Limits and Derivatives

Algebra of Limits :

• lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

• lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) - lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

• lim [𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)

• lim = 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

Some Standard Limits :

𝑥 𝑛− 𝑎𝑛
• lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

sin 𝑥
• lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

tan 𝑥
• lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

1−cos 𝑥
• lim = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (1+𝑥)
• lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1
• lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎𝑥 −1
• lim = loge a
𝑥→0 𝑥

First Principle of Derivative :

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Operation of Derivatives :
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• Addition : [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = [ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• Difference : [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = [ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• Product Rule : [𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] = [ 𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) [ 𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
• Quotient Rule : [ ] = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2

Important Derivatives :
𝑑
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (cot 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (cosec 𝑥) = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
• (log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 1
• (log 𝑎 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎

𝑑
• (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
• (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