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Complex Numbers
 Argument of Complex Number

Different forms of Complex Number

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Properties of Argument
It’s Time to Start!
Class Description: 11th Complex Number

BHLP Session: 06

Timings: 0:00:57-0:10:45

Duration: 09:48

Video Number: 01
Key Takeaways

Vector form (Vectorial Representation)

Every complex number can be considered as the position

vector of a point. 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏)

If the point 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) represents the complex number 𝑧.

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

Then 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧 and 𝑂𝑃 = |𝑧| 𝑂

Key Takeaways

Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

(1) Addition Of Complex Numbers 𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )

Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 , 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2

Now 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄 (Parallelogram law)

𝑃 𝑧1 ≡ 𝑎1 , 𝑏1
∴ 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑖(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )
𝑂
Key Takeaways

Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

𝑄(𝑧2 )

(2) Subtraction Of Complex Numbers 𝑃(𝑧1 )

Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1 , 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2
𝑂
⇒ 𝑂𝑄′ = −𝑧2 𝑆(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )

Now 𝑂𝑆 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄′ (Parallelogram law)

𝑄′(−𝑧2 )
∴ 𝑂𝑆 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
Key Takeaways

Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝑄 𝑧2

𝑃 𝑧1

𝑂
Let’s Continue…!
Class Description: 11th Complex Number

BHLP Session: 06

Timings: 0:10:46-0:18:00

Duration: 07:14

Video Number: 02
Key Takeaways

Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

𝑄(𝑧2 )
𝑅(𝑧1 𝑧2 )
(3) Multiplication Of Complex Numbers
𝑟2

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 be complex 𝜃1 + 𝜃2

𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1
numbers represented by 𝑃 and 𝑄. 𝜃2 𝑃(𝑧1 )
𝜃1
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑂

= 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1+𝜃2)
arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
∈ −𝜋, 𝜋
Key Takeaways

Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

𝑄(𝑧2 )

(4) Division Of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 be complex numbers 𝜃2

𝑃(𝑧1 )
represented by 𝑃 and 𝑄. 𝜃1
𝑂
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
=
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑟1
𝑟2 𝑧1
𝑅
𝑟1 𝑧2
= 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 −𝜃2)
𝑟2
𝑧1
arg = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 2𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
𝑧2

𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 2𝑛𝜋 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋
Concept
Building in
progress..!
Class Description: 11th Complex Number

BHLP Session: 06

Timings: 0:18:10-0:25:19

Duration: 07:09

Video Number: 03
Key Takeaways

Triangle Inequalities:

Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be two complex numbers represented by the points 𝑃 and 𝑄 in argand plane.

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
Key Takeaways

Triangle Inequalities:

Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be two complex numbers represented by the points 𝑃 and 𝑄 in argand plane.

𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝑄(𝑧2 )
Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1 , 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2

⇒ 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 , 𝑄𝑃 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

In △ 𝑂𝑃𝑅
𝑃(𝑧1 )
Sum of two sides is always greater than third side.
𝑂
𝑂𝑃 + |𝑃𝑅| ≥ |𝑂𝑅| i.e, 𝑧1 + |𝑧2 | ≥ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |

Difference of two sides is always less than third side.

𝑂𝑃 − |𝑃𝑅| ≤ |𝑂𝑅| i.e, 𝑧1 − |𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |

Key Takeaways

Triangle Inequalities:

∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
Similarly, from △ 𝑂𝑃𝑄, we have
𝑄(𝑧2 )

∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝑃(𝑧1 )

𝑂
Note:

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

Holds, if origin, 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 are Collinear.

𝑧1 and 𝑧2 lies on the same side of origin.

Also, argument between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 will be zero.

Origin lies between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .

Also, argument between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 will be 𝜋.
If 𝑧 − (5 + 7𝑖) = 9, then find the greatest and least value of 𝑧 − 2 − 3𝑖 .
If 𝑧 − (5 + 7𝑖) = 9, then find the greatest and least value of 𝑧 − 2 − 3𝑖 .
If 𝑧 − (5 + 7𝑖) = 9, then find the greatest and least value of 𝑧 − 2 − 3𝑖 .
If 𝑧1 − 1 ≤ 1, 𝑧2 − 2 ≤ 2, 𝑧3 − 3 ≤ 3, then find the greatest value of 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 .
Logarithm of a complex number:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

∴ log 𝑒 𝑧 = loge ( 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

= loge 𝑧 + log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

⇒ log 𝑒 𝑧 = log e 𝑧 + 𝑖𝜃

⇒ log 𝑒 𝑧 = log e 𝑧 + 𝑖 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋

𝑟= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜃 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋
Express the following in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form.
𝑖) log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑖)
𝑖𝑖) log e(−5)
Express the following in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form.
𝑖) log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑖)
𝑖𝑖) log e(−5)
 Concept
building in
Progress!
Class Description: Complex Number
BHLP Session: 07
Timings: 0:00:49 -0:04:28
Duration: 03:39​
Video Number: 04
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM

If 𝑛 ∈ ℤ (set of integers), then cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛

= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

PROOF :

Let 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

We know, z = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

𝑛
𝑧 𝑛 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

= 𝑒 𝑖(𝑛𝜃)

∴ 𝑧 𝑛 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

We know that 𝑧 = 1 and arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 and we have 𝑧 𝑛 = 1 and

arg 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛𝜃
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM

If 𝑛 ∈ ℚ (set of rational numbers), then cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 is one of the values of

𝑛
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

Note:

cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛
= cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ and it is the only solution.

