Welcome to

Quadratic Equations
 Location of roots

Pseudo Quadratic equation

RECAP
It’s Time to
Start!
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 112066
Timings: 0:00:00 - 0:11:13

Duration: 11:13

Video Number: 1
Key Takeaways

Cubic Equation

Let a cubic equation be : 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 ; Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ , 𝑎 ≠ 0

➢ Roots of the equation can be real or imaginary.

➢ If coefficients are real, then there exists at least one real root for the cubic equation.

(Imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs i.e. if 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 is one root , then 𝑝 − 𝑖𝑞 will also be
the root)

➢ If coefficients are rational, then irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.

(If 𝑝 + 𝑞 is one root , then 𝑝 − 𝑞 will also be the root)

Key Takeaways

Cubic Equation

Let a cubic equation be : 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 ; Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ , 𝑎 ≠ 0

If roots of the equation are : 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 , then

𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 𝑥 − 𝛾
= 𝑎(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝑥 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 −𝛼𝛽𝛾)
On comparing ,
𝑏
➢ 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = σ𝛼 =−
𝑎
(𝑆1 : Sum of roots taken one at a time)

𝑐
➢ 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = σ 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎
(𝑆2 : Sum of roots taken two at a time)

𝑑
➢ 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = ς 𝛼 = − 𝑎 (𝑃: Product of roots )
Key Takeaways

Cubic Equation

Note

➢ If roots are given, then the cubic equation can also be written as
𝑥 3 − 𝑆1 𝑥 2 + 𝑆3 𝑥 − 𝑃 = 0
 If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0,
then the value of (𝑖) 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 (𝑖𝑖) 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝛼𝛽𝛾, are :
Solution :

𝑏 1
𝑖) 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − = −
𝑎 2

𝑐 3
𝑖𝑖) 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 𝑎 = − 2

𝑑 1
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − =
𝑎 2
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the roots of the equation 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 = 𝑑 , 𝑑 ≠ 0, then the
roots of the equation 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 𝑥 − 𝛾 + 𝑑 = 0 are:

A 𝑎 + 1, 𝑏 + 1, 𝑐 + 1

B 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐

C 𝑎 − 1, 𝑏 − 1, 𝑐 − 1

D 𝑎 + 1, 𝑏 − 1, 𝑐 − 1
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the roots of the equation 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 = 𝑑 , 𝑑 ≠ 0, then the
roots of the equation 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 𝑥 − 𝛾 + 𝑑 = 0 are:

A 𝑎 + 1, 𝑏 + 1, 𝑐 + 1

B 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐

C 𝑎 − 1, 𝑏 − 1, 𝑐 − 1

D 𝑎 + 1, 𝑏 − 1, 𝑐 − 1
Let us Solve a
Question
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 104509
Timings: 0:11:14 - 0:22:36

Duration: 11:22

Video Number: 2
 If equations 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 , (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℕ) have two roots
common, then the minimum value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is:

Solution:

𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 0

−1 ± 7𝑖
Roots are 1,
2

So, the common roots with the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

−1 ± 7𝑖
will be (since imaginary roots occur in pairs)
2

∴ Equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 0
Have both roots common
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

∴ 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 ∶ 𝑐 =1 ∶ 1 ∶ 2

Minimum value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is 4
 Theory of Equations
If 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 are the roots of the equation,

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 ,

where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎0 ≠ 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎, then

𝑎1
𝑆1 : Sum of roots taken one at a time = σ 𝛼1 = −
𝑎0

𝑎2
𝑆2 : Sum of roots taken two at a time = σ 𝛼1 𝛼2 =
𝑎0

𝑎3
𝑆3 : Sum of roots taken three at a time = σ 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 = −
𝑎0

𝑎𝑛
𝑃: Product of roots = ς 𝛼𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
𝑎0
 If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 are the roots of the equation −4𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7 = 0, then find the
value of:
𝑖 σ𝛼 𝑖𝑖 σ 𝛼𝛽 𝑖𝑖𝑖 σ 𝛼𝛽𝛾 𝑖𝑣 ς 𝛼

Solution:
If −1 + 𝑖 and −1 − 2 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, where
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℚ, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 is:
 If −1 + 𝑖 and −1 − 2 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, where
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℚ, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 is:

Solution:
If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then find
the equation whose roots are: 𝛼𝛽𝛾, 𝛼𝛽𝛿, 𝛼𝛾𝛿, 𝛽𝛾𝛿
 If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then find
the equation whose roots are: 𝛼𝛽𝛾, 𝛼𝛽𝛿, 𝛼𝛾𝛿, 𝛽𝛾𝛿

Solution:
Let’s dig
deeper…!
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 104509
Timings: 0:36:08 - 0:46:51

Duration: 10:43

Video Number: 3
Key Takeaways

Transformation of a Polynomial Equation

Let 𝛼𝑖 is a root of the equation 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0, then the
equation whose roots are:

➢ 𝛼𝑖 + 𝑘 ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 → 𝑥 − 𝑘
𝑥
➢ 𝛼𝑖 ⋅ 𝑘 ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 → 𝑘
𝑥−𝑞
➢ 𝑝𝛼𝑖 + 𝑞 ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 →
𝑝

𝑘 𝑘
➢ ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 → 𝑥
𝛼𝑖
1
➢ 𝛼𝑖
𝑛
∀ 𝑖, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ: replace 𝑥 → (𝑥) 𝑛

➢ 𝛼𝑖 𝑛 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ: replace 𝑥 → (𝑥)𝑛
 If roots 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are of the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 0, then the cubic equation with
the roots 2𝛼 + 1, 2𝛽 + 1, 2𝛾 + 1, is:

Solution:

Roots: 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾
𝑥−1
3 2 Transformation: 𝑥 →
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 0 2

The required equation having roots 2𝛼 + 1, 2𝛽 + 1, 2𝛾 + 1

is:
𝑥−1 3 𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1
−6 + 10 −3=0
2 2 2

3 2
⇒ 𝑥−1 − 12 𝑥 − 1 + 40 𝑥 − 1 − 3 ⋅ 8 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 3 − 1 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 − 12 + 24𝑥 + 40𝑥 − 40 − 24 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 67𝑥 − 77 = 0
If roots 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then the equation whose roots are
𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝛽 + 𝛾, 𝛾 + 𝛼, is:

A 𝑥 3 − 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑟 = 0

B 𝑞𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0

C 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑟 = 0

D 𝑟𝑥 3 − 𝑞𝑥 + 1 = 0
 If roots 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then the equation whose roots are
𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝛽 + 𝛾, 𝛾 + 𝛼, is:

Solution:
If roots 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then the equation whose roots are
𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝛽 + 𝛾, 𝛾 + 𝛼, is:

A 𝑥 3 − 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑟 = 0

B 𝑞𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0

C 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑟 = 0

D 𝑟𝑥 3 − 𝑞𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let’s dig
deeper…!
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 106882
Timings: 0:37:02 - 0:49:08

Duration: 12:06

Video Number: 4
Key Takeaways

Newton’s theorem
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 and

𝑖 Sum of 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of roots i.e., 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 ,

𝑖𝑖 Difference of 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of roots i.e., 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 = 𝐷𝑛

𝑎 𝑆𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝑆𝑛+1 + 𝑆𝑛 = 0, 𝑎 𝐷𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝑆𝑛 = 0 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

Proof : 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

⇒ 𝑎𝛼 2 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝑐 = 0
𝛼 𝑛 𝑎𝛼 2 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝛼 𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝛼 𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝛼 𝑛 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖
Similarly, 𝑎𝛽 𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝛽 𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝛽 𝑛 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
Key Takeaways

Proof : 𝛼 𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝛼 𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝛼 𝑛 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖

+ 𝑎𝛽 𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝛽 𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝛽 𝑛 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑎 𝛼 𝑛+2 + 𝛽 𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝛼 𝑛+1 + 𝛽 𝑛+1 + 𝑐 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 𝑆𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝑆𝑛+1 + 𝑐 𝑆𝑛 = 0

Similarly,
𝛼 𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝛼 𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝛼 𝑛 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖

− 𝑎𝛽 𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝛽 𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝛽 𝑛 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑎 𝛼 𝑛+2 − 𝛽 𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝛼 𝑛+1 − 𝛽 𝑛+1 + 𝑐 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 𝐷𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑐 𝐷𝑛 = 0
 Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the roots of 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0. If 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 1,
𝑎10 −2𝑎8
then value of is:
3𝑎9 JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
Method 1: A 4 B 1
Given :
𝐷𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 & 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0 D
⇒ 𝑎𝐷𝑛+2 + 𝑏𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑐 = 0 C 2 3
⇒ 𝑎𝑛+2 − 6𝑎𝑛+1 − 2𝑎𝑛 = 0

Substituting 𝑛 = 8

⇒ 𝑎10 − 6𝑎9 − 2𝑎8 = 0

⇒ 𝑎10 − 2𝑎8 = 6𝑎9

𝑎10 −2𝑎8 6𝑎9

⇒ = =2
3𝑎9 3𝑎9
 Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the roots of 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0. If 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 1,
𝑎10 −2𝑎8
then value of is:
3𝑎9 JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
A 4 B 1
Method 2: 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the roots of 𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0. 2

𝑎10 −2𝑎8 𝛼 10 −𝛽 10 −2 𝛼8 −𝛽8 𝛼 2 − 6𝛼 − 2 = 0

3𝑎9
=
3 𝛼9 −𝛽9 C 2 D 3

𝛼 10 −2𝛼8 − 𝛽 10 −2𝛽8 ⇒ 𝛼 2 − 2 = 6𝛼
=
3 𝛼 9 −𝛽9
𝛽 2 − 6𝛽 − 2 = 0
𝛼 8 𝛼 2 −2 −𝛽 8 𝛽 2 −2
= ⇒ 𝛽 2 − 2 = 6𝛽
3 𝛼 9 −𝛽9

𝛼 8 6𝛼 −𝛽8 6𝛽
=
3 𝛼 9 −𝛽 9

6 𝛼 9 −𝛽 9 6
= = =2
3 𝛼 9 −𝛽 9 3
 If 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of equation 𝑥 2 + 5 2 𝑥 + 10 = 0, 𝛼 > 𝛽 and 𝑃𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛
𝑃17 𝑃20 +5 2𝑃17 𝑃19
for each positive integer 𝑛, then the value of 2 is equal to:
𝑃18 𝑃19 +5 2𝑃18

JEE Main July 2021

Solution:
 Cubic Equation
Let a cubic equation be :
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 ; Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ , 𝑎 ≠ 0

➢ Roots of the equation can be real or imaginary.

➢ If coefficients are real, then there exists at least one real root for
the cubic equation.
(Imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs i.e. if 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 is one root , then
𝑝 − 𝑖𝑞 will also be the root)

➢ If coefficients are rational,

then irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.

(If 𝑝 + 𝑞 is one root , then 𝑝 − 𝑞 will also be the root)

Cubic Equation
Let a cubic equation be :
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 ; Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ , 𝑎 ≠ 0
If roots of the equation are : 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 , then
𝑏
➢ 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = σ𝛼 =−
𝑎
(𝑆1 : Sum of roots taken one at a time)
𝑐
➢ 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = σ 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎
(𝑆2 : Sum of roots taken two at a time)

𝑑
➢ 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = ς 𝛼 = − 𝑎 (𝑃: Product of roots )

Note

➢ If roots are given,

then the cubic equation can also be written as
𝑥 3 − 𝑆1 𝑥 2 + 𝑆3 𝑥 − 𝑃 = 0
Theory of Equations

If 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 are the roots of the equation,

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 ,
Where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎0 ≠ 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎, then
𝑎1
𝑆1 : Sum of roots taken one at a time = σ 𝛼1 = −
𝑎0
𝑎2
𝑆2 : Sum of roots taken two at a time = σ 𝛼1 𝛼2 =
𝑎0
𝑎3
𝑆3 : Sum of roots taken three at a time = σ 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 = −
𝑎0
𝑎𝑛
𝑃: Product of roots = ς 𝛼𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
𝑎0
Transformation of a Polynomial Equation
Let 𝛼𝑖 is a root of the equation 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0,
then the equation whose roots are:
➢ 𝛼𝑖 + 𝑘 ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 → 𝑥 − 𝑘

➢ 𝛼𝑖 ⋅ 𝑘 ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 → 𝑥
𝑘
𝑥−𝑞
➢ 𝑝𝛼𝑖 + 𝑞 ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 →
𝑝

𝑘 𝑘
➢ ∀ 𝑖: replace 𝑥 → 𝑥
𝛼𝑖

1
➢ 𝛼𝑖 𝑛
∀ 𝑖, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ: replace 𝑥 → (𝑥)𝑛
1
➢ 𝛼𝑖 𝑛 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ: replace 𝑥 → (𝑥)𝑛
Newton’s theorem
➢ Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 and

𝑖 Sum of 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of roots i.e., 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 , 𝑎 𝑆𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝑆𝑛+1 + 𝑆𝑛 = 0,

𝑖𝑖 Difference of 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of roots i.e., 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 = 𝐷𝑛

𝑎 𝐷𝑛+2 + 𝑏 𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑐𝑆𝑛 = 0 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

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