89,01

79,15
1a'3 ed, will surely before 1ong come to pass. Moderate ' i 'on n;
1

vj
-

K)3
the

WATER-RATE.
and good drawage are all that are wanted to restore

I also give a Tabular Statement showing the irrigation from the canal for the seen years

.8Z
8,130

7,756

2,130

5,862
5,008
of Delhi to the beautiful fertility described by John
Lawrence about fort ears o, , as allowing one, to ride for
BE

miles as through a high1y cultivated garden. But every .

67,455

42,115

58,047
64,287 1,30,982

600`08
20,822 31,559
80,009

51,047 1,02, 865

H

Reference
Tor.
year's delay in bringing these measures into operation makes o
the remedy hoped for more difficult.
.. 'c

31,6991
42,682

22,803
36,319
6t8`9$
17. Of the tivo modes of irrigation, that of `flow'

Total.
for is far more common`t i n dal' or `lift.' Irrigation ao

AREA IRRIGATED
..l
.
.

L.
by lift is more advantageous in this that it implies a higher
b c

IN ACRES.
.V

296`9
6,554

6,725

6,952

8,008

1,896

3,318
8,862

4,545
2,82,150 10,02,138 24,116 10,26,254 1,317 2,37,846 81,813
,

900`8

968`t

y98`8
level of land to be irrigated, and a greater labour in irrigat-
-
a s cc rl a o ct

V;(
ulg it, so that as a rule. a `tor' village is likely to be more
to
.

., .
water-logged than a `dal' one. The r c o o

57,733

29,594

13,870

89,676

21,407

28,381
9L9`68

8L6`£8
ent of the z.

47,185

33,978
co
tS_
m m
o'oo
rti
00 .
'.

canal may of course make c es in this respect as to parti-

cular ' es but
I have no means of estimating their extent.

179

179

188
.197
.186
861

981

64t

88t
203

198
The average acreage under ; dal' irrigation for seven years in saSElpA
.,.
the kharff was 161'Z-acres as compared with 38,690 `tor'-

3,906 1,71,5861

1,48,6081
42,529
2,810 1,57,695

8,427 1,10,6611,

35,540 1,23,637 3,288 1,26,925,1

3,754 1,57,961

3,871 1,58,897

809`9t
and m the rabi 4,545 as compared with 33,978 `tor.' O
as `abiana' on the canal vary Para. 74.
:-

t
WATER-RATE.
AMOUNT OF
acoorling to the class of crop, as below*

090`£
38,37 1,164 89,491 1,39, 469 3,060
99Z`8

3,445
45,226 1,54,885

45,973 1,67,680

40,693 1,54,207

29,722 1,07,234

45,505 1,55,026

43,163
crops.
Water-nuts

Abi'ana

KHARIF.

68t
N"
na-a9 A

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

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BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
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Vegetables.

(water-rates.)
o F O
OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

o. Cr1
Gardens.

H
Tobacco.

b
Cotton.
Opium.

Indigo.

Hx

40,807
Total.
Rice.

moo.
` b b,
A11

AREA IRRIGATED
1.500 R.
o

ACRES.
3 0 0 2 4 1 8

1,393

1,360

1,954
£68`t

098`t
1,535

2,074

1,841
By Per crop. Per crop. , Per crop. Per crop. J
over
b
PER ACRE.

Per an- f]
flow.
num

1,33b 2,70,829
34,180

43,551
43,899

38,852

28,329
43,691

069`88
38,690
1.

dO NOISSI
Bs. 3 5 lla. 2 0 0 1 8 0 Re. 1 0 0 Re. 0 10 0 r

Per crop. Per crop. Per crop. Per crop. b

H 'x
V1
d

Per"an- bd

'
155

188

191

191
OA

$6t

88t

461
208
num.
W . f-. .. o x

1876-77

1877-78
U

1871.72

.1875-78
1872-73

1874-75
1873.74
617

Average,
*
Sanctioned in No. I of 10th Se teinber 1873 from Government of

YEAR.
H R°
ent to Joint Secre to Government Punjab and H
I

0 I Public works Department

India
. publiehed in Gazett No. 4,008, 1, of 29th September 183. .

TO
OIL
O
o .r
 68:
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORD

REVISED REPORT OF THE

DELHI 69
O
THE
NOT
0

Under the new arrangement owner's rate is to betaken , Owners rate CHAPTER V.
WITHOUT PERMISSION

at one-half of the `abiana : and this is to be taken per crop,

Land.

TI
O
xNm
aN so that dot sli land will pay owners rate twice. No one,.
bow fixed.
e$-

rn a

p.
who knows the facts will doubt the expediency as well as the Tenure o

V
BE REPRODUCED

Yil -equity-af this.-it istho-hoav pp ins of one i. "lie tenure of land in the Delhi district is not
a

-
:
U kind after another which exhausts the fertility of the soil.. complex :the only practical ueStion of difficult is the ever
aw .
COPYRIGHT

difficult problem of tenant-rlght. The usual statement is

C7 a 0
xN4
given as Appendix V. Of the 810
distribution is shown as follows -
es in the district the
-
1

owl
UW.N
F
Tenures of
in I.
.
Landlord, .
Communal
26
.

70 96
villages.
Pattidari. Perfect .. 25
Imperfect 314 339

Bhayachera.
O
O
Q

2. The terms ` perfect and '` imperfect,' or as they

/ti are sometimes used pure and mixed deal with the decree
d of separation only, not with the degree of thoroughness or
..

.
,
uniformity of the princi p1e governing that_ separation ; so
A

?,
-'2L81

t
that the classification does not tell as much as 'could be wished.
No difference for exam,,p le is marked bby it betweep the
Reference

thoroughgoing Pattidi ar village, and a village.,Yn which

C
a
...s, thotighr
b t p iimaiY divisions of `tarafs'--` Pattf
are based on ancestral shares, the individual
. pan s
w a F etors of
O each path as among themselves hold b y ` bha .

a N base their tenure on possession.

Ya.c
possession. Yet such a differenc _
quite as im poitalit as the fact of there leiug, or not

WITHOUT PERM.
BE REPRODUCED
COPYRIGHT
m common land undivided.. I therefore add a further subdi .a,.
sion of villages as follows :-
1.-Thoroughgoing, i. e. as between ` tara,f's,' and

OFFICE LIBRARY
a in the ` tarafs' as between proprietors also
...
.

2.-As to pri arY divisions p attid and

within those divisions bhay aclufra ,( vulgo
. , , .

pattidari bha achira,) ... ... ,,,

,w,,,.....,.w_...
w --As to primary diisiors patt(Cla7 ' ' ; thin
OFFICE

OF
U
N those divisions mu l ....
.
... 3

& RECORDS
N
0 ToTAi,,... ... 339

TO
N
 INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY «& RECORDS
BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY

DELHI SETTLEMENT.
70 REVISED REPORT OF THE

Tenure of Land.
THE

Tenure of Land. [Chapter V. Chapter O. ]

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT

The 26 ` zainf ndarf wahid,' villages are distributed

§ 3.
PERMISSION

as follows :-in Delhi 9 in SuniPat 2 ; in Ballabgarh 1.3. Of

the mine Delhi vi11ages four belong to Government Andhauli,
Khandrat Kahn, and Sha ur,but the last named
I

. . has disappeared under the

are Hamid ur, ghanPur,
-- diluvion
Kuraini,
of the
--- -
Khor
- The others
- - river.
Pun1'ab, and Sikan-
.
darpur. . .

lt
O

In Suni the two villages are Harsana Kalan and

Baba h. .
.

IOR
In Ballabgarh, Government owns four entire villages,
a
S .
ur Sihf Shikargah Tilori and YahYana ar, and the
.
eleven others are Ta'J ur, Karnhera, MaJ'haolf, Ballabgarh,
Daulatabad SahoPura MaiJnpm', Bagh Ghalib, Tilori Ban- r,
Chirsi and Chandaoli. The last three have been recently
purchased by the family of AmJ'ad Ali of Faridabad as is noted
under the sections d with Government property in

A
'

Chapter XIL _ .

" ' Not Qne of these villages i s held

e b y M uhammadan donees Titles of
from the Delhi emperocs. The title in each case is verY

.
Qamfnddrf vil-
. . recent and indeed rarely i y right found going further back lages recent.
. than the mutiny, and. not a few represent gifts from Govern- Govern-
went for services done at that critical time.
4. Besides the ordinary proPrietory right as represented Para. 78:
by the right to engage for the Government revenue, there are
in six villages in Ballabbgarh `superior proprietors,
,
who take a Superior
a proprietors.
percentage on the revenue paid by the `biswahdars,' but exercise

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BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
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for the most part no other right in the property. These villages
are Pha honda, Digh, TaJ'upur, AJ'raunda, Alipur and Sad ura,
RECORDS

,
and the Percen esPaid in them to the superior proprietors
(`Ala Malikan)
. ,

' are diverse, varying in amount from 5 ° o to

10 %. The following statement gives the particulars : Statement of
o

'

3d
4-...
OFFICE LIBRARY
HIV

dO
 G

REVISED.REVOftT 61' fiH1i DELHI SETTLEYED'T.

0
Tenure of Land. Chapter O. ] Tenure of Land. N
[Chapter V. .
M
A
Statement of vilGases ii

; '
Tenure. or uniu-
!

.
to old and lies of inferior P
went, and residence.
Heads of the fami-
Inhabited Jama accord-!Heads of the fami- lies of superior
' proprietors, with
Pro-

habited, , new Settle- prietors, with caste yaste .and i si-

deuce. ,
Detail of superior Percentage of Ma-
likana paid to the
and inferior right. superior proprie-
tors.
REMARKS.

H
aj
l .

It has been judicially decided that the superior proprie

Pattidfi,
mixed.
Old jama Sukhan, caste
Rs. 700/- new Tags, resident of
The superior
rights extend over
5 % on jams of
of the village. tore should receive only 5 % Malikana and not possession r
jama 920-J. the village. of the village. of of the village. The Summary Settlement of the
entire village was made with the owners of of the village.
The superior proprietors live in another village-their
J
.'
right is limited to the Ma1ikand.
The entire village has now been settled with proprietors
in possession (inferior proprietors of and zamSnd'ara of
the remainder.) ..
V
Pattid
mired.
r, Old jams
Rs. 2,421/-
Sanwat and Rdm Singh,
Bhimma Jats, Thakur, and Kad-
The superior
right is 6 biswas
of the entire vil-
This village formerly belonged to the Gowrah tribe.
The anteater of I1Jhf Bakhsh embraced
and the Raja of. Balls took from him the proprietary
.
new jama residents of the heru, Goviaha, an
x,215/-. village. I1ahi Bakhsh 1age. right in 5 biswas which is n in possession of Govern-
Sheikh, residents ment, and its settlement- was made with the tenants as
of the village. farmers of the remaining 15 biswas. 9 biswas are held by
the Gowrabs as proprietors, and 6 biswas are held by the
Gowra1 as superior proprietors and by the inferior
proprietors, the Gowrahs are Lambarddrs of the 9 biswas
and the Jats of 6 biswas ; by this it is understood that the
settlement of the 6 biewas was made with the inferior
proprietors. The superior proprietors' rights are limited H

.
'K
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

to the Malikdn:i. H
N .x
"The 6 biswas held on a superior and inferior proprietary
tenure have now been settled with the inferior proprietors ;
9 biswas more with the (superior proprietors of O xJ C]
the 6 biswas, ) and the rernaining 5, the property of.
Government, with the tenants as farmers.
b
f tl
Pohap Singh son Jfsukh Gowrah,
of Moti Pohap resident of the `ght
The superior 5 ° on J'ama of
is for the the entire village.
entire village, 50
By judicial order Jisukh, &c., were declared superior
proprietors of the entire 11age' and Pohap Singh, &e., in-
ferior proprietors-the settlement of. the entire village was ttl V
N `d
-';
Singh, son of Mo- village, Lala, Gow-
hanram, and rah, resident of
Nathwa, Jats, ands Sunpahar, and
lam Bakhsh Ahir, Chuni, Gowrah,re-
and Gangrtm sident of Pahl;id-
Brahmin, resident pur Mozea Digh.
bigahs, 6 biswas
being held by the
superior proprie-
tors as tenants
at will.
made with the inferior proprietors, the 50 bigahs; 6 bis-
was being held by the superior proprietors as tenants
without rights of occupancy. The superior proprietors
mostly reside in other villages-their rights being 1ixnited
to the Malikan
o
R°
'Q!
x
of the village.
The settlement of the entire village has now been made
with the inferior proprietors. yQ<
1

'

r
 INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY
OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORD

REVISED REPORT OF THE DELHI EETE1[ENT.

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-.NOT TO

WITHOUT PERM S ON OF THE

Tenure of Land. [Chapter: V. Chapter v.1

IO

Statement of in which there are both

1 2 3 4 5 6
BE REPRODUCED

RECORDS
Heads of the fami-
.
m Name of Inhabited accord- of the of superior Detail of superior Percentage of M3-
,y village.
or unm- mg to old an of inferior pro- with likdn5 paid to the $EMARKS.
. habited. Settle- with caste, and resi- and inferior right. superior proprie-
' went. and residence. tors.
Serial

m
w .

4 Phaphundah. 7an ndsrf 1,200/- and Sobad Bakhsh Superior right 7 % on of . It was decided judicially that Daulat, &c, were the in-
communal. ed., (old and new residents of resident of over entire village. entire village. ferior and Bakhsh and others the superior proprie-
jams,) Sihf. tors. The settlement of the entire village was made with
the inferior proprietors, the superior proprietors have no
possession of any land. This village and
the inferior proprietors reside in the adjoining village
Didlpur, of one fifth of which they are the proprietors-
the superior proprietors reside in village SI11, distant four
`kos' from
The settlement of the entire has now been made
with the inferior proprietors. .

5 Td'lapur Old lama Smgh Jat, Bakhsh Superior right 10 % on jams of Mohar Smgh and others were declared judicially the
Reference

mixed. Rs. 400/- new resident of the Jawahar in entire village, entire village. inferior proprietors, and Imam Bakhsh, &c., the superior
jama:3701-. village.,
. , Sheikhs of Dhrd- 16 biswas of land proprietors of the entire village ; the settlement of the
dhar Ghasita and possessed by the entire village was made with the inferior proprietors. The
superior proprietors reside indifferent villages, and their
.
.t,.., Sultan, Sheikhs of superior proprie-
Kherl kalan ; tors residing in rights' are limited to the Melikana.
Mendhfr, Mahbub, Kheri kalan on a

WITHOUT
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

BE
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
.

and Kuria, Sheikhs cultivating tenure. The settlement of the entire village has now been made
of Sherpur ; with the inferior proprietors. . .
and Muhanimad
6

Bakhsh and Hur-

mat Sheikhs of
Kardoli.

e Sadpura
communal:
jams
Rs. 448/- new Jasram, Brahmans,
and
Brah-
jams 650/-.. residents of the mans, residenta'of
and 76 bigahs, 8 bis-
was is in posses-
sion of the inferior

s
It was judicially decided that Pitambar, &c., were the
superior proprietors of 76. big'abs, 8 biswas possessed by
the inferior proprietors. The settlement of the entire

PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
village. the village. . proprietors, the village together with -the hand possessed by the inferior
remaining part of proprietors; was made with the superior proprietors.
the village is in .' ,
possession of the The eutire ' has been t1ui.erior

OF
superior proprie- proprietors
NIA OFFICE

. . .

tors on a zamin-
darl tenure;

s
 ,
& RECORDS
r
SLY

6 REVISED REPORT OF TAE

DELHI SETTLEbfENT.
TO

FFICE
Tenure of Land. N
Chapter O.]
5.--The principal
, facts regarding the -rent and Para. 78 A
cultivation of land iu--th _ distrlct aeg -
Para. 78I
abstract of form B. submitted for each tahsil with
the foI'nl
assessment report :-
B. show.
ing analysis of
rents.
what more difficult by the historical fact of "the transfer of
th' rt of the country to the Punjab in 1857. I do not
BE REPRODUCED

propose to discuss at any 1ength a point which -may be

INDIA OFFICE

considered still `subjudice,' but it may be well to record my

Ial
DELHI. I Su iPAT
COPYRIGHT

TOTAL,
experience gained in the settlement that the people themselves
WITHOUT

never had here any clear and definite idea of a right of occu-

holdings.

holdings.
No, of

holdings.
No. of

No, of

holdings.
No, of
panty on the part of any tenant. On this point reference
may be made to ra.177 which gives the report of a District
Officer many years o and which may be, thought free at

Re
least from the bias which now appears to attach to most dis- O
,7 I do not press this fact as one which h

-
5,119 28,48 cussions of the p

fer
3,781 17,685 3,273 9,27 12,173

k
55 43 problem.

is important for the formation of a new principle. The prin-

2 1 460 1,81 13 4 l,s6r c]

!-.
475
ciples appear to have been settled generally by Act XXVIII
,.A'Y
.

CD

CD
OR

nce V
8,266 28,99 10,822 33,36 19,681 48,697 38,769 1,11,054 of 1868 but Delhi and the parts, near it are in the peculiar A
i

163 1,04 1,450 7,18 1,000 3,40

position of havi.Igg been subject, previously to 1857, to the
2,613 11,634
administration of the North West Province. And all that i

Total of tenants paying in cash... 13,385 57,477 14,603 51,047 22,954

57,967 50,942 1,66,491 I wish, and this I do most earnestly wish, is that it should
not be presumed because the district was thus subject
Total of tenants paying in kind... 165 1,061 1,910 8,99 1,013 3,447 J to the
v
.Q

)
3,088 13,501
Revenue Board at Allahabad, that the Years' rule' as it is
12
Total of tonauta of both classes ,,. 16,513 60,04 23,967 commonly called should hold good. The question should in
the absence of specific law be treated as one of local custom .

.I
Percentage of total cultivated
area held by tenants ... ... and each case decided on its merits .with reference to this. I U1

CD
37'1 32 34.67
At Revenue rate only ... 21,779
'
believe a decision lately given byb the Chief Court tends this
" Q
9,570 30,114 18,361 39,5041 33,890
91,397 way, but have not been able to refer to it. It is at any rate
r
At Revenue rates plus easy to show that the hard and fast application of the 12 Years'
est.

... .. 125 9741 .64 24,677 rule would land us in difficulties. There 1s no reason why

t
-At aconsotidatedrevenue on this principle right of occupancy should be given to those
D 267712295 or acknowledged in those, only, who have held the land in
4,908 19,959
Modes of payment of rent found

18,163 12,114
ti *733 *3,234
50,417
question for 12 years previous to the mutiny. If the 12 Years' HGd nO

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

WITHOUT PERMISSION
,

BE REPRODUCED
COP
Highest .. *733 *3,231
,, ... hs. 700
rule was binding in. the Delhi territory before he mutiny, I
N y
1,525/- C:i
o N 1,525
b
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

x ;
can see no reason why it should not be held as binding be.. b x
Lowest .. 218
2/8 tween 1857 and 1868, i. e., between the date of the mutiny and O C1
consequent transfer of Delhi to the Punjab; and the passing
J
b

c
maunds. The rate varies throughout the District.
. 26 of the Punjab Tenancy Act. It would therefore include all
those in possession for 12 years previous to 1868-which is n b
proprietors after,

1/2
Share of grain taken

82 689 101 6 15 114 805

pretty much the same as saying that all persons who have
In Kind

25 22 120 369 1,43 282 1,171 673 2,730 cultivated since the mutiny are occupancy tenants. I do not . N
07
hesitate to say that this conclusion, if Practicall Y adoPte, Gi N'
fees,
deduction of

o
1.3 60 242 1,439 7,176 719 2,185 2,218+. 9,603
would run strongly against the local ideas of tenant right, even
/o

114 1 10 37 131 6 76 44 217 those of the tenants themselves, as very few would be unscru- x
lf5 39 146 ... I ... 39 X46
l
pulous enough to assert, or prejudiced enough even to think:
such a title sufficient to give the right of occupacy. Such H
.

THE
} .

a conclusion would also, in a very material degree stu1tify the

laborious enquiry recently vaode into the status-of tenants iu yO
r

ty.'
4. `n.
 IA OFFICE
78 'J REVISED REPORT OF THE
INDIA OFFICE LIBRAR & RECD

2
Chapter Tenure of Land.
OUT PERMISSION F THE

Tenure of Land. [Chapter D. V. ]

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAP -NOT
JAN-

the Government vill es in Ballab when it is something more than mere revenue, is a lump

((DD

3
panty rig was ere united (and as I think with sufficient sum for the holdin g , called This though
ggenerally
indu crate to those who had been cultivating 12 Years be- lower than what might be thought a full rent, often reaches

4
fore the mutiny.
y This rule, which has of itself determined a considerable .fire, especially in valuable lands near towns,
the la a majority of these cases on Government estates, was and in a lesser degree, in the largest vi11 es. In such
BE REPRODUCED

after careful discussion and was intended to be some- laces social attrition is eater, and the bonds of custom are

& RECORDS
ado

5
thing more liberal than actual law required ( see 315 in in this respect looser, than in the more secluded parts.
Chapter XII. ) - Other modes found less commonly are by revenue rates p lm
` Malikana' (or landlords fees) at so much r cent. on the 1

'
7. The size of the holdin of this class of tenants it
J

6
will be observed, is.smaller in SunsPat than in Delhi, and in revenue, or by a lump suiii per `b' ah' -bighdri.) whichthen
Q

Delhi than Ballabgarh, and though the average difference is without reference to percentages includes the revenue. Thus

IOR
not much, the aggregate is very considerable, so that in Ballab- in not a few villages, a rupee the `kacha is taken on all

Reference
land cultivated by the tenant, a pretty 1;ood sum on a large
Y

h which has a cultivated area of only 158,151 acres as

against 188134 in Sunl at shows 28,494 acres as held with extent of land. Not1iing is more interesting in the 'cut=
right of occupancy as against 9,315 oralY in the northern tural system of the district than to watch the slow, uncon-
.

tahsil. Delhi, with a cultivated area of 172,810 has 17,685 Economic scious, and.so to say half-blind way in which the relations of

.
acres. The reason of this larger proportion in Ballabgarh is relations of ,landlord and tenant are adjusting themselves in accordance
landlord and

,
no doubt found in the liberal treatment by Government of with the progress and development of the co trY,* the com-
tenants in the villages confiscated from the Ra, a of Ballabtom'h, slowly deve- parative tive increase of irate ' ence among even the zamfndars,
and this perhaps may also account for the larger average of loping. and the general rise in prices which is so important a feature

o
judi-
,

area. The number of occupancy tenants who pay in , kind is of 'cultural history of the past twenty Years.
very small, indeed except in Delhi they hardly exist at all, Rent in kind is far oftenest of the produce, and this
.

and in manY 1 it is an argument put forward in litigation Itentin kind a menials have taken away their
generally of after the `kamins' or
-

against a tenants claim to the of ccupantY that he Pays

in kind, and this is said without an reference to the Tenancy produce. dues. Next to -.
( panjdu ) is the most common propor-
Act. The. immense majority of the class pay at revenue rates tion. A kind of naturarl equity gives the lower rate of on
of the village, except when the rent has been raised by land newly broken up, or even less than this. One-half is
Reference

vial decree, and this I need hardly say is not often the case. very rarely taken.
8. Tenants at will also very often pay at revenue
Para. 80. Near Suni p at I have noticed a very interesting comps
rates, in fact if column 3 of the above statement be tom ar-
ed with column 10, it will be evident that. there must be Tenants at `Ijara' near
mise between the equity of sharing the produce, and the
convenience of taking iin cash. This is called locally `ijara'
't

WITHOUT PERMISSION
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

BE REPRODUCED. PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH -NOT
,
will. Sunipat.
at least 20,000 b paying nothing more than this. In and may be defined as a Prevaluation in grain. Thus eve -
.other words with read g r to some 7 per cent. of the whole
, ,
fild held by the tenant is estimated according to its known
cultivated area of the district the social economy so arrange s capacity, and on it a quantity of grain is fixed as rent. It

O
differs radically from ` batai' in that it is known. and fixed and
,

itself that a proprietor gets no return from his land , and

does not find it to
-
his advan e to evict a tenant who pays oilY hus gives no occasion for the bickering disputes that so
.

the Government revenue. This is suggestive as to the stage a of often rise at the division of the crop. It also differs of course
competition reached b the community, and the de ee in which 1 from `zabti' in not being cash. The grain rent is generally,
rigid political economy can be considered applicable to it. but not necessarily, the crops ln'own in the current season.
OFFICE LIBRARY

There is no great difference in the size of holdings of

I may refer here to the notes given in the famine papers (at the end of
g1

*
tenants at will as compared
, with those of occupancy tenants , the first volume1 showing facts concerning aoieulturists in Delhi district,
though in each tahsil they are slightly smaller. 1and-ho1Qers and tenants. , They were drawn up under my own supervision
and I believe accurately re resent the facts and circu.instancea of the average
I

The commonest form of rent paid by tenants at will ,

& RECORDS
-

zaminddr life in the parts ey refer to.

+)

THEt
.
The word ij1ra means a `farm,' and is applied to contracts of revenue
*. `Zabti' rates are not common ; though they are taken som e tunes for in book e. In the HazSra Settlement Report it also refers to money.
`Zabti rates.' .

OL
sugarcane, and other hii 1i oroPs. are not im rtau and I distrust The system here noted for rent is the main principle I believe of the Chamba
.

the rates named, e assessments of revenue-with a couditi

State- commutation into cash.
VI(
1
 )IA OFFICE LIBRARY
BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

SO REVISED REPORT OF THE
DELHI SETTLEMENT. 81
TO
L

Tenure of Land [Chapter O.

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

Chapter V. J Tenure of Land.

IO

9. The land held in cultivation by tenants through- Para. 81.

out the district is 179,992 acres or 3467 of the whole cultiva- land,
, then it may be given to some one else, but not other-
.Extent of wise, although the idea of surrendering altogether the
tion This leaves 339,425 acres or 5 33 per cent. for the land cultivated
proprletorY title is, never entertained. I do not think this kind
Personal or `khud-kasht tenure of the proprietors. This by tenants
average proportion, however, is not sustained .. in some parts, and b grant is known in the Panjab-at any rate I have
of village
indeed depends much on caste, and traditional habit. Where never met with it though arrangements something like it are
there are tenants with right ' ht of occupancy of course the facts common in various parts. It is of course a kind of `muafi
COPYRIGHT

are rendered obscure as referring to a state ofthings perhaps held from zamindars. The ` dohli' is generally smaller than
iong ago, or modified by adventitious influences that we the ` bhondah' though neither is found over 10 bigahs in
extent ; at least I know of no grant larger than this. The
VIUHI

cannot accurately estimate. But the proportion of land

held by tenants at will is mores total extent of land held `dohli' and bhondah is given.
4o3

cant, and shows in

below
IM

IOR
several ways how the close proprietorship of the land works.

Reference V
Here will be found a small body of Pro prietors not apparently
possessing the physical vitality to multiply sufficiently to Extent of
furnish cultivating proprietors for the whole cultivated area land held by
BHOxDAH.
of the village :there, perhaps in the very next viii e the theca.

g
robust virility of, the propietory stock asserts itself by afford- No. of No, of
ing ` p pahi-kasht (non resident) tenants all round . to the villages. Holdings. Bigahs village
estates. So long has this been o on that 1,005 1,017
not unfre uently the proprietors of one viii a are tenants
with right of occupancy in another. The Jat is 1arge1y ` khud- Ballabgarh ... 186 397. 976
:;kasht' if one ma uses convenient abbreviation of expression; ,
-

. his strong working hands are loth to let go any of his Sunipat ... 1,199 1,614 for
hol ' while the Muhammadan es cial tiie Sheikh j.
1
_

willing to eat a little less and. let his muscles he at This

is one of the principal causes o e considerable variation in

'
District .1,086
the proportions held by proprietor and tenant res1ectivelYin
Near Delhi
different parts. Near Delhi this proportion is often of the the tenant
vii a cultivation-while in some Jat viii es of the more cultivation is ' 11.Another characteristic incident of land tenure
prosperous and healthy kind the whole area is in the hands of very large. in the district is the reservation of wood-producing land in
the owners with p tion of a few acres.
.

the sha milat as an enclosure whence no fuel or wood

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

YIITHOUT
BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
`

10. An interesting kind tenure found in this Para. 82. is to be cut. This is I believe generally connected with religion
district and in G son also is the tenant-status of the in the shape of a fakir's hut, or grave, or a religious shrine-

'
`Dohlid'ars'
` dohlidar' and the `b ondadar.' The ` dohli and bhondah and `bhonda- but sometimes no such religious element is observable, and in
are sometimes confounded, but should not be so as they are dars.' such cases the practice ' probably due to the love of shad Y
y in a material point. The `dohli is a graht trees which not unnaturally is possessed stro 1Y by the .

of land for cultivation made in return for religious services, zamindar. I took some pains to ascertain the facts about
gig
such as attendance at a shrine or giving water at a well, these `rakhYas' as they are called ( perhaps from `rakhnaI' to

,..
provided, it, be done by a Brahpnn,
.
fakir, or other holy person. A hold, or keep ), and I find that the prohibition against cutting
, bhondah on the her hand is a grani of inferior degree, or using the wood is no mere form of words. As a rule in-
to persons of inferior degree in return for ordinary menial deed the people with that faculty of docile obedience which
services, and has no connection with re 'on `bhondadar' is at once such a help and a trouble it degenerates as
-..is generall a nter, ` bheestie' or the like. If
he does not do what is expected of him he is deprived of

THE
C.

* The derivation of the name `dohli' is said with some to be

I
the `bhondah' land. A..` dohlidar' on the other hand is not `do-half'-two turns or furrows of the plough made over thus to religious .
use. `Bhondah' is written in books sometimes `bhonda' with a long `a' at

OIL
under this control, If he himself goes away gi vinb? up the
.

the end, but I believe the silent `h' is the more correct.

n.ar.l s alit.R;?:;,..ess-'a.raa.S"-. ",x:.ci.:'

r}
 REVISED REPORT OF THE
DELHI SETTLESIENT.

OFFICE
Tenure of Land. [Chapter O Chapter DI.]
so often is the case into slavish adherence to custom) to the ,
administrator, observe the social precept without
li asking
about it. But a man trapsgresses by cutting the wood he is
INDIA OFFICE LIB
COPYRIGHT PHOTO(

fined at different sums genernll y twice

w' the value of the wood.
BE REPRODUCED

If he does not pay he is- p>it out of caste but

as a fact the Statistics o A.op elation with remarks on the

&RECORDS
viii ers say a fine is always paid without excuse. Money,

w
,
thus obtained is spent in charity. There are fort -six villages principal tribes and to ns.
Y
at least which thus preserve trees never to be cut.
' '
VITHOUT

The latest available statistics of population for

1.
The common preservation of land for timber- owin the district generally. are the papers of 1868, by which the

CD
g
:
.

g
(the timbet being cut at regular intervals) may be noticed' number of its inhabitants is shown as 6 21,75. Alnong the

CD
here, thoughb it is more an incident of the management, than 810 vii es, the size varies greatly, from the huge estates in
of the tenure of land. In ninety es this is done .the trees Sunipat yielding several thousands of rupees revenue to the

CD
are generally ` kfkar' or `van' or and are cut at inter- " petty hamlets near.the city and in the north o agar ,
vals of about five years. In some places the income thus de- paying only Rs. 50/- or GO - Yearly into the Treasury. Thepo-

i
rived is very considerable. Its distribu- pulation varies accordingly
b :
b village will have an
the average
tioll.
12. The `abadf' or villabge site is extent of about 991 acres, a population of 760, and pay some-
common, but the ground of each proprietor's generally held in Para. S3 A thing over a thousand rupees revenue. This fact stamps the

CD
house practi- The ab'di'
district as much more akin in these points to the thickly in-

.
.

tally belon to him. As regards the important point of the haw held.
rights of non-proprietors, which marks almost more than any habited and heavily assessed parts of the North West Pro-

i
.

thing else the degree of development of the vii a into a vines than to the less fully developed tracts of the Punjab
-

town, the practice as diverse.. In 20 villages it is said( I where the incidence of the revenue is considerably .lighter
think doubtfullY) that non-Proprie can sell their houses and the square mile numbers far fewer inhabitants. The in-
-

with the land on which they are built in 589 ages they
may sell the materials ( malba ) but not the si1e ;and in 56
they can dispose of neither. In 13 cases it was found at
attestation of the administration paper that the matter was
in dispute : in eight villages no non-proprietor
n had houses.
In one viii a Bhaskaula in Ballab h there is the curious
compromise that those persons who though not proprietors
in the vii ge itself are proprietors in villages adjoining, raz.,
F acre of cultivation is I .1,1361 placing
cidence of the J ama per b
.
the district the hig hest in the Province save Jullundur.
.
' 2. In discussing the details of population, the city
of Delhi is important as giving an enormous market for agri-
cultural produce. Its population is according to the last
enumeration 154,417, innlud ng tli se. suburbs which so close-
1y surround the walls as to form really Part of the ' city.
1Y

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INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

BE REPRODUCED
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,Muazzimabad and. Mohabat ur may take away the ` malba, ' Next to providing a market for consumption, its most im-
portant characteristic from a Settlement Report point of view

'
but other non-proprietors may not. The remhining 123 vil-
RECORDS

is the large supply of manure which such a large town must

.l es have no `abadf'.
afford. The cultivation in the villages round its walls is in
The 20 viii es where non-proprietors are said to be many places of a very high class.
entitled to sell the site, of houses as well as the materials are
thus distributed Sunipat 14 : Delhi 3 . Ballab h 3. Some Besides Delhi itself there are no towns of large size or
of the Flaces are no doubt towns where one would expect to imForta ice. Those which contain more than 2,000 inhabi-
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

find the rulP thus_e. g., ,Sunipa,t, M_ Faridabad

' and tams are as follows, given in order of population as far as
perhaps Bowana, but for little places c like Kuraml, Situoli maY be correctly known or estimated.
zer NaJbafffarh, and others it is not easy to find an
explanation. * The estate of Bhatgaon, which has been now assessed at Rs. 6,000- (dry
jama,) used to pay at one tune 11e.15,000/- including that part of the eveuus
,

which is called Owners rate.

",In Delhi 50; Ballabgarh 53 : Sunipat 20 : and of these so far as '

known never iuhabited, Delhi 17 : Ballabgm'h 16 : and Sunipat 3. About
it ie not known if they have ever had
1O
THE
+h This statement is taken from the last revenue returns of 1878-79--in
16
which a cultivated area of 525,676 is shown'with a jams of Ra. 9,69,900--the

figures as I should show them now are 5,19,417 cultivation and 1 .8,44,480/- jam$
giving an incidence of 1/1010 per cultivated acre, exclusive of Owner a rate.

=$._,_ t_i,,
 INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY& RECORD
TO

Statistics of goPulation.
WITHOUT PERMLSSION O1 THE

p*,e

Suoipat.

Popula-
BE REPRODUCED

NAMES OF TOWNS.
COPYRIGHT

Suni t 1 ... ... ... ...

-
1 .... 12;176

.
.
.
2 Bha raon...
. ... ... ... ... 3,976
3 Purkhas - :... ... ... . 3,609

.
.
4 Kheorah .., ... ... ... ... 3,381-
5 Murthal ... ... .. ... 3291

.
.
.
6 Mohana ... ... ... ,.. ... 3,072
7 Juan ... ... ... ... ... 2,893

.
8 ltohat ... ... ... ... ... 2,841

.
9 Chilkana ... ... ... ... 2,792
10 B thdhaneh ... ... . ... ... 2,744

.
11 Nahari ... ... ... ... 2,668
32 J-akhaulf ... - ... ... .r. .. 2;522

.
13 Kakrohi ... ... ... -2,381
14 Ahu1ana ... ... . , ...
. ... 2,336

.
1S Pinana r.. . ... .. 2,281

.
.
16 Guhna ... ... ... ...

-
2,19
,....

.
.
17 Bi 'ha .... ... ,., ... ... ... 2,168

.
1s Barwasni,.,. ... ... ... .. . -2,167
p

.
..

.
I
19 Hilalpur ... ... ... 2,158

4_L
-
.
20 Ganaur ... ... ..! ... ... 2,122
21 Pug Thala ... ... ... .... ... 2,080

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

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A brief description,of each of these places will be given
RECORDS

further on in this Chapter when soniething has been said of

the tribes of the district. A glance at the ma1 A. submitted

d
with this report will show that these small towns are so dis-
distant
tributed as to form almost everywhere a market not far dis-
tart in any case from any even the most retired hamlet-and
where there seems a com
. tive want of such a market it
will generally be found that the average size of the villages
themselves is very comfortable. In the point of distribution
of numbers then the district is fairly well off-though ,as
might be 'expected the 'thickest swarm of human beings is
INDIA OFFICE

found in the carefully cultivated plains of the Khadar river-

I
ain or in the still- prod` tine lands of the canal villages.

OL
The population of the hills is naturally s1' .
 )IA OFFICE LIBRARY
88 REVISED ItEI'OI:I' OI` rHE
DELRI SETTLEMENT.
T

Y & RE

Statistics of population. [Chapter VI. Chaptz'r VI.] Statistics of population.

rtof the country from very remote periods ; and they are drawn from this tribe who for the consideration of five
occu ie t e s cause noone else cared to do so, and be- rupees per month waive their prerogative of house-breaking.

l
INDIA OFFICE LIB

cause their. solitary and inaccessible tracts afforded better So far fixed has this discreditable black-mail become that the
sco for the favourite avocation, cattle-lifting. po lice virtually recognise it and in one or two cases where
BE REPRODUCED

&RECORDS
But though he thus has possessed two qualifications of a a rash resident attempted to dispense with the services of a
Hi hlandei-a hilly home, and a covetous desire for other
I chaukidsr, his house I believe was promptly Phindered: Such
COPYRIGHT

ople's cattle, he never seems to have had the love of fight- at least is the idea in Delhi
WITHOUT

ing, and the character for manly independence which distin- There is perhaps some difference of morahtY in favour
guished this class elsewhere. On the contrary the' Gu ar has .of the Guars
.

J round about Tiga'on as compared with the men ' .

generally been amean,sneaking,cowardly fellow, and Idontknow

'
.
of the hills, and old Wazir Singh told me solemnly that he
that he improves much with the march of civilisation, though and his vii es had taken an oath against cattle
of course theseare exceptions*: men who have given up the .
traditions of the tribe so far as to recognise the advantage-
I fear such an oath, however, would not be kept tong. The -
canal (curious fact) has rendered cattle-lifting more difficult,
ousness of being honest (generally.) The rustic proverb-
.

as its banks in Ballab h Tahsil are rather steep, and the

wisdom is very hard on the Gujar-one saying has already bed lies low, and the Guar
been given in p 5 foot note, and here are others J cannot easily get the cattle he is
driving off, across it, except at the bridges, which of course
para.

(1).-` Sabhi zat marjae, jab kar Gujar se dosti.' Proverbs delays his operations and increases the chance of their
` Make friendship , with a Guar J when all other tribes about him.
detected. Ti n has a very heavy a aukidari-tag to pay (see
have ceased to exist'
.

:- below para. 99).

-` Guar
(2).- J J se pBali u3r.'t
se uJ'ar bha1a, uar J
Accordiug to the census of 1868--the GuJ aofthedis
r A
`Solitude is better than a Guar (for a companion)- tract number 22,164. .. -
even though it be such wretched solitude that a wild
.

`beast's.'un 1e is better.' In other words the company

Para, 88. 5. A more leasin g subject is the: Brahmin. He is
.

of wild beasts is preferable to that of a Gujar.

.

Brahmins of not a first rate agriculturist, but far better than the Guar,
.
the district. in
and character he is quiet and sable, honest and not
His habit of thieving, and that of the Ran also are
:- much given litigation. The proverb says of him however,,

'
described in very curt terms
rather unf
.

irlY.
(3).-` Kutta, bil i, do-Ranghar, Gujar do' - .

`Ka1 Bagar se upaje ; burs Brahmin se hove.'

`Ye na ho ; to pair phaiike so !

and Guar, ;- ` It is as common for a Brahmin

to do ill as it is for
The dog, and cat, I wo.-The Rang two

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

WITHOUT

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
J the Ba ar tract,
If these four are not then go to ward
to come on (i. e., the tracts to-
ward Bikanir and Sirsa.'

I
sheep with your feet stretched out, (i. e., in ease and
security).
The chief centres of the GuJ a tribe are Tigaon in Bal-
Proverbs
about them.
.
Yet his general peaceableness is testified by the admo.
nitory rhyme before quoted in para.16.

d
the south of it in the baudhe churn
et-

labg rh Ma'hrauli and,the villag es .

,
same tahsil and Panchi Guren J in Sunip at where the men Wuh bhi bura.' . .

are Muhammadans and are worse cultivators even than their `It is a bad thing for a
.

towear a knife.'
OFFICE LIBRARY

Hind{ kinsmen , who themselves are not much in this way. The Brahmins are more .numerous than the Guars, be-
In Delhi the men of Chandrawal and one or two other J
ing 56,465. There is a tribe called Tagas originally Brah-
a the chaukidars of the civil station
o

villages are Gu
TI

mins, but who do not now intermarry with them. They say

CIO
01. THE
.
an intelligent well-disposed manWazir Sing of that they differ from the Brahmin onl Y in not habitually
Ti gnon well-disposed but not intelligent-M haraj4 of Fattehpur Chandfla is collect' alms, which they have en u1? (t -dens) and
intelligent but not well-disposed. hence their name. These men number 5,587: as Hindus
:
I am not quite satisfied to the, accuracy of the distinction I have at-

OIL
and ujar, but it is the best 'I can make of the
they are fair cultivators, but when made into Muhammadaus
tempted here between they,.a usual, deteriorate. The Taga are found
very difficult phrase. Y
 .-
;`='.

VIII
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INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS
REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY

REVISED REPORT OF THE

TO

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE

flL

Chapter VI.] Statistics oPpapnlation.

in Suni1at, but there is FatehPur Taga in the south of Bal- The Chauhfins are more respectable than the Gaurwas,
lab h. The Brahmins are spread pretty fairly over the and are I believe really Ra' fits, as they certainly are in
di rlct. Then est vi1age is Til Ba11ab tin
h but
they are co-sharers with Jets in the first class estates of
most other places. They are the best cultivators of the tribe,
and are otherwise decent and orderly. They own a few vil-
B 'ion and Musthal in Sunipat and in other P laces near Delhi on the south, and there is a small colony

& RECORDS
., Places.

6. The Ahirs number 14,10.9their traditions slain of them near Jakhauli in. Sunipat where ManP hul ZaiId&r
COPYRIGHT

for them a RJ a' ut origin and the story goes that when the is a Chauhan.
!O

incarnation of Krishn took Place in Bindraban some demon

carried off the cattle of an ancestor of the tribe and also the Para. 91.
.
8. The Meos are not numerous in Delhi, but they
man himself while tending them. Kristin by his omnipotence bfeoo, have a compact following in the south of Ballab h having
created a man for the purpose - of tending the cattle, and pushed up there from Marvel. For particulars of this in-
- brought
- - cattle for him to -take teresting tribe reference may be made- to -Mr. C 'a
back the care of-and his des- .

oendants were henceforth to be called Ahirs. This is a cur- Report on the Gur eon district.
ously Irish sto , and does not deal well with the original
herdsman, but another tradition steps in to add that the 9. The Saiyids are very few, but they hold in. pro-
defeated and disappointed demon, when he saw his evil in- potion to their numbers a large extent of land, as there are
tentions thwarted brought back the abducted cattle-driver, several si 1e proprietors who by themselves hold villages, as
so that he and Krishn's man have between them to account for instance AmJ'ad Ali of Faridabad, who owns threevillages.
for the tribe. Its Present representatives are a quiet orderlY in his own tahsfl and Eli ur in that of Delhi. In Sunipat
set of men, first class cultivators, and altogether unobJ'ection- too there are several families who hold their heads rather
mble to a degree hardly equalled
, by any other class. Their high. As cultivators theY are- worthless. .

villages lie mostly near Na aJ'lam'h, where they have, quite a'
little colon , Y but there is also a smaller set of Ahir villages
.
Para. 93. 10. I do not know that there is any other tribe re-
near Bad1L . ' Nau-Biualima.
quiring special notice. The Muhammadan Shaikhs or Nau-
The Ra'1 fits in the district are for the most part
' 7. Muslims are a lazy thriftless set of cultivators, living mostlY
scattered; their number is given in the census papers as in the Khadar. I give below a tabular statement which gives
_- tie
are reap as many as this it must be bY
iuclu ' several classes which doubtfully claim a Ra' {t
a good many facts as to population, &c. They are taken as
before from the census papers of 1868, and will be to a certain
origin, such as Ranghays which might with advantage be extent superseded by the new enumeration which will be
kept separate. They are not good cultivators, made beforew this report reaches Government, but I do not

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,
of grea importance
, any way in Delhi. The Gaurvas in. im ' e that there will be any great differences among the
.

agriculturists as between 1868 and 1881. But it must be

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY &RECORDS

Balls h have ,, villages near Ladhauli-they are said

several
to be degenerate RaJPf ts,who make second marriages( karao remembered that the figures, deal with the 772 a

)IIO
or kardwa.) They are especially noisy and quarrelsome, but see the Gazetteer) as forming the district in 1868.

CIO
d
sturdy in build, and clannish in disposition.
* Yet the
-verb lmade probably long ago) is fiercer on the Ahir almost Proverbs on

NOISS]
thea an aty the Ahir.
lamp, shit ke ra na rabiye
Tbethar our pahar ki thokar bhi sahiye.
Doat rely on a jackal, the `limp' (a kind of grass)-or an ahir--but
..., .#1.lgaklmm s Bsjpat, or from a h11, k a, a and still worse .
.
`5abhi rat G4opel ki ; tfn be pfr.'
`Bakt pare, lane nahfn : Beswa, Besan, Abir' (wakt).f
.
`AU 1 i1,ea are Good's creatures : but three kinds are merciless

OIL
'When a chance occurs they have no shame-a whore, a bauy*a, and
aitahir.
a
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INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY 8 RECOR

94 E E DELHI SETTLEMENT. 95
O
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F O

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L

THE

N
_>r
. . Statistics of population. jChapter VL .Chapter VL] Statieticeofpopulatson- c'
x
z
o 1710. In 1711 GoPal Sing h died, and was succeeded by his Darn Mukandra, and Gang Parshad ran away. It appear-
tT,
WITHOUT PERMISSION

0 that Hira Sin h was in collusion with the Mahrattas and

aHa
xHaa
rn
son Charandas. Charandas seeing how weak
grasp was growing even in the nearer
,
districts,
the imperial
appropriated
Bahadar ed
Singh. he was therefor turned out of office BaJi Ldar S' h being
in i 12th December lS04-ind received next'
the revenue and openly refused to make it over to Murtaza
BE REPRODUCED

.
w year the grant of P
aU_ U Khan. He was, however, seized and in 1714 Imprisoned by nnas Pali and Paka1 in return for un- r

'
.

the latter in Faridabad fort ;and he , remained there some dertaking the police arrangements of the road. This Ra<''a
xo
d

Lttle time till his son Balram, dupingd the Muhammadan built the town of Ballab h which is also called Ramganj.
ca ow officer under pretence of paying a ransom, set him at liberty.'
Narayan
04
xH
.

Father a d son then obtained the aid of the Bhartpur ,Raja (continued.) Its history- Singh. Bahadar Sin gh died in 1806. Nary an Sin h his , son
succeeded, but died also in. the same year. Anrud S h
S,h
y
owlH
Uo4}N
Su'rajmal and killed Murtaza Khan. The ascendency of the
Bhaartpur chief continued down to 1738-in the next year ,
AnrGd Singh.
Sahib Singh. took the Ra' and ruled till 1818. His minor'. son Sabib
S' h came next and the widow of Anrbd S' h built a i

- the Delhi king gave the titles of Naib Bakhshf, and `Rio' ohhatrf , in memory of her deceased husband, wIth-a pakka,
. . to Balram, and it was to celebrate the acquisition of these tank. Sahib Singh died childless in 1825, and was succeed-
honours that Balram built the stone fort-palace of Ballab- Ram Singh. ed by his uncle Ram Singh. In the time of this prince the
garh. But he was not allowed long to enjoy his rank , for he pargannah of Pali Pakal was resumed by the Government,
was killed in return for his murder of Murtaza Khan by the the Magistrate of Delhi undertaking the charge of the police
son of his victim Akibat Mahmld. His sons Kishan Singh of the environs of the city (1827). Faridabad meanwhire
tfl and Bishan Singh remained in possession of the Ballabgarh, was left in his charge, and he was considered responsible for
fort--and they were in 1762 nominated our naziri maintaining the public peace on the Muthra road between
o this p
of asg by the
, , ,
Maharaja of Bhartpur.
however, he dismissed them from his service-and they died
In 1774, the limits of Burhiyaka- ul and Mauna Pirthala in Palwal.
Nahar Singh Ram Singh died in 1829--and Nahar
.

Sngh his son came to

0
.

just at the same time. Next year AJ'it Sin h son of Kishan
go

power. The earlier years of his reign saw great mischief and
.. Sl'agh, and Hlra Singh, son of Rio Kishandas, presented intrigue, caused byb Abhe Ram an Pirthi S' h, the minis-
f theniselves before the Emperor at Delhi and agreed to deliver tens, through whose mismanagement debts were contraded
posession of the Ballabgarh par anna to the royal authority. on account of the Estate.e In 1839 Abhe Ram was dis-
Accordingly NaJ'af Khan ., of the Imperial establishment, was missed, and Newal S'mgh the maternal uncle of N Shin
deputed to take it. AJit Singh was appointed ` killadar and "Singh having come into power he ejected Pirthi Sinsh also,
`nazim' of Ballab h-while Hira Singh was taken away "and in conjunction with Ram Parshad nephew to Deo Kaa.
bY the Nawab NaJf Khan to Agra. The next year he came, war became the actual ruler, though all acts continued to be
IOR

his minority.
and AJ' it Sin gh was, formally entitled Raja, and Hfra
back, "done in the name of Raja Nahar Sin h." H
t

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Singh was called Raja and also `Solar Jang. a revenue o

I
>

Hx "
Y
In 1840 Newal Singh becoming absolute,
of Ballabgarh was estimated at Rs. 1,20,000, and it was « high, disputes ran H
and disorganisation increasing, the British Agent was
made an istlrrirar tenure of 60,0 0 rupees.. Meanwhile the "appealed to, and our interference sowght. Enquiries, were p
administration of the country ad come into the hands of instituted through a special Commissioner deputeri to Bal- O
:v Madhoji and he remitted the amount taken as istim- "labgarh, and the maiement of the territory was experi- b

d
in
rare. In 1793 A' it S' h was murdered by his brother
zalim; but was succeeded by his son Bahadar Singh. In 1803
"mentally entrusted -to Kanwar Madho S' h, a grand. g
"nephew of Raja Bahadar. Sin gh, the first chief withinthe
,
n b
on the approach of General Lake Bahadar Singh sent his time of our influence -but the plan failed and '
.

e son Picthi Singh, and Hira Sin h sent his son Ganga Parshad 1 "Fartdabad was taken under direct British management. Parganna, cn
N xb
to the English army. Pirthi Smgh was killed at the fight at "The young Raja, however, protested against .this arrange-
-.,

ment, and as he had attained his majority

o'
w
U
M

0
-
.
+ The story goes that he promised to pay a large amount in cash directly
his father was freed. To carry out the agreement it was stipulated that the
captive should be set at liberty directly the silver came into the hands of his
captors. He was brought guarded to the side of`the Tank near Ballabgarh-
and when the cart bringing the treasure had come up--and one or two bags of
A native
stratagem.
i "oompetenty to manage his own affairs, the territo
a stored
to him. u Yet after a to g
* Quoted from a semi official
and urged Iiis
Jwas re-
he was implicated H
x

rupees had been examined, was let go-he immediately made off on compilation "our Political $elativea in the H
North West Provinces," .
O
a fleet horse with his on. The other bags were found to contain `paisa.'
r
i

3_

, {Ar
1'

r, .
 VIA
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS:
96 REVISED REPORT OF THE
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OIL

OFFICE LIBRARY &RECORDS

THE

Statistics of population. [Chapter YL Chapter VL] Statistics of population.

'
IO

TI
. in correspondence with the mutineers in 1857 and was hang- other of the fats, sharing about half-and-half of the estate.
ed. The `Raj' was confiscated, but the Ra,ni dowager Rani Hanged i n The SaiYi ds say that the founder was one Mu h 'in-a-diii'=
`
Kishan Kanwar was allowed to reside in Ballab hand she the mutiny. -

while the Jats look back to a Brahmin called ` Mohan: It is

)
has recent)Y bought the zamindari rights from Government
I
BE REPRODUCED

not easy to say which 'is true. The population is 3,581 the
for Rs. 64,500. She herself gets a pension of Rs. 500 a village is rl built, and is not in any
month. y way worth special
mention. Ashraf Ali son of the dead RasaJdar Hida at Alf
The town is 22 miles from Delhi on the Muthra road. The present has built a queer looking house which he calls a ` bungalow '
WITHOUT

town.
It has a tahsfl and (in the old Palace of the Raja a for the reception of Europeans passing through the place.
handsome building built four square with a large courtyard Revenue Rs. 5,500/.
1

in the middle)--a d' pa 'Y,school and MuniciP com- 16. Taycton is a 1arge Gu ar village rather more than
mittee. Population 6,281-revenue 1s. 2,008/-. There is no four miles east of Balls rh. Its Population is 2,820. The
one of any. note in the place itself-the zaildar is Imam origin of the name is unknown : Pathans - are said to have
Bakhsh whose village is close by. He lives some- lived in the place in old days, and the Guars to have suc-
times here, sometimes in Delhi. ceeded them. There is nothing noticeable here, except the
_

13. Fatehpur Biloch was founded some 330 Years

ago ; being given to Fateh Muhammad. Khan by the emperor
.

of the day. He was a Biloch in the imperial service, hence

large
take care of the poor Guars. ,
'
b force of chaukid ors which is considered necessary to
Wazir Singh is the recognised
head of the clan, but he. is getting very feeble, and I do not

o
the name of.. the village, and his descendants still occupy the know `vhether his son is to succeed him. Revenue'Rs. 3,903/.
land. Population 3,874-revenue Rs. 2,622I-. Ghise Khan Para 100. 17. Sltajjehan ur is a villageof Gamwas and Shaikhs
1ambardar here is a respectable man. The a is some 8
miles south-east of Balls h., . .
"

pur.

liit
Shahjehan- on the damns : there is nothing noticeable
about it. The
population .is 2,191. It is some 12 miles rather south of due

o
14. Mtlirciuli is said
zs y ago by Shams-ud-din
' to have been first founded 700 Para. 97.
Altams who was pleased with the MahraJf.
east from Ballabg'aTh. Revenue Rs. 3 026 ,.
,1 . -
A

spot which he came on while hunting. He made the tank
called `Talao Shamshi,' and settled ats there as zamindars.
After awhile KhwaJa Kutb-ud-din a fakir came and settled
.
8: Chhaensa is 12 miles south-east from Ballab h
it has a Police-chauki and a rest-house. Population 2,110.
Said to have been founded first by Meos, and the Ra'JP Ii
came in when the others gave up. Revenue Is. 4,552/.

there and,, the people liked him so much that the name
` was given to the Place of his residence, and There is nothing else noticeable.
corrupted afterwards into ` Mahraulf,' and the famous `Kutb Para 102. .§ al at is a v ills e of much less than 2 000pu-r
Minx 'perpetuates his own name. In 155.6 A. D. Akbar lation, but it is a very old and well-known PjP lace, said to have

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gave the village in maafi for the support of the shrine, and been inhabited ever since the time of the Pandus and its
RECORDS

it is still held by the servants collective)Y in ' . The great antiquity is attested by the height of the mound con-
9

J'
. .
population is.3,596.
- The place is a very Pleasant and pic- stituting its site. The zamindars are Brahmins and the
turesque one. It stands on the metalled road about half-way jams is Rs. 2,500/- 14 miles from Delhi,
from Delhi to Gurgaon, and is higher than most of the sur- Para 103. 20. Next to Delhi city the largest town in the
rout ' ` country. Its air in the rainy season is fresh and Najafgarh. sadr tahsil is Ha 'afgarh about the foundation of ,which the

o
OFFICE LIBRARY

somewhat cooler than that of Delhi, and the romantic ruins

grouped round the noble Pillar of the Kutb are of themselves
stories are various and uninteresting.
, the only point in com-
interesting. There is a dak-bun mon being that some person of the name of `NaJ'af' settled
ow; a thana and a police it, which was no doubt the case. The
rest-house in the fine building called Adam Khan's tomb. Population is 3,592-
Revenue Rs. 2,000/.
it has a thana, school, dispensary, and Municipal committee.
The estate is small
.
and is assessed at only Rs. 1,0451. The
§ 15. MohamQ. This large village stands la miles

& RECORDS
present proprietors are of mixed castes, some be' Shaikhs,

THE
south-emit of $allabgarh. It is held in perpetual jagfr by some Saiyids, Pathans, Brahmins,.&c., 43 tribes ! It is about
.

the family of Hid&yat Alf for services done in the mutiny. 17 miles west of Delhi but is considerabl Y south of the
There- are two divisions. or tarafa, one of the Saiyids, and the metalled road to Rohtak so that horseback is the on1Y means
I
I
 a
T
L
Statistics of population. [Chapter VI.
Y &
means o is own messengers : a is held in his
house t Palam, and he then issues his oiler 1e ing a ` naz-
INDIA OFFICE LIB
.zarana,' of Re. 1/- from the person in whose favour the dis-
REPRODUCED
puce is decided: 8 annas is due to the Diwan' and 4 annas
to the Ta eddrs. Food for the persons composing the P Pan-
chayat and the other members of the brotherhood who come
COPYRIGHT
together, is provided by the complainant. This is a . curious
WITHOUT
piece of social economy : there is no doubt of its genuineness ,
as the zamindars and lambard; rrs of the place fully attest it.
There is no one specially of mark in Polam just now.
Fatteh Singh
Sing lambardtr is a decent fellow, but he has not
much standing in the district, being weak in character, and
.
not very well off in pecuniary matters.
28. Kardld is a village about 13 miles north-west-
CD
west of Delhi being some four miles pearly due north of
Nangloi Jat a police chaukf on the Rohtak road. Population
2,036, and revenue Rs. 3,006/-. The most noticeable man of
the place is ghushi Ram, but he is not first class even among
C
E
zamindars.
We come paw to Sunipat where the large illabges are
most numerous.
' 29. Suns at itself is a town of very great antiquity. Para 112.
.
Tradition leads back as far as to the Pandiis but putting this
aside there seems every probability that the Place has been
inhabited for some two thousand years. " The town," I
Sunipat
l
quote from the Gazetteer, is Picture uelY situated on the
"side of a small hill, which, standing out as it does on a level
"plain, is evidently formed from the debris of buildings that
" have crumbled to decay " Burin the various stages of the its antiquity.
inhabited period of the town. One story of .the foundation
, of cholera carried off 1,400 of its inhabitants. Again in 1868
is that Ra a Simi " 13th in descent from Ar'una brother of
Yudisthira made here his seat.of sovereignty. Some years
ago a terra cotta image of the sun was found in the course of
excavations, and also on another occasion a vessel full of silver
coins which were evidently very old-ProbablY of the time
of Alexander, if not before then.
The town is 27 miles from Delhi along the old Imperial The present
road, by the Grand Trunk Road and the branch road from town.
Bahalagarh it is about 28. On the old road at distances of
'1-3¢ kos are the Minars useful as pointing the way, and ac-
cordinga to local tradition used also as s' stations.
'
The present town is about a square mile in extent-one
Ia;it is called the `got and the other `Mashhad' or Place of
)IA OFFICE
Chapter VI.] Statistics of population.
LIBRARY &RECORDS
martyrdom, being a the place where it is said Nasimdin met
his death at the hands of a Hindu 'see
( Para. 168 note).
The thdna and tahsil are on the toP of the `got.'
SuniPat has long been the headquarters of the tahsil
(see also Chapter IX p para.179). The proprietors are maim y
Saiyids and Pathans, Muhammadans of one atti and of the
.
other, Jats. The revenue is Is. 6,380/- the larger half be-
longing to the Muhammadans who however, have onl y the
same number of lambardars six as the Hindus. The popu-
lation is given as 12,176. There is of course a Municipal
committee,* and, two of the members are Honorary Magis-
trates, Faizul Hasan, and Pirthi S' gh.
. .
There is no special trade in SuniPat-the ` r' made in
the canal villages lsses most of it eastward to Ba gh pat-or
the other way westward through Rohtak see also remarks on
trade under para. 162). .
Para 113. .
.§ 30. Bhat don is the la est village in the district, situ-
Bhatgaon. ated on the Jamnas Canal 34 miles north-north-west of Delhi
and 8 miles west of SuniPat. The proprietors are Jats and
Brahmins, the latter. being the ` parohits' of the others. There
-are four divisions, and 7 lambardars. The population is 3,976,
and the revenue demand, as now fixed at dry rates Rs. 6,005.
An earl date is given for the foundation of the village, but
Sh,
the too Garhis or hamlets-Garhi Hakikat. ing and Rata
garh,-are of comAarativelY recent origin dating ,back onl Y
\
150 and 100 years respectively ; as to the main
said to have been settled by Harsf Jat from the Rohtak
village khanda, turning out the former inhabitants `
a it is
Its history. whence the name. The Place is said to have been more
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populous than at present up to 1829=80 when the scourge
1
when the census was taken, the population is .
said to have
been adventitiously increased by the influx of strangers from
other parts, on account of the drought, which pressed less
d
seriously on canal irrigated lands than elsewhere.
.
Irrigation was re-introduced in 1824 , and its effects
have been felt more actively here than in most villages.
Bhat son is the leading village of the ` Dahya ' side of
the tahsil-the most notable man is Lachman, who though old
has a good deal of influence. Su ` cue is an im
...._..{r.
is
crop of course, and so rice.
THE
* The men of Sunipa a good set at all It seems necessary to
L
-mention as notables-Zamau Alf who I believe made zaildar on the death
of Abb3s Khan-Iftikar Ali=Iuhammad Zakkt-Salamat Singh, the two men
mentioned above, &c.
.
 BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY

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DELHI 8ET1LEMENT.
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OFFICE
OF THE
HL

Statistics. of population. [Chapter VL Chapter VL] Statistics of population.

3
31. Pur kh4s isa fine canal village nine miles north Para 114. Rs. 3,913/- and the revenue payers, Guars J and Brahmins.
west of Sunipat-population 3,609-revenue Ra. 4,6071- no-

z
Pur khaa. No man of any great note here Ratana is well to do .
1
thing noteworth : the o le are chiefly Jats : the leading
family .is that of Marl zaildar.
38. Railid1. urnela is about 23 miles from Delhi' be-
ing nearly three miles north-west from Rai on the Grand
Para 115. Trunk Road. Tie J'ama is Rs 5,371/- and Populatlon

&RECORDS
32. KJ e,orah stands east of the Grand Trunk Road ' 2,744.
24 miles north of Delhi and some 6 miles east of Sunipat. Kheorah. The peo ple are Tak Seroa Jats , industrious and first rate in
cultivation. The PrjnclP man is D'ngar zaildar a very
WITHOUT

Population 3,381 and revenue Rs. 6,519/-. The proprietors

are mainly fats. The best man of the place is Rambakhsh good fellow.
VIUNI

6
T ,
zaildar. There is an aspiring money lender, who 39. Adhasi is 3 miles north-west from

4e
should- be kept in his proper place. , Jama Rs. 3,517/- pop 2,668-the proprietors are
population.

Reference
33. Musthal -is a Tar er village even than Rheorah rara Yrc.
ats and 1 rahmins. The place looks a healthy one, and the
people stro : there were some very fine mul es brought from
--
.some 6 miles slightly to the west of north from Kheorah. M,. here last year, for the 1 abul purchases. Za1im is the most

4.
The population is 3,291 and the revenue Rs. 6,840/- pro- Y
Influential man here.
prietors Jars chiefly. A considerable local market IndrjJ .

is the leading man. Para 123. 40. Jakhaul( is 22 miles from Del ' being 4
JakhaulL miles east of the Grand Trunk Road at Rai- elation
34. Mo1i<na is a canal village west of the canal Para 117. 2,522, and jams Rs. 4,627/-. The proprietors are Chauhans
proprietors
~
some 11 miles west of Sumpat ; population 3,072 ; Jama and their leader is the za,Ildar ' '

4
l1ohaua. ' ManPhuL
t

. -. The are maimY Rors a tribe not .

found elsewhere in Delhi though b they are known in Rohl k.

41. is 2 miles. north of Rohat and some 5
(

the tradition is that one Mohan, a weaver, settled the place. south-west of Suni elation 2,381, revenue Ra. 3,216-/.
Jaannadus is the most noticeable man here. fats and Brahmins are proprietors. No man of note at all.
na is a mile east .of the canal 48 tulles

'
' 3a. Jinn. another canal vr11 e on the banks of the 42.
Pare 118. from. Delhi The villagers are main1y Jats and very conten-
canal 9 miles north-west from Sunipat and 37 from Delhi
The owners are almost all Jats. Population 2,893 ; revenue
JuSn. tious,. The leading family is that of Sheo Singh lambardar,
but the village has a bad name with district officers : the,
'
Ra 2,859/-. Some of the Jats have turned Iuhammadans. men are not willing to do more than can be helpe d in obe-
Many villagesa are offshoots from Juan, e. g., KareoriNahra ''
.

dience to orders. Revenue Rs. 4,201/- population 2,336.

Dabarpur-Sitaoli--Rahmana; -Chatya Dewa-Raulad, Latif-
P Pur-Saldmpur ,Torah-Satarpur Majra-Naina Tatarpur 43. P'anclna is nearly Y three miles west of Moh Ana
i

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY

WITHOUT
BE REPRODUCED
COPYRIGHT
-BadshahPur Machtl-Rhizarpur Ja,t. The two leading fami- and some 14 miles west of Sunipat. Jams Rs. -3,000 -,
r
I

popu-
lies are those of Hukmi (dead )-and Abhe Ram (to be lation 2,281. The people are fats. There is a good than '
_

here. The leading g man is Hoshrl' lambardar since

-
distinguished from the zaildar of Sardhana. ) (
-dead .

36. Rohat, a Tar e canal viii e 6 miles south-west Para 119.

from Sunipat-population 2,841; revenue Rs. 3,736. The pro- § 44: Guhna is 2 miles south-west of Mohana-IMPu_
I'8

Rohat. lation 2,194 : revenue Rs. 3,614/- the biswahdaas are Brah-
prietors are mainly fats. There is nothing Particular to note
- -about the history of the Place, save that it was one of those mins and Banyas. Ramukh is the most notable man but
" honourably distinguished for good behaviour .and helping.
fugitive Europeans in the mutiny. As a reward anong
.
is not much.
"._- - --
45. BigJh is 5 miles east from Pan c hI Gu ' ran on
'
,
other things, canal water was given free for several years. the Grand Trunk Ro 3r miles from Delhi. Thej proprie-
'Ihe two leading families are those of Ant Ram and Cheyt tors are Ranghats and figas chi fly. The place is well to
-

OF
"Rm but neither of the men is trustworthy. do,-haveng lameb capabilities of further L eve1oPmeat. Jams,

& RECORDS

TOT
§ 37. Chime stands at the north end of the district Rs. 4,806/-. Popelation 2,16& There isno man of note.
tars 120.
1.

, .

.about 2 miles west of the Grand Trunk Road and some forty 46. Bwv a7 sni i$ on the brie of the new Delhi -
o

Chilkan8.
miles from Delhi. The population is 2,792: the revenue Canal 4 mules west of SuniPat, The optietons are
 VIII
1
104 REVISED REPORT OF THE

OFFICE
Statistics of population. [cP vi.

3
J
Jats. Jama Rs. 2,906/- population 2,167. The notable CHAPTER. VLi.
man mere was m an sine ,
BE REPRODUCED PH

INDIA OFFICE LIB

young son.
The People; their appearance; habits and
47. Hilldl?sur is +a fine Ban r village on the east, ara 130. mode of life; with notes on their
of the canal some six miles above Bowana. The proprietors
COPYRIGHT

are Jats and physically finer than many of the villages near principal social customs.
WITHOUT

'
that irr to from the canaL Jama Rs. 2,600/-, population § 1. The physique of the ordinary zamindar of the

CD
2,158. The best family here is that , of Pem Raj whose son district differs much among the various tribes de pen ' ap- .

Si h Ram has. been made zaildar. The village is largely parent)Y more on caste and tribe than anything esl e. The -
in debt Jats of the well vii es are generally healthy and stro
- . _
made, with a frame which-coinlam'ed _n.YT1
with an 'Eng1ishman's
48. Ganawr stands on the old imperial road 35 Pare 131. is very light, but very often exceeding 1Y wiry and capable of
miles from Delhi. It used to be the headquarters of a small great endurance. The aversg e weight is supposed by an

'
hnaur. b
tahsil and there are some old pakka buildings which speak intelligent man of their class to be ` chaudah dha.ri' = 70

'
of an importance rather bygone now. The proprietors are sers, or rather more than 140 say .9 stone and a half. I

e+-
Hindu T as, and Mahajans. The is Rs. 4,633/- and should think this a fair estimate : certain) y it is not too

e+
the Population 2,122. The most notable family here is that small. The Jat skin is a light brown, and in a young man

'
of the Ta Bhup Sin h who is zaildar. There is a Kanungo smooth and fresh looking reminding one mare of the tradi-
tional Italian olive complexion than .anY thing we mean
TamilY also, of to whom the Naib Kan oshiP of bY.
the tahsfl has been given. . . the somewhat opprobrious epithet dark. The Shaikh her e
is phY sicall Y very inferior and the Muhammadan Taga not
.

49. P thalld is a canal vI a on the west: of the much better. The ,Brahmins and Ahus do not differ much

E
Para-132. .
from the Jat in appearance, while the Guar has about the
canal some 2 miles from Sardhana =which is 47 miles from
Pugth
Delhi. The people are Jats : Population 2,080 J'ama Rs. same tint. The R jputs are considerably darker.
Reference

The face has often regular and sometimes even handsome _ _

>

3,203/-. There is no one of note here. The men of Pug-

CD
rs
thalla have had a dispute with Bali Kutbpur for many
-yearsgrsnd'-which in thedaYs of the mutiny theY
put up on the north-east side of their land toward Bali
features, gr' fault being- aunt of energy in the-expres
sion which is for the most part either apathetic or sen sual.
Of the women s faces one sees little but they seem less an-
imated even than those of the men. Their figures

WITHOUT PERMISSION
Ku b ur. Recent)Y by order of the canal officer it has been

fiUNI
INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS

BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHICALLY
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT
n howeveI,
demolished , as seen at the village well are in youth well rounded and
OFFICE LIBRARY &RECORDS

supple the tight fitting silver orna-

-+..
meat clasping the biceps is not seldom a model of comeliness,
yet this grace is soon lost, as much probably from poor diet

W
and bad sanitary conditions as any thing. Both sexes have
as a rule beautiful white, strong and regular which
they clean with the usual toothstick ` dautaun.' The hair
.

of course is black, or a blue black, but the Hindu .tribes shave

I1
I'1
it except the crown lock ( choti, ) The Muh ammadans

D
sometimes shave the head clean, sometimes not at all : but

'BCD
CD
oung fellow when he does not shave will bgeneral) b
ay of personal ornament have a parting shaven neat)Y YfromY .

front to back of his head. The face is not

THE
Muharmadan though he may cut his moustache shaven by the .

with scissors
cared for : it is called rather g
if it seem too long. The beard here as elsewhere is greatly
dil oquently ` Khuda ka '

-- A
SA( :
 INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY & RECORDS
REVISED REPORT of TIIE
JAN-

HL

nur' (the light of God) and it is not fitting to cut it. Hindus stalks ( ` 1achganda ' ) and the raw juice will be mixed by

o
generally shave the beard but not the moustache. But in the good wife with rice ( `ras ki khir ) and served up as a

-
tunes of mourning the nearest heir as a matter of course will savoury dish for the husband at his early , moriiing meal-,
shave himself clean on head and face. This is a p°iut of or mixed with milk it is a warming o drink ` tasmei' ), agaiu
REPRODUCED

religious duty. Both Hindus and Muhammadans shave under when the boiliiig is going on and the ` gu r' is nearlx made,
o

the armpit. a favourite comestib e is obtained by mixing it with milk

COPYRIGHT

2. The main food of the zamindar is of course .grain,

-
and boiling
,
it to a thin consistency. This which is called
` shag is eaten with bread much as
we cat honey.

ilfl
wheat and channa-jowar, makkei, baJ'ra with milk and
ghi : rice, if he is above the average in means. Men, women and children eat the same food. The full
in the cold
In the cold weather beginning with Katik or Mangsur weather food for a man is a ser , the woman generally as much as the
and man and no wonder for your good Jat wife is by no means
he will eat J'owar or makkei mixing with it Ineen- food made at other times
of ast leaf' 13bage-li-Cheer-given P ' a

jowar is changed for wheat or if the man is poor he must

:
water forTer familYy,, it being considered a shameful thin
eat barley bread. Bajra bread is good for the oo1d weather. that a man should do this office for himself : he will av of
the ` chau p al' in takingg water home. Young women and of d
Meals are taken twice in the day, in the morning about alike spend an hour_or two i1 , ear ._in. the,mor
10 and in the evening somewhere about 7 or 8. If a man Going through the village in the early dawn or dark very
however has hard-work he eats something (basf) either bread often the only sound is that of the woman's industry at the
or `khichri' made from baJ'ra, or dalY ;' of makkei, or `dalYa'
`
mill.* 5 sers is an ordinary task, but if need be she can
of jowar, or lassi (`sit or chha) before starting for his. work, grind 10.
or half an hour after he has begun it. If he is weIl off he
may treat himself to a sweetmeat ball (lade) of . r, .til and
wheat meal. This is considered a morning comforter and
very strengthening. His morning meal will be brought by
l The general ways of cooking food are (1) roti'- 2 dal '
(3) `khichri.' The peculiarity Y of `dal Ya' which is generall'p
made from wheat, ` J'ow5,r,' `makkei,' is that the grain is bruised
,
his wife or daughter or some other woman of his family, or rather than ground, it is then thrown into boiling water in
a bo Y :his food being washed down by a drink from the well a cauldron ( `handi' ) and boiled with salt and `dal' of m'
or if none is near, a pond, or he may have brought water or moth.
Referenc

from his house. The zamindar be he well to do or poor, `KhichrL' ` Khichri' is made from `baJ'rn' mixed with `mfing kf dal'
(D

will generally have green food for part of his daily die,t . and pounded in a mortar-when this is fine it is thrown into
When this is mixed with meal he calls it sa g,' and when
` a vessel in the same way as ` dalya' but is cooked longer and it
it is the simple plant boiled in water its _ name is `bh' ' i.' should be cooked slowly : it should be

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY &

WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE
BE REPRODUCED
COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO
to stick
This last is made often front the tender plant of the ` lanwar' Vegetables. on a wall when thrown there.
( cassia occidentalis see Punjab plants p, 62), but this is onIY `Dal is made.of ` mfing,' `moth' and the grain used
in the beginning of the rains : afterwards when the fibres of for the purpose is merely split up, not ground. It is con-
the plant get strong and tollgh it becomes unfit for such sidered better to make the bread, onepartof `channa' withtwoof
wheat-salt being mixed also : this. is called ` inisi' b zamin-
Gur' when it has to be bought is eaten as a luaurY in. Several uses dars, ` besni in towns. The thick ` rotf made from wheat
-

`
Q gur,.

alone is called ` ' ki roti'---the thin (like our chalattf ')

..
the cold weather by men well to do, but if a zamindar is
O

C!

making `gur' at his `kollu,' both he and his familyY will generally
4

made after rolling out is called ` Phulka' or

E

turn the product to domestic use in the different stages of Para 135. . ,' 3. The ordinary working dress of the Hindu zamin.
its making. His shivering urchins standing in the frosty air only the ` pagr"; the dhoti ' ( c1Qth worn round the
C

.
dar is
3

the early January morning over a smouldering fire near Dress of the
-
Q

zam in loins and middle and the ` kamari'-a short vest with
OFFICE

the ` gurgof (see ApPendix IV. ) will be nibbling the long (HiudG) sleeves. Sometimes he takes the `kamari' off at work es-

RECORDS
O