If 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ and 𝑞 ≠ 0, then

𝑝
2𝑘𝜋+𝑝𝜃 2𝑘𝜋+𝑝𝜃
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑞 = cos + 𝑖 sin
𝑞 𝑞

where 𝑘 = 0,1,2, ⋯ , 𝑞 − 1
Find all the roots of the equation 𝑧 4 = 1.
 3 𝑖
If 𝑧 = + 𝑖 = −1 , then 1 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑧 5 + 𝑖𝑧 8 9
is equal to
2 2

JEE MAIN APR 2019

A 1

B −1

C −1 + 2𝑖 9

D 0
 3 𝑖
If 𝑧 = + 𝑖 = −1 , then 1 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑧 5 + 𝑖𝑧 8 9
is equal to
2 2
 3 𝑖
If 𝑧 = + 𝑖 = −1 , then 1 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑧 5 + 𝑖𝑧 8 9
is equal to
2 2

JEE MAIN APR 2019

A 1

B −1

C −1 + 2𝑖 9

D 0
Cube Roots of Unity

We have : 𝑧 3 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧3 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 − 1 𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 − 1 = 0 or 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0

−1±𝑖 3
⇒ 𝑧 = 1 or 𝑧 =
2
Properties of Cube
Roots of Unity
Class Description: Complex Number
BHLP Session: 07
Timings: 0:28:37 -0:35:42
Duration: 07:05​
Video Number: 05
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity

−1+𝑖 3 −1−𝑖 3
⇒ 𝑧 = 1, , Cube roots of unity
2 2

In general, we represent the cube roots of unity as 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2

−1+𝑖 3 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔= = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 3 3

−1−𝑖 3 4𝜋 4𝜋
𝜔2 = = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 3 3
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity

PROPERTY 1 : Sum of cube roots of unity is 0.

Proof :
−1+𝑖 3 −1−𝑖 3 2−1+𝑖 3−1−𝑖 3
Sum of roots = 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1 + + = =0
2 2 2

∴ Sum of cube roots of unity is 0 .

PROPERTY 2 : Product of cube roots of unity is 1 .

Proof :

Product of roots = 1 × 𝜔 × 𝜔2 = 𝜔3 = 1

∴ Product of cube roots of unity is 1 .

1 1
Also, ∵ 𝜔3 = 1, = 𝜔2 & =𝜔
𝜔 𝜔2

It is interesting to know that 𝜔 and 𝜔2 are conjugate to each other

𝜔 𝜔2
It is also interesting to know that 1, 𝜔 and 𝜔2 are in G.P. i.e., = = 𝜔.
1 𝜔
 Vector form (Vectorial Representation)
• Every complex number can be considered as the position vector of a point.

• If the point 𝑃 represents the complex number 𝑧, then 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧 and 𝑂𝑃 = |𝑧|

Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝑄 𝑧2

𝑃 𝑧1

𝑂
Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:
(3) MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 be complex numbers represented by
𝑃 and 𝑄.
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1+𝜃2)

(4) DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟1
= = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 −𝜃2)
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑟2

Triangle Inequalities:
Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be two complex numbers represented by the
points 𝑃 and 𝑄 in argand plane.

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
Triangle Inequalities:
Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be two complex numbers represented by the points 𝑃 and 𝑄
in argand plane.
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

Holds, if origin, 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 are Collinear.

𝑧1 and 𝑧2 lies on the same side of origin.

Also, argument between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 will be zero.

Origin lies between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .

Also, argument between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 will be 𝜋.

 Logarithm of a complex number

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

∴ log 𝑒 𝑧 = loge ( 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

= loge 𝑧 + log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

⇒ log 𝑒 𝑧 = log e 𝑧 + 𝑖𝜃

DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
If 𝑛 ∈ ℤ (set of integers), then cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

If 𝑛 ∈ ℚ (set of rational numbers), then cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 is one

of the values of cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛
 Note
cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛
= cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ and it is the only solution.

If 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ and 𝑞 ≠ 0, then
𝑝
2𝑘𝜋+𝑝𝜃 2𝑘𝜋+𝑝𝜃
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑞 = cos + 𝑖 sin where 𝑘 = 0,1,2, ⋯ , 𝑞 − 1
𝑞 𝑞

Cube Roots of Unity

−1±𝑖 3
We have : 𝑧 3 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1 or 𝑧 =
2

PROPERTY 1: Sum of cube roots of unity is 0.

PROPERTY 2: Product of cube roots of unity is 1 .

THANK
YOU