UCA/BST/F/2019/18

Assignment 01
Building automation systems
2022.01.30

1. Briefly explain the working principle of HVAC system.

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. The HVAC system's goal
Is to make people's living spaces more comfortable. The HVAC system is based on a
few principles. Thermodynamics, fluid flow, and heat transfer are the three basic
principles. Thermodynamics principles are used in HVAC to maintain indoor air
quality, and fluid flow mechanics is used to keep the air conditioning system coolant at
a constant temperature. Finally, the heat transfer principle aids in the transfer of heat
throughout the winter season. Simply put, the HVAC system's procedure begins with
the chiller unit, which produces cool water, which then travels to the air handler unit.
The coils and the blower are the two main components of the air handler. When cool
water enters the air handler unit, it travels to the coils, where it is blown through by the
bowler. As a result, cool air can be produced. After the cool air is produced, it travels
through the ducts and vents to places where air conditioning is required. The heating
process is also comparable to that of air conditioning.

Figure 01
 2. What are the Major components of HVAC system? Explain with
images/figures.

Compressor

The compressor is the most important component of the cooling system. It also aids in
maintaining the coolant's temperature and pressure. The coolant is compressed, and the
temperature rises. The coolant then travels to the condenser.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Condenser
The condenser is the heat exchanging device in the cooling cycle or refrigerant cycle. It process
is absorb the heat in inside and reject the heat by transferring to the outside. Also this part turn
gas phase coolant to the liquid phase coolant.
 Figure 3

Expansion Valve

In refrigerant cycle or cooling cycle, expansion valve is the next item. It also di the part of
condenser function. Expansion valve remove pressure from the liquefied coolant and then turn
it into vapor phase coolant.

Figure 4
Evaporator
An evaporator is the last device in the refrigerant cycle. This device is use to turn the liquid
into vapor. And then vapor phase coolant transfer in to the premises by the evaporator.

Figure 5

Air Handler
The air handler is responsible for supplying cold air to the duct and vent system. In most cases,
the air handler is connected directly to the ducts. Coils, blower, and air filter are the three
components of this unit. Blowers blow cooled or heated air into the building and collect return
air into the system during the winter season.
 Figure 6

Chiller
The chiller unit's job is to cool water by extracting heat and transferring it to the other sections
of the system. His mechanism of chiller units divides them into two types: air cooled and water
cooled chiller units. The condenser coils of an air-cooled chiller are cooled by air, while a
water-cooled chiller is cooled by water.

Figure 7
Cooling tower

Cooling towers are heat exchanging devices also as the condenser. This tower can use water
and air to absorb and transfer heat to the outdoor. Normally, cooling tower function is remove
heat from the condenser. Cooling towers are usually placed on rooftops or other outdoor sites.

Figure 8

Heat generator

The heat generator is a component of a building's heating system. This unit uses external energy
to heat the building and then heats the liquid in the boiler. The steam or hot water is then
distributed throughout the building. Heat generators are classified into two types: fuel power
and electric power generators. They can also be divided into two types based on their heating
mechanisms.
 Figure 9

Duct and vent system

Ducts systems are used to transports cooled air or hot air into to the premises. Ducts are
commonly made by aluminum, steel, flexible plastic, polyurethane, fiberglass and fabric.

Figure 10
3. Briefly describe the operations / functions of above components.

Compressor
The compressor's job is to regulate the flow of coolant by functioning as both a motor
and a pump. This allows the coolant volume to be reduced. The first step in the
refrigeration cycle is compression, which occurs when coolant enters the compressor
as a low-pressure, low-temperature gas phase coolant and exits as a high-pressure, high-
temperature gas coolant.

Condenser
In a refrigeration cycle, the condenser is the heat-exchanging device. This component
receives a high-temperature, high-pressure vapor coolant from the compressor. The
condenser transfers heat from the hot vapor phase gas vapor to the coolant in the liquid
phase. Air cooled and water cooled condensers are the two types of condensers.

Thermal Expansion valve

The expansion valve lowers the refrigerant or coolant's pressure and temperature. The
pressure and temperature are reduced via the expansion valve. This pressure decrease
aids in the rapid boiling of the refrigerant, resulting in a two-phase mixture. In addition,
the expansion valve controls the amount of coolant used in the system.

Evaporator
The evaporator absorb heat inside the premises and the reject it. The evaporator
exchange the heat from premises and distribute the cooed air in to the premises. The
evaporator is the second heat exchanger in a refrigeration cycle like as the condenser.

Air handling unit

Air handling unit is use to supply and collect the return air through the ducts. The basic
function of their handler is take in outside air, prepare it for comfortable to people in
the premises and supply it into the premises. Air handler unit fitted with recovery unit,
heating or cooling blower and filter coil. Air handler connect to ducts that distributes
the conditioned air in the premises and returns it to the air handling unit. A heat/cooling
recovery exchanger is normally fitted to the air handling unit for energy savings and
increasing capacity.

Chiller unit

A chiller works on the principle of vapor compression or vapor absorption. Chillers

provide continuous flow of coolant in the desired temperature. Then the coolant is
extracting heat out of one area of the premises and it flows back to the return side of
the process water system.

Cooling tower

Cooling towers are some types of heat exchangers. They are normally used to drop
down the temperature of the water. In cooling towers, hot water and cool air come in
and allow the hot water to cool down. A small portion of the water evaporates lower
the temperature of the circulating water in the cooling towers. In an HVAC system,
cooling towers function by rejecting the heat from the system to the atmosphere.

Heat generator

Heat generator is the one of main part of the HVAC system components. Fuels provide
to heating for the air or another fluid such as water and then air entering the premises
through the air handling unit, ducts and vents. For heat generation, electric heat
generation and fuel generation can be use.

Duct and vent system

Most HVAC systems use the same ducts for both heated and cooled air distribution.
Ducts are usually made of aluminum. There are two types of duct lines the supply line
and the return line. The supply line is what sends the heated or cooled air through the
system to the building. Return lines take the airing the premises and return it to the
equipment called as furnace. Ducts can place in the floor, ceiling or
walls.
4. Find 30 nos. of abbreviations which use in HVAC and BAS with the
meaning.

1. A - Compressed air line or area

2. ABC - above ceiling
3. AC - air chamber
4. A/C - air conditioning
5. AFF - above finished floor
6. ATC - automatic temperature control, at ceiling
7. ATM – atmosphere
8. BBD - boiler blowdown
9. BF - boiler feed
10. BHP - boiler horsepower, brake horsepower
11. BOD - bottom of duct
12. BOP - bottom of pipe
13. BOT – bottom
14. BP - back pressure
15. CA - compressed air
16. CV - check valve
17. CW - cold water
18. CWR - cold water riser
19. CR - condenser return
20. CRW - chemical resistant waste
21. CS - condenser supply
22. ERV – Energy Recovery Ventilator
23. ESP - external static pressure
24. ET - expansion tank
25. EVAP – evaporator
26. EWT - entering water temperature
27. EXH – exhaust
28. EXP – expansion
29. EA - exhaust air, each
30. EAT - entering temperature