General Instruction for Writing Report for Continuous

Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and

Technology
157/ F, Nilgunj Road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114

Title of Work: Sex hormones

Paper Code:

R21_PT513B

Paper Name: Medicinal Chemistry II

Report Submitted for the Evaluation of Continuous Assessment II

Submitted by Name: Sovan Sarkar

Roll No: 186012111012

Program: B.Pharm

Semester: 5

Sl.
Title Pg. No.
No.

1. Abstract 3

2. Introduction 4

3. Discussion 4-8

4. Conclusion 9

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 5. References 10

Abstract

Hormone is defined as the secretion of an endocrine gland which is transported to a sight

distant from its origin while it produces its action. the endocrine system consists of Ductless

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glands which secrete hormones into circulation. various types of hormones are available in
our body. hormone is secreted by various endocrine glands that are present in our body sex
hormones are mainly secreted by ovaries in the female and testes in male. Sex hormones
(mainly progesterone, oestrogen and testosterone) help to maintain sexual development and
helps in reproduction.

Introduction

Hormone is defined as the secretion of an endocrine gland which is transported to a sight

distant from its origin while it produces its action.
Hormones are molecules that are produced by endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus,
pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, (i.e., testes and ovaries), thyroid gland, parathyroid
glands, and pancreas.
They can act as neurotransmitters, that affect neural signalling and activity across the brain.
The term “endocrine” implies that in response to specific stimuli, the products of those glands
are released into the bloodstream. The hormones then are carried via the blood to their target

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cells. Some hormones have only a few specific target cells, whereas other hormones affect
numerous cell types throughout the body. The target cells for each hormone are characterized
by the presence of certain docking molecules (i.e., receptors) for the hormone that are located
either on the cell surface or inside the cell. The interaction between the hormone and its
receptor triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions in the target cell that eventually modify
the cell’s function or activity.
Hormones are secreted by endocrine not ductless glands.
These are-
Endocrine Glands Hormone
Anterior Pituitary GH ACTH TSH Prolactin
FSH LH
Posterior Pituitary ADH
Thyroid Thyroxine Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
Parathyroid PTH
Pancreas Insulin Glucagon
Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Steroids
Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline Noradrenaline
Gonad Testosterone Oestrogen
Progesterone

Sex Hormone

Sex Hormone are referred hormones that are involved in regulation of menstrual cycle
development of sex organs development of secondary sexual characters and help in
reproduction.
sex hormones mainly refer to progesterone testosterone oestrogen.

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Synthesis
 Sex hormone synthesis is controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH)
 Pituitary gland in this hormone stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) into general bloodstream
 the luteinizing hormone (LH) binds to target cells
 luteinizing hormone (LH) promote the transfer of cholesterol to the inner
mitochondrial membrane
 initiate the hormone making process
 the inner mitochondrial membrane cholesterol is converted by the action of P450scc.

Testosterone

Synthesis
Testosterone is synthesized into two starting material it may be cholesterol odd
dehydroepiandrosterone from cholesterol it is be prepared by various Phase I and II reaction.

Mechanism of Action
Testosterone itself is an active ligand in muscle and liver in other tissues it must be metabolized
or bio transformed to DHT after diffuse in the cells of the prostate another parts testosterone is
converted by 5 Alpha reductase to DHT that binds to receptor.

SAR of Testosterone

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  It must contain a andostane skeleton to have activity.
 Oxygen at C3 and C7 are not essential for androgenic activity
 The basic nucleus having 5 Beta androstane which having androgenic activity
whereas 5 Alpha androstane have no activity.
 There should not be changed constitution on extension because it leads to finished
activity or decreased activity
 Introduction of 3 hydroxy group and 3 keto group enhanced androgenic activity
 Hydroxide group at C17 has no androgenic activity
 Halogen substitution produce produces more compounds with decreased activity
expect When placed at c4 or c9 position.
 Introduction of double bond at c1 increases the anabolic activity
 Replacement of carbon at c 2 position by oxygen gives the oral anabolic activity.

Function
Testosterone helps to maintain
o body mass
o bone mass distribution
o muscle gain
o strength gain
o production of red blood cells and sperm
o regulate sex drive (libido)

Progesterone

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Synthesis
Progesterone like all of the steroid hormones is synthesized from cholesterol derivative
cholesterol and undergoes towel oxidation to produce dehydrocholesterol that is further
oxidized to pregnenolone that is catalysed by cytochrome p450.
it mainly occurs in two steps.

Mechanism of action
Progesterone binds to Progesterone receptor male present in female genital tract present in
nucleus and underground conformational changes and attaches to elements (PRE) to and
regulus transcription through coactivators.

SAR Of Progesterone

 17 Alpha hydroxy progesterone are stable metabolically

 activity of 17alpha hydroxyprogesterone and enhanced by unsaturation at 6 and7
introducing methyl at 11 positions
 substitution of Fluro group at 24 prevents hydroxylation and makes it oral active
 inversion of configuration and 10 and in 19 portion gives oral active
 long duration of action is seen with 16 alpha and 17 Alpha when given parenterally
 introduction of alkyl group at C17 blocks oxidation of 19 non testosterone and
increases progesterone activity
 increasing electron density at C17 position decreases anabolic activity but promote
progesterone activity
 substitution at c19 question decrease anabolic activity
 more effective compound is made by adding one or more methyl group at c18 position

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 Function
o Maturation and development of uterus and breast
o Preparation of uterus to receive the fertilized ovum

Oestrogen

Mechanism of action
there are two types of oestrogen receptor on its alpha and beta the Alpha receptors control
uterus in breast and blood vessels where beta receptor control prostate and ovaries both work
via steroid hormone mechanism target cell to bind specific receptors and go undergo
conformational changes and attaches to elements (PRE) to and regulus transcription through
coactivators.

Function
o Regulation of menstrual cycle
o development of secondary sex characters

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 Conclusion

Sex hormones mainly refer to progesterone testosterone oestrogen Sex Hormone are involved
in regulation of menstrual cycle development of sex organs development of secondary sexual
characters and help in reproduction.
.

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 Reference

1. Dubey, Raghvendra K., et al. "Sex hormones and

hypertension." Cardiovascular research 53.3 (2002): 688-708.
2. Bouman, Annechien, Maas Jan Heineman, and Marijke M. Faas. "Sex
hormones and the immune response in humans." Human reproduction
update 11.4 (2005): 411-423.
3. Mascarenhas, Paulo, et al. "Influence of sex hormones on the
periodontium." Journal of clinical periodontology 30.8 (2003): 671-681.
4. Burrows, Harold. Biological actions of sex hormones. Cambridge University
Press, 2013.
5. Taneja, Veena. "Sex hormones determine immune response." Frontiers in
immunology 9 (2018): 1931.
6. Taneja, Veena. "Sex hormones determine immune response." Frontiers in
immunology 9 (2018): 1931.
7. Kimura, Doreen. "Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human
cognitive function." Current opinion in neurobiology 6.2 (1996): 259-263.
8. McEwen, Bruce S., and Teresa A. Milner. "Understanding the broad influence
of sex hormones and sex differences in the brain." Journal of neuroscience
research 95.1-2 (2017): 24-39.

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