Bscrim 2-Ge 10 Complete Module

A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development
Module
in
GE 10
THE LIFE AND WORKS

OF RIZAL
College of Criminal Justice Education

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

INSTRUCTION TO THE USER
This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as well to
ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It covers the
topic about LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL.
Reminders in using this module:
1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pre-test first to measure what you know and what to be learned
about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for better
understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social media
platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly answering
and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were spent in the
preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst this Covid-19
pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.
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Module No. 1
CHAPTER 1:
UNDERSTANDING THE RIZAL LAW
1st Semester AY 2021-2022
Jasmin S. Montiano
Instructor 1

CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTANDING THE RIZAL LAW
OVERVIEW:
The mandatory teaching of José Rizal‟s life with the emphasis on his landmark novels is inscribed in legislation.
Republic Act No. 1425, more popularly known as the Rizal Law, was passed in 1956 leaving a colorful narrative of
debate and contestation.
As an introduction to the life and works of José Rizal, this textbook will begin with the reading of the Rizal Law.
In this chapter, you will study RA 1425 within its context, look into the major issues and debates surrounding the
bill and its passage into law, and reflect on the impact and relevance of this legislation across history and the
present time.
In the course of the discussion, the process of how a bill becomes a law in the Philippines will be tackled so you
will have an idea regarding the country‟s legislative process. The life of one of the major champions of the Rizal
Law, Senator Claro M. Recto, will also be discussed.
A. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. locate the passage of the Rizal Law within its historical context;
2. determine the issues and interests at stake in the debate over the Rizal Bill; and
3. relate the issues to the present-day Philippines.
B. TIME ALLOTMENT: 3hrs.
C. DISCUSSION
Vocabulary
bill – a measure which, if passed through the legislative process, becomes a law
unexpurgated – basically untouched. In the case of the novels of Rizal.
unexpurgated – versions were those that were not changed or censored to remove parts that might offend
people.
bicameral – involving the two chambers of Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives
THE CONTEXT OF THE RIZAL BILL
The post-war period saw a Philippines rife with challenges and problems. With a country torn and tired from the
stresses of World War II, getting up on their feet was a paramount concern of the people and the government.
How a Bill Becomes a Law: The Legislative Process
The Senate and the House of Representatives follow the same legislative procedure. Legislative proposals
emanate from a number of sources. They may be authored by the members of the Senate or House as part of their
advocacies and agenda; produced through the lobbying from various sectors; or initiated by the executive branch
of the government with the President's legislative agenda. Once a legislative proposal, like a bill, is ready, it will go
through the steps indicated below.
Step 1: Bill is filed in the Senate Office of the Secretary. It is given a number and calendared for first
reading.
Step 2: First Reading. The bill‟s title, number, and author(s) are read on the floor. Afterwards, it is referred to
the appropriate committee.
Step 3: Committee Hearings. The bill is discussed within the committee and a period of consultations is
held. The committee can (approve without revisions, approve with amendments, or recommend substitution or
consolidation with similar bills) or reject. After the committee submits the committee report, the bill is
calendared for second reading.
Step 4: Second Reading. The bill is read and discussed on the floor. The author delivers a sponsorship
speech. The other members of the senate may engage in discussions regarding the bill and a period of debates will
pursue. Amendments may be suggested to the bill.
Step 5: Voting on Second Reading. The senators vote on whether to approve or reject the bill. If approved,
the bill is calendared for third reading.
Step 6: Voting on Third Reading. Copies of the final versions of the bill are distributed to the members of
the Senate who will vote for its approval or rejection.

Step 7: Consolidation of Version from the House. The similar steps above are followed by representatives
in coming up with the approved bill. If there are differences between the Senate and House versions, a
bicameral conference committee is called to reconcile the two. After this, both chambers approve the
consolidated version.
Step 8: Transmittal of the final Version to Malacañang. The bill is then submitted to the President for
signing. The President can either sign the bill into law or veto or return it to Congress
As the Philippines grappled with various challenges particularly the call for nation-building, prominent
individuals who championed nationalism came to action. They pursued government measures to instil patriotism
and love for country in the hearts and minds of the Filipinos. These people drew inspiration from the Philippine
experience of the revolution tor independence against Spain and from the heroes of that important period in the
country's history.
One measure sought was the passage of the Republic Act No. 1425 or the Rizal Law, which was primarily set to
address "a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes
lived and died." The passage of the law was met with fierce opposition in both the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
FROM THE RIZAL BILL TO THE RIZAL LAW

 April 3, 1956 - Senate Bill No. 438 was filed by the Senate Committee on Education.
 April 17, 1956 - then Senate Committee on Education Chair Jose P. Laurel sponsored the bill and
began delivering speeches for the proposed legislation.
o Soon after, the bill became controversial as the powerful Catholic Church began to express opposition
against its passage. As the influence of the Church was felt with members of the Senate voicing their
opposition to the bill, its main author, Claro M. Recto, and his allies in the Senate entered into a
fierce battle arguing for the passage of SB 438. Debates started on April 23, 1956.
o The debates on the Rizal Bill also ensued in the House of Representatives.
 April 19, 1956 - House Bill No. S561, an identical version or SB 458 was filed by Representative Jacobo Z.
Gonzales
o The House Committee on Education approved the bill without amendments on May 2, 1956 and the
debates commenced on May 9, 1956.
o A major point of the debates was whether the compulsory reading of the texts Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo appropriated in the bill was constitutional. The call to read the unexpurgated versions
was also a challenged. As the country was soon engaged in the debate, it seemed that an impasse was
reached.
o To move the procedure to the next step Senator Jose P. Laurel proposed amendments to the bill on May
9, 1956
 He removed the compulsory reading of Rizal's novels and added that Rizal's other works
must also be included in the subject. He, however, remained adamant in his stand that the
unexpurgated versions of the novels be read.
 May 14, 1956 - similar amendments were adapted to the House version.
o The amended version of the bills was also subjected to scrutiny but seemed more palatable to the
members of Congress. The passage, however, was almost hijacked by technicality since the House of
Representatives was about to adjourn in a few days and President Ramon Magsaysay did not certify the
bills as priority.
o The allies in the House skillfully avoided the insertion of any other amendment to prevent the need to
reprint new copies (which would take time). They also asked the Bureau of Printing to use the same
templates for the Senate version in printing the House version.
 May 17, 1956 - the Senate and House versions were approved. The approved versions were then transmitted
to Malacañang.
 June 12, 1956 - President Magsaysay signed the bill into law which became Republic Act No. 1425.
CLARO M. RECTO
(February 8, 1690-October 2, 1960)
The main sponsor and defender of the Rizal Bill was Claro Mayo Recto. He was born in Tiaong, Tayabas
(Quezon) on February 8, 1890 to Claro Recto, Sr. and Micaela Mayo. He completed his primary
education in his hometown and his secondary education in Batangas. For his college education, he
moved to Manila and completed his AB degree at the Ateneo and was awarded maxima cum laude in
1909.
In 1914, he finished his law degree from the University or Santo Tomas. He was admitted to the bar that
same year. His political career started in the House of Representatives in 1919 when he was elected as
representative of the third district of Batangas.
He later became House Minority Floor Leader. From the House of Representatives, he moved to the
Senate in 1931 when he was elected as a senator.
 In the Senate, he held key positions Such as Minority Floor Leader, Majority Floor Leader, and
Senate President Pro-Tempore.
Recto's career in the Philippine government was not continued to the legislature. In 1935, he became
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
Recto was also instrumental in the drafting of the constitution of the Philippines in 1934-1935 as he was
selected president of the assembly.After the Philippines transitioned to the Commonwealth Period and
survived the Pacific War, Recto again served as senator for several terms. He also served as diplomat and
was an important figure in international relations.
Known as an ardent nationalist, Recto was also a man of letters. He penned beautiful poetry and prose.
On October 2, 1960, he died of a heart attack in Italy. He was survived by his wife, Aurora Reyes and
their five children.
FURTHER READING
The Rizal Law
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF
JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL
FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the
ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we
remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national
character
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth,
especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the
State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and
to each the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities,
public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures to
implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate
primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act,
promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the
provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of
students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the
provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty
(30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an
adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Fililbusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal
shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools,
colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books, depending upon
the enrollment of the school, college or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Nolil Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal
Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be
distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio
Councils throughout the country.

SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred
twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public
school teachers and other persons engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of
any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956

Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.
E. ACTIVITY / EVALUATION
ACTIVITY 1: The Debates about the Rizal Bill
Read the Following excerpts from the statements or the legislators who supported and opposed the passage of the
Rizal Law in 1956. Then, answer the questions that follow.
FOR:
“Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo must be read by all Filipinos. They must be taken to heart, for in their
pages we see ourselves as in a mirror, our defects as well as our strength, our virtues as well as our vices. Only
then would we become conscious as a people and so learn to prepare ourselves for painful sacrifices that
ultimately lead to self-reliance, self-respect, and freedom.”
- Senator Jose P. Laurel
“Rizal did not pretend to teach religion when he wrote those books. He aimed at inculcating civic consciousness in
the Filipinos, national dignity, personal pride, and patriotism and if references were made by him in the course of
his narration to certain religious practices in the Philippines in those days, and to the conduct and behavior of
erring ministers of the church, it was because he portrayed faithfully the general situation in the Philippines as it
then existed.”
- Senator Claro M. Recto
AGAINST
A vast majority of our people are, at the same time, Catholic and Filipino citizens. As such, they have two great
loves: their country and their faith. These two loves are not conflicting loves. They are harmonious affections, like
the love for his father and for his mother. This is the basis of my stand. Let us not create a conflict between
nationalism and religion, between the government and the church.
- Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
After reading the passages, answer the following questions:

1. What was the major argument raised by Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo against the passage of the Rizal
Bill?
2. What was the major argument raised by Senators Jose P. Laurel and Claro M. Recto in support of the passage
of the Rizal Bill?
3. Are there points of convergence between the supporters and opposers of the Rizal Bill based on these
statements?
ACTIVITY 2: THE RIZAL LAW AND THE PRESENT CONTEXT
Referring to the preceding questions prepare a reaction paper of your discussion points.
Do you think the debates on the Rizal Law have some resonance up to the present? If yes, in what way? If no,
why?

Module No. 2
CHAPTER 2:
NATION AND NATIONALISM
Jasmin S. Montiano
Instructor 1

CHAPTER 2: NATION AND NATIONALISM
OVERVIEW:
The previous chapter stated that one of the major reasons behind the passage of the Rizal Law was the strong
intent to instil nationalism in the hearts and minds of the Filipino youth.
This chapter will now focus on nation and nationalism in the Philippine context. It will explain the concepts of
nation, state, and nation-state as a precursor to understanding nationalism and the projects that lead to it.
Likewise, the discussion will touch on some of Rizal's works that deal with nation and nationalism.
The chapter also aims to reflect on nation-building in the Philippines which is a major force behind the passage of
the Rizal Law.
1. define nationalism in relation to the concepts of nation, state, and nation-state,

2. appraise the development of nationalism in the country; and
3. explain the relevance of nationalism and nation-building at present.
B. TIME ALLOTMENT: 4 hrs.
C. DISCUSSION
Vocabulary
Bayan/banua – indigenous Filipino concepts of community and territory that may be related to nationalism
Nation – a group of people with a shared language, culture, and history
Nation-building – a project undertaken with the goal of Strengthening the bond of the nation
Nation-state – a state ruling over a nation
Patriotism – a feeling of attachment to one‟s homeland
Sovereignty – the authority to govern a polity without external interference/incursions
NATION, STATE, NATION-STATE
To better understand nationalism, one must learn first the concepts of nation and nationhood as well as state and
nation-state. Refer to the following summary:
Nation State
A group of people that shares a Nation-State
common culture, history, language, A political entity that wields sovereignty
and other practices like religion, A state governing a nation. over a defined territory.
affinity to a place, etc.
Social scientists have fleshed out the nuances of nation, state, and nation-state.
 A nation is a community of people that are believed to share a link with one another based on cultural
practices, language, religion or belier system, and historical experience, to name a few.
 A state, on the other hand, is a political entity that has sovereignty over a defined territory.
o States have laws, taxation, government, and bureaucracy basically, the means of regulating life within
the territory.
o This sovereignty needs diplomatic recognition to be legitimate and acknowledged internationally.
o The state's boundaries and territory are not fixed and change across time with war, sale, arbitration and
negotiation, and even assimilation or secession.
 The nation-state, in a way, is a fusion of the elements of the nation (people/community) and the state
(territory).
o The development of nation-states started in Europe during the periods coinciding with the
Enlightenment.
o The classical" nation-states of Europe began with the Peace of Westphalia in the seventeenth century.
o Many paths were taken towards the formation of the nation-states.
 In the "classical" nation-states, many scholars posit that the process was an evolution from being a
state into a nation-state in which the members of the bureaucracy (lawyers, politicians, diplomats,
etc.) eventually moved to unity the people within the state to build the nation- state.

 A second path was taken by subsequent nation-states which were formed from nations. In this
process, intellectuals and scholars laid the foundations of a nation and worked towards the
formation of political and eventually diplomatic recognition to create a nation-state.
 A third path taken by many Asian and African people involved breaking off from a colonial
relationship, especially after World War II when a series of decolonization and nation-(re)building
occurred. During this time, groups initially controlled by imperial powers started to assert their
identity to form a nation and build their own state from the fragments of the broken colonial ties.
 A fourth path was by way of (sometimes violent) secessions by people already part of an existing
state. Here, a group of people who refused or could not identify with the rest of the population built
a nation, asserted their own identity, and demanded recognition.
 In the contemporary world, the existing nation-states continuously strive with projects of nation-
building especially since globalization and transnational connections are progressions.
NATION AND NATIONALISM
As mentioned, one major component of the nation-state is the nation. This concept assumes that there is a bond
that connects a group of people together to form a community. The origin of the nation, and concomitantly
nationalism, has been a subject of debates among social scientists and scholars. In this section, three theories
about the roots of the nation will be presented.
 The first theory traces the root of the nation and national identity to existing and deep-rooted features of a
group of people like race, language, religion, and others, often called primordialism.
o It argues that a national identity has always existed and nations have “ethnic cores.” In this essentialist
stance, one may be led to conclude that divisions of “us” and “them” are naturally formed based on the
assumption that there exists an unchanging core in everyone.
 The second theory states that nation, national identity, and nationalism are products of the modern
condition and are shaped by modernity.
o This line of thinking suggests that nationalism and national identity are necessary products of the social
structure and culture brought about by the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, secularization,
urbanization, and bureaucratization.
o This idea further posits that in pre-modern societies, the rigid social hierarchies could accommodate
diversity in language and culture, in contrast with the present times in which rapid change pushes
statehood to guard the homogeneity in society through nationalism. Thus, in the modernist
explanation, nationalism is a political project.
 The third theory, a very influential explanation about nation and nationalism maintains that these ideas
are discursive, often referred to as the constructivist approach to understanding nationalism.
o This view maintains that nationalism is socially constructed and imagined by people who
identify with a group.
o Benedict Anderson argues that nations are “imagined communities” (2003).
 He traces the history of these imagined communities to the Enlightenment when European society
began challenging the supposed divinely- ordained dynastic regimes of the monarchies. This idea
was starkly exemplified by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.
 The nation is seen as imagined because the people who affiliate with that community
have a mental imprint of the affinity which maintains solidarity; they do not necessarily
need to see and know all the members of the group.
 With this imagined community comes a “deep, horizontal comradeship” that maintains harmonious
co-existence and even fuels the willingness of the people to fight and die for that nation. Anderson
also puts forward the important role of mass media in the construction of the nation during that
time. He underscores maintains that that the media (1) fostered unified fields of communication
which allowed the millions of people within a territory to "know" each other through printed
outputs and become aware that many others identified with the same community; (2) standardized
languages that enhanced feelings of nationalism and community; and (3) maintained
communication through a few languages widely used in the printing press which endured through
time.
NATION AND BAYAN
In the Philippines, many argue that the project of nation-building is a continuing struggle up to the present.
Considering the country's history, historians posit that the nineteenth century brought a tremendous change in
the lives of the Filipinos, including the actual articulations of nation and nationhood that culminated in the first
anti-colonial revolution in Asia led by Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
Furthermore, scholars note the important work of the propagandists like Rizal in the sustained
efforts to build the nation and enact change in the Spanish colony. These themes will be discussed in
the succeeding chapters. As you continue to familiarize yourselves with the concepts of nation and nationalism, it
would be worthwhile to look at how these ideas have been articulated in the past as well as how scholars locate
these efforts in the indigenous culture.

Many Filipino scholars who endeavored to understand indigenous/local knowledge have identified concepts that
relate to how Filipinos understand the notions of community and, to an extent, nation and nation-building.
 The works of Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, and Zeus Salazar, among others, attempted to identify and
differentiate local categories for communities and social relations.
 The indigenous intellectual movements like Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong Kasaysayan introduced the
concepts of kapwa and bayan that can enrich discussions about nationalism in the context of the
Philippines.
Kapwa is an important concept in the country's social relations. Filipino interaction is mediated by
understanding one's affinity with another as described by the phrases “ibang tao” and “di ibang tao.” In the
formation and strengthening of social relations, the kapwva concept supports the notion of unity and harmony in
a community. From this central concept arise other notions such as “pakikipagkapwa,” “pakikisama,” and
“pakikipag-ugnay,” as well as the collective orientation of Filipino culture and psyche.
In the field of history, a major movement in the indigenization campaign is led by Bagong Kasaysayan, founded
by Zeus Salazar, which advances the perspective known as Pantayong Pananaw. Scholars in this movement
are among researchers that nuance the notion of bayan or banua.
In understanding Filipino concepts of community, the bayan is an important indigenous concept.
Bayan/Banua, which can be traced all the way to the Austronesian language family, is loosely defined as the
territory where the people live or the actual community they are identifying with. Thus,
bayan/banua encompasses both the spatial community as well as the imagined community. The concept of bayan
clashed with the European notion of nación during the Spanish colonialism.
The proponents of Pantayong Pananaw maintain the existence of a great cultural divide that separated the elite
(nación) and the folk/masses (bayan) as a product of the colonial experience. This issue brings the project of
nation-building to a contested terrain.
Throughout Philippine history, the challenge of building the Filipino nation has persisted, impacted by
colonialism, violent invasion during World War II, a dictatorship, and the perennial struggle for development.
The succeeding chapters will look into the life and works of José Rizal and through them, try to map how
historical events shaped the national hero's understanding of the nation and nationalism.
E. ACTIVITY / EVALUATION
ACTIVITY 1: Concept Map

Make a concept map summarizing:
 the major points in relation to nation and nationalism;
 the definitions of nation and nationalism, and their relationship to state and nation-state; and
 the development and explanatory models of the origins of state and nation-state.
Your concept map will be graded using the following rubric:

Excellent 10 Outstanding 8 Satisfactory 7 Needs improvement 5
Organizati  well organized  thoughtfully organized  somewhat  choppy and confusing
on  logical format  easy to follow most of organized  contains a limited
 contains main concepts the time  somewhat number of concepts
 contains appropriate  contains most of the incoherent
number of concepts main concepts  contains only few
 map is “tree-like” and not  contains an adequate of the main
stringy number of concepts concepts
 follows standard map  follows the standard
conventions map conventions
Content  Linking words  Linking words are easy  Linking words are  Difficult to follow
demonstrate superior to follow but at times clear but present a  No links
conceptual understanding ideas are unclear flawed rationale
 Links are precisely labelled  Links are not precisely  Links are not
labelled labelled

ACTIVITY 2: Articulations of Nation and Nationalism
Enrich your understanding by looking at how nationalism is espoused by other historical figures. Read the
excerpts from the writings of another important thinker in the nineteenth century, Emilio Jacinto, and answer
the questions that follow.
Kartilya ng Katipunan
Sa May Nasang Makisanib Sa Katipunang lto
Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nagibig pumasuk sa katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng lubos na
pananalig at kaisipan sa mga layong tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat na ipakilala sa
kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas makalawa'y huag silang magsisi at tuparing maluag sa
kalooban ang kanilang mga tungkulin
Ang kabagayang pinag-uus1g ng katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob at
kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog (*)sa pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang
ito'y magkalakas na iwasan ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay
na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan.
(*) Sa salitang tagalog katutura'y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa makatuid, bisaya
man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, etc., ay tagalog din.
Dito'y isa sa mga kaunaunahang utos, ang tunay na pag ibig sa bayang tinubuan at lubos na
pagdadamayan ng isa‟t isa.
Liwanag at Dilim
“Ang alinmang katipunan at pagkakaisa ay nangangailangan ng isang pinakaulo, ng isang
makapagbibigay kapangyarihang ng ayos, makapagpapanatili ng tunay na pagkakaisa at makapag akaay
sa hangganang ninanais, katulad ng sasakyang itinutugpa ng bihasang piloto, na kung ito'y mawala ay
nanganganib na maligaw at abutin ng kakila-kilabot na kamatayan sa laot ng dagat, na di na
makaaasang makaduduong sa pampang ng maligaya at payapaiug kabuhayang hinahanap. Ang
pinakaulong ito ay tinatawag na pamahalaan.
“Ang kadahilanan nga ng mga pinuno ay ang bayan, at ang kagalingan at kaginhawahan nito ay siyang
tanging dapat tunguhin ng lahat nilang gawa at kautusan. Tungkol nila ang umakay sa bayan sa
ikagiginhawa, Kailan pa mat maghirap at maligaw ay kasalanan nila.
"[A]ng alinmang kapangyarihan upang maging tunay at matuwid ay sa Bayan lamang at sa kanyang mga
tunay na pinakakatawan dapat na manggaling. Sa madaling salita, di dapat nating kilalanin ang
pagkatao ng mga pinuno na mataas kaysa madla. Ang pagsunod at pagkilala sa kanila ay dahil sa
kapangyarıhang ipinagkaloob ng bayan, samakatuwid, ang kabuuan ng kapangyarihan ng bawat isa. Sa
bagay na ito, ang sumusunod sa pinunong inilagay ng bayan ay dito sumusunod at sa paraang ito‟y
nakikipagisa sa kalahatan”.
Answer the following questions on your journal:

1. How does the Katipunan understand/make sense of the following?
a. State and Government b. Leadership
2. How does the Katipunan understand/make sense of the Filipino nation?
3. What are your reflections on these writings about some important ideas of the Katipunan?

Module No. 3
CHAPTER 3:
REMEMBERING RIZAL
Jasmin S. Montiano
Instructor 1

CHAPTER 3: REMEMBERING RIZAL
OVERVIEW:
Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896 became an important turning point in the history of Philippine
revolution. His death activated the full-scale revolution that resulted in the declaration of Philippine
independence by 1898. Under the American colonial government, Rizal was considered as one of the most
important Filipino heroes of the revolution and was even declared as the National Hero by the Taft Commission,
also called the Philippine commission of 1901. A Rizal monument was built in every town and December 30 was
declared as a national holiday to commemorate his death and heroism. In some provinces, men – most of whom
were professionals organized and became members of Caballeros de Rizal, now known as the Knights of
Rizal.
Influenced by both the Roman Catholic Church and the pre-Hispanic Spiritual culture, some Filipino masses
likewise founded organizations that recognize Rizal not just as an important hero but also as their savior from all
the social ills that plague the country. These groups, which can be linked to the long history of millenarian
movements in the country, are widely known as the Rizalistas. These organizations believe that Rizal has a Latin
name of Jove Rex Al, which literally means “God, King of All." This chapter will discuss the history and
teachings of selected Rizalista groups founded after Rizal's execution.
A. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. evaluate Rizal's heroism and importance in the context or Rizalista groups; and
2. compare and contrast the different views on Rizal among the Rizalistas.
B. TIME ALLOTMENT: 6 hrs.
C. DISCUSSION
Vocabulary
Millenarian groups – socio-political movements who generally believe in the coming of a major social
transformation with the establishment of the Kingdom of God
Rizalista – a religious movement that believes in the divinity of Jose Rizal
Jove Rex Al – the Latin name of Jose Rizal according to Rizalistas; Jove means God; Rex means King: and Al
means All (thus, God, King of All)
Colorum – a term used to refer to secret societies that fought against the colonial government in the Philippines
Canonization – the act of declaring a dead person as a saint
RIZAL AS THE TAGALOG CHRIST
 In late 1898 and early 1899, revolutionary newspapers La Independencia and El Heraldo de la
Revolucion reported about Filipinos commemorating Rizal's death in various towns in the country.
o In Batangas, for example, people were said to have gathered “tearfully wailing before a portrait
of Rizal” (Ileto, 1998) while remembering how Christ went through the same struggles.
o After Rizal's execution, peasants in Laguna were also reported to have regarded him as “the lord of a
kind of paradise in the heart of Mount Makiling” (Ileto, 1998).
o Similar stories continued to spread after Rizal's death towards the end of the nineteenth century. The
early decades of 1900s then witnessed the founding of different religious organizations honoring Rizal as
the “Filipino Jesus Christ” (Ocampo, 2011).
 In 1907, Miguel de Unamuno (Spanish writer and philosopher) gave Rizal the title “Tagalog
Christ” as religious organizations venerating him had been formed in different parts of the Philippines (Iya,
2012).
 It is, however, important to mention that Rizal was not the first to be called as such.
o In history, Apolinario de la Cruz (1815-1841) who founded the religious confraternity Cofradia de San
Jose was also considered as the “Tagalog Christ” by his followers.
o Moreover, Filipino revolutionary Felipe Salvador (1870-1912), also known as Apo Ipe, who founded the
messianic society Santa Iglesia (Holy Church) was called by his followers as the “Filipino Christ” and the
“King of the Philippines.” The titles given to some earlier Filipino revolutionary leaders reveal that
associating religious beliefs in the social movement is part of the country‟s history.
 Teachings and traditions of political movements that were organized to fight the Spanish and American
colonial powers were rooted in religious beliefs and practices. These socio-religious movements
known as the millenarian groups which aim to transform the society are often symbolized or
represented by a hero or prophet.
 The same can also be said with the Rizalista groups which, as mentioned, have risen in some parts of the
country after Rizal‟s death in 1896. Each group has its own teachings, practices, and celebrations, but one
common belief among them is the veneration of José Rizal as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ.
o These groups likened the travails of José Rizal to that of Jesus Christ as narrated in the
Pasyon, an epic poem which became popular among the Tagalogs during the Spanish period (Ileto,
1998). Rizalistas believe that Rizal, just like Jesus Christ, would eventually return to life and will save
mankind.
 People saw the parallel between the two lives being sent into the world to fulfill a purpose.
o As Trillana (2006, p. 39) puts it, “For both Jesus and Rizal, life on earth was a summon and submission
to a call. From the beginning, both knew or had intimations of a mission they had to fulfill, the
redemption of mankind from sin in the case of Jesus and the redemption of his people from oppression
in the case of Rizal.”
 Reincarnation in the context of Rizalistas means that both Rizal and Jesus led parallel lives.
o Both were Asians, had brilliant minds and extraordinary talents. Both believed in the Golden Rule, cured
the sick, were rabid reformers, believed in the universal brotherhood of men, were closely associated with a
small group of followers. Both died young (Christ at 33 and Rizal at 35) at the hands of their enemies. Their
lives changed the course of history.” (Mercado, 1982, p. 38).
THE CANONIZATION OF RIZAL: TRACING THE ROOTS OF RIZALISTAS
 The earliest record about Rizal being declared as a saint is that of his canonization initiated by the Philippine
Independent Church (PIC) or La lglesia Filipina Independiente.
o Founded on August 3, 1902, the PIC became a major religious sect with a number of followers
supporting its anti-friar and anti-imperialist campaigns.
o As a nationalist religious institution, PIC churches displayed Philippine flags in its altars as an expression of
their love of country and recognition of heroes who fought for our independence (Palafox, 2012).
 1903 – the PIC's official organ published the “Acta de Canonizacion de los Grandes Martires de la
Patria Dr. Rizal y PP. Burgos, Gomez y Zamora” (Proceedings of the Canonization of the Great Martyrs of
the Country Dr. Rizal and Fathers Burgos, Gomez and Zamora).
 September 24, 1903 – the Council of Bishops headed by Gregorio Aglipay met in Manila on.
o On this day, José Rizal and the three priests were canonized following the Roman Catholic rites.
o After Rizal's canonization, Aglipay ordered that no masses for the dead shall be offered to Rizal and the three
priests.
o Their birth and death anniversaries will instead be celebrated in honor of their newly declared sainthood
o Their statues were revered at the altars; their names were given at baptism; and, in the case of Rizal, novenas
were composed in his honor.
o Aglipay also mentioned that the PICs teachings were inspired by Rizal's ideology and writings.
o One of PIC's founders, Isabelo de los Reyes, said that Rizal's canonization was an expression of the
“intensely nationalistic phase” of the sect (Foronda, 2001)
 Today, Rizal's pictures or statues can no longer be seen in the altars of PIC. His birthday and death anniversary
are no longer celebrated. However, it did not deter the establishment of other Rizalista organizations.
 1950s – Paulina Carolina Malay wrote her observations of Rizal being revered as a saint (Foronda, 2001, p.
47):
Many towns of Leyte, among them Dulag, Barauen, and Limon, have religious sects called Banal
which venerate Rizal as a god. They have chapels where they pray on their knees before the hero’s
picture or statue.
Legaspi City, too, has a strange society called Pantay-pantay whose members are called
Rizalinos. Periodically, the members walk barefoot in a procession to Rizal's monument and hold a
queer sort of a mass. Usually, this procession is done on Rizal Day (December 30) or on June 19, the
natal day of the hero.
Some "colorum" sects also venerate Rizal as a god. A “colorum" sect in Tayabas, Quezon has built a
chapel for him at the foot of Bundok San Cristobal, better known as Mt. Banahaw...
The sect called Rizalina in Barrio Caluluan, Concepcion, Tarlac has even a sort of nunnery for
its priestesses. The girls, forbidden to marry during a certain period, are sent to Rizal’s hometown,
Calamba for “training.” When they go back to Tarlac, they perform masses, baptize and do other
religious rites…
 These observations show that Rizalistas continued to flourish after the PIC's canonization of Rizal. Tracing the
origins and establishment of different Rizalista groups will, therefore, help one appreciate the followers' view of
Rizal's role in shaping their socio-religious beliefs.

GROUPS VENERATING JOSÉ RIZAL
1. ADARNISTA OR THE IGLESIANG PILIPINA

 In 1901, a woman in her thirties, Candida Balantac of Ilocos Norte, was said to have started preaching in
Bangar, La Union.
 Balantac, now known as the founder of Adarnista or the Iglesiang Pilipina, won the hearts of her followers
from La Union, Pangasinan, and Tarlac. This preaching eventually led her to establish the organization in
Bongabon, Nueva Ecija where she resided until the 1960s (Ocampo, 2011).
 Balantac's followers believe that she was an engkantada (enchanted one) and claimed that a rainbow is formed
(like that of lbong Adarna) around Balantac while she preached, giving her the title “Inang Adarna” and the
organization‟s name, Adarnista. Others call Balantac Maestra (teacher) and Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit).
 The members of the Adarnista believe in the following (Foronda, 2001):
1. Rizal is a god of the Filipino people.
2. Rizal is true god and a true man.
3. Rizal was not executed as has been mentioned by historians.
4. Man is endowed with a soul; as such, man is capable of good deeds.
5. Heaven and hell exist but are, nevertheless, “within us.”
6. The abode of the members of the sect in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is the New Jerusalem or Paradise.
7. The caves in Bongabon are the dwelling place of Jehovah or God.
8. There are four persons in God: God, the Father, the Son, the Holy Ghost, and the Mother (Virgin Mary).
 Like the Catholic Church, the Adarnista also conducts sacraments such as baptism, confirmation, marriage,
confession, and rites of the dead.
o Masses – held every Wednesday and Sunday, at 7:00 in the morning and lasts up to two hours
o Special religious ceremonies – conducted on Rizal's birthday and his death anniversary which start with
the raising of the Filipino flag
o In a typical Adarnista chapel, one can see images of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Immaculate Heart
of Mary, Our Lady of Perpetual Help, and in the center is the picture of Rizal.
o Beside the latter are pictures of other Philippine heroes like Luna, Burgos, del Pilar, Mabini, Bonifacio, etc.
(Foronda, 2001).
 The Adarnista has more than 10,000 followers in La Union, Isabela, Pangasinan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija,
Tarlac, and Nueva Vizcaya, and some in Baguio City and Manila.
2. SAMBAHANG RIZAL
 Literally the “Rizal Church,” the Sambahang Rizal was founded by the late Basilio Aromin, a lawyer in
Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija, in 1918.
 Aromin was able to attract followers with his claim that Sambahang Rizal was established to honor Rizal who
was sent by Bathala to redeem the Filipino race, like Jesus Christ who offered His life to save mankind
(Foronda, 2001).
 Bathala is the term used by early Filipinos to refer to “God” or “Creator.”
o Aromin's group believes that Rizal is the “Son of Bathala” in the same way that Jesus Christ is the
“Son of God.”
 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo serve as their “bible” that shows the doctrines and
teachings of Rizal. Their churches have altars displaying the Philippine flag and a statue of Rizal.
 Similar to the Catholic Church, the Sambahang Rizal conducts sacraments like baptism,
confirmation, marriage, and ceremonies for the dead.
 It assigns preachers, called lalawigan guru, who are expected to preach Rizal's teachings in different
provinces.
 Aromin, the founder, held the title Pangulu guru (chief preacher).
 At the height of its popularity, the organization had about 7,000 followers found in Nueva Ecija
and Pangasinan (Foronda, 2001).
3. IGLESIA WATAWAT NG LAHI

 Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi (Association of the Banner of the Race) is said to have been
established by the Philippine national heroes and Arsenio de Guzman in 1911.
o It was in this year that de Guzman started to preach to the Filipino people that Rizal was the “Christ”
and the “Messenger of God.”
o He claimed that God has chosen the Philippines to replace Israel as his “New Kingdom.”
o Some believe that it was the spirit of Rizal which was working with de Guzman telling people to live in
accordance with Christ‟s and Rizal‟s teachings (Iya, 2012).
 According to stories, sometime in 1936, a banal na tinig (holy voice) instructed Mateo Alcuran and
Alfredo Benedicto to go to Lecheria, Calamba in the province of Laguna to look for Jovito Salgado
and Gaudioso Parabuac.

o Alcuran and Benedicto followed the banal na tinig and met with Salgado and Parabuac in Lecheria on
December 24, 1936.
o Every Saturday afternoon from then on, the four listened to the teachings of the banal na tinig.
o In 1938, the banal na tinig informed them that their guide was the spirit of José Rizal
which instructed them to organize a movement called the Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi
(Association of the Banner of the Race).
o However, the word samahan was changed to iglesia to avoid suspicion by the Japanese soldiers during
World War II, making it as the Iglesia Watawat ng Labi (lya, 2012).
 The aims of the organization are as follows (Foronda, 2001):
1. To love God above all things
2. To love one‟s fellowman as one loves himself
3. To love the motherland and to respect and venerate the heroes of the race especially the martyr of
Bagumbayan, Dr. Rizal, to follow, to spread, and to support their right teachings; and to serve the
country with one's whole heart towards its order, progress, and peace.
 Foronda (2011) also enumerated the beliefs of the sect gathered from his interviews in 1960-
1961:
1. The teachings of the sect are based on the commands of the Holy Moses, Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the
teachings of Dr. Jose Rizal culled from his writings.
2. Christians believe in the Trinity; the power of the Father was given to Moses; the power of the Son, given
to Jesus Christ; and this sect believes that the power of the Holy Ghost was given to Dr. Jose Rizal.
3. Jesus Christ is embodied in Dr. Jose Rizal and hence, Dr. Rizal is at once a god and a man.
4. Rizal is not dead; he is alive and is physically and materially present in the New Jerusalem which is
presently bidden in the site extending from Mt. Makiling to Mt. Banahaw.
5. It is the voice of Rizal which commands the officials and the members what to do; this voice is heard in
the weekly meetings. However, an invoker in the person of Gaudioso Parabuac is needed to ask Rizal to
come and talk to members.
6. If World War III breaks out, numberless peoples will be killed by atomic weapons. But after the war, Dr.
Rizal will make an appearance to the new world, and he will lead the army of God.
7. Man has a soul, but a soul that is different from the soul of Dr. Rizal, for Rizal is god. Three days after his
death and if he was holy in life (i.e., if he followed the commandments of God), man will rise again and
his soul will proceed to the New Jerusalem. If he did not fulfill the commandments of God, the soul is
not to be punished in hell (for there is no hell) but will be made to work I na place opposite the New
Jerusalem.
8. There is a particular judgment (the soul is judged three days after death) and the last judgment (when all
the creatures will be judged).
 Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi is one of the biggest Rizalista groups with more than 100,000 members
found in different parts of the country.
 However, in 1987, it was divided into three factions:
1. the Watawat ng Lahi, also known as the Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi Presiding Elders;
2. the Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi, Inc.; and
3. the Iglesia ng Lipi ni Gat Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Inc. (Iya, 2012)
 The first group now teaches that Rizal is not Christ but only a human while the last two groups claim that
they hold the original teachings and doctrines of the old Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi – Rizal is God/Christ
himself, the Jove Rex Al (God, King of Al)
4. SUPREMA DE LA LGLESIA DE LA CIUDAD MISTICA DE DIOS, INC.

 Officially registered as an organization in 1952, Supremna de la Iglesia de la Ciudad Mistica de Dios, Inc.
(Supreme Church of the Mystical City of God) was founded by Maria Bernarda Balitaan (MBB)
in the Tagalog region who was said to have started her spiritual missions in the early 1920s.
 Today, Ciudad Mistica is the biggest Rizalista group located at the foot of Mt. Banahaw in Barangay
Sta. Lucia in Dolores, Quezon with approximately 5,000 members in Sta. Lucia alone. All over Luzon, it
has about 100,000 members.
 In the history of Ciudad Mistica's establishment, the group has always been led by a woman.
o Its leader is called the Suprema who assumes the responsibilities of assisting members seeking
advice, resolving conflicts among members (including legal conflicts), and making major decisions in
the organization.
 The members believe that as a result of endless conflicts among countries in West Asia, God decided to
transfer His “Kingdom” to the Philippines. It explains why there existed “holy stations/altars (locally called
pwesto) in Mt. Banahaw, which is equivalent to the stations of the cross of Christ in the Pasyon (Ocampo,
2011).
 For the Ciudad Mistica, Jesus Christ’s work is still unfinished and it will be continued by Dr. José
Rizal and the “twelve lights” of the Philippines composed of the nineteenth century Philippine heroes.

These “twelve lights” are said to be the equivalent of Jesus Christ's twelve apostles. Their work will be
fulfilled by a woman, in the person of MBB, as can be seen in their hymns (Quibuyen, 1991):
The Virgin Maria Bernarda, a Filipino mother

Dr. Jose Rizal, a Filipino father
Once in a mystery, they came together
And so, emerged this country, the Philippines.
 Like the other Rizalista groups, the Ciudad Mistica shares many elements with the Catholic Church.
o They hold masses every Saturday, and have prayers and chants.
o They commemorate the birth and death anniversaries of the “twelve lights,” with Rizal's death
(December 30) as the most important celebration.
o Each commemoration starts with the raising of the Philippine flag.
FILM WATCHING: Rizalistas Interview
D. ACTIVITIES / EVALUATION
ACTIVITY 1:
1. How do Rizalista groups view José Rizal and other national heroes?
2. What are the similarities between Jesus Christ and Rizal as seen by the millenarian groups?
3. What‟s your stand about the belief of Rizalistas on the parallel lives of Jesus Christ and Rizal? Does it make
you believe for a moment? Justify your answer.
4. Name some influential women in various Rizalista groups and explain their significant roles in their
respective organizations.
5. What can you say about these societies venerating Rizal? Does it bother you? Yes or no. Why?
ACTIVITY 2:
On your journal, create a table showing the beliefs and practices of the Rizalistas groups discussed above, and its
different/unique aspect among the other Rizalistas in another column. Follow the format below:
Beliefs and Culture Differences / unique aspect

1. Adarnista or The Iglesiang Pilipina
2. Sambahang Rizal
3. Iglesia Watawat Ng Lahi
4. Suprema De La Lglesia De La Ciudad
Mistica De Dios, Inc.

Module No. 4
CHAPTER 4:
THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL
Jasmin S. Montiano
Instructor 1

CHAPTER 4: THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL
OVERVIEW:
A biography narrates now a person has lived during a certain period of time. It presents not only the life of an
individual and how he/she has influenced the society but also how an individual and his/her ideas have been
shaped by historical events José Rizal lived in the nineteenth century, a period in Philippine history when
changes in public consciousness were already being felt and progressive ideas were being realized. Studying
Rizal's biography, therefore, will lead to a better understanding of how Rizal devoted his life in shaping the
Filipino character. This chapter will cover Rizal's life and how he became an important hero of the Philippines.
1. Further understand the life of our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, through;
a. studying historical, biographical, and analytical approaches,

b. study of Rizal‟s literary works, and
c. answering activities about important concept and information in Rizal‟s Life
B. TIME ALLOTMENT
4.1 Jose Rizal‟s Family Tree and History – 3 hrs.

4.2 Jose Rizal‟s Academic Background– 3 hrs.
4.3 Jose Rizal‟s Travels and Studies Abroad – 3 hrs.
4.4 The Great Novel and the First Homecoming – 3 hrs.
4.5 Jose Rizal‟s Return to Europe – 3 hrs.
4.6 Trip Back Home – 3 hrs.
4.7 The Final Journey – 3 hrs.
C. DISCUSSION
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

“A many splendored genius”
He was richly dowered by God with superb intellectual, moral, and

physical qualities. Truly, he ranks with the world‟s geniuses.
He was an anthropologist, botanist, businessman, cartographer,

dramatist, economist, educator, engineer, essayist, entomologist,
ethnologist, farmer, folklorist, geographer, grammarian, historian,
novelist, painter, physician poet, philologist, philosopher, polemist,
psychologist, satirist sculptor, sportsman sociologist, surveyor,
traveler, and zoologist.
More than all, these, he was a patriot, hero, and a martyr. Unlike
many geniuses, he consecrated his God-given talents, and even
sacrificed his own life, for the redemption and welfare of his people.
Verily, a man of his heroism and versatility appears but once in the
history of any nation.

4.1 JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY TREE AND HISTORY
The wisdom and sacrifices of Jose Rizal for the country earned him the title of the greatest Malayan who ever
lived. It was an honour he rightfully deserves. Up to this day, no Asian has surpassed Rizal's ingenuity and
extreme intelligence.
The fact that he is the national hero of the Philippines is just one side of him. The life and times of Rizal though
short is an endeavour that scholars and scientists alike find worthy to study and analyse.
What is it about the union of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo (Rizal's parents) that
produce Jose Rizal?
A well-known Rizalist, Dr. Austin Craig, who was the first to trace Jose Rizal‟s family roots and discovered the
hero‟s Chinese ancestry.
Rizal's Chinese ancestors, a Chinese immigrant and business tycoon Don Domingo Lamco (Chinese name:
Cue Yi-Lam) of Laguna was the great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal.
 Lamco is originally from Amoy, China who came to the Philippines in the mid-17th century. This is where he
met his wife, Inez de la Rosa daughter of Agustin Chinco an immigrant trader from Chuanchow.
 Governor Claveria issued a decree directing Filipino families to choose new surnames from a list of
Spanish family names. The purpose of this gubernatorial decree was to Hispanize the Filipino surnames
which were difficult for the Spanish authorities to pronounce, much less to remember.
 To prevent conflict and hostility with the Spanish authorities, he decided to drop the name Lam-co and
adapted a Spanish surname. As merchants, they chose the name “Mercado” because it means market.
Lamco started the businesses of the Mercado clan. He was a successful entrepreneur in spite of the
discrimination experienced by Chinese traders from the Spaniards.
 In June 1697, Lamco was baptized in the Catholic church of Manila's Parian Chinese ghetto and moved to
Biñan, Laguna. He was 35 years old at the time. His financial state improved in Biñan and he became a
Chinese community leader.
 Lamco's son Francisco Mercado and grandson Juan Mercado married Chinese mestizos and both
served as distinguished mayors of Biñan for five terms.
 Juan's wife Cirila Alejandra was the daughter of an immigrant trader and Domingo Lamco's baptismal
godson Siong-co. They are the parents of Rizal's father. When Rizal's father was born, the family transferred
to Calamba. The house they built was the first stone house in the whole town.
Jose Rizal's brother, Paciano was identified with one of the martyred priest, Jose Burgos so the family changed
their surname from Mercado to Rizal.
Recent genealogical findings revealed that Rizal also had Spanish, Japanese, and Negrito ancestry.
Teodora's (Rizal's mother) great grandfather, Eugenio Ursua was a descendant of Japanese settlers.
 Ursua married a Filipina named Benigna and their union produced Regina Ursua.
 Atty. Manuel de Quintos, a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinan married Regina and their daughter is named
Brigida. Brigida married a half-caste Spaniard named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.
 They are the parents of Teodora and Rizal's grandparents.
JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY
The Rizal family belonged to the “principalia” an aristocratic town of distinguished families. By frugal living,
hard and honest work, Rizal's parents were able to live well. From the farms, which were rented from the
Dominican Order, they harvested rice, corn and sugarcane. They raised pigs, chickens and turkeys in their
backyard. In addition, Doña Teodora managed a grocery store and operated a small flour mill.
Rizal's parents were able to build a large stone house which was situated near the town church. They owned a
carriage which was a status symbol of the illustrados in the Philippines and a private library consisting of 1,000
volumes.
Their children were studying in colleges in Manila. They participated in all social and religious affairs in the
community. They were gracious and hospitable to all visitors and guests during the town fiesta and other
holidays.

The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life and was intimately close. Don Francisco and Doña
Teodora loved their children but they never spoiled them. They were strict parents and they trained their children
to love God, to behave well, to be obedient and to respect people especially the old folks.
When the children got into mischief, they were given a good spanking because they believed in the saying “Spare
the rod and spoil the child.”
THE HERO’S FATHER
Jose Rizal's Father, Don Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898) was born in Biñan, Laguna.
He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
After their parent's death, Francisco and two of his sisters moved to Calamba. He became a tenant
farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda. He was hardworking, and independent-minded who
talked less but worked more and valiant in spirit.
Jose Rizal described his father in his diary:
"My father was a model of fathers had given us an education commensurate with our small fortune; and
through thrift he was able to build a stone house erect a little nipa house in the middle of our orchard under the
shade of some trees and others."
THE HERO'S MOTHER
Doña Teodora Alonso Y Realonda (1826-1911) was born in Meisik, Sta. Cruz Manila.
She studied at Colegio de Sta. Rosa in Manila.

She was a woman of refined culture and character, with exemplary literary talents, the fortitude of a
Spartan woman and with business ability, she managed their store.
Rizal lovingly described his mother:
"My mother is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she knows literature and speaks Spanish better than I.
She even corrected my poems and gave me wise advises when I was studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician
and has read many books."
Both parents greatly influenced Rizal as shown in his character.

“From his father he inherited a profound sense of dignity and self-respect, seriousness and from
his mother the dreamer and bravery for sacrifices and her literary prowess”.
Don Francisco Mercado Rizal and Doña Teodora Alonso Y Realonda were blessed with eleven (11) children:
two (2) boys and nine (9) girls. They were as follows in the order of their birth.
1. Saturnina (1859-1913)
The eldest child of the Rizal children nicknamed “Neneng” who was married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan,
Batangas. Hidalgo and Rizal sent frequent correspondence while the latter was in Europe.
2. Paciano Rizal (1851-1930)

He was the second child and oldest brother of Rizal. He Was Rizal's confidant, and he was the one who convinced
Rizal to study in Europe without their parent's permission. Paciano constantly advised his brother Jose Rizal
through letters while in Europe. After Rizal's execution in December 1896 at Bagumbayan, he joined the
Philippine Revolution and became a Combat general. He returned to his farm in Los Banos, where he lived as a
gentleman farmer and died at the age of 79.
3. Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939)

Nickname “Sisa” and was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez) a school teacher in
Morong, Bataan.
4. Olympia Rizal (1855-1887)

With a nickname “Ypia”, who was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila and was
blessed with five children. She died while Rizal was in Europe.
5. Lucia Rizal (1857-1919)

Who married Mariano Herbosa (nephew of Father Casañas). Herbosa died of Cholera and was denied of
Christian burial being the brother-in-law of Jose Rizal.

6. Maria Rizal (1859-1896)
Nicknamed “Biang” and was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan Laguna. The couple was blessed with five
(5) children.
7. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896)

Nicknamed “Pepe” the greatest Filipino hero, and peerless genius. He became the National Hero of the
Philippines. He had a common law relationship with Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl from Hong Kong. He had a
son but died a few hours after birth. Rizal named him Francisco after his father.
8. Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865)

Nicknamed “Concha” who died at the age of 3. Her death was Rizal's first sorrow in life.
9. Josefa Rizal (1865-1945)

Nicknamed "Panggoy” she was a spinster and died at the age of 80
10. Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951)

Nicknamed "ining”. She was a spinster too and died at the age of 83.
11. Soledad Rizal (1870-1929)

The youngest whose nickname is “Choleng” married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba and was blessed with
five children.
Jose Rizal loved his sisters that he usually wrote letters to them while in the Philippines and foreign countries. He
emphasized his ideas about women and their righteous place in the society. He also compared the Filipina to
European women as to their dignity. One of his letters before he left the Philippines for Cuba in 1896 stated thus:
"I urge you take care, serve and love our parents as you would like your children later to take care of you, serve
and love you in your old age. May you live united, forgive one another's faults, and avoid misunderstanding,
the natural thorns of life because it is displeasure for parents to see that their children are not living in
harmony".
THE BIRTH OF RIZAL
Jose Rizal, the 7th child of the Rizal family, was born on June 19, 1861 Wednesday between 11:00 and
12:00 night in the town of Calamba, province of Laguna, Philippines. His mother almost died during
her delivery because Jose‟s head was big. As he recounted in his student memoirs:
“My coming out in this vale of tears would have cost my mother her life, had she not vowed to
the Virgin of Antipolo to take me to her sanctuary by way of pilgrimage”..
He was baptized in the Catholic Church in Calamba on June 22, 1861 by the parish priest, Father Rufino
Collantes. His godfather was Father Pedro Casañas, a close friend of the Rizal family. Father Collantes was
impressed by the big head of baby Jose. He told them "Take good care of this child, for someday he will become a
“great man”. The name “Jose” was chosen by his mother in honor of San Jose (St. Joseph) whose feast was
March 19.
His complete name was JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA.
 The name Protacio was taken from the Catholic calendar which was a practice during the Spanish time, that
when a child is born, he/she is named after the saint of the day.
 The surname “Mercado” which means market in English was adopted in 1731 by his paternal great-
grandfather, Domingo Lamco a full blooded Chinese merchant.
 Added surname “Rizal” was given by Don Francisco which is closer to the Spanish word “Ricial” which
means “green field” or “new pasture” “luntiang bukirin” related to his work as hacienda owner
farmer.
 Alonzo was the surname of Rizal‟s mother and Realonda was used by Doña Teodora which is the surname
of her godmother.
JOSE RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD YEARS
Jose Rizal, as a young boy had beautiful, fruitful and pleasant memories as well as sorrow. He grew up in a happy
home. He could remember the tenderest care of his parents because he was frail, sickly and undersized boy. His
father built a nipa hut in the garden for him to play in the daytime.
Jose was jokingly called Ute by his brother and sisters. The people in Calamba knew him as Pepe or Pepito.

At the age of three (3), he enjoyed watching in the garden the insects, the maya, culiawan, maria capra, pipit,
the martin and other birds. He listened “with excitement and wonder” to their twilight songs and sounds.
Another childhood memory was the daily praying of Angelus of 6:00pm in their altar as all of them gathered
for prayers.
At the “azotea” on a moonlit night, the aya (nursemaid) would tell stories about fairies, legends, tales of
buried treasures, and other fabulous stories. Sometimes if he did not like to eat his supper, the Aya would
threaten him that asuwang, tikbalang, nuno or the turbaned Bombay will come to take him away.
He is brought for a walk for the relief-giving breeze, to see the fruit bearing trees, flowers, birds. The scenic
beauty of his hometown Calamba, the legendary Mt. Makiling and the distant Antipolo with the shrine of the
miraculous Lady of Peace and Good Voyage.
Devoted Son of Church. Young Rizal was a religious boy. A scion of Catholic clan, born and bred in a
wholesome atmosphere of Catholicism, and possessed of an inborn pious spirit, he grew up as good Catholic.
 At the age of three (3) he began to join religious processions, novena in the church
 at the age of five (5) he was able to read the Spanish Bible with the help of his mother
 He loved to go to church, to pray, to take part in novenas, and to join the religious procession. He was so
seriously devote that he was laughingly called Manong Jose by hermanos and hermanas terceras.
 Evidence of his fervent Catholic Spirit is seen in the poems, which he wrote during his boyhood, such as Al
Nino Jesus (1876), La Alianza Intima Entre LaReligion y La Buena Education (1876), and a la
Virgin Maria.
Pilgrimage to Antipolo. When Rizal was nearly 7 years old (June 6, 1868), his father took him for a
pilgrimage to Antipolo in order to fulfil his mother's vows which was made when Jose was born. Doña Teodora
could not accompany them because he had given birth to Trinidad. It was the first trip of Rizal across Laguna de
Bay and his first pilgrimage to Antipolo.
After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, they went to Manila, to visit his sister Saturnina at the La
Concordia College in Santa Ana.
THE HERO’S FIRST SORROW
The Rizal children were bound together by the ties of love and care. Jose loved most his little sister Concha
(Concepcion) who was next to him. Unfortunately, Concha died at the age of three and for the first time he
shed tears for love and grief, which is said to be his first sorrow.
FIRST EDUCATION FROM MOTHER
Jose‟s first teacher was his mother. A woman of good character and fine education, Dona Teodora was a splendid
teacher. At the age of three, Jose learned the alphabet and the prayers from her, “My Mother,” said Rizal,
“taught me how to read and say haltingly the humble prayers which I raised fervently to God.” She
was patient and loving, but strict as a tutor.
 At one time Jose, at the age of five, refused to wear sinamay camisa because it was coarse and was scratchy
to the skin. She spanked him for disobedience. After the whipping, Jose wore the coarse camisa without
protest.
 At another time while the parents were having their regular siesta, Jose and Josefa played in the garden. Jose
ignited a fuse attached to a bottle of powder. Soon a loud explosion rent quiet afternoon, follow by a scream
of pain. Dona Teodora who was suddenly awakened by the commotion in the garden, saw the crying Josefa
with a burnt face. She gave Jose another spanking.
Notwithstanding the whippings administered by Dona Teodora, Jose loved his mother and was appreciative of
many things he learned from her. Years later, in retrospection of his childhood memories, he wrote: “surely, a
man owes everything to his mother, next to God.”
The story of the moth
Of all the stories told by Doña Teodora to Jose, the story of the moth made the profoundest imprint on him which
he recalled after some years...
“My Mother was teaching me how to read in Spanish "The Children's Friends (El Amigo de Los Nifios). This was
a rare book and old copy. This night my mother became impatient with hearing me read so poorly. I did not
understand Spanish and so I could not read with expression. She took the book and read it to me but I was
watching the flame with some little moths circling around the flame. Soon as my mother noticed that I was not

interested. She stopped and said to me, “I am going to read to you a very pretty story.” I once opened my eyes on
hearing the word story. She told me “The story of the moth”.
Once upon a time, an old moth had warned her child against the flame, so beautiful, so inviting, yet
fatal and deceitful for it destroyed whoever came too close. She herself said, she was once been
tempted by it; she had barely escaped with half-burnt wings. The frightened young moth promised to
obey, but was soon asking himself: "now why should my mother try to give me such a scare? Why
should I close my eyes to such a pretty sight? These old people are such cowards! They think every fly
is an elephant, any old dwarf a giant. What harm can it do to me, whatever she says, if I come near
the flame, so long as I am careful? What I am, a little silly? What a story I shall have for all other
children if I, being very careful of course, take a closer look. "No sooner said that done, and the silly
little moth went fluttering around the flame. At first he only felt pleasantly warm; this encouraged
him and he flew closer and closer until at last, dazzled by flame, fell and perished in it.
As she put me to bed, my mother said: “See to it that you do not behave like the young moth. Don't be
disobedient, or you may get burned as it did.” I do not know whether I answered or not... The story
revealed to me the things until then unknown. Moths no longer were, for me, insignificant insects. Moths talked,
they knew how to warn. They advised just like my mother. The light seemed to me more beautiful. It had grown
more dazzling and more attractive. I knew why the moths circled the flame.
The tragic fate of the young moth, which “died of martyr to its illusions,” left a deep impress on Rizal‟s
mind. He justified such noble death, asserting that “to sacrifice one’s life for it,” meaning for an ideal,
“worthwhile.” And like that young moth, he was fated to die as a martyr for a noble ideal.
RIZAL’S MENTORS
Doña Teodora, Rizal's mother was his first teacher.

 Barely three (3) years old, Rizal, learned the alphabet from his mother. He was taught how to read
and write in Spanish.
As he grew older, his parents employed private tutors to give him lessons at home.
 (1) Maestro Celestino and the second (2) Maestro Lucas Padua
 Later, an old man named Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal's father, became the boy's tutor. This
old teacher lived at the Rizal home and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. Unfortunately, he did not
live long. He died five months later. After Monroy's death, the hero's parents decided to send their gifted son
to a private school in Biñan.
RIZAL’S THREE UNCLES
There were three uncles, brothers, of his mother, who played a great part in the early education of Rizal. They
were Gregorio, Jose, and Manuel Alberto Alonso (after 1849 the family name was changed to Realonda)
 Uncle Gregorio, was a lover of book, he instilled into the mind of his precious nephew (Jose) a great love
for books, and he taught him to work hard, to think for himself, and to observe keenly
 Uncle Jose, who had been educated in Calcutta, India, was the youngest brother of Dona Teodora. He
encouraged his nephew to paint, sketch, and sculpt.
 Uncle Manuel Alberto, Was big, strong, and husky man, he looked after the physical training of his sickly
and weak nephew, he encouraged young Rizal to learned swimming, fencing, wrestling, and other sports, so
that in later years Rizal‟s frail body acquired agility, endurance, and strength
ARTISTIC TALENT
Since childhood Rizal revealed his God-given talent for art. He drew sketches and pictures on his books and the
books of his sisters, for which reason he was scolded by his mother. He carved figures of animals and persons out
of wood. Even before he learned how to read, he could already sketch pictures of birds, flowers, fruits, rivers,
mountains, animals, and person
Rizal possessed a God-given talent for literature.

 His mother who was a lover of literature noticed his poetic inclination; hence, she encouraged him to write
poetry. Since childhood, Rizal showed an unusual talent in art and literature. He scribbled verses on loose
sheets of paper and on the textbooks of his sisters. His mother, who was a lover of literature, noticed his son's
inclination and gift for writing poetry. At the age of eight years old, Rizal wrote his first poem in the
native language entitled, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata - To My fellow children"

TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
Whenever people of a country truly love Tagalog and the Latin language are the same
The language which by heav'n they were taught to use And English and Castillian and the angels' tongue;
That country also surely liberty pursue And God, whose watchful care o'er all is flung,
As does the bird which soars to freer space above Has given us His blessing in speech we claim,
For Language is the final judge and referee
Upon the people in the land where it holds sway; Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know
Had alphabet and letters of its very own;
In truth our human race resembles in this way But these were lost - by furious waves were overthrown
The other living beings born in liberty. Like bancas in the stormy sea, long years ago.
Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue;
Is worse than any beast or evil smelling fish.
To make our language richer ought to be our wish
The same as any mother loves to feed her young.
This poem reveals Rizal‟s earliest nationalist sentiment. In poetic verses, he proudly proclaimed that a people
who truly love their native language will surely strive for liberty like "the bird which soars to freer space above"
and that Tagalog is the equal of Latin, English, Spanish, and any other language.
Father Leoncio Lopez, the old and learned parish priest of Calamba fostered Rizal‟s love for scholarship and
intellectual honesty.
At an early age, Rizal was already exposed to the injustices and brutalities of Spanish authority in
the Philippines particularly the Guardia Civil who were supposed to protect the people from harm. Rizal
wondered why these abuses were happening especially to the poor. Years later, he related:
I spent many, many hours of my childhood down on the shore of the lake, Laguna de Bay. I was
dreaming of what might be over on the other side of the waves. Almost every day, in our town, we saw
the Guardia Civil lieutenant injuring some unarmed and in offensive villagers. The villagers‟ only fault
was that while at a distance he had not taken off his hat and made his bow. The alcalde treated the poor
villagers in the same way whenever he visited us.
We saw no restraint put upon brutality. Acts of violence and other excess were committed daily... I asked
myself if, in the lands which lay across the lake, the people lived in this same way. I wondered if there,
they tortured any countryman with hard and cruel whips merely on suspicion. Or ever yonder also, in
order to live in peace, would one have to bribe tyrants?
Rizal, young as he was, grieved deeply over the unhappy situations of his beloved fatherland. The Spanish
misdeeds awakened in his boyish heart a great determination to fight tyranny.
D. EVALUATION
I. IDENTIFICATION
Identify the following statements correctly.
1. Grandparents of Jose Rizal on paternal side.

2. A well-known Rizalist who was the first to trace Jose Rizal's family roots and discovered the hero's Chinese
ancestry
3. Rizal‟s mother‟s great grandfather, who was a descendant of Japanese settlers.
4. The surname Mercado means?
5. A great man who took Latin and Philosophy at the Colegio de San Jose, became a tenant farmer of
Dominican-owned hacienda, hardworking and independent-minded.
6. Rizal‟s uncle who instilled into his mind a great love for books, and he taught him to work hard, to think for
himself, and to observe keenly.
7. A woman of refined culture and character, who studied at Colegio de Sta. Rosa, with exemplary literary
talents, with business ability and was considered the great mother of Rizal.
8. At what age Rizal learned the alphabet and how to read and write in Spanish?
9. Rizal also had a _________, __________, and _________ancestries.
10. The name that was taken from the catholic calendar which was a practice during Spanish time.
11. The Chinese ancestor of Jose Rizal.
12. The priest who baptized Rizal in the Catholic Church in Calamba on June 22, 1861.
13. Rizal‟s uncle who looked after his physical training and encouraged him to learn swimming, fencing,
wrestling, and other sports
14. Complete date, time, and day of Rizal‟s birthday.
15. The name of the saint whose feast day is celebrated every March 19 that gave the mother of Rizal to derive his
name.
16. The surname Rizal means?

17. What was Jose‟s nickname?
18. Rizal's sister who died at the age of three (3) and her death was considered as the first sorrow of Rizal
19. At what age did Jose was able to read the Spanish Bible with the help of his mother?
20. The old parish priest of Calamba who fostered Rizal to value intellectual honesty and scholarship.
21. An old man and former classmate of Rizal's father who taught Rizal Spanish and Latin?
22. The first native poem written by Rizal when he was eight (8) years old.
23. Rizal‟s uncle who encouraged him to paint, sketch, and sculpt.
24. At what age did Jose began to join religious processions, and novena in the church?
25. The complete name of the Philippine National Hero.
II. ESSAY
1. Explain the important lesson that we can learn from “The Story of the Moth” especially in dealing with our
parents‟ advices and reminders.
2. Explain the message of the poem, “To My fellow Children” giving importance to nationalism and national
identity.
3. Explain the importance of your family in moulding your personality towards your bright future.
4.2 JOSE RIZAL’S ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
EDUCATION AT BIÑAN, LAGUNA
In June of 1869, Paciano, Rizal‟s brother accompanied him to Biñan to continue his studies. They proceeded to
their aunt's home where Jose will stay.
The next day (Monday) Paciano brought Rizal to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz, his older
brother's former teacher. The school, which was made of Nipa, doubled as the house of the Maestro. At once, Jose
Rizal was assigned a seat and was asked and replied at once: "Do you know Spanish? “A little Sir” “Do you know
Latin?” “A little Sir” The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the teacher's son laughed at Jose's answers. The
teacher sharply stopped all noises and begun the lessons of the day.
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz was a disciplinarian. He was a tall man, lean and long- necked, with a sharp nose
and a body slightly bent forward. He used to wear a sinamay shirt woven by the deft hands of Batangas women.
First school brawl. In the afternoon of his day in school, when the teacher was having his siesta, Jose met the
bully, Pedro. He was angry for making fun of him during his conversation with the teacher in the morning Jose
challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter readily accepted, thinking that he could easily beat the Calamba boy who
was smaller and younger
The two boys wrestled furiously in the classroom, much to the glee of their classmates. Jose, having learned the
art of wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel, defeated the bigger boy. Because of this, he became popular among
his classmates.
After the class in the afternoon, a classmate named Andres Salandanan challenged him to an arm-wrestling
match. They went to a sidewalk of a house and wrestled with their arms. Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and
nearly cracked his head on the sidewalk.
In succeeding days, he had other fights with the boys of Biñan. He was not quarrelsome by nature, but he never
ran away from a fight.
Painting lessons in Biñan. Jose spent his leisure hours with teacher Justiniano's father-in law, a master
painter named Juancho. He took the opportunity to become an apprentice together with his classmate Jose
Guevarra. Sooner they became the class‟ best painters.
Jose Rizal led a frugal and methodical life in Biñan. His time was well budgeted from 4 o'clock in the
morning such as hearing mass, eating time, studies and leisure time at times he played in the street with friends
and other boys when there was the moon. He concentrated on his studies diligently and he excelled in Spanish,
Latin and all subjects.
Having finished his studies in Biñan, Rizal returned to Calamba on board the motorboat “Talim”. His parents
planned to transfer him to Manila to continue his studies.
Best student in School. In school studies, Jose beat all Biñan boys. He surpassed them all in Spanish, Latin,
and other subjects.
End of Biñan schooling. Time came when Jose learned all that Maestro Justiniano could teach him.
Accordingly, the teacher informed his parents that he should be sent to college in Manila.
He left Biñan on Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1871. He was thrilled to take passage on the steamer Talim,
for it was the first time he ever rode on a steamer. On board a Frenchman named Arturo camps, a friend of
his father, took care of him. Upon his arrival on Calamba, Jose was welcomed home by his parents, brother, and
sisters.
Injustice to Hero’s Mother. After the happy Christmas holiday in 1871, Don Francisco thought of sending
Jose to Manila to study. Before June came, tragedy struck the Rizal family. Doña Teodora was arrested on
malicious charge that she aided her brother, Jose Alberto in trying to poison Alberto‟s wife. After her arrest, Doña
Teodora was forced to walk from Calamba all the way to Sta. Cruz, a distance of 50 kilometers. She was
imprisoned for two and a half years.
The Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za. The Rizal family had not yet recovered from the painful shock of the
mother‟s imprisonment when another calamity occurred. On January 20, 1872, the Cavite Mutiny flared up,
followed by the execution of Fathers Gomez, Buros, and Zamora on February 17th.
Jose Rizal was nearly eleven years old when the tragic martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za took place. Despite his tender
age, he was deeply affected. It was another Spanish injustice, like that done to his mother. It further buttressed
his determination to consecrate his life to combat the evil forces of his times.
EDUCATION AT THE ATENEO DE MANILA
Four months after the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and with Doña Teodora still in prison, Jose, who had not yet
celebrated his eleventh birthday, was sent to Manila. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, a college under the
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits. His college was a bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de
Letran. It was formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School), a school for poor boys in Manila which was the city
government in 1817. When the Jesuits, who had been expelled from the Philippines in 1768, returned to Manila in
1859, they were given the management of the Escuela Pia, whose name was changed to Ateneo Municipal, and
later became the Ateneo de Manila. They had lost all their properties during the period of their exile, hence they
were given splendid educators, so that within a few years Ateneo acquired wide prestige as an excellent college for
boys.
On June 10, 1872, Paciano accompanied Rizal to take the entrance examination at College of San Juan de
Letran and passed it. They returned to Calamba to stay for few days with the family and to attend the town
fiesta. Don Francisco changed his mind and decided to send Rizal to Ateneo Municipal.
Paciano accompanied Rizal to Manila to enrol at the Ateneo Municipal. Father Magin Femando, the school
registrar, refused to admit him for these reasons: he was late for registration and he was sickly and small for
his age. With the intercession of Perez Burgos, a nephew of Father Burgos, he was admitted to the Ateneo that
was located in Intramuros within the walls of Manila. Rizal was just quiet and observant of the different activities
in class.
The Jesuits system of education was more advanced. Its discipline was rigid and the methods are varied.
It promoted physical culture, humanities and scientific studies. It also establishes vocational courses in
agriculture, commerce and mechanics. As a religious institute, its principal purpose was to mold the character
and the will of the boys, to comply more easily with the precepts of the church. The students hear mass before the
beginning of the class, which was opened and closed with prayers
Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech. Being a newcomer and with little knowledge of
Spanish, and an externo (non-boarders), he was placed in the Carthaginian Empire. The other group was
the “Roman Empire” consisting of the internos (boarders).
 Each group had its ranks, the best in rank is the emperor, the 2nd best-tribune; the 3rd is the decurion,
4th the centurion; the 5th is the standard-bearer.
 Within the empire, the students aspired for the position by answering the questions for the day's lesson. If a
student made three (3) mistakes he could lose his position. Any student might be at the end of the line,
but if he studies hard and was brilliant, he could become an "emperor". The two groups "Roman Empire" and
“Carthaginian Empire” were in constant competition for supremacy in the class.
Jose Rizal progressed well in his studies that after a moth he became the “emperor” and was
considered the brightest pupil or the class. He was awarded a prize, namely, “a religious picture” which he was
so proud of because it was the 1st prize he ever received at the Ateneo.
He spent his leisure hours by taking private lessons to improve his Spanish at Sta. Isabel College. He paid
three pesos for the Spanish lessons.
At the end of the school year on March 1873, he returned to Calamba for the summer vacation. He did not enjoy
his vacation because his mother was in prison at Sta. Cruz.
 Dona Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother, Jose Alberto tried to
poison the latter's wife. After her arrest, Doña Teodora was forced to walk from Calamba all the way to
Sta. Cruz, a distance of 50 kilometres. She was imprisoned for two and a half years.
In his second year in Ateneo (1873-74), nothing unusual happened to Rizal. Once again, he received
excellent grades in all subjects earned a gold medal as a diligent student and voracious reader.
 Rizal kept reading fiction, non-fiction and novel like the Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas.
His imagination was stirred by the sufferings of Edmond Dantes (the hero), his escape from the dungeon of
Chateau d „If, and his finding a buried treasure on the rocky island of Monte Cristo and his revenge on his
enemies who had offended him.
 Rizal also read Travels in the Philippines written by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German scientist-traveller
who visited the Philippines in 1859 1860. The book consisted of the keen observations of the defects of
Spanish colonization and the prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America
would come to succeed her as a colonizer.
 Through his readings, he discovered the wisdom of books and its influences on his search for knowledge
 Another book that his father bought was the Universal History by Cesar Cantus which was a rich source
of historical facts about the world. He used to read this while studying in Ateneo.
On his fourth year in Ateneo, Jose Rizal was inspired to study hard and to write poetry by one of his
professors, Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a great educator and scholar. Rizal had the highest affection
and respect for Father Sanchez, whom he considered his best professor in Ateneo.
Rizal's formal lessons at the Ateneo gradually gained him proficiency both in the art of rhetoric and in the art or
independent thinking.
Poems Written in Ateneo. It was Doña Teodora who first discovered the poetical genius of her son, and it was
also she who first encouraged him to write poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to make
full use of his God-given genius in poetry and improved the latter's poetical arts by opening his mind to the
enriching influences of world's literature.
The first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in the Ateneo was Mi Primera Inspiración (My First
Inspiration) which was dedicated to his mother on her birth day. It is said that he wrote it before he was 14
years old, that is, in the year 1874. Before this year he did not write poetry because there was gloom in his heart
owing to his mother's imprisonment. Upon the release of his mother in 1874, his poetic heart began to sing with
ecstasy and joy.
Mi Primera Inspiración (My First Inspiration). It was most fitting that the first poem written by Rizal as
an Atenean should be about his beloved mother. In his poem, he felicitated his mother on her birthday,
expressing his filial affection in sonorous verses. It runs as follows:
Mi Primera Inspiración (My First Inspiration)
Why falls so rich a spray Why should the spring that glows
of fragrance from the bowers its crystalline murmur be tuning And the spring that rings with laughter
of the balmy flowers to the zephyr's mellow crooning upon this joyful day
upon this festive day? as among the flowers it flows? with its murmur seems to say:
"Live happily ever after!"
Why from woods and vales Why seems to me more endearing,
do we hear sweet measures ringing more fair than on other days, And from that spring in the grove
that seem to be the singing the dawn's enchanting face now turn to hear the first note
of a choir of nightingales? among red clouds appearing? that from my lute I emote
to the impulse of my love.
Why in the grass below The reason, dear mother, is
do birds start at the wind's noises, they feast your day of bloom:
unleashing their honeyed voices the rose with its perfume,
as they hop from bough to bough? the bird with its harmonies.
Rizal’s poem on Education. He expressed his ideas on the value or education in his poem “Through
Education the Country Receives Light” (Por la Education Recibe Lustre la Patria). He stressed that
responsible education instils in the youth, noble ideas and sublime virtues. Learning infuses truth, and discipline
brings peace, glory and tranquillity to the nation.

Por la Education Recibe Lustre la Patria. “Through Education the Motherland Receives Light” (1 April
1876). This poem shows Rizal's high regard for education. He strongly believed in the important role which
education plays in the development and progress of a nation.
Wise education, vital spirit, Thus education without measure gives For in her sons' noble breast
Instills an enchanting virtue, To the country were peace securely dwells. virtue transplanted vigorous flowers;
She elevates the country to the lofty seat Where wise education raises a throne And in the love of good ever strong
of immortal dazzling glory Vigorous youth robustly grows, Rulers and masters shall see
And as the gently puff of the fresh breeze That subdues error with firm resolve The people noble who with faithful
Again turns green the hue of fragrant flower happiness
Thus education, with learned hand, Ever seek Christian education
Beneficently exalts the human being And with noble ideas exalts itself
The cervix of vice she breaks; And like the golden morning sun sheds
For her the mortal sacrifices Black crime before her pales; Resplendent rays of gold,
His existence and placid repose Barbarous nations she tames. And like the beautiful golden and scarlet
For her born are seen art and science And of savages champions she makes. dawn
That crown the human with beautiful laurels; Scatters its refulgent colors;
And as a form the eminence of lofty mountain In sapphires may her deeds be carved; Thus noble instruction cheerfully offers
Springs pure torrent of the wavy river; Let the country a thousand honors pay her; The virtue of pleasure to the living
And to beloved illustrious country
Immortal splendor and luster she offers.
There were other poems written by Jose Rizal while in Ateneo as inspired by Father Sanchez: “to make full use
of his God-given talents in poetry and to open his mind to the rich influence of the world's literature”.
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics religion, education, childhood memories, and war. They were as
follows:
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) - A tender poem in honor of Calamba, the hero's
natal town.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and
Good Education).
3. Por la Education Recibe Lustre la patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light).
4. Ed Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prison de Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph:
Battle ot Lucena and the impnsonment of Boabdil). This martial poem described the defeat and
capture of Boabdil, the last Moorish sultan of Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Irumphal Entry of the Catholic
Monarch into Granada). This poem relates the victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel into
Granada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain.
A year later, in 1877, he wrote more poems. It was his last year in Ateneo. Among the poems written that
year were:
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) - This poem praises Columbus, the discoverer of
America.
2. Colon y Juan I (Columbus and John 1) - This poem related how King John II of Portugal missed fame
and riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.
3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) - This is a legend in verse of
the tragic life of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students) - This was
the last poem written by Rizal in Ateneo; it is a poignant poem of farewell to his Classmates.
LAST YEAR OF RIZAL ATENEO (1876-1877)
He excelled in all subjects and won five medals at the end or the school term.
 He proudly offered all his excellent ratings and medals to his parents, a way to repay them for their sacrifices
and love was considered, the most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the “Pride of Jesuits.” His
scholastic records at the Ateneo from 1872 to 1877 were as follows:
1872-1873 RATING 1874-1875 1875-1876 RATING
Arithmetic Excellent Arithmetic and Algebra Excellent French 1

Greek 1 Excellent Greek 3 Excellent Geometry and Trigonometry Excellent
Latin 1 Excellent History of Spain and the Excellent Rhetoric and Poetry Excellent
Spanish 1 Excellent Philippines Excellent
Latin 3 Excellent
Spanish 3 Excellent
1873-1874 Universal History Excellent 1876-1877
Greek 2 Excellent Botany and Zoology Excellent

Latin 2 Excellent Mineralogy and Chemistry Excellent
Spanish 2 Excellent Philosophy 1 Excellent
Universal Excellent Philosophy 2 Excellent
Geography Physics Excellent

The academic excellence of Rizal and his literary skills qualified him for membership in two exclusive
organizations at the Ateneo.
 Namely, "The Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Science" where he
became the "prefect".
He also joined the Marian Congregations, namely, Sodality of Our Lady and Apostleship of Prayer, he
became the secretary of these Marian Congregations.
First Romance of Rizal. Shortly after his graduation from the Ateneo, Rizal, who was then sixteen years old,
experienced his first romance “that painful experience which comes to nearly all adolescents." The girl was
Segunda Katigbak, a pretty fourteen-year old Batangueña from Lipa. In Rizal's own words: “She was rather
short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others, r0sy-cheeked, with an
enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph; her entire self
diffused a mysterious charm.”
One Sunday Rizal visited his maternal grandmother who lived in Trozo, Manila. He was accompanied by his
friend, Mariano Katigbak. His old grandmother was a friend of the Katigbak family of Lipa. When he reached his
grandmother's house, he saw other guests. One of whom was an attractive girl, who mysteriously caused his heart
to palpitate with strange ecstasy. She was the sister of his friend Mariano, and her name was Segunda.
His grandmother's guests, who were mostly college students, knew of his skill in painting, so that they urged him
to draw Segunda's portrait. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. From time to time, he
reminisced later, “she looked at me, and I blushed.”
Rizal came to know Segunda more intimately during his weekly visits to La Concordia College, where his sister
Olimpia was a boarding student. Olimpia was a close friend of Segunda. It was apparent that Rizal and Segunda
loved each other. Theirs was indeed "a love at first sight."
But it was hopeless since the very beginning because Segunda was already engaged to be married to her town
mate, Manuel Luz. Rizal, for all his artistic and intellectual prowess, was a shy and timid lover. Segunda had
manifested, by insinuation and deeds, her affection for him, but he timidly failed to propose.
The last time they talked to each other was one Thursday in December, 1877, when Christmas vacation was about
to begin. He visited Segunda at La Concordia College to say good-bye because he was going home to Calamba the
following day. She on her part told him she was also going home one day later. She kept quiet after her brief reply,
waiting for him to say something her heart was clamouring to hear.
But Rizal failed to come up to her expectation. He could only mumble: “Well, good-bye. Anyway I‟ll see you when
you pass Calamba on your way to Lipa.”
Three years later, Rizal, recording his first and tragic romance, said: “Ended, at an early hour, my first love! My
virgin heart will always mourn the reckless step it took on the flower-decked abyss. My illusions will return,
yes, but indifferent, uncertain, ready for the first betrayal on the path of love.”
RIZAL’S STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSIY OF SANTO TOMAS 1877- 1882
For higher studies, after graduation from Ateneo, he pursued his studies at the University of Sto. Tomas.
 The Bachelor of Arts course during the Spanish times was equivalent only to the high school and Junior
College courses today.
His mother Doña Teodora was opposed to his son's pursuing higher education in Manila because she was
reminded of the fate of intelligent Filipinos like the priests GOMBURZA.
Don Francisco believed of the great future that awaited his son whose intelligence was among the "best" during
his time.
During his first year at UST he studied simultaneously at Ateneo, taking up vocational course leading
to the title of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor) with grades of “Excellent” but was not given the title
because he was only 17 years old.
He finally decided to take up medicine with the advice of Fr. Pablo Ramon, the Director of Ateneo de Manila
with the intention and desire to cure Doña Teodora's failing eyesight.
Romances with other Girls. Notwithstanding his academic studies in the University of Santo Tomas and
extra-curricular activities in the Ateneo, Rizal had ample time for love. He was a romantic dreamer who liked to
sip the “nectar of love”. His sad experience with his first love had made him wiser in the ways of romance.

Shortly after losing Segunda Katigbak, he paid court to a young woman in Calamba. In his memoirs, he called her
simply Miss L, describing her as “fair with seductive and attractive eyes.” After visiting her in her house several
times, he suddenly stopped his wooing, and the romance died a natural death. Nobody today knows who this
woman Rizal himself, did not give her name. Hence, her identity is lost to his history. However, he gave two
reasons for his change of heart, namely: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still in his heart and (2)
his father objected to the match.
Several months later, during his sophomore year at the University of Santo Tomas, he boarded in the house of
Doña Concha Leyva in Intramuros. The next-door neighbours of Dona Concha were Capitan Juan and Capitana
Sanday Valenzuela, parents of a charming girl named Leonor.
Rizal, the medical student from Calamba, was a welcomed visitor in the Valenzuela home, where he was the life of
the social parties because of his clever sleight-of-hand tricks. He courted Leonor Valenzuela, who was a tall
girl, "almost as tall as Jose himself," and had a regal bearing. He sent her love notes written in invisible ink.
This ink consisted of common table salt and water. It left no trace on the paper. Rizal, who knew his chemistry,
taught Orang (pet name for Leonor Valenzuela) the secret of reading any note written in the invisible ink by
heating it over a candle or lamp so that the lettering may appear. But as with Segunda, he stopped short of
proposing marriage to Orang.
Rizal's next romance, which modern writers have glamorized, was with another Leonor – Leonor Rivera – his
cousin from Camiling. In 1879, at the start of his junior year at the university, he lived in "Casa Tomasina”, a
boarding house managed by his uncle, Antonio Rivera at No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros. His landlord-
uncle had a pretty daughter, Leonor, a student at La Concordia College, where Soledad (Rizal's youngest sister)
was then studying. Leonor, born in Camiling, Tarlac, on April 11, 1867, was a frail, beautiful girl, “tender as a
budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes.” Between Jose and Leonor sprang a tenderly beautiful romance. They
became engaged. In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as “Taimis,” in order to camouflage their
intimate relationship from their parents and friends.
Experience of Spanish Brutality. Rizal experienced his first taste of Spanish brutality when he was in
Calamba spending summer vacation after a long tedious study as medical student of UST.
One night while he was walking alone along a dark street, Rizal tailed to recognize the Spanish civil
guard, passing by his side, thus, he did not bow, salute or greet the man. At a striking distance, the civil
guard (Guardia Civil) whipped Rizal mercilessly at the back with a stingray tail (buntot pagi). He
suffered from the wounds inflicted on his back that lasted for two weeks before it was completely healed.
He could not accept such brutal treatment. When the incident was reported to the captain General
Primo de Rivera, he was even reprimanded and even told Rizal that he should be thankful for being still
alive and spared by the civil guard.
RIZAL’S ARTISTIC WORKS
While at UST, Jose Rizal showed his literary prowess.
In the year 1879, the Artistic-literary Lyceum of Manila (Liceo Artistico-Literario) a society whose
members were literary artists held a contest in poetry writing and composition.
The contest was opened to natives or mestizos. Rizal joined the contest and submitted his poem "To the
Filipino Youth" (A La Juventud Filipino). It is an inspiring poem of very significant form. Rizal pleaded to
the Filipino youth to rise from their complacency and show their talents and skills.
To The Filipino Youth | A La Juventud Filipina
Unfold, oh timid flower! Lift up your radiant Doth offer a shining crown, Transformed into immortal state
brow, With wise and merciful hand The pure mem‟ry of genius great;
This day, Youth of my native strand! To the son of this Indian land.
Your abounding talents show And you, who with magic brush
Resplendently and grand, You, who heavenward rise On canvas plain capture
Fair hope of my Motherland! Soar high, oh On wings of your rich fantasy, The varied charm of Phoebus,
genius great, Seek in the Olympian skies Loved by the divine Apelles,
And with noble thoughts fill their mind; The tenderness poesy, And the mantle of Nature;
The honor‟s glorious seat, More sweet than divine honey
May their virgin mind fly and find Run! For genius' sacred flame
More rapidly than the wind. You of heavenly harmony, Awaits the artist's crowning
On a calm unperturbed night, spreading far and wide the fame
Descend with the pleasing light Philomel's match in melody, Throughout the sphere proclaiming
Of the arts and sciences to the plain, That in varied symphony With trumpet the mortal‟s name
Oh Youth, and break forthright Dissipate man's sorrow's blight;
The links of the heavy chain Oh, joyful, joyful day,
That your poetic genius enchain You at th' impulse of your mind The Almighty blessed be
The hard rock animate Who, with loving eagerness
See that in the ardent zone, And your mind with great pow'r consigned Sends you luck and happiness
The Spaniard, where shadows stand,

After the Board of Judges exercised their expert reading and scrutiny of all the entries, Rizal's poem was
chosen as superior, thus winning the first prize and recognition. The prize consisted of a feather shaped silver
pen decorated with a gold ribbon.
The following year, the Liceo again sponsored another competition celebrating the centenary of the death of
Miguel de Cervantes, the national poet of Spain. Again he joined and won the first prize for his play; The
Council of the Gods (El Consejo de los Dioses).
This presented a discussion among the Olympian gods and goddesses as to who the greatest poet was between
Homer, Virgil, or Cervantes. Jupiter was the final judge. The evaluation showed that the works of the three poets
were of equal value. Critics and readers praised the work lavishly. They awarded the first prize to Rizal’s
work due to its superiority and quality. The second was awarded to a Spanish writer. The two prize winning
works proved that an “Indio” could write as well as a Spaniard, or even better.
The allegory gave a parallel among Homer, Virgil and Cervantes. The gods discussed the merits of the great
writers. The decision was to give the trumpet to Homer, the lyre to Virgil, and the laurel to Cervantes. At the end,
the naiads, nymphs, satyrs, and other mythological characters dancing and gathering laurels for Cervantes.
Another literary piece that Rizal penned was the zarzuela; JUNTO al PASIG (Beside the Pasig) which was
staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880 on the occasion of the annual celebration of the Feast Day of
the Immaculate Conception, patroness of the Ateneo.
OTHER LITERARY WORKS OF RIZAL
To the Philippines (A Filipinas) - a sonnet that Rizal dedicated to the Society of Sculptures in 1880.
AL M.R.P. - Birthday greetings to the very reverend Father Pablo Ramon, S.J. Rizal gave honors to the kind
priest who raised his spirit and intelligence. He wrote the poem in January 25, 1881.
The study of Rizal at University of Sto. Tomas (UST) was not meaningful and fruitful just like when he was
at Ateneo. He found the atmosphere at UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit.
He was unhappy at the Dominican institution of higher learning. The professors were hostile to him,
the method of teaching was far from the brilliant method at Ateneo and prejudice and racial discrimination was
prevalent. Because of this situation, Rizal failed to win high scholastic honors. Although his grades in the first
year of the Philosophy course were all "excellent" they were not impressive in the four years of medical courses.
His scholastic records were as follows:
Philosophy & Letters RATING Medicine 2nd Year RATING Medicine 3rd Year RATING
1877-78 1879-80 1880-81
Cosmology & Metaphysic Excellent Anatomy 2 Good General Pathology Fair

History & Philosophy Excellent Dissection2 Good Surgery Good
Theodicy Excellent Physiology Good therapeutics Excellent
Private Hygiene Good
Medicine 1st Year Public Hygiene Good Medicine 4th Year
1878-79 1881-82
Anatomy 1 Good Medical Pathology Very Good

Chemistry 1 Excellent Obstetrics Very Good
Dissection 1 Good Surgical Pathology Very Good
Natural History Good
Physics Fair

D. EVALUATION
I. IDENTIFICATION
Identify the following statements correctly.
1. The teacher of Rizal in Biñan who was a disciplinarian and also a former teacher of Paciano.
2. Jose spent his leisure hours with teacher Justiniano's father-in law, who is a master painter.
3. The school in Manila where Rizal first took the college entrance examination.
4. Don Francisco decided to send Rizal to this school.
5. The school registrar of Ateneo Municipal who refused, to admit Rizal because he was sickly and undersized
for his age.
6. He was Rizal's first professor in Ateneo.
7. After a month of his studies in Ateneo, Rizal became the _____ in the class?
8. This is where Rizal spent his leisure hours by taking private lessons to improve his Spanish?
9. The novel read by Rizal that his imagination was stirred by the hero's (Edmond Dantes) sufferings and his
revenge on his enemies.
10. Rizal courted this tall girl, "almost as tall as Jose himself," who had a regal bearing.
11. The book written by Dr. Feodor Jagor consisting of his keen observation of the detects of Spanish
Colonization in the Philippines.
12. The poem written by Rizal which stressed that education instils in the youth noble ideas and sublime virtues
toward the development and progress of a nation.
13. The professor who inspired Jose Rizal to study hard and to write poetry, which Rizal considered his best
professor in Ateneo.
14. It is a tender poem written by Rizal in honor of Calamba, his natal town.
15. Between Jose and this frail and beautiful girl, who is her cousin, sprang a tenderly beautiful romance and
they became engaged.
16. This was the last poem written by Rizal in Ateneo; it is a poignant poem of farewell to his classmates.
17. Rizal earned this title on his first year in UST but was not given the title because he was only 17 years old.
18. Jose Rizal‟s reason in taking up medicine in UST.
19. A society that held a contest in poetry writing and composition, whose members were literary artists.
20. The first prize winning poem of Rizal while at UST which he pleaded to the youth to rise from their
complacency and use their talents and skills.
21. Rizal penned this literary piece which was staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880.
22. Another winning poem of Rizal in a competition.
23. One of the reasons why Jose stopped seeing Miss L.
24. It is a sonnet that Rizal dedicated to the Society of Sculptures in 1880.
25. Rizal wrote this birthday greeting poem to the very reverend Father Pablo Ramon, S.J, as an honour to the
kind priest who raised his spirit and intelligence.
26. Jose Rizal was nearly eleven years old when this tragic event happened, which further buttressed his
determination to consecrate his life to combat the evil forces of his times.
27. She was Rizal‟s first romance and heartbreak.
28. Rizal described her as “fair with seductive and attractive eyes.”
29. It is the first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in the Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on
her birth day.
30. The execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora occurred on?
II. ESSAY
1. Compare the Jesuit's system of education (Ateneo) and that of the Dominicans (UST).
2. Describe or explain how the classes in Ateneo were grouped to enhance competition for supremacy. What
can you say about this classroom setting?
3. Describe and explain the ways and means that Jose Rizal made use of his talents, spent his money and
leisure time. Knowing what kind of student Rizal is, what can you say about it?
4. Choose a poem of Rizal in this lesson that you like, explain its message and the reason you like it.
5. Name at least three of the qualities or virtues of Rizal as a student which you can also put to practice while
you are studying.

4.3 JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVELS, STUDIES ABROAD
FIRST TRAVEL
Decision to go Abroad
Jose Rizal continued his four years of the medical course at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). The academic
freedom that he had enjoyed while at the Ateneo was weakened by the racial prejudice and limitations at the UST.
Nevertheless, he finished his course for he wanted to treat the failing eyesight of his mother. His general average
was creditable but he found the classroom inadequate for his academic curiosity. He then decided to
continue his studies in Spain.
Aside from continuing his studies abroad, he intended to observe the life, culture, industries, government and
laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in his obsession to liberate the Filipino people from
Spanish tyranny.
The plan was not known to his parents because they would surely disapprove of his leaving for Spain. His older
brother Paciano, his two sisters, Saturnina and Lucia, his uncle Antonio Rivera and other friends supported him.
Travel for Spain
Using the name Jose Mercado, Jose Rizal's departure for Spain was made possible. His brother Paciano gave
him 356 pesos and a Jesuit priest gave him letter of recommendation to the members of their society in
Barcelona.
On May 3, 1882, Rizal left on board the Spanish steamer ship Salvadora bound for Singapore. He was the only
Filipino and the rest were Spaniards, British and Indian Negroes. He got along famously with his fellow
passengers, some of them older than him, whom he defeated in chess. Even the ship Captain, Donato Lecha, from
Asturias Spain had made friend with Rizal.
After five days of sailing, the Salvadora reached the English Colony of SINGAPORE. He registered at Hotel
dela Paz. His two-day stopover was spent most of the time in visiting the historic places, temples, botanical
garden, art galleries and the statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (Founder of Singapore in 1819).
From Singapore to Colombo, Sri-Lanka
From Singapore he boarded the DJEMNAH, a French streamer bound for Europe on May 11, 1882. French
was mostly spoken on board. To his surprise, the French he learned at the Ateneo could not be understood. He
gradually improved his facility of the language by conversing daily with the passengers.
On May 17, 1882, Djemnah made its stopover at the POINT GALLE. He noted, "Point Galle, a seacoast town in
southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) which is picturesque but lonely, quiet and at the same time sad. The ship then
headed north and on May 18 docked at COLOMBO, capital of Ceylon. Rizal wrote, "Colombo is more beautiful,
smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila.
Trip through Suez Canal
The Djemnah continued to voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the CAPE OF GUARDAFUI, the barren coast
of Africa which for Rizal was an inhospitable land but famous. The next stopover was in ADEN. This was the first
time Rizal stepped in African soil and saw real camels. From Aden, the Djemnah arrived at the PORT SAID in
the CITY OF SUEZ, the Red Sea Terminal of Suez Canal. Rizal was fascinated to hear the multiracial inhabitants
speaking “A babel of tongues” Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish etc.
From PORT SAID, the ship traversed the Suez Canal and on June 11, arrived at Napoli (now NAPLES, Italy).
Passengers were allowed to move around the place and Rizal never wasted time to explore the first European
territory in his sight. He was pleased because of its business activities, its lively people, and its panoramic beauty
like Mt. Vesuvius, the Castle of Saint Telmo, and other historic sights.
After the brief stop at Napoli, the ship proceeded to Marseilles and arrived at the French harbor on June 12,
1882. He visited the famous chateau d’if where DANTES, the hero of “The Count of Monte Cristo” was
imprisoned. He enjoyed reading this novel of Alexander Dumas when he was at the Ateneo. In the afternoon of
June 15, Rizal left Marseilles by train bound for Barcelona. The train crossed PYRENEES and stropped for a
day at PORT BOU for passport inspection and they finally reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882, the second
largest city of Spain and the greatest city of Cataluna.

Jose Rizal's first impression of the city was not favourable for he happened to stay upon his arrival at a dirty inn
wherein the staff and guests were indifferent to him. However, as he had stayed in the city this impression had
changed and found Barcelona to be really a great city. The people were courageous, open-hearted and hospitable,
and most of all the atmosphere or freedom and liberalism was felt. Filipinos in Barcelona, some of whom were his
schoolmates in Ateneo welcomed him. He was given a party at their favorite café in PLAZA DE CATALUÑA, with
customary exchange or toast. The acquaintances, the attractions of the city and the go0d Customs of the Spanish
people were the opposite of those in the Philippines.
While in Barcelona, Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled, Love Of Country (Amor Patria) which was his
first article written in Spain's soil under the penname Laong Laan. He sent this to his friend Basilio
Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first Manila newspaper that published both Spanish
and Tagalog. This AMOR PATRIA was published on August 20, 1882 in two texts. The Tagalog text was the
translation made by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
In this essay, he urged the Filipinos to love the Philippines, their fatherland. He wanted them to be free, to be
people with dignity and honor according to God's plan and not slaves. He was requested by his friend to write
more articles because had caused a sensation to the readers because of its nationalistic fervor. In response to the
request, he wrote the second article for Diariong Tagalog Los Viajes (Travels). His third article entitled
Revista De Madrid (Review of Madrid) was returned to him for Diariong Tagalog had stopped publication
because of lack of funds.
In Madrid
With unwavering determination, prodigious energy and talent, he left Barcelona on November 3, 1882. He
enrolled at the Central University of Madrid (Universidad Central de Madrid) for the Licentiate in
Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. He followed systematic and well-organized schedule of study because
he wanted to learn so much within a short time. To enhance his artistic talents, he also took up lessons in painting
and sculpture at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando) as
well as lessons in French, German and English under private instructors.
During his free hours, he practiced fencing and shooting or he attended lectures, visited art galleries and
museums, and read books on all subjects including military engineering. He rigidly budgeted money and time. He
lived fugally, with immense capacity for two
He was a voracious reader who could stay until midnight reading action and non-fiction novels, which a habit
he acquired early in life at home. With the many books he had read, two books left a depression on him that
heightened his sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people. These were Uncle Tom's Cabin by Hariet
Beecher Stowe and The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue.
Rizal joined the Hispano-Philippine Circle (Circulo Hispano Filipino), a society of Spaniards and
Filipinos shortly after his arrival in Madrid. Upon the request or the members of this society, he wrote poem
entitled, THEY ASK ME FOR VERSES (ME PIDEN VERSO) which he personally declaimed during the New
Year's Eve reception in Madrid last December 31, 1882. In this sad poem, he poured out the cry of his
agonizing heart, his loneliness and sadness of being alone in a foreign land.
They Ask Me for Verses (Mi Piden Versos)
He wrote this poem in 1882 while he was enrolled at the Universidad de Madrid. Addressed to his mother, he
bared his loneliness and sadness of being alone in a foreign shore. He showed also the physical and emotional
strains of his crusade for freedom.
An Excerpt from: They Ask me For Verses (Mi Piden Versos)
While in my childhood years I left her...My native snore,

At her sun I could keep smiling, A tree leafless and dry
In my breast I felt a-boiling It no longer repeats the sigh,
A volcano that sears Of my melodies of yore.
A bard was I cause with my verse The vast seas I did cross o'er
And breath I'd say to the swift To change my lot was my dream,
Wind: "fly her greatness lift Which my madness did not seem
And forthwith make it known. To note that, instead of the good
Sing it from zone to zone; I sought, the sea with me ploughed
To the firmament from the earth! With death's apparition grim.
He lamented that he did not have “love, fervour and eagerness” anymore for he left them “beneath the sky of so
flowery a region,” the Philippines.
During his first summer vacation in Madrid from June 17 to August 20, 1883 he went to Paris which is
the famous capital of France. Like all tourists, Rizal was attracted to the sights of Paris like the beautiful

boulevards (Champs Elysses), the arch of Triumph, the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the Invalides
(containing the tomb of Napoleon the Great). He also observed closely the French way of life; visiting museums,
the world famous Louvre botanical garden in Luxemburg; Laennec Hospital and Sariboisiere Hospital where he
observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients.
Among the significant developments in Rizal's life in Madrid was his becoming a mason. He came in close contact
with the Spanish liberals and republicans who were mostly masons. He was impressed by the way the Spanish
masons openly and really criticized and attacked the government and the church which could not be done in the
Philippines for they will be jailed or executed if they do so. He discovered the political possibilities of becoming a
Mason so he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid with the Masonic name DIMASALANG.
Two reasons impelled him to join masonry:

 first, to secure freemasonry's aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines for they use the Catholic
religion as a shield to entrench themselves in power and wealth and persecute the Filipino patriots;
 second, to utilize freemasonry as his shield to combat these problems in the Philippines and for more
mature contacts aid enlightenment as he was writing his Noli Me Tangere.
He had been awarded the diploma as Master Mason on Feb. 15, 1892. After joining the masons, Rizal
naturally ceased going to mass and wander from the faith. He continued to have faith in Divine Providence, a
testimony to the deep imprint of Catholicism in his soul.
While in Madrid, the Filipinos including Rizal were having financial problems. However, they were inspired by
the victory of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo. Luna's painting, "Spolarium" won first prize
gold medal while Hidalgo's painting, "Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace" was awarded second
prize silver medal in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. It was an exalting moment for the Filipino
colony in Madrid and Rizal was invited to give the principal speech held in the evening of June 25, 1884.
It was attended by prominent Spanish artists, newspapermen, statesmen and Filipinos. He saluted Luna and
Hidalgo as the two glories of Spain and the Philippines. Speaking in sonorous Castilian, he held his audience
spellbound. He concluded with refined sarcasm the abuses and blindness of some Spaniards who could not
comprehend a university genius. He significantly conducted his memorable speech by offering a toast to Luna
and Hidalgo to the Youth of the Philippines to Mother Spain, and to the Filipino parents whose sons are in
Europe. The magnificent speech of Rizal was greeted with wild ovations, for they have not heard such speech
from the lips of a brown Filipino which was almost peerless in nobility of thoughts, in Spanish rhetoric eloquence
and sincerity of feelings.
Romance with Consuelo Ortega y Rey. Rizal used to visit the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey every
saturday evening. He and other Filipino students played parlor games with his two daughters, Pilar and Consuelo.
It was Consuelo who awakened the sparks of love in Rizal's heart.
Consuelo loved Rizal. She wrote in her diary that she knew Rizal loved her, though he did not say it. Rizal gave
her flowers which she affectionately cherished. Rizal really almost lost his heart to the pretty Madrileña. True that
he was engaged to Leonor Rivera, but she was far away, and he was lonely in Madrid. On August 22 1883, he
wrote a lovely poem entitled A la Señorita C.0. y R.
With great will power, Rizal did not allow the romance to go on for two reasons; (1) he was still engaged to
Leonor Rivera and he would not want to be unfaithful to her and (2) Eduardo de Lete, his friend, was deeply in
love with Consuelo, and he did not want to break their friendship just for a wisp of a girl. Thus in the summer of
1883 he made a quick trip to Paris in order to forget Consuelo.
RIZAL'S EDUCATION IN SPAIN
Rizal followed a systematic and well-organized schedule of study.
 He completed his medical course and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
central de Madrid on June 21, 1884 that made him a full-pledged physician, qualified to practice medicine.
 The next academic year (1884-1885), he studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of
Medicine but was not awarded his Doctor's Diploma for he did not submit the thesis as a requirement
for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees.
 At the same time, he was also awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters on June
19, 1885 with the rating of “Sobresaliente” (Excellent).
 The degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred on him posthumously in 1961 during the centenary of his
birth.

RIZAL IN PARIS AND BERLIN (1885-1887)
With Rizal's relentless search for relevant education and advance studies, he went to Paris, France and
Berlin, Germany to specialize in Ophthalmology because he wanted to cure his mother's eye ailment.
On his way to Paris, he stopped at Barcelona to visit his friend, Maximo Viola, a medical student who belonged
to a rich family in San Miguel, Bulacan and Don Miguel Morayta, the owner of La Publicidad.
He arrived in Paris in October of 1885 and stayed there for four months as an assistant to Dr. Louis de
Weckert a leading French Ophthalmologist. After four months and concentrated study, he learned the
medical techniques of an eye operation.
During his stay in Paris, he visited the studio of Juan Luna, the home of Pardo de Tavera and Felix Resurrecion
Hidalgo. They had long hours of discussions on the many problems of art and learned techniques of his own. He
helped Luna by posing as a model in several paintings like
 “The Death of Cleopatra” where he posed as the Egyptian priest

 “The Blood Compact”, he posed as Sikatuna with Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera taking the role or
Legazpi.
Rizal in Historic Heidelberg, Germany
His limited allowance and his desire to learn more about eye ailments prompted him to go to Germany, where the
cost of living was cheaper than in Paris.
 On February 3, 1886, he reached Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university. He
worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction and Supervision of Dr. Otto Becker a
distinguished renowned German ophthalmologist.
 He attended the lectures of Doctor Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the University.
 During weekends, Rizal visited scenic spots around Heidelberg, the famous Heidelberg Castle, the romantic
Neckar River, the old churches. He noticed ne ueman CatholicS and Protestants practiced ecumenism for
they lived together in harmony and cordiality. Half of the town churches was used by Catholics and the other
by the Protestants. During his stay in Heidelberg he lived with a Protestant pastor Dr. Karl Ullmen,
who became his g00d friend. The two had many friendly conversations on the merits of Catholicism and
Protestantism. Rizal, a Mason by this time, ably defended Catholicism. In the Spring of 1886, Rizal was
fascinated by the blooming flowers along the banks of the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite flower
- the light blue "forget me not"
A Las Flores de Heidelberg. "To The Flowers of Heidelberg" (22 April 1886) was written during his
stay in the city of Heidelberg, Germany. He was inspired by the pretty flowers strewn along the banks of the
Neckar River. In this poem, he revealed his longings for his native land. Rizal sent his message of love and taith in
the Philippines.
Go to my country, exotic flow'rs. Say though that when the breeze Bring with thee, flow'rs!
Sown by the traveler on this path, That steals among your scents Love to my amours.
And 'neath her cerulean skies, To your murmurs songs of love a playing Peace to my country with fecund soil,
That keep my loves in their bow'rs, He too was murmung To her women virtue, to her men faith
Tell them about the faith, Songs of romance in his native accents To sweet and good beings health
For his native land, the pilgrim sighs And when the sun yields the spirit That shelters the home holy and paternal.
Go ye and say, say that when the dawn Of Koenighsthul in the morning
Open' d your calyx tor the first time. And the tepid fire
By the frozen Neckar's side, The vale, woods and the thick (growth)
You saw him silent beside He salutes that sun at its (dawn)
You, thinking of your constant springtime. Which in his hand at zenith (shines)
First Letter to Blumentritt
Rizal's pride in his linguistic talents was heightened when he wrote in a German letter to Professor Ferdinand
Blumentritt, Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz Austria on July 31, 1886. He knew that this Austrian
Ethnologist was interested in Philippine languages. In his letter, Rizal said have heard that you are studying our
language and that you had already published some work about it; Permit me to send you a valuable book written
by my countryman in our language.
The Spanish version is mediocre because the author is only a modest writer, but the Tagalog part is good, and it is
previously the language spoken in our province.
With the letter, he sent the book which he mentioned and was entitled ARITHMETICA (ARITHMETIC) in
our language Spanish and Tagalog by University of Santo Tomas press in 1868 authored by Rufino Baltazar

Hernandez, a native of Sta. Cruz Laguna. Blumentritt was impressed of Rizal‟s letter and he reciprocated by
sending Rizal two books as a gift. This marked the beginning or their correspondence, also their friendships that
lasted all their lives. Blumentritt became the best friend of Rizal. Rizal was fortunate to see the fifth
century celebration of the University of Heidelberg August 6, 1886. It was three days before his departure, and he
was sad because he had come to love the beautiful city and its hospitable people, which he lamented; if he will be
able to return to this place again.
D. EVALUATION
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify the following statements correctly.
1. Rizal joined this society of Spaniards and Filipinos shortly after his arrival in Madrid.
2. When didRizal finally reached Barcelona?
3. What was the name Rizal used to make his departure for Spain possible?
4. When did Rizal left on board the Spanish steamer ship SALVADORA bound for Singapore.
5. Rizal boarded this French streamer bound for Europe.
6. On what date Djemnah made its stopover at the POINT GALLE.
7. Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters.
8. What penname Rizal used when he wrote the essay, Love of Country?
9. Publisher of DIARIONG TAGALOG whom Rizal sent his first essay.
10. Rizal went to Paris, France and Berlin, Germany to specialize in?
11. It was the first Manila newspaper that published both Spanish and Tagalog.
12. How much money did Paciano gave to Rizal for his departure to Spain?
13. It was the date Rizal left the Barcelona.
14. Rizal enrolled in this university for the Licentiate in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters.
15. Give one activity Rizal always do during his free hours.
16. Rizal also took up lessons in painting and sculpture at this institution to enhance his artistic talents.
17. Rizal was awarded the diploma as Master Mason on this date.
18. Rizal worked at the University Eye Hospital in Germany under the direction and supervision of this
distinguished renowned German ophthalmologist.
19. One of the two books that left a depression on him that heightened his sympathy for the oppressed and
unfortunate people, written by Hariet Beecher Stowe.
20. Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid with this Masonic name.
21. Rizal stayed in Paris and became an assistant for four months to this leading French Ophthalmologist.
22. Rizal posed as the Egyptian priest in this painting.
23. Arriving at Marsielles, Rizal visited this famous place where Dantes, the hero of "The Count of Monte Cristo"
was imprisoned.
24. Aside from attending lectures of Dr. Becker while in Germany, Rizal also attended the lecture of this
professor.
25. When did Rizal completed his medical course and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the
Universidad central de Madrid?
26. Rizal became best friend with this professor a Director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz Austria.
27. One of the two books that left a depression on him that heightened his sympathy for the oppressed and
unfortunate people, written by Eugene Sue.
28. During this two-day stopover in Singapore, Rizal registered at this hotel.
29. Rizal possed as Sikatuna in this painting.
30. On his way to Paris, Rizal stopped at Barcelona to visit his friend a medical student who belonged to a rich
family in Philippines.
II. MATCHING TYPES. Match the literary piece being asked in Column A to its correct title in Column B
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. The nationalistic essay Rizal wrote which was his first article written in Spain's a. A Las Flores de
soil and was published on August 20, 1882. Heidelberg
2. In 1882 Rizal wrote this poem upon the request or the members of this society, b. Me Piden Verso
c. Amor Patria
which he personally declaimed during the New Year's Eve.
d. Los Viajes
3. Rizal wrote this second article for Diariong Tagalog as a response to the request e. Review Of Madrid
of his friend.
4. This poem was written during his stay in the city of Heidelberg, Germany on
April 22, 1886.
5. It was Rizal third‟s article but returned to him for Diariong Tagalog had stopped
publication because of lack of funds.

III. ESSAY
1. Explain the reasons behind the decision of Rizal to go to Spain.

2. Explain the importance of Rizal's writings during his stay in Madrid to the Filipino cause.
4.4 THE GREAT NOVEL AND THE FIRST HOMECOMING
The Novel; Noli Me Tangere
As a man obsessed with freedom and liberty for the Filipino people, Rizal proposed a book writing project to the
Filipino members of the Circulo Hispano Filipino. The book would deal on the socio-cultural and political aspects
of life in the Philippines. When details were discussed during the meeting, most of the members wanted to write
about the characters and activities of the Filipino women.
Most of them were not interested in Rizal's proposed project. With this, Rizal decided to write the book by
himself. He did not lose hope, using his talent and writing skills he started to write his masterpiece the, “Noli
Me Tangere”. He joined the Brotherhood of Masons for more mature contacts and enlightenment to complete
the book.
He managed to finish the first half of the Noli Me Tangere in Madrid. He continued writing in Paris where
he was inspired through the immortal declaration of the rights of man, that had been passed and being
implemented. He finished it in Germany where scientific research and philosophy were free from the church
and state control.
The Noli Me Tangere was printed in Berlin because Rizal was short of funds. He was charged P3oo.00 for
2,000 copies. His friend Maximo Viola offered to pay the amount and the book was finally released in March
1887.
Rizal studied Hebrew to enable him to interpret the Bible in its original text and be better prepared to defend any
controversial religious issues that Noli Me Tangere might arise. He had translated some passages from the Bible
that he used in his book.
"Noli me tangere" is a Latin phrase that Rizal took from the Bible, meaning "Touch me not." In John 20:13-17,
the newly-risen Christ says to Mary Magdalene: "Touch me not; I have not yet ascended to my Father, but go to
my brethren, and say unto them ascend unto my Father and your Father, and to my God and your God."
Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer as the alternative English title) is a Spanish-language novel written by
José Rizal that is credited with the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of Rizal's time. It was published
in 1887 in Berlin. The novel is commonly referred to by its shortened name Noli. The English translation of
Charles Derbyshire was titled The Social Cancer, although some other translations retain the original Latin.
SUMMARY OF NOLI ME TANGERE
Having completed his studies in Europe, young Juan Crisostomo Ibarra came back to the Philippines
after a 7 year absence. In his honor, Captain Tiago threw a get-together party, which was attended by
friars and other prominent figures. In an unfortunate incident, former curate Father Dámaso belittled
and slandered Ibarra. But Ibarra brushed off the insult and took no offense; he instead politely excused
himself and left the party because of an allegedly important task.
The day after the humble party, Ibarra went to see María Clara, his love interest, a beautiful daughter of
Captain Tiago and an affluent resident of Binondo, Manila. Their long-standing love was clearly
manifested in this meeting, and Maria Clara cannot help but reread the letters her sweetheart had
written her before he went to Europe. Before lbarra left for San Diego, Lieutenant Guevara, a Guardia
Civil, revealed to him the incidents preceding the death of his father, Don Rafael Ibarra, a rich
haciendero of the town.
According to the Lieutenant, Don Rafael was unjustly accused of being a heretic, in addition to being a
filibuster-an allegation brought forth by Father Dámaso because of Don Rafael's non participation in the
Sacraments, such as Confession and Mass. Father Dámaso's animosity against Ibarra's father was
aggravated by another incident when Don Rafael helped out on a fight between a tax collector and a
student fighting, and the former's death was blamed on him, although it was not deliberate. Suddenly,
all of those who thought ill of him surfaced with additional complaints.
He was imprisoned, and just when the matter was almost settled, he got sick and died in jail. Still not
content with what he had done, Father Dámaso arranged for Don Rafael's corpse to be dug up and
transferred from the Catholic cemetery to the Chinese cemetery, because he thought it inappropriate to
allow a heretic such as Don Rafael a Catholic burial ground. Unfortunately, it was raining and because of
the bothersome weight of the cadaver, the men in charge of the burial decided to throw the corpse into
the lake.
Revenge was not in Ibarra's plans; instead he carried through his father's plan of putting up a school,
since he believed that education would pave the way to his country's progress (all over the novel the
author refers to both Spain and the Philippines as two different countries which form part of a same
nation or family, being Spain the mother and the Philippines the daughter). During the inauguration of
the school, Ibarra would have been killed in a sabotage had Elias-a mysterious man who had warned
Ibarra earlier of a plot to assassinate him-not saved him. Instead the hired killer met an unfortunate
incident and died. The sequence of events proved to be too traumatic for María Clara who got seriously
ill but was luckily curpd by the medicine Ibarra sent her.
After the inauguration, Ibarra hosted a luncheon during which Father Dámaso, uninvited and gate-
crashing the luncheon, again insulted him. Ibarra ignored the priest's insolence, but when the latter
slandered the memory of his dead father, he was no longer able to restrain himself and lunged at Father
Dämaso, prepared to stab the latter for his imprudence. As a consequence, Father Damas0
excommunicated Ibarra. Father Damaso took this opportunity to persuade the already-hesitant father of
Maria Clara to forbid his daughter from marrying Ibarra. The friar wished Mara Clara to marry a
Peninsular named Linares who just arrived from Spain.
With the help of the Captain-General, Ibarra's excommunication was nullified and the Archbishop
decided to accept him as a member of the Church once again. But, as fate would have it, Some incident
of which Ibarra had known nothing about was blamed on him, and as wrongly arrested and imprisoned.
But the accusation against him was overruled because during the litigation that followed, nobody could
testify that he was indeed involved. Unfortunately, his letter to Maria Clara somehow got into the hands
of the Jury and was manipulated such that it then became evidence against him.
Meanwhile, in Captain Tiago's residence, a party was being held to announce the upcoming wedding of
Maria Clara and Linares. Ibarra, with the help of Elias, took this opportunity and escaped from prison.
But before leaving, Ibarra talked to Maria Clara and accused her of betraying him, thinking that she gave
the letter he wrote her to the jury. Maria Clara explained to Ibarra that she will never conspire against
him but that she was forced to surrender Ibarra‟s letter to her in exchange for the letters written by her
mother even before she, Maria Clara, was born. The letters were from her mother, Pia Alba, to father
Damaso alluding to their unborn child; and that she, Maria Clara, was therefore not the daughter of
Captain Tiago, but of Father Damaso.
Afterwards, Ibarra and Elias boarded a boat and left the place. Elias instructed Ibarra to lie down and
the former covered the latter with grass to conceal the latter's presence. As luck would have it, they were
spotted by their enemies. Elias thought he could outsmart them and jumped into the water. The guards
rain shots on the person in the water, all the while not knowing that they were aiming at the wrong man.
Mara Clara, thinking that Ibarra has been killed in the shooting incident, was greatly overcome with
grief. Robbed or hope and severe disillusion, she asked Father Damaso to confine her into nunnery.
Father Damaso reluctantly agreed when Maria Clara threatened to take her lifr. Demaninding, the
nunnery of death. Unbeknown to her, Ibarra was still alive. It wa in the forest that Elias found Bassilio
and his lifeless mother sisa.
Noli Me Tangere was Rizal's first novel. He was 26 at its publication. This book was historically significant and
was instrumental in establishing the Filipino's sense of national identity. The book indirectly influenced a
revolution although the author, Jose Rizal, actually advocated for direct representation to the Spanish
government and larger role of the Philippines inside the Spanish political affairs. The novel was written in
Spanish, the language of the educated at a time when Filipinos were markedly segregated by diverse native
languages and regional cultures.
The novel created so much controversy that only a few days after his arrival, Governor-General Emilio
Terrero summoned him to the Malacañang Palace and told him of the charges saying that the Noli Me Tangere
was full of subversive ideas. After a discussion, the liberal Governor General was appeased; but he mentioned that
he was unable to offer resistance against the pressure of the Church to take action against the book. The
persecution can be discerned from Rizal's letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt in Letmeritz:
“My book made a lot of noise everywhere; I am asked about it. They wanted to excommunicate me
because of it… I am considered German spy, an agent of Bismarck, they say I am a Protestant, a
freemason, a sorcerer, a damned soul and evil. It is whispered that I want to draw plans, that I have a
foreign passport and that I wander through the streets by night..

The book was instrumental in creating a unified Filipino national identity and consciousness, as many Filipinos
previously identified with their respective regions to the advantage of the Spanish authorities. It lampooned,
caricatured and exposed various elements in the colonial society.
CHARACTERS OF NOLI ME TANGERE
Rizal included around 30 characters in the novel. Below are some of the major characters of the story that
represent conditions of the Philippines.
1. Crisóstomo Ibarra - also known in his full name as Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, a Filipino who
studied in Europe for 7 years, the love interest of Maria Clara. Son of the deceased Don Rafael Ibarra;
Crisostomo changed his surname from Eibarramendia to Ibarra, from his ancestor's surname. The most
important character in the novel manifesting in him the Filipino who acquired European idea through his
education in Europe. In the novel, Ibarra's personality will result in the disagreements of liberal idealisrn in
education and conservatism represented by the Catholic Church.
2. Elias - Ibarra's mysterious friend, a master boater, also a fugitive. He was referred to at one point as "the
pilot." He wants to revolutionize his country.
3. Maria Clara - Mara Clara de los Santos, Ibarra's sweetheart; the illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso
and Pia Alba. In her, Ibarra has fallen in-love, she also mirrored the Filipina woman of religious upbringing
and orientation, and through her love to Ibarra, and she represents true fidelity and religiosity of the woman
in real Filipino society.
4. Father Damaso - also Known in his full name as Verdoglagas, Franciscan friar and Maria Clara' s biological
father. Antagonist in character and represents the un-Christian works of the Catholic friars who are in the
church.
5. Sisa - the mother or Basilo and Crispin, who became insane after losing her sons. She represented in the
novel a sad plight of the Filipina mothers losing her two sons, Basilio and Crispin. In the novel, Sisa loses her
sanity.
6. Kaptain Tiago - also known in his full name as Don Santiago de los Santos the known father of Maria Clara
but not the real one; lives in Binondo. An illegal opium trader who subsequently was a landlord. He
represented a different view in religion and thus, more of a businessman who used his money to work for
him even in religious life and obligations.
7. Pilosopong Tasyo - also known as Don Anastasio, Portrayed in the novel as pessimistic, cynic, and mad by
his neighbors. He portrays the role or a Philosopher who was completely misunderstood in many aspects, he
argues with the belief or the Catholic Church and social changes and concerns in the novel.
8. DoñaVictorina - Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadaña, a woman who passes herself off as a Peninsulares.
Wife of Don Tiburcio de Espadana, known in the novel as a trying hard rich woman who abhors anything
that is Filipino and clings to Spanish way of life. This kind of character was manifested on some Filipinos of
that time.
9. Pedro - abusive husband of Sisa who loved cockfighting
10. Don Rafael Ibarra - known in the plot as a concerned citizen and property Owner who was the father of
Crisostomo Ibarra. Padre Damaso who played an antagonist role called him a heretic and rebel due to his
view on relating to liberalism in society.
11. The School Master - A teacher at San Diego who's view in the novel represented the weak and useless
education in the Philippines. He attributes the problem from facilities and methods of learning that the friars
implemented in the country.
12. Tandang Pablo - The Leader of the rebels, whose family was destroyed because of the Spaniards.
13. Basilio -the elder son of Sisa.
14. Crispin- the younger son of Sisa who died from the punishment of the soldiers from the false accusation of
stealing an amount of money.
15. Padre Sibyla - Hernando de la Sibyla, a Filipino friar. He is described as short and has fair skIn.
16. Padre Salví - also known in his full name as Bernardo Salvi, a secret admirer of Marla Clara.
17. The Alférez - chief of the Guardia Civil; mortal enemy of the priests tor power in San Diego.
18. Don Tiburcio - Spanish husband of Donya Victorina who was limp and submissive to his wife, he also
pretended to be a doctor
19. Doña Consolación - wife of the alférez, another woman who passed herself as a Peninsular, best
remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa.
20. Captain-General (no specific name) - The most powerful official in the Philippines, a hater of secular
priests and corrupt officials, and a friend of Ibarra.
THE FIRST HOMECOMING
With all beautiful memories of his five years of travel to foreign lands, Rizal could never forget the Philippines, his
Fatherland. Dung the time he was abroad, he studied, acquired knowledge and learned the languages foreign
nations, enjoyed the friendship of many great men of the Western world, but he remained at heart a true Filipino
with an enduring love for the Philippines and very strong determination to serve and die in the land of his birth
the Philippines, he decided to return to Calamba for three reasons:
(1) to operate on his mother’s eyes,

(2) to help his family and the Filipino people; to find out tor himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his
other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines. Last but not the least;
(3) he wanted to find out why Leonora Rivera remained silent while he was in Rome.
On June 29, 1887, Rizal wrote to his father about his homecoming, He expected to be in the Philippines by the
15th to 30th of August 1887.
Rizal boarded the steamer Djemnah on July 3, 1887, the same ship which brought him to Europe 5 years ago;
Rizal was the only Filipino among the passengers (Englishmen, German, Chinese, Frenchmen and also Japanese)
who could speak many languages, so he had a good time acting as interpreter for his companions. He also got
along well with the other passengers by playing chess.
Reaching Saigon, he transferred to another steamer Haiphong which was bound for Manila on August 2, 1887.
He reached Manila on August 6, and was welcomed heartily by his parents, relatives and friends. He found
Manila the same as when he left it 5 years ag0. He returned to Calamba on August 8. He Wrote to
Blumentritt. "I had a pleasant Voyage, found my family enjoying good health and happiness. It was great
seeing each other again. They shed tears of joy and I had to answer their thousands of question at the same
time”
Amidst the happy and peaceful aura of his arrival, his family was worried for his safety. Thus, Paciano did not
leave him protect him from any enemy assault. His own father would not let him go out alone for something else
might happen.
In Calamba, Rizal built a medical clinic with his mother as first patient who was almost blind. He treated his
mother‟s eyes but could not be operated on because her eye contracts were not yet ripe. His coming back as a
doctor spread far and wide. He was called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany. His professional
fees were reasonable, even “gratis” for the poor. He opened a gymnasium for young folks to introduce European
sports, gymnastics, fencing and shooting so as to discourage time being spent in cockfights (sabong) and
gambling.
TROUBLE IN NOLI ME TANGERE
A few weeks after his Stay in Calamba, he received a letter from the Gov. General Emilio Terrero to come to
Malacañang Palace to explain about the subversive ideas contained in the Noli Me Tangere. Rizal went to see the
Governor General. He denied the charges and explained that he merely exposed the truth but he did
not advocate subversion. Pleased by his explanation and curious about the controversial book the Governor
General asked for a copy. Rizal promised to give him one. The Governor General minded Spaniard and knew that
Rizal's life was in danger because he friars were powerful; he assigned a cultured Spanish lieutenant named
Don Jose Traviel de Andrade as his bodyguard. Governor General Terrero read the Noli Me Tangere and
found nothing wrong with it. Nonetheless, he had it banned when reports were submitted to him by the
Commission of Censorship calling for its outright censorship. The banning of the Noli Me Tangere made it more
popular causing everybody among the masses to read the novel at night secretly.
THE ATTACKS OF NOLI ME TANGERE
Salvador Fort printed copies of the commission's report and Fr. Jose Rodriguez printed eight pamphlets
under general heading “Questions of Supreme Interest (Custiones de Sumoditues). Many Filipinos were forced to
buy but they did not believe these Ant-Rizal Pamphlets. The Noli Me Tangere was also attacked in the senate of
the Spanish Cortes. It was also vociferously attacked by the Spanish academician, Vicente Barantes, who was
once a ranking official of the Philippines.
DEFENDERS OF NOLI ME TANGEREE
The Noli Me Tangere had its great defenders who bravely came out to prove the merits or the novel and to
enlighten the unkind attackers. They were the reformers in foreign lands like Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano
Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Dr. Antonio, Ma. Regidor, Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Dr.
Miguel Morayta, and Don Segismundo Moret, a former Minister of the Court.
Father Sanches of Ateneo upheld and praised the Noli in public. Rev. Father Vicente Garcia, a Filipino
Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and a Tagalog Translator of the Famous "Imitation
of Christ by Kempis wrote a defense of the Noli Me Tangere under the penname Justo Desiderio

Magalang. This was published in Singapore as an appendix to a pamphlet dated July 18, 1888. He blasted the
attacks and arguments of Fr. Rodriguez with the following counter-argument:
1. Rizal cannot be an "ignorant man as Fr. Rodriguez alleged, because he was a graduate of Spanish universities
and was a recipient of scholastic honors.
2. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain because what Rizal attacked in the Noli Me Tangere were the bad
Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad corrupt friars and not the Church.
3. Father Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli Me Tangere committed a mortal sin. Since he (Fr.
Rodriguez) had read the novel therefore he also committed mortal sin.
Rizal cried with overwhelming gratitude to Father Garcia's brilliant defense of his Noli Me Tangere. Rizal wrote a
letter Barrantes to defend himself and to expose Barrantes ignorane of the Philippine affairs and mental
dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician. While the controversy over the Noli was raging Rizal was
untouched in Calamba because he was with a bodyguard. Because both of them are young, educated and cultured
with same interest so they became friends.
While Rizal was in Calarmba, his help was sought by the folks for their grievances against the hacienda
management, and they were calling for the central government to impose certain reforms. After a thorough study
of the conditions of the Calamba hacienda which the Dominician Order owned since 1885, he wrote down his
findings which the tenants and the three officials of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888 and was submitted to
the governor general for action.
1. The Hacienda of the Dominician order comprised not only the lands around Calamba but the town of
Calamba.
2. The profits of the Dominician order continuously increased because of the arbitrary increase or the rentals
being paid by the tenants.
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta; for the
education of the children and for the improvement of agriculture
4. Tenants who had spent much labor clearing the lands were ejected from their lands for flimsy reasons.
5. High rates of interest were charged from the tenants for delayed payment of rentals and when the rentals
could not be paid, their carabaos, tools and homes were confiscated.
This report further heightened the anger of the friars and they pressured the governor general to deport him.
Governor Terero refused for there is no valid charge against Rizal in court. Governor General Terrero advised
Rizal to leave the Philippines for his own good and to escape the fury of the friars.
1. His presence in Calamba is endangering the safe and happiness of his family and friends.
2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country's cause efficiently by writing in foreign countries.
Before Rizal left Calamba in 1888, his friends from Lipa requested him to write a poem to commemorate the
town's elevation to a city (villa) by virtue of the Becerra Law of 1888.
He wrote the poem dedicated to the industrious folks of Lipa entitled Hymn to Labor (Himno Al trabajo).
He finished it and sent it to Lipa before his departure from Calamba.
Himno Al Trabajo. "Hymn to Labor" (188) which was written on request in commemoration of Lipa's
elevation from a town to a city. This is an admirable poem because it originated from one who himself worked
hard and worked well. He asked the people to assume their distinctive roles in promoting their country's progress
through the dignity of labor and industry.
HYMN TO LABOR If some youth would show his love

WIVES: Labor his faith will sustain:
For the Motherland in war, Go to work with spirits high,
For the Motherland in peace, For the wife keeps home faithfully, Only a man who struggles and works
Will the Filipino keep watch, Inculcates love in her children Will his offspring know to maintain.
He will live until life will cease! For virtue, knowledge and country.
(Chorus)
MEN When the evening brings repose, CHILDREN:
Now the East is glowing with light, On returning joy awaits you,
Go! To the field to till the land, And if fate is adverse, the wife, Teach, us ye the laborious work
For the labour of man sustains Shall know the task to continue. To pursue your footsteps we wish,
Fam'y, home and Motherland. For tomoTow when country calls us
Hard the land may tum to be, (Chorus) We may be able your task to finish.
Scorching the rays of the sun above... MAIDENS: And on seeing us the elders will say:
Forthe country, wife and children "Look, they're worthy f their sires of
All will be easy to our love. Hail! Hail! Praise to labour, yore!'"
Incense does not honor the dead
(Chorus) Of the country wealth and vigor!
For it brow serene's exalted,
It's her blood, life, and ardor.
D. EVALUATION
I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify the following statements correctly by writing the answer on the space provided
before the number.
1. Character in Rizal's Noli Me Tangere representing a Filipino who acquired ideas through his education in
Europe.
2. The first novel of Dr. Jose Rizal which awakened the minds of Filipinos under the Spanish rule.
3. The antagonist of Rizal's novel who represents the un-Christian works of the Catholic friars.
4. The character in Noli Me Tangere who married the Filipina woman of religious upbringing and orientation.
5. A poem of Rizal for the people in Lipa to commemorate a city in Batangas.
6. The pen name used by the Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ in his defense for "Noli Me
Tangere"
7. He represented the Filipino masses who suffered from Spanish brutalities and abuse due to his weakness in
the novel.
8. The character who argued with the belier of the Catholic Church and social changes in Rizal's novel.
9. The friend of Rizal who offered to pay the amount for the printing Rizals first novel, "Noli Me Tangere"
10. Official who invited Rizal to Malacañang to talk about the subversive ideas of Rizal's novel.
II. TRUE OF FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
1. The first novel of Rizal was printed and published in Ghent, Belgium.
2. Noli Me Tangere was written by Rizal as a way to rebel against the Spaniards.
3. Rizal's reason for his homecoming was to operate on his mother s eyes and to help his family and the Filipino
people.
4. The novel “Noli Me Tangere” did not affect the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
5. Rizal had admitted the subversive ideas contained in the “Noli Me Tangere.”
6. The message of the poem "Hymn to Talisay" is about the hard work of the people to promote progress in
their land.
7. The School Master attributed the problem from facilities and methods of learning that the friars
implemented in the country.
8. Dr. Jose Rizal successfully operated his mother's eyes when he came back to the Philippines.
9. Filipinos read the “Noli Me Tangere” secretly at night because it was banned by Commissi1on or censorship.
10. One of the defenders who said that Rizal attacked the Spanish officials and not Spain, and the corrupt friars.
III. ESSAY
1. Given the chance to be like Rizal who had written his great novel “Noli Me Tangere” that created so much
trouble, what would you do?
2. Describe and explain how Jose Rizal helped the Calamba folks with regard to their problems in the hacienda
that the Dominican order owned.
3. Who among the characters of Rizal‟s Noli Me Tangere you like the most? Explain why.

4.5 JOSE P. RIZAL'S RETURN TO EUROPE
Realizing that Rizal's family and friends' safety were at risk; and that his fight against the Spaniards had better
chance of winning if he had to go abroad, he finally decided to sail back to Europe.
EAST ASIA
Rizal in Hong Kong
The Trip to Hong Kong. On February 3, 1888, after a short stay of six months in his beloved Calamba, Rizal
left Manila for Hongkong. He was sick and sad. To aggravate his discomfiture, he was sick during the crossing of
the choppy China Sea. He did not get off his ship when it made a brief stopover at Amoy for three reasons: (1) he
was not feeling well, (2) it was raining hard, and (3) he heard that the city was dirty.
In Hong Kong, Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel. He was welcomed by the Filipino residents, including Jose
Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and other exiles of 1872. A Spaniard, Jose Sainz de Varanda, who was a
former secretary of Governor Terrero, shadowed Rizal's movement in Hong Kong. It is believed that he was
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
Rizal also visited Macao. On February 18th, accompanied by Basa and while boarded in the steamer Kiu-Kiang, he
was surprised to see among the passengers a familiar figure – Sainz de Veranda. On February 21, Rizal and
Basa returned to Hong Kong.
Departure From Hongkong. On February 22, 1888, Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an
American steamer. His destination was Japan. He did not like the meals on board, but he liked the ship because it
was clean and efficiently managed.
Rizal in Japan
One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his visit to the delightful Land of the Cherry Blossoms for
one month and a half. (February 28-Abril 13, 1888). He was enchanted by the natural beauties of Japan, the
charming manners of the Japanese people, and the picturesque shrines. Moreover, he fell in love with a Japanese
beauty, O-Sei-San, whose loveliness infused joy and romance in his Sorrowing heart. Fate, however, cut short
his happy days in Japan. He had to sacrifice his own happiness to carry on his work for the redemption of his
oppressed people
Rizal Arrives in Yokohama. Early in the morning of Tuesday, February 28, 1888, Rizal arrived in
Yokohama. He registered at Grand Hotel. The next day he proceeded to Tokyo and registered at Tokyo Hotel,
where he stayed from March 2 to 7. He was impressed by the city of Tokyo. He wrote to Professor Blumentritt:
"Tokyo is more extensive than Paris. The walls are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide.”
Rizal's Impressions of Japan. Rizal was favorably impressed by Japan. He was a keen observer, taking
copious notes of the life, customs, and culture of the people. He was no silly, light-headed tourist who merely
enjoys attractive sights that appealed only to the senses. The things which favorably impressed Rizal in Japan
were:
1. The beauties of the country- its flowers, mountains, streams, and scenic panoramas.
2. The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people.
3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women.
4. There were very few thieves in Japan so th8t the houses remained open day and night, and in the hotel room
one can safely leave money on the table.
5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.
However, there is one thing which he did not like in Japan, and that was the popular mode of transportation by
means of rickshaws drawn by men. His sensitive soul recoiled at seeing human beings working like horses,
pulling the carts called rickshaws. He felt disgusted at the way a human being was employed like a horse.
Romance with O-Sei-San. One spring morning in mid-March, 1888, Rizal entered a big store in Yokohoma to
buy something. This was one of the biggest stores in that port city which dealt on Western goods and was owned
by Usui-San, former samurai.
A lovely young woman was then at the store at that time. Seeing that she seemed to be a member of the store staff,
Rizal asked her if she knew English. She replied in the affirmative. In fact, she was very fluent in three languages
Japanese, English, and French. Rizal was glad to converse with her in English and in French. After buying what
he needed, he left. He was impressed by the girl's cameo-like beauty, charming tenderness, and high intelligence.

She had told him that her name was Seiko Usui, that she was the daughter of the store owner, and that she
learned Enghish and French from her private tutors.
In succeeding days Rizal made almost daily visits to the Usuí store. He and the store owner‟s daughter became
good friends. O-Sei-San, her pet name, was then 23 years old, and Rizal, the brown-skinned doctor from Manila,
was 27 years of age.
In due time their friendship bloomed into romance. The sweet-scented cherry blossoms, the balmy soft breezes,
and romantic atmosphere of springtime contributed to amorous relationship. O-Sei-San loved Rizal with all her
heart. Her love was reciprocated by the latter. Her love was reciprocated by the latter. Lonely and homesick in a
foreign land, Rizal succumbed to the siren call of romance. He was but human, endowed by God with emotions
that respond normally to feminine charm and beauty.
O-Sei-San was more than a hero's sweetheart. Being an artist and linguist, she taught Rizal the art of Japanese
painting and improved his knowledge of Japanese language and literature. Rizal and O-Sei-San, both theatre
addicts, attended several kabuki plays, such as Sendaihagi, Manjiro Nakahama, and Chushingura. Rizal was
deeply moved by the chivalrous spirit of Amagawaya Gihei, hero of the play Chushingura, so that he painted a
scene depicting his heroic death to save the life of the lord.
O-Sei-San's beauty and affection almost tempted Rizal to settle down in Japan. At the same time, he was offered a
good job. If he were a man of less heroic mould, of less will power, he would have lived permanently in Japan –
and happily at that with O-Sei-San: but then the world, in general, and the Philippines, in particular, would have
lost a Rizal.
Sayonara, Japan. On April 18, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer, at Yokohama, bound for
the United States. He left Japan with a heavy heart, for he would not see O-Sei-San anymore.
One of Rizal's fellow passengers was Tetcho Suehiro, a Japanese newspaperman who had been jailed twice for
writing articles against the government. He did not know any foreign language so that he could not talk with
other passengers. Rizal, who could fairly talk in Japanese, helped him, and they became good friends.
These two kindred souls – Rizal and Suehiro were advocates of freedom. Both were valiant patriots, implacable
enemies of injustice and tyranny. Rizal told Suehiro of the Spanish misrule in the Philippines, his efforts to
defend his people from Spanish abuses, and his novel Noli Me Tangere which was banned by the Spanish
authorities. Rizal and Suehiro, both exiles, traveled together accross the Pacific, through the United States, and
parted at London.
Suehiro on Rizal. Suehiro admired Rizal for his kindness and genius. It was Rizal who taught him the Western
way. Like Rizal Suehiro kept a diary of his travels. Under the date May 20th, 1889 of his diary, he mentioned how
he bade farewell to Rizal in London.
Suehiro published his book entitled Deaf Traveler; in which be mentioned of his travel with Dr. Rizai from
Yokohama to London via America. The following year, he published his political novel, Storm Over the Southern
Sea, the plot of which was similar to Rizal's Noli. The hero was named Takayama, which was Ibarra in the Noli.
After Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896, which Suehiro mourned deeply, he became prominent in Japan‟s
Journalistic and political circles. He grew rich as editor of Choya Shinbun and later became a member of the
Japanese Parliament.
SAIL TO THE WEST
Rizal in America
Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His arrival in this great country was marred by racial prejudice, for
he saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese passengers by the American authorities. He kept notes of
what he observed during his trip from San Francisco to New York, where he took a ship for England. From his
notes and his letters to his friends, we get a wealth of first-hand impressions of America, some of which were
rather unfavorable but true, Rizal was a man of truth, and he wrote the truth of what he had seen and
experienced.
Arrival in San Francisco. The steamer, Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on Saturday
morning, April 28, 1888. All passengers were not allowed to land. The American health authorities placed the
ship under quarantine on the ground that it came from the Far East where a cholera epidemic was alleged to
be raging. Rizal was surprised because he knew there was no cholera epidemic at that time in the Far East. He
joined the other passengers in protesting the unjustifiable action of the health authorities. The American consul

in Japan had given the ship a clean bill of health, and the British Governor of Hong Kong certified the absence of
cholera cases in China.
He soon discovered that the placing of the ship under quarantine was motivated by politics. The ship was carrying
643 Chinese coolies.3 At that time public opinion on the Pacific coast was against cheap coolie labor because the
coolies from China were displacing white laborers in railroad construction camps. To win the votes of the whites
in California, the administration impeded the entry of Chinese coolies.
Rizal in San Francisco. On Friday afternoon, May 4, the day he was permitted to go ashore, he registered at
the Palace Hotel, which was considered as a first-class hotel in the city. Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two days
– May 4 to 6. The US President that time was Grover Cleveland.
Across the American Continent. On May 6, 1888 Sunday, 4:30 p.m. Rizal left San Francisco for
Oakland, nine miles across San Francisco Bay, by ferry boat. In Oakland, he boarded the train for his trip across
the continent. He took his supper at Sacramento for 754 and slept in his coach.
Early the following morning (May 7), he awoke and had a good breakfast at Reno, now glamourized by American
high-pressure propaganda as “The Biggest Little City in the World.”
Rizal in New York. On Sunday morning, May 13, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across the
American continent. He stayed three days in this city, which he called the "big town." He visited the scenic and
historic places. He was awed and inspired by the memorials to George Washington. Of this great American, he
wrote to Ponce: "He is a great man who, I think, has no equal in this century.'
On May 16, 1888, he left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome, "the second largest ship in the
world at that time. He saw with thrilling sensation the colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island as his ship
steamed out of New York harbor.
Rizal's Impressions of America. Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good
impressions were (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing
industries, and busy factories (2) the drive and energy of the American people; (3) the natural beauties of the
land; (4) the high standard of living (5) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which is
inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom which the Americans talk so much but do not practise.
Thus Rizal wrote to Ponce: “They do not have true civil liberty. In some states the Negro cannot marry a White
woman, nor a White man a Negress. Hatred against the Chinese leads to difficulty for other Asiatics who, like
the Japanese, are mistaken for Chinese by the ignorant, and therefore being disliked, too.”
IN GREAT BRITAIN
After his travels in the United States, Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March, 1889. He chose this
English city to be his new home for three reasons: (1) to improve his knowledge of the English language, (2) to
study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Fiipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the
British Museum, and (3) London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny. In
London, he engaged deeply in Filipiniana studies. He completed annotating Morga's book, he wrote many articles
for La Solidaridad in defense of his people against Spanish critics, he penned a famous letter to the young women
of Malolos, and he carried his voluminous correspondence with Blumentritt and other friends and relatives.
Trip across the Atlantic. The trans-Atlantic voyage of Rizal from New York to Liverpool was a pleasant one.
He won many friends of different nationalities on board the palatial City of Rome because of his friendly nature
and his ability as a linguist. 1fruly, Rizal as a linguist has few peers in the world. He possessed the God-given
talent for languages.
On board the steamer were some American newspapermen on their way to Europe. Rizal discussed with them the
current social and political problems of mankind, and found them to be inadequate in geo-politics. He could not
enjoy their companionship because they were intellectually inferior to him.
Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England, on May 24, 188. He stayed one day in this port City.
Life in London. On May 25, 1888, a day after docking at Liverp0ol, Rizal went to London. For a short time, he
stayed as guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exile of 1872 and a practicing lawyer in London.
By the end of May, he found a modest boarding place at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill. He was a boarder
of the Beckett family. The Becketts were Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul's Church, Mrs. Beckett (his wife) and
three charming daughters, the oldest of the beck Sisters was Gertrude, called "Gettie" by her friends.

Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on
Malayan languages and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal's learning and character and he gladly
recommended him to the authorities of the British Museum. He called Rizal a pearl of a man (una perla de
hombre).
Rizal spent much of his time in the British Museum pouring over the pages of Morga's Sucesos and other rare
historical works on the Philippines. He frequently visited Dr. Regidor and discussed with him problems
pertaining to Philippine affairs.
He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Rost, with whom he had many pleasant discussions on linguistics. He also
played cricket (popular English game) and boxed with Dr. Rost's sons.
In London, Rizal received both good news and bad news from home.
 The good news was that Rev. Vicente Garcia was defending his Noli from the attacks of the friars.
 On the other hand, the bad news was that the Filipino signatories of the “Petition of 1888” and the tenants at
the Calamba agrarian trouble were facing persecution; that his brothers-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo and
Mariano Herbosa, were exiled to Bohol and was denied Christian burial, respectively; and his friend,
Laureano Viado, a UST medical student, was imprisoned for possessing a copy of his Noli.
Romance with Gertrude Beckett. Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beckett sisters
Gertrude. Gettie, as she was called by her family, was a buxom English girl "with brown hair, blue eyes, and pink
cheeks." She was attracted to the talented brown-skinned physician-boarder, and there was no doubt that she was
in love with him. On cold winter mornings, she had a sunny smile for him, chattering gaily like a humming bird.
During the family picnics, she was particularly very happy because Rizal was with them and she gave him all her
attention. And in rainy days when Rizal stayed at home, she helped him mixed his colors for painting or assisted
in preparing the clay for sculpturing.
Rizal, being a normal man, found great delight in Gertrude's companionship. He was on the verge of love,
himself; but, out of loyalty to Leonor Rivera, he could not reciprocate the English girl's affection. He realized their
friendship was drifting to a more serious affair. It was this romantic affair which drove Rizal to Paris in 1889,
leaving London because he could not marry Gertrude.
During his stay in this country, Rizal also made used at his time in writing essays and articles for the La
Solidaridad. On June 12, 1889, with Filipino and Spanish friends, they founded the Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino which aimed for unionism and reforms. After ten months, Rizal left London and departed for Paris.
Before leaving London, he carved several fine sculptural works (1) Prometheus Bound, (2) The Triumph of
Death over Life, (3) The Triumph of Science over Death, and (4) a composite carving of the
heads of the three Beckett sisters. The last-mentioned sculptural work he gave as farewell gift to the Beckett
sisters. Later he sent The Triumph of Death over Life and The Triumph of Science over Death to Blumentritt in
Leitmeritz.
In the middle of March, 1889, Rizal departed for Paris. He was sad as he crossed the English Channel for he-had
many beautiful memories of London.
IN FRANCE
Life of Rizal in Paris
Although life in Paris was gay, with sparkling merriment and joyous social parties, Rizal continued to be busy in
his serious pursuits. Hours were too precious for him to waste. He spent them frugally and fruitfully. Unmindful
of the alluring attractions of the French metropolis which appealed to ordinary young men, he spent most of his
time in the reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale" checking up his historical annotations on Morga's book
and in his living quarters rewriting and polishing the manuscript.
In his spare hours, Rizal used to dine at the homes off his friends, such as the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas, the
Ramirezes, the Rochas, etc. He was a good friend 0f the three Pardo de Taveras Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
physician by avocation and an artist and sculptor by avocation, and Paz Pardo de Tavera, wife of Juan Luna.
These Pardo de Taveras were the children of Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, an exile of 1872 who escaped from the
Marianas and lived in France. According to Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera, Rizal was very fond of Philippine dishes.
Rizal was also a frequent visitor of the Boustead family at No. 8 Rue de Bassins. Mr. Edward Boustead was
born in the Philippines, the son of a rich French businessman of Singapore, and had married a daughter of the
prominent Genato family of Manila. Because of his happy sojourn in Manila and his charming Filipina wife, he
welcomed all Filipinos at his home in Paris and at his villa in Biarritz (France). He particularly took a great liking
for Rizal whose splendid talents amazed him. He had two attractive daughters Nelly (Nellie) and Adelina.
In Paris, Rizal continued his study of languages. He perfected his French so that he could speak and write it like a
Frenchman. He was able to prepare a volume of French exercises as a textbook for students of the French
language He attended, together with Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, certain lectures on Oriental languages in
the University of Paris.
On Sundays, he attended the fencing lessons at the studio of Luna which were given by a French fencing master.
He fenced with the Luna brothers (Juan and Antonio), Valentin Ventura, and the Boustead sisters. Nelly was
good fencer and Rizal enjoyed crossing foils with her.
Moreover, he carried on his artistic hobby. He made two statues The Beggar and "The Maid With A Basket
which he sent to Blumentritt, together with an artistic wallet (petaca) made of Philippine vine (nito).
He organized a social club called Kidlat Club which brought together young Filipinos residing in France. Soon,
the members of the said club founded a new Filipino society – the Indios Bravas, an organization which
envisioned Filipinos being recognized by Spain for being excellent in various fields of knowledge.
Annotated Edition of Morga Published. Rizal's outstanding achievement in Paris in January, 1890 was
the publication of his annotated edition of Morga's Sucesos, which he wrote in the British Museum. It was printed
by Garnier Freres. He dedicated this historical work *TO THE FILIPINOs." The Prologue was written by
Professor Blumentritt, upon the request of Rizal.
Rizal and the Boustead Sisters. Rizal had another romantic affair in Paris. This time it was with Adelina
Boustead, younger sister of the vivacious Nelly (Nellie). He grew fond of her, instead of the athletic Nelly,
because she was quiet, dignified, and refined. On the other hand, the gay-hearted, sports-minded Nelly was
attracted to Antonio Luna, a dashing man of violent passions.
Both Rizal and Luna were frequent visitors at the Boustead home in Paris. Nelly was attracted by the talented
Rizal, with whom she was infatuated. Rizal, however, loved Adelina. Luna was madly in love with Nelly, but the
latter did not reciprocate his affection.
Luna became jealous of Rizal because Nelly was apparently in love with him (Rizal). He rashly thought that Rizal,
his friend was alienating Nelly's affection for him. To preserve their friendship, Rizal had to tell Luna that he had
no amorous interest on Nelly. As a matter-of-fact, he tried his best to promote Luna's suit, but it was hopeless
because Nelly did not love the passionate Ilocano.
Christmas in Paris. December 25, 1889 was a wintry day in Paris. Rizal and Jose Albert, who were living
frugally in a small room occupied by Capitán Justo Trinidad planned to have a sumptuous Christmas dinner.
They scraped enough money to celebrate Yuletide. They prepared a Christmas dinner with fried chickens, rice and
vegetables. This dinner proved to be Rizal's last Christmas dinner in Paris.
Shortly after New Year, Rizal made a brief visit to London. Biographers do not know the purpose of this visit. It
may be due to two reasons: (1) to compare his printed annotated edition of Morga's Sucesos with the original copy
in the British Museum and (2) to visit Gertrude Beckett for the last time.
By the middle of January, 1890, he was back in Paris. He complained of a terrible headache. At that time an
epidemic of influenza was raging in Europe. Fortunately he was not stricken with flu.
IN BELGIUM
On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, capital of Belgium. Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave
Paris, namely: (1) the cost of living in Paris was very high because of the international exposition and (2) the gay
social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel ET Flibusterismo.
His friends, including M. H. del Pilar and Valentin Ventura, thought that he left because he was running away
from a girl as what happened when he left London. When he told them that the reason 1or his leaving Paris was
economic because his money was dwindling, Ventura generously invited him to live with him in Paris without
paying rent. He could not accept Ventura's invitation, for he had a high sense of dignity and would not accept
charity from any man.
Life in Brussels. Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels. They lived in a modest
boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby sisters, after Albert left the city,
and was replaced by Jose Alejandrino, an engineering student.
In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel which was a continuation of Noli. He was never idle even for
an hour. Aside from writing its chapters, he wrote articles for La Soliadaridad and letters to his family and

friends. Being a physician, he spent part of his time in the medical clinic. For recreation, he had gymnastics at the
gymnasium and target practice and fencing at the armory.
Speaking of Rizal's frugality, Jose Alejandrino, his roommate in Brussels, said: "In Brussels we took our meals in
a house and Rizal on one occasion suggested that we eat pansit. We were spending so much a day and so we
spent one day s appropriation for the purchase of the necessary ingredients. It seems, however, that he
committed an error in his calculations this time for we spent two day's appropriation and the pansit came out
more than what we intended to have. In order to remedy the error we were compelled to have pansit for lunch
and supper for two days."
While on Paris, Rizal continued contributing for La Solidaridad under the pseudonyms Dimas Alang and
Laong Laan.
Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling. In Brussels, Rizal received news from Juan Luna and
Valentin Ventura that the Flipin0 in Spain were destroying the good name of their nation by gambling too much.
These two compatriots in Paris urged him to do something about it.
Accordingly, Rizal wrote to M. H. del Pilar on May 28, 1890 to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they did not
come to Europe to gamble, but to work for their Father land's freedom.
The gambling Filipinos n Madrid were angry when they learned of Rizal's moralizing. Thereafter, they called Rizal
"Papa" (Pope) instead of "Pepe.
Bad News from Home. From Calamba, Rizal received letters telling that the agrarian trouble in the province
was getting worse. And as such, he decided to go home. But instead of going home, a letter from Paciano told him
that they already lost the case against the Dominicans and they were in need of a lawyer who would defend their
family and the families in Calamba from Madrid. Rizal traveled to Madrid to seek justice but in vain- he could not
find the right person and he heard that his family was already evicted from their land in Calamba and other
family members were banished to Mindoro and Manila.
Preparation to Go Home. In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family, Rizal decided to go home. He
could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in distant Philippines were in
despair. All his friends, including Blumentritt, Jose Ma. Basa, and Ponce, were horrified by Rizal's plan to return
to the Philippines. They warned him of the danger that awaited him at home.
Romance with Suzanne Jacoby. Two things brought some measure of cheer to the despondent Rizal, as he
was preparing for his trip to Madrid, First was the summertime festival of Belgium, which was celebrated in
carnival style with colorful costumes, fantastic floats, and many days of merriment. Second was his romance with
Suzanne Jacoby, the petite niece of his landladies.
Rizal was so charming and dignified, a gentleman that Suzanne was attracted to him. He was lonely in a strange
country and Leonor Rivera was so far away; naturally being a normal young man, he found certain bliss in the
company of a pretty Belgian girl. He might have flirted with Suzanne, but he could not stoop low to deceptive
amorous relationship.
Like other women Segunda Katigbak, Orang Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, 0-Sei-San, Cettie Beckett, Consuelo
Ortiga y Rey, and the Boustead sisters, Suzanne fell in love with Rizal. She cried when he left toward the end of
July, 1890 for Madrid.
On to Madrid, Instead of Home. Rizal did not heed the dire warnings of his friends. No threat of danger
could change his plan. Something, however, happened that suddenly made him change his mind. It was a letter
from Paciano which related that hey lost the case against the Dominicans in Manila, but they appealed it to the
Supreme Court in Spain, hence a lawyer was needed to handle it in Madrid. Accordingly, Rizal wrote to M. H. del
Pilar on June 20, 1890 retaining the latter 's services as lawyer. He further in formed Del Pilar that he was going
to Madrid, in order to supervise the handling of the case.
IN SPAIN
Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and the
Calamba tenants, but to no avail. Disappointment after disappointment piled on him, until the cross he bore
seemed insuperable to carry.
Failure to Get Justice for Family. Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal immediately sought the help of the Filipino
colony, the Asociación Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal Spanish newspapers (La Justicia, El Dia, El Globo, La
República, El Resumen, etc.) in securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants, including his family.
Together with M. H. del Pilar (who acted as his lawyer) and Dr. Dominador Gomez (secretary of the Asociación

Hispano- Filipina), he called on the Minister of Colonies (Señor Fa bie) in order to protest the injustices
committed by Governor-General Valeriano Weyler and the Dominicans against the Calamba folks.
Nothing came out of Rizal‟s interview with Minister Fabie. More terrible news reached Rizal in Madrid as he was
waging a futile fight for justice. From his brother-in-law, Silvestre Ubaldo, he received a copy of the ejectment
order by the Dominicans against Francisco Rizal and other Ca lamba tenants. From his sister, Saturnina, he
learned of the deportation of Paciano (Rizal), Antonino (Lopez), Silvestre (Ubaldo), Teong (Mateo Elejorde), and
Dandoy (Dr. Rizal's relative) to Mindoro; these unfortunate deportees were arrested in Calamba and were
shipped out of Manila on September 6, 1890. He further learned from Saturnina's letter that their parents had
been forcibly ejected from their home and were then living in the house of Narcisa (Antonino's wife).
In his desperation, Rizal sought the aid of the liberal Spanish statesmen, who were former members of the
Ministry, such as Becerra, Maura, etc. Again, he was disappointed, for these statesmen merely gave him honeyed
words of sympathy, and nothing else.
Rizal had many misadventures in Madrid.

 For one, he challenged Antonio Luna and Wenceslao Retana in a duel. With Luna, it was about the
latter's frustration with his unsuccessful “love affair” with Nellie Boustead, and so gave negative remarks on
the lady which Rizal did not tolerate. The other encounter was with Retana who had insulted Rizal and his
family by writing in La Epoca, an anti-Filipino newspaper, that the Rizal family in Calamba was evicted
from their lands because they did not pay their rents.
Infidelity of Leonor Rivera. In the autumn of 1890 Rizal was feeling bitter at so many disappointments he
encountered in Madrid. One night he and some friends attended a play in the Teatro Apollo, and there he lost his
gold watch chain with a locket containing the picture of Leonor Rivera, his beloved sweetheart.
The loss of the locket proved to be a bad omen. Early in December, 1890, with the cold winds of winter sweeping
across the shivering city, Rizal received a letter from Leonor, announcing her coming marriage with an
Englishman (the choice of her mother) and asking his forgiveness. This letter was a great blow to him. He was
stunned, his eyes dimmed with tears, and his heart broke. Such betrayal of a woman, whom he loved faithfully for
more than eleven years, broke his heart. Fortunately, he survived the bitter pangs of love's disillusionment and
continued his mission to redeem his oppressed people.
Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry. Toward the closing days of 1890 there arose an unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and
M. H. del Pilar for supremacy. Rizal, the most talented Filipino of his time, was until then the leader of the
Filipinos in Europe. However, his influence declined because he had no patience with his more frivolous
paisanos, especially those who loved wine, women, and cards.
On New Year's Day, 1891, the Filipinos of Madrid met to reorganize the Asocación Hispano-Filipina and to
elect a new leader who would act as the spokesman of the Filipino cause in Europe. The Filipinos were divided
into two rival camps the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas.
The Rizalistas, or friends of Rizal, worked hard for Rizal's election as leader, while the Pilaristas, or friends of Del
Pilar, fought for Del Pilar's election. Both candidates wanted to withdraw for the sake of unity, but their fanatical
followers would not allow them to do so.
Feelings ran high during the balloting. On the first balloting, either candidate failed to garner the necessary two-
thirds votes for election. A second vote was taken the next day with the same result. Rizal counted the votes in
his favor which were nineteen. Thereupon, he said: “Good! I see that I have only nineteen friends in the colony.
Farewell, señores, I'm going to pack my bags until we meet again”. He took his hat and walked out.
His compatriots, fearing that he meant what he said, at once elected him. Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna, Teodoro
Sandiko, and others who were Pilaristas changed their votes in favor of Rizal.
But it was too late. Rizal really meant what he said. His presence in Madrid only served to split the Filipinos,
hence he thought it better for the cause to depart and leave Del Pilar without a rival in Madrid.
Back to Brussels. Disgusted by the turn of events in Madrid, Rizal indeed packed up his bags and left the city.
He was an embittered man in February, 1891, as he wiped off the dust of Madrid from his feet. Never again would
he see this metropolis of Spain, where he had experienced both sweet and bitter memories.
He proceeded to Biarritz, where he was a welcomed guest of the Boustead at their Villa Bliada. In search of solace
for his broken heart, he proposed marriage to Adelina Boustead. As stated in a previous chapter, his marital
proposal did not prosper.

After a brief vacation in Biarritz, he went to Paris staying with his friend, Valentin Ventura. From this French
capital, he wrote to Jose Ma. Basa on April 4, 1891, expressing his wish to live in Hong Kong and practice
medicine. Basa was glad to have him come to Hong Kong and was even willing to advance him passage money.
However, by the middle of April, Rizal, instead of going to Hong Kong, returned to Brussels. One thing made him
go back to this Belgium city to finish his second novel. Of course, Suzanne Jacoby (the Belgian girl who loved
him) and Jose Alejandrino his room-mate) were glad to see him again.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Jose Rizal wrote his second novel which was a continuation of the Noli Me Tangere in Brussels and he
finished it in Biarritz, Madrid, inspired by the magnificent place and his romance with Nellie Boustead.
On March 29, 1891, the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the manuscript of El
Filibusterismo and he completed the revision on May 30, 1891, ready for printing. He searched for a
cheaper printing shop and did find a publisher F. MEYER-VANLOO PRESS, No 66 Viaanderen Street that
published his books in an installment basis.
He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and early partial payments during the printing of the
novel. He had received some funds from Basa and Rodriguez Arias. But printing was suspended because of
insufficient funds and then Valentin Ventura in Paris helped him because he learned about Rizal's
predicament. He immediately sent the necessary funds for printing.
On September 18, 1891, the novel came off the press in Ghent. He immediately sent copies to Basa, to Sixto
Lopez in Hong Kong, to his friends Valentin S. Ventura in Paris and to his friends in the Philippines.
The novel was praised to the skies by Filipino patriots in foreign lands and in the Philippines. The members of the
Filipino colony of Barcelona published a tribute in La Publicidad, a Barcelona newspaper, eulogizing the novel's
original style which is comparable only to sublime Alexander Dumas and may well be offered as “a model, a
precious jewel in the decadent literature of Spain.”
The liberal Madrid newspaper, El Nuevo Regimen, serialized the novel in its issues of October, 1891. Rizal
dedicated El Filibusterismo to the martyrs, Father Gomez, Father Burgos and Father Zamora. Their martyrdom,
which Paciano related to him when he was a boy in Calamba was never forgotten.
SUMMARY OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Thirteen years after Jose Rizal left the Philippines, Juan Crisostomo Ibarra the main character from Noli Me
Tangere) returned as Simon, a rich jeweler sporting a beard and blue-tinted glasses, and a confidant of the
Governor-General of the Philippines. Abandoning his idealism, he became a cynical saboteur, the titular
filibustero, seeking revenge against the Spanish Philippines system responsible for his misfortunes by plotting a
revolution. Simon mingled himself into Manila high society and influenced every decision of the Governor-
General to mismanage the country's affairs so that a revolution will break out. He cynically sided with the upper
classes, encouraging them to commit abuses against the masses so that the latter would be encouraged to revolt
against the oppressive Spanish colonial regime. This time, he did not attempt to fight the authorities through
legal means, but through violent evolution using the masses. Simon had reasons for instigating a revolution. First
is to rescue María Clara from the convent and second, to get rid of ills and evils of Philippine society. His true
identity was discovered by a now grown-up Basilio while visiting the grave of his mother, Sisa, as Simon was
digging near the grave site for his buried treasures. Simon spared Basilio's life and asked him to join in his
planned revolution against the government, up the tragic misfortunes of the latter's family. Basilio declined the
offer as he still hopes that the country's condition will improve.
Basilio, at this point, is a graduating student of medicine at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. After the death of his
mother, Sisa, and the disappearance of his younger brother, Crispin, Basilio heeded the advice of the dying
boatman, Elías, and traveled to Manila to study. Basilio was adopted by Captain Tiago after María Clara entered
the convent. With Captain Tiago's help, Basilio was able to go to Colegio de San Juan de Letrán where, at first, he
is frowned upon by his peers and teachers not only because of the color of his skin but also because of his shabby
appearance which he also experienced at Ateneo. Captain Tiago's confessor, Father Irene was making Captain
Tiago's health worse by giving him opium even as Basilio tried hard to prevent Captain Tiago from smoking it. He
and other students wanted to establish a Spanish Language Academy so that they can learn to speak and write
Spanish language in the Philippines despite the opposition from the Dominican friars of the University of Santo
Tomas. With the help of a reluctant Father Irene as their mediator and Don Custodio's decision, the academy was
established; however they will only serve as caretakers of the school not as the teachers. Dejected and defeated,
they hold a mock celebration at a panciteria while a spy for the friars witnesses the proceedings.

Simon, for his part, kept in close contact with the bandit group Cabesang Tales, a former cabeza de barangay who
suffered misfortunes at the hands of the friars. Once a farmer owning prosperous sugarcane plantation and a
cabeza de barangay (barangay head), he was forced to give everything to the greedy and unscrupulous Spanish
friars. His son, Tano, who became a civil guard was captured by bandits; his daughter Juli had to work as a maid
to get enough ransom money for his freedom; and his father, Tandang Selo, suffered a stroke and became mute.
Before joining the bandits, Tales took Simon's revolver while Simon was staying at his house for the night. As
payment, Tales left a locket that once belonged to María Clara. To further strengthen the revolution, Simon has
Quiroga, a Chinese man hoping to be appointed consul to the Philippines, smuggled weapons into the country
using Quiroga's bazaar as a front. Simon wished to attack during a stage play with all of his enemies in
attendance. He, however, abruptly aborted the attack when he learned from Basilio that María Clara had died
earlier that day in the convent.
A few days after the mock celebration by the students, the people were agitated when disturbing posters were
found displayed around the city. The authorities accused the students present at the panciteria of agitation and
disturbing peace and had them arrested. Basilio, although not present at the mock celebration, was also arrested.
Captain Tiago died after learning of the incident and as stated in his will-forged by Father Irene, all his
possessions were given to the Church, leaving nothing for Basilio. Basilio was left in prison as the other students
were released. A high official tried to intervene for the release of Basilio but the Captain-General, bearing grudges
against the high official, coerced him to tender his resignation. Juli, Basilio's girlfriend and the daughter of
Cabesang Tales, tried to ask Father Camorra's help upon the advice of an elder woman. Instead of helping Juli,
however, Father Camorra tried to rape her as he had long- hidden desires for Juli. Juli, rather than submits to the
will of the friar, jumped over the balcony to her death.
Basilio was soon released with the help of Simon. Basilio, now a changed man, and after hearing about Juli's
suicide, finally joined Simon's revolution. Simon then told Basilio his plan at the wedding of Paulita Gómez and
Juanito, Basilio's hunch-backed classmate. His plan was to conceal an explosive inside a pomegranate-styled
Kerosene lamp that Simon will give to the newlyweds as a gift during the wedding reception. The reception will
take place at the former home of the late Captain Tiago, which was now filled with explosives planted by Simon.
According to Simon, the lamp will stay lighted for only 20 minutes before it flickers; if someone attempts to turn
the wick, it will explode and kill everyone- important members of civil society and the Roman Catholic Church in
the Philippines|Church hierarchy – inside the house.
Basilio had a change of heart and attempts to warn the people inside, including Isagani, his friend and former
boyfriend of Paulita. Simon left the reception early as planned and left a note behind;
The writing on the wall | Mene Thecel Phares."

Juan Crisostomo lbarra.
Initially thinking that it was simply a bad joke by those left behind, Father Salví recognized the handwriting and
confirmed that it was indeed Ibarra's. As people began to panic, the lamp flickered. Father Irene tried to tum the
wick up when Isagani, due to his undying love for Paulita, burst in the room and threw the lamp into the river,
sabotaging Simon's plans. He escaped by diving into the river as guards chased after him. He later regretted his
impulsive action because he had contradicted his own belief that he loved his nation more than Paulita and that
the explosion and revolution could have fulfilled his ideals for Filipino society.
Simon, now unmasked as the perpetrator of the attempted arson and failed revolution, became a fugitive.
Wounded and exhausted after he was shot by the pursuing Guardia Civil soldiers, he sought shelter at the home
of Father Florentino, Isagani's uncle, and came under the care of Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña, the husband of
Doña Victorina, who was also hiding at the house. Simon took poison in order for him not to be captured alive by
the authorities. Before he died, he revealed his real identity to Father Florentino they exchanged thoughts about
the failure of his revolution why God forsook him. Father Florentino explained that God did not forsake him and
that his plans were not for the greater good but for personal gain. Simon finally accepting Father Florentino's
explanation, squeezed his hand and died. Father Florentino then took Simon's remaining jewels and threw them
into the sea, hoping that they would not be used by the greedy, and that when the time comes that it would be
used for the greater good, when the nation would be finally deserving liberty for themselves, the sea would reveal
the treasures.
CHARACTERS
Below are some of the major characters in the novel
1. Simon – Crisóstomo Ibarra disguised as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a revolution

2. Basilio – Sisa's son, now an aspiring doctor
3. Isagani – poet and Basilio's best friend; portrayed as emotional and reactive; Paulita Gómez' boyfriend
before being dumped for fellow student Juanito Peláez

4. Cabesang Tales – Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza debarangay (barangay head) who resurfaced as
the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin (Tagalog for "Hawkeye"); his father, Tandang Selo, died eventually
after his own son Tano, who became a guardia civil, unknowingly shot his grandfather in an encounter.
5. Don Custodio – Custodio de Salazary Sánchez de Monteredondo, a famous "jounalist" who was asked by
the students about his decision for the Academia de Castellano. In reality, he was quite an ordinary fellow
who married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila's high society.
6. Paulita Gómez – The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina, the old India who passing
(racial identity) passes herself off as a Peninsulares| Peninsular, who was the wife of the quack doctor
Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the end, she and Juanito Peláez were wed, and she dumped Isagani, believing that
she will have no future if she marries him
7. Father Florentino – Isagani‟s godfather, and a secular priest; was engaged to be married, but chose to be a
priest after being pressured by his mother, the story hinting at the ambivalence of his decision as he chose an
assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the sea.
8. Juli – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of Cabesang Tales.
9. Ben Zayb – his real name is Abraham Ibañez. He is a journalist who thought he was the "only" one thinking
in the Philippines.
10. Placido Penitente – a student of the University of Santo Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did
not want, if not only by his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls his temper against his
Physics teacher, Father Millon.
11. Quiroga – a Chinese businessman who dreamt of being a consul of a "Consulate of China" in the
Philippines. He kept Simon's weapons inside his house.
12. Tandang Selo – father of Cabesang Tales. He raised the sick and young Basilio after his mother Sisa had
died.
13. Father Fernandez – the priest-friend of Isagani. He promised Isagani that he and the other priests will
give in to the students‟ demands.
14. Attorney Pasta – one of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila.
15. Captain-General (no specificname) – the powerful highest official in the Philippines.
16. Padre Sibyla – Hemando de la Sibyla, a Filipino friar and now vice rector of the University of Santo Tomas.
COMPARISON OF NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo vary in many aspects, although they are written by the same author and
are supposed to be dealing with the same story and have the same characters.
The Noli Me Tangere is a romantic novel. It is a "work of the heart" and a book of feeling". It has freshness, color,
humor, lightness and wit. Whereas, El Filibusterismo is a political novel. It is a "work of healing" and a "book of
the thought". It contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence and sorrow.
Jose Rizal's original intention was to make the El Filibusterismo longer than the Noli Me Tangere. However, El
Filibusterismo is shorter than Noli. It contains 38 chapters whereas 64 chapters of Noli.
There were many opinions, as to which is the superior novel – the Noli or the Fili. Rizal himself considered the
Noli as the superior to the Fili as novel. Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Retana, Rizal's first Spanish biographer, also
believed that Noli is superior. However, others including Blumentritt, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Dr. Rafael
Palma against the opinion of Rizal. They believed the Fili is the superior to the Noli. In Lopez Jaena's letter he
said that the Fili was superior because of its exquisite delicate, literary style, it‟s easy and correct dialogue, its
phraseology, vigorous and elegant and its profound ideas and sublime thoughts. However Jaena advised Rizal to
write another novel because he was not satisfied with Fili as political novel.
The issue of which is the superior novel is purely academic. Noli and El Fili are good novels from the point of view
of history. Both depict with realistic colors the actual conditions of the Philippines and Filipinos the decadent
days of Spanish rule. Both are instrumental in awakening the spirit of Filipino nationalism and are responsible in
paving the ground for Philippine Revolution that brought about the downfall of Spain. Neither the Noli nor the
Fili is superior to one another, Mariano Ponce told Rizal that Fili was indeed excellent novel but it was marvelous
like all the brilliant productions of his pen. He also said that it was a true twin of the Noli.
D. EVALUATION
ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFICATION.
Read each questions carefully. Write your answers on your journal.
1. Rizal while on Paris, grew fond of this lady because she was quiet, dignified, and refined.
2. When did Rizal left Manila for Hongkong?
3. While in Paris, Rizal organized a social club which brought together young Filipinos residing in France
called?
4. Who was this former secretary of Governor Terrero, that spied Rizal's movement in Hong Kong?
5. An American steamer Rizal boarded ing Hong Kong going to Japan.
6. Rizal left Hong Kong on?
7. When did Rizal arrived on Yokohama?
8. Who helped Rizal by immediately sending the necessary funds for printing of his second novel upon learning
that the printing was suspended because of insufficient funds?
9. Rizal fell in love with this Japanese beauty, whose loveliness infused joy and romance in his sorrowing heart.
10. He was a Japanese newspaperman whom Rizal befriended during his travel going to United States.
11. When did Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland?
12. Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England, on?
13. Rizal for a short time, stayed as guest at the home of an exile of 1872 and a practicing lawyer in London.
14. Rizal found this modest boarding place in London owned by this family.
15. Rizal, while in London had a romance with this English girl, the oldest of the daughter of the owner of Rizal‟s
boarding place.
16. Another Filipino society which envisioned Filipinos being recognized by Spain for being excellent in various
fields of knowledge.
17. Rizal‟s outstanding achievement while in Paris. his annotated edition of Morga's Sucesos
18. Rizal left Paris for Brussels on?
19. The Belgian girl who fell in love with Rizal, she is a niece of Rizal‟s landladies in Brussels.
20. When did the El Filibusterismo novel came off the press in Ghent?
21. Rizal aboard Belgic steamer, left Japan on?
22. The man that Rizal challenged to a duel who had insulted him and his family by writing in La Epoca, an anti-
Filipino newspaper, that the Rizal family in Calamba was evicted from their lands because they did not pay
their rents?
23. Jose Rizal‟s rivalry for leadership in the Asociacion Hispano Filipino.
24. The librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs who
called Rizal a pearl of a man?
25. Rizal arrived in America on?
26. How many votes did Rizal got in his favor in the election for the new leader of Asocación Hispano-Filipina?
27. Rizal in search of solace for his broken heart, offered marriage to this woman?
28. Jose Rizal wrote his second novel which was a continuation of the Noli Me Tangere in?
29. Rizal dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to?
30. What hotel Rizal stayed in Hong Kong?
31. Rizal, with Filipino and Spanish friends, founded this association which aimed for unionism and reforms.
32. Rizal finished the El Filibusterismo on __________________________ and completed the revision ,
ready for printing, on 33. __________________________?
34. Rizal has three reasons why he chose London as his new home, one of these is to study and annotate Morga's
____________________?
35. Rizal lost his gold watch chain with a locket containing the picture of Leonor Rivera, his beloved sweetheart
in this theatre, which proved to be a bad omen.
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 3. ESSAY
1. Explain the significance of La Solidaridad in Rizal‟s life and to the Filipinos.

2. What is your stand about the comparison of Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? Which one is superior
for you?
3. Discuss your opinion about revolution as means of social change.
4. Discuss the implications and lessons learned from Rizal‟s novel El Filibusterismo to you as a Filipino citizen.
4.6 TRIP BACK HOME
BACK IN HONG KONG
After the EI Filibusterismo was published, Rizal left Europe. Aboard the S.S. Melbourne, he sailed to Hong
Kong where he lived for seven months. His reasons for venturing to Hong Kong were the following'
1. to leave behind his rivalry with del Pilar;

2. to facilitate a Propaganda Movement in Hong Kong; and
3. to be proximate to his family in the Philippines.
On November 20, 1891, Rizal arrived in Hong Kong and was cordially welcomed by the Filipino residents in
the city, particularly, his friend Jose Ma. Basa. He resided at No. 5 D. Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxela Terrace
and opened a medical clinic there. Rizal had a continued correspondence with his family in Calamba and had
been aware of the unsettled agrarian problem. Through a letter from his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he

had been informed of the deportation of twenty-five persons in Calamba, including the Rizal family. This news
made Rizal even more desperate to return to Manila, but his sorrow was replaced by surprise when his family
visited him in Hong Kong and celebrated the 1891 Christmas with him.
While in Hong Kong, Rizal practiced his medical career. With the help of his friend, Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez,
they built a large clientele and opened a medical clinic where he was recognized as an excellent eye surgeon. He
was equally supported and aided both morally and financially by his family and friends with his chosen career
PLAN FOR FILIPINO COLONY IN BORNEO
Another marked event during Rizal's stay in Hong Kong was his plan to move the landless Filipinos to Borneo and
transform the said wilderness into a "New Calamba" through the so-called Borneo Colonization Project. In
April 1892, he visited Borneo and negotiated with the British authorities who were willing to provide 100,000
acres of land for the Filipinos. Many Filipino patriots found this project amusing, thus, promoted the said project.
However, there were a number who objected it, one of which was Rizal's brother in-law, Hidalgo. Twice did Rizal
write a letter addressed to Governor General Eulogio Despujol informing his Borneo colonization project,
with whom he received no response. Instead, Despujol commanded the Spanish consul-general in Hong Kong to
notify Rizal that such project was very unpatriotic, and by immigrating Filipinos to Borneo, the Philippines will
surely be lacking of laborers.
Despite much opposition from friends and relatives, he decided to return to Manila due to the following reasons:
1. to discuss with Governor General Despujol his Borneo colonization project;

2. to form the La Liga Filipina in the Philippines; and
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete's allegations on him and his family in Calamba were wrong
Before his departure, he wrote three more letters – the first addressed to his parents and friends; the second one,
to the Filipinos; and the last to Governor General Eulogio Despujol.
Instead of having the protection he desired, Rizal and his sister, Lucia, fell into the trap – a case was secretly filed
against Rizal, and Despujol ordered his secretary Luis de la Torre, to verify whether the patriot had naturalized
himself as a German citizen or not. Therefore, the siblings sailed across the China Sea without prior knowledge of
what awaits them in the Philippines
LA LIGA FILIPINA
When upon his return to the Philippines in July, 1892, Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina, this constituted a
forward step in the reformist ideas of the times in the sense that the new group sought to involve the people
directly in the reform movement. Many elements of society who were anxious for change were attracted to the
Liga, among them, Andres Bonifacio who became one of the founders of the organization.
As listed in the constitution Rizal prepared, the Liga's Constitution and By-Laws are as follows:
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
3. Defense against all violence and injustice;
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
5. Study and application of reforms.
As Rizal envisioned it, the league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society dispensing scholarship funds
and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives. These were innocent, even naive objectives that could
hardly alleviate the social ills of those times, but the Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal
on July 6, 1892, merely four days after the Liga was organized for allegedly found in his baggage bundle of
leaflets entitled "Poor Friars" which were against the Dominicans/priests who acquired riches contrary to their
vow of poverty. Rizal was held in Fort Santiago for about a week and then was deported to Dapitan.
With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga became inactive until, through the efforts of Domingo Franco and
Andres Bonifacio, it was reorganized. Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of the Supreme Council.
RIZAL'S MEANINGFUL LIFE IN DAPITAN
Rizal had an exemplary and meaningful life in Dapitan. On July 1892, he traveled to Dapitan under Captain
Delgas passing Mindoro and Panay. Reaching the place after two days, Rizal was handed to Captain Carnicero,
the Spanish commandant of Dapitan.

Rizal had lived in the place for four years. Dapitan is a remote town in Mindanao which is under the missionary
jurisdiction of the Jesuits. He stayed and lived in the house of Captain Carnicero. The relation between Camicero
(warden) and Rizal (prisoner) was warm and friendly. They ate together and they had many friendly
conversations, Captain Carnicero admired Rizal's fine qualities and personalities. He came to know that Rizal was
not a common fellow, much less a filibustero. The captain gave Rizal complete freedom to go anywhere and he
gave good reports on his prisoner to Governor General Despujol. Rizal was grateful to the kindness and
generosity of the Spanish Captain. He even wrote a poem on his birthday. "A Don Ricardo Carnicero" on
August 26, 1892.
On September 21, 1892, the sleepy town of Dapitan burst on excitement for the mailboat "Butuan" with
colored penants, brought good news. The lottery ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carnicero, Jose Rizal
and Francisco Equiror (from Dipolog) won the second prize of P20,000.00 in the government-owned Manila
lottery. Each shared P6,200.00, Rizal spent well his money. He sent P2,000.00 to his father and P200 to his
friend Basa in Hong Kong. And the rest of the money, he invested well by buying agricultural lands along the
coast of Talisay about 5 kilometers away from Dapitan.
Rizal's mother, sisters, Trinidad, Maria, Narcisa and his nephews had taken turns to visit him in Dapitan. Father
Francisco Sanchez, his favorite teacher at the Ateneo de Manila, had also come to Dapitan to bring him back to
the Catholic fold. But all of his efforts were in vain. Despite his failure to convince Rizal, he enjoyed Rizal's
company; He assisted Rizal in beautifying the town.
Rizal had a long and scholastic debate with Father Pastells on religion. In all his letters to Fr. Pastells, he
revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he had acquired in Europe and embitterment for his persecutions of the
bad friars. Father Pastells tried his best to win back Rizal to the fold of Catholicism. Despite their religious
differences, they remained good friends.
On November 3, 1893, he was visited by a spy of the friars who introduced himself as a friend and a relative
named, Pablo Mercado. In the course of their conversation, the spy offered his services as a confidential courier
of Rizal's letters and writings for his friends in Manila. Rizal became suspicious but he hospitably invited the
strange visitor considering the late hour of the night and the heavy rainfall.
The next day Rizal learned that the impostor was still in Dapitan, he reported to the "Commandacia" about the
spy's mission to Captain Juan Sitges (who succeeded Captain Carnicero) as commandant of Dapitan. Upon his
arrest and subsequent investigation, the stranger's real name was known as "Florencio Namanan", who was
hired by the Recollect friars for the secret mission. He was tasked to spy on Rizal's activities. The spy was released
and the result of investigation was sent to Gov. General Blanco. Rizal then requested for a copy of the proceedings
of the investigations, but he was denied and was also surprised at the turn of events. The incident of the secret
mission of the spy was not an attempt to assassinate Rizal but was merely to spy, a plot masterminded by the
friars.
RIZAL AS A PHYSICAN
Soon he was practicing his profession as a doctor. While he charged his wealthy patients fees in accordance to
their capacity to pay like P3,000.o0 , P5, 000.00, etc; he rendered free medical services to the poor especially to
those patients from Talisay and Dapitan.
At times he provided them with medicines which himself had concocted and prepared from his knowledge of the
curative value of local medical plants. Dapitan. Some of his wealthy patients came from Laguna, Cebu, Panay,
Negros, and from other parts of Mindanao. Mr. George Taufer of Hong Kong came for treatment of his eye
accompanied by his adopted daughter, Josephine Bracken (Ms. Josefina Leopoldina Taufer).
He was extremely happy when he operated the right eye of his beloved mother in July 1894. She gained her
sight, but Doña Teodora, ignoring his son's instructions, removed the bandage from her eyes all by herself,
thereby causing the wound to be infected. Rizal wrote letter to his brother-in-law Hidalgo with a complaint.
"Nothing can stop her; insists on reading, going out into the light. Now I understand very well, why a physician
should not treat the member of his family." Nevertheless, with Rizal's ophthalmic prowess, Doña Teodora's sight
was fully restored.
Rizal's fame as an eye specialist spread almost all over the Philippines. He
had many wealthy clients from other places. Don Florencio Ascarraga,
a rich haciendero of Aklan who was cured of eye ailment paid Rizal a cargo
of sugar.
Casa Redonda (Replica of the Octagonal Clinic of Rizal)

The octagonal hut served as Rizal‟s clinic and as dormitory of some of his pupils. Reconstructed with similar
materials as themain house, it now stands as a reminder of the numerous medications performed by Rizal during
his exile in Dapitan.
JOSE RIZAL AS AN ENGINEER
He obtained from Ateneo the title of expert surveyor (Pertilo dgrimensor) and he supplemented his
training as Surveyor by reading Engineering books. In order to provide clean water to the people of Dapitan, he
applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks which was completed in 1895 with
the help of his students and town people. He was able to accomplish this without any aid from the government,
with inadequate tools, meager materials, and very limited finances, modern engineers marveled how Rizal had
built the system of waterworks. Even the distinguished American Engineer Mr. H. F. Cameron praised
Rizal for his ingenuity. Some of his words "Another famous and well known water supply is in Dapitan,
Mindanao, designed and constructed by Dr. Jose Rizal during his exile in that municipality by the Spanish
authorities."
JOSE RIZAL AS A TEACHER IN DAPITAN
Rizal knew the value of good education since his boyhood. During his travels abroad, he observed the educational
system of modern nations. He had planned to establish a modern college in Hong Kong for Filipino boys but did
not give him the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas. In 1893, he established a school that
existed until the end of his exile in July 1896. It all started with 3 pupils then enrollment increased to 16 pupils.
They worked in the garden, field, and construction projects in the community.
He gave the boys vocational and academic trainings. Rizal taught the boys Reading, Writing, Languages
(Spanish and English) Geography, History, Mathematics, Industrial work, nature study, Morals
and Gymnastics. He made their learning functional, relating their activities to their actual life situation. Formal
classes were held daily from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon. On one day the lessons were conducted in English and
on the next day in Spanish. As in the Ateneo, the brightest pupil was called "emperor" and he sat at the head of
the bench and the poorest occupied the foot of the bench.
The lessons were supplemented with fieldtrips to the mountains, caves and seashore, which gave the pupils a
working knowledge of the flora, and fauna. During recess, the pupils built fires in the garden to drive away
insects, pruned the fruit trees and manured the soil.
Rizal encouraged them to play games in order to strengthen their bodies. They had gymnastics, boxing, wrestling,
stone throwing, swimming, arnis (native fencing) and swinging on parallel bars and rings and also boating.
“Hymn to Talisay”
Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talisay, near Dapitan, where he had his farm and hospital. His favorite
place with his boys was under a talisay tree, after which the place was named. In honor of Talisay, he wrote a
poem entitled “Himno A Talisay” for his pupils to sing.
(1) At Dapitan, the sandy shore Neither dark nor night obscure (6)Live, live, O leafy green Talisay!
And rocks aloft on mountain crest Cause us fear, nor fierce torment Our voices sing thy praise in chorus,
Form thy throne, O refuge blest, That even Satan can invent. Clear star, and precious treasure for us,
That we from childhood days have Life or death? We must face each! Our childhood's wisdom and its balm.
known, In fights that wait for every man,
In your vales that flowers adorn, (4) Talisayans, people call us; In sorrow and adversity,
And your fruitful leafy shade, Mighty souls in bodies small. Thy memory a charm will be,
Our thinking powers are being made, O'er Dapitan's district all, And in the tomb, they name, they calm.
And soul with body being grown. No Talisay like this towers. CHORUS:
None can match our reservoir.
(2) We are youth not long on earth Our diving pool, the sea profound! Hail, O Talisay!
But our souls are free from sorrow; No rowing boat the world around Firm and untiring,
Calm, strong men we'll be tomorrow, For a moment can pass ours. Ever aspiring,
Who can guard our families' rights. Stately thy gait,
Lads are we whom naught can (5) We study sciences exact; Things, everywhere
frighten, The history of our motherland: In sea, land or air
Whether thunder, waves, or rain. Three languages or four command; Shalt thou dominate.
Swift of arm, serene of mien Bring faith and reason in accord.
In peril, shall we wage our fights. Our hands can manage at one time
The sail and working spade and pen,
(3) With our games we churn the sand, The mason's maul -- for virile men
Through the caves and crags we roam, Companions, and the gun and sword.
On the rocks we make our home,
Everywhere our arms can reach.
Casa Cuadrada (Replica of the Pupils' Dormitory and Workshop)
Rizal effected the construction of the house to accommodate the growing

number of pupils in his Talisay School. The area underneath the hut served
as the workshop of his pupils (Inscription). His exile to Dapitan gave Rizal
the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas. In 1893 he
established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July 1896. It
began with three pupils and in the course of time the enrolment increased
to 16 and later to 21. Instead of charging tuition fees, he made them work
in his garden, fields, and construction projects in the community (Zaide
2008).
JOSE RIZAL AS A SCIENTIST/ HIS CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
There were no limits to his scientific versatility. While in Dapitan, he found Mindanao a rich virgin field for
collecting specimens. With his pupils, they explored the jungles and coasts for specimen of insects, birds, snakes,
lizards, frogs, shells and plants. He sent these to the museum of Europe especially the Dresden museum.
The European scientists sent Rizal scientific books and surgical instrument as payment of these valuable
specimens. For his four year exile in Dapitan, he built up a rich collection of conchology which consisted of 346
shells representing 203 species. He discovered some rare specimens which were named in his honor by the
scientists. Among these were Draco Rizali (a flying lizard), Apogonia rizali (a small beetle), and
Rhacoporus Rizali (a rare frog.)
He also conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological, and geographical studies.
Draco Rizali Apogonia rizali Rhacoporus Rizali
JOSE RIZAL AS A FARMER IN DAPITAN
Dr. Jose Rizal also devoted much of his time to agriculture. He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay where
he built his home, his school and hospital. He planted the land with copra, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts and fruits.
He acquired more lands until his total holdings reached 70 hectares with 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000 coconuts and
other fruit trees. He introduced modern methods of agriculture which he had observed in America and Europe.
He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive way of farming and adopt the modem agricultural
method.
Rizal had dreamed of this place for his relatives and friends from Calamba to come to his agricultural colony but
it did not materialize because he could not get the support of the government. Just like, he would like to have a
colony in Borneo for the people of Calamba when they were evicted from the hacienda/field they were working.
JOSE RIZAL AS AN INVENTOR

In 1887, Rizal completed his first invention while in Calamba. He invented a cigarette
lighter, “sulpukan” made of wood which he sent to Blumentritt. "It's mechanism is based
on the principle of compressed air" Rizal said. Recalling what he had learned in Belgium and
Baden, Germany. While in Dapitan he invented a machine for making bricks which can
manufacture about 6,000 bricks daily.
When he wrote to Blumentritt in Nov. 30, 1895, he requested him to find out other method that the Bohemian
used so as not to waste much heat to bake bricks. He also introduced a hemp-stripping machine to improve
the abaca industry, increasing the output of the abaca planters.
JOSE RIZAL AS A BUSINESSMAN
While in Dapitan, in partnership with Ramon Carreon, Rizal made profitable business ventures in fishing,
copra, hemp industries and lime manufacturing. In one deal, they made a profit of P200.oo.
To break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan, he organized the Cooperative Association of
Dapitan Farmers in January 1, 1895. He prepared the constitution and by-laws. Among its purposes were "to
improve the farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchase... help the producers
and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices."
Rizal even invited Saturnina to come to Mindanao for she could profitably engage in the textile, jewelry and hemp
businesses. In a letter to his brother-in-law, he requested to buy a big net and he could bring along two good
Calamba fishermen to teach the Dapitan folks better methods of fishing. The nets came, but the 2 fishermen
could not come, so Rizal trained the local fishermen how to use the new fishing nets and he taught them how to
weave nets.
JOSE RIZAL, AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT POLYGLOTS/LINGUISTS
He had known 22 languages. In Dapitan, he learned the Bisayan, Subanun and Malay languages. He was a born
polyglot. He learned different languages when he traveled abroad. Among them were Latin, Greek, English,
French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese,
Swedish, Russian and Filipino languages such as Tagalog and Ilokano.
OTHER PROJECTS OF RIZAL IN DAPITAN
To the best of his God given talents and to awaken civic consciousness of the people in Dapitan, Rizal did all he
can for the town. He knew that malaria is spread by mosquitoes which thrive in swampy places, thus he spent
many months draining the marshes to get rid of malaria. With the P500 that an English patient paid
him, it was used for the lighting system consisting of coconut oil lamps placed in the dark streets.
The beautification of Dapitan was one of Rizal's concerns with the

help of his former Jesuit teacher Father Sanchez. Together, they
remodeled the town plaza to enhance its beauty. In front of the
church, he made a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth,
stones and grass. This map which still exists today was used by
Rizal as a motivating devise in the teaching of geography to his
pupils. With the aid of the map, he discussed with the
townspeople and visitors the position of Dapitan and its relation
to the rest of Mindanao.
It is to be noted that all his work experiences in Dapitan had made his practical nationalism stronger and he was
fully convinced that self-improvement and community improvement were impetus to national governance,
respect, honor and integrity.
JOSE RIZAL AND JOSEPHINE BRACKEN IN DAPITAN
While in Dapitan, after the day's hard work, Rizal was often sad. He missed his family and
the death of Leonora Rivera caused him much pain. This changed when Mr. Taufer who
came all the way from Hong Kong brought with him adopted daughter Josephine to seek the
services of the ophthalmic surgeon.

Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight. After a month's love affair, they agreed to marry but
Father Obach, the priest of Dapitan, refused to marry them without permission from the Bishop of Cebu. When
Mr. Taufer learned of their marriage he could not endure the thought of losing his adopted daughter Josephine,
he nearly committed suicide. Accompanied by Josephine to Manila, the blind man went home uncured because
his eye ailment is incurable. Josephine stayed with Rizal's family and later she returned to Dapitan. Since no
priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine held hands together and married themselves in the
eyes of God and lived as husband and wife. They lived happily in Dapitan and were blessed with a son who
survived only for three hours after birth and was buried in Dapitan. The boy was named Francisco in honor of
Jose Rizal's father.
Who was Josephine that made Rizal's life happy?
She was an Irish girl of sweet eighteen, slender, blue eyed, hair chestnut blond, dressed with elegant simplicity.
She was born in Hong Kong on Oct. 3, 1876 of Irish parents. Her mother was Elizabeth Jane MacBride who died
in childbirth and her father James Bracken, a corporal in the British garrison. She was adopted by Mr. George
Taufer, with adopted name Josefina Leopoldina Taufer, who later became blind.
RIZAL AND KATIPUNAN
While Rizal was still mourning the loss of his son, a revolution was being planned by the Katipuneros led by
Andres Bonifacio. Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan in order to inform Dr. Jose Rizal of their
plans of the revolution for freedom's sake. To camouflage his real mission, Dr. Pio Valenzuela brought with him a
blind man by the name of Raymundo Mata. They left Manila on hoard steamer Venus and arrived in Dapitan in
the evening of July 21, 1896. After supper, the two had a heart-to-heart talk. Rizal objected to the revolutionary
plans which would mean a veritable suicide for two reasons (1) the people are not ready for a revolution
(2) arms and funds must be raised before the revolution. He also disapproved of the other plan of the
Katipunan to rescue him because he had given his word of honor to the Spanish authorities and he would not
break it.
Rizal understood the sentiments of his oppressed people. He was aware of this possibility when Spain refused to
grant the reforms they were fighting for. He knew that his countrymen had slim chance of winning but he could
not blame them for their impulsiveness and desire for freedom.
Before the two men ended their talk, Rizal said with a tongue of sadness. “To die and to conquer is pleasant
but to die and be conquered is painful.”
Rizal informed Valenzuela of his pending application as volunteer surgeon in the Spanish army fighting the
Cuban revolution. The latter objected to his plan because Weyler who was the general-in-chief of the Spanish
troops in Cuba might shoot him. He assured Valenzuela that would not happen. He revealed that once in Cuba he
could study the war in a practical way; he would mix with Cuban soldiers so he could find solutions to the
Philippine situations.
Months had passed since he had written Gov. General Ramon on December 17, 1895 of his application as
volunteer doctor in Cuba. He almost gave up his hope that his humanitarian offer would be approved.
On July 30, 1896 a letter from Gov. General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of the acceptance of his
offer. Rizal's four-year exile in Dapitan ended in July 31, 1896 with great joy, he again could travel and be free to
go to Europe and Cuba.
He wrote his heart-warming poem. “The Song of the Traveller” (El Canto del Viajero)
Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered, Often the sorrowing pilgrim is envied,
Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole ; Circling the globe like a sea-gull above ;
hus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose, Little, ah, little they know what a void
Roams without love, without country or soul. Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
Following anxiously treacherous fortune, Home may the pilgrim return in the future,
Fortune which e 'en as he grasps at it flees ; Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends ;
Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking, Naught wìll he find but the snow and the ruins,
Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas ! Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends,
Ever impelled by the invisible power, Pilgrim, begone ! Nor return more hereafter,
Destined to roam from the East to the West ; Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth ;
Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones, Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,
Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest. Thou once again must roam o'er the earth.
Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert, Pilgrim, begone ! Nor return more hereafter,
Grant him a final asylum of peace ; Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran ;
Soon by the world and his country forgotten, Pilgrim, begone ! And forget thine affliction,
God rest his soul when his wanderings cease ! Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
When he left Dapítan, on July 31, 1896 on board the steamer España accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa and
her daughter Angelica, his three nephews and six pupils, almost all Dapitan folks were at the shore to bid
goodbye. Many wept especially the other pupils who were too poor to accompany him to Manila. They had
stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz and Romblon. Upon arrival in Manila Bay, he learned that the
steamer Isla de Luzon had left for Spain the day before they arrived. He was kept as "guest" on board the Spanish
cruiser "Castilla" and held "incommunicado" except to his family for about a month from August 6 to
September 2, 1896. While he was waiting patiently for the next steamer that will bring him to Barcelona, the
plans of the Katipunan to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil,
the Augustinian parish priest of Tondo in August 19, 1896.
In August 26, 1896 the 'Cry of Balintawak" was raised by Bonifacio and the Katipunero.
 At sunrise of August 30, the revolutionaries led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan (Battle of
San Juan) and suffered heavy losses.
 On this day, Governor General Blanco declared a state of war in the first eight provinces for rising against
Spain, Manila (as a province) Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.
Rizal learned about this war and battles around Manila through the newspapers, he read in Castilla; and he was
very much worried. The day when the state of war was proclaimed in the eight provinces, Rizal received two
letters from Governor General Blanco. These two letters of introduction for the Minister of War General Marcelo
de Scaraga and Minister of Colonies with covering letter absolved Rizal from all blame for the raging revolution
which is at the moment happening in the Philippines.
Mr. Rizal
My Dear Sir:
Enclosed are two letters for the Ministers of War and Colonies which I think will be well received. I
have no doubt that you will justify me before the Government by your future behavior not only for
your word of honor but because the present happening must have shown you palpably that certain
actions which are the product of foolish ideas yield no other result but hatred, destruction, tears, and
blood.
May you be very happy is the wish of your attentive servant who kisses your hand,
Ramon Blanco
On September 2, 1896, Rizal wrote to his mother while on board the Castilla, as follows:
My Dearest Mother,
As I promised, I am addressing you a few lines before leaving, to let you know about the condition of
my health. I am well, thank God; I am only concerned as to what will happen or shall have happened
to you in these days of upheaval and disorder. God will that my old father may not have any
indisposition.
I shall write to you from the places where the boat stops; I expect to be in Madrid or at least in
Barcelona at the end of this month.
Do not worry about anything; we are all in the hands of Divine Providence. Not all those who go to
Cuba die, and in the end one has to die;; at least die doing something good.
Take good care of yourself and take care of my old father so that we shall see each other again. Many
regards for my brother, sisters, nephews and nieces, aunts, etc., etc. I leave contented, confident that
as long as you are alive the family will remain united and the old intimacy will reign.
With nothing more, my very dear mother, I kiss your hand and that of my father with all the affection
and love that my heart is capable of giving give me your blessings of which I am in much need.
A fond embrace for every one of my sisters; may they love one another just as I love all of them.
Your son,

Jose
At 6:00 pm of September 2, Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay which will sail for Barcelona
the next day. Among the fellow passengers on board were Don Pedro Roxas (rich man from Manila) and his
son Periguin. On September 7, 1896, the steamer Panay arrived at Singapore. Rizal and other passengers went
ashore for sightseeing. He noticed its great change since he saw it last 1882. There were more Chinese merchants
than Indian. He was advised by Don Pedro and other Filipino residents to stay and never go to Barcelona. For he
is safe in Singapore with the protection of the British Law. He ignored their appeal because he had given his word
of honor to Gov. General Blanco and he did not like to break it.
Rizal was not aware that General Blanco and Minister of War exchanging coded telegrams and confidential
messages for his arrest upon reaching Barcelona. As the steamer had left Port Said (Terminal of Suez Canal) a
passenger told Rizal the bad news at he would be arrested by order of Gov. General Blanco and would be sent to
prison. He was shocked and it was too late to realize that he was duped by the sly Spanish official. He
immediately wrote a letter to his best friend Blumentritt to unburden his bitterness and agonizing heart.
My very dear Friend,
A passenger on board has just told me a news that I can hardly believe and should it be true, would
bring to an end the prestige of Philippine authorities.
I cannot believe for it would be the greatest injustice and the most abominable infamy, unworthy not
of a military official but of the last bandit. I have offered to serve as a physician, risking life in the
hazards of war and abandoning all my business. I am innocent and now in reward they are sending
me to prison!!
I cannot believe it! This is infamous, but if it turns out to be true, as everybody assures me, I am
communicating to you these news so that you may appraise my situation.
Yours,
(signed) Jose Rizal
In September 30, at 4:00 pm he was officially notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin
until further orders in Manila. He has kept heavily guarded for three days. What a coincidence, the military
commander of Barcelona was General Eulogio Despujol who ordered his exile in Dapitan for four years (1892-
1896). He had heard rumors on board the ship that he was being blamed for the outbreak of the revolution in the
Philippines. The ship docked at Barcelona on October 6 at 3:00am and he was brought to an infamous prison-
fortress named Monjuich. At about 2:0oopm, he was brought to the headquarters of Gen. Despujol. The
interview lasted for a quarter of an hour. He was told by the brusque general that he will be slipped to Manila on
board the steamer Colon which was leaving that evening.
The ship left at 8:0opm full of soldiers and officers and their families to fight the Filipino revolutionaries. While
on board, Rizal wrote all his thoughts and activities. Among the important realizations he had written was:
I think God is doing me good by allowing me to return to the Philippines in order to disprove so many
charges against me. Either they will give me justice and knowledge my innocence and when I shall
have all my rights restored, or they will condemn me to death and then I shall be expiated my
supposed crime in the eyes of society. She will forgive me later, without any doubt, I shall be given
justice, and become one martyr more... I feel that peace had descended upon me. Thank God that my
hope and my consolation. Let your will be done. I am ready to obey it.
As the steamer Colon reached Manila in November 3, 1896. Dr. Jose Rizal was brought directly to Fort
Santiago under heavy guard while there was wild rejoicing for the Spaniards and friars because of the military
supplies and more military reinforcements.
Meanwhile, the Spanish authorities had brutally tortured many Filipino patriots to get evidences against Rizal.
Including his brother Paciano, who was rendered almost dead, paralyzed and speechless for several days.

D. EVALUATION
ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFICATION
Read each questions carefully and provide the correct answer.
1. Rizal lived in Dapitan for how many years?

2. When did Rizal arrived in Hong Kong aboard the S.S. Melbourne?
3. Rizal had been informed of the deportation of twenty-five persons in Calamba, including his family, by?
4. Rizal being considered as one of the world's great polyglots, known how many languages?
5. While Rizal stayed in Hong Kong he had a plan to move the landless Filipinos to Borneo and transform the
said wilderness into a "New Calamba" called?
6. Rizal made this in front of the church, out of earth, stones and grass, was used by Rizal as a motivating devise
in the teaching of geography to his pupils.
7. The governor general who commanded the Spanish consul-general in Hong Kong to notify Rizal that such
project was very unpatriotic?
8. When did Rizal returned to the Philippines and organized the La Liga Filipina?
9. At sunrise of August 30, the revolutionaries led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked the _______________,
where they suffered heavy losses.
10. To break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan, Rizal organized this association on January 1, 1895?
11. He was one of the founders of the organization La Liga Filipina?
12. What was the title of the poem Rizal wrote on the birthday of this Spanish captain who is kind and generous
to him?
13. Rizal was arrested on _______________ merely four days after the Liga was organized? While on board
in Isla de Panay going to Barcelona, on September 30 he was notified to stay in his cabin and was heavily
guarded for how many days?
14. During the Exile of Rizal in Dapitan, Dapitan is under the missionary jurisdiction of the? Jesuits
15. He is the Spanish commandant of Dapitan, whom Rizal stayed and lived during his exile in Dapitan.
16. Rizal, in order to provide clean water to the people of Dapitan, applied his knowledge of engineering by
constructing a? system of waterworks
17. The date when Rizal's exile in Dapitan ended?
18. The distinguished American Engineer who praised Rizal for his ingenuity in building the system of
waterworks in Dapitan.
19. When did the 'Cry of Balintawak" was raised by Bonifacio and the Katipunero?
20. In 1893, Rizal established a school in Dapitan starting with_______________pupils only?
21. Rizal wrote this poem in honor of Talisay.
22. When the ship docked at Barcelona on October 6 at 3:00am and he was brought to an infamous prison-
fortress named?
23. Rizal built up a rich collection of conchology which consisted of _______________ shells representing
_______________ species.
24. Rizal bought how many hectares of land in Talisay where he built his home, his school and hospital? 16
25. The spy who visited Rizal and introduced himself as a friend and a relative?
26. The priest of Dapitan, who refused to marry Rizal and Josephine without permission from the Bishop of
Cebu.
27. The plans of the Katipunan to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by this
Augustinian parish priest of Tondo?
28. Captain Carnicero, Jose Rizal and Francisco Equiror won a lottery ticket with a prized of?
29. Who helped Rizal built a large clientele and opened a medical clinic while practicing his medical career in
Hong Kong?
30. As the steamer Colon reached Manila in November 3, 1896. Dr. Jose Rizal was brought directly to?
31. Rizal invented a cigarette lighter, made of wood called?
32. Rizal as a scientist discovered some rare specimens which were named in his honor, among these were
_______________ (a rare frog), 34. _______________ (a flying dragon), and 35.
_______________ (a small beetle).
ACTIVITY 2: ESSAY
1. Describe and explain why Jose Rizal was exiled in Dapitan and how did he live his life in Dapitan.
2. Given a chance to acquire one of Rizal's capabilities, how would you apply it as a student and a Filipino?
3. Differentiate the justice system from Rizal's time with the present justice system in the Philippines.

4.7 THE FINAL JOURNEY
JOSE RIZAL'S TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN
A week after the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, on September 2, 1896, Jose Rizal left Manila for Spain.
Going back to Governor General Ramon Blanco's last letter to Rizal, the former approved the latter's request that
he be sent to Cuba as military doctor. As such, Rizal was to go to Spain first before going to Cuba. But even before
he reached his first destination, he was arrested by the Spanish authorities on board, jailed in Barcelona and
shipped back to Manila and was jailed at Fort Santiago for the last 3 months of his life.
RESCUE ATTEMPT BY THE KATIPUNAN
While Rizal was still in exile in Dapitan, the Katipunan emissary Dr. Pio Valenzuela, informed the former of the
secret organization's attempt to rescue him and to sneak him on a ship destined to Japan. However, Rizal was not
in favor of this plan as he had no plan of breaking his promises to the Spanish authorities.
For the second time, in August 1896, during Rizal's stopover in Manila Bay, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto
and other Katipuneros disguised as sailors of the motor Caridad so that they can easily penetrate the cruiser
Castilla, then harbored at Manila Bay. Rizal was on deck at that time when he was approached by Jacinto who
whispered that they were Katipuneros and were there to rescue him. However, despite the opportunity given to
him, Rizal refused to be rescued.
On board Castilla, Rizal heard of the outbreak of the revolution and was not surprised. However, his worry was
that Spanish authorities might think that he incited the said struggle. Two recommendation letters from
Governor Blanco diverted Rizal's anguish-one for the Minister of war, General Marcelo de Azcarraga; and
the second, for the Minister of Colonies.
Aboard the steamer, Isla de Panay, Rizal left Manila for Spain on September 2, 1896, not knowing that this
will be his last travel abroad. The night before his departure, he wrote a letter to Doña Teodora Alonzo telling her
that his task required strength and dedication, and if he died, at least he had done something good for mankind.
By the eve of September 7, the steamer reached Singapore and on the 3oth, while Isla de Panay was on its
voyage along the Mediterranean Sea, a telegraphic message was received by Captain A. Alemany, the ship
skipper, ordering him to arrest and confine Jose Rizal in his cabin until they arrive in Barcelona on the 3rd of
October. Early morning of October 6, Rizal was transferred to Montjuich castle where he was visited by Eulogio
Despujol who was then the military Commander of Cataluña. By 8 o'clock in the evening, aboard the steamer
Colon, Rizal left Barcelona for Manila.
Such occurrences had already been known among Rizal's friends Europe and Singapore. His friends from
London, Dr. Antonio Ma. Kegidor and Sixto Lopez exerted all their efforts to find a lawyer in Singapore
who could aid their friend in need. They sent a telegraph to a certain Atty. Hugh Fort whom they requested to
do the task of rescuing Rizal- by issuing writ of habeas corpus on the steamer Colon. Unfortunately, the judge
in Singapore denied Fort's request intention that Rizal was illegally detained in the said steamer because the
voyage cannot be delayed since it was, according to the judge, a warship carrying Spanish troops to Manila.
Thus, on November 3, Colon arrived in Manila - Jose Rizal, under heavy security, was brought immediately to
Fort Santiago. During his stay, Spanish authorities were searching for evidence against him. In fact, Filipinos who
had been recognized at his side were brutally tortured to implicate him. Some of them were as follows: Deodato
Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco and Timoteo Paez.
Even his only brother, Paciano was arrested and inflicted with pains which the latter endured for his younger
brother's sake.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
After fishing as much evidence as possible, on November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation on Rizal
began. During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against him before Judge Advocate
Colonel Francisco Olive. He was put under interrogation without the benefit of knowing who testified against
him. Presented before him were two kinds of evidences – documentary and testimonial.
There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary evidence.

Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were comprised of oral proofs provided by Martin Constantino, Aguedo
del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela,
Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.
These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco who designated Captain Rafael
Dominguez as the Judge Advocate assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action should be
done. Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate
General, for an opinion. Peña's recommendations were as follows:
1. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial.

2. He must be held in prison under necessary security,
3. His properties must be issued with order of attachment, and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million
pesos.
4. Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed to defend Rizal.
Although given the "privilege" to choose his own defense counsel, this was limited to a list of 100 names both first
and second lieutenants – that the Spanish authorities provided him. Of the list, one familiar name stood out - Lt.
Luis Traviel de Andrade.
Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the brother of Lt. Jose Traviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal's
personal bodyguard in Calamba in 1887.
CHARGES AGAINST RIZAL
On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read. He
was accused of the crimes of rebellion, sedition and forming illegal associations. When asked
regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that:
 He does not question the jurisdiction of the court.

 He had nothing to amend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political
matters;
 He had nothing to admit on the charges against him.
 He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against him.
Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the
authority to command that the case be court martialed. On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal
wrote the controversial Manifesto addressed to his countrymen a letter denouncing bloody struggle, and
promoting education and industry as the best means to acquire independence. However, Judge Advocate
General Nicolas de la Peña requested Governor Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be prohibited,
and so, the governor did.
JOSE RIZAL'S TRIAL
Accustomed to share the merry season with family, friends and relatives, the 1896 Christmas was indeed,
Rizal's saddest. Confined in a dark, gloomy cell, Rizal was in despair and had no idea of what his fate may be.
Under this d elusion, he wrote a letter to Lt. Traviel de Andrade requesting the latter to visit him before his trial
for there was a very important matter they need to discuss. Likewise, Rizal greeted the lieutenant a joyous
Christmas.
The next day, December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the court-martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing
was actually a kind of moro-moro - a planned trial wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had already been
prejudged. Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to know the people who witnessed against him.
The trial took place at Cuartel de España, a military building, with a court composed of seven military officers
headed by Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona. Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, the six other officers in
uniform (Capt. Ricardo Muñoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguera, Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio
Rodriguez Nuñez, Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano, and Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez), Lt. Traviel de Andrade,
Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (prosecuting attorney) and a number of
spectators, including Josephine Bracken.
After Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial, it was followed by Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the charges
against Rizal, urging the court that the latter be punished with death. Accordingly, the three crimes
accused to him were rebellion, sedition and illegal association - the penalty for the first two being life
imprisonment to death, while the last, correctional imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 3,250 pesetas.

Lt. Traviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the floor reading his speech in defense of Rizal. To
supplement this, Rizal read his own defense which he wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago.
According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his innocence:
1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against rebellion

2. He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan comprising revolutionary elements
3. Without his knowledge, his name was used by the Katipunan; if he really was guilty, he could have escaped
while he was in Singapore
4. If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in exile he shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel
of land or established a hospital in Dapitan.
5. If he was really the leader of the revolution, the revolutionaries should have consulted him.
6. He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga Flipina, but to make things clear, the organization
was a civic association, not a revolutionary society.
7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the association banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last
long.
8. If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had no idea about it
9. It he La Liga had are revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan should not have been organized.
10. The Spanish authorities found his letters having bitter atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was
being persecuted resulting to their dispossession of properties and deportation of all his brothers-in-law.
11. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the politico-military commanders and missionary priests in the
province could attest to that
12. If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at Doroteo Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution,
then he want to confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution, then why did the Katipunan send
an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It is so because all his friends were aware that he never advocated
violence.
But the military court remained indifferent to the pleads of Rizal. Rizal was a civilian, but was tried by a military
court composed of military officials. The case was already prejudged in the absence of due process. After a short
deliberation, he was sentenced to be shot in musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of December
30, 1896 at Bagumbayan. The decision was who immediately sought the opinion of Nicolas de la Peña – the
latter found the verdict just and final. Two days later, the governor general signed the court's decision and
ordered Rizal's execution, with all the formalities as required by law.
MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN
Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already knew that there is no way that his destiny would be changed –
Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate. Captain Rafael Dominguez, at 6 o'clock in the
morning of December 29, 1896, read before him the official notice of his execution, scheduled the next day.
Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel where he spent his last hours on earth.
Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing correspondences to friends and family, bidding everyone
farewell; and conversing with his Jesuit priests friends. He had a lot of visitors, arriving one or two after the
other:
 Fr. Miguel Sadera Mata - the Rector of the Ateneo Municipal; arrived in the prison early in the morning.
 Fr. Luis Viza - came with Fr. Mata, the priest to whom Rizal asked for the image of the Sacred Heart of
Jesus which he made during his stay in Ateneo.
 Fr. Antonio Rosell - another friend of Rizal who gladly ate a fine breakfast with him; returned in the
afternoon to resume his talk with Rizal.
 Lt. Traviel de Andrade – Rizal extended his appreciation for Andrade's services as his defense counsel.
 Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier rather comically that Rizal would lose his head for writing the
Noli Me Tangere, and the latter "congratulated" the priest for being right.
 Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal's former teacher in Ateneo; ate lunch with him.
 Fr. Vicente Balaguer – accompanied Fr. Villaclara; ate lunch with Rizal as well.
 Don Santiago Mataix – contributor in the El Heraldo de Madrid Teodora Alonzo-Rizal knelt before his
beloved mother, begging for forgiveness and understanding; the mother and son were separated by the
strong grip of the prison guard.
 Trinidad – arrived when Doña Teodora left the chapel to her, Rizal handed down an alcohol cooking stove
and whispered that something was inside it (turned out to be his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, written in a
small piece of paper)
 Gaspar Castaño – fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a good conversation with Rizal.

Late at night, around 10 o'clock, a retraction letter prepared by Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was
presented to Rizal; however he rejected it for being too long. Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another
draft from Fr. Pio Pi, which Rizal liked but wanted some parts of which be changed. By 11:30pm, Rizal wrote
and signed the retraction letter in which he renounced the mason movement witnesses to this event were Juan
del Fresno (Chief of the Guard Detail) and Eloy Moure (Assistant of the Plaza). Rizal then confessed to Fr.
Villaclara, and after which, slept. Two hours later, he rose up and prayed and confessed again. Inside the chapel,
he knelt before the altar and prayed with the rosary. He, for the third time, confessed to Fr. Villaclara and once
finished, read Imitacion de Cristo by Tomas á Kempis.
At 3:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896, Fr. Balaguer lead a mass – Rizal, once again, made a confession
and received Communion. At 5:0oam, he ate his last breakfast and autographed some memorabilia including
religious pictures and books which will be passed on to his mother, and her sister, Trinidad. Accompanied by his
sister Narcisa, Josephine Bracken arrived and as requested by Rizal, the couple was canonically blessed as
husband and wife by Fr. Balaguer. To Josephine, Rizal gave the Imitacíon de Cristo as a wedding gift. For the last
time, he wrote a letter to his parents, Ferdinand Blumentritt and Paciano.
By 6:30am, Rizal's march to Bagumbayan commenced. He – in his black suit, black necktie, black hat,
black shoes and white vest-calmly walked from his prison cell in Fort Santiago to the execution site, with Lt.
Traviel de Andrade on one side and Fathers Estanislao March and Jose Villaclara, on the other four
advanced guards armed with bayonets. They walked behind
Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow, although, still had the freedom to move his arms. In his right arm
was a rosary which he kept on holding until his final breath. Meters before the execution place, a number of
spectators awaited Rizal. During his long march, Rizal saw familiar faces and places; he spent his time
reminiscing his childhood, the fun he had with his family and friends.
In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of the two priests and his defender, bidding them farewell. A
priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he gently kissed. Rizal had one request, that is, that he be
shot facing the firing squad, however, in vain since the captain of the squad ordered a back shot. As such,
Rizal had no choice but to tum his back. A physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, was amazed that
Rizal's vital signs were normal, particularly his pulse rate - was Rizal really unafraid to die?
The firing squad was commanded in unison with drumbeats. Upon the brisk command “Fire!” the guns of the
squad flared. Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining energy, twisted his body around to face the firing squad,
and so, fell on the ground with his face toward the blue sky, his head slightly inclined toward the rising sun in the
east. What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was their loud, audible voice, shouting "Long live Spain!
Death to traitors" Jose Rizal died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December 30, 1896.
Rizal died on that December morning – a “traitor” to Spain. But he lives evermore – a martyr to Filipino
Freedom.
A Martyr’s Last Farewell. Before he died Rizal was able to bequeath his last thoughts to his people in a
beautiful poem. This poem, which he left untitled, was aptly given the title Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) by
the Rizalistas. It was written on December 29, 1896, the eve of his execution, in his prison cell at Fort Santiago.
A most touching poem, with exquisite finesse and sublime feeling, it is a worthy swan-song of a great soul. It runs
as follows.
MY LAST FAREWELL
(1) Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd (5) Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!, All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ;
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
(2) On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight, (6) If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
(3) I die just when I see the dawn break, (7) Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ;
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
To dye with its crimson the waking ray. Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
(4) My dreams, when life first opened to me, (8) Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest

Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,
From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye. From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.
(9) Pray for all those that hapless have died, (12) Then will oblivion bring to me no care
For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain; As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried, Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air
For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried With color and light, with song and lament I fare,
And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain. Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
(10) And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around (13) My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends
With only the dead in their vigil to see Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!
Break not my repose or the mystery profound I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends
And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,
'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee. Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!
(11) And even my grave is remembered no more (14) Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed !
Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day !
That my ashes may carpet earthly floor, Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;
Before into nothingness at last they are blown. Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest !
D. EVALUATION
ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFICATION
Read each questions carefully. Write your answers on your journal.
1. When did the steamer Colon, arrived in Manila?

2. The priest who blessed Rizal and Josephine as husband and wife, as Rizal‟s request.
3. Who was the judge when Rizal was informed of the charges against him?
4. The ship skipper, who was ordered to arrest and confine Jose Rizal in his cabin until they arrive in Barcelona
on the 3rd of October?
5. The hearing of charges against Rizal is considered as _______________, a planned trial wherein Rizal,
before hearing his verdict, had already been prejudged.
6. Rizal‟s friends from London, who exerted all their efforts to find a lawyer in Singapore who could aid their
friend in need.
7. Who gave the title of the untitled poem which Rizal wrote on December 29, 1896?
8. The judge Advocated who was designated and assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action
should be done to Rizal?
9. Rizal was accused of the crimes of _______________, 10. _______________, and 11.
_______________?
12. This is where Rizal‟s trial took place, it is a military building, with a court composed of seven military officers.
13. The Attorney who urged the court that Rizal be punished with death.
14. Captain Rafael Dominguez read before Rizal the official notice of his execution on?
15. Rizal after confessing to Fr. Villaclara for the third time read this book written by Tomas á Kempis.
16. Rizal was transferred to Montjuich castle where he was visited by Eulogio Despujol on?
17. Rizal died at exactly _______________ in the morning of 18. _______________?
19. Rizal wrote this poem on the eve of his execution?
20. The penalty for sedition and rebellion is?
21. The preliminary investigation on Rizal began on?
22. Who was the Judge Advocate who requested Governor Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto that
Rizal wrote addressed to his countrymen a letter denouncing bloody struggle, and promoting education and
industry as the best means to acquire independence, be prohibited.
23. At what time did Rizal's march to Bagumbayan commenced?
24. How much pesetas is charged for illegal association during Rizal‟s time?
25. In the presence of Rizal‟s Spanish counsel, charges against him were read on?
ACTIVITY 2: ESSAY
1. Give your reactions about the recommendations of Judge advocate Nicholas de la Peña about the case of
Rizal.
2. Explain how did the Spanish authorities handled the case of Rizal.
3. Describe the process of Rizal‟s case. What are your opinions?
4. Explain how Rizal proved that “Pen is mightier than Sword.”
5. Share your insights about Rizal‟s last poem.

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A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

THE LIFE AND WORKS

College of Criminal Justice Education

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

This module would provide you an educational experience while

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WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

UNDERSTANDING THE RIZAL LAW

1st Semester AY 2021-2022

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

B. TIME ALLOTMENT: 3hrs.

THE CONTEXT OF THE RIZAL BILL

How a Bill Becomes a Law: The Legislative Process

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FROM THE RIZAL BILL TO THE RIZAL LAW

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,

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SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 12, 1956

ACTIVITY 1: The Debates about the Rizal Bill

After reading the passages, answer the following questions:

ACTIVITY 2: THE RIZAL LAW AND THE PRESENT CONTEXT

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NATION AND NATIONALISM

1st Semester AY 2021-2022

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. define nationalism in relation to the concepts of nation, state, and nation-state,

B. TIME ALLOTMENT: 4 hrs.

NATION, STATE, NATION-STATE

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

NATION AND NATIONALISM

NATION AND BAYAN

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

In understanding Filipino concepts of community, the bayan is an important indigenous concept.

ACTIVITY 1: Concept Map

Your concept map will be graded using the following rubric:

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

Answer the following questions on your journal:

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

1st Semester AY 2021-2022

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev 00 (09.15.20)

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

B. TIME ALLOTMENT: 6 hrs.

RIZAL AS THE TAGALOG CHRIST

THE CANONIZATION OF RIZAL: TRACING THE ROOTS OF RIZALISTAS

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1. ADARNISTA OR THE IGLESIANG PILIPINA

3. IGLESIA WATAWAT NG LAHI

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4. SUPREMA DE LA LGLESIA DE LA CIUDAD MISTICA DE DIOS, INC.

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The Virgin Maria Bernarda, a Filipino mother

FILM WATCHING: Rizalistas Interview

Beliefs and Culture Differences / unique aspect

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THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL