Arki Tabulated Reviewer 200501143515

CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION
MINIMUM REQUIRED
CEMENT
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WATER
CLASS PROPORTION SAND GRAVEL STRENGTH [US Gallons / 94lbs USES
40KG 50KG CYLINDER CUBE (40kg) Cement]
(94lbs) (110lbs) [h=2h] [150mm X 150mm X
150mm]
AAA 1:1:2 Pre-Stressed and Post-Tensioned
AA 1 : 1.5 : 3 12 9.5 0.5 1 4000 2400 2800 Underwater retaining wall, shear wall and
elevator core walls
A 1:2:4 9 7 0.5 1 3500 2000 2400 5 Footings, pier, columns, girders, beams,
joists and slabs
B 1 : 2.5 : 5 7.5 6 0.5 1 3000 1600 2000 5.75 Slabs on fill and non-load bearing wall or
4” CHB
C 1:3:6 6 5 0.5 1 2500 1300 1600 6.5 Concrete plant boxes and parapet walls
D 1 : 3.5 : 7 5 4 0.5 1 2000 1000 1200 7 Plant boxes, footpaths, walkway and lean
concrete
Portland Cement: hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine
CLASSIFICATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT
powder, named for its resemblance to a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, England.
TYPE I Normal A Portland cement used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing qualities of the other types.
A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, making it more resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of hydration: used in general
TYPE II Moderate
construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls.
A very finely ground Portland cement having an increased content of tricalcium silicate, causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal Portland cement: used when
TYPE III High Early Strength
the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to reduce the time required for protection from low temperatures.
A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased content of dicalcium silicate, causing it; to generate less heat of hydration than normal Portland
TYPE IV Low Heat
cement; used in the construction of massive concrete structures, such as gravity dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging.
A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time: used where
TYPE V Sulfate Resisting resistance to severe sulfate action is required.
A Type I, Type II, or Type Ill Portland cement to which a small quantity of an air entraining agent has been inter-ground during manufacture; designated by the suffix A, as in Type
Air –Entraining Portland Cement
IA, Type IIA, or Type IllA.
A Portland cement produced from raw materials law in iron oxide and manganese oxide, the substances that give concrete its gray color; used in precast concrete work and in the
White Portland Cement making of terrazzo, stucco, and tile grout.
● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 1 ●
MORTAR & PLASTER MIXTURE PROPORTION COMPUTATION FACTORS FOR CHB PLASTER
CEMENT 1 SIDE / CHB 0.0023

MORTAR FILL MORTAR LAY
CLASS PROPORTION SAND CHB
(cu.m.) (cu.m.)
40 KG 50 KG 1 SIDE / SQ.M. 0.029
A 1:2 18 14.5 1 REBAR WEIGHT PER METER (kg)

4”
0.0015 0.001016
[10x20x40] 2 2
B 1:3 12 9.5 1 Ø / 162 Ø x 0.00617
C 1:4 9 7 1 Ø REBAR (mm)

6”
0.0030 0.001524
[15X20X40]
D 1:5 7.5 6 1 # / 8 x 25.4 # x 3.125
# REBAR
8”
#CHB / M2 12.5 pieces 0.0045 0.002032
[20X20X40] (Ø x 8) / 25.4
PERMISSIBLE SUMP CONSISTENCY
DESCRIPTION MAXIMUM MINIMUM
Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & bldg. columns 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)
Reinforced foundation walls and footings 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)
Plain Footings, caisson, and substructure walls 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRE-STRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS

UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or attached
to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)
BEAMS / RIBBED ONE-

DESCRIPTION SOLID ONE-WAY SLAB
WAY SLAB
Simply Supported L/20 L/16
One End Continuous L/24 L/18.5
Both Ends Continuous L/28 L/21
Cantilever L/10 L/8
for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)
CONVERSION FACTORS
2 3
1m 1m 1 ft 1m 1 (US) gallon 1 kg 1 lb 1 ton (RT) 1 km 1 tin
2 3 3
10.7639 ft 3.2808 ft 0.3048 m 35.3147 ft 0.003785412m 2.205 lbs 0.4536 kg 12000 BTU 3280.8398 ft 4 gallons
2
1550.0031 in 39.37 in 12.00 in 1000 L 3.785412 L 0.001 ton 0.0004536 ton 39,370.078 in 16 liters
3
264.1721 USG 0.13368055 ft 64 quarts
3
231 in 256 pints
FORMULA CURING PERIOD FOR REMOVAL OF FORMS
BOARD FOOT VOLUME (Cylinder) PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM PARTS OF STRUCTURE TIME REQUIRED
2 2 2
[T(in) x W(in) x L(ft)] / 12 V = πr h c = √a + b Massive Footing 1 day (24 hours)
(multiplied by pieces) (V = Area of Circle x Height)
FOOTINGS Cantilever Footing 5 days (120 hours)
[T(in) x W(in) x L(in)] / 144
(multiplied by pieces) Slab Footings 5 days (120 hours)
Massive walls, 1 day (24 hours)

0.30m – 2.00m high Add 1 day (24 hours) per meter
WALLS & Thin walls 2 days (48 hours)
Board foot Volume PLASTERS <0.30m – 2.00m high
2 Add 1.5 days (36 hours) per meter
(D – 4) x L
16 Cantilever walls, buttresses, Without Loads: SAME as Thin walls
counter forts, diaphragms
Ratio of Height to Least Ø 2 days (48 hours)
SOH CAH TOA up to 4
COLUMNS
Sin = Opposite / Hypotenuse Cos = Adjacent / Hypotenuse Tan = Opposite / Adjacent Ratio of Height to Least Ø 2 days (48 hours) to 28 days (672 hours)
Use when no A Use when no O Use when no H From 4 to 15 Add 1 day (24 hours) per meter of height
-1 -1 -1
Angle = Sin (O/H) Angle = Cos (A/H) Angle = Tan (O/A) 5 days (120 hours)
3 to 7ft spans
Add ½ day (12 hours) per foot of span
O = H x sin Θ A = H x cos Θ O = A x tan Θ SLABS
7 days (168 hours) to 28 days (672 hours)
Over 7ft spans
Add 1 day (24 hours) per foot of span
H = O / sin Θ H = A / cos Θ A = O / tan Θ
Sides 3 days (72 hours)
BEAMS &
TWO WAY SLAB THICKNESS (T) 2-WAY 1-WAY GIRDERS 14 days (336 hours) to 28 days (672 hours)
Bottoms (14ft max.)
Add 1 day (24 hours) per foot span
T = PERIM ETER / 180 W/L >0.5 W/L <0.5
Spandrel Walls 7 days (168 hours)
T = [W(2) + L(2)] / 180 L/W <2 L/W > 2
ARCHES Spandrel Arches 14 days (336 hours)
Main Arches 21 days (504 hours)

WEIGHT OF MATERIALS
3
BALUSTRADE 1 day (24 hours)
Steel 7850 kg / m Steel & Side forms
COPINGS,
Concrete 2400 kg / m
3 ETC.
Water 1000 kg / m
3
R.C. PILES & Sides 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS Bottom 14 days (336 hours)
16 DIVISIONS 16 DIVISIONS 16 DIVISIONS 16 DIVISIONS
02450 Foundation and Load-Bearing Elements 06200 Finish Carpentry DIVISION 10 SPECIALTIES
DIVISION 1 G GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
02500 Utility Services 06400 Architectural Woodwork 10100 Visual Display Boards
DIVISION 2 S SITE CONSTRUCTION 02600 Drainage and Containment 06500 Structural Plastics 10150 Compartments and Cubicles
02700 Bases, Ballasts, Pavements and 06600 Plastic Fabrications 10200 Louvers and Vents
DIVISION 3 C CONCRETE
Appurtenances 06900 Wood and Plastic Restoration and 10240 Grilles and Screens
02800 Site Improvements and Amenities Cleaning
DIVISION 4 M MASONRY 10250 Service Walls
02900 Planting DIVISION 7 THERMAL AND MOISTURE 10260 Wall and Corner Guards
DIVISION 5 M METALS 02950 Site Restoration and Rehabilitation PROTECTION 10270 Access Flooring
DIVISION 3 CONCRETE 07050 Basic Thermal and Moisture Protection
DIVISION 6 W WOOD AND PLASTICS
Materials and Methods
10290 Pest Control
03050 Basic Concrete Materials and Methods 10300 Fireplaces and Stoves
THERMAL AND MOISTURE 07100 Damproofing and Waterproofing
DIVISION 7 T PROTECTION
03100 Concrete Forms and Accessories 10340 Manufactured Exterior Specialties
03200 Concrete Reinforcement 07200 Thermal Protection
10350 Flagpoles
DIVISION 8 D DOORS AND WINDOWS
03300 Cast-In-Place Concrete 07300 Shingles, Roof Tiles, and Roof
Coverings 10400 Identification Devices
03400 Precast Concrete
DIVISION 9 F FINISHES
07400 Roofing and Siding Panels 10450 Pedestrian Control Devices
03500 Cementitious Decks and Underlayment 10500 Lockers
07500 Membrane Roofing
DIVISION 10 S SPECIALTIES 03600 Grouts 10520 Fire Protection Specialties
07600 Flashing and Sheet Metal
03700 Mass Concrete
DIVISION 11 E EQUIPMENT 07700 Roof Specialties and Accessories 10530 Protective Covers
03900 Concrete Restoration and Cleaning 10550 Postal Specialties
07800 Fire and Smoke Protection
DIVISION 12 F FURNISHINGS DIVISION 4 MASONRY 10600 Partitions
07900 Joint Sealers
04050 Basic Masonry Materials and Methods 10670 Storage Shelving
DIVISION 13 S SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
04200 Masonry Units
DIVISION 8 DOORS AND WINDOWS
10700 Exterior Protection
08050 Basic Door and Window Materials and
DIVISION 14 C CONVEYING SYSTEMS 04400 Stone
Methods 10750 Telephone Specialties
04500 Refractories 08100 Metal Doors and Frames 10800 Toilet, Bath, and Laundry Specialties
DIVISION 15 M MECHANICAL
04600 Corrosion-Resistant Masonry 08200 Wood and Plastic Doors 10880 Scales
DIVISION 16 E ELECTRICAL 04700 Simulated Masonry 08300 Specialty Doors 10900 Wardrobe and Closet Specialties
04800 Masonry Assemblies 08400 Entrances and Storefronts DIVISION 11 EQUIPMENT
04900 Masonry Restoration and Cleaning 08500 Windows 11010 Maintenance Equipment
DIVISION 1 GENERAL DIVISION 5 METALS 08600 Skylights 11020 Security and Vault Equipment
REQUIREMENTS
05050 Basic Metal Materials and Methods 08700 Hardware 11030 Teller and Service Equipment
01100 Summary 05100 Structural Metal Framing 08800 Glazing 11040 Ecclesiastical Equipment
01200 Price and Payment Procedures 05200 Metal Joists 08900 Glazed Curtain Wall 11050 Library Equipment
01300 Administrative Requirements 05300 Metal Deck
DIVISION 9 FINISHES 11060 Theater and Stage Equipment
01400 Quality Requirements 05400 Cold-Formed Metal Framing
09050 Basic Finish Materials and Methods 11070 Instrumental Equipment
01500 Temporary Facilities and Controls 05500 Metal Fabrications 09100 Metal Support Assemblies 11080 Registration Equipment
01600 Product Requirements 05600 Hydraulic Fabrications 09200 Plaster and Gypsum Board 11090 Checkroom Equipment
01700 Execution Requirements 05700 Ornamental Metal 09300 Tile 11100 Mercantile Equipment
01800 Facility Operation 05800 Expansion Control 09400 Terrazzo 11110 Commercial Laundry and Dry Cleaning
01900 Facility Decommissioning 05900 Metal Restoration and Cleaning Equipment
09500 Ceilings
DIVISION 2 SITE CONSTRUCTION DIVISION 6 WOOD AND PLASTICS 11120 Vending Equipment
09600 Flooring
02050 Basic Site Materials and Methods 06050 Basic Wood and Plastic Materials and 11130 Audio-Visual Equipment
09700 Wall Finishes
02100 Site Remediation Methods 11140 Vehicle Service Equipment
09800 Acoustical Treatment
02200 Site Preparation 06100 Rough Carpentry 11150 Parking Control Equipment
09900 Paints and Coatings
02300 Earthwork
02400 Tunneling, Boring and Jacking
16 16 16
DIVISIONS DIVISIONS
11160 Loading Dock Equipment 12050 Fabrics
DIVISIONS
11170 Solid Waste Handling Equipment 12100 Art 13190 Site-Constructed Incinerators
11190 Detention Equipment 12300 Manufactured Casework 13200 Storage Tanks
11200 Water Supply and Treatment 12400 Furnishings and Accessories 13220 Filter Under Drains and Media
Equipment 13230 Digester Covers and Appurtenances
12500 Furniture
11280 Hydraulic Gates and Valves 13240 Oxygenation Systems
12600 Multiple Seating
11300 Fluid Waste Treatment and Disposal 13260 Sludge Conditioning Systems
Equipment 12700 Systems Furniture
12800 Interior Plants and Planters 13280 Hazardous Material Remediation
11400 Food Service Equipment
13400 Measurement and Control
11450 Residential Equipment 12900 Furnishings Restoration and Repair
Instrumentation
11460 Unit Kitchens DIVISION 13 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
13500 Recording Instrumentation
11470 Darkroom Equipment 13010 Air-Supported Structures 13550 Transportation Control Instrumentation
11480 Athletic, Recreational, and Therapeutic 13020 Building Modules
13600 Solar and Wind Energy Equipment
Equipment 13030 Special Purpose Rooms
13700 Security Access and Surveillance
11500 Industrial and Process Equipment 13080 Sound, Vibration, and Seismic Control
13800 Building Automation and Control
11600 Laboratory Equipment 13090 Radiation Protection
13850 Detection and Alarm
11650 Planetarium Equipment 13100 Lightning Protection
13900 Fire Suppression
11660 Observatory Equipment 13110 Cathodic Protection
DIVISION 14 CONVEYING SYSTEMS
11680 Office Equipment 13120 Pre-Engineered Structures
14100 Dumbwaiters
11700 Medical Equipment 13150 Swimming Pools
14200 Elevators
11780 Mortuary Equipment 13160 Aquariums
14300 Escalators and Moving Walks
11850 Navigation Equipment 13165 Aquatic Park Facilities
14400 Lifts
11870 Agricultural Equipment 13170 Tubs and Pools
14500 Material Handling
11900 Exhibit Equipment 13175 Ice Rinks
14600 Hoists and Cables
DIVISION 12 FURNISHINGS 13185 Kennels and Animal Shelters
14700 Turntables
16 DIVISIONS
14800 Scaffolding
14900 Transportation
DIVISION 15 MECHANICAL
15050 Basic Mechanical Materials and
Methods
15100 Building Service Piping
15200 Process Piping
15300 Fire Protection Piping
15400 Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment
15500 Heat-Generation Equipment
15600 Refrigeration Equipment
15700 Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning Equipment
15800 Air Distribution
15900 HVAC Instrumentation and Controls
15950 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
DIVISION 16 ELECTRICAL
16050 Basic Electrical Materials and Methods
16100 Wiring Methods
16200 Electrical Power
16300 Transmission and Distribution
16400 Low-Voltage Distribution
16500 Lighting
16700 Communications
16800 Sound and Video
Vaporizing
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES

Wet Chem.
Dry Powder
Water
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH

Foam
CO2
CLASS USE CLASS DESCRIPTION TYPE STRENGTH

Ordinary Combustible 90% to 100% of the light output is directed HIGH STRENGTH MORTAR
A L Indirect M
Paper, Wood, Cloth, Trash, Rubber & Plastics towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room. (2500 psi / 17,238 kPa)
Flammable Liquid 60% to 90% of the light is directed upwards; MEDIUM HIGH STRENGTH
B L L Semi-Indirect S
Oil, Grease, Gasoline, Paint, Solvents & Tar 40% to 10% downwards (1800 psi / 12,411kPa)
Electrical Equipment General

provides approximately equal distribution MEDIUM STRENGTH
C Wiring, Fuse Boxes, Circuit Breakers, Machinery & L L Diffuse (Direct- N
of light upwards and downwards (750 psi / 5,171kPa)
Electrical Appliances Indirect)
Combustible Metals 60% to 90% of light is directed downwards; LOW STRENGTH
D Magnesium, Titanium, Zirconium, Sodium, Lithium & Semi Direct O
while 40% to 10% is directed upwards Interior non-load bearing walls and partitions
Potassium
Combustible Cooking
90% - 100% of the light output is directed VERY LOW STRENGTH
K/F Kitchen fires involving large amounts of heated L L L L Direct K
downwards Interior non-load bearing walls permitted by NBCP
grease
BRANDS OF BUILDING MATERIALS (PHILIPPINES)
MECHANICAL FLOORING WATER
ELECTRICAL PLUMBING ROOFING GLASS INSULATION PANEL
(AC) (LAMINATED) PROOFING
 ALENALREE  ATLANTA (uPVC  ALASCO  APO  HORNITEX  ABC  ARTES MEYER  BETAFOAM  EASTERN WIRE
 CARRIER Moulding)  ALFAIDRO (Pipes  BAYER  INCRETE  EQUA SUPREME  CO BAN KIAT  EXCEL COIL  LATIMCO
 CONDURA  CHORUS LUX & Fittings MAKROLON  KENT  DR. SEAL HARDWARE COATING  MATIMCO
 COOLMASTER  CLIPSAL (Lights)  ANESCO (Fiber  COLENT(Polyc)  KRONOTEX  A-PLUS  CORSINI (Glass CORPORATION  MULTI-LINE
 DAIKIN  COLUMBIA Glass)  COLORSTEEL –  MGS  CASTLE Rock Accent and  MACRO  PUYAT STEEL
 FEDDERS (Wires)  ATLANTA (Pipes & MVP  MILAN  DESTINY Decorative Wall INDUSTRIAL  ROOFSCAPE
 FUJITSU  DURAFLEX Fittings)  DELOON  MULTI-LINE  DUROTECH Tiles)  PHILIPPINE
 GREE  GARTIM (Lights)  BLUE MAGIC  DN STEEL (Bamboo Flooring)  NOVSEAL  EPCO (Glass INSULATION
 IDEC  LUXPIA (Lights) (Water Tanks)  ETERTON  MULTIRICH  MORTABOND Façade)  PRIME PRODUCT
 IWATA  MOLDFLEX  CREATIVE  GI SHEETS  PRIMAFLOOR  BESSER  JARO GLASS CONCEPTS
(uPVC Conduits) (Fixtures)  GOOD LIFE  PUYAT  KENNETH & SPEACIALISTS
 KELVINATOR
 PHELPS DODGE  ECOSAN (Pipes &  HEAT SHIELD  STEIGER MOCK  THERMAC
 KOLIN
(Wires) Fittings)  KANOPY  ZETA  LE GRAND  WAH PHIL
 KOPPEL
 PHILFLEX (Wires)  EMERALD  K-PLAST  LELUX  WRIGHT
 LG COLLINS
 ROYU (Elec.  FALCON (Fixtures)  MEGA ELECTRONICS
 MC QUAY
Devices)  GEBERIT (Glass Break
 MITSUBISHI  METALPLAS
 LUCKY (Pipes & Alarm)
 MIDEA  ONDULINE
ELEVATORS/LIFT Fittings)  LEXTON
 NATIONAL  PLEXIGLASS
& ESCALATORS  NELTEX (Bathroom Glass
 SAMSUNG  POLYLITE
 POLYMUTAN Shelf)
 SANYO  OTIS  RIVIERA
 POWEREE  TOTO (Bathroom
 SHARP  MITSUBISHI  TILE STAR
 RNW Glass Shelf)
 SUPER COOL  SCHINDLER  WHISTLER
 RNW PACIFIC  XANLITE (Polyc)
 SUPREME  FUJI
(Pipes)
 TRANE  GOLDSTAR
 SANIMOLD
 UNI-AIR  HYUNDAI (Pipes)
 WHIRLPOOL  WESTINGHOUSE  SUPER TANK
 HITACHI  WEIDA (Septic
Tanks; Storage
Tanks)
BOARDS DOORS & WINDOWS ADHESIVE CEMENT TILES HAND TOOLS TANKS
 BORAL PERFORATED  ACCENDO  ABC GYPSUM PUTTY  LAFARGE  APO (Vinyl Tiles)  C-MART TOOLS  BESTANK
 RICHMOND  JARO  BETONIT  REPUBLIC  EURO TILES  DAIKEN  FIRSTANK
 MIGHTY DOOR  COWPROY  RIZAL  J.K. (China)  LOTUS  SUPERTANK
 POLY DOOR  FIBER-23  VIBRO  LVP (China)  MASCOT  WEIDA
 POWERBOND Floor  MARIWASA  STANLEY
Adhesive (Puyat Steel)  XIONGDI GRANITE
 TOTAL COAT  ZIRCONIO (Spain)
● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 8
PAINTS & STAINS
BRANDS BOYSEN DAVIES DUTCHBOY JOTUN NIPPON SPHERO
 ALTAMIRA (Min. Paint)  ACQUA EPOXY  ACREEX  CLASSIC  CITO PRIMER 09  ACRYLIC 5170  CANADIAN
 A-PLUS  ACRYTEX  AQUA GLOSS-IT  GLOSS MASTA  FUNGICIDAL WASH  ADVANCE  HYPER TONE
 BOSNY  AQUASEAL  BIO-FRESH  NALCRETE  GARDEX  EXPRESSKOTE  MANOR
 BOYSEN  CHALK CLOCKER  CLEAN AIR  ROOFMASTER  JOTAPLAST  FLEXISEAL  ROOF TUFF
 BRONCO  COOL SHADES  DA VINCI  TEX-A-CRETE  JOTAROOF  INSULCOAT  SHERTEX
 DAVIES  DECORE  ELASTOGEL  VERSATEX  JOTASEALER 03  MOMENTO  SPHEREFLEX
 DECREA (Stone Coating)  DURAFILL  EPOXY ENAMEL  JOTASHIELD  ODOURLITE  SPHERETITE
 DESTINY  ECO PRIMER  FUSION  JOTASHIELD PRIMER  PROTECTIVE  TUFF SEAL
 DR.SEAL (Putty Filler)  ELASTI-KOTE  GLOSS-IT  MAJESTIC  Q-SHIELD  VTEX
 DUTCH BOY  HEALTHY HOME  KERAMIFLOOR  STRAX EASY CLEAN  VINILEX
 DYNATRON (Rubberized)  HUDSON  LIQUID TILE  ULTRA PRIMER  WEATHERBOND
 FLEXSEAL  KNOXOUT  MEGACRYL  WOODSHIELD  WEATHERBOND FLEX
 FLINTKOTE  MARMORINO  MONDO
 GLOBECONSU  MATTE SHIELD  MORTAFLEX
 HUDSON (Top Coat)  NATION DREAMCOAT  OIL WOODSTAIN
PAINT FINISHES
 KONIG (Wood Stain)  NATION DURA-ROOF  PONDO
 MANOR  PERMACOAT  POWERFLOOR TYPE USE DESCRIPTION
 NATION  PERMAPLAST  ROOFSHIELD
a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used for painting
 NIKKO (Spray Paints)  PERMATEX  STAY CLEAN LATEX for concrete
concrete and masonry surfaces
 RJ  PLEXIBOND  SUN & RAIN
 RUST-OLEUM  PRIMEGUARD Often advertised as 100% acrylic latex, a water-based paint, and is
ACRYLIC LATEX for timber &concrete generally considered the highest quality latex paint.
 SPHERO  ROOFGARD
 TITAN (Elastomeric)  SKIMCOAT Paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the ability of leveling
 UNIVERSAL  TILEWORKS brush marks, are more resistant to washing and rough usage, and have
ENAMEL for timber a harder and tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi glossy or
 WIN  TITAN SUPERFLEX matt finish.
 ZAR (Wood Stain)  VIRTUOSO SILK TOUCH
 ZYNOLITE (Spray)  WALLGUARD protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types: -
for steel
RED OXIDE Priming Paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate; -
 XYLADECOR to prevent rust Finish Paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.
PAINT ROOF ROOF EFFECTIVE WIDTH ROOF ACCESSORIES

TYPE OF WALL SPREAD RATE ROOFING SIDE LAP EFFECTIVE EFECTIVE
STANDARD SIZE ACCESSORY
FINISH PER GALLON GI Sheet (Corrugations) WIDTH LENGTH
SPREAD RATE 25m2 to 40m2 Plain GI Sheet 0.90 x 2.40 2 1/2 0.60 Gutter 2.35
Coarse to Rough
30 m2
Corrugated GI Sheet 0.80 x 1.50 to 3.60 1 1/2 0.70 Flashing 2.30
(Wooden Trowel Finish)
Fine to Coarse (Paper
35 m2 GI Sheet Gauge 14 to 30 END LAP 0.25 to 0.30mm Ridge Roll 2.20
Finish)
Smooth to Fine (Putty
40 m2 Roofing Gauge 26 Valley Roll 2.30
Finish)
Gutters &Valley Hipped Roll 2.20
Gauge 24
Rolls
UAP DOC 202 (OLD)
COMMUTATIVE ACTUAL MBF of
PHASE / STAGE
OPERATION PERCENTAGE PHP 1,000,000
PRELIMINARY
Feasibility Study 5% 5% 50,000
SCHEMATIC
DESIGN 15% 10% 100,000
Preliminary Design
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT 35% 20% 200,000
Working Drawings
CONTRACT
DOCUMENT
Specifications / Contract 85% 50% 500,000
Documents
COMPLETION
Part Time Supervision 100% 15% 150,000
100% 1,000,000
LIABILITY 10%
SUPERVISION 5%
UAP DOC 205

POST-CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
Salary Basis Monthly
MANAGEMENT FEE
Percentage of Gross Rentals 4.0% - 6.0%
UAP DOC 207
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
By Administration 7% + RDS Fee
Government Employee DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES

2% 1.5% of PCC & 10% + RDS Fee
Interest rate per annum As Architect-of-Record (AoR) INCENTIVE PAY TO COVER CIVIL LIABILITIES With Guaranteed Maximum Project Construction
in case of incomplete / non-payment not more than 50% of Annual Salary Cost
● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page
SPP DOC 202 (NEW)
COMMUTATIVE ACTUAL MBF of
PHASE / STAGE
OPERATION PERCENTAGE PHP 1,000,000
MOBILIZATION
Feasibility Study 25,000 25,000 25,000
SCHEMATIC
DESIGN 15% 15% -25,000 125,000
Preliminary Design
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT 40% 25% 250,000
Working Drawings
CONTRACT
DOCUMENT
Specifications / Contract 90% 50% 500,000
Documents
COMPLETION
Part Time Supervision 100% 10% 100,000
100% 1,000,000
LIABILITY 5%
SUPERVISION 5%
UAP DOC 203 UAP DOC 204

SPECIALIZED ALLIED SERVICES CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
FULL TIME SUPERVISION

INTERIOR DESIGN 12% - 20% QC, Documentation, Reports 1.0% - 1.5%
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
LANDSCAPE DESIGN 10% - 15% Present only DURING construction of the project 1.5% - 3.0%
PROJECT MANAGER
ACOUSTICS, LIGHTING,
10% - 15% Present BEFORE-DURING-AFTER construction 2% - 5%
ENGINEERING SERVICES of the project
ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE
50M 50M 100M 300M 500M 500M
GROUP TYPE MBF BUILDINGS Php 50M Php 50M to Php 100M Php 200M Php 500M Over Php
100M to 200M to 500M to1B 1B
1 6% Armories Packaging & Processing Plants 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1%
SIMPLE
Bakeries Parking Structures
Habitable Agricultural Structures Printing Plants
Freight Facilities Public Markets
Hangars Service Garages
Industrial Buildings Simple Loft-Type Buildings
Manufacturing / Industrial Plants Warehouses
2 7% Art Galleries Office Buildings / Office Condominiums 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2%
MODERATE
Banks, Exchange Parks, Playgrounds and
Financial Institutions Open Air Recreational Facilities
Bowlodromes Residential Condominiums
Call Centers Police Stations
Churches & Religious Facilities Postal Facilities
City/Town Halls & Civic Centers Private Clubs
College Buildings Publishing Plants
Convents, Monasteries & Seminaries Race Tracks
Dormitories Restaurants / Fast Food
Stores Exhibition Halls & Display Structures Retail / Wholesale Stores
Fire Sations Schools
Laundries & Cleaning Facilities Serviced Apartments
Libraries Shopping Centers
Malls / Mall Complexes Showrooms / Service Centers
Motels & Apartels Supermarkets / Hyper-markets
Multi-Storey Apartments Welfare Buildings
Nursing Homes Mixed-Use Buildings
3 8% Airports / Wet & Dry Ports & Terminals Mental Institutions 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3%
EXCEPTIONAL
Aquariums Mortuaries
Auditoriums Nuclear Facilities
Breweries Observations
Cold Storage Facilities Public Health Centers
Convention Facilities Research Facilities
Gymnasiums Stadia
Hospitals & Medical Buildings Telecommunication Buildings
Hotels Theaters & Similar Facilities
Laboratories / Testing Facilities Transportation Facilities & Systems
Marinas & Resort Complexes Veterinary Hospitals
Medical Arts Offices & Clinics
4 RESIDENTIAL 10% Single-Detached Row-houses or Shop-houses
Single-Attached or Duplex Small Apartment Houses and
Townhouses JEREMIAH 29:11
5 12% Exposition & Fair Buildings Museums NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
MONUMENTAL Mausoleums, Memorials & Monuments Specialized Decorative Buildings 11 For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says
Re-used Design & Contract Documents for the similar buildings without amending
the LORD, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a
6 REPETITIVE 100% (1st)
the drawings and the specifications future and a hope.
80% (2nd)
60% (3rd)
40% (4th)
GROUP TYPE MBF BUILDINGS 50M 50M 100M 300M 500M 500M
7 HOUSING 100% (1 ) st Several Residential Buildings on a single site with the use of one (1) set of plans /
60% (2nd-10th) designs, specifications and related documents
30% (11th + ) MATTHEW 7:7-8
8 15% Design for built-in components or elements, built-in equipment, special fittings, NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
EXTENSIVE DETAILING
screens, counters, Architectural Interiors, and Development Planning and / or 7 “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find;
design
Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion / additions to knock, and it will be opened to you. 8 For everyone who
9 ALTERATIONS / RENOVATIONS 150%
existing buildings belonging to Groups 1 to 5 asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who
10 PHP 200/hr The Architect is engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or knocks it will be opened.
CONSULTATION / ARBITRATION
for technical explanation on technical matters pertaining to architectural works
matters
PHP 500
as expert witness

PHYSICAL PLANNING SERVICES (OLD SPP)
TYPE DESCRIPTION SCOPE BASIC FEE
Moderately Flat
Industrial Estates
1 Commercial Centers First 50 Hectares or less PHP 5,000 per Hectare
Sports Complexes
Resorts Over 50 Hectares up to 100 Hectares PHP 250,000 + PHP 4,500 per Hectare in excess of 50 Hectares
Tourist Centers
Amusement Parks
Educational Campuses Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares PHP 475,000 + PHP 4,000 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Institutional & Government Centers
Site Planning of Complex Consisting of Several Structures within a Over 200 Hectares PHP 875,000 + PHP 3,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Contiguous Site
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties within Metro First 100 Hectares or less PHP 3,000 per Hectare
2 Manila, Cities, Regional Centers, and Provincial Capitals
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares PHP 300,000 + PHP 2,300 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares PHP 550,000 + PHP 2,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties located on other First 100 Hectares or less PHP 2,000 per Hectare
3 localities beside those under Type 2
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares PHP 200,000 + PHP 1,500 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares PHP 350,000 + PHP 1,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Rugged with Steep Terrain Increase by 30%
Preparation of Detailed Engineering Drawings & Specifications on ROADS, 4% of Development Cost
DRAINAGE, SEWERAGE, POWER & COMMUNICATION
2010 SPP DOCUMENTS
NO. DESCRIPTION
The 2006 Code Of Ethical
IRR
200 Conduct (UAP)
201 Pre-Design Services OF RA 9266

CONTENTS
202 Design Services Title, Policy Statement, Definition of
1 Terms and Scope of Practice
1-3 3
SECTIONS
203 Specialized Allied Services Professional Regulatory Board of
RULES
2 Architecture (PRBOA) 4 - 11 8
Full Time Construction Organization, Powers and Function
204A Services
Examination, Registration and
Construction Management 3 Licensure
12 - 24 13
204B Services
4 Practice of Architecture 25 - 39 15
205 Post-Construction Services
Comprehensive Architectural
5 Final Provisions 40 - 47 8
206 Services
Violation of IRR of RA9266
207 Design-Build Services

PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000
6 months to 6 years
Architectural Design
208 Competition (ADC) Any HEAD OF GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OFFICER(S) of a Private Firm /
Professional Architectural institution who violates – sub-paragraph of RA. No. 8981
209 Consulting Services (PACS) PHP 50,000 – PHP 500,000
6 months + 1 day to 6 years
301 General Conditions
Without first executing a written CONTRACT/SERVICE AGREEMENT
CODE OF ETHICS (UAP DOC 200)
A S TITLE
1 2 General Provisions
The Architect’s Responsibility in

2 7
Relation to the PEOPLE

3 12
Relation to His / Her CLIENT
4 5
Relation to the CONTRACTOR

Relation to
5 2 MANUFACTURERS,
DEALERS & AGENTS

Relation to His / Her
6 22 COLLEAGUES AND
SUBORDINATES
7 1 Architect’s Credo
8 3 Miscellaneous Provisions
Violation of the Code
PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000

6 months to 6 years
METHODS OF COMPENSATION APPLICATION METHODS OF SELECTION APPLICATION BASIS / PROCESS

Used Worldwide Reputation
Percentage of Project Construction Cost (%PCC)
Recommendation of a Friend
Direct Selection Relatively Small Project Recommendation of Former Client
Multiple of Direct Personnel Expenses (MDPE) Non-Creative Work Recommendation of Another Architect
Professional Fee Plus Expenses (PFPE) Continuing Relationship (1) Invitation
Institutions, Corporations, Public (4) Verification
Comparative Selection (2) Pre-(5) Evaluation
Lump Sum or Fixed Fee (LS/FF) Government Projects Agencies
&
Qualification Ranking
Per Diem, Honorarium Plus Reimbursable Expenses Personal Time (50km) (3) Interview
(6) Negotiation
Mixed Method of Compensation
Idea Competition
SPP DOCUMENTS (201 – 209)
DOC DESCRIPTION SCOPE
PRE-DESIGN SERVICES (12) Consultation
201 Pre-Feasibility Studies
Feasibility Studies
Methods of Compensation: Manner of Providing Services
 Architect of Record (AoR) Site Selection Analysis
 MDPE (1.5 – 2.5) Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
 PFPE  Consulting Architect for SDP
Architectural Research
 LS/FF Architectural Programming
 PDHPRE Space Planning
 MMC Space Management Studies
Value Management
Design Brief Preparation
Promotional Services
REGULAR DESIGN SERVICES Project Definition Phase

202 (RDS) (6) Schematic Design Phase
Design Development Phase
Methods of Compensation: Contract Document Phase
 PCC Manner of Providing Services
Bidding or Negotiation Phase
 MDPE (1.5 – 2.5)  Architect of Record (AoR)
Construction Phase
 PFPE  Consulting Architect for SDP
 LS/FF
 PDHPRE  Single Contract / Sub-consultant
 MMC  Separate Contract
SPECIALIZED Architectural Interiors (AI) Services

203 ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES Acoustic Design Services
Architectural Lighting Layout & Design
(23)
Site Development Planning (SDP) Services
 Architect of Record (AoR)
Site & Physical Planning Services
 Consulting Architect for SDP
 Master Development Panning,
 Subdivision Planning
 Urban Design
Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP) Services
Historic & Heritage Conservation and Planning
Security Evaluation & Planning
Building System Design
Facilities Maintenance Support
Building Testing & Commissioning
Building Environment Certification
Forensic Architecture
Building Appraisal
Structural Conceptualization
Preliminary Services
Contract Documentation and Review Services
Post-Design Services
(Including Construction Services)
Dispute Avoidance and Resolution
Architectural Research Methods
Special Building/Facility Planning & Design
Building Components
Management of Architectural Practices
FULL-TIME SUPERVISION Quality Control

204A SERVICES Evaluation of Construction Work
Preparation of Daily Inspection Reports
 Architect of Record (AoR)
 Consulting Architect Filing of Documents
 Construction Supervision Group (CSG)
SPP
DOCUMENTS (201 – 209)

DOC DESCRIPTION SCOPE
CONSTRUCTION Coordination and Supervision
204B MANAGEMENT SERVICES (4) Cost and Time Control
Quality Control of Work
 Construction Manager (CM)
Keeping of Records
POST-CONSTRUCTION Building & Facilities Administration

205 SERVICES (2)  Building Maintenance
 Grounds & Landscaping Supervision
 Building Equipment Maintenance
 Business Development and Management
Post-Construction Evaluation
COMPREHENSIVE Pre-Design Services

206 ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES Regular Design Services (RDS)
Specialized Architectural Services
(5)
Construction Services
Post-Construction Services
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES Design-Build Services by Administration

207 (DBS) (2) Design-Build Services on Guaranteed Maximum Cost
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN  Project ADCs for actual Projects proposed for

208 COMPETITION (ADC) implementation
 Ideas Competition of Competition of Ideas set as a design
planning exercise to elucidate the problem
PROFESSIONAL Program / Project Conceptualization & Development

209 ARCHITECTURAL Technical Advice, Consultation and/or Counseling
Schematic Design
Methods of Compensation: CONSULTING SERVICES
Teaching, Lecturing, Coaching, Mentoring
 Per Diem / Hourly (PACS)
LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
LAWS DATE
ARCHITECTURE LAWS
RA9266 An Act Providing for a More Responsive and March 17, 2004
(34 ) Comprehensive Regulation for the Registration,
Licensing and Practice of Architecture, Repealing for
the Purpose Republic Act No. 545, as Amended,
Otherwise Known as “An Act to Regulate the Practice of
Architecture in the Philippines,” and for Other Purposes
RA1581 Architecture Law of 1956 June 16, 1956

( 34 – Corporate Practice)
RA545 Architecture Law of 1950 June 17, 1950
REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT LAWS
RA8981 Professional Regulation Commission Modernization Act December 5, 2000
PD223 Creating the Professional Regulation Commission June 22, 1973
LOI 1000 Letter of Instruction 1000 May 20, 1980

“…only PRC accredited bona fide professional organizations, and
their members to organize host, sponsor or represent the Filipino
professionals in national, regional and international forums,
conferences, conventions where the concerned professions are
involved, AND …all government agencies and any of its
instrumentalities shall give priority to members of the accredited
professional organizations in the hiring of its employees and in the
engagement of professional services.”
RA386 Civil Code of the Philippines June 18, 1949
EO546 Creating a Ministry of Public Works and a Ministry of July 23, 1979
Transportation and Communications
RA7160 Local Government Code of the Philippines October 10, 1991
RA876 The Philippine Arbitration Law June 19, 1953
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REFERENCE LAWS

On Safety and Protection
PD1096 Adopting A National Building Code Of The Philippines Feb 19, 1977
(NBCP) Thereby Revising R.A. No. 6541
IRR latest revision April 30, 2005
RA6541 An Act To Ordain And Institute August 26, 1972

A National Building Code Of The Philippines
National Building Code Of 1972
LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
LAWS DATE
RA9514 An Act Establishing A Comprehensive Fire Code Of December 19, 2008

The Philippines, Repealing Presidential Decree No.
1185 And For Other Purposes
“Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”
PD1185 Fire Code of the Philippines 1977
RA9263 Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail March 10, 2004
Management and Penology Professionalization Act
BP344 Enhancing the Mobility of Disabled Persons Feb 25, 1983

IRR latest revision April 30, 2005
On Housing and Funding
PD957 Condominium and Subdivision Buyers’ Protective July 12, 1976

Decree
RA 6552 Real Estate Buyers’ Protective Act August 26, 1972
RA 4726 The Condominium Act June 18, 1966
BP 220 Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing March 25, 1982
projects
RA 8763 Home Guarantee Corporation Act March 7, 2000
EO 538 Prescribing the Administration of the Home June 4, 1979

Development Mutual Funds
EO 90 Creating the Housing and Urban Development December 17, 1986

Coordinating Council
RA 3469 Allowing the Construction of Multi-Storey Tenement June 16, 1962

Housing Projects for the Poor and Homeless
RA 7279 Urban Development and Housing Act 29 March, 1992
RA 7835 Comprehensive and Integrated Shelter Finance Act
On Water and Plumbing
RA1378 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines January 28, 1959

latest revision December 21, 1999
RA6234 Creating the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage June 19, 1971
System
RA9286 Latest Amendment to PD198 or Provincial Water April 2, 2004

Utilities Act of 1973
PD1067 Water Code of the Philippines 1977
LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE UAP DOC 301 & NBCP (PD1096)
IN THE PHILIPPINES DAYS ACTION
LAWS DATE 15 days  from date of change order, assertion of claims
On Environment Protection  after receipt of any instructions, contractor to inform architect of extra cost for extra work
through written notice
RA9003 Ecological Waste Management Program Law January 26, 2001  after expiration of certificate of completion, make good known defects
 after recognition of delay, contractor to issue a written notice
RA3931 National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission June 18, 1964  from NTP, contractor to submit complete breakdown of work and corresponding value
 from Request of Payment, architect to issue or withhold certificate of payment
PD1586 Establishing Environmental Impact Statement System 1978
 from approval of Request for Payment & Issuance of payment, owner to pay certified amount
PD1152 Philippine Environmental Code June 6, 1977  from date of bidding, contractor to seek architect’s clarification
 after request for payment, architect/owner fails to act, contractor may suspend or terminate
PD984 Pollution Control Decree 1976 work
 upon certification of the architect justifying owner’s action, owner to terminate contract
PD772 Penalizing Squatting And Other Similar Acts 1975  contractor declares bankruptcy
 disregard/violate provisions of contract documents / schedule
GOVERNMENT SERVICE AND ETHICS LAWS  fail to provide qualified people & materials
 fail to make payment to sub-contractors, workmen or dealers
RA8293 Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines June 22, 1997 /
 from payment of required fees, issuance of Building Permit
January 1, 1998
 from receipt of advice of the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of permits, file an appeal
PD49 Decree on Intellectual Property November 14, 1972 to the Secretary
RA3019 Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act 1961 30 days  after award of arbitration, owner fails to pay contractor, contractor may suspend/terminate
(1 month) work
RA8974 Law on Acquisition of Right-of-Way, Site or Location for November 7, 2000  certificate of occupancy
National Government Infrastructure Projects
60 days  to make good of known defects after issuance of certificate of completion (expiration of
RA8439 Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers, & Researchers December 22, 1997 (2 Months) performance & payment bond)
in the Government
90 days  suspension of work through no act of contractor and employees or order of court
RA6713 Code of Ethical Conduct of a Public Official and 1972  retention (3 months after acceptance of work)
(3 Months)
Employees
120 days  building permit validity
EO525 Responsibility of the Public Estate Authority on February 14, 1979
Reclamation Projects (4 Months)  excavation shall not be left open without work being done
180 days  suspension of construction exceeds 6 months, the fee for the remaining works shall be
(6 Months) doubled
UAP DOC 301 & NBCP (PD1096) 365 days  contractor’s guarantee bond effectivity
(12 months)  building permit validity if there was no construction
DAYS ACTION
 Changes, alterations and repairs may be made provided that in any 12- month period, the
5 days  after written notice, contractor agrees to make repairs to correct defective work value of the work does not exceed 20% of the value of the existing building, and provided that,
 from date of referral, C/M Fire Marshall shall submit recommendations to the BO such changes do not add additional combustible material, and do not, in the opinion of the
Building Official, increase the fire hazard;
7 days  from receipt of notice to proceed, computation of contract time
10 days  before date needed, contractor to make request on drawings & materials
 before beginning, suspending or resuming work, contractor to issue written notice
 before written notice, contractor’s insurance policy will not be cancelled
 before commencing excavation, notify owner of adjoining property
UAP DOC 301 – GENERAL CONDITIONS IRR OF RA 9266
SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF YEARS
ARCHITECT, OWNER & CONTRACTOR’S OBLIGATION
15 Years  Civil Liability on plans and specifications of Architect-of-Record under Article 1723 of the
Certificate Of Non Financial Obligation After 65% completion of work, the contractor should (180 Months) Civil Code
(By Contractor) present 10 Years  PRBOA Member COR & PID validity qualification and active practitioner
ARCHITECT shall After 98% substantial completion of contract work (120 Months)
 Inspect the project and 5 Years  PRBOA Member should not be a faculty member (at least) prior to nomination
 Issue Certificate Of Completion after (60 Months)
certification 3 Years  Validity of PID
CONTRACTOR will (36 Months)  PRBOA Chairman to hold office
 Finish outstanding work during period of making 2 Years  Diversified Architectural Experience duly certified by RLA (3840 Hours)
good of all known defects of 60 days. (24 Months)  1 (one) PRBOA Member to hold office
Owner fails to implement the plan, architect has Architect is entitled to 90% of the Architect’s Fee 1 year  Credited as Diversified Architectural Experience with Master’s Degree
completed the Detail Design & Contract Document Phase (12 Months)  1 (one) PRBOA Member to hold office
Payments  on work completed minus 10% retention

 When 50% of the contract has been accomplished,
NO RETENTION shall be made IRR OF PD 1096
 No payment in excess of 65% unless notarized FINES
statement is submitted  Light Violations
PHP 5,000
Performance Bond 15% of contract amount PHP 8,000  Less Grave Violations
(Guarantee to execute work)
PHP 10,000  Grave Violations
Payment Bond 15% of Contract amount
(Guarantee to pay obligations)  valid until replacement of Guarantee Bond PENALTIES (Without Building Permit)
Guarantee Bond 30% of contract amount 10% of Building  Excavation for Foundation
(Guarantee to quality of materials and workmanship) valid up to 1 yr from date of acceptance Permit Fees
25% of Building  Construction of foundation (including pile driving and laying of reinforcing bars)
Overruns and underruns Not to exceed 5% Permit Fees
50% of Building  Construction of superstructure up to 2.00 meters above established grade
If CONTRACTOR’s work is found defective Defray all expenses
Permit Fees
100% of Building  Construction of superstructure above 2.00 meters
If CONTRACTOR’s work is found satisfactory Actual cost of labor and materials plus 15%
Permit Fees
Value of EXTRA WORK  Estimate and acceptance in lump sum 25% Surcharge  Failure to pay the annual inspection fee within 30 days from prescribed date
 Does not exceed 20% of original contract price PENAL PROVISIONS
 Actual direct cost plus 15%
PHP 20,000  Any person, firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of the Code and/or
Damage from fire or earthquake, typhoons or any Provided that, the cost of such repair shall not exceed 20% 2 Years or Both commit any act hereby declared to be unlawful
fortuitous event may be repaired, using the same kind of of the replacement cost of the building or structure.
materials of which the building or structure was originally
constructed,
IRR OF RA 9266 IRR OF RA 9266
CONTENTS CONTENTS
Rule I 3 01 Title Rule IV 33 Ownership of Plans, Specifications, t and Other Contract Documents
Title, Policy Practice of 34 Non-Registered Person Shall Not Claim Equivalent Service
Statement, Definition 02 Statement of Policy Architecture
of Terms and Scope Positions in Government Requiring the Services of Registered and Licensed
(Sundry Provisions) 35
of Practice 03 Definition of Terms Architects
04 Creation and Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board 36 Collection of Professional Fees
Rule II 8
Professional Limitation to the Registration of a Firm, Company, Partnership, Corporation or
05 Qualification of Members of the Professional Regulatory Board 37
Regulatory Board of Association
Architecture (PRBOA) 06 Term of Office
38 Coverage of Temporary / Special Permits
Organization, Powers 07 Powers and Function of the Board
Liability Insurance of A Person or Entity Allowed to Practice Under Temporary /
and Function Administrative Supervision of the Board, Custodian of its Records, Secretariat & 39
08 Special Permit
Support Services
Rule V 8 40 Integration of the Architecture Profession
09 Grounds for Suspension or Removal of Members of the Board
Final Provisions 41 Implementing Rules and Regulations
10 Compensation and Allowances of the Board
42 Appropriations
11 Annual Report
43 Act Not Affecting Other Professionals
Rule III 13 12 Examination Required
Examination, 44 Enforcement of the Act
13 Qualification of Applicant Examination
Registration and 45 Separability Clause
14 Subjects for Examination
Licensure 46 Repealing Clause
15 Rating in the Licensure Examination
47 Effectivity
16 Report of Ratings (within 30 days)
17 Oath
18 Issuance of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card
19 Roster of Architects PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
20 Seal, Issuance and Use of Seal (Prescribed by the Board)
Indication of Certificate of Registration / Professional Identification Card and CONTENTS
21 Professional Tax Receipt Rule I 6 101 01 Title
22 Refusal o Issue Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card General Provisions 102 02 Declaration of Policy
Suspension and Revocation of Certificate of Registration, Professional 103 03 Scope and Application
23 Identification Card or the Special / Temporary Permit
104 04 General Building Requirements
Re-Issuance or Replacement of Revoked or Lost Certificate of Registration,
24 105 05 Site Requirements
Professional Identification Card or the Special / Temporary Permit
Rule IV 15 25 Registration of Architects Required 106 06 Definitions
Practice of 26 Vested Rights. Architects Registered When This Law Is Passed Rule II 13 201 07 Responsibility for Administration and Reinforcement
Architecture Administration and
27 Reciprocity Requirements 202 08 Technical Staff
(Sundry Provisions) Reinforcement
28 Continuing Professional Development (CPD) 203 09 General Powers and Function of the Secretary
29 Prohibition in the Practice of Architecture and Penal Clause 204 10 Professional and Technical Assistance
30 Prohibition in the Practice of Architecture 205 11 Building Officials
31 Liability of Representatives and Non-Registered Persons
206 12 Qualifications of Building Officials
Signing and Sealing of Architectural Plans, Specifications, Architectural Permit
32 207 13 Duties and Responsibilities of Building Officials
and Other Contract Documents
208 14 Fees
209 15 Exemption
PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CONTENTS
Rule II 210 16 Use of Income from Fees
Administration and 211 17 Implementing Rules and Regulations
Reinforcement 212 18 Administrative Fines
213 19 Penal Provisions
214 20 Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures
215 21 Abatement of Dangerous Buildings
216 22 Other Remedies
Rule III 9 301 23 Building Permits
Permits and 302 24 Application of Permits
Inspection
303 25 Processing of Building Permits
304 26 Issuance of Building Permits
305 27 Validity of Building Permits
306 28 Non-issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits
307 29 Appeal
308 30 Inspection and Supervision of Work
309 31 Certificate of Occupancy
Rule IV 3 401 32 Types of Construction
Types of 402 33 Changes In Types
Construction
403 34 Requirements on Types of Construction
Rule V 7 501 35 Fire Zones Defined
Requirements of Fire 502 36 Buildings Located in More Than One Fire Zone
Zones
503 37 Moved Buildings
504 38 Temporary Buildings/Structures
505 39 Center Lines of Streets
506 40 Restrictions on Existing Buildings
507 41 Designation of Fire Zones
Rule VI 4 601 42 Fire- Resistive Rating Defined
Requirements of Fire 602 43 Fire- Resistive Time Period Rating
Zones
603 44 Fire-Resistive Standards
604 45 Fire- Resistive Regulations
Rule VII 9 701 46 Occupancy Classified
Classification 702 47 Change in Use
and General
Requirements of All 703 48 Mixed Occupancy
Buildings By Use or 704 49 Location on Property
CONTENTS
Occupancy 705 50 Allowable Floor Areas
706 51 Allowable Floor Area Increases
707 52 Maximum Height of Buildings
708 53 Minimum Requirements for Group A Dwellings
709 54 Requirements for Other Group Occupancies
Rule VIII 11 801 55 General Requirements of Light and Ventilation
Light and Ventilation 802 56 Measurement of Site Occupancy
803 57 Percentage of Site Occupancy
804 58 Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
805 59 Ceiling Heights
806 60 Sizes and Dimensions of Rooms
807 61 Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms
808 62 Window Openings
809 63 Vent Shafts
810 64 Ventilation Skylights
811 65 Artificial Ventilation
Rule IX 7 901 66 General Requirements
Sanitation 902 67 Water Supply System
903 68 Wastewater Disposal System
904 69 Storm Drainage System
905 70 Pest and Vermin Control
906 71 Noise Pollution Control
907 72 Pipes Materials
Rule X 8 1001 73 General Requirements
Building Projection 1002 74 Projection into Alleys or Streets
Over Public Streets
1003 75 Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets
1004 76 Arcades
1005 77 Canopies (Marquees)
1006 78 Movable Awnings or Hoods
1007 79 Doors, Windows, and the Like
1008 80 Corner Buildings with Chaflans
CONTENTS
Rule XI 8 1101 81 General Requirements
Protection of 1102 82 Storage in Public Property
Pedestrians During 1103 83 Mixing Mortar on Public Property
Construction or
Demolition 1104 84 Protection of Utilities
1105 85 Walkway
1106 86 Pedestrian Protection
1107 87 Maintenance and Removal of Protective Devices
1108 88 Demolition
Rule XII 15 1201 89 General Requirements
General Design and 1202 90 Excavation, Foundation, and Retaining Walls
Construction
Requirements 1203 91 Veneer
1204 92 Enclosure of Vertical Openings
1205 93 Floor Construction
1206 94 Roof Construction and Covering
1207 95 Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
1208 96 Skylights
1209 97 Bays, Porches, and Balconies
1210 98 Penthouses and Roof Structures
1211 99 Chimneys, Fireplaces, and Barbecues
1212 100 Fire-Extinguishing Systems
1213 101 Stages and Platform
1214 102 Motion Picture Projection Rooms
1215 103 Lathing, Plastering, and Installation of Wall Boards
Rule XIII 2 1301 104 Electrical Regulations
Electrical &
Mechanical
1302 105 Mechanical Regulations
Regulations
Rule XIV 3 1401 106 Storage and Handling
Photographic 1402 107 Classes of Film Exempted
and X-Ray Films
1403 108 Fire Extinguishing System
Rule XV 1 1501 109 Prefabricated Assembly
Prefabricated
Construction
CONTENTS
Rule XVI 9 1601 110 Approved Plastics
Plastics 1602 111 Installation
1603 112 Glazing of Openings
1604 113 Skylights
1605 114 Light-Transmitting Panels in Monitors and Sawtooth Roofs
1606 115 Plastic Light Diffusers in Ceilings
1607 116 Partitions
1608 117 Exterior Veneer
1609 118 Awnings and Canopies
Rule XVII 4 1701 119 Sheet Metal Paint Spray Booth
Sheet Metal Paint 1702 120 Fire Protection
Spray Booths
1703 121 Light
1704 122 Ventilation
Rule XVIII 5 1801 123 General Requirements
Glass and Glazing 1802 124 Area Limitation
1803 125 Glazing
1804 126 Louvered Windows
1805 127 Impact
Rule XIX 3 1901 128 General Rule
The Use of 1902 129 Program Documentation
Computers
1903 130 Submission of Computer-Generated Computations
Rule XX 6 2001 131 General Requirements
The Use of 2002 132 Maintenance
Computers
2003 133 Design and Construction
2004 134 Supports and Anchorages
2005 135 Projections and Clearances
2006 136 Lighting
Rule XXI 3 2101 137 Separability Clause
Final Provisions 2102 138 Repealing and Amending Clause
2103 139 Effectivity
Annotation: The DPWH published these 2004 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of P.D. No. 1096 (the 1977 NBCP) on 01, 08
and 15 April 2005 in the Manila Standard Today. These IRR took effect 01 May 2005.
To date, only RLAs can prepare, sign and seal architectural documents, in full accordance with R.A. No. 9266 (The Architecture Act of 2004), its
IRR and derivative regulations and in accordance with this Revised IRR.
APPROVED this 29th of October 2004.
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING
Low income single detached living unit

with individual lots not more 1 slot/10 units
than 100m²
Multi-family living units regardless of

no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot / 8 units
area of 50m²

no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot / 8 units
area of above 50m² to 100m²

no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot/1 unit
area of more than 100m²
Hotels 1 slot/ 10 rooms
Residential hotels and apartels 1 slot/ 5 units
Motels 1 slot/ 1 unit
Shopping centers 1 slot/ 100m²
Markets 1 slot/ 150m²
Restaurants, fast food outlets, bars and

1 slot/ 30m² of customer area
beerhouses
Nightclubs, supper clubs and theater-
1 slot/ 20m² of customer area
restaurants DESIGNATION OF FIRE ZONES (Rule V, Sec. 507)
Office building 1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION (Rule IV, Sec. 401) NON-FIRE Siting of buildings/structures are permitted without
RESTRICTIVE fire-resistivity measures, often located in the
Pension/ boarding/ lodging houses 1 slot/ 20 beds country sides or rural areas
TYPE I Wood Construction ZONES (Type I & II)
Other buildings in business and
1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area Wood Construction with protective fire-resistant materials Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
commercial zones TYPE II FIRE
(1 Hour) prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
RESTRICTIVE
Public assembly buildings 1 slot/ 50m² of spectator area walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity, located in
TYPE III Masonry and Wood Construction ZONES (Types II, III, IV) suburban areas
Places of worship and funerary parlors 1 slot/ 50m² of congregation area HIGHLY FIRE
TYPE IV Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (1Hour) Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
RESTRICTIVE
Elementary schools, secondary prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
1 slot/ 10 classrooms ZONES walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity.
schools, vocational and trade schools TYPE V Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (4hours)
(Types IV and V)
PARKING
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING
Amusement centers 1 slot/ 50m² of gross floor area
Clubhouses, beach houses, etc. 1 slot/ 100m² of gross floor area

Factories, manufacturing, mercantile,
1 slot/ 1000m² of gross floor area
warehouses and storage bin
Tourist bus parking 2 bus slots/ hotel or theater restaurant
College and universities 1 slot/ 5 classrooms
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BY USE
OR OCCUPANCY (RULE VII)

GROUP TYPE DIVISIONS ZONES
RESIDENTIAL
A A1, A2 R-1, R-2
DWELLINGS
An Act To Enhance The Mobility Of Disabled Persons
BP 344 By Requiring Certain Buildings, Institutions,
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
PERSONS / INDIVIDUALS LIABLE FOR ANY
VIOLATION OF THE ACT
(Accessibility Law) And Other Devices.
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS Violator Person Liable / Sanction
Seating Capacity For Disabled In PLACES OF ASSEMBLY Corporation, Organization

Officials
4- 50 2 seats or similar entity
51-300 4 seats
Immediate Deportation after
Alien or Foreigner
301-500 6 seats service of sentence
Increase of 100 +1 seat (1) Owner of Operator of the

Building, Establishment or
Seating Capacity For Disabled In PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Structure
(2) Contractor
Regular Buses (3) Architect
5 seats near exit/entrance doors Buildings /
(50 Person Capacity) (4) Engineer
Establishment / (5) Building Official or Other Public
First Class/ Structure Official in-charge with the
Air-Conditioned 4 seats near the door issuance of Building Permit,
(40 Person Capacity) registration, certification and/or
inspection of the Building,
Passenger Train 6 seats/car nearest to the door Establishment or Structure
2 seats/aircraft (1) Owner/Operator of Public

Passenger Airplanes Transport
near the front exit/entrance door
(2) Body Builders
(3) Safety Officers / Engineers /
Jeepneys 2 seats (preferably the front seats) Managers
Air, Land and Sea
(4) Drivers / Conductors /
20 minute period to embark Transportation Conductresses
Domestic Shipping 1 hour disembarkation after arrival (5) Public Official in-charge with the
issuance of permits, registration,
PUBLIC TELEPHONE 1 / 4 units certification and inspection of the
public transportation
CRIMINAL LIABILITY / PENALTIES
RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADMINISTRATION AND
As per Section 46 of RA7277 (Magna Carta for Disable d Persons) ENFORCEMENT
Php 50,000.00 – Php 100,000.00

First Violation Secretary of Public Works & Highways +
6 months – 2 years Secretary of Transportation and Communication
Subsequent Php 100,000.00 – Php 200,000.00 COMPUTATION OF ACCESSIBLE UNITS

Violations 2 years – 6 years
In the computation for the allocation of accessible units and seating capacity
Php 5,000.00 – Php 50,000.00 decimal greater than 0.5 shall be considered as one unit.
Abuse of Privileges In all cases a minimum of one (1) accessible unit shall be
6 months
provided.
BASIC PHYSICAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS
No group of people shall be deprived of full participation and enjoyment of the

environment or be made unequal with the rest due to any disability. In order to
achieve this goal adopted by the United Nations, certain basic principles shall be
applied
The built environment shall be

designed so that it shall be accessible
to all people. This means that no
ACCESSIBILITY
criteria shall impede the use of facilities
by neither the handicapped or non-
disable citizens
Provisions shall be adapted and

introduced to the physical environment
REACHABILITY so that as many places or buildings as
possible can be reached by all

designed so that all persons whether
USABILITY
they be disabled or not, may use and
enjoy it
Finding a person’s way inside and

ORIENTATION outside of a building or open space
shall be made easy for everyone
Designing for safety insures that
SAFETY people shall be able to move about
with less hazards to life and death

WORKABILITY & designed to allow the disabled citizens
EFFICIENCY to participate and contribute to
development goals
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FOR DISABLED PERSONS
Length of Wheelchair 1.10 m to 1.30 m
Width of Wheelchair 0.60 m to 0.75 m
Turning Diameter 1.50 m
Comfortable Reach (in Wheelchair) 0.70 m to 1.20 m
From Room Corners 0.40 m
Knee and Leg Space under tables 0.70 m
HANDRAILS
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
(Accessibility Law) And Other Devices.
Both Sides of Ramps and Stairs
Installation Outer Edges of Dropped Curbs (Not
OUTSIDE AND AROUND BUILDINGS beyond the width of crossing)
DROPPED CURBS 0.90 m (Straight Paths)

Height 0.70 m (Above Steps / Ramps)
Changes in Level By dropped curb 1.00 m to 1.06 m (Great Heights)
Pedestrian Crossings Extension 0.30 m (Start / End of Ramps / Stairs)

Locations
End of walkways of a private street or access road Full Grip 30 mm to 50 mm
Width Same width of crossing or 0.90 m (Min.) Clearance 50 mm (Walls); 40 mm (Ledges)

Slope 1:12 Towards adjoining curb, 1:20 towards Road SIGNAGES
Lowest Point 25 mm (Max.) from Road / Gutter Location Point Conveniently seen by PWD
CURB CUT-OUTS Contrasting Colors and Contrasting
Color / Texture Gray Matter to make detection and
When allowed Does not obstruct a walkway or lessen its width reading easy
Width 0.90 m Headroom 2.00 m
Slope / Gradient 1:12 Height 1.60 m (Max.); 1.40 m (Min.)
WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS Raised Symbols , Letters, Numbers 1 mm; Braille Symbols Included
Material Slip-Resistant CROSSINGS
Slope / Gradient 1:20 or 5%
Near Perpendicular to Carriageway
Cross Gradient 1:100 Narrowest, Most Convenient Part
Location
Close / Contiguous with Normal
Width 1.20 m Pedestrian Desire Line
Gratings 13 mm x 13 mm, 6.5mm (Max.) Projection Central Refuge (10.00m Carriageway) 1.50 m (Min.), 2.00 m (Preferred)
Surface Continuous, 6.5 mm (Max.) High Enough to be felt by shoe sole
Tactile Blocks / Surface Low enough not to cause tripping or
Spaces
1.50 m (Min. Dimension) affect mobility of wheelchairs
(Busy / Lengthy
12.00 m (Max. Length)
Walkways
Light Controlled Crossing having
To Guide the Blind Straightforward routes with Right Angle Turns Pedestrian Phases
Most Beneficial Form
Synchronized Audible Signals
Headroom 2.0 m (Min.) , preferably higher (prolonged, distinguished, by TEC)
OPEN SPACES Flashing Green Period Based on 0.90 m/sec (Not 1.20 m/s)
Define edges with Planters w/ dwarf walls, or a
To Guide the Blind grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture 6 seconds or the crossing distance
Steady Green Period
different from the path. times 0.90 m/s, whichever is greatest
PARKING AREAS
 As close as possible to building entrances or to
accessible entrances
Location  Perpendicular or to an angle to the road or
circulation
 NOT at Ramped or Sloping Areas
Width 3.70 m (Min.)
Walkway 1.20 m (Between front ends of cars)
Dropped Curbs and Cut-Outs @ Raised Walkways
Pavement Markings, Signs To delineate parking spaces for PWD
INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES
ENTRANCES
Location Lobby Arrival & Departure Points
Elevator Access 1 Entrance Level
Provide if Site Arrival grade is not same level as

Ramps
Entrance Level
Vestibules 1.80 m (D) x 1.50 m (W)
RAMPS
Width (Clear) 1.20 m (Min.)
Gradient 1:12
Length (1:12 Gradient) 6.00 m, (if longer add 1.50 m landing)
Top and Bottom of Ramp 1.80 m (Level Area)
Handrails Both Sides @ 0.70 m and 0.90 m
Curbs 0.10 m (Both Sides)
Rise >0.20 m (To Vehicular Traffic)

Railing
1.80 m across the full width at lower end
THRESHOLDS
Maximum Height 25 mm, Ramped (Preferred)
SWITCHES
Position / Location 1.20 m to 1.30m (H); 0.30 m from Latch
STAIRS GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install
(Accessibility Law) Facilities And Other Devices.
Tread Surface Slip-Resistant AGENCY OFFICIAL
INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES Nosing Slip Resistant / Slanted (AVOID Open Stringers) MMDA Francisco N. Tolentino
DOORS Leading Edge Non-Skid Material with High Contrast Color DPWH Rogelio Singson
0.80 m (Measured from the surface of the fully Hazardous Areas 0.30 m (W) Tactile Strip DENR Ramon Jesus P. Paje
Width (Clear) open door at the hinge to the Door Jamb at the
stop ELEVATORS HLURB Antonio M. Bernardo
4.0 kg (Operable); Location 30.00 m (Max.) from Entrance HUDCC Jejomar C. Binay
Pressure Force
1.0 kg (Closing Device Pressure – Interior Door) Dimension 1.10 m X 1.40 m NHCP Maria Serena I. Diokno
1.50 m X 1.50 m (Before & Beyond) Control Panels 0.90 m to 1.20 m (H) NHA Chito M. Cruz
Clear Level Space
1.20 m if not into a corridor Button Controls 20 mm Ø; 1 mm (D) with Braille-Type Signs NEDA Arsenio M. Balisacan
Out-Swinging Doors Storage Rooms, Closets, Accessible Restrooms SAFETY DOTC Joseph Emilio A. Abaya
Door Knobs / Hardware 0.82m to 1.06 m; 0.90 m (Preferred) FENCING FOR ROADWORKS & FOOTWORKS
Vertical Pull Handles 1.06 m OC (Preferred) Height (Top of Rail) 1.00 m above adjacent surface
Kick Plates 0.30 m to 0.40 m Tapping Rail 0.35 m above adjacent surface
CORRIDORS NO GAPS between adjoining fence lengths, STRONG enough resistance The professional of Architecture calls for
men of the highest integrity, judgment,
Width (Clear) 1.20 m COVERS FOR EXCAVATIONS
business capacity and artistic and
1.50 m X 1.50 m @ 12.00 m Spacing Width 1.20 m with 0.20 m Kickboard technical ability. An Architect’s honesty
Recess / Turnabout
3.50 m @ every Dead End If footway width is reduced to less than 1.20 m, cover will be full width of footway of purpose must be above suspicion; he
acts as professional adviser to his client and his
WASHROOM & TOILETS SIGNAGE FOR ROADWORKS ON CARRIAGEWAY
advice must be unprejudiced; he is charged
Area 1.70 m X 1.80 m Location Verges or Similar with the exercise of judicial functions as between
Turning Space 2.25 m2; 1.50 m (Min. Dimension) client and contractor and must act with entire
Should not reduce the footway width to less than 1.20 m
impartiality; he has moral
Number 1 / 20 WC; 2 / >20 WC EMERGENCY EXIT responsibilities to his professional associates
▲ Men’s Washroom, ● Women’s Washroom Tablets / Plan Located at Main Lobby and subordinates; and he is engaged in a profession
Signage which carries with it grave responsibilities to
0.30 m Length or Diameter; 7.5 mm Thick Flashing Light / Signs At every change of direction
the public. These duties and responsibilities
Water Closet 0.45 m (H); Flush Control @ 1.20 m (H) AUDIBLE & VISIBLE ALARM SYSTEM cannot be properly discharged unless his
0.80 m Height (Max.) motives, conduct, sense of moral
Audio-Visual Alarm In all fire sections as per (PD1185)
Lavatories 0.60 to 0.70 m Knee Recess Vertical Clearance values and ability are such as to
0.50 m Depth Vibra-Alarms Deaf or Hearing Impaired Occupants command respect and confidence.
Urinals Elongated or Through Lip of 0.48 m (H) ○●○ NOTHING FOLLOWS ○●○
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
CS & ES HS TT CS & ES HS TT
No. Of Lots And/or DU NMPC ● ●● ●● ●● NMPC ● ●● ●● ●●
OCC ● OCC ●
10 and below 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴
11 to 99 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴
100 to 499  🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴  🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴
500 to 999  🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴  🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴
1000 to 1499  🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴  🗴 🗴 🗴 🗴
1500 to 1999    🗴     🗴 
2000 to 2499          
2500 and Over          
No. Of Lots And/or DU
Per Hectare % of gross area of subdivision
● Mandatory Non-Saleable
150 and below 1.0%
●● Optional saleable but when provided in the plan the
151 to 225 same shall be annotated in the title 1.5%
Above 225 2.0%
PARKS / PLAYGROUND
No. Of Lots And/or DU
% of gross area of project % of gross area of subdivision
Per Hectare
20 and below 3.5%
21 to 25 4.0%
26 to 35 5.0%
36 to 50 6.0%
51 to 65 7.0%
Above 65 9.0%
150 and below 3.5%
151 to 160 4.0%
161 to 175 5.0%
176 to 200 6.0%
201 to 225 7.0%
Above 225 9.0%
Min. Gross Saleable
1,000 sqm In no case shall an area allocated for parks and
Area requiring PPG
playgrounds be less than 100 square meters. An addition
10 or more of 1% increment for every 10 or fraction thereof above
Min. Number of
Except when part of a Subdivision Project 225.
Condominium Units
Or PPG 800m (Max. Distance) away without hazards
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
50 sqm
Minimum Area
Add 3.0 sqm for every added DU in excess of 10
Public Accessible Park
800 m
Max. Distance
HEIRARCHY OF ROADS
2.5 and below Maj, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Major, Minor, MC, PW
HECTARES
Above 2.5 - 5 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 5 - 10 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 10 -15 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
Above 15 - 30 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
Above 30 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY (RROW)
Major Coll Minor Major Coll Minor Major Coll Minor Major Coll Minor
2.5 and below 10 8 10 8 8 6.5 8 6.5
HECTARES
Above 2.5 - 5 12 10 8 10 8 10 6.5 10 6.5

Above 5 - 10 12 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 6.5 10 6.5
Above 10 -15 12 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 6.5 10 8 6.5
Above 15 - 30 15 12 10 12 10 8 12 8 6.5 10 8 6.5
Above 30 15 12 10 15 12 10 15 10 6.5 12 10 6.5
MC Alley MC Alley MC Alley PW MC Alley PW
ROW 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3
Carriageway 5 2 5 2 5 5
Interior Subdivision 10m (Interconnecting Road)
PLANTING STRIPS & SIDE WALKS
RROW (m) PW SW
30 and above 1.2 (0.6) 1/6 – 1/4
25 - 29 0.6 (0.3) 1/6 – 1/3
20 - 24 0.6 (0.3) 1/6 – 1/3
10 - 19 0.4 (0.2) 1/4 - 1/3
Below 10 Optional 1/4 - 1/3 PS SW PW SW PS SW PW SW
15 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2
12 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2
10 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2
8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6
6.5 Optional Optional Optional 0.5 Optional 0.5
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Grass & Shrubs 200mm / side
Trees 300mm / side
Sidewalk SLope 1/50
ROADS
PAVEMENT
Major Concrete / Asphalt
Minor Concrete / Asphalt Concrete / Asphalt
Motor Court Concrete – 150mm Thick / 20.7Mpa @ 28 days Macadam
Asphalt – 50mm
Sidewalk Sidewalk – 17.2Mpa Macadam
Path Walk / Alley Macadam
INTERSECTIONS
Distance between offset
20m (Min.) 20m (Min.)
intersections
GRADE / SLOPE
Crown Slope 1.5% 1.5% to 9.0%
Grades and Vertical
7.0% to 9.0% As per DPWH
Curbs
MINIMUM LOT SIZES
INT
301.00 sqm
INS 120.00 sqm 100.00 sqm
CL
Single Detached TL 365.00 sqm 72.00 sqm 64.00 sqm
CTL Price for Saleable lots shall not exceed 40% of
the Maximum Selling Price of House and Lot
EL 548.00 sqm Packages
INT Basic / Maximum
INS 80.00 sqm / 192.00 sqm
CL
Duplex / Single
TL 96.00 sqm / 261.00 sqm 96.00 sqm 80.00 sqm 54.00 sqm 48.00 sqm
Attached
CTL
EL 140.00 sqm /378.00 sqm
INT Basic / Maximum
INS 50.00 sqm / 400.00 sqm
CL
Row Houses TL 75.00 sqm / 475.00 sqm 60.00 sqm 50.00 sqm 36.00 sqm 28.00 sqm
CTL
EL 200.00 sqm /700.00 sqm
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
INT Not Allowed
INS 96.00 sqm
R-4 CL
Individual
Townhouse Lots TL 120.00 sqm
CTL
EL 180.00 sqm
INT Not Allowed PHILIPPIANS 4:6-7
INS 500.00 sqm THE MESSAGE (MSG)
6-7 Don’t fret or worry. Instead of worrying, pray. Let petitions and praises shape your worries into prayers, letting God know your
CL
R-5
TL 540.00 sqm
concerns. Before you know it, a sense of God’s wholeness, everything coming together for good, will come and settle you down.
It’s wonderful what happens when Christ displaces worry at the center of your life.
CTL
EL 945.00 sqm
INT Not Allowed PROVERBS 16:3
INS 204.00 sqm NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
CL 3 Commit your works to the LORD,
Com-1
TL 238.00 sqm And your thoughts will be established.
CTL
EL Not Allowed
INT Not Allowed JEREMIAH 17:7-8
INS 301.00 sqm LIVING BIBLE (TLB)
7 But blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord and has made the Lord his hope and confidence. 8 He is like a tree planted along
CL
Com-2
TL 365.00 sqm
a riverbank, with its roots reaching deep into the water—a tree not bothered by the heat nor worried by long months of drought.
CTL
Its leaves stay green, and it goes right on producing all its luscious fruit.
EL Not Allowed
INT Not Allowed
Com-3 INS 600.00 sqm
Industrial (I) CL
General TL
Institutional (GI) 813.00 sqm
Cultural (C) CTL
EL Not Allowed
MINIMUM FLOOR AREA
Single Detached
Duplex / Single Attached As per PSO
42 sqm 30 sqm 22 sqm 18 sqm
Computation
Row Houses
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
LOT FRONTAGES (RESIDENTIAL)
a.Corner Lot 12.00 m 8.00 m
b.Regular Lot
Sing
10.00 m 8.00 m
c.Irregular Lot
le
Based on Classification 6.00 m 4.00 m

d.Interior Lot Type of Occupancy 3.00 m 3.00 m
Duplex/Single Attached 8.00 m 6.00 m
Row Houses 4.00 m 4.00 m 3.50 m
MINIMUM LEVEL OF COMPLETION
Single Detached
Complete House Shell House
Duplex / Single Attached Complete House
(based on the submitted (based on the submitted
(based on the submitted specifications)
Row Houses specifications) specifications)
LENGTH OF BLOCK
ROW HOUSES 20 Units per Block Max. = 400m Max. = 400m

100 m Max. Length >250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength >250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength
OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENTS
50% (A,B,C,D,J) 50% (Residential)
Interior Lot 20% (E,F,G,H,I) As per PD1096
25% (Others)
20% (A,B,C,D,J)
Inside Lot 15% (E,F,G,H,I) 20% (Residential)
As per PD1096
15% (Others)
10% (A,B,C,D,J)
Corner Lot 5% (E,F,G,H,I) 10% (Residential)
As per PD1096
10% (A,B,C,D,J) 15% (Others)
Through Lot 5% (E,F,G,H,I) 10% (Residential)
As per PD1096
15% (Others)
Corner-Through Lot 5%
10% (Residential)
As per PD1096
Corner Lot Abutting 3 Or 15% (Others)
More Streets, Alleys, 5%
Rivers, Etc. 5%
As per PD1096
for all Group Occupancies
30% - 50%
End Lot (A,B,C,D,E2,H) As per PD1096 As per PD1096
5% (H1,H2,H4,E3)
CEILING HEIGHTS 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m
Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation

Habitable Rooms 2.40 m 2.00 m 2.40 m
Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation
Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation
2.00 m Natural 2.40 m 2.40
Ventilation Natural Ventilation m Natural
2.70 m 2.70 m Ventilation
2.70 m
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
2.70 m – 1st Storey
2.40 m – 2nd Storey 2.30 m
Buildings 2.10 m – Succeeding 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Storeys
1.80 m – Mezzanine 2.13 m
Mezzanine Floor 1.80m 1.80m (Min.)
LIGHT & VENTILATION
Min. dimension of court 2.00 m 1.50 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Passageway from Inner
At least 1.20 m At least 1.20 m At least 1.20 m At least 1.20 m
Court
Min. Ht. Clearance from
1.00 m above the roof 1.00 m above the roof 1.00 m above the roof 1.00 m above the roof
Firewall
Headroom Clearance 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Less than 50% of total Less than 50% of total Less than 25% of total Less than 25% of total
Sum of Areas of
area of the wall on that area of the wall on that area of the wall on that area of the wall on that
Openings in any Storey
storey storey storey storey
Window Openings At least 10% of the FA At least 10% of the FA At least 10% of the FA At least 10% of the FA
Eaves over required
At least 750 mm
windows
SIZE/ DIMENSION OF ROOMS
Rooms for Human 6.00 sq. m w/ min.
18 sq. m for studio unit
Habitation dimension of 2.00 m
3.00 sq. m w/ min
Kitchen
dimension of 1.50 m
1.20 sq. m w/ min. 1.80m x 1.70m
Toilet & Bath
dimension of 0.90 m 2.25 sq. m
EXITS
Minimum number 1
Occupant Load
< 10 1 At least 2 exits 1 1 1
10-499 2 2
50-300 2
300-600 2
500-999 3 3
600-999 3
1000 (Class A) 4 4 4
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
DISTANCE TO EXITS
WITHOUT Sprinkle
45 m (Max.) 46 m (Max.) 46 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.)
System
WITH Sprinkle System 60 m (Max.) 61 m (Max.) 61 m (Max.) 60m (Max.) 60 m (Max.) 60 m (Max.) 60 m (Max.)
Min. exit door width 900 mm 710 mm 900 mm 800 mm 800 mm 800 mm
Min. exit door height 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Min. corridor width 1.10 m 1.12 mm 1.10 m 1.20 m 1.20 m 1.20 m
Max. slope of
1:8 1:8 1:8 1:8
passageway
Dead ends Max. of 6.00 m Max. of 6.00 m Max. of 12.00 m Max. of 12.00 m Max. of 12.00 m 3.50 m
>185.00 sqm / >18.00m
Mezzanine Floors in any dimension
2 stairways
EXIT DETAILS
2
STANDS
(Balcony, mezzanine,
@+0.50m AGL, 2 Exits,
storey)
Open @ Both Ends
3 (>500 to 1000)
>50 persons
4 (>1000)
OPEN AIR STANDS
THRESHOLDS
2 Exits, >300 persons
130mm Dwellings with more than 2 Rooms:
Means of Egress BOILER ROOMS
(Max. Height) 2 (1 of which is a door or stairway)
2 Exits
1/2 Slope >6mm
STAGE
1 Exit, 900mm (W)
Dwellings with more than
1 Exit Stair, 750mm (W)
2 Rooms:
Dressing Rooms
2 (1 of which is a door or
2 Exits, 750mm
stairway)
1 / sleeping room
1 / sleeping room
56cm (Least Dimension)
56cm (Least Dimension)
0.45 sqm (Area)
Outside Window 0.45 sqm (Area)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
Except if Room has 2
Except if Room has 2 doors
doors
Width of Exit / 710 mm (Min.) 90cm (Min.) – Sleeping Room to Outside
Means of Egress 1220 mm (Max.) 60cm (Min.) – Interior Door
Illumination of Signs 10.7 lux @ FL 0.005 lumens / sqcm 0.005 lumens / sqcm
OCCUPANT LOAD
Auditoriums,
ASSEMBLY
Theaters,
0.65 sqm / person 0.65 sqm / person 0.65 sqm / person
Churches, Dance
Floors,
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Dining Room.,
Drinking Est.,
1.40 sqm / person 1.40 sqm / person
Exhibit Rm.,
Gymnasia
Reviewing Stands,
Stadia, Waiting 0.65 sqm / person 0.28 sqm / person 0.28 sqm / person
Spaces
Classrooms 1.80 sqm / person 1.80 sqm / person 1.90 sqm / person
EDUCATIONAL
Conference
Rooms, Exhibit 1.40 sqm / person
Rm., Gym
Shops, Labs 4.60 sqm / person 4.60 sqm / person 4.60 sqm / person
Dry Nurseries W/
3.30 sqm / person
Sleeping
Hospitals, Sanitaria 8.40 sqm / person
Nursing Homes,
INSTITUTIONAL
7.40 sqm / person

Children’s Homes,
Home for the Aged
Nurseries for 3.25 sqm / person
Children
Sleeping Area 11.00 sqm / person 11.10 sqm / person 11.10 sqm / person
Treatment Area 22.00 sqm / person 22.30 sqm / person 22.30 sqm / person
RESIDENTIAL 28.00 sqm / person 18.00 sqm / person
Basement
(Covered Walls)
Ground Floor
MERCANTILE
(Street Floor With 4.30 sqm / person

Direct Access, Sales
Floor)
Upper Floors 5.60 sqm / person 5.60 sqm / person
Offices, Storage,
9.30 sqm / person 5.60 sqm / person 9.30 sqm / person
Shipping
Split Level 3.70 sqm / person
Parking Garages 18.60 sqm / person
BUSINESS 9.30 sqm / person
Warehouses, 28.00 sqm / person
INDUSTRIAL
Mechanical
28.00 sqm / person
Equipment Room 9.30 sqm / person 9.30 sqm / person
Aircraft Hangars 48.50 sqm / person
Garages 9.30 sqm / person
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
DOORS
TYPE WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT
Main Door 900mm 2000mm 915mm 2000mm 800mm 2000mm 800mm 2000mm 800mm
Service Door 700mm 2000mm 700mm 2000mm
Bedroom Door 700mm 2000mm 700mm 2000mm
Bathroom Door 600mm 1800mm 600mm 1800mm
Mezzanine Door 1800mm 1800mm
Pressure Force 4.0kg / 1.0kg (Closing)
Pull Handles 1.06m above floor
Kick Plates 0.30m to 0.40m
WINDOWS
Habitable Rooms 10% of Floor Area 10% of Floor Area
Bathrooms 1/20 or 5% of Floor Area 1/20 or 5% of Floor Area
STAIRWAYS
OCCUPANT LOAD Class A Class B NEW EX-FIRE
10-below 750 mm (Min.) <2000
10-50 900 mm (Min.) Persons
1120mm
915 mm 600 mm 600 mm
>2000
50 above 1100mm (Min.) Persons
1420mm
200 mm (Max.) The height of every riser 180 mm
and the width of every (Max)
Riser 205 mm 250mm (Max.)
Entrance tread shall be so 100 mm
100mm (2 steps) proportioned that the sum (Min)
of 2 risers and 1 tread,
250 mm (Min.) exclusive of its nosing
Tread Entrance projections is not less 280 mm 230 mm 200mm (Min.)
300mm (2 steps) than 60.00 cm nor more
than 63.50 cm
Headroom 2000 mm 2000 mm 2000 mm 2000 mm
Height Between
3.60 m (Max.) 2.75m 3.70m 3660mm 3.60 m
Landings
Equal to the width of the
Dimension of Landings stairway
1.12 m 600 mm Equal to the width of the stairway
in the direction of travel 1.20m (Max. – Straight
Run)
Maximum Variation in
Height of Risers and 5mm 5mm
Width of Run
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
FIRE EXIT STAIRS
EX EX-SB
Width (Min.) 55.9 cm 45.7 cm 60cm
Landing (Hor. Dim.) 55.9 cm 45.7 cm 60 cm
Rise (Max.) 22.9cm 30.5cm 23 cm
Tread (Min.) (ex. Nosing) 22.9 cm 15.25 cm 23 cm
Nosing Projection (Min.) 2.5cm NR
Solid,
Flat Metal Solid, 13mm Ø
Tread Construction 13mm Ø
Bars perforation
perforation
Max. Height Between
3.66m NR 3.66 m
Landings
Headroom (Min.) 2.13m 1.98m 2.00 m
61 cm X1.98 m 61 cm X1.98 m
(Door or casement (Door or casement
Access to Escape windows) windows)
76.20cm X 91.44 cm 76.20cm X 91.44 cm
(double hung windows) (double hung windows)
Not over 30.50 cm above Not over 30.50 cm above
Level of Access Opening
floor; steps if higher floor; steps if higher
Swinging
Swinging
stair
Discharge to Ground stair Swinging stair section
section or
section
Ladder
38 persons
/ unit
45 persons
(Winders or
/ unit 45 persons / unit
Ladders
(Door) (Door)
Capacity from
20 persons 20 persons / unit
Balcony)
/ unit (Window)
5 persons /
(Window)
unit
(Window)
GUARD AND HANDRAILS
760-865 mm 760-865 mm 800mm (Min.)
800-900 mm 700-900 mm
Handrails (Height) above the surface of above the surface of 1200 mm (Max.)
from the nosing from the floor
thread thread above the surface of thread
106cm 106cm
Guards (Height) 91cm (Interior Balconies & 91cm (Interior Balconies &
Mezzanines) Mezzanines)
Clearance from Wall 50mm 38mm 38mm 38mm 50mm
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Clearnce from Ledges 40mm
Intermediate Handrails 223cm width,
Vertical Balusters
15.25cm 15.25cm
(Spacing)
WIDTH OF RUN / THREAD DEPTH
150mm (narrow edge) 150mm (narrow edge)
Winding and Circular 150mm (narrow edge)
200mm @300mm from 280mm @305mm from
Stairs 200mm @300mm from narrow edge
narrow edge narrow edge
280mm @305mm from
side
Curved Stairs
Smallest Radius is not
less than Stair Width
Spiral Stairs 280mm
RAMPS
Class A Class B
Wdth 122cm 76-122cm 1120mm 150mm / 6in 1.20 m
6.00m (Max.)
Length If longer, provide 1.50m
(Min.) landings
Slope 1:8 (Max) 8-10% 10-17% 1:12 300mm 1:12 (Max.)
Cross Slope 1:48 300mm
Max. Rise for a single
No Limit 3.66m 760mm
Run
Capacity - Down 60 45
Capacity - Up 45 45
FIREWALLS
Thickness 150 mm / 6in
Vertical Extension 400 mm 300 mm
Horizontal Extension 600 mm 300 mm
SETBACKS
Low Density Residential 4.50 m Front
(R-1) 2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear
Basic / Maximum As per PD1096 (NBCP)
Medium Density
3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
Residential
2.00 m Side
(R-2)
2.00 m Rear
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Basic / Maximum
1.50 m Front 1.50 m Front
High Density Residential 3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
1.50 m Side 1.50 m Side
(R-3) 2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear 2.00 m Rear
2.00 m Rear
Subdivision 3.0m (Depth) x 5.0m (Length) from Main Public Road
DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS / CLEARANCE BETWEEN ROOF EAVES
1 ot 2 storeys 4.0m / 1.50m

3 to 4 storeys 6.0m / 2.0m
More Than 4 Storey 10.0m / 6.0m
Blank Walls /
2.0m / 1.0m
No Openings
SIDEWALKS & ARCADES
1/6 of R.O.W
Min. of width of sidewalk 0.60m to 1.00m 0.60m to 1.20m 0.50m to 1.20m 0.50m to 1.20m 1.20 m
0.60m to 1.00m
0.20m to 1.20m
Planting Strip 800 mm for sidewalks 0.20m to 1.20m 0.40m to 1.30m 0.40m to 1.30m 0.40m to 1.30m
 2.00 m in width
DRIVEWAYS, ENTRANCES & EXITS
Slope of entryway 1:3 or 1:4 1:3 or 1:4
1:12
1:8 (Exit Coutrts) 1:12 (Max.)
Max. slope of ramps 15% 15% Max. length 6.00 m
1:10 (Exit Passageway) 1:48 (Max. Cross Slope)
w/o landing
Minimum Width of
1120 mm
Ramps
Maximum Rise for a
760 mm
single Ramp Run
ISAIAH 41:9-10
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
You whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, And called from its farthest regions, And said to
you, ‘You are My servant, I have chosen you and have not cast you away: Fear not, for I am with you;
Be not dismayed, for I am your God
I will strengthen you, Yes, I will help you,
I will uphold you with My righteous right hand.’
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
2.50 x 5.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal)
2.15 x 6.00 (Parallel)
2.50 x 5.00 m 2.50 x 5.00 m
3.60 x 12.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal) (Perpendicular & Diagonal)
Size of Parking Slot (Standard Truck) 3.70 x 5.00 m
2.00 x 6.00 m 2.15 x 6.00 m
3.60 x 18.00 m
(Parallel) (Parallel)
(Articulated Truck)
3.00 x 9.00 m
(Jeepney / Shuttle)
Multi-Family Dwelling &
1 / 8 living units
Condominiums
Off-Site Parking 200m 100m away
Low-income single
Pooled Parking Pooled Parking Pooled Parking Pooled Parking
detached living units
1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units
Lot Size = 100 sq. m
50 sq. m below 1 slot / 8 units 1 slot / 8 units
50-100 sq. m 1 slot / 4 units 1 slot / 4 units
1 slot / 20 units 1 slot / 20 units
100 sq. m above 1 slot / 1 unit 1 slot / 1 unit
AISLES
WIDTH >60 Seats ≤ 60 Seats
Serving 1 Side 800mm 915mm 760mm
Serving Both Sides 1.00m 1220mm
Side Aisles 1.10m
Dead End Aisle 6.1m (Length)
1 pair / 5 rows
Exit Doors 1.70m Width
Distance between seats
1.00m
back to back
Slope 1:8 (12.5%) 12.5% (Max.)
SEATS
SEAT SPACING
STANDARD
840 mm 830 mm
Back-to-Back
≤ 18 Seats 450 mm
CONTINENTAL
Unoccupied
≤ 35 Seats 500 mm
≤ 45 Seats 525 mm
≥ 46 Sets 550 mm
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
450 mm (Min.)
Width
480 mm (Max.)
ROW SPACING
Without Back Rest 600mm
With Backrest 750mm 830mm (Max.)
680mm (Min.)
Chair Seating 850mm
Back to Front 300mm 300mm
RISE Between Rows 400mm
Seats Between WALL &
7 Seats 7 Seats
AISLE
14 Seats 14 Seats
May be increased to 30 if May be increased to 30 if
Seats Between AISLES
doors are provided along doors are provided along
each side each side
SPACING BETWEEN SEAT & AISLE
Open Air without backrest 15 (Max.)
Within Buildings
6 Seats
Without Backrest
Open Air with backrest 6 Seats
WATER REQUIREMENT
Average Daily Demand
150 Liters / Capita / Day (LCPD) 150 Liters / Capita / Day (LCPD)
(ADD)
Water Tank Capacity 20% ADD + Fire Reserve
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENT
Per Pole if 50 m Distance Per Pole if 50 m Distance
Street Lighting
@ every other Pole if <50m Distance @ every other Pole if <50m Distance
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Communal or Individual
Individual as per PD856
Septic Tank as per PD856
(Sanitation Code of the Philippines)
(Sanitation Code of the Philippines)
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Minimum Diameter of
30cm 300mm
Drainage Pipe
Location Underground Underground
Minimum Drainage
Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP) Concrete lined canal with load bearing cover
System
GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Type Independently or LGU Garbage Collection
VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR ENGLISH
VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH
Bolada Overhung, Projection
Kalinya Aligned Kontratista Constructor Guililian, Sepo, Kuling Girder De Bandeha Panel Door
Asintada Alignment Kanto Corner Sepo (Kapatas) Girt
Dispensa, Pantry
Uno-Sin-Otra Alternate Hiero Kanalado Corrugated G.I. Sheet Canal Groove
Dingding Partition
Unosinotra Alternate/Staggered Patio, Courtyard Alulod, Kanal Gutter
Plantilya Pattern, Sched
Liyabe Anchor Escondro Crushed Stone Caida Hall
Piketa Pick Work
Caida Ante-Sala From Stairs Pie De Gallo Diagonal Brace Gabay Handrail
Hiero Liso Plain G.I Sheet
Batidura Astragal Comedor, Dining Room Quatro Aguas Hip Roof
Palitada Plaster/Stucco
Balcon Balcony Bangguerahan Dish Rack Pabalagbag,
Horizontal Stud Kusturada Plastered Course
Barandillas Baluster Batidora Door Fillet Or Astragal Trabe Anzo
Tapon Plug
Trankilya Barrel Bolt Sumbrero Door / Window Head Quadra, Horse Stable
Hulog Plumb Bob, Plumbline
Rodapis Baseboard Hamba Door / Window Jamb Pulgada Inches
Poste / Haligi Post
Baño Bath Abang Dowel Hiero Iron
Reostra Purlin
Banyera Bath Tub Tubo De Banada Downspout Pendulum, Tabike King Post
Masilya Putty
Biga Beam Sepillado Dressed Lumber Cocina, Kitchen
Media Cana Quarter Round
Cuarto, Alcoba, Escombro Earth Fill Prigadero Kitchen Sink
Bedroom Prases Queen Post
Dormitorio Sibe, Alero Eave Piyon Laborer
Vaciad, Basiador Rabbet
Pierno Bolt Tabike Exterior Siding Mesa, Mesita Landing
Kilo Rafter
Barakilan , Tirante Bottom Chord Senepa Fascia Board Lababo Lavatory
Andamio Ramp
Tirante Bottom Chord Piye Feet Asinta Laying Of Chb
Kabilya Reinforcing Bars
Bisagra Butt Hinge Tambak Fill Sibe Lean-To Roof
Caballet, Kaballete Ridge Roll
Espolon Cabinet Hinge Batidura Fillet Sala, Living Room
Takip Silipan Riser
Okum Calikum Soleras Floor Joist Dulang Low Table
Rimatse Rivets
Media Agua Canopy, Awning Guililan Floor Sill Pierno Pasante Machine Bolt
Lastillas Sand And Gravel
Tubo Pundido Cast Iron Pipe Dotal Floorboards Kanteria lastilyas Mansory
Plancha, Andamiyo Scaffolding
Estopa Caulk Cotton Suelo Flooring Lastilyas Mansory Fill
Batak Scrapped Filler
Kisame Ceiling Alahado Flush Kantero Mason
Rebokada Scratch Coat
Kostilyahe Ceiling Joist Fundacion Footing Suban Metal Work, Temper
Tuerka Screw Nut
Landrilyo Cement Brick Zaguan, For Caroza Kanto Mesa Miter Joint
Roskas Screw Thread
Baldosa Cement Tile Kapatas, Paupo Mortar
Foreman Poso Negro Septic Vault
Baral De Kadena Chain Bolt Maestro De Obra Kustura Mortar Joint
Dutcha Shower
Madre De Escalera Closed Stringer Balangkas Frame Work Muldura Moulding
Ducha Showerhead
Sinturon Collar Plate Balangkas Framework Punsol Neil Setter
Pendulon Siding (Ext)
Poste Column Tubo Galbanisado G.I. Pipe Estanyo Nicolite / Soldering Bar
Guililan, Sepo Sill
Larga Masa Concrete Slab Lingueta G.I. Sheet Strap Truerka Nut
Krokis Sketch Plan
Alulod- Conductor Dos Aguas Gable Roof Azotea, Open Terrace
VERNACULAR
TERMS
VERNACULAR ENGLISH
Bahada Slope
Hinang Solder
Biento Spacing
Biento Spacing/Gap
Hagdan Stair
Estaka Stake
Bodega, Storeroom
Hardinera Stringer (Open)
Latero Tinsmith
Letrina Or Comun, Toilet
Tahilan Top Chord
Baytang Tread
Pergola Trellis
Kilo Truss
Monyeka Varnish
Entresuelo, Vault
Pilarete Vertical Stud
Planchuelo W.I Strap
Asolejo, Asolehos Wainscoting Tile
Bagad Wall Post
Pitsa Washer
Chapa Washer (Iron)
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
Concrete & Concrete Works
Made from materials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina
PORTLAND CEMENT
and iron components.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT same materials as normal Portland except in color
Designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal Portland cement or with a
MASONRY CEMENT
lime-cement combination.
AIR-ENTRAINING Small amounts of this is added to the clinker and ground with it to produce air-entraining
PORTLAND CEMENT cements, effective use for resistance to severe frost.
OIL WELL CEMENT Special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells.
WATERPROOFED Normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to
PORTLAND CEMENT the cement clinker during the final grinding.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE
Artificial stone made by binding together particles of some inert material with a paste
CONCRETE
made of cement and water. These inert materials are the aggregate.
Sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag, burned clay, expanded
AGGREGATE
vermiculite, and perlite.
SAND Found in riverbeds, free of salt and must be washed.
FINE AGGREGATE Smaller than ¼” diameter stones.
COURSE AGGREGATE Bigger than ¼” diameter stones.
CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIXES:

When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being
SLUMP TEST attained consistently. A standard slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20)
in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open on both ends.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods.
TEST
Materials often added to the concrete or applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete
CONCRETE ADDITIVES
to produce some special result.
An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete. Such a material may
ACCELERATORS be added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for several
reasons.
RETARDERS to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete.
Air-entrained concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group
of chemical called surface active agents, materials that have the property of reducing the
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS
surface tension of water intended for use when better resistance to frost action is
concerned.
CONCRETE HARDENERS Applied on concrete surface to increase hardiness and toughness.
TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE HARDENERS

liquids containing silicofluorides or fluosilicates and a wetting agent
CHEMICAL
which reduces the surface tension of the liquid and allows it to
HARDENERS
penetrate the pores of the concrete more easily.
are specially processed and graded iron particles which are dry-
FINE METALLIC
mixed with Portland cement, spread evenly over the surface of
AGGREGATE
freshly floated concrete, and worked into the surface by floating.
WATER REDUCING Material used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of given
ADMIXTURES consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.
Materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through the concrete.
DAMPROOFERS
Reduces permeability.
BONDING AGENTS
Often applied to such an old surface immediately prior to pouring new concrete to
PASTE SLURRY
increase the amount of paste.
TWO TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS

Iron particle are larger, but with same materials as the permeability
METALLIC
reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and
AGGREGATE
subsequent expansion of the iron particles.
SYNTHETIC
Consists of highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin dispersed in
LATEX
water.
EMULSION
Prevent the cement paste from bonding to the surface aggregate but will not interfere
SET-INHIBITING AGENTS
with the set throughout the remainder of the pour.
Materials sometimes used in structures where it s desirable to avoid high temperature or
in structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates. Pozzolans may be added
POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES
to concrete mixes-rather than substituting for part of the cement to improve workability,
impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.
made of lightweight and heavyweight materials for use in exterior and interior load-
CONCRETE PRODUCTS
bearing walls, firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.
CONCRETE BLOCK
HOLLOW LOAD-BEARING an 8” x 8” x 16” will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. Made with heavyweight aggregate
CONCRETE BLOCK and 25 to 35 lb. when made with lightweight aggregate.
SOLID LOAD BEARING Defines as one having a core area of not more than 25% of the gross cross-
BLOCK sectional area.
HOLLOW; NON-LOAD
BEARING CONCRETE One in which the core area exceeds 25% of the cross-sectional area.
BLOCK
CONCRETE BUILDING TILE
COMMON SIZES
CONCRETE BRICK 4” x 8” x 16” for non-load bearing partitions
6” x 8” x 16” for load bearing walls
HAND MADE backyard industry
MACHINE MADE commonly sold
QUALITY
Manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load
STEAM CURED bearing walls. Usually specified for government and multi-
storey buildings.
Lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. Basic
CELLULAR CONCRETE
ingredients are cement-made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum
BLOCKS
powder.
Ceramics And Clay Products

BRICK Basic ingredient in clay.
THREE PRINCIPAL FORMS

SURFACE CLAY Found near the surface of the earth
SHALE Clay which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively hard.
FIRE CLAY Found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and chemical qualities.
TWO CLASSES OF CLAY

CALCAREOUS Contains about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a
CLAYS yellowish color.
Composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide.
NON-CALCAREOUS
These clays burn buff, red or salmon depending on the iron
CLAYS
oxide content which vary from 2 to 10 percent.
STANDARD BRICK SIZE 2 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 8 inches
Are hollow units as opposed to brick which is sold. Tiles are made from the same
STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES
material as brick, but all clay tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process.
TYPES OF TILES
used for bearing walls of light buildings, the height usually
LOAD BEARING
restricted to four stories. Structural load bearing wall tile are
WALL TILE
made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in thickness.
PARTITION TILE non-load bearing
Intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be faced with brick or
BACK-UP TILE
facing tile.
Used on the inside of exterior walls to provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the
FURRING TILE passage of moisture and to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load
bearing.
Structural steel must be insulated in fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to
FIREPROOFING TILE
cover it with fire-proofing tile.
Manufactured in both load-bearing and non-load bearing grades in standard thickness
FLOOR TILE
raging from 3 to 12 inches in standard length and widths of 12 inches.
Unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are
STRUCTURAL CLAY FACING
designed to used as exposed facing material on either exterior or interior walls and
TILE
partitions.
STRUCTURAL GLAZED Produced from high-grade light burning clay which is suitable for the application of
FACING TILE ceramic or salt glaze.
Means “fired earth” is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and
TERRA COTTA
molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as ceramic veneer,
and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.
TWO TYPES OF CERAMIC VENEER

Held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing
ADHESION TYPE
wall.
ANCHOR TYPE Are held y mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall behind.
Building Stones, Gypsum And Lime

BUILDING STONES Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.
IGNEOUS Formed as a result of the cooling of molten matter.
Formed by the action of water either by depositing materials at the
THREE GENERAL SEDIMENTARY
bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth’s surface.
CATEGORIES
Rocks changed from their original structure by the action of
METAMORPHIC
extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these factors.
includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into
suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have
RUBBLE
been roughly cut to size, usually used for and filling material.
(escombro and lastillas)
DIMENSION Consists of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set
CLASSIFIED (CUT STONE) or drawing. (for facing walls)
ACCORDING TO FORM
Consists of thin pieces (1/2 in. and up which may or may not have
FLAGSTONE
had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (for walks
(FLAT SLABS)
and floors)
CRUSHED Consisting of pieces varying I size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a
ROCK large extent in concreting.
BUILDING STONE
One formed d\from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for floor
ARGILITE tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior
window sills.
Igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally
GRANITE
very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.
A sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented calcareous stone formed
LIMESTONE of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage lines and
uniform in structure and composition.
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It has been formed at the
TRAVERTINE
earth’s surface through the evaporation of water from hot springs.
Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this case,
MARBLE
limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble.
Igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. The mineral is olive green to greenish black,
SERPENTINE
but impurities may give the rock other colors.
A class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown
SANDSTONE
and red.
Formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers. A unique
SLATE ROCK characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated into thin
tough sheets, called slates, ¼” or more thick.
STONE CONSTRUCTION
Consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls
PANELING
and provide a finished exterior.
Work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlars, irregular coursed
ASHLAR
ashlars, and regular coursed ashlars.
Used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course
RUBBLEWORK lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stones and used as course rubble work,
horizontal course lines are maintained but no vertical course lines used.
Involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoin – stones laid at the
TRIM
intersection of two walls.
AS JAMBS Stones which form the sides of window and door openings.
AS SILLS stones which form the bottom of window and door openings
special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular
purpose. One reason is to provide architectural relief to a large wall of
AS BELTS
one material or to provide a break I the vertical plane of the wall,
another reason is to hide a change in the wall thickness.
one which is cut fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the
AS COPINGS passage of water into the wall, sheds water to either inside or outside,
and gives a finished appearance to the wall.
Specially cut stones which are built into and project from a masonry
AS CORNICES
wall near the top to provide the appearance of a cave.
AS LINTELS Stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.
AS STONE Made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in
STEPS concrete.
AS AN ARCH Cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window
STONE opening.
Walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or
AS STONE
tile with flagstones, trimmed flagstone, trimmed rectangular and
FLOORING
square.
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from which gypsum plaster is
GYPSUM
made (by heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in Portland cement.
Wood And Wood Products

a traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty. It has great
ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from rust and
WOOD
corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to countless variety of
purposes.
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
HARDWOODS ‘Deciduous’ trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in the winter time.
SOFTWOODS ‘Conifers’ trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.
MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD

Expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight and can be determined by the oven-dry method or by an electric-moisture
meter method.
THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER

used for ordinary light construction and finishing work and consists of 1 and 2 inches
material manufactured into common boards, shiplap, shelving dimension lumber, center
YARD LUMBER
match, flooring, roof plank, siding, v-joint, trim and molding of all kinds. These are usually
found in retail lumberyards.
Usually left in 1 and 2 inches rough thickness often containing knots or defects not
ordinarily permissible in other categories. It is intended for use in shops or mills making
SHOP LUMBER
sash, doors and cabinets where it will be cut into relatively short pieces and the defective
material discarded.
In intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into
STRUCTURAL LUMBER timbers of large size than yard lumber, 3 inches or more thick and 4 inches or more wide.
It is made from the heartwood of the log.
FINISHES OF WOOD
S1S surfacing or planning of one side
ARCHITECTURAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
S2S two sides planed
S4S four sides planed
ROUGH as sawn and not planed
WOOD GRAIN
EDGE GRAIN Annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face.
FLAT GRAIN When the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface.
ANGLE GRAIN When the annual rings are at about 45 degrees to the face.
SEASONING OF LUMBER
Lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around
AIR-DRYING
every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
More expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as wood will not
KILN-DRYING
move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use.
PRESSURE TREATED When lumber is subjected to pressure and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it
LUMBER from rots.
SPECIFICATION WHEN BUYING LUMBER

Indicate no. of pieces, thickness, width, length, total bd. Ft. kind of lumber and finish.
Example: 6-2” x 8” x 14’-0” = 112 bd. Ft. tanguile S4S
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER

term used to describe a wooden member built up of several layers of wood whose grain directions are all substantially
parallel, and held together with glue as fastening commonly used for beams, girders, posts, columns, arches, arches,
bowstring truss chords, usually softwoods are commonly used because of their low cost, lightness and strength.
GLUE USED IN LAMINATING

CASEIN GLUE Satisfactory for use in dry locations not exposed to rain or water.
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE- Cheap and well cure at from 70 degrees Fahrenheit up. Will withstand soaking in cool
RESIN water.
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE- Not usually recommended because of the high temperature needed to cure them. Useful
RESIN GLUES for combining timber and plywood and are very water-resistant.
RESORCINOL-PHENOL- Resin glues are expensive but have excellent qualities of durability and water resistance.
FORMALDEHYDE
Recycled Waste Products, Building Boards And Papers

a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as
BUILDING BOARDS
a finished surface on walls, ceiling, etc.
KINDS OF BUILDING BOARDS
Made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at
PLYWOOD
right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
VENEER each layer of plywood
a method of cutting wood veneer in which a log is fixed in a lathe
ROTARY
and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log
CUTTING
in a continuous sheet.
HARDBOARD Made from processed wood chips.
THREE GRADES OF BOARD

STANDARD flexible to be quite easily bent
TEMPERED Made by impregnated standard board with a tempering compound
HARDBOARD of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
LOW-DENSITY
Not as strong and durable as standard hardboard.
HARDBOARD
Made from three types of fiber – wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed
INSULATING FIBERBOARD
into a board.
A large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced
CHIPBOARD
with veneer.
PARTICLE BOARD Hardboard made from relatively small particles.
GYPSUM BOARD A wall board having a gypsum core.
Hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400 degree
STRAW BOARD
Fahrenheit and covered with a tough craft paper.
A dense, rigid board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland
ASBESTOS-CEMENT BOARD
cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.
From the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin,
CORKBOARD compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and baked under pressure
into rigid boards.
Made into two different types: a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16, or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft.
wide, and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing. The other is
PAPERBOARD
a layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated from and faced on both sides with a thick
paper backing, cemented to the core.
Thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of stiff
MINERAL FIBERGROUND paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The
usual board size is 24 x 48 inches.
Polystyrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40
PLASTIC FOAMBOARDS times their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete floor slabs, for wall
and roof deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.
BUILDING PAPERS
In building construction, paper is used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and
corrugated building products, and concrete form materials, as a moisture and vapor barrier; as cushioning material; as
wallpaper; as an envelope or sheath for other materials; and as a fireproofing material.
TYPE OF WOOD PULP

Or ground wood, is produced by grinding blocks of wood against a revolving abrasive
MECHANICAL PULP
stone or by grinding steamed wood chips in a grinding mill.
Produced by digesting wood chips in various chemicals to free the cellulose fibers from
CHEMICAL PULP
the liquid binding.
Wood chips are first subjected to a mild chemical treatment and then mechanically
SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP
disintegrated in rotating disk refiners.
TYPES OF PAPER
SHEATHING PAPER used to provide an airtight barrier over walls, floors, etc.
ROOFING used in making a built-up roof and are usually produced in 36 in.
FELTS wide rolls, in various weights from 3 to 20 lb/square.
ROOFING PAPER A heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering,
ROLLED
made 18 and 36 in. wide, in various weights from 45 to 120
ROOFING
lb/square.
Used to secure bulk and entrapped air with as much strength as possible. Insulating
INSULATING PAPER
papers are made from both wood-fiber insulating paper and asbestos fibers.
Similar to wood-fiber insulating paper, but less attention is paid to strength. Its chief use
CUSHIONING PAPER
is for cushioning under linoleum, carpets, or slate roofing.
VAPOR BARRIER PAPER Intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.
A special, high strength kraft paper made for use in the production of plastic laminates.
LAMINATING PAPER The thin, strong paper is impregnated with liquid plastic resin and several sheet are
laminated together under heat and pressure to form the base for the plastic sheet.
Made from strong kraft paper in the form of a spiral tube and boxlike from made from
CONCRETE FORM PAPER
corrugated container paper.
WALLPAPER Paper from which decorative wallpaper is made.
Used as an outer covering or envelope for a number of building materials. One of these
ENVELOPE PAPER is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined gypsum covered in both sides by a
sheet of craft paper.
Made from asbestos fibers, since this is an incombustible material. This material maybe
FIRE PROOFING PAPER in the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos insulating or roofing paper, or it may be in
the form of a cloth woven from thread spun from asbestos fibers.
Bituminous Marterials
A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from
BITUMEN
coal or petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.
The resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on such materials as
TAR
wood coal, shale, peat or bone.
ARCHITECTURAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
A solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or fractional distillation of
PITCH
tar.
COAL-TAR PITCH Most common material of this kind of pitch.
Dark brown or black solids or semi-solids which are found in the natural state and are
ASPHALTS
also produced by the refining of petroleum.
LIQUID PAVING ASPHALTS Liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks.
ASPHALT PAVING CEMENTS Used as binders for more expensive asphalt pavements.
Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Materials

FERROUS metal in which iron is the principal element
NON-FERROUS Containing no, or very little iron.
FERROUS METAL
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by smelting and refining pig iron and/or
STEEL
scrap steel, graded according to the carbon content.
Used to make cast iron which is high in compressive strength but low in tensile strength,
PIG IRON
and has little use for construction.
Produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon and
WROUGHT IRON
other impurities.
Made by containing other elements with the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and
ALLOY STEELS
manganese are used.
Stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for building
NICKEL STEEL
chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-resistant.
Made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for
STAINLESS STEELS exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and
gravel stops.
Bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel and
COPPER
metal lath.
Offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy
MANGANESE STEEL
digging tools.
Recently developed grade of steel. It forms its protection against atmospheric corrosion
WEATHERING STEEL
and thus requires no painting.
NON-FERROUS METAL
A lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable; has good
ALUMINUM
thermal and electrical conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.
ALUMINUM FOIL Used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation.
a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength; is an
COPPER
excellent electrical and thermal conductor; is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely
used for downspout, electrical conductors, flashings, gutter, roofing, etc.
A soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal
LEAD expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used
for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.
A lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively
TIN unaffected by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet
metal.
Glass And Glazing

A hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by
GLASS
melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer.
TYPES OF GLASS
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It the product of a glass-coating process
which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum chamber. Manufactured in two types,
REFLECTIVE GLASS
silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of three nominal light transmittance
of 8, 14, or 20 %.
Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for
ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and
GLASS because of its low reflecting and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays
striking it.
CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough-cast glasses. However, they contain a
GLASS pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a patterned roller.
WIRED GLASS Simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
HEAT –ABSORBING PLATE Made by adding ingredients to the mix used in making regular slate glass so that the
GLASS finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.
Three to five times as strong as regular plate of the same thickness – and area in
TEMPERED PLATE GLASS
resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or thermal shock.
Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous color
VITREOUS COLORED PLATE
which is fire-fused to the surface.
LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but now finding some uses in
(BULLET PROOFING) the building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
Consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined
INSULATING GLASS
around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHEET GLASS

Used for glazing windows doors and storm sash in residential buildings where good light
WINDOW GLASS
and vision are required at moderate cost.
Used for glazing windows and doors where greater strength is required but where slight
HEAVY SHEET GLASS
distortion is not objectionable.
PICTURE GLASS Used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector slides and instrument
dials.
GLASS PRODUCTS
Comparable in many ways to unit masonry but have the added feature of transmitting
GLASS BLOCKS
light.
Also made to admit light into a building, because of its solid construction, it offers greater
SOLID GLASS BRICK protection against vandalism than conventional window glass or glass blocks. The ability
of the brick is to allow undistorted passage of light.
Plastics And Related Products

a large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common
substances such as coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton, wood and water. From these,
PLASTICS relatively simple chemicals known as monomers, which are capable of reacting with one
another are produced. These are then built up into chainlike molecules of high molecular
weight called polymers.
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Become soft when heated and hard when cooled, regardless of the number of times the
process is repeated. Include in the thermoplastics are acrylic cellulosis, polyethylene,
THERMOPLASTICS polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polysterene, polyallomers polycarbonates, polyimide,
polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons, methyl pertenes, ionomer,
fluoroplastics, acetal and acryonitrile butadieniene styrene (ABS).
Set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are applied to them during the
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics, aminos (urea and melamine)
epoxies, polyesters, polyurethane, alkyd silicones and diallyl phthalate (DAP).
PRODUCTION
Plastics products are formed by a number of methods which include:
INJECTION MOLDING Measured amount of powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced through the
PROCESS nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity, where it cools of solidities.
An extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured between the two halves of a hollow.
BLOW-MOLDING PROCESS As the mold closes, air is blown into the tube and expands it to fit inside surface of the
mold.
Used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured amount
ROTATIONAL MOLDING
of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom half of a cold mold which is then closed.
A process used to produce light weight products of polysterene foam, small granules of
EXPANDABLE BEAD
polystyrene with a small amount of an expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and
MOLDING
steam heated.
A measured quantity of powder in a heated mold, which is then closed. Heat and
COMPRESSION MOLDING
pressure are applied to the powder which melts and flows to all parts of the mold.
Similar to compression molding except that the powder is heated and liquefied outside
TRANSFER MOLDING the mold and injected into the mold under heat and pressure, where the forming and
setting takes place.
Are made by expanding agent with either granules or powder and then heating. Heat
FOAMED PLASTICS melts the plastic and causes the formation of a gas which expands the molten material
into foamed structure.
Made by mixing the appropriate resin with a curing agent and an expanding agent and
THERMOSET FOAM
then heating them in a mold.
Used for mass-produced materials which have a constant cross section, and it is done in
EXTRUSION FORMING two ways by forcing of semi-liquid plastic through a die of the proper size and shape in a
manner similar to that used for forming brick by extrusion.
Sheet plastic is heated until soft and then forced by air pressure against a cold and
THERMOFORMING PROCESS
hardens in shape.
Consists of impregnating sheets of paper, glass fiber, or cloth with a thermosetting liquid
LAMINATING PROCESS resin and then applying heat and pressure to a number of sheets to form a laminated
product.
A simple process in which liquid plastics, with their appropriate curing agent, are poured
CASTING
into molds and set, with or without heat.
Plastic is fed to revolving rollers which turn out a thin sheet or film the thickness of the
CALENDARING PROCESS product is determined by the roller spacing, and the surface of the sheet may be smooth
or matted, depending on the roller surface.
Consists of three or more layers of material bonded or laminated together with plastic
PLASTIC LAMINATES
adhesive under high pressure.
Adhesives And Sealants

COHESIVENESS The ability of particles of a material to cling tightly to one another.
ADHESIVENESS The ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an entirely different material.
Products which are used to seal the surface of various materials against the penetration
SEALERS of water or other liquids or in some cases to prevent the escape of water through the
surface.
Insulating Materials
THREE WAYS OF HEAT TRANSFER
the inside of a concrete wall which has one side exposed to outside winter temperatures
CONDUCTION feels cold to the touch. Heat is being conducted from the side of higher temperature to
that lower temperature.
RADIATION From this point, it is transferred to the outside air by radiation.
When air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate, during the circulation it comes in
CONVECTION contact with cooler surface; some of its heat is given up to them. It is therefore important
to try to prevent air currents from being set up in the walls and ceiling of our buildings.
KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION

Made from mineral woolrock wool, glass wool, or slag wool – or
LOOSE FILL FIBROUS TYPE
vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.
GRANULAR made from expanded minerals such as perlite and vermaculite or
INSULATION from ground vegetable matter such as granulated coork.
FIBROUS used to insulate walls of buildings that have been built without
LOOSE FILL insulation.
are graded into four sizes, 1, (3/8 in. to no. 16 sieve) and sizes 2
(no. 4 to no. 30 sieve) used as loose-fill insulation for sidewalls and
GRANULES ceilings over suspended ceilings, between wood sleepers over a
concrete floor slab, as fill for the cores of concrete blocks, and sizes
3 (no. 8 to no. 100 sieve) size 4 (no. 16 to 100 sieve).
made from some fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber, or
animal hair, manufactured in the form of a mat, 16, 20 or 24 in. width, in 8 ft. lengths or
BLANKET INSULATION
put up in rolls of from 40 to 100 linear feet, with controlled thickness of 1, ½, 2, 3 and 4
inches.
similar to blankets but they are restricted to 48 inches in long or less they are always
BATTS
covered with paper, and made especially for installation between stud spacings.
STRUCTURAL INSULATION Made from organic fiber-wood, cane, straw or cork. The wood and cane raw material is
BOARD first pulped, after which it is treated with water proofing chemicals.
made from carefully selected straw, fused under heat and pressure
STRAWBOARD
into a panel 2 inches thick and 4 ft. wide.
made from granulated cork mixed with resin and pressed into
CORKBOARD sheets of several thickness, depending on the use to which they will
be put.
BLOCK or RIGID SLAB Type of insulation is so called because the units are relatively stiff and inelastic. In most
INSULATION cases inorganic materials are used in their manufactures.
Made from such materials as aluminum or copper foil or sheet metal, with bright surfaces
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
that reflect heat rather than absorbing it.
FOAMED-IN-PLACE
This is polyurethane product made by combining a polyisocyanate and a polyester resin.
INSULATION
Materials used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic binders,
SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as Portland cement or gypsum and perlite
aggregate using gypsum as binders.
Usually made from paper foamed into shapes that produce enclosed air pockets. One
type is produced by shaping heavy paper into a series of small regular semicircular
CORRUGATED INSULATION
corrugations and covering a both sides with a sheet of flat paper to give strength and
produce the air pockets.
Building Protection
WATERPROOFING a method of protecting surfaces against the destructive effects of water
Protection from the outside is provided by water repellent materials which turn water
DAMP-PROOFING
aside and force it to return to the earth.
SOIL POISONING It is important to poison the soil against anay in order to stop the anay from infesting the
main posts, walls and flooring.
A chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to preserve it for years. It protects wood
WOOD PRESERVATIVE against powder post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay causing fungi
such as sap stain and dry rot.
A clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other board that retains the
FIRE- PROOFING natural beauty, gives added strength and protects materials against fire, weather, decay,
insects and warping.
A method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive
RATPROOFING animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and floors of
houses and buildings.
A method of protecting the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or
RUSTPROOFING
corrosion.
A cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water proof sealant and coating. Thoroseal
THOROSEAL
is ideal for basement walls.
Are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and normally are
VAPOR BARRIERS
produced in sheets or thin layers.
Paints And Protective Coatings

a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments, adjusted
and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied
PAINT
on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration,
sanitation, identification and other functional properties.
COMPONENTS OF AN OIL BASE PAINT

that solid, finely ground material which gives a paint the powder to hide,
BODY
as well as color a surface.
a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The
VEHICLE vehicle should consist of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the
remainder thinner and drier.
PIGMENT material which give the paint its color
are volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for the
THINNERS vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better. Most common
thinner is turpentine.
organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead
DRIERS manganese, and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the
oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.
a group pf more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective surface
VARNISHES coating, at the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and
glossy finish to it.
ENAMELS When pigment is added to a varnish, the result is enamel.
SHELLAC The only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin. The resin is an
ARCHITECTURAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
exudation of the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited on the branches of the
tree.
A new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
finishes. The ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate,
LACQUERS
leaving a film to form the protective coating. When another class of material, “pigments”
are added to clear lacquer, the result is lacquer enamel, available in wide range of colors.
Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to impart color without
STAINS
concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a protective coating.
Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grain,
FILLERS to fill the pores and provide a perfect smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. It is
also used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.
to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats. It
SEALERS may be applied to bare wood in essentially the same way as paste filler but has much
less filling capacity.
Used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes
SILICONE WATER
as a protection from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi to destroy the
REPELLANT
surface.
Hardware
HARDWARE Metal products used in construction, such as bolts, hinges, locks, tools. Etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF HARDWARE
hardware such as hinges, catches, etc. that has a finished appearance as well as
FINISHING HARDWARE function, especially that used with doors, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part
of the decorative treatment of a room or building.
In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws,
ROUGH HARDWARE
spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
TYPES OF DOORS
A smooth surface door having faces which are plane conceal its rails and stiles or other
FLUSH
structure when used inside, it is of hollow core when used for exterior, it is of solid core.
A door having stiles, rail and sometimes muntins, which form one or more frames around
PANEL DOOR
recessed thinner panels.
OVERHEAD SWING-UP
A rigid overhead door which opens as an entire unit.
DOOR
OVERHEAD ROLL-UP A door which, when open, assumes a horizontal position above the door opening, made
GARAGE DOOR of several leaves.
A door made up of small horizontal interlocking metal slats which are guided in a track;
ROLL-UP DOOR the configuration coils about an overhead drum which is housed at the head of the
opening, either manual or motor-driven.
ACCORDION DOOR A hinge door consisting of a system of panels which are hung from an overhead track.
One of two or more doors which are hinged together so that they can open and fold in a
BI-FOLD DOOR
confined space.
An exterior door consisting of four leaves which pivot about a common vertical axis within
REVOLVING DOOR a cylindrically shape vestibule, prevents the direct passage of air through the vestibule,
thereby eliminating drafts from outside.
SLIDING DOOR A door mounted on track which slides I a horizontal direction usually parallel to one wall.
A sliding door which slides to cover a fixed door of the same width or another sliding
BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR
door.
SLIDING POCKET DOOR A door which slides inside a hollow of the wall.
A hinge door which is divided into two. The upper part can be opened while the lower
DUTCH DOOR
portion is closed.
EXAMPLE OF FINISHING HARDWARE:

a movable joint used to attach support and turn a door about a pivot, consists of two
HINGE plates joined together by a pin which the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to
swing open or closed.
TYPES OF HINGES
Consists of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin. In large hinge, the
BUTT HINGE
pin is removable, in small hinges, it is fixed.
FAST PIN HINGE A hinge I which the pin is fastened permanently in place.
FULL SURFACE HINGE A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without mortising.
A door hinge having two knuckles, one of which has vertical pin that fits in a
LOOSE JOINT HINGE corresponding hole in the other, by lifting the door up, off the vertical pin, the door maybe
removed with unscrewing the hinge.
LOOSE PIN HINGE A hinge having a removable pin which permits its two parts to be separated.
PAUMELLE HINGE A type of door hinge having a single joint of the pivot type, usually of modern design.
OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE A paumelle hinge with knuckles forming an oval shape.
A hinge containing one or more springs, when a door is opened, the hinge returns it to
SPRING HINGE
the open position automatically, may act in one direction only, or in both directions.
VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT A spring hinge for a door which is mortised into the heel of the door, the door is fastened
HINGE to the floor and door head with pivots.
EXAMPLE OF ROUGH HARDWARE

CW Common wire nails with head and for strength; box nail also used for strength.
FIN Finishing nail without head; casing nail also without head.
SCREWS Classified by gauge (diameter), length, head-type, and metallic make-up.
Have threaded shafts that receive nuts. To use them, a hole is drilled, pushing the bolt
BOLTS
through and adding a nut.
ARCHITECTURAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
FLUSH BOLT A door bolt so designed that when applied it is flush with the face or edge of the door.
A device attached to a door and its jamb limits the door opening to the length of the
CHAIN DOOR FASTENER
chain.
a complete lock system including the basic locking mechanism & all the accessories,
LOCKSET
such as knobs, escutcheons, plates, etc.
A simple fastening device having a latch bolt, but not a dead bolt containing no provisions
LATCH
for locking with a key, usually can be open from both sides.
A type of door latch which fastens a door by means of a pivoted bar that engages a hook
LIFT LATCH
on the door jamb, a lever which lifts the pivoted bar used to unfasten the door.
BUTTON A small rejecting member used to fasten the frame of a door or window.
KNOB A handle, more or less spherical usually for operating a lock.
ESCUTCHEON A protective plate surrounding the keyhole of a door switch or a light switch.
PLATES a thin flat sheet of material
A metal plate or box which is et in a door jamb & is either placed or recessed to receive
STRIKES
the bolt or latch of a lock, fixed on a door.
The projection from the side of a strike plate which the bolt of a lock strikes first, when a
LIP STRIKE
door is closed; projects out from the side of the strike plate to protect the frame.
A fastening device consisting of a loop or staple and a slotted hinge plate normally
HASP
secured with a padlock.
KEY-PADLOCK A device which fastens in position maybe operated by a key.
HASP LOCK A kind of hasp that has a built-in locking device which can be opened only with a key.
FRICTION CATCH Any catch which when it engages a strike, is held in the engaged position by friction.
MAGNETIC CATCH A door catch flat that uses a magnet to hold the door in a closed position.
A fastener which holds a door in place by means of a projecting spring actuated steel hall
BULLET CATCH
which is depressed when the door is closed.
A handle for opening a hospital door without the use of hands, by hooking an arm over
HOSPITAL ARM PULL
the handle.
Fire exit bolt a door locking device used on exit doors; the door latch releases when a
PANIC EXIT DEVICE
bar, across the inside of the door is pushed.
EYE BOLT A bolt having its head in the form of a loop or eye.
A plastic, wood fiber or metal usually leads plug either built in a wall or ceiling or inserted
CONCRETE INSERT
by drilling, used as an anchor or support to hold attached load.
HOOK BOLT A bolt having one end in the form of a hook.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT ELEVATORS
REFRIGERANTS Elevators are devices that move people and goods vertically within a dedicated
shaft that connects the floors of a building. They became commonplace in the
R-12 Di-chloro-di-fluoro-methane 1850s as steel and iron structural frames allowed taller construction; however it
was Elisha Otis's safety mechanism that prevented the car from falling
R-22 Di-chloro-mono-fluoro-methane
that made elevators popular. In almost all modern multi-floor buildings,
R-114 Di-chloro-tetra-fluoro-methane elevators are required to provide universal access.
R-11 Tri-chloro-monofluoro-methane There are three main types of elevators commonly used: traction with a machine
room, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic; however, there are
DESIGN DETAILS variations on each type.
Air Handling Unit (AHU) 5% of GFA / floor HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
 Located at Basement Floor (Chillers & Pumps) Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that
Refrigeration Equipment pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid
 3.96 m – 5.488 m high
Room into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the
 1.35% of GFA
piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and
travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for
Cooling Tower 4% of Building GFA hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.
 Low initial cost
AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS / AIR CHANGES
 Ongoing maintenance cost are lower compared to other types
SUMMER COOLING  Uses more energy than other types
Cooling And
Temperatures of 68° to 74° F and 50%  Major Drawback: Hdraulic fluin can sometimes leak and cause a serious
De-Humidifying relative humidity are a frequent design average environmental hazard
WINTER COOLING
 Have a sheave that extends below the floor of the pit,
Heating And Temperatures 70° to 75° F and relative
which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator
Humidifying humidity of 30% to 35 % are found most Conventional descends
satisfactory  Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)
Air Velocity should average 4.57m to
Air Motion 7.60m per minute measured 36” above  Have a piston on either side of the cab fixed at the
the floor base of the pit
Hole-Less  Telescoping pistons: 50ft TD
NON-SMOKING ROOMS  Non-Telecoping: 20ft TD
3 3
5ft to 7.5ft of air / minute / person
SMOKING ROOMS  Use a combination of ropes and a piston

Roped
3 3  Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)
Air Supply 25ft to 40ft of air / minute / person
ASHRAE Recommendations TRACTION ELEVATORS

3 3
15ft to 20ft of air / minute / person Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an
3 3
0.42m to 0.57m of air / minute / person electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise
For MOST applications applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A
counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
Conditioning Engineers) is an organization devoted to the advancement of  Have height restrictions governed by the length and weight of cables or ropes
indoor-environment-control technology in the heating, ventilation, and air  New materials that are stronger and lighter, such as carbon fiber, will allow
conditioning (HVAC) industry. traction elevators to achieve new heights.
WITH MACHINE ROOM
 Have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which

drives the wheel that moves the ropes
 Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
Geared
 Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
 Medium initial cost, ongoing intial cost, and energy
consumption
 Have the wheel attached to the motor

Gear-Less  Max. Travel Distance : 2000 ft (approx)
 High initial cost
 Medium ongoing maintenance costs
 More energy efficient than geared traction elevators
MACHINE-ROOM-LESS (MRL)
 Do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft

 The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the
elevator cab
 Control Boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator
shaft on the highest landing and within 150 ft of the machine
 Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
 Medium initial cost and ongoing intial cost
 Low energy consumption compared to geared elevators
 Most popular choice for mid-rise buildings
 Energy efficient
 Requires less space
 Operation reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators
HISTORY
Elisha Graves Otis Elevator Safety Brake (1853)
Installed the First Passenger Elevator

E.V. Haughwout Building
(23 March 1857)
Counterbalance-type, Traction-Method Elevator

Frost and Strutt
called the “Taagle” (1853)
Felix Leon Edoux Hydraulic Elevator (1867)
Siemens Electric Power Elevator (1880)
Wegster DC Motor
Norton Otis First direct-connected geared electric elevator
Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Leader in the elevator industry
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
COARSE AGGREGATES (Not larger than)  construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of
slabs, beams and girders
 1/5 of the Narrowest dimension between side forms  joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of
 1/3 the depth of slabs intersecting beams
 ¾ the minimu clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts STANDARD HOOKS
CURING
 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
 Type I, II, IV, V – maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least  90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
the first 7 days after placement  for stirrup and tie hooks:
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at
 High-early strength concrete (Type III) – maintained above 10°C and in a free end of bar, or
moist condition for at least the first 3 days after placement  20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free
end of bar, or
CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE  25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at
 they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of free end of bar
cross section when embedded within a column
 they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS
slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
 they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center  bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db (inside diameter)
 conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in  bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db
compression the displaced concrete, provided:  bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db
 they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
 they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not
less than 3 diameters on centers  the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not
 concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or less than 25mm
weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact  the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not
with ground be less than 25mm between layers
 reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete  in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
section shall be provided normal to the piping between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm
 they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of  in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural
cross section when embedded within a column reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab
 they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of thickness, nor farther than 450mm
slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
 they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center BUNDLED BARS
 conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in
compression the displaced concrete, provided:  shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle
 they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard  shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
Schedule 40 steel pipe  bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
 they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less  individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members
than 3 diameters on centers shall terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger
 concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or  where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar
weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a
with ground diameter derived from the equivalent total area
 reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete  minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the
section shall be provided normal to the piping bundle, but need not be greater than 50mm
PRE-STRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS
 center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member

shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

(NONPRESTRESSED)
 concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm

 concrete exposed to earth or weather:
 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 50mm
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 40mm
 concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
 slabs, walls, joists:
 45 to 60mm diameter bars – 40mm
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm
 beams, columns:
 primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals – 40mm
 shells, folded plate members:
 20mm diameter bar and larger – 20mm
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE

 wall panels:
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 40mm
 other members:
 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 40mm
 concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:

 slabs, walls, joists:
 beams, columns:
 primary reinforcement – db but not less than 15mm and need not
exceed 40mm
 ties, stirrups, spirals – 10mm
 20mm diameter bar and larger – 15mm
CONCRETE SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE  shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than
5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm
 concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm  spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
 wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mm T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
 other members – 40mm
 concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:  the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded
 slabs, walls, joists – 20mm together
 beams, columns:  width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not
 primary reinforcement – 40mm exceed:
 ¼ the span length of the beam,
 ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm
 8 times the slab thickness, or
 ½ the clear distance to the next web
 for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width
 other reinforcement – db but not less than 20mm shall not exceed:
 1/12 the span length of the beam,
OFFSET BARS  6 times the slab thickness, or
 ½ the clear distance to the next web
 slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1  transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab
in 6 thickness, nor 450mm
 portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
 lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points JOIST CONSTRUCTION
of bend
 offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms  ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more
 where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be than 3½ times the minimum width of rib
offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to  clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
the offset column faces, shall be provided  slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear
distance between ribs nor less than 40mm
SPIRALS  when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than
1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than 50mm
 for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm  where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be
diameter at least 25mm greater than the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at
 clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm any point
 anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra turns of spiral
bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit REQUIRED STRENGTH
 spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or  dead load and live load
welded
 U = 1.4D + 1.7L
 in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or
 dead load, live load and wind load
width of capital is 2 times that of the column
 U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
 plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:  U = 0.9D + 1.3W
 ASTM A 615M
 dead load, live load and earthquake load
 ASTM A 616M
 U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
 ASTM A 617M
 U = 0.99D + 1.1E
 plain wire shall conform to: ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH NON-BEARING WALLS
 depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for  thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance
footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on piles between members that provide lateral support
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR
 flexure without axial load, 0.90

 axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90
 axial compression and axial compression with flexure:
 spiral reinforced, 0.75
 tie reinforce, 0.70
 shear and torsion, 0.85
 bearing on concrete, 0.70
 post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85
DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

 spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width
b of compression flange or face
LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for

bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for
bars enclosed by spirals
SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

 shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed
members or 600mm
WALLS
 minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
 0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or
 0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or
 0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
 minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
 0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or
 0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or
 0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
 in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm
diameter bars shall be provided around all window and door openings. Such
bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings
but not less than 600mm
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)

 the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a
supporting member
 maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:
 d/4
 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
 300mm
 where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2
throughout the length of the member
STRUCTURAL STEEL WELDS
LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS  weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not
less than 1½ times the thickness of the material in which the hole is made
 for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness
ratio preferably should not exceed 200
Groove Welds
 for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio
preferably should not exceed 300
 effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat thickness
 effective length = width of the part joined
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
 effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of
 for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy the thinner part joined
 minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds =
 for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu
 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
 for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy
 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
 for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy
 for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy  8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)
 for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy  10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm)
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS  16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)
 minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall  effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =
not be less than 2/3 of the net area across the pinhole  flare bevel groove, 5/16R
 width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness  flare V-groove, ½R
 pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
 pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter Fillet Welds
SHEAR CONNECTORS
 effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat thickness
 shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete cover  effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the
 diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2½ times the thickness of the flange joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld
to which they are welded  minimum size of fillet welds =
 minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters  3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
along the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis  5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall not exceed 8 times  6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
the total slab thickness  8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)
 maximum size of fillet welds along edges =
FASTENERS  not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm
 distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall thick)
not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener  not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material
 maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of 6mm or more in thickness)
parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part, but shall  minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall
not exceed 150mm not be less than 4 times its nominal size
 if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed
CAMBER ¼ its effective length
 effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less
 trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately than 4 times the weld size, with a minimum of 38mm
the dead-load deflection
 in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part
 crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for joined, but not less than 25mm
approximately the dead-load deflection plus ½ the live-load deflection
 slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or
members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the
corners for a distance not less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld
Plug and Slot Welds
 diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the
part containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm
or 2¼ times the thickness of the weld
 minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length
shall be 4 times the width of the slot
 minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be 2 times the
length of the slot
 length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld
 width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus
8mm, nor shall it be larger than 2¼ times the thickness of the weld
 thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the
material
 thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = ½ the thickness of
the material but not less than 16mm
IDENTIFICATION OF PIPING BY COLOR AND TAG UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
MATERIAL PIPED COLOR PIPE ID LIGHT
Air (Low Pressure) GREEN L.P. Air The luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle
Luminous Intensity
Argon (Low Pressure) GREEN L.P. Argon by a light source, expressed in candelas.
Helium (Low Pressure) GREEN L.P. Helium Candlepower Luminous intensity expressed in candelas
Nitrogen(Low Pressure) GREEN L.P.-Nitrogen A unit of luminous intensity used prior to
Candle 1948, equal to the luminous intensity of a wax
Water (Cold) GREEN Cold Water candle of standard specifications.
Water (Distilled) GREEN Distilled Water The basic SI unit of luminous intensity, equal
to the luminous; intensity of a source that
Water (Low-Pressure) (Excl. Of fire Service) GREEN L.P. Water
emitsmonochromaticatic radiation of frequency
Candela (Cd)
Water (Treated) GREEN Treated Water 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant
intensity of 1/683 watt per steradian. Also
Oil and Water (For hydraulic system) GREEN Oil and Water called standard candle
Acetylene ORANGE Acetylene
The rate of flow of visible light per unit time
Luminous Flux
Blast Furnace Glass ORANGE B.F.Gas expressed in lumen
Gasoline ORANGE Gasoline
The SI Unit of luminous flux, equal to the light
Grease ORANGE Grease Lumen (lm) emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a
Hydrogen ORANGE Hydrogen uniform point
Oxygen ORANGE Oxygen
The law that the illumination produced on a
Oil ORANGE Oil Cosine Law
surface by a point source is proportional to the
(Lambert’s Law)
Tar ORANGE Tar cosine of the angle of incidence
Producer Gas ORANGE Producer Gas
The intensity of light falling at any given place
Liquid Petroleum Gas ORANGE L. P. Gas Illumination on a lighted surface equal to the luminous flux
ORANGE High Vacuum (Illuminance) incident per unit area and expressed in lumens
Vacuum (High)
per unit of area
Oil and Water (For hydraulic system) ORANGE Oil and Water
Lux SI Unit of illumination (lumen / m2)
Carbon Dioxide RED Carbon Dioxide
A Unit of illumination that is everywhere one
Water (Fire Service) RED Fire Service Water Foot-Candle foot from a uniform point source of one candela
(lumen / ft2)
Acid YELLOW Acid
A unit of luminance or brightness
Air (High pressure) YELLOW H.P. Air Lambert (L)
(0.32Cd / cm2)
Ammonia YELLOW Ammonia
A unit of luminance or brightness
Steam (High Pressure) YELLOW H.P.Steam Foot-Lambert (fL)
(0.32Cd / ft2)
Steam (Low Pressure) YELLOW L.P. Steam
A unit of length equal to one ten-billionth of a
Water (Boiler Feed) YELLOW Boiler Feed Water Angstrom (A) meter, used esp. to express the wavelengths of
radiation.
Water (Hot) YELLOW Hot Water
A unit of length equal to one billionth of a
Water (High Pressure) (Excl. of Fire service) YELLOW H.P. Water Nanometer (nm) meter, used esp. to express wavelengths of
light in or near the visible spectrum
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
SOUND
The distance measured in the direction of
Wavelength propagation of wave from any one point to the
next point of corresponding response
The maximum deviation of a wave or alternating
Amplitude
current from it’s average value
Frequency The number of cycles per unit time of wave

Hertz (Hz) The Si Unit of frequency (cycle / s)
The predominant frequency of a sound as

Pitch
perceived by the human ear
Octave The interval between two frequencies (2:1)
An apparent shift in freauency occurring when

an acoustic source and listener are in motion
Doppler Effect relative to each other, the frequency increasing
when the source and listener approach each
other and decreasing when they move apart.
A unit for measuring the apparent loudness of a

sound, equal in number to the decibels of a
Phon 1000 Hz reference sound judges by a group of
listeners to be equal in loudness to the given
sound
A unit for measuring the apparent loudness of a

sound, judged by a group of listeners to be
Sone
equal to the loudness of a 1000 Hz reference
sound having an intensity of 40 decibels
A unit for expressing the relative pressure or

intensity of sounds on a uniform scale from 0
Decibel
(threshold of hearing) to about 130 (threshold of
pain)
Speed of Sound Norm Dry Air Air Water Wood Steel

(per second) 322m 344m 0.3km 1.4km 3.6km 5.5km
A unit of sound absorption equal to 1 ft2

Sabin
(0.90m2) of a perfectly absorptive surface
Metric Sabin A unit of sound absorption equal to 1m2 of a

(Absorption Unit) perfectly absorptive surface
A particular point or stage in a periodic cycle or

Phase
process.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (Timeline)
ARCHITECTURE DATES DESCRIPTION
Before recorded history, humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often puzzle modern-day archaeologists.
PREHISTORIC
Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.
In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza
ANCIENT EGYPT 3,050 BC to 900 BC
were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.
MESOPOTAMIA West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates also known as “Mesopotamia” it refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon.
From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire, great buildings were constructed according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which
CLASSICAL (Greek & Roman) 850 BC to 476 AD
defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in modern times.
After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that
BYZANTINE 527 to 565 AD
used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.
As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period
ROMANESQUE 800 to 1200 AD
were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.
Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent
GOTHIC 1100 to 1450 AD
cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.
A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of
RENAISSANCE 1400 to 1600 AD ancient Greece and Rome. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of
the period.
In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France,
BAROQUE 1600 to 1830 AD the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in
the building of St. Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.
During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves. These Rococo buildings are elegantly
ROCOCO 1650 to 1790 AD
decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.
A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. These buildings
NEOCLASSICISM 1730 to 1925 AD
were proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome.
Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings
ART NOUVEAU 1890 to 1914 AD
often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.
Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order,
BEAUX ARTS 1895 to 1925 AD
symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings. Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details
NEO-GOTHIC 1905 to 1930 AD
ornamented soaring skyscrapers.
ART DECO 1925 to 1937 AD Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.
The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity. Modern-day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus School coined
MODERNIST STYLE 1900 to Present.
by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.
A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that re-invented historical details and familiar motifs. Look closely at these architectural movements and
POSTMODERNISM 1972 to Present. you are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and ancient times.
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION ARCHITECTS
Famous Chicago School Firms of Architects
• William Holabird (1854-1923) and Martin Roche (1853-1927)
Buildings designed by Holabird & Roche included:
The groundbreaking Chicago school of architecture was founded by William Le Baron Jenney (1832- - Marquette Building, Chicago (1895)
1907), along with a number of other innovative American architects. A centre of high-rise development rather than a - Gage Group Buildings at S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago (1899)
school per se, it had no unified set of principles, and buildings created by the members of the school employed many - Chicago Building (Chicago Savings Bank Building) (1904-5)
different designs, construction techniques and materials. Some key characteristics of Chicago architecture during this - Brooks Building, Chicago (1909-10)
Chicago School of
period included: • Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912) and John Wellborn Root (1850-91)
Architecture  new foundation techniques pioneered by Dankmar Adler; metal skeleton frames - first used in Buildings designed by Burnham & Root, or Burnham and Co, included:
(1880-1910) Jenney's Home Insurance Building (1884); - Fisher Building, Chicago (1895-6)
 the use of steel and iron, first highlighted by the French architect Viollet-le-Duc, and used by - Flatiron Building, New York (1901-3)
- Heyworth Building, Chicago (1904)
Louis Sullivan and others.
• Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) and Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)
Buildings designed by firm Adler and Sullivan, included:
- Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1893-94)
- Prudential Building (Guaranty Building) Buffalo (1894)
Famous Art Nouveau Architects
•Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)
Designer of the Casa Mila (La Pedrera) (1906-10) in Barcelona.
•Victor Horta (1861-1947)
A decorative style of architecture characterized by flowing lines, and abstract floral motifs, which was closely associated Designed Hotel Tassel (1892-3), and Maison du Peuple (1896-9) in Brussels.
Art Nouveau with the Arts and Crafts movement championed by William Morris (1834-96). Known in Germany •Hector Guimard (1867-1942)
Architecture as Jugendstil - it was applied to both the exterior and interior design of buildings. Interiors were often lavishly decorated Famous for his entrances to the Paris Metro.
(1890-1920) with various types of applied art - including stained glass and ceramics. •Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908)
Founder of the Vienna Seccession, designer of its headquarters.
•Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)
Designer of the Glasgow School of Art (1907).
•Giuseppe Brega (1877-1960)
Stile Liberty architect of Villa Ruggeri, Pesaro (1902).
Famous 20th Century Revivalist Buildings
• "Gothic" Sagrada Familia (1883-1926) by Antoni Guadi.
•"Classical" AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909) by Peter Behrens.
•"Classical" Pennsylvania Railway Station (1910) by McKim, Meade & White.
•"Classical" Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC (1922) by Henry Bacon.
• "Medieval" Stockholm City Hall (1923) by Ragnar Ostberg.
•"Romanesque" Stuttgart Train Station (1928) by Paul Bonatz.
Ever since Italian Renaissance architects revived the proportions and orders of Roman architecture, designers have •"Ziggurat" 55 Broadway, London (1929) by Charles Holden.
turned to the past for inspiration. Such revivalism reached its apogee in 19th century architecture, in numerous •"Classical"/"Mughal" Viceroy's Palace, India (1930) by Edwin Lutyens.
Revivalist Architecture
Romanesque (1000-1150), Gothic (1150-1300) and Beaux-Arts structures in both Europe and the United States, but the •"Roman" Milan Train Station (1931) by Ulisse Stacchini.
(1900-2000) process continued into the 20th century. •"Classical" City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
•"Classical" German Pavilion, World Exhibition, Paris (1937) by Albert Speer.
•"Greek"/"Moorish" San Simeon Hearst Castle (1939) by Julia Morgan.
•"Egyptian" Louvre Pyramid (1998) by I.M.Pei.
•James Renwick (1818-95) - Neo-Gothic architect.

•Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86) - Neo-Romanesque designer.
Famous New York Skyscrapers
- Park Row Building NYC, (1899–1901) by Robert Henderson Robertson.
- Flat-iron Building NYC, (1902) by Daniel H. Burnham & Company.
- Philadelphia City Hall (1908) by John McArthur, Thomas U.Walter.
Steel-frame high-rise architecture was pioneered in the 19th century by American architects in New York and Chicago: - Singer Building NYC, (1908) by Ernest Flagg.
New York School of two cities which were experiencing rapid development but whose available space was limited. With the fall in the price of - Metropolitan Tower NYC, (1909) by Napoleon Le Brun & Sons.
steel - a major construction material for high-rise structures - building upwards suddenly became much more - Woolworth Building NYC, (1913) by Cass Gilbert.
Skyscraper Architecture - Empire State Building NYC, (1929) by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
economically attractive. During the first three decades of the 20th century, New York took the lead with a number of
(1900-30) cutting-edge skyscrapers. - Daily News Building NYC, (1929) by Howells & Hood.
- Chanin Building NYC, (1929) by Sloan & Robertson.
- Lincoln Building NYC, (1930) by J.E. Carpenter & Associates.
- Bank of Manhattan Trust Building NYC, (1930) by Craig Severance.
- Chrysler Building NYC, (1931) by William Van Alen.
- Rockefeller Center NYC, (1940) by Hofmeister, Hood, Godley, Fouilhoux.
Famous Early Modernist Architects
•Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910); Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA (1937).
•Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
"Modernist architecture", the first real example of 20th century architecture, was designed for "modern man". It was
Built the AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909).
Early Modernist relatively, if not wholly, devoid of historical associations, and made full use of the latest building techniques and
•Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
materials, including iron, steel, glass and concrete. Functionality was a key aspect of the modernist style. The format
Architecture Designed Steiner House, Vienna (1910); Moller House, Vienna (1928).
was later fully realized in the United States: see, for instance, Henry Ford's assembly plant at Rouge River, south of
(1900-30) •Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950)
Detroit - then the largest manufacturing plant in the world.
Designed Helsinki Train Station (1904-14).
•Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Designed Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911).
•Le Corbusier (1887-1965) (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret)
Designed Villa Savoye (1931); Unite d'Habitation, Marseille (1952).
Famous Expressionist Architects
•Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925)
Famous for his Goetheanum, Dornach (1914).
•Hans Poelzig (1869-1936)
Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin (1919).
This architectural style emerged in Germany and the Low Countries. Expressionist architects rebelled against the
•Max Berg (1870-1947)
Expressionist functionalist industrial-style structures of modernist architecture, preferring more sinuous or highly articulated forms.
Designer of the Centenary Hall, Beslau-Scheitnig (1913).
These included curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements, as well as structures in which the expressive values of
Architecture •Bruno Taut (1880-1938)
certain materials are emphasized. A contemporary example of expressionist architecture is the Sydney Opera House
(1910-25) Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund Exposition.
(1973), designed by Jorn Utzon (1918-2008).
•Michel de Klerk (1884-1923)
Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, Amsterdam (1918).
•Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Hoger (1887-1949)
Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4).
•Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)
Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1924).
One of the European avant-garde art groups that had a significant influence on the development of modernist Famous De Stijl Architects
De Stijl Avant-Garde architecture, was the Dutch-based group known as De Stijl, founded in Leiden in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg(1883- •Robert van’t Hoff (1887-1979)
1931), its active members included the abstract painter Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), as well as a number of architects, Preoccupied during his De Stijl period with Communist politics and designs for prefabricated mass
Architecture
designers, painters and sculptors. Influenced by Concrete art and Cubism, as well as radical left-wing politics, its main housing, worked out in collaboration with the Utrecht architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer (1874-1954).
(1917-1930) objective was to establish a compositional methodology applicable to both fine and decorative art. De Stijl designs are •Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)
characterized by austere geometrical shapes, right-angles, and primary colors. His most famous designs included his Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924), now a UNESCO
World Heritage Site, and his Red and Blue Chair (1917).
•J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963)
Highly influential, the Municipal Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP Oud was a key participant in
the influential modernist Weissenhof Estate Exhibition (1927).
Famous Examples of Social Housing
•Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920) designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923).
•Works Housing Estate, Hoek van Holland (1924) designed by JPP Oud (1890–1963).
Social Housing One response to the European post-war housing crisis in the 1920s was a series of minimal cost social housing projects •Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin (1925-33) designed by Bruno Taut (1880-1938).
Architecture developed in several major urban centers. On the Continent, these took the form of large-scale apartment blocks. •Pessac Housing Estate, Bordeaux (1926) designed by Le Corbusier (1887-1965).
(1918-30) •Bruchfeldstrasse Estate, Frankfurt am Main (1927) designed by Ernst May (1886-1970).
•Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927) designed by Mies van der Rohe.
•Siemensstadt, Berlin (1929) designed by Hans Scharoun (1893-1972) and others.
•Karl Marx Hof, Vienna (1930) designed by Karl Ehn (1884–1957).
Bauhaus Style Architects
The Bauhaus design school was a hugely influential centre of inter-war modernist architecture. Its design ethos was •Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
propagated by several key members of its teaching staff who immigrated to the United States during the 1930s. Designed Bauhaus Complex, Desau (1925); MetLife Building, NYC (1963).
Combining ideas from Russian Constructivism movement, the Dutch De Stijl group, and the American architect Frank • Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
Bauhaus Design School
Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), as well as an attitude to crafts modeled on the Arts & Crafts movement and the Deutscher Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director of New Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago.
(1919-1933) Werkbund, Bauhaus design - with its clean lines and deliberate absence of ornamentation - eventually developed into •Hannes Meyer (1889-1954)
the International Style of modern architecture, and later spread to the United States, where it was developed by Walter Swiss Marxist Professor of architecture, later director, at the Bauhaus.
Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and other European emigrants like Richard Neutra. •Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
Succeeded Meyer as director of the Bauhaus in 1930.
Art Deco Buildings
- Chanin Building, NYC (1927-9) by Sloan and Robertson.
Art Deco was influenced by a combination of sources, including the geometrics of Cubism, the "movement" of Futurism,
- McGraw-Hill Building, NYC (1929-30) by Raymond Hood.
as well as elements of ancient art, such as Pre-Columbian and Egyptian art. Its architecture was also inspired by the
Art Deco Architecture - Empire State Building, NYC (1929-31) by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
ziggurat designs of Mesopotamian art. Art Deco, like Art Nouveau, embraced all types of art, but unlike its predecessor,
(1925-1940) - Chrysler Building, NYC (1930) by William van Alen (1883-1954).
it was purely decorative, with no theoretical or political agenda.
- Entrance Foyer, Strand Palace Hotel (1930) by Oliver Bernhard.
- El Dorado Apartment Building, NYC (1931) by Emery Roth (1871-1948).
- Entrance Plaza to Rockefeller Center, NYC (1932-9) by various.
Examples of Totalitarian Architectural Design
Architectural design under dictators like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Chairman Mao was designed to awe their political
Totalitarian •City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
subjects and impress foreign vistors. Buildings therefore had to be conceived and built on a gargantuan scale, and often
•Olympic Stadium, Berlin (1934-6) by Werner March.
Architecture incorporated elements of Greek architecture. Above all, Totalitarian architecture embodied the fantasies and
•New Reich Chancellery, Berlin (1938-9) by Albert Speer.
(1933-60) megalomania of the political leader.
•Moscow State University (1953) designed by Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev.
•Great Hall of the People, Beijing (1959) by Zhang Bo.
The International Style first appeared in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before being introduced
into American architecture in the 1930s, where it became the dominant fashion during the major post-war urban Famous International Style Buildings
International Style of
development phase (1955-1970). Predominantly used for "corporate office blocks" - despite the efforts of Richard - Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (1948-51) by Mies van der Rohe.
Modern Architecture Neutra, William Lescaze, Edward Durrell Stone and others, to apply it to residential buildings - it was ideal for skyscraper - The Graduate Center, Harvard University (1950) by Walter Gropius.
(1940-70) architecture, because of its sleek "modern" look, and use of steel and glass. The International style was championed by - Seagram Building, New York (1954-58) by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson.
American designers like Philip Johnson (1906-2005) and, in particular, by the Second Chicago School of Architecture, - Inland Steel Building, Chicago (1957) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
led by the dynamic emigrant ex-Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969).
Famous High-Tech Buildings
Rooted in the avant-garde structures of the 19th century, like the Eiffel Tower and Cystal Palace, hi-tech architecture is •USA Pavilion (Expo 67, Montreal) by Buckminster Fuller.
based on the expressive qualities of cutting-edge technologies and materials. As demonstrated by James Stirling (1926- •Olympiapark, Munich (1968-72) by Gunter Behnisch and Frei Otto.
92) - see his glass structure of the Engineering Faculty, Leceister University (1959-63) - traditional construction methods •Pompidou Centre, Paris (1971-78) by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.
High-Tech Architecture
(like brickwork) are abandoned in favour of new materials and techniques, such as steel, light metal panels, glass, and •Lloyds of London (1978-86) by Richard Rogers.
(1970 onwards) plastic derivatives. New building shapes are determined by the shape of the components used. An important exhibition •Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1979-86) by Foster & Partners.
which affirmed this new approach was Expo 67, held in Montreal. Hi-tech architecture is symbolized by the Pompidou •Channel Tunnel Waterloo Terminal, London (1993) by Nicholas Grimshaw
Centre in Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in collaboration with engineers Ove Arup & Partners. •Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka (1994) by Renzo Piano.
•Allianz Arena, Munich (2005) by Herzog & de Meuron.
Famous Examples of Deconstructivism
An iconic style of three-dimensional postmodernist art, opposed to the ordered rationality of modern design,
- Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles (1988-2003) by Frank O Gehry.
Deconstructivism emerged in the 1980s, notably in Los Angeles California, but also in Europe. Characterized by non-
- Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1991-97) by Frank O Gehry.
rectilinear shapes which distort the geometry of the structure, the finished appearance of deconstructivist buildings is
Deconstructivism - Multiplex Cinema, Dresden (1993-8) by Coop Himmelblau.
typically unpredictable and even shocking. These unusual shapes have been facilitated by the use of design software
- Nationale Nederlanden Building, Prague (1992-97) by Frank O Gehry.
(1980-200) developed from the aerospace industry. The exhibition which first introduced this new approach to the public was
- UFA-Kristall Filmpalast, Dresden (1998) by Coop Himmelblau.
the Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition, curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and held at the Museum of
- Seattle Central Library, Seattle (2004) by "Rem" Koolhaas.
Modern Art, New York, in 1988. the most famous deconstructivist designer in America is probably Frank O.
- Imperial War Museum North, Manchester (2002) by Daniel Libeskind.
Gehry (b.1929); in Europe the top architects are probably Daniel Libeskind (b.1946), and the firm Coop Himmelblau,
- Royal Ontario Museum (extension), Toronto (2007) by Daniel Libeskind.
founded by Wolf Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and Michael Holzer.
Famous Examples of Blobitecture

A style of postmodernist architecture characterized by organic, rounded, bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka blobism or •Water Pavilion (1993–1997) by Lars Spuybroek and Kas Oosterhuis.
Blobitecture blobismus) was first christened by William Safire in the New York Times in 2002 (although architect Greg Lynn used the •Experience Music Project, Seattle (1999-2000) by Frank O Gehry.
(1990s) term "blob architecture" in 1995) the style first appeared in the early 1990s. Developed by postmodernist artists on both •Kunsthaus, Graz (2003) by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier.
sides of the Atlantic, the construction of blobitecture's non-geometric structures is heavily dependent on the use of •Bus Station at Spaarne Hospital (2003) by NIO Architecten.
CATID software (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application). •The Sage Gateshead (2004) by Norman Foster.
•Philological Library, Free University, Berlin (2005) by Norman Foster.
Tallest Towers Built in the 20th-Century
(1) Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998) (452m/ 1,483 feet)
(2) Willis Tower, Chicago (1973) (442m/ 1,450 feet)
Structural techniques developed by US architects like Fazlur Khan (1929-82) of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have led to
(3) Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai (1999) (421m/ 1,380 feet)
Late 20th-Century the construction of a new generation of supertall buildings or 'towers'. These new tubular designs, which have also
(4) One World Trade Center, NYC (1974) (destroyed) (417m/ 1,368 feet)
significantly reduced the amount of steel required in skyscrapers, have enabled architects to break free from the regular
Supertall Towers (5) CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou (1997) (391m/ 1,283 feet)
"box-like" design. With modern towers now regularly exceeding 100 storeys, the biggest limitation on upward growth
(6) Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen (1996) 384m/ 1,260 feet)
remains safety and the lack of emergency evacuation procedures.
(7) Empire State Building, NYC (1931) (381m/ 1,250 feet)
(8) Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997) (378m/ 1,240 feet)
(9) Central Plaza Hong Kong (1992) (374m/ 1,227 feet)
(10) Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong (1990) (367m/ 1,205 feet)
TH
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19 CENTURY
ISMS DESCRIPTION
An ornament of undulating waves, flowers and flower stalks developed in France and Belgium towards the end of the 19th century. In France (Style Nouville) was initiated by Guimmard; Belgium (Coup-
De-Joulet) – Van De Velde and Horta; Spain( Modernismo) – Gaudi: Austria(Sezzession); Scotland (Fin-De-Schism) – Mackintosh); Italy(Modern Isme Or Stile Liberte); and
Germany(Judgenstil) – Vande Velde,Olbrist and Endell, and America (Tiffany Style) – Louis Tiffany
ART NOUVEAU  Exaggerated, flowing, undulating lines
(1890 to1910)  Rich ornamentation
 Emphasis on the decorative and structural properties of materials, especially glass and ironwork
 Use of colour and gilding
Asymmetrical composition
Creative center of artistic experiment during the 1920’s. Gropius was its founder who would rather close shop than be dictated by the German ruler. The school existed in three German
BAUHAUS cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933, under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes
(1919 to 1933) Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi-led government which
had claimed that it was a centre of communist intellectualism.
Refers to the works of Van Der Rohe which displayed the use of glass and steel; display of service systems of a building like air conditioning ducts, plumbing, pipes, etc.
Brutalism is a style with an emphasis on materials, textures and construction, producing highly expressive forms
Consider Brutalism as architecture in the raw, with an emphasis on materials, textures and construction, producing highly expressive forms. Seen in the work of Le Corbusier from the late 1940s with the
Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles, the term Brutalism was first used in England by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954.It referred to the work of Alison and Peter Smithson’s school at
Hunstanton in Norfolk because of its uncompromising approach to the display of structure and services, albeit in a steel building rather than reinforced concrete.
Also called New Brutalism, it encouraged the use of beton brut (raw concrete), in which patterns created by wooden shuttering are replicated through board marking, as can be seen in the work of Denys
Lasdun, or where the aggregate is bush or pick-hammered, as at the Barbican Estate in London. Scale was important and the style is characterized by massive concrete shapes colliding abruptly, while
service ducts and ventilation towers are overtly displayed.
BRUTALISM The best known early Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité d' Habitation and the 1953 Secretariat Building
(1950s to the mid-1970s) (Palace of Assembly) in Chandigarh, India.
Examples are typically massive in character (even when not large),fortress-like, with a predominance of exposed concrete construction, or in the case of the "brick brutalists," ruggedly combine detailed
brickwork and concrete.
In the Philippines, Leandro Locsin designed massive brutalist structures, including the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the Philippine International Convention Center.
 Rough, unfinished surfaces
 Unusual shapes
 Heavy-looking materials
 Massive forms
 Small windows in relation to the other parts
 Exposed Steel Beams
The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne(CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a
series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main
domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others).
CIAM or INTERNATIONAL
MODERNISM The International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) was founded in June 1928, at the Chateau de la Sarraz in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by Le Corbusier,
(1928 to1959) Hélène de Mandrot (owner of the castle), and Sigfried Giedion (the first secretary-general). CIAM was one of many 20th centurymanifestos meant to advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".
TH
ISMS DESCRIPTION
Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin launched the constructivist movement when he proposed the futuristic, glass-and-steel Tatlin's Tower.
During the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of avant-garde architects in Russia launched a movement to design buildings for the new socialist regime. Calling themselvesconstructivists, they believed
that design began with construction. Their buildings emphasized abstract geometric shapes and functional machine parts.
Constructivist architecture combined engineering and technology with political ideology.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
(1920 to 1930)
Constructivist architects tried to suggest the idea of humanity's collectivism through the harmonious arrangement of diverse structural elements.
ARCHITECTS
The most famous work of constructivist architecture was never actually built. In 1920, Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin proposed a futuristic monument to the 3rd International in the city of St. Petersburg
Vladimir Tatlin
(then known as Petergrado). The unbuilt project, called Tatlin's Tower, used spiral forms to symbolize revolution and human interaction. Inside the spirals, three glass-walled building units - a cube, a
Konstantin Melnikov
pyramid, and a cylinder - would rotate at different speeds.
Nikolai Milyutin
Aleksandr Vesnin Soaring 400 meters (about 1,300 feet), Tatlin's Tower would have been taller than the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The cost to erect such a building would have been enormous. But, even though Tatlin's Tower
Leonid Vesnin
wasn't built, the plan helped launch the Constructivist movement. By the late 1920s, Constructivism had spread outside the USSR. Many European architects called themselves constructivists.
Viktor Vesnin
El Lissitzky
However, within a few years Constructivism faded from popularity and was eclipsed by the Bauhaus movement in Germany.
Vladimir Krinsky
Iakov Chernikhov
 Glass and steel
 Machine-made building parts
 Technological details such as antennae, signs, and projection screens
 Abstract geometric shapes
 A sense of movement
DECONSTRUCTIVISM Deconstructivism, or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructivist buildings
(1980) may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.
ARCHITECTS In the summer of 1988, architect Philip Johnson was instrumental in organizing a Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibit called "Deconstructivist Architecture." Johnson gathered works from seven
Peter Eisenman architects (Eisenman, Gehry, Hadid, Koolhaas, Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and Coop Himmelblau) who "intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism."
Daniel Libeskind
Zaha Hadid Deconstructivist architects reject Postmodernist ways for an approach more akin to Russian Constructivism.
Frank O. Gehry
Rem Koolhaas "The hallmark of deconstructivist architecture is its apparent instability. Though structurally sound, the projects seem to be in states of explosion or collapse.....Deconstructivist architecture, however, is not
an architecture of decay or demolition. On the contrary, it gains all of its force by challenging the very values of harmony, unity, and stability, proposing instead that flaws are intrinsic to the structure."
The principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. This statement is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the
FUNCTIONALISM profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture. Functionalism had the strongest influence in Germany, Czechoslovakia, the USSR and the Netherlands.
In 1896, Chicago architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase 'form ever follows function' to capture his belief that a building's size, massing, spatial grammar and other characteristics should be driven solely
ARCHITECTS by the function of the building. The implication is that if the functional aspects are satisfied, architectural beauty would naturally and necessarily follow.
Alvar Aalto
Erik Bryggman Sullivan's credo is often viewed as being ironic in light of his extensive use of intricate ornament, since a common belief among functionalist architects is that ornament serves no function. The credo also
P.E. (Paul Ernsti) Blomstedt does not address whose function he means. The architect of an apartment building, for instance, can easily be at cross-purposes with the owners of the building regarding how the building should look and
Hilding Ekelund feel, and they could both be at cross-purposes with the future tenants. Nevertheless 'form follows function' expresses a significant and enduring idea. Sullivan's protégé Frank Lloyd Wright is also cited as
Erkki Huttunen an exemplar of functional design.
Uno Ullberg In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussed as an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity. The idea of functionalism was conflated with lack of ornamentation, which is a
Ragnar Ypya different matter. It became a pejorative term associated with the most bald and brutal ways to cover space, like cheap commercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, for example in academic criticism
of Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes, simply as a synonym for 'gauche'.
DEFUNCTIONALISM A style ignoring the classic approach to design disregarding functionalisms that have failed in many instances
TH
ISMS DESCRIPTION
ECLECTICISM
(19TH & 20TH CENTURY) A nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.
In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the
ARCHITECTS mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.
Daniel Burnham
Alexander Jackson Davis The term eclecticism is used to describe the combination, in a single work, of elements from different historical styles, chiefly in architecture and, by implication, in the fine and decorative arts. The term is
Antonio Gaudi sometimes also loosely applied to the general stylistic variety of 19th-century architecture after Neo-classicism (c. 1820), although the revivals of styles in that period have, since the 1970s, generally been
Richard Morris Hunt referred to as aspects of historicism.
Charles Follen McKim
William Mead The church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona designed by Antonio Gaudi is a notable example of eclecticism. Elements of the style were merged with oriental motifs and forms found in the natural
Richard Norman Shaw world, resulting in a structure that was distinctive and original.[2] Although it was designed during the peak of the eclectic period (1883–1926), it remains under construction today.
Stanford White
An architectural movement that developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts, that especially developed and dominated
EXPRESSIONISM in Germany.
(1910 to 1930)
The term "Expressionist architecture" initially described the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech and Danish avant garde from 1910 until 1930. Subsequent redefinitions extended the term
ARCHITECTS backwards to 1905 and also widened it to encompass the rest of Europe. Today the meaning has broadened even further to refer to architecture of any date or location that exhibits some of the qualities of
Adolf Behne the original movement such as; distortion, fragmentation or the communication of violent or overstressed emotion.
Hermann Finsterlin
Antoni Gaudí The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new
Walter Gropius - early period technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass.
Hugo Häring
Fritz Höger  Distortion of form for an emotional effect.
Michel de Klerk  Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience.An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary.
Piet Kramer  Profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and representations of concepts more important than pragmatic finished products.
Carl Krayl  Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single concept.
Erich Mendelsohn  Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations.[ As such it is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic which characterized its close
Hans Poelzig contemporary art nouveau.
Hans Scharoun  Utilizes creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.
Rudolf Steiner  Tendency more towards the gothic than the classical. Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the Romanesque and the rococo than the classical.
Bruno Taut  Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western. It draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and architecture as from Roman or Greek.
Conception of architecture as a work of art.
An early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was a part of Futurism, an artistic
movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists (such
FUTURISM as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, and Enrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the
themes of the Futurists (several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight in World War I). The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant'Elia, who, though building little, translated the
futurist vision into an urban form.
Tadao Ando Le Corbusier Denis Laming Oscar Niemeyer
Archigram Arthur Erickson John Lautner Cesar Pelli
Louis Armet Future Systems Anthony J. Lumsden William Pereira
ARCHITECTS
Welton Becket Michael Graves Virgilio Marchi Patricio Pouchulu
Santiago Calatrava Zaha Hadid Wayne McAllister Eero Saarinen
TH
ISMS DESCRIPTION
A post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. It had its first international exposure during CIAM's 1959 meeting
METABOLISM and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from Kenzo Tange's MIT studio.
During the preparation for the 1960 Tōkyō World Design Conference a group of young architects and designers, including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki prepared the publication of
ARCHITECTS the Metabolism manifesto. They were influenced by a wide variety of sources including Marxist theories and biological processes. Their manifesto was a series of four essays entitled: Ocean City, Space
Kenzo Tange City, Towards Group Form, and Material and Man, and it also included designs for vast cities that floated on the oceans and plug-in capsule towers that could incorporate organic growth. Although the
Kisho Kurokawa World Design Conference gave the Metabolists exposure on the international stage their ideas remained largely theoretical.
Moshe Safdie
Kiyonuri Kikotake Some smaller, individual buildings that employed the principles of Metabolism were built and these included Tange's Yamanashi Press and Broadcaster Centre and Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower.
Walter Jonas The greatest concentration of their work was to be found at the 1970 World Exposition in Osaka where Tange was responsible for master planning the whole site whilst Kikutake and Kurokawa designed
pavilions. After the 1973 oil crisis, the Metabolists turned their attention away from Japan and toward Africa and the Middle East.
MONUMENTALISM
ARCHITECTS Based on the notion that the form of the object should last and implicitly there are forms which have external validity.
Rf Schinklel, M. Van Der Construction, especially of buildings, on a grand scale.
P. Behrens, Rohe, T. Garnier,
H. Polezig, Le Corbusier, A. Perret.
National Romantic style was a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau.
The National Romantic style spread across Finland; the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; and Russia (mainly St. Petersburg). Unlike much nostalgic Gothic Revival
style architecture elsewhere, National Romantic architecture expressed progressive social and political ideals, through reformed domestic architecture.[1]
Designers turned to early Medieval architecture and even prehistoric precedents to construct a style appropriate to the perceived character of a people. The style can be seen as a reaction to
industrialism and an expression of the same "Dream of the North" nationalism that gave impetus to renewed interest in the eddas and sagas.
NATIONAL ROMANTICISM  Finnish National Theatre (Suomen Kansallisteatteri) (1902,  House With Owls (Дом с совами) (1907, Russia)
Finland)  Norwegian Institute of Technology (Norges tekniske  Stockholm Court House (Stockholms Rådhus) (1915,
Sweden)
 Vålerenga Church (Vålerenga kirke) (1902, Norway) høgskole) (1910, Norway)
 Copenhagen City Hall (Rådhus) (1905, Denmark)  Tolstoy House (Толстовский дом) (1912, Russia)  Röhss Museum (Röhsska konstslöjdsmuseet) (1916, Sweden)
 National Museum of Finland (Suomen Kansallismuseo) (1905,  Tarvaspää, (1913, Finland) the house and studio built for  Stockholm City Hall (Stockholms stadshus) (1923, Sweden)
Church of the Epiphany (Uppenbarelsekyrkan) (1913,
Finland) himself by Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela
 Frogner Church (Frogner kirke) (1907, Norway)  Bergen Station (Bergen stasjon) (1913, Norway) Sweden)
De Stijl (/də ˈstaɪl/; Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artisticmovement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and
architects [1] In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands.
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg(1883–1931) that served to propagate the group's theories. Next to van
NEO-PLASTICISM
Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Vilmos Huszár(1884–1960), and Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), and the architects Gerrit Rietveld (1888–
1964), Robert van 't Hoff(1887–1979), and J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963). The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in
ARCHITECTS Dutch).
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981)
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979) Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used
Frederick John Kiesler (1890-1965) only primary colors along with black and white. Indeed, according to the Tate Gallery's online article on neoplasticism, Mondrian himself sets forth these delimitations in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in
J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963) Pictorial Art". He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964) colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". The Tate article further summarizes that this art allows "only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles,
Jan Wils (1891–1972) only straight and horizontal or vertical line." TheGuggenheim Museum's online article on De Stijl summarizes these traits in similar terms: "It [De Stijl] was posited on the fundamental principle of the
geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive
and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines".
TH
ISMS DESCRIPTION
Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site,
that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.
ORGANISM
The term organic architecture was coined by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), though never well articulated by his cryptic style of writing:
"So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the
ARCHITECTS whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but instead exalting the simple laws of common
sense or of super-sense if you prefer determining form by way of the nature of materials ..."[1]
Frank Lloyd Wright Kendrick Bangs Kellogg
Alvar Aalto Terunobu Fujimori Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright's design process. Materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles continue to repeat themselves throughout the
Arthur Dyson Gustav Stickley building as a whole. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the buildings' literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the buildings' design is carefully thought about as if it were a
Antoni Gaudi Rudolf Steiner unified organism. Geometries throughout Wright's buildings build a central mood and theme. Essentially organic architecture is also the literal design of every element of a building: From the windows, to
Hector Guimard Paul Laffoley the floors, to the individual chairs intended to fill the space. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature.
Hugo Häring Hundertwasser
A well-known example of organic architecture is Fallingwater, the residence Frank Lloyd Wright designed for the Kaufmann family in rural Pennsylvania. Wright had many choices to locate a home on this
Hans Scharoun Anton Alberts
John Lautner Laurie Baker large site, but chose to place the home directly over the waterfall and creek creating a close, yet noisy dialog with the rushing water and the steep site. The horizontal striations of stone masonry with
Bruce Goff Claude Bragdon daring cantilevers of colored beige concrete blend with native rock outcroppings and the wooded environment.
Eero Saarinen Douglas Cardinal Architect and planner David Pearson proposed a list of rules towards the design of organic architecture. These rules are known as the Gaia Charter for organic architecture and design. It reads:
Louis Sullivan Neville Gruzman
Vittorio Giorgini Imre Makovecz "Let the design:
Eric Lloyd Wright (born Javier Senosiain
 Be inspired by nature and be sustainable, healthy, conserving, and diverse.
1929) Bruno Zevi
Eugene Pandala Toyo Ito  Unfold, like an organism, from the seed within.
Nari Gandhi Chen Kuen Lee  Exist in the "continuous present" and "begin again and again".
 Follow the flows and be flexible and adaptable.
 Satisfy social, physical, and spiritual needs.
 "Grow out of the site" and be unique.
 Celebrate the spirit of youth, play and surprise.
 Express the rhythm of music and the power of dance."
Interest in explaining things as the nature of the house in the city and are concerned with intricate designs on small houses and potential schemes, has a larger context of the relationships between houses
POST-METABOLISM
with society.
RADICALISM A radical shift in emphasis from buildings of the past, to designs of those which met the demands of modern life. Van de velde and gropius are some of its poponents.
Structuralism as a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to CIAM-Functionalism (Rationalism) [1] which had led to a lifeless
expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
Structuralism in a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th century, which came about in different places, at different times and in different fields. It can also be found in linguistics, anthropology,
STRUCTURALISM philosophy and art. At the beginning of the general article Structuralism the following explanations are noted:
"Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger,overarching system or structure."
Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, "Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a
structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture."
UTILITARIANISM Refers to low cost housing; this was set at a time when search for economic solutions for low value sites were considered. In england this refers to prefabricated units
TH
ISMS DESCRIPTION
Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism, Modernism became the dominant global movement in 20th-century architecture and design.
Modernism is the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century, associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings, a strictly rational use of
(often new) materials, an openness to structural innovation and the elimination of ornament. It has also been called International Modern or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture
in America in 1932 by Philip Johnson. Modernism also encompasses Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl and Bauhaus. The style is characterized by:
 asymmetrical compositions
 use of general cubic or cylindrical shapes
 flat roofs
 use of reinforced concrete
 metal and glass frameworks often resulting in large windows in horizontal bands
MODERNISM  an absence of ornament or mouldings
 a tendency for white or cream render, often emphasised by black and white photography
Plans would be loosely arranged, often with open-plan interiors. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and Le Corbusier (1887-1965) were the leaders of the movement. The latter had a profound impact in Britain,
particularly after World War Two, with many public housing schemes. In Britain the term Modern Movement was used to describe the rigorous Modernist designs of the 1930s to the early 1960s.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

 Rectangular or cubist shapes
 Minimal or no ornamentation
 Steel and or reinforced concrete
 Large windows
 Open plan
Postmodernism describes the colourful styles of architecture and the decorative arts that appeared in the late 20th century in reaction to Modernism.
Postmodernism describes a style or styles of architecture and the decorative arts that were a reaction to Modernism and the Modern Movement and the dogmas associated with it. By the 1970s Modernism
had begun to seem elitist and exclusive, despite its democratic intentions. The failure of building methods and materials (shown in the collapse of Ronan Point, a tower block in east London in 1968) and
alienating housing estates was a focus for architects and critics in the early 1970s. A book published in 1966 by the American architect Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, was a
key influence on the development of Postmodernism. Venturi extolled the ambiguities, inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies of the Mannerist and Baroque architecture of Rome, but also celebrated popular
culture and the ordinary architecture of the American Main Street.
A later work, Learning from Las Vegas (1972), deconstructed the signs and symbols of the Las Vegas strip and divided buildings into ‘ducks’, the sculptural buildings that embodied their message within
POST MODERNISM the structure, and the ‘decorated shed’, which used signs to communicate its message. In practice, it meant the rediscovery of the various meanings contained within the mainly classical architecture of the
past and applying them to modern structures. The result was an architecture that embodied historical allusion and dashes of whimsy.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

 Classical motifs
 Literary allusions
 Bright colours
 Structural variety
 Variety of materials and shapes
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD LOCATION DESCRIPTION
PRE-HISTORIC
Caves and Rock Shelter
 Tabon Cave Palawan Served as shelters for the early Filipinos
 First form of man-made dwelling made from indigenous materials
Lean-To  Windshield or one-sided lean-t0 with or without flooring
 Single pitched roof supported by rafters
2000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao by the ancestors of indigenous people.
Commonly referred to as the “Eight Wonder of the World”
Banaue Rice Terraces Located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level.
Fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces
CLASSICAL PERIOD
The architecture of the early Filipinos are also the skills that were used at the time of war and on the battlefield. Due to the creation of various thalassocratic states within the archipelago,
trade began to flourish. Neighboring tribes would often wage war for territory and trade rights in certain areas, thids ultimately led to the fortification of villages and towns. Another reason for
SKILLS IN FORTIFICATION the development of these fortifications skills was that of prestige and intimidation, petty chiefs, Datus and Rajahs as they were called, often built forts and fortifications to intimidate other
chiefs in their area.
With the arrival of Muslim scholars from nearby Indonesia, the native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of the Kota or fort. The Muslim Filipinos of the south built
strongfortresses called kota or moong to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their
own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of theMaguindanao Sultanate's power, they
blanketed the areas around Western Mindanao with Kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or
The Kota
other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily of destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the Sultanate
was subdued and majority of Kotas dismantled or destroyed. Kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and rebels also built
fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area.[2] During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the Datus, Rajahs or Sultans often built and reinforced their kotas in a
desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land.[3] Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions; as a result, very very few kotas still stand to this day.
 Kota Selurong An outpost of the Bruneian Empire in Luzon and later became the City of Manila.
 Kuta Wato / Kota Bato Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"
 Kota Sug / Jolo The capital and seat of the Sultanate of Sulu. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city.
The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas. These
Batanes Castles fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and
could be kept away when invaders arrived.
Igorot Forts The Igorots built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC
THE CLASSICAL FILIPINO HOUSE
Lawig Small House
 The Large Houses / Big House of Datu Inuc
 Made of nipa, bamboo and wood
Mala-A-Walai  A prominent structure in the Moro Settlement, typically a one-room dwelling area without a ceiling and with no permanent partitions except for mats, chests or woven cloths. The house is
usually built on nine posts and has a porch linking the house proper to the kitchen. Maguindana houses have a steep roof and use the okir and other local artistic elements. Ventilation is
an important concern due to the hot climate on the Cotabato plane.
 The House of the Kings / Datu House / Royal House
 Elevated by 0.30m to 2.20m high above the ground with a single room structure without partitions
Lanao del Norte
Torogan  Ancestral house for Datu and his family used for social and political ceremonies
and Lanao del Sur
 An ornately decorated ancestral house for the datu and his extended family or the houses for the upper-class. It is the house of Maranao’s who speak the Austronesian Language.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with okir designs located in front of the house.
 The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both used for cooking and eating.
 The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of timber and lifted more than two meters
above the ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a rock.
 The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding. Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the
wood members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing
DECORATIONS
 DIONGAL – apex of the roof
 TINAI-A-WALAI / RAMPATAN– intricate carvings, central beams that serves as intestines of the house
 MALONG – bright colored weaves hanging from the rafters to signify privacy
 PANOLONG – A wing-like beam located at the ends of the floor. Its usual motifs or designs ar Pako Rabong or Fern, Naga or Serpent. These are chiseled and painted with bright colors
 Single room of 4.00m x 6.00m rectangular plan, elevated by 1.50m – 2.00m high on four tree trunks as columns
Mountains of  Trunks are made from Amugawan Tree
Ifugao House Cordillera  Roof is covered with reed and grass resting on a brace supported by a kingpost
 Two doors on both sides of the house accessed by a ladder
Badjao House Coast of Tawi-  Houses on stilts above shallow water with flooring made of bamboo
Tawi  Each house in the community was made accessible to eachother by means of bamboo planks laid out as streets
 Interior space was enclosed by wooden walls nailed permanently for protection
PARTS OF BAHAY NA KUBO
Bulwagan Reserved for ntertaining guests
Silid Private room for sleeping
Gilir / Paglutuan Kitchen or cooking area
 Originally a one-room dwelling and evolved into more sophisticated type of dwelling  Dapogan Table on top where the river stone shoe-shaped stove is located
 Walls are made of nipa leaves or flattened split bamboo cut into fine strips and were
Lowlands all over  Bangahan / Place for drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
Nipa Hut / Bakay Kubo woven in herringbone pattern forming tha sawali silid
the Philippines Banggerahan plates and other kitchen utensils
 Roof is covered with cogon grass, rice stalks, sugar cane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw
leaves or nipa shingles  Batalan Unroofed area where water jars were kept
Space underneath the house used as storage space for the
Silong farming and fishing implements and where small animals were
also kept
Kamalig Separate structure used for the storage of rice
SPANISH CLONIAL ERA
PARTS OF BAHAY NA BATO
 Influence from the Spaniards Zaguan Carriages and Saint’s Floats are kept
GROUND FLOOR
 Stone at ground floor and wood at second floor Cuadra Horse stable
 Improved version of the Bahay Kubo Bodega Storage room for keeping old furniture and palay bins
 Wooden posts of Molave and Ipil are used as supports for floors, beams and roof rafters
Bahay Na Bato Mezzanine elevated above a meter from the ground, can only be
 Yakal is used as floor joists while narra is used for floor boards Entresuelo
accessed from the masters bedroom on the second floor
 Overhanging eaves surround the house for protection of upper storey against the
heatand glare of the sun and heavy rains Patio Enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to the zaguan
Cistern used for storage of collected rainwater underneath the
Aljibe
azotea
Caida Ante-Sala; immediate room from the ceremonial
Living room where balls and dances during fiestas and other
Sala
special occasions takes place
Comedor Dining room
SECOND FLOOR
Cocina Kitchen
Dispensa Room adjacent to the Cocina used as food storage
Comun / Latrina Toilet adjacent to the service area
Banyo / Paliguan Bathroom often built separately from the toilet
Open terrace open to toilet, bath and kitchen; also used as
Azotea
laundry and service area
Cuarto / Alcoba /
Bedroom
Dormitorio
Balcon Overhanging balcony fronting the main street
 Intramuros is the old walled city of Manila located along the southern bank of the Pasig River. The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government
Intramuros buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of World War II. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city,
only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.
 Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress established by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is the citadel of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila.
Fort Santiago The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, king of Maynila of pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by the conquistadorsupon arriving
in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.
 Paco Park was planned as a municipal cemetery for the well-off and established aristocratic Spanish families who resided in the old Manila, or Intramuros. The cemetery is circular in
shape, with an inner circular fort that was the original cemetery with niches on the hollow walls. As the population continued to grow, a similar second outer wall was built with the thick
Paco Park
adobe hollow walls with niches, the top of the walls made into a walkway circumnavigating the park. A Roman Catholic chapel was built inside the inner walls, dedicated to St. Pancratius.
The landscape design was done by Ildefonso Santos from 1967 to 1969.
Lighthouses  During the Spanish and American era many lighthouses were constructed around the Philippine Islands. The most Northeastern Lighthouse can be found in Burgos, Ilocos Norte.
Churches
 Began by Fr. Juan de Salazae in 1630
 Bishops declared the church as the National Shrine of the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage or Nuestra Señora de Paz y Buen Viaje
 ANTIPOLO CHURCH Antipolo, Rizal
 Circular Plan covered by a huge dome with three main entrances
 Gothic influence in the facade
 Built by Fr. Juan de Torres and Fr. Gabriel Sanchez in 1595
 Oldest church in Bohol
 BACLAYON CHURCH Bohol
 Oldest church mad of stone in the Philippines
 Simple lines of Early Decorated Style
 First built by Augustinian priests in 1859
 Combination of Romanesque and Renaissance
 BARASOAIN CHURCH Bulacan  Romanesque – recessed door jambs with orders and concentric arches
 Renaissance – fluted flat pilasters used for relieving walls
 Baroque – crowning pediment emphasized by the sweeping concave lines of the upper side walls
 First constracted by Fr. Diego Cerra in 1972
 First stone church built in Las Piñas city and reconstructed by Architect Francico Mañosa
 BAMBOO CHURCH Las Piñas
 Church façade is Early Renaissance
 House of the famous Bamboo Organ
 Constructed by Fr. Juan de Torres
 LOBOC CHURCH Bohol  Contains the biggest number of murals on religious subjects done on its ceiling and walls
 Early Renaissance façade – circular windows filling the tympanum
 Firs built by the Dominicans
 OUR LADY OF MANAOAG Pangasinan  In 1880, the belfry demolished the church due to some cracks caused by an earthquake
 Church was completed in 1932
 First Church (1571) – When the church was raised to a cathedral in 1579, a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first
bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583
 Second Cathedral (1592) – The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.
 MANILA METROPOLITAN  Third Cathedral (1614) – The new structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was blessed in 1614. It was toppled by another earthquake which shook Manila in 1645.
CATHEDRAL – BASILICA  Fourth Cathedral (1654) – The fourth cathedral was constructed from 1654 to 1671. In 1750, a media naranja ("half orange") dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan
Manila
(Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. It was severely damaged in 1863 by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the
Conception) Philippines. In 1880, another earthquake toppled its bell tower, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958.
 Seventh Cathedral (1870) – The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1870 to 1879.
 Present Cathedral (1954) – The present cathedral was constructed from 1954 to 1958 underCardinal Rufino Jiao Santos and under the supervision of the notable Filipino architect
Fernando H. Ocampo.
 Declared as “National Landmark” in August 01, 1973
 It is included in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List
 Façade displays an example of Filipino Folk Art
 The church's over-all architectural style falls under the Baroque Romanesque architectural style. Its ochre color is due to the materials used in constructing the church,
adobe, egg, coral and limestone. The church's foundation is 6 meters deep and the massive stone walls at 1.5 meters thick are intensified through the use of 4 meter thick flying
buttresses as protection to the Moro invaders as stipulated under Royal Decree 111 of 1573 (Law of the Indies).
 MIAGAO CHURCH  Façade – the façade of Miagao church consists of an ornately decorated bas-relief in the middle of two huge watchtower belfries on each side. The bas-relief is a mixed influence of
(Santo Tomas de Villanueva Parish Iloilo Medieval Spanish, Chinese, Muslim and local traditions and elements, a unique characteristic of the church façade. A prominent part of the façade is a coconut tree depicted as the tree
Church) of lifewhere St. Christopher holds on. St. Christopher is dressed in local and traditional clothing carrying the Child Jesus on his back. The rest of the façade features the daily life of the
people of Miagao during that time including native flora (like papaya, coconut and palm tree) and fauna. Above the wooden door entrance at the center of the façade just below the image
of St. Christopher is a carved image of the town's patron saint, St. Thomas of Villanueva. At each side of the door are the images of St. Henry of Bavaria on the left and Pope Pius VI.
Above the images of St. Henry and Pope Pius VI is their respective coat-of-arms.
 Belltower – The two huge unequal belltowers directly attached to the main church serve as watchtowers to defend the town against invasion of Moros. It has two different designs since
it was commissioned by two different priests. On the left side is the older belfry, the tallest was the west belfry with four levels. Originally, the east belfry was constructed with only two
levels. It was in 1830 when Father Francisco Perez decided to add another storey to the east belfry (3 levels) is one level shorter than the west be;fry (4 levels).
 Paoay church is the Philippines' primary example of a Spanish colonial earthquake baroque architecture dubbed by Alicia Coseteng, an interpretation of the
European Baroqueadapted to the seismic condition of the country through the use of enormous buttresses on the sides and back of the building. The adaptive reuse of baroque style
against earthquake is developed since many destructive earthquakesdestroyed earlier churches in the country. Javanesearchitecture reminiscent of Borobudur of Java can also be seen
on the church walls and facade.
 Buttresses – The most striking feature of Paoay Church is the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) thick at the sides and back of the church building.
Extending from the exterior walls, it was conceived to a solution to possible destruction of the building due to earthquakes. Its stair-like buttresses (known as step buttresses) at the
sides of the church is possibly for easy access of the roof.
 PAOAY CHURCH  Walls – The walls are made of large coral stones on the lower part and bricks at the upper levels. The mortar used in the church includes sand and lime with sugarcane juice boiled
Ilocos Norte
(San Agustin Church of Paoay) with mango leaves, leather and rice straw. Its walls suggest Javanesearchitectural styles.
 Façade – The stone facade appears as massive pediment rising from the ground and is built leaning towards the front. Square pilastersand stringed cornices divide the facade vertically
and horizontally respectively. Its bottom part is plain. Gothic features are also present through the use of finials while the triangular pediment shows Chinese elements and Oriental
strokes. Crenellations, niches, rosettes and the Augustinian coat of arms can also be seen. Facade is made of brick on the lower level and coral stones on the upper level.
 Belltower – Adjacent to the facade is a three-storey coral belltowerconstructed separately from the church building on the right side resembling a pagoda.[3][6] It was in 1793 when the
cornerstone of the belltower was laid.[4] It stands at some distance from the church as a protection against earthquake.[7]It served as observational post for Filipino revolutionariesagainst
the Spaniards in 1898 and by Filipino guerrillas against Japanese soldiers during World War II.
 Declarations – By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260, Paoay Church was declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973. The church was designated
as aUNESCO World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993.
 Conferre the title “Basilica Minor de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno” in 1988
 QUIAPO CHURCH Quiapo
 Baroque façade with twisted columns on both levels
 Designe after the High Renaissance
 SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH Manila  Characterized by the super positioned columns of the Tuscan order on the first level and the Corinthian columns on the second level
 Iglesi San Pablo de Manilaq
 52 tons of steel were transported to Manila
 SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH Manila  “The First All-Iron Church in the World”
 First pre-fabricated structure to be erected in the Philippines
 also known as National Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila (Spanish: Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario de La Naval de
Manila; Filipino: Pambansang Dambana ng Mahál na Birhen ng Santísimo Rosario ng La Naval), is the largest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.
 Early Church (1587) – A small church was erected on August 6, 1587, made from light materials. In January 1, 1588, the chapel was inaugurated and it enshrined the Miraculous image
of Our Lady of the Rosary from Mexico
 Second Church (1592) – the church was partially destroyed by an earthquake. Because the roof has collapsed, the Dominican friars decided to build a larger church made from stronger
materials. Through the direction of Father Alonzo Jiménez, the second church was made from stone. The church was inaugurated on April 9, 1592.
 Third Church (Early 17TH Century) – a fire of April 30, 1603, which destroyed a third of a city, consumed both the church and the convent. Almost immediately built a third church was
built, bigger and more costly. It contained a stone vault as precaution against fire and earthquake. Though made of stone, it was destroyed by another earthquake on November 30, 1645.
Only the high altar remained.
 Fourth Church (1862) – A fourth church of stone and hardwood was built. There were wooden arches and three naves inside the church. This time, wooden posts supported the roof and
divided the church into a central nave with side aisles. The artistic interior designs were executed under the direction of Father Francisco Gainza. The church took two years to build. The
structural soundness of the church made it last for 250 years. Initiated by Father Castro, A new façade flanked by two towers and patterned after London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral designed
by Christopher Wren, was built for the church. The façade lasted almost a year. The church was inaugurated on June 15, 1862 with great festival. On June 3, 1863, the Philippines
experienced one of the strongest earthquakes in its history. The church was ruined by an earthquake of the same intensity as that which hit Manila in 1645.
 Fifth Church (1887) – A few months after the 1863 earthquake, Felix Roxas presented a plan for the church’s reconstruction, partly following the plan of the previous church and utilizing
some of its salvageable parts. On August 30, 1864, the cornerstone of the present church was laid. In it was placed a lead box, containing art objects, gold coins, medals of saints and
other things belonging to the “Orden de Predicadores” Construction occurred from 1864 to 1887 in the gotico fingido (neogothic) style, using Philippine building materials. The immense
columns resembling spreading tree branches, were of acle, molave and ipil. The vault was of zinc or galvanized iron. The colored glass windows were ordered from Europe. These gave a
beautiful light inside the church. The four retablos were made under the direction of Father Joaquín Sabater, a professor of drawing at the University of Santo Tomás. Alberoni directed
 SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH Quezon City the painting of the main altar.
The church measured 70 by 31 by 22 metres (230 ft × 102 ft × 72 ft) at the central aisles, and 16.6 metres (54 ft) high at the lateral aisles. Its towers rose to 23.3 metres (76 ft).
Although Fr. Sixto and Fr. Ristoro would supervise construction of the church, the Dominicans contracted the services of the European-trained architect Félix Roxas Sr. Roxas,
adapting the seismic realities, designed a church with story of stone an upper story of wood. He worked closely with Isabelo Tampinco who decorated the interior with carving imitating
the fan vault reminiscent of the English gothic; the walls and ceiling of the sacristy were similarly treated. Even the furniture in the sacristy was treated in the gothic manner. The chapel
of the Nuestra Señora de Rosario had an altar with lancet arches and gothic-inspired ornamented pinnacles. Its floor was made of native molave and narra and the pulpit was of fine
carving, with the images representing the different saints of the Order. A dove was attached to the sounding board of the pulpit, above which, there was an angel. The choir-loft was
spacious and was protected by wrought from railing manufactured in the Philippines. Over the central doorway, on the roof was enclosed in a glass case original Virgin of the Rosary,
which had been there for many centuries. The cupola above had many colored glass windows. Inside, was a balcony surrounded by iron railing.
The church incurred damage over time and was repaired. In 1887, the vault and the rose windows of batikuling were restored. The main altar was almost totally renovated, and the
columns repaired. The roof of the bell towers was renovated to assume a crown-like form. In 1941, the Gothic church of Santo Domingo in Intramuros was destroyed at the advent of the
Second World War. On December 21, 1941 the church and the Dominican monastery beside it were hit by Japanese bombs. This was the first church to be ruined during the Pacific
War. The friars, archives, the image of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval and other movable property like ivory statues, gala vestments of the Virgin; jewelry, and sacred vessels
were the only survivors of the war. The image was transferred to Santísimo Rosario Church at the University of Santo Tomás (UST) in España, Manila.
 Sixth Church – Current Building (1954) – After the Second World War, the Dominicans constructed the sixth church in a new location. They built it on a portion of land they had
purchased in Quezon City. The Dominicans commissioned José Ma. Zaragoza to design the building while he was still a student of architecture at UST.
The new Santo Domingo church was built in the Spanish Modern style, which was unlike the Baroque churches built during Spanish period. The church employed the latest technique
in reinforced-concrete building. The Mission-style architecture includes Romanesque and Gothic designs that accommodate more space. Measuring 85 by 40 metres (279 ft × 131 ft)
with a height of 25 metres (82 ft), there is a total floor area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft). It is the biggest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.The
Santo Domingo church complex was inaugurated on October 12, 1954.
The church façade has receding planes with leaves designed in corbel arches. Over the triple portals of the church is a high-relief frieze depicting the story of the La Naval. The giant
bas-relief of Santo Domingo was designed by the Italian sculptor and expatriate Francesco Monti.
In the nave of the church there are eight colorful murals by National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco depicting the life and times of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the Spaniard who
founded the Order of Preachers. Francisco’s murals are just below the equally brilliant murals of the Four Evangelists in vivid brown tones by Vicente García Llamas.
Curved windows of the church frame masterful stained-glass designs by Galo Ocampo whose bases show different ecclesiastical seals. The windows depict the original 15 Stations of
the Holy Rosary as well as the Battle of Lepanto and La Naval de Manila; and the martyrdoms of San Vicente Liem de la Paz and San Francisco Capillas, Dominican protomartyrs of
Vietnam and China, respectively. Right behind Sto. Domingo Church’s facade are intricately carved panels and stained glass windows lie a treasure trove of the Philippines’ rich cultural
heritage and the object of centuries-old devotion, the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of La Naval, the oldest Marian icon in the country.
 Basilica Minore is the tile conferred on this church
 Declared a National Landmark by President Marcos
 Built by Fray Juan de Albarran about 400 years ago, on the site where a soldier found an image of the Sto. Nino in a settlement that the Spanish soldiers have burned down
 the Convent was founded in 1565, making it the first to be built in the country
 SANTO NIÑO DE CEBU Cebu
 constructed with stones from Panay and Capiz
 façade : blending of Moorish, Romanesque and NeoClassical elements; trefoils on the doorways; two levels divided into three segments and topped by pediment; retablo at the center
 belltower has four-sided balustraded dome
 interior : pierced screen with floral motifs, pineapple decors at the choirloft, corn cobs at the capital
 Rising above the city skyline are the pinkish hues of the Baguio Cathedral. The cathedral is but one of religious landmarks which dot the city. There is the Bell Temple, north of the city the
 BAGUIO CHURCH Baguio City
Maryhurst Seminary with its brilliant gardens, and Lourdes Grotto with its 252 steps to heaven.
 begun 1783-1788 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Sason; 1803-1808 – circular belltower was completed
 pampango artisans carved the hardwood molds for the clay insets that decorate the church
 TAMAUINI CHURCH Isabela  ultra-baroque : unique for its extensive use of baked clay both for wall finishes and ornamentation
 ornamental details : serpentine reliefs, spiral curves, flowers, foliage, sunfaces, cherubs and saints
 circular belltower with white limestone finish, decorated with bright red clay rosettes and festoons
 begun 1756-1773 by Augustinian Gregorio Giner; completed in 1802 by Fray Joaquin Calvo
 ANGAT CHURCH Bulacan  Baroque Style : coupled Corinthian and Doric columns divide façade into levels or segments, statues ringed with wreath-like ornaments flank niches, windows with bas-relief “curtains”
 plain three-storey belltower with balustered top
 1858 : Fray Marcos Anton, with the help of the architect Don Luciano Oliver, started construction; the church was completed in 1878
 built on top of a hill and may be reached through flagstone steps, unobstructed by other buildings
 TAAL CHURCH Batangas
 façade : arched windows alternate with Ionic columns at first level, Corinthian at upper level; projected cornices and mouldings; three pediments
 interior is cavernous bur drab with stout piers and semi-circular apse : mathematical exactness rather than ornamentation
 established by people who fled the eruption of Mt. Mayon form Cagsawa
 DRAGA CHURCH Albay  the Franciscan wanted a church with the best features of Romanesque and Gothic, but it was executed by the carvers in Baroque
 façade : a whole tablet without columns and cornices, only symmetrically positioned fenestrations, apertures and niches; whorls, twisted columns, foliage, medallions, statues and reliefs
 The present Modern Romanesque church is the third to be built on the same site. It was designed by architect César Concio.[1] It took six years to build because most of the money
 BACLARAN CHURCH came from small donations—the suggestion from the pulpit was 10 Philippine centavosper week—that often ran out requiring construction to stop.[1] The foundation stone was laid on
(National Shrine of Our Mother of Parañaque January 11, 1953 and on December 1, 1958 the new church was consecrated.[1] The church opened with a mass on December 5, 1958 and has been open 24 hours ever since, never
Perpetual Help Redemptorist Church) closing.
 The modern, Romanesque Revival building has a full seating capacity of 2,000, but as many as 11,000 people (including standing) can fit inside during Masses.
PRITZKER LAUREATES (1979 to 1999)
YEAR NAME NATION
1979 JOHNSON Philip USA
1980 BARRAGAN Luis Mexico
1981 STIRLING James UK
1982 ROCHE Kevin Ireland
1983 PEI Ieoh Ming China
1984 MEIER Richard USA
1985 HOLLIEN Hans Austria
1986 BÖHM Gottfried Germany
1987 TANGE Kenzo Japan
NIEMEYER Oscar Brazil
1988
BUNSHAFT Gordon USA
1989 GEHRY Frank Canada
1990 ROSSI Aldo Italy
1991 VENTURI Robert USA
1992 SIZA Alvaro Portugal
LIKHA GOLD MEDAL AWARD
1993 MAKI Fumihiko Japan
1994 de PORTZAMPARC Christian Morocco The highest distinction to be bestowed upon a fellow, who
has adhered to the highest standards of professional
1995 ANDO Tadao Japan and ethical conduct, practiced in excellence and prestige
1996 MONEO Rafael Spain the architectural profession, has rendered distinguished
contribution and service to the UAP, and has performed
1997 FEHN Sverre Norway exceptional achievements and active participation in the
1998 PIANO Renzo Italy concern of the community, government and country.
1999 FOSTER Norman UK

PURPOSE
To honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates The Order Of NATIONAL ARTISTS
a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, who Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
MEDAL has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and YEAR NAME
the built
The laureate receives $100,000 and also a bronze medallion. The bronze medallion awarded environment
to each through
Laureate the art
of the of architecture.
Pritzker Architecture Prize is based on designs of Louis Sullivan, famed Chicago architect generally acknowledged
1973 NAKPIL Juan F.
The international prize, which is awarded each year to a living architect/s for 1976 ANTONIO Pablo S.
significant achievement, was established by the Pritzker family of
Chicago through their Hyatt Foundation in 1979. It is granted annually 1990 LOCSIN Leandro V.
and is often referred to as “architecture’s Nobel” and “the profession’s 2006 SANTOS Ildefonso Jr.
highest honor.”
2009 MAÑOSA Francisco T.
2014 ZARAGOZA Jose Maria
PRITZKER
LAUREATES (2000 to 2015)

YEAR NAME NATION
2000 KOOLHAAS Rem Netherlands
HERZOG Jacques Switzerland
2001
DE MEURON Pierre Switzerland
2002 MURCUTT Glenn UK
2003 UTZON Jørn Denmark
2004 HADID Zaha Iraq
2005 MAYNE Thom USA
2006 Da ROCHA Paolo Mendes Brazil
2007 ROGERS Richard Italy
2008 NOUVEL Jean France
2009 ZUMTHOR Peter Switzerland
SEJIMA Kazuyo Japan
2010
NISHIZAWA Ryue Japan
LIKHA
GOLD MEDAL AWARDEES ● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 99

UAP PRESIDENTS (Past & Present) HISTORY OF UAP The UAP has been instrumental in the passing of Republic Act 9266: The
Architect's Law of 2004, effective April 26, 2004. On 22 June 2004, the
NO. NAME YEAR During the Spanish era there were no schools of Architecture in the PRC, through its Board of Architecture, accredited the UAP as the Integrated
CH NUKE Norberto M. 1975 Philippines. The first Filipino recorded architect was Felix Roxas y Arroyo, and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects (IAPOA). The new law
born circa 1820 in Manila, studied in Spain and stayed for many years in granted Filipino architects more definitive rights, benefits and distinction as against
1 HERRERA Jose V. 1976 England and France. Previous to this, a Filipino could aspire to erect an other professionals in the construction industry
2 GAITE Ruperto C. 1977-1978 architectural structure through the help of a Maestro de Obras or master builder.
The first formal school for master builders was opened only during the last The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) was born on December 12,
3 MENDOZA Felipe M. 1979-1980 decade of the 19th century. On 14 September 1902, many of the graduates of 1974 out of the noble vision of unifying the three (3) existing architectural
4 ARELLANO Otillo A. 1981 this school joined the civil engineers and surveyors in the country and associations at that time - the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA), the League
founded the first professional organization of architects and allied professionals of Philippine Architects (LPA) and the Association of Philippine Government
5 LOCSIN Leandro V. 1981-1982 ~ the Academia de Arquitectura y Aguimensura de Filipinos (AAAF). It Architects (APGA). Through the concerted efforts of the officers and members of
Manuel T. 1983-1984 maintained direct consultation with the American Institute of Architects (AIA). the three organizations, the vision officially materialized on March 26, 1975,
6 MAÑOSA
A year after, its name was changed to Academia de Inginieria, Arquitectura y where the UAP was registered with the Philippines' Securities and Exchange
7 CANCHELA Cesar V. 1985-1986 Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF). In 1904 it founded the first school of Commission (SEC). On May 12, 1975, the UAP was granted Certificate No. 001,
Architecture in the Philippines, the Escuela de Ingenieria y Arquitectura, which the first professional organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation
8 HONG Froilan L. 1987-1988
offered five-year courses in Architecture and Civil Engineering. Commission (PRC). The PRC is the central agency of the Philippine
9 LAZARO Angel R. Jr. 1989 Government charged with the licensing and regulation of professionals and the
In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew to form their professions, as well as the Accredited Professional Organizations (APOs).
10 ALCORDO Richeto C. 1990-1991 own professional organization, but not before it has struggled for the passage of
11 MARQUEZ Jaime C. 1992-1994 an Engineers and Architects Law. In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly
Since its registration, UAP has received many awards, including the highly-
Act No. 2985 passed, the first enabling law for the practice of the professions
12 MANGIO Nestor S. 1994 -1996 acclaimed PRC's Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization. To
of engineering and architecture, defined the unique and separate identities of
date, it is still the first and only APO to win the award four times in the Award's
13 CUNTAPAY Emmanuel P. 1996-1998 the two professions.
eighteen-year history. These were in years 2002, 2007 and 2008 and this year
14 REYES Yolanda D. 1998-2000 2011. The award is presented annually to recognize the achievements, services
The profession of Architecture in the Philippines was given its first separate and commitments of the APO to the profession. UAP bested forty two (42) other
15 LUIS Prosperidad C. 2000-2002 statute on 17 June 1950 with the enactment of Republic Act 545, "An Act to professional organizations, through 12 stringent criteria set for the award.
Regulate the Practice of Architecture in the Philippines."
16 SAC Robert S. 2002-2004
For its volunteer works, UAP was chosen in addressing housing problems, urban
17 OLONAN Enrique O. 2004-2005 From the early 1930's to late 1950's, associations of architects were founded, but degradation, environmental conservation and promotion of volunteerism for socio-
only three survived until the early 1970's ~ the Association of Philippine economic development; the UAP was a Regional Nominee to the "Search for
18 FLORENTINO Edric Marco C. 2005-2007
Government Architects (APGA), League of Philippine Architects (LPA), and the Outstanding Volunteers" by the Philippine National Service Coordinating
19 ROLDAN Medeliano T. Jr. 2007-2009 Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA). In June 1973, President Ferdinand E. Agency (PNVSCA) in its celebration of National Volunteer Month last December
Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation 2005. PNVSCA takes the lead in advocating and recognizing the
20 LING Ana M. 2009-2010 Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one contributions of volunteers to nation-building and international cooperation.
21 MENDOZA Ramon S. 2011-2012 organization to represent each profession.
22 ROSAL Rozanno C. 2012-2013 Last April 2009, in celebration of the Earth Day, the UAP, through its advocacy
The newly integrated organization of architects was called the United Architects of group "Green Architecture Movement", was awarded the 2009 Father Neri
23 REGALA Ma. Benita O. 2014-2015 the Philippines (UAP). All 1300 members of the three organizations automatically Satur Award for Environmental Heroism - the only accredited professional
became members of the UAP and during its first year, 700 members officially organization in the Philippines to receive such a prestigious environmental award.
registered for active membership.
Last November 2010, UAP received its First International Award ~ in Adelaide,
On 26 March 1975, the UAP was registered with the Securities and Exchange Australia, the EAROPH 50th Golden Jubilee Award in recognition of the
Commission (SEC) and on 12 May 1975, the PRC issued Certificate No. 001 to organization's substantial contribution to the advancement of Planning,
the UAP as the duly accredited professional organization of architects in the Development and Management of Human Settlements in the Philippines.
Philippines. The organization has been participating in the activities of local
government units, in civic and in related professional fields. The UAP received
As impressive as UAP record is, an even more important metric of our success is
many professional awards including the highly acclaimed Excellence Award given
the large number of awards and honors earned by our members through the
by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Most
years. We feel privileged to have our members received these honors and
Outstanding Professional Organization of the Year awarded by the PRC in 2002.
recognition.
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO ARELLANO, OTILIO A.
 National Artist In Architecture  National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
 Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila  Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens
Railroad Company  Palacio del Gobernador Intramuros
 Major Work: Ideal Theater In Rizal, Manila  Philippine School of Business
 FEU Building In Quezon Boulevard  Administration, Aurora Boulevard
 Apartments In Roxas Boulevard  Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati
 Ramon Roces Publications Building ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ
 White Cross Preventorium  Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila
 Manila Polo Club  Heacock’s Building, Escolta
 Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building On ARGUELLES, CARLOS D.
 Rizal Avenue, Carriedo  Philamlife Building
 FEU Administration And Science Buildings  Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavillion), United Nations
Avenue
 Galaxy Theater In Rizal Avenue
ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA  Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard
 Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard  Philippine National Bank, Escolta
 Manila Doctors’ Hospital, UN Avenue  Urdaneta Apartments
 Makati Medical Center, Makati  Tuscany Apartments
 Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila  Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati
 Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila  Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios, Quezon City
ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN BELLOC, VICENTE B.
 Roman Ongpin’s Bazaar  Cemetery of Nagcarlan
 El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca BERENGUER-TOPACIO, CHED
 Hotel de Francia  Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.
 Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON
 Gota de Leche Building, S.H.Loyola  Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron
 Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue street pattern.
ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN CALMA, LORENZO LICAD
 Legislative Building (senate and national museum)  Interiors of DBP, Makati

 Post Office Building  Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
 Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft  Silahis Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
 Metropolitan Theater  Midtown Ramada Hotel, Pedro Gil
 Master plan of UP Diliman Campus  Puerto Azul Hotel and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite
 Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison  Benguet Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
Park, North and South Port Areas, Roxas Boulevard and
 PNB, Escolta
Malacanang.
ARELLANO, OTILIO A. DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ
 National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue  Mindanao State University, Marawi City,
CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB  Paseo de Roxas
 Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan  Church of Jesus Christ and the latter day Saints projects
 Luis Santos House, Malolos  Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva
 Lopa Residence, Pasay Ecija
 Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City  National Science Development Board, Taguig
 Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan  Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO  Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard
 UP Diliman Palma Hall and Melchor Hall FORMOSO. GABRIEL PAPA
 Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman  Central Bank complex
 Buildings in Silliman University  Metropolitan Museum
 UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna  Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
 Insular Life Building, Makati  Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang
 Children’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City  Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
 Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran  Club Filipino, Greenhills
 Union Church of Manila  Pacific Star Building, Makati
 Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila  Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS
 Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio delos
 Robinson’s Commercial Complex, Pasig Santos Avenue
 Ayala Twin Towers, Makati
 Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
 Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig
 Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
 One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan
 Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
 Wack-Wack Twin Towers HERVAS, JUAN
 Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati  Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban
 Atrium, Makati  Arranque and Herran Markets
 Galeria de Magallanes, Makati  Assumption Convent, Herran Street
 Alabang 400, Muntinlupa  Estrella del Norte, Escolta
 Quezon City Sports Club  Heacock Store Building
 Centro Escolar University Complex, Malolos  Paris-Manila Building
 Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu HONG, FROILAN BAUTISTA
 Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City  Manila Film Center, Pasay, Manila
DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN PALAFOX, FELINO JR
 Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana  Rockwell Center  Hidalgo Palace
 Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral  The Rizal Tower  Luna Gardens
HUBILLA, JOHNNY LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES
 Philippine Trade House, Bangkok  Legarda Elementary School
 Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada  Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard
 Philippine House, Mainz, Germany  San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade  Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street
 Exposition in Leipzig Germany  Perez-Samantillo Building, Escolta
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane,  Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila
Washington DC  St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.  E.A. Perkins Residence, Roxas Boulevard
 National Artist in Architecture  Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila
 Main Theater, CCP Complex  Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension
 Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex  Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila
 Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions  North Cemetery
(PHILCITE) LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA
 Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex  Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard
 Philippine Plaza Hotel  Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros
 Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard  WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
 Makati Stock Exchange Building  IRRI, Los Banos
 Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue  666 T.M. Kalaw
 Manila Hotel renovation  1414 Roxas Boulevard
 Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati  1515 Roxas Boulevard
 National Arts Center, Laguna  1010 A. Mabini
 Manila International Airport (NAIA)  Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato
 Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei  Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan
MAÑOSA BROTHERS  General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu
 Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna  Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan
 Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED
 Maya-maya Resort, Batangas  Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex
 Makiling Conference Center, Laguna  Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue
 Colegio de San Agustin, Makati  Mary Immaculate Parish Church,
 Guadalupe restoration  Moonwalk Subdivision, Las Pinas
 Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital  Las Pinas Church restoration
 Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur  Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)
 Sulo Restaurant  Development of Quezon Memorial Circle
 San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong  Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor
Rizal Island
MAÑOSA, JOSE TRONQUED OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON
 SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong  Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
 BPI Head Office, Makati  Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO  Oriental Club
 Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City  Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
 Development Avcademy of the Philippines, Pasig  Central Seminary Building, UST
 RCBC, Buendia  Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
 Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building  Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
(Antonino Building), Kalaw Street  Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
 FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street, Manila  Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
 Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan  Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary
de Oro OLIVER, LUCIANO
 San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de  Manila Cathedral reconstruction
Manila University OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
 Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo  Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack
 Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City Golf and Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago,
Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO
 National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive  Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
 PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
 Lopez Museum Building, Pasay  Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
 Picache Building, Quiapo  Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
 Roche Building, Pasong Tamo PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR
 Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue  Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City

NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS  Tinucuan Chapel, Passi
 Geronimo de los Reyes Building  Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique

 Capitan Pepe Building  Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo
 Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions  Memorial Park, Amphitheater Green, Oton
 Manila Jockery Club  Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of
Molo, Jaro and Lapaz.
 Avenue Hotel and Theater
 Quiapo Church RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.
 Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz  Interiors of Philippine Embassy and
 Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti  Palace Hotel in Beijing China
 Security Bank and Trust Building  Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of
Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.
 Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna
 UP Administration and Library Buildings
 Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue
ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC
 Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in  UP Padre Faura campus
Bacoor, Cavite  College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila
 Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros  Leyte Capitol
RUANO, ROQUE  Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism)
 Dominican House, Baguio  Department of Finance
 Dominican College, Lingayen  Philippine Normal School
 “Crucero” in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag  Manila City Hall
 Santa Catalina College, Pampanga VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA
 Hospital of the Sacred Heart  Edsa Shangri-la Hotel
 Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan  Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong
 UST Main Building  Tektite Towers, Pasig
SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ  Alexandra (11 building complex)
 Batulao Village Club, Batangas  King’s Court II, Pasong Tamo
 Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna  Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
 Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila  National Bookstore Super Branch,
 Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite  Araneta Center Cubao
 Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia  Puerto Azul clubhouse
 Artist’s Village, Garden for the Blind  Makati Sports Club
 Teodora Valencia Circle ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA
 Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden  Meralco Building, Pasig
SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO  Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City
 Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect)  Philippine Airlines building, Ayala Avenue
 Templo Central
 Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area,
 Our Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City Manila
 Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong,  St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road
Tagaytay and Lipa City.
 Union Church, Makati
 Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila  Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue
SINDIONG, ANTONIO S.
MAPUA, TOMAS BAUTISTA
 Megamall, Mandaluyong  Manila Central Post Office Building, Ermita, Manila
 Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila  St. La Salle Hall, St. La Salle University
 Ali Mall II, Cubao  Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University
 New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao  Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home
 East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
 Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia
 Arabian Villas, Dubai
TIMELINE OF TALLEST BUILDINGS (Philippines)
YEARS AS
NAME LOCATION HEIGHT (m) FLOORS
TALLEST
Manila Hotel Metro Manila 1912 - 1967 18
Ramon Maggsaysay Center Metro Manila 1967 - 1968 70 18
Manila Pavilion Hotel Metro Manila 1968 - 1989 90 22
Pacific Star Building Metro Manila 1989 - 1991 112.5 29
The Peak Tower Metro Manila 1991 - 1992 138 38
Pacific Plaza Condominium Metro Manila 1992 - 1994 150 44
Rufino Pacific Tower Metro Manila 1994 - 1997 162 41
Robinsons Equitable Tower Metro Manila 1997 - 1998 175 45
Petron Megaplaza Metro Manila 1998 - 2000 210 45
PBCom Tower Metro Manila 2000 - 2012 259 52
The Gramercy Residences Metro Manila 2012 - Present 262 73
TIMELINE OF TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS (World)

YEARS AS HEIGHT [m
NAME LOCATION INCREASE
TALLEST (ft)]
The buildings that were the tallest skyscrapers – but still shorter than the tallest church or cathedral
Equitable Life Building New York, USA 1870 - 1884 40 (130) -
Home Insurance Building Chicago, USA 1884 - 1890 42 (138) 6.15%
New York World Building New York, USA 1890 - 1894 94 (308) 136.92%
Manhattan Life Insurance Building New York, USA 1894 - 1895 100 (330) 7.14%
Milwaukee City Hall Milwaukee, USA 1895 - 1899 108 (354) 7.27%
Park Row Building New York, USA 1899 - 1901 119 (390) 10.17%
Since 1901, the world's tallest building has always been a secular skyscraper.
Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia, USA 1901 - 1908 167 (548)
Singer Building New York, USA 1908 - 1909 186.57 (612.1) 11.72%
Metropolitan Life Tower New York, USA 1909 - 1913 213.36 (700) 14.36%
Woolworth Building New York, USA 1913 - 1930 241 (791) 12.95%
Bank of Manhattan Trust Building New York, USA 1930 283 (928) 17.43%
Chrysler Building New York, USA 1930 - 1931 319.9 (1,050) 13.04%
Empire State Building New York, USA 1931 - 1972 381 (1,250) 19.1%
World Trade Center New York, USA 1972 - 1974 417 (1,368) 9.45%
Sears Tower Chicago, USA 1974 - 1998 442 (1,450) 6%
Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 - 2003 451.9 (1,483) 2.24%
Taipei 101 Taipei, Taiwan 2003 - 2010 509.2 (1,671) 12.68%
Burj Khalifa Dubai, UAE 2010 - Present 828 (2,717) 62.61%
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE (Europe, Near East, North Africa) (15,000 BC–AD 400s)
Prehistoric Architecture (Paleolithic and Neolithic)
c. 15,000 BC, Mammoth-bone house Mezhirich, Ukraine Paleolithic
c. 6500 BC, , Catal Huyuk, village Turkey Neolithic
Orkney Islands,
c. 3100 BC, Skara Brae, village Neolithic
Scotland
Salisbury Plain,
c. 3100–1500 BC, Stonehenge Neolithic
Wiltshire, England
c. 3000–2500 BC Newgrange, tombs, Ireland Neolithic
Ancient Near Eastern Architecture (Sumerian, Mari, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian)
c. 7200 BC Ain Ghazal, Jordan Neolithic
c. 7000 BC Jericho, walls of the city Neolithic
c. 6500 BC Catal Huyuk, Turkey Neolithic
c. 2100 BC Nanna Ziggurat, Ur, Iraq Sumerian
2000s BC Palace of Zimrilim, Syria Mari
late 900s BC–AD 70 Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem Jewish
modern-day
c. 720 BC Citadel of Sargon II, Assyrian
Khorsabad, Iraq
Ishtar Gate
c. 575 BC Neo-Babylonian
and throne room
Palace of Darius at
c. 518–460 BC Iran Persian
Persepolis,
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
King Djoser’s funerary
c. 2665 BC Saqqara
complex,
c. 2589–2503 BC Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
Model from Tomb of
c. 2100 BC Thebes
Meketra,
Temple of Queen
1473–1458 BC Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut,
Great Temple of Amun,
c. 1295–1186 BC Karnak
Karnak
Temple of Amun, Mut
c. 1279 BC Luxor
and Khonsu,
Temple of Rameses II
c. 1279 BC Abu Simbel
and Temple of Nefertari,
Ancient Aegean Architecture (Minoan and Mycenaean)
c. 1900–1400 BC Palace at Knossos, Crete (Minoan)
c. 1600–1200 BC Citadel at Mycenae, Greece Mycenaean
c. 1300 BC Citadel at Tiryns, Greece Mycenaean
Ancient Greek Architecture
c. 550 BC Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy
Treasury of the
c. 530 BC Delphi
Siphnians,
500s BC Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi
mid-400s BC Acropolis, Athens
c. 400 BC Athenian Agora, Athens
c. 400 BC Temple of Athena Pronaia, Delphi
300s BC Miletos, city plan, modern-day Turkey
c. 200 BC Theater at Epidauros Epidauros
Temple of the Olympian
AD 132 Athens
Zeus,
Etruscan Architecture
480 BC Tomb of the Lioness, Tarquinia
200s BC Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri
c. 100s BC Porta Augusta, Perugia
Ancient Roman Architecture
late 100s BC Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
late 100s BC Temple of Portunus, Rome
13 BC Ara Pacis, Rome
AD 72–80 Colosseum, Rome
AD 79 Pompeii, city plan
AD 81 Arch of Titus, Rome
AD 100s Timgad, Algeria
AD 113 Basilica Ulpia, Rome
AD 113 Column of Trajan, Rome
c. AD 125 Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli
AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
AD 200s Hadrian’s Wall, Great Britain
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome
AD 300s Roman Forum, Rome
Basilica of Maxentius
AD 310 Rome
and Constantine,
AD 315 Arch of Constantine, Rome
Vitruvius Pollio,
(c. 80–25 BC) Marcus
Early Semitic and Christian Architecture
AD 240s House-Church, Dura-Europos, Syria
AD 320s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome
AD 350s Santa Costanza, Rome
AD 420s Santa Sabina, Rome
Mausoleum of Galla
AD 425 Ravenna
Placidia,
ARCHITECTURE OF ASIA
Indian Architecture (and Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
c. 2600 BC Mohenjo-Daro
200s BC Ajanta Caves, Deccan
200s–100s BC Great Stupa, Sanchi
100s BC Rock-Cut Hall of Karla
Vishnu Temple at
c. AD 530
Deogarh
Kandariya Mahadeva Khajuraho, Madhya
c. 1000
Temple, Pradesh, India
Rajarajeshvara Temple Thanjavur, Tamil
c. 1000
to Shiva, Nadu, India
1057–1287 Bagan, temple complex, Myanmar
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra, India Mughal Empire
Chinese Architecture
Chang’an, Capital of
AD 618–907
Tang Dynasty
Xi’an, Shanxi
Great Wild Goose
AD 645 Province, Tang
Pagoda at Ci’en Temple,
Dynasty (rebuilt 700s)
Wutaishan, Shanxi
AD 782 Nanchan Temple, Tang Dynasty
Province.
1368–1644 Forbidden City, Beijing, Ming Dynasty
Hong Kong and Foster, Norman
1986 Hong Kong
Shanghai Bank, (1935– ):
1980s Bank of China Hong Kong Pei, I. M. (1917– )
Skidmore, Owings &
1998 Jin Mao Building, Shanghai
Merrill:
Japanese Architecture
early AD 100s
Ise, Inner Shrine, Mie Prefecture, Yayoi Period
(rebuilt 1993)
Horyu-ji, Main
600s Nara Prefecture, Asuka Period
Compound,
c. 1053 Byodo-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Heian Period
early 1600s Katsura Palace, Kyoto, by Kobori Enshu
1600s Himeji Castle, Hyogo, near Osaka, Momoyama Period
Tange, Kenzo
1964 Yoyogi Gymnasium, Tokyo (Olympics)
(1913–2005)
1976 Azuma House Osaka
Ando, Tadao (1941–
1988 Church on the Water, Tomamu
)
1989 Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka
1984 Silver Hut, Tokyo Ito, Toyo (1941–
Southeast Asian Architecture (Myanmar [Burma], Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia,
Thailand, Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, etc.). See Indian Architecture
1100s Angkor(begun) Cambodia,
PRE-COLUMBIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE AMERICAS (900s BC–AD 1500s)
Mesoamerican Architecture (Aztec, Inca, Maya, Olmec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec)
La Venta, Great Pyramid
c. 900–600 BC Mexico (Olmec)
and Ballcourt,
Teotihuacan, ceremonial
c. 500 BC Mexico
center,
AD 400s–700s Tikal ceremonial center, Guatemala (Maya)
800s–1200s Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico (Maya)
Tenochtitlan, Great
1200s–1500s Mexico City (Aztec)
Pyramid,
1450–1530 Machu Picchu, Peru
Native American Architecture (North and South America)
New Mexico,
Anasazi “Great
900s–1400s Utah, Arizona,
Houses,”
and Colorado
900s–1400s Chaco Canyon New Mexico
East St. Louis,
c. 1150 Cahokia
Missouri
1450s Pueblos at Taos, New Mexico
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE (400s–1300s)
Byzantine Architecture
Anthemius of Tralles
530s by and Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Isidorus of Miletus,
AD 546 San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
Monastery of Hosios
early 1000s near Stiris, Greece
Loukas,
c. 1017 Cathedral of Santa Kiev, Ukraine
Sophia,
1063 Cathedral of San Marco, Venice, Italy
Islamic Architecture (Moorish, Mughal, Ottoman, Seljuk)
692 begun Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem,
740s, begun Mshatta Palace Jordan,
785 Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain
847 Great Mosque, Samarra
1350s Alhambra, Granada, Spain
1570s Sinan, Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra, India Mughal Empire
1980s King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad, Pakistan
1986–1993 King Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco
Sinan, Mimar Koca
1550s Suleyman Mosque, Istanbul
Agha (1489–1588)
Early Medieval Architecture (Carolingian and Ottonian)
Monastery of
529 Italy
Montecassino,
Santa Maria de
late 600s Burgos, Spain
Quintanilla de las Vinas,
Palace Complex of
792–805 Aachen, Germany Carolingian
Charlemagne,
Church of St. Riquier, Carolingian,
799 Abbey France
Monastery of Centula dedicated
c. 817 Saint Gall Monastery Carolingian
Church of Saint
961 Gernrode, Germany Ottonian, begun
Cyriakus,
1001–1032 Church of Saint Michael, Hildesheim, Germany Ottonian
Romanesque Architecture; see also Castle
1030s Krak des Chevaliers Krak des Chevaliers
Pisa Cathedral
1060s Italy
Complex
c. 1060s Saint-Etienne, Caen Normandy, France
Durham Castle and
c. 1075–1100s England
Cathedral
1078 Tower of London London, begun
Santiago de
Cathedral of Saint
1078–1122 Compostela,
James
Spain
1080 Sant’Ambrogio Milan
1130s Saint-Lazare Autun
Cathedral of Saint-
1130s Autun, begun
Lazare
1240s Castel del Monte region of Puglia
Gothic Architecture
c. 1130s Chartres Cathedral Chartres, France
1160s Notre Dame Paris
1211 Reims Cathedral Reims, France, begun
1240s Sainte-Chapelle Paris, France
1240s Cologne Cathedral Cologne, Germany
1250s Amiens Cathedral Amiens, France
1300s Milan Cathedral Milan, Italy
PRE-MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE (1400s–1700s)
Renaissance Architecture
1290s Florence Cathedral, Italy, begun
1290s, Palazzo della Signoria Florence, 1290s
1505 Saint Peter’s Church, Rome, begun
1520s begun Fontainebleau, France,
1530s–2000s Louvre, Paris
1559 Escorial, Madrid, begun
Florence Cathedral
1420s Italy
Dome
Ospedale degli Innocenti
1420s, Florence; Brunelleschi,
(Foundling Hospital), Filippo (c. 1377–
1420s, San Lorenzo, Florence;, 1446):
1430s Santo Spirito, Florence;
1430s, Pazzi Chapel, Florence
Michelozzo di
1440s Medici Palace Florence Bartolomeo (1391– c.
1472)
1450s, Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini; Alberti, Leon
Battista (1404–
1470, Sant’Andrea, Mantua 1472):
Villa Medici at Poggio a
1480s, outside Florence;
Caiano, Sangallo, Giuliano da
Santa Maria delle (c. 1443–1516):
1485, Prato, Italy
Carceri,
1501, Bramante, Donato
Tempietto;
(1444–1514):
Saint Peter’s Church, Serlio, Sebastiano
1505–1513,
Rome (1475–1554)
1520s, facade, San Lorenzo, Florence;
Michelangelo
1530s–1540s, Capitoline Hill, Rome;
Buonarroti (1475–
Saint Peter’s Church, 1564):
1530s–1560s,
Rome
Raphael Sanzio
1510s Villa Madama, Rome
(1483–1520):
Sangallo, Antonio da
1530s, Farnese Palace, Rome the Younger (1484–
1546):
Sansovino, Jacopo
1520s, Library, Venice
(1486–1570):
1560s, Villa Rotunda; Vicenza, Italy;
1560s–1570s, San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Palladio, Andrea
Teatro Olimpico (with (1508–1580):
1580–1585, Vicenza
Vincenzo Scamozzi),
Mannerism
1520s, Laurentian Stairs, Florence; Michelangelo
New Sacristy, San Buonarroti (1475–
1520s, Florence 1564)
Lorenzo,
Palazzo Massimo alle Peruzzi, Baldassare
1534, Rome
Colonne, (1481–1537)
Romano, Giulio (c.
1520s, Palazzo del Te, Mantua
1499–1546):
Tudor Style
early 1500s Arden House, Stratford-Upon-Avon
1515–1521 Hampton Court Palace, London
Baroque Architecture
1505–1650s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome
Piazza Navona papal
1620s–1650s Rome,
enclave,
Francois Mansart
(1598–1666), Louis
1660s Versailles Palace, Versailles, France Le Vau (1612–1670),
and Jules Hardouin-
Mansart,
Banqueting House, Jones, Inigo
1620s, London
Whitehall Palace, (1573–1652):
1633 The Mauritshuis, The Hague; Campen, Jacob van
1648–1655, Town Hall, Amsterdam (1595–1657): (with
Pieter Post),
Cortona, Pietro da
1650s, Santa Maria della Pace, Rome
(1596–1669):
Bernini, Gian
1650s, Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, Rome Lorenzo (1598–
1680):
Borromini,
1630s–1665, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome: Francesco (1599–
1667):
1640s, Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, Rome
Twin Churches at Piazza Rainaldi, Carlo
1660s, Rome
del Popolo (1611–1691):
Wren, Christopher
1675–1710, St. Paul’s Cathedral, London
(1632–1723):
Vanbrugh, John
1705, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, England
(1664–1726):
Rococo Architecture
Fischer von Erlach,
1696, Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna Johann Bernhard
(1656–1723):
Benedictine Monastery Prandtauer, Jakob
1702–1736, Melk, Austria
Church, (1660–1726):
Hotel de Soubise, Boffrand, Germain
1732, Salon de la Princesse,
Paris (1667–1754):
Hospicio de San Ribera, Pedro de (c.
1720s, Madrid
Fernando, 1681–1742):
Wurzburg, Bavaria, Neumann, Johann
1719–1744, Residenz,
Germany; Balthasar (1687–
1743, Vierzehnheiligen, Staffelstein, Germany 1753):
Cuvillies, Francois
1730s, Amalienburg Pavilion, Munich
(1695–1768):
1749–1754, Church of Saint Andrew, Kiev;
Tsarskoye Selo, Rastrelli, Francesco
1752–1756, Catherine Palace, outside St. Bartolomeo (1700–
Petersburg; 1771):
1754–1762, Winter Palace, St. Petersburg
Neo-Classical Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Saint Martin-in-the-
1722–1726, London; Gibbs, James
Fields,
(1682–1754):
1739–1749, Radcliffe Camera, Oxford
Boyle, Richard
1720s, Chiswick House, West London
(Lord Burlington)
(1695–1753):
Wood, John the Elder
1750s, The Circus, Bath, England
(c. 1704–1754):
Soufflot, Jacques-
Sainte-Genevieve
1755–1792, Paris Germain (1713–
(Pantheon),
1780):
Derbyshire,
1759, Kedelston Hall,
commissioned; Adam, Robert
1760s, Syon House, Middlesex,England; (1728–1792):
1770s, Osterley Park, Middlesex, England
Ledoux, Claude-
1770s, Chaux city plan, France
Nicolas (1736–1806):
funerary monument for Boullee, Etienne-
1780s,
Isaac Newton Louis (1728–1799):
Schinkel, Karl
1822, Altes Museum, Berlin Friedrich (1781–
1841):
19th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
Gothic Revival Architecture; see also Romantic Architecture; also see below under Architecture
of the United States
Walpole, Horace
1749, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England
(1717–1797):
Barry, Charles
1830–1860s, Houses of Parliament, London
(1795–1860):
Saint Pancras Railway Scott, George Gilbert
1865, London
Station, (1811–1878):
Pugin, Augustus
1830s, Houses of Parliament, London Welby Northmore
(1812–1852):
Romantic Architecture; see also Gothic Revival Architecture; also see Architecture of the United States
1890s–1940s Cotswold Cottage; see Tudor Revival Style
Nash, John (1752–
1815–1832, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England
1835):
Beaux-Arts Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Garnier, Charles
1860s, Opera, Paris
(1825–1898):
Art Nouveau
1880s, Palau Guell, Barcelona;
Gaudí, Antoni
1880s, Sagrada Familia, Barcelona;
(1852–1926):
1905, Casa Mila, Barcelona
1892, Tassel House, Brussels Horta, Victor (1861–
CHRONOLOGY
OF ARCHITECTURE
1947):
Olbrich, Joseph
1896, Secession House, Vienna
Maria (1867–1908):
Paris Metropolitan Guimard, Hector
1899–1905,
stations (1867–1942):
1904, Purkersdorf Sanatorium, Vienna; Hoffmann, Josef
1904–1911, Stoclet Palace, Brussels (1870–1956):
Arts and Crafts; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Glasgow Herald
1893–1895, Glasgow, Scotland;
Building, Mackintosh,
1897–1909, Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow, Scotland; Charles Rennie
Helensburgh, (1868–1928):
1902–1904, Hill House,
Scotland
EARLY-20th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND SOUTH AMERICA
Expressionism; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Falkenberg Housing
1912, Berlin;
Estate, Taut, Bruno (1880–
Glass Pavilion, Cologne 1938):
1914,
Werkbund Exhibition
Mendelsohn, Erich
1917, Einstein Tower, Potsdam
(1887–1953):
Corbusier, Le
1950s, Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp
(1887–1965):
Bauhaus Architecture; see also International Style
Gropius, Walter
1925, , Bauhaus Building Dessau, Germany
(1883–1969):
Mies van der Rohe,
1929, German Pavilion, Barcelona Ludwig (1886–
1969):
Futurist Architecture; see also Constructivist Architecture
Sant’Elia, Antonio
1914, Città Nuova
(1888–1916):
International Style; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Amsterdam Stock Berlage, Hendrick
1896–1903, Amsterdam
Exchange, Petrus (1856–1934):
Behrens, Peter
1909, AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin
(1868–1940):
1910, Steiner House, Vienna;
Loos, Adolf (1870–
1926, Tristan Tzara House, Paris;
1933):
1927, Moller House, Vienna;
1928–1930, Villa Muller, Prague
Gropius,Walter
Alfeld an der Leine,
1911, Fagus Shoe Factory, (1883–1969), and
Germany
Adolf Meyer:
1915, Woodland Cemetery, Stockholm, Sweden; Asplund, Erik
Gunnar (1885–
1920s, City Library, Stockholm, Sweden 1940):
Poissy-sur-Seine,
1929, Villa Savoye,
France;
Le Corbusier
1946–1952, Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles, France;
(1887–1965):
Chandigarh, India, city
1950s,
layout
1935, Viipuir Library, Vyborg, Finland; Aalto, Alvar (1898–
1938–1939, Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland 1976):
UNESCO World Breuer, Marcel
1953, Paris
Headquarters, (1902–1981):
Hiroshima Peace
1949, Memorial Park and
Museum; Tange, Kenzo
(1913–2005):
(Olympics) National
1964 Yoyogi Park, Tokyo
Gymnasium Complex,
Palace of the National Niemeyer, Oscar
1960s, Brasilia
Congress and Cathedral (1907– ):
Constructivist Architecture; see also Futurist Architecture
Golosov, Ilya (1883–
1926–1928, Zuev Worker’s Club, Moscow
1945):
design for “Tatlin’s Tatlin, Vladimir
1919,
Tower” (never built) (1885–1953):
World’s Exposition,
1925, Soviet Pavilion,
Paris; Melnikov,
1927–1929, Architect’s House, Moscow; Konstantin
Stepanovich (1890–
1927–1929, Kauchuk Factory Club, Moscow; 1974):
1927–1929, Rusakov Worker’s Club, Moscow
Ginsburg, Moisei
1928–1932, Narkomfin Building, Moscow
(1892–1946):
Rationalism (and Neo-Rationalism)
Schroeder House, Rietveld, Gerrit (1888–
1924, Netherlands
Utrecht, 1964):
Terragni, Giuseppe
1932–1936, Casa di Fascio, Como, Italy
(1904–1943):
Rossi, Aldo (1931–
1980s, New Town Hall, Borgoricco, Italy
1997):
CHRONOLOGY
OF ARCHITECTURE
Brutalism; also see below under Post-Modernism and Beyond
25 bis Rue Franklin
1903–1904, Paris;
apartments, Perret, Auguste
Church of Notre Dame (1874–1954):
1922–1924,
du Raincy
Corbusier, Le
1946–1952, Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles
(1887–1965):
ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNITED STATES (1600s–1960s)
Colonial Architecture (1620–1820s)
Boston,
1680s Paul Revere House,
Massachusetts
Topsfield,
1683 Parson Capen House,
Massachusetts
1700s Turner-Ingersall House, Salem, Massachusetts
Georgian Style (1690–1790)
Neo-Classical Architecture (1720s–1860s)
Washington, D.C.,
1803 United States Capitol,
begun
Charlottesville, Jefferson, Thomas
1770s, Monticello,
Virginia (1743–1826):
Bulfinch, Charles
1796, Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut
(1763–1844):
Latrobe, Benjamin
1801, Bank of Pennsylvania
Henry (1764–1820):
Gothic Revival Architecture (1760s–1840s)
Upjohn, Richard
1840s, Trinity Church, New York
(1802–1878):
Federal Style (1783–1830)
1796, Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut;
Bulfinch, Charles
Massachusetts State (1763–1844):
1798, Boston, begun
House,
Greek Revival Style (1820–1870); see Romantic Architecture
Romantic Architecture (1830s–1870s); see also Gothic Revival Architecture
Newport, Rhode Hunt, Richard
1890s, Vanderbilt Mansion,
Island Morris (1827–1895):
Italianate Style (1840–1890s); see Romantic Architecture
Second Empire Style (1855–1885); see Victorian Architecture
Stick Style (1860–1890); see Victorian Architecture
CHRONOLOGY
OF ARCHITECTURE
Victorian Architecture (1860–1900)
Richardson, Henry
Cambridge,
1880s, Stoughton House, Hobson (1838–
Massachusetts
1886):
Eastlake Style (1870–1890); see Victorian Architecture
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870s–1900)
1870s, Trinity Church, Boston; Richardson, Henry
Marshall Field Hobson (1838–
1885–1887, Chicago 1886):
Warehouse,
Shingle Style (1870s–1900); see Victorian Architecture
Queen Anne Style (1870s–1910); see Victorian Architecture
Mission Style (1890–1915); see Arts and Crafts
Beaux-Arts Architecture (1890s–1920s)
Asheville, North
1890s, Biltmore Estate,
Carolina;
Vanderbilt Mansion, “The Newport, Rhode
1890s,
Breakers,” Island; Hunt, Richard
World’s Columbian Morris (1827–1895):
1893, Chicago;
Exposition,
Metropolitan Museum of
1895, New York
Art,
1887–1895, Boston Public Library; McKim, Charles
Rhode Island State Follen (1847–1909),
1895–1903, Providence William Rutherford
Capitol,;
Mead (1846–1928),
1906, Morgan Library, New York; and Stanford White
1910, Pennsylvania Station, New York (1853–1906):
Carrere, John (1858–
1911) and Thomas
1897–1911, New York Public Library, New York
Hastings (1860–
1929):
Wetmore, Charles
(1866–1941) and
1903, Grand Central Station, New York
Whitney Warren
(1864–1943):
Arts and Crafts (Bungalow, Craftsman) (1890s–1930s)
Greene, Charles
Sumner (1868–1957)
1908, Gamble House, Pasadena, California and Henry Mather
Greene (1870–1954):
Tudor Style (1890–1940)
Colonial Revival (1890s–2000s); see Colonial Architecture
Prairie Style (1900–1920s)
Wright, Frank Lloyd
Frederick C. Robie (1867–1959) and
1906–1909, Chicago
House, Marion Mahony
Griffin (1871–1961):
Expressionism (and Blobitecture) (1910s–1950s)
1947–1949, Baker House, MIT, Boston; Aalto, Alvar (1898–
1959, Opera House, Essen, Germany 1976):
1947, Ledbetter House, Norman, Oklahoma; Goff, Bruce (1904–
1950s, Bavinger House, Norman, Oklahoma 1982):
Solomon Guggenheim Wright, Frank Lloyd
1940s–1950s, New York
Museum (1867–1959):
Trans World Airport Saarinen, Eero
1956–1962, New York
(TWA) Terminal, (1910–1961):
Art Deco (1920s–1930s)
Hood, Raymond (1881–
1934) and
1924 Chicago Tribune Tower Chicago
John Mead Howells
(1868–1959):
New York Daily News
1929, New York;
Building, Hood, Raymond
Rockefeller Center, (1881–1934):
1930s, Radio City Music Hall,
New York
Alen, William Van
1930, Chrysler Building, New York
(1883–1954):
Shreve, Lamb and
1931, Empire State Building, New York
Harmon:
International Style (and Modernism) (1920s–1960s)
Saarinen, Eliel
1942, First Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana
(1873–1950):
Lincoln, Gropius,Walter
1937, Architect’s House,
Massachusetts (1883–1969):
Howe, George (1886–
Philadelphia Savings
1955) and
1931, Fund Society Building Philadelphia
William Lescaze
(PSFS),
(1896–1969):
Lincoln,
1938, Breuer House I, Breuer, Marcel
Massachusetts;
(1902–1981):
1945, Geller House, Lawrence, Long
Island;
New Canaan,
1948, Breuer House II,
Connecticut
1946, Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois; Mies van der Rohe,
860–880 Lake Shore Ludwig (1886–
1951, Chicago; 1969):
Drive,
1954, Seagram Building, New York with Philip Johnson,
Palm Springs, Neutra, Richard
1946, Kaufman House,
California (1892–1970):
New Canaan,
1949, “Glass House,”
Connecticut; Johnson, Philip
AT&T Corporate (1906–2005):
1978–1983, New York
Headquarters,
Yale University Art New Haven,
1950s, Kahn, Louis (1901–
Gallery, Connecticut;
1974):
1967–1972, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas
Niemeyer, Oscar
United Nations
1952,1960s New York; (1907– ) with Le
Headquarters
Corbusier,
Saarinen, Eero
1954, Irwin Union Bank, Columbus, Indiana
(1910–1961):
Christian Science
1968–1974, Boston;
Center, Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
1977, Hancock Tower, Boston
Skidmore, Owings
1952, Lever House, New York & Merrill (Gordon
Bunshaft):
Ranch Style (1930–1970s)
Palm Springs, Neutra, Richard
1946, Kaufman House,
California (1892–1970):
Usonian House (1930s–1960s)
Mill Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1937, Edgar Kaufmann House,
Pennsylvania (1867–1959):
Tudor Revival Style (1950s–1970s)
POST-MODERNISM AND BEYOND (1960s–2000s)
Post-Modern Architecture (1960s–1990s)
Johnson, Philip
1978–1983, AT&T Headquarters, New York (1906–2005) and
John Burgee:
2006, Suzhou Museum, Suzhou, China Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
1959, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
CHRONOLOGY
OF ARCHITECTURE
Moore, Charles
1978, Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans
Willard (1925–1993):
Chestnut Hill,
1960s, Vanna Venturi House, Venturi, Robert
Pennsylvania
(1925– ) and Denise
1963, Guild House Philadelphia;
Scott Brown (1931– )
1991, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle
World Trade Center
1977–1984, New York;
Financial Center,
1986–1988, Wells Fargo Center, Minneapolis;
Bank of America Charlotte, North Pelli, Cesar (1926– ):
1990,
Corporate Headquarters, Carolina;
Kuala Lumpur,
1998, Petronas Twin Towers,
Malaysia
Rossi, Aldo (1931–
1980s, New Town Hall, Borgoricco, Italy
1997):
Portland Public Service
1982, Portland, Oregon; Graves, Michael
Building,
(1934– ):
1990s, Dolphin Resort, Orlando, Florida
1967, Habitat ’67, Safdie, Moshe
1967 World Exposition, Montreal (1938– ):
Brutalism (1960s–1980s)
National Center for
1961–1967, Boulder, Colorado;
Atmospheric Research,
Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
East Wing of the
1974–1978, Washington, D.C.
National Gallery of Art,
Bunshaft, Gordon
1974, Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C.
(1909–1990):
1989, Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka Ando, Tadao (1941):
Neo-Rationalism (1980s–1990s): See Rationalism
Barcelona Museum of
1995, Meier, Richard
Contemporary Art;
(1934– ):
1997, Getty Center, Los Angeles
1999–2003, Kyobo Tower, Seoul, South Korea;
Botta, Mario (1943–)
2003–2006, Church of Santo Volto, Turin
Deconstructivism (1980s–2000s)
Walt Disney Concert
1991–2003, Los Angeles;
Hall, Gehry, Frank (1929)
1993–1997, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain
Wexner Center for the Ohio State University, Eisenman, Peter
1989,
Arts, Columbus, Ohio (1932– ):
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
2001–2005, Casa di Musica, Porto; Koolhaus, Rem Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin;
2004, Seattle Central Library (1944– ): 2001–2005, “Twisting Torso,” Malmo, Sweden;
Alfred Lerner Hall, Tschumi, Bernard Transportation Hub,
1999, New York
Columbia University, (1944– ): 2007, World Trade Center, New York
1999, Jewish Museum, Berlin; (planning)
Frederic C. Hamilton Libeskind, Daniel Skidmore, Owings
2006, Addition, Denver Art Denver, Colorado (1946– ): 1969, John Hancock Center, Chicago; & Merrill: Fazlur
Museum, Khan,
Weil-am-Rhein, Fazlur Khan and
1989, Vitra Fire Station, Hadid, Zaha (1950– ) 1970–1973, Sears Tower, Chicago;
Germany Bruce Graham,
1993–1998, UFA-Palast, Dresden Coop Himmelb(l)au: 2009, Burj Dubai United Arab Emirates Adrian Smith
Walker Art Center Tate Modern Art
2005, Minneapolis; 2000, London; Herzog and De
Expansion, Museum renovation,
Herzog and De Meuron Architekten:
M. H. de Young Meuron Architekten: 2002–2005 Allianz Arena Munich, Germany
2005, San Francisco Green Architecture (1980s–2000s)
Museum,
Critical Regionalism (1980s–2000s) Bear Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1935–1939, Fallingwater,
Pennsylvania (1867–1959)
Barragán, Luis
1934, Chapel in Tlalpan, outside Mexico City; Eureka Springs, Jones, E. Fay
(1902–1988): 1980, Thorncrown Chapel,
Arkansas (1921–2004)
1958, Ciudad Satelite, Mexico City with Mathias Goeritz, Noumea, New Piano, Renzo
1976, Azuma House, Osaka; 1991, Tjibaou Cultural Center,
Caledonia (1937– )
1988, Church on the Water, Tomamu; Nouvel, Jean
Ando, Tadao (1941) 1994, Foundation Cartier, Paris
1989, Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka; (1945– )
2002, Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas
El-Wakil, Abdul
1975, Halawa House, Agami, Egypt
(1943– ):
High-Tech Architecture (1980s–2000s)
1980s, Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo; Tange, Kenzo
1996, Fuji Television Building, Tokyo (1913–2005):
Erskine, Ralph
1992, London Ark, London
(1914–2005): 1 PETER 1:6-7
Hongkong and Shanghai Foster, Norman NEW KING JAMES VERSION
1986, Hong Kong (NKJV)
Bank, (1935– ):
6 In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have
Piano, Renzo (1937–
1970s, Pompidou Center, Paris ) and Richard Rogers been grieved by various trials, 7 that the genuineness of your faith, being
(1933– ): much more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may
design for World Trade Libeskind, Daniel be found to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ
2002–2003, New York
Center, (1946– ):
Montjuic
Olympic Games,
1992, Communications Calatrava, Santiago
Barcelona;
Towers, (1951– ):
2001, Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee,
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
Brick
Ancient Near
c. 7000 BC Jericho Eastern
Architecture
Ancient Near
c. 6500 BC Catal Huyuk, western Turkey Eastern
Architecture
Indus Valley
c. 2600 BC Mohenjo Daro, Indian Architecture
Civilization
Ancient Near
c. 2000 BC Ziggurats, Sumerian Eastern
Architecture
Ancient Near
c. 575 BC Ishtar Gate, Neo-Babylonian Eastern
Architecture
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome Ancient Roman
Galla Placidia Early Christian
AD 425 Ravenna
Mausoleum, Architecture
AD 546 San Vitale, Ravenna Byzantine
Great Mosque of Islamic
1200s Mali
Djenne, Architecture
Native American
1450s Taos Pueblo New Mexico
Architecture
Brunelleschi,
Florence Cathedral Renaissance
1420s Filippo (c. 1377–
dome Architecture
1446):
Sullivan, Louis
1891 Wainwright Building, St. Louis
(1856–1924):
Amsterdam Stock Berlage, Hendrick
1903
Exchange Petrus (1856–1934):
Frederick C. Robie Wright, Frank Lloyd
1906–1909 Chicago
House, (1867–1959):
Gropius,Walter
Alfeld an der Leine,
1911 Fagus Shoe Factory, (1883–1969) and
Germany
Adolf Meyer:
Aalto, Alvar (1898–
1947–1949 Baker House, MIT, Boston
1976):
Venturi, Robert
1963 Guild House Philadelphia
(1925– ):
Stone
Orkney Islands, Prehistoric
c. 3100 BC Skara Brae, village,
Scotland Architecture
3100–1500 BC Stonehenge, England Prehistoric
STRUCTURES AND
MATERIALS
Architecture
Post-and-Lintel
Prehistoric
3100–1500 BC Stonehenge, England
Architecture
Column
Funerary Complex of Ancient Egyptian
c. 2665 BC Saqqara
Djoser, Architecture
Ancient Egyptian
1295–1186 BC Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Architecture
Ancient Near
Palace of Darius at
c. 518–460 BC Iran Eastern
Persepolis,
Architecture
Ancient Greek
447–438 BC Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens
Architecture
Ancient Greek
c. 425 BC Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens
Architecture
Renaissance Palladio, Andrea
1560s, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza
Architecture (1508–1580):
Bernini, Gian
Baroque
1650s, Saint Peter’s piazza, Rome Lorenzo (1598–
Architecture
1680):
Soufflot, Jacques-
Church of Sainte- Neo-Classical
1755–1792, Paris Germain (1713–
Genevieve, Architecture
1780):
Neo-Classical Latrobe, Benjamin
1803–1820s, United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Arch
Orkney Islands, Prehistoric
c. 3100 BC Skara Brae, village,
Scotland Architecture
Ancient Aegean
1250 BC Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece
Architecture
Ancient Roman
late 100s BC Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
Architecture
Ancient Roman
AD 100s Market of Trajan, Rome
Architecture
Ancient Roman
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome
Architecture
Basilica of Maxentius Ancient Roman
AD 310 Rome
and Constantine, Architecture
Santa Maria de Early Medieval
late 600s Burgos, Spain
Quintanilla de las Vinas, Architecture
785, Great Mosque at Spain Islamic
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
Cordoba Architecture
Cathedral of Sagrada Gaudí, Antoni
1884, Barcelona
Familia, (1852–1926):
Strauss, Joseph
1937, , Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco
(1870–1938):
Saarinen, Eero
1960s, St. Louis Gateway Arch, Missouri
(1910–1961):
Marble
Ancient Greek
mid-400s BC Acropolis, Athens
Architecture
Ancient Roman
Architecture
Romanesque
1200s Abbey at Montecassino, Italy
Architecture
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra Indian Architecture
Newport, Rhode Beaux-Arts Hunt, Richard
1888–1892, “Marble House,”
Island Architecture Morris (1827–1895):
Dome
Ancient Roman
Architecture
Renaissance
1505–1650s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome
Architecture
2002, Oklahoma State Capitol Oklahoma City
Brunelleschi,
Florence Cathedral Renaissance
1420s, Filippo (c. 1377–
dome Architecture
1446):
Renaissance Palladio, Andrea
1560s, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza
Neo-Classical Boyle, Richard

1720s, Chiswick House, West London
Charlottesville, Neo-Classical Jefferson, Thomas
1770s, Monticello,
Virginia Architecture (1743–1826):
Washington, D.C. Neo-Classical Latrobe, Benjamin

1803, United States Capitol,
begun Architecture Henry (1764–1820):
Nervi, Pier Luigi
1959, Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
(1891–1979):
Fuller, Richard
Dymaxion House, Henry
1945, Dearborn, Michigan; Buckminster (1895–
Ford Museum,
1983):
1960s, Geodesic Dome, Expo ’67, Montreal
STRUCTURES AND
MATERIALS
Rogers, Richard
2000, Millennium Dome, London
(1933– ):
Concrete
Ancient Roman
Architecture
Mill Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1930s, Kaufmann House,
Pennsylvania (1867–1959):
Apartment at 25 bis Rue Perret, Auguste
1903, Paris
Franklin, (1874–1954):
Nervi, Pier Luigi
1931, Stadio Artemia Franchi, Florence;
(1891–1979):
1959, Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
Candela, Felix
1958, Xochimilco Restaurant, Mexico City
(1910–1997):
1973, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
Rogers, Richard
2000 Millennium Dome London (1933– ) and Buro
Happold:
Wood
AD 711 Buddhist Shrine, Horyu-ji, Japan
1125–1150 Borgund Stave Church, Sogn, Norway
Forbidden City
1368–1644 Beijing
Complex,
Cast Iron
Coalbrookdale, Darby, Abraham III
1779, Severn River Bridge,
England (1750–1791):
Paxton, Joseph
1851, Crystal Palace, London Exhibition
(1801–1865):
Reading Room, Sainte-Genevieve, Labrouste, Henri
1840s,
Bibliotheque Paris (1801–1875):
Beaux-Arts Garnier, Charles
1860s Opera Paris
Eiffel, Gustav (1832–
1889 Eiffel Tower Paris
1923):
Richardson, Henry
Marshall Field
1880s Chicago Hobson (1838–
Warehouse,
1886):
Glass
Paxton, Joseph
1851, Crystal Palace, London Exhibition
(1801–1865):
1938, Architect’s House, Lincoln, Gropius,Walter
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
Massachusetts (1883–1969): 1969):
New Canaan, Johnson, Philip Yamasaki, Minoru
1949, Glass House, 1973 World Trade Center New York
Connecticut (1906–2005): (1912–1986):
Steel Pelli, Cesar (1926–
1996, Petronas Twin Towers
):
Roebling, John
Augustus (1806– Hongkong and Foster, Norman
1986, Hong Kong
1869) and Shanghai Bank, (1935– ):
1860s–1880s, Brooklyn Bridge, New York
Washington Shreve, Lamb and
Augustus Roebling 1931, Empire State Building, New York
Harmon:
(1837–1926): Skidmore, Owings
Burnham, Daniel 2009, Burj Dubai, United Arab Emirates
1902, Flatiron Building, New York & Merrill:
(1846–1912):
Fuller, Richard
1967, Geodesic Dome, Expo ’67, Montreal Buckminster (1895–
1983): GREEK 4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE FINISHES
Gehry, Frank
1990s, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain METHOD PERIOD DESCRIPTION
(1929– ):
Skyscraper Tirynus Masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar
Cyclopean
Jenney, William Le
1891, Leiter II Building, Chicago; Polygonal Mycenae Masonry constructed w/ stones having polygonal faces.
Baron (1832–1907):
1891, Manhattan Building, Chicago Curvilinear 7TH Century
Richardson, Henry Rectangular 5TH Century Block of stone cut into rectangular shapes.
Marshall Field
1880s, Chicago Hobson (1838–
Warehouse,
1886):
Sullivan, Louis
1891, Wainwright Building, St. Louis;
(1856–1924):
Carson Pirie Scott
1899, Chicago
Department Store,
Gilbert, Cass (1859–
early 1900s, Woolworth Building, New York
1934):
Bartlesville, Wright, Frank Lloyd 1 CORINTHIANS 1:27-29
1952–1956, , Price Tower NEW KING JAMES VERSION
Oklahoma (1867–1959):
Alen, William van (NKJV)
1930, , Chrysler Building New York 27 But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to put to shame the
(1883–1954):
Howe, George (1886– wise, and God has chosen the weak things of the world to put to shame the
1955) and things which are mighty; 28 and the base things of the world and the things
Philadelphia Savings
1931, Philadelphia William Lescaze
Fund Society Building,
(1896–1969):
which are despised God has chosen, and the things which are not, to bring
to nothing the things that are, 29 that no flesh should glory in His presence.
Johnson, Philip
(1906–2005) and
1950s Seagram Building New York
Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe(1886–
ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK TEMPLES
INTERCOLUMNIATION
STYLE DIST ILLUSTRATION
PYCONSTYLE (Tight-Columned) 1.50

○●◖○
SYSTYLE (Close-Columned) 2.00
○●●○
EUSTYLE (Well-Columned) 2.25
○●●◖○
DIASTYLE (Broad-Columned) 3.00
○●●●○
ARAEOSTYLE (Light-Columned) 4.00
○●●●●○
ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
 Made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out

Opus Quadratum mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps.
 Masonry of squared stones in regular ashlar course
 Made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly

Opus Incertum assembling the polygonal work.
 Masonry formed of small rough stones set irregularly in mortar,
sometimes traversed by beds of bricks or tiles
 Fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.

 Backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones
Opus Recticulatum
with their points embedded in the wall, their exposed square
bases, set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern
Opus Testaceum  Triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the walls.
 Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick

Opus Mixtum facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone
blocks. Formed from mix of wall surfaces TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES: (rectangular)
a) According to the number of columns on the entrance front.
Opus Sectile  Any mosaic of regularly cut material b) By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos as below:
 A form of opus sectile having geometric pattern formed with few colors 1 column Henostyle 4 columns Tetrastyle 7 columns Heptastyle 10 columns Decastyle
Opus Alexandinum
such as black and white, or dark green and red
2 columns Distyle 5 columns Pentastyle 8 columns Octastyle 12 columns Dodecastyle
 A mosaic of tessera arranged in waving lines resembling the form or 3 columns Tristyle 6 columns Hexastyle 9 columns Enneastyle
Opus Vermiculatum
tracks of a worm
EGYPTIAN STRUCTURES (simplicity, monumentality, solidity or massiveness)/ (post & lintel; columnar or trabeated)
STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION
Mastaba Flat top or tapered solid temple
Pyramids 4 sides facing the cardinal points; Tomb of Pharaohs; built by 100 men in 100 years
Rock-Cut Tombs or Rock-Hewn Tombs Tombs of Nobility; Tombs hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers
Mortuary Temple Built in honor of Pharaohs; Temples for offerings and worship of deceased person, usually a deified king
Cult Temple Temple devoted to the worship of divinity; Built for the worship of gods
Tall, monumental, sour-sided stone shaft tapering to a pyramidal tip; Mostly covered with hieroglyphs; Originally erected as cult symbol to the sun god, Heliopolis
Obelisks Height is usually 9-10 times the size of the base
Sphinx A mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man (androsphinx), head of a hawk (heirasphinx); head of a ram (criosphinx)
Pylon Massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisk known as gateways
STRUCTURE LOCATION ARCHITECT/BUILDER DESCRIPTION
Well preserved and has been restored.
Mastaba of Thi Sakkara Thi
Thi held the position of Royal Architect and manager of pyramids
Step Pyramid of Zoser or Djoser Saqqara Imhotep Oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world; 62m high
Meidum Pyramid of Sneferu Meidum Sneferu 92m high, First ground pyramid to have above ground burial chamber; originally a 7-step pyramid
Dahshur 105m high; First pyramid to use limestone casting
Bent Pyramid of Sneferu Sneferu
(First – Meydum) 54 degrees on the lower portion and shifts to 42 degrees halfway to make the pyramid light and prevent it from collapsing
Red Pyramid of Sneferu Dahshur Sneferu 104m high; made from reddish limestone used to build most of its core
(Shining Northern Pyramid)
Great Pyramid at Giza Height: 146.64m (Now 137.20m); Base: 230.25m
Giza Khufu
(Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops) 2 times the area of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Pyramid of Khafra or Chephren Giza Khafra Height: 143.50m (Now 136.40m); Base: 215.50m
Pyramid of Menkaure or Mykerinos Giza Menkaure Height: 65.50m (Now 61.00m); Base: 103.40m
Rameses III (Original)
An example of an almost complete New Kingdom temple
Taharqo (Modifed)
Temple of Khonsu Kharnak Peristyle Court bordered with 28 columns
Ptolemy III Euergetes (Gateway)
Taharqo added a porch of 4 rows of 5 papyrus-shaped columns in front of the temple’s pylon
Nectanebo I (Hypostyle Hall)
The temple has been in almost continuous use as a place of worship right up to the present day. During the Christian era, the
Amenhotep III (Built) / temple’s hypostyle hall was converted into a Christian church, and the remains of another Coptic church can be seen to the west.
Temple of Luxor East Bank of the Nile River Tutankhamun & Hormheb (Completed) Then for thousands of years, the temple was buried beneath the streets and houses of Luxor. Eventually the mosque of Sufi
Rameses II (Added) Shaykh Yusuf Abu al-Hajjaj was built over it. This mosque was carefully preserved when the temple was uncovered and forms an
integral part of the site today.
Thutmosis II (Chapels) / Seti I The grandest of all Egyptian temples, was not built upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to
Temple of Amon, Karnak Kharnak, Thebes
/ Ramesses II the work of many Kings, built from the XIIth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period .
It is one of the rock- hewn temples at this place commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II. An entrance forecourt leads to
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel Nubia Amenemhat I / Rameses I to IV the imposing façade, 36 m ( 119 ft. ) wide and 32 m (105 ft.) high formed as pylon, immediately in front of which are four rock-
cut seated colossal statues of Rameses, over 20 m (65 ft.) high.
Mt. Deir-El-Bahri One of the “incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt” The temple was the site of the massacre of 62 people, mostly tourists, by
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Senenmut
West Bank of the Nile Islamist extremists that took place on 17 November 1997
Mammisi Temple Nectanebo II “Birth House”; Became the prototype of the Greek Doric Temples
GREEK STRUCTURES [(1) simplicity & harmony, (2) purity of lines, (3) perfection of proportions, (4) refinement of details]
AGEAN
STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE DESCRIPTION
Minoan Palace
Palace of Minos, Knossos Heraklion, Crete Aegean First Excavation, 1878, Minos Kalokairinos (West Magazines)
March 1900 to 1931, Sir Arthur Evans (whole of Knossos)
Lion Gate The Lion Gate is main entrance to citadel of Mycenae, located in NW wall of the fortress.
Mycenae Conglomerate Ashlar
(Palace of Argamemnon) Gateway: 3.10 m. high and 2.95 m. wide at base. Lintel: 4.50 m long, 1.98 m. wide and 0.80 m. thick at center.
Tholos Largest and the best preserved of the nine tholos tombs in Mycenae.
Treasury of Atreus (beehive-corbelled The most architecturally advanced structure buit by the Mycenean Civilization It brings new concepts, such as corbelled vaults held together by a single
Panagitsa Hill, Mycenae
(Tomb of Argamemnon) domed stone vault) keystone, and it was the firt structure built without using columns or any support like that.
HELLENIC
MASTER
STRUCTURE LOCATION ARCHITECT BUILDER STYLE DESCRIPTION
SCULPTOR
The Parthenon
Athens Ictinus & Kallikrates Phidias Doric, Peripteral, Octastyle Dedicated to the goddess Athena, largest Greek Temple.
447 BC to 432 BC
2nd largest Doric Greek temple
The Temple of Zeus Olympus Rebuider: Cossutius Doric, Pseudo-Peripteral,
Agrigentum Libon of Elis Uses “Atlantes “, carved male figure.
460 BC (Roman Architect) Heptastlye
104 Columns
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
Temple of Apollo Epicurius Bassae Iktinos Dedicated to Apollo Epikourios
Peripteral, Hexastyle
Dedicated to the “wingless victory“
Temple of Nike Apteros Athens (Acropolis) Kallikrates Ionic, Amphi-Prostyle, Tetrastyle
Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis.

The Erectheion Ionic, Apteral, Irregular Plan, No
Athens Menisicles Phidias Uses “caryatid porch “(South Porch)
421BC to 406 BC side colonnades
Uses “Egg & tongue “or “Egg & Dart “ornament.
Deinocrates
Hellenestic temple, Ionic, One of the seven wonders of the world, Center of Pan – Ionic
The Temple of Arthemis Ephesus Under the time of Scopas
Dipteral, Octastyle festival of the Asiatic Colonies.
Alexander the Great.
The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates A type of monument erected to support a Tripod, as a prize for
Athens Corinthian
Lysicrates (choregos) athletic exercises or musical competitions in Greek festival.
The Olympion Athens Cossutius Antiochus Epiphanes Corinthian, Dipteral, Octastyle
Tower of the Winds Known as the Horologium of Andronikos Cyrhestes, Clepsydra or
Athens Andronicus of Cyrrhus Octagonal Structure
(Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes) water-clock internally, sundial externally.
Where famous Choragic competitions took place during the
Panathenaic festivals, prototype of all Greek temples.
The Theater Of Dionysus Athens
Considered to be the prototype of all Greek theaters &
accommodating almost 18,000 spectators.
The Theater of Epidaurus Epidaurus Polykleitus the Younger Most beautiful & preserved Greek Temple.
Propylaea of Athens Athens (Acropolis) Mnesicles Pericles forms the imposing entrance to Acropolis
ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES LOCATION DESCRIPTION ARCHITECT GENERAL
in the small valley
It was for centuries the center of Roman public life: the site of triumphal
between Used as Hippodrome; Site of Triumphal Processions; venue for
Forum Romanum processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials,
FORUM the Palatine public speeches, criminal trials and gladiatorial matches, and
and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs.
and Capitoline Hills the nucleus of commercial affairs
Forum Boarium The site of the first gladiatorial contest at Rome
An ancient building in Rome, Italy, the main temple dedicated to the
Temple of Fortuna Virilis Forum Boarium,
god Portunus in the city.
(Temio di Portuno) Rome
It is in the Ionic order with pronaos portico
Forum of Augustus,
Temple of Mars Ultor The focal point of Roman military strategy. Corinthian order.
Rome
Temple of Diana Aventine Hill, Nimes 127 Ionic Columns Cherisphron
Temple of Vespasian Rome, Italy Corithian Order, Hexastyle and prostyle Titus and Domitian Used Pseudo – Peripteral ( half col. Attached to the naos
Temple of Jupiter Spalato The most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill. wall, raised in a “ podium”, oriented towards the south.
RECTANGULAR Temple of Saturn Forum Romanum, Tarquinis Roman temples were turned to all parts of the compass, their
(Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus) Rome, Italy Superbus orientation governed by their relationship to other buildings,
TEMPLES
Ancient Rome's largest religious structure was built at the end of the Forum especially as many temples were often placed facing onto civic
Romanum, near the Colosseum. Designed by Emperor Hadrian in 135 AD, spaces such as the forum.
Temple of Venus Rome this temple measured an impressive 100 meters by 145 meters. The Hadrian
building contained two cellae (sanctuaries) with statues of the goddesses,
each located at one side of the temple.
82 feet (25 metres) long by 40 feet (12 metres) wide and is one of the most
beautiful monuments built in Gaul by the Romans. It houses a collection of
Maison–Carrée
Nimes, France Roman sculpture and Classical fragments. The Maison Carrée is an Agrippa (Builder)
(Square House) elevated, rectangular, hexastyle, pseudo-peripteral Roman temple of the
Corinthian order.
Temple of Vesta Rome, Italy The most sacred shrine & source of Roman life & power.
CIRCULAR & The Temple of Venus has six columns that probably once supported a
Temple of Venus Baalbek, Lebanon dome. It is carved everywhere with niches, sculptures (now lost) and other derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans w/c
POLYGONAL
elegant decorations. became the prototype of the Christian baptistery.
TEMPLES
Most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome. It
The Pantheon Rome, Italy
was now converted into a Christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda.
Apollodorus of
Trajan’s Basilica Rome, Italy
Damascus
BASILICAS halls of justice or Assembly hall
Forum Romanum, Maxentius,
Basilica of Constantine Also known as Basilica of Maxentius or Basilica Nova
Rome, Italy Constantine I
Tepidarium warm room
Baths of Caracalla
Rome, Italy Second Largest, 1,600 bathers Septimius Severus hot room, or with hot water
(Terme di Caracalla) Calidarium
bath
THERMAE Large
“Thermae” meant properly arm Imperial Frigidarium cooling room
Commissioned by Baths
springs or baths of warm water Thermae of Diocletian Rome, Italy Largest, Grandest with 3,000 bathers Sudatorium moist steam bath
Maximian
Laconium dry sweating room (sauna)
Baths of Titus Rome, Italy Mural Designs by Famullus (or Fabullus) Titus Apodyteria dressing room
(Thermae Titi) Palaestra for physical exercise
Unctuaria place for oils & perfumes
Thermae of Grippa Rome, Italy Spaeresteriu
game room
m
One of the most striking and best preserved parts of the Villa are a pool
and an artificial grotto which were named Canopus and Serapeum,
respectively. Canopus was an Egyptian city where a temple (Serapeum) private bath in 1.Tepidarium
Hadrian’s Villa
BALNEUM Tivoli, Italy was dedicated to the god Serapis. However, the architecture is Greek Roman palaces & 2.Calidarium
Summer Bath influenced (typical in Roman architecture of the High and Late Empire) as houses containing 3. Frigidarium
seen in the Corinthian columns and the copies of famous Greek statues
that surround the pool.
The largest and most important theatre in Rome. The largest and
most important theatre in Rome. The theatre had a
Theater of Marcellus Rome, Italy capacity of between 15,000 to 20,500 spectators and its Open-air theatre built from level ground, richly decorated outer
semicircular travertine façade originally had two tiers, each composed of 41 facade with a colonnade gallery and vaulted entrances for the
THEATERS / ODEION arches. The lower tier had Doric columns, the second tier Ionic and the top public. Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete
attic probably carried Corinthian pilasters. vaulting, supporting tiers of seats; it was restricted to a semi-
circle.
One of the finest remains of the Roman Empire and, as such, has been
Theater Orange designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is, in fact, the best
preserved theatre in the whole of Europe.
The elliptical building is immense, measuring 188m by 156m and reaching
a height of more than 48 meters (159 ft). The magnificent structure was
clad in marble and 160 larger-than-life statues graced the arches on the
upper floors.
The Colosseum could accommodate some 55,000 spectators Commenced by Circular, semi-circular or elliptical auditorium in which a central
AMPHITHEATERS / The Colosseum who entered the building through no less than 80 entrances. Above Vespasian & arena Is surrounded by rising tiers of seats. Circus is a roof-less
COLOSSEUM (Flavian’s Amphitheatre) the ground are four stories, the upper story contained seating for lower completed by enclosure for chariot or horse racing and for gladiator shows
classes and women. Domitian. and usually In oblong shape
The lowest story was preserved for prominent citizens. Below the ground
were rooms with mechanical devices and cages containing wild animals.
The cages could be hoisted, enabling the animals to appear in the middle
of the arena.
The Circus Maximus was a massive arena accommodating 250,000
Circus Maximus
spectators and providing various games, horse and chariot races
Recovery of the eagle standards (Aquila) that had been lost to Germanic
Arch of Tiberius Orange, France
tribes by Varus in 9.
Arch of Titus Rome, Italy Capture of Jerusalem
Function is to commemorate imperial victories with reliefs,
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Arch of inscriptions and statues
Rome, Italy Victories against the Parthians
Septimius Severus
Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy Triumphs over Maxentius
Part of the city walls and is one of the best preserved of such gateways. As a protective wall & commemorative monument.
TOWN GATEWAYS Porta Nigra Treves
The structure, 115 ft. wide and 95 ft. high at its highest part, has a double As a ornamental portals to forum or market places.
AND ARCHWAYS archway defended by portcullises and leading to an unroofed court which Arch built at main street intersection w/c were collonaded.
could be defended against besiegers. The facade has storeys of roughly
executed and unfinished Tuscan Orders. Gateways were sometimes added either at the ends or in the
An unusual gateway with four archways—two for carriages and two for centre of bridges as at the Roman bridge, Alcantara, which has
foot-passengers—surmounted by an arcaded gallery, decorated by Ionic a portal over the central pier.
Port S. Andre Autun pilasters, connecting the ramparts on either side. There is another gateway
in Autun, similar in design except that the pilasters to the arcaded gallery
are Corinthian.
It is a Roman Doric Column, entirely of marble, w/ a total ht. of 115 ft.
Trajan’s Column Rome
PILLARS OF VICTORY 7 inches & a shaft 12 in. Diameter w/ a spiral staircase. A column built in honor of a naval triumph, ornamented with the
OR MONUMENTAL Frequently erected in the time of the Emperors to celebrate naval rostra or
COLUMNS victories, and took their name from the rostra ,or rows of captured prows of ship
Rostral Columns Rome
ships.
largest palace & often called “ a city in a house” covered a total of 8
Palace of Diocletian Spalato
acres, almost the size of Escorial, Spain.
This palace contained 300 rooms and featured stuccoed ceilings set with Use to house the Emperors.
PALACES
Golden House of Nero semi-precious stones and layers of ivory and gold leaf. There was even a
Rome
(Domus Aurea) rotating ceiling. Was demolished and the Roman Colosseum was built on
this site.
Ostium Small opening
Vestibulum Main entrance hall
Fauces Corridor from main door to atrium
Tabernae Shops on outside, facing the street
Atrium Large central hall (most important part)
Center of family apartments. Square roof opening in which rainwater could
The type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy Compluvium come, draining inwards from the slanted tiled
freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras. roof
a drain pool, a shallow rectangular sunken
The rooms of the Pompeian domus were often painted in one of four Impluvium portion of the Atrium to gather rainwater,
styles: which drained into an underground cistern
DOMUS
(Private House)  the first style imitated ashlar masonry, Tablinum Living room / study or office for the dominus
ROMAN HOUSES  the second style represented public architecture, Triclinium Dining room with recliners
 the third style focused on mystical creatures, and Alae Open rooms on each side of the atrium
 The fourth style combined the architecture and Cubiculum Bedroom
mythical creatures of the second and third Cullina Kitchen
styles. Posticum Servants’ entrance
Peristylium Small garden
Piscina Fish pond
Exedra Large communal dining room or a lounge
Lararium A small shrine to the household gods
a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and gardens, a country seat that could easily be reached
VILLA Villa Urbana
colonnades, palasestae theaters, & thermae. from Rome (or another city) for a night or
two
(Country House) the farm-house estate permanently occupied
Villa Rustica by the servants who had charge generally of
the estate
Many storeyed tenements also called “Workmen’s Dwelling”.
INSULA A kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen
(Apartment Block) population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-
class status (the plebs)
The bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50 km-long (31 mi) structure Channel for supplying Water
Pont Du Gard Often underground but treated architecturally on high arches
AQUEDUCTS Nimes built by the Romans to carry water from a spring at Uzès to theRoman
(Gard Bridge) colony of Nemausus (Nîmes). when crossing valleys or low ground
Pons Sublicius Rome The earliest known bridge of ancient Rome, made entirely of wood Ancus Marcius
An economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman
Empire and was the site of the famousBattle of Milvian Bridge.
Gaius Claudius Simple, solid & practical construction designed to resist the
BRIDGES OR PONS Pons Mulvius Rome
Nero rush of water.
In 2000s, the bridge began attracting couples, who use a lamppost on the
bridge to attach love padlocks as a token of love.
Bridge of Augustus Rimini
Made to compliment the lavish Baroque facade Maderno designed for St. Carlo Maderno
Fountains of St. Peter's Peter's Basilica. The Maderno fountain was built on the site of an earlier (1614) and Gian
Square fountain from 1490, and used the same lower basin. The Bernini fountain Lorenzo Bernini
was added a half-century later. (1677)
A masterpiece of Baroque sculpture, representing Triton, Gian Lorenzo
Triton Fountain Piazza Barberini half-man and half-fish, blowing his horn to calm the waters, following a text Bernini
by the Roman poet Ovid in the Metamorphoses.
A grand theater of water – it has three fountains, built in a line
on the site of the Stadium of Domitian. The fountains at either end are
by Giacomo della Porta; the Neptune fountain to the north, (1572)
shows the God of the Sea sparing, an octopus, is surrounded by tritons, Giacomo della
sea horses and mermaids. At the southern end is La Fontana del Moro, a Porta
figure either of an African (a Moor) or of Neptune wrestling with a dolphin. &
Piazza Navona
In the center is the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, (The Fountain of the Four Gian Lorenzo
FOUNTAINS
Rivers) (1648–51), a highly theatrical fountain by Bernini, with statues Bernini
representing rivers from the four continents; the Nile, Danube, Plate
River and Ganges. Over the whole structure is a 54-foot (16 m) Egyptian
obelisque, crowned by a cross with the emblem of the Pamphili family,
representing Pope Innocent X, whose family palace was on the piazza.
The largest and most spectacular of Rome's
fountains, designed to glorify the three different Popes who created
it. It was built beginning in 1730 at the terminus of the reconstructed Acqua
Vergine aqueduct, on the site of Renaissance fountain. It was the work of Leon Battista
Trevi Fountain architect Nicola Salvi and the successive project of Pope Clement Alberti.
XII, Pope Benedict XIV and Pope, whose emblems and inscriptions are
carried on the attic story, entablature and central niche. The central figure
is Oceanus, the personification of all the seas and oceans, in an oyster-
shell chariot, surrounded by Tritons and Sea Nymphs.
THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES
AGENCY FUNCTION
HUDCC  An office mandated to coordinate and supervise the government’s housing agencies. It is also
tasked in monitoring the performance of the housing sector, and involved in policy formations.
Housing and Urban
The highest policy-making and coordinating office on shelter programs.
Development Coordinating
Council (EO90)
NHA  The National Housing Authority is the sole government agency engaged in direct shelter production
focused on providing housing assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income-earners through slum
National Housing Authority
upgrading, squatter relocation, development of sites and services, and construction of core housing
units.
 Undertakes programs for the improvement of blighted urban areas and provides technical
assistance for private developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
HGC  HGC mobilizes all necessary resources to broaden the capital base for the effective delivery of
housing and other related services, primarily for the low-income earners through a viable system of
Home Guaranty Corporation
credit insurance, mortgage guarantee, and securities.
(formerly HIGC)
HLURB  HLURB is the sole regulatory for housing and land development.
Housing and Land Use  Ensures rational land use for the equitable distribution and enjoyment of development benefits.
Regulatory Board  Charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in low-cost housing through
(formerly Human Settlement liberalization of development standards, simplification of regulations, and decentralization of
Regulatory Commission) approvals for permits and licenses.
 Extends comprehensive and productive planning assistance to provinces, cities, and municipalities
toward the formulation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs).
 A national government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land
use development and real estate and housing regulation. These roles are done via a triad of
strategies namely, policy development, planning and regulation.
NHMFC  NHMFC is the major government home mortgage institution.

 Initial main function is to a viable home mortgage market, utilizing long-term funds principally
National Home Mortgage
Finance Corporation provided by the Social Security System, the Government Service Insurance System, and the Home
Development mutual Fund to purchase mortgages originated by both public and private institutions
that are within government-approved guidelines.
 Charged with the development of a system that will attract private institutional funds into long-term
housing mortgages.
HDMF  HDMF focuses on the administration of a nationwide provident fund for the government’s housing
program, and formulates other investment strategies relative to housing as well as improve its
Home Development Mutual
collection efficiency.
Fund
 (more commonly known as the Pag-Ibig Fund)
SHFC  The lead agency to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal
sectors in the low-income bracket and shall take charge of developing and administering social
Social Housing Finance
housing program schemes, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the
Corporation (EO273)
Amortization Support and Developmental Financing Programs of the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund
(AKPF)
URBAN LAND USE MAP COLORS
CATEGORY COLOR
RESIDENTIAL
YELLOW
By dwelling type
COMMERCIAL
RED
Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise), Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL
VIOLET
Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly, Industries, etc.
INSTITUTIONAL
BLUE
Schools, Church, Protective Services, Government Buildings, etc.
PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS
GREEN
Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club, etc.
INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES
GRAY
Railroad, Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, etc.
BUILT-UP AREAS
YELLOW
Cluster of at least 10 structures or if activity occupies sizable land
AGRICULTURE
LIGHT GREEN
Cropland, Riceland, etc.
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
LIGHT VIOLET
Piggery, Poultry
FOREST
DARK GREEN
Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, National Parks
MINING/QUARRYING BROWN
GRASSLAND/PASTURE OLIVE GREEN
SWAMPLAND/MARSHES AQUA
OTHER LAND USE APPROPRIATE

Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill, Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc. COLORS
FIVE POINTS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE IMAGE OF A CITY ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
By Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) by Kevin Lynch by Constantinos Apostolou (CA) Dioxadis
POINTS DESCRIPTION A collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of what people TYPE DESCRIPTION
extract from the physical reality of a city.
Reinforced concrete stilts that lifted the bulk of the NATURE the natural physical environment
Pilotis There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:
structure off the ground
Pathways, Districts, Edges, Landmarks and Nodes. An individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs
Non-supporting walls that could be designed as the (oxygen, nutrition), sensation and perception (five
Free Facade These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the form MAN
architect wished of a city. They are the skeletal elements of city form. senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security,
sense of belonging), moral values.
The floor space was free to configure into rooms ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
Open Floor Plan
without concern for supporting walls. a group of individuals sharing the same
Major and minor routes of circulation SOCIETY
to move about, the city has a network of major culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions
Ribbon Windows Long strips of ribbon windows that allow
routes and a neighborhood network of minor
(Uninterrupted Views) unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard PATHWAYS routes; a building has several main routes which
buildings, the built component – housing,
people use to get to it or from it. An urban
To compensate for the green area consumed by the hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial
Roof Garden highway network is a network of pathways for a SHELLS
building and replacing it on the roof establishments, recreational facilities, industrial
whole city.
buildings, etc.
A ramp rising from ground level to the third floor roof terrace allows for an architectural promenade through the
structure. The white tubular railing recalls the industrial "ocean-liner" aesthetic that Le Corbusier much admired. A city is composed of component neighborhoods
The driveway around the ground floor, with its semicircular path, measures the exact turning radius of a or districts; its center, uptown, links within the settlement and
1927 Citroën automobile.
midtowns, its in-town residential with other settlements, transportation
NETWORKS
areas, train yards, factory systems, communication systems, water supply
DISTRICTS areas, suburbs, college systems, power and electrical systems, etc.
Focuses on the physical improvement of the public
URBAN DESIGN campuses, etc. Sometimes they are
environment
considerably mixed in character and
Focuses on the management of private development do not have distinct limits like the midtown in
URBAN PLANNING
through established planning methods and programs Manhattan. HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
The termination of a district is its HAMLET

edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at a neighborhood, a small village
all but gradually taper off and blend into another
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN EDGES
district. When two districts are joined at an edge
COMMUNITY
they form a seam. A narrow park may be a
The most pronounced elements of Urban Design. a town
joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.
BUILDINGS They shape and articulate space by forming the street
wall of the city The prominent visual features of CITY
Living rooms of the city. Makes high quality life in the the city; some are very large and are an urban area
PUBLIC SPACE city. Forms the stage and backdrop to the drama of
seen at great distances; some are
life. Plazas, squares & neighborhood parks. METROPOLIS
LANDMARKS very small and can only be seen up close (street
the capital or chief city of a country or region; a very large and busy city
Connections between cities and places. Designed by clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park).
their physical dimension and character, size, scale Landmarks help in orienting people
STREETS and the character of the buildings that line them. in the city and help identify an area. CONURBATION
Ranges from grand avenues, intimate pedestrian A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
streets. A center of activity; distinguished from
Connects the parts of the cities and help shape them. a landmark by virtue of its active
MEGALOPOLIS
Balance between transportation systems is what NODES function; it is a distinct hub of
TRANSPORTATION Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
helps define the quality and character of cities. They activity. Times Square in New York City is
include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks. or more, a 20th century phenomenon.
both a landmark and a node.
DEGREE OF INCLINATION
SLOPE DESCRIPTION
0 - 3% Broad to level to nearly level or flat
3 - 5% Gently sloping with land sloping in one general direction
Gently undulating and rolling; land sloping in more than one

5 - 8%
general direction
Moderately undulating and gently rolling land sloping in more

8 - 15% than one direction
15 - 18% Steeply undulating and rolling land sloping in many directions

>18% Very steeply sloping and rolling land in many directions
Permitted Angle of Slope
TYPE OF LAND USE
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
Streets and Drives 8% 1:12 1% 1:100
Parking Areas 5% 1:20 1% 1:100
Main Footpaths (Bitumen) 8% 1:12 5% 1:20
Main Ramp on Footpath (Short) 14% 1:07
Enrance Area 4% 1:25 1% 1:100
Minor Footpaths 14% 1:07 5% 1:20
Terrace (Paved) 2% 1:50 1% 1:100
Lawns 5% 1:20 1% 1:100
Mown Grass Banks 33% 1:03
Planted Slopes 50% 1:02
Ramps for Vehicles 5% 1:20 8% 1:12

PEDESTRIAN RAMPS
Playgrounds 4% 1:25 15% 1:06
Sitting Areas 1% 1:100 4% 1:25
Paved Playlots 50% 1:02 2% 1:50
ENTRANCE RAMPS
Pedestrian 1% 1:100 4% 1:25
Grassed Playlots 50% 1:02 4% 1:25
Lawn 1% 1:100 25% 1:04
SLOPE AND LAND USE MONSOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
SLOPE DESCRIPTION MONSOON: LARGE SCALE SEASONAL CURRENTS
< 1% Do not drain well  Northeast (NE) Monsson
< 4% Usable for all kinds of activities  Winter Monsoon
AMIHAN  Appears in October
4% to 10% Suitable for movement and informal activities
(A-NE-NA)  Attains maximum strength in January
>10% Can be actively used only for hill sports or free play  Gradually weakens in March
Approaches the limit that an ordinary loaded vehicle can  Disappears in April
17% climb for any sstained period
 Southwest (SW) Monsoon
Normal limit of climb for pedestrians without resorting to  Summer Monsoon
20% to 25%  Apears early May
stairs HABAGAT
(HA-SW-MO)  Maximum flows during August
> 50% May require terracing or cribbling  Disappears gradually in October
SOLAR CONTROL DEVICES  Persists from November to December
N & S – Horizontal AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN BUILDINGS

Segmental shaped shading mask
 Overhangs, Canopy, Light Shelf,  Positive pressure (+)
# ═ # Lovers, Shutters & Awnings

WINDWARD
 Air enters through openings located in the
positive pressure zone and lower level
openings
E & W – Vertical
 The direction upwind from the point of refernce
║ ║ Sectoral shaped shading mask
 Fins & Lovers  Negative pressure (-)
═  Air exits through openings located at the
# # NE – NW, SE – SW – Eggcrate
Composite of the Vertical and
LEEWARD negative pressure zon and at higher level
openings
Horizontal  The direction downwind (or downward) from the
point of reference
OTHER DESIGN FACTORS (Examples) WIND SHADOWS

Beside the Building Palm Tree Well-Foliage
Approximately 2 times the Height of the tree (2H)
Tree
Relatively Safe Coconut Tree
Shallow Roots Acacia Row is 4 times the Height of the tree (4H) can
have a wind shadow of 3 times it’s height (3H)
Hilltop Protruding Eaves / Balcony A Row of Closely
Spaced Tree
Coastal Area Roof Deck Row is 8 times the Height of the tree (8H) can
have a wind shadow of 6 times it’s height (6H)
Heavy Forested Area Steep Gable Roof
100% Ventilation Jalousie
For Tropical Awning
95% Ventilation Louvers with 150mm blades
CITY CLASSIFICATION
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories:
 Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants,

HIGHLY as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
URBANIZED five hundred million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as
INDEPENDENT certified by the city treasurer.
CITIES  There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are
located in Metro Manila.
 Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban
INDEPENDENT residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of
COMPONENT 150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000)
CITIES based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer.
 There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago.
 Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in
COMPONENT which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which
it used to be a municipality.
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)
LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES
LGU POPULATION INCOME
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or
alter boundaries of LGU)
₱20M for the last

two (2) consecutive Congress
PROVINCE 2,000 250,000
years based on 1991
constant prices
₱100M for the last

two (2) consecutive Congress
CITY 100 150,000
years based on 2000
constant prices
₱2.5M for the last Congress

two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000
years based on 1991 Assembly
constant prices
5,000 (Metro Manila Congress / ARMM

and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod
Major Theories In URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
STRUCTURE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
The city grows in a radial expansion from the

center to form a series of concentric zones or
CONCENTRIC ZONE circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
(Monocentric) (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/ Succession
Theory”).
High-density residential, commercial, and

industrial uses radiate out from the central
business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt housing also radiates out from the CBD
– Towards large open spaces and higher
ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
Cities tend to grow around not one but several

Chauncy Harris distinct nuclei.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
and
THEORY advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
Edward Ullman universities), specializations, co-
(Polycentric)
“The Nature of Cities” dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
often applied to cities with more than one CBD
The preceding three theories apply primarily to

INVERSE CONCENTRIC cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
Friedrich Engels cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
ZONE THEORY patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
It explains the reasons behind the distribution

Walter Christaller patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (Developed)
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
Paul Peterson
East Anglia, UK) conclusion that people gather together in cities
(Advanced in “City Limits0) to share goods and ideas.
The center of the city contains the agora

(market place), theaters, and temples. Public
GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus of Miletus
The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
(i.e. The City of Priene)
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
measurements
MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES
THEORY DESCRIPTION THEORY THEORY
In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific

Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that
method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning (6)
capture the public imagination. Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright’s
process generally contains the following steps. UTOPIANISM
(1) Broadacre City, and Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.
•Goals and objectives are set.
SYNOPTIC •Policy alternatives are identified.
RATIONALISM •The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are
objectives), efficiency, and constraints – using scientific conceptual models and evaluation (7) known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation
techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis). METHODISM would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism
•The selected policy alternative is implemented. views planning techniques as ends into themselves.
This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through
– is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and
(2)
more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES
INCREMENTALISM increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually
occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis.  The entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area.
 A term referring to the process by which social groups or activities which are better adapted
INVASION
Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique. to a given environment than are its existing inhabitants or activities enter and eventually
(3) dominate it.
Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts,
TRANSACTIVE
interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style
PLANNING planning. CENTRALIZATION  An increase in population at a certain geographic center
Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism. BLOCK-BOOSTING  “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial differences
Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or
group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or
underrepresented).  Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market for previously run-
•Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no one down areas.
(4) public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to become  The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent
ADVOCACY non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups. GENTRIFICATION people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents.
PLANNING •Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around so-called  The buying and renovating of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by
“organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where people feel powerless. These wealthier individuals, which in effect improves property values but also can displace low-
organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify income families and small businesses.
problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action.
•Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning. He
felt that to be effective, planners must become actively involved in the political process.
PSALM 139:16
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed.
(5) planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning
committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems.
And in Your book they all were written,
RADICAL
The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much of The days fashioned for me,
PLANNING
the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist interpretations When as yet there were none of them
and theories.
The SEERS : Pioneer Thinkers in Urban Planning from
HISTORY OF PLANNING 1880 - 1945
THE ANGLO AMERICAN TRADITION
Garden City of Tomorrow Most Influential
EBENEZER HOWARD Three Magnets Town, Country, Town & Country

(1850-1928)
The Neighborhood Unit Towns divided in to wards of 5,000
Letchworth (1920) First Garden City; N. Hertfordshire
RAYMOND UNWIN The Hampstead Garden Suburb (1905) Golders Green, NW London
(1863-1940)
BARRY PARKER Wythenshawe (1930) Third Garden City; City of Manchester
(1867-1947)
Nothing Gained by Overcrowding Very Influential Pamphlet (1912)
CLARENCE PERRY New York Regional Plan (1920) One milestones of the 20th Century
(1872-1944)
The Neighborhood Unit
CLARENCE STEIN
(1882-1975) Radburn, New Jersey
H. ALKER STRIP
(1883-1954) Town Planning and Traffic
SIR LESLIE PATRICK Greater London Plan (1944)

Lewis Mumford
ABERCROMBIE Human Ecology The Culture of Cities
(1879)
Cities In Evolution (1915) Became almost the Bible of regional
PATRICK GEDDES planning movement
(1854-1932) Suburban Decentralization
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Broadacre City A home in an acre of land

(1869-1959)
Mile High Tower 100,000 people
THE EUROPEAN TRADITION
ARTURO SORIA Y MATA Linear City
TONY GARNIER Cite Industrielle (industrial City)
EARNST MAY Trabantenstadte (Satellite Towns)
Unite d’ Habitation (1946-1952) Marseilles, France

CHARLE EDOUARD
Chandigarf (1950-1957) Capital City of Punjab
JEANNERET
(LE CORBUSIER) City of Tomorrow (1922)
(1877-1965) Two important books
The Radiant City
THEORIES & PRACTICES
Father of City Planning

Hippodamus of Miletus City of Miletus - First Planned City
Vienna – First University Town

Reform Movement
INDUSTRIAL Robert Owens Ideal City, New Lanark
REVOLUTION
Tony Garnier Une Cite Industrielle
Ebenezer Howard Garden City (Conceptualization)

Letchworth
GARDEN CITIES Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker (First Developed Garden City)
Welwyn
Louis de Soisson (Second Garden City)
Father of American City Planning
CITY BEAUTIFUL
Daniel Burnham Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco, Manila
MOVEMENT & Baguio
Lucio Costa (Planner)

Brasilia, Brazil
Oscar Niemeyer (Architect)
Albert Myer (Original Planner) Chandigarh, India

Le Corbusier (Took Over) Super Blocks 800 x 1200
NEW CAPITALS
Canberra, Australia
Walter Griffin (Planner)
City Beautiful Movement
New Delhi, India

Sir Edward Lutyens (Planner)
Low Garden City Type Density
The Cities of Tomorrow
CITY TOWERS Le Corbusier Unite d’ Habitation, Marseilles, France
Le Contemporaine
Broadacres (1 Family in very acre of land)

Frank Lloyd Wright
Mile High Tower
Arturo Soria y Mata Linear City

RADICAL IDEAS
Paolo Soleri Arcology
Kiyonuro Kikutake Floating City
Clarence Perry & Clarence Stein Neighborhood Unit
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
ERA CITIES DESCRIPTION
The PLOW and rectilinear farming

ANCIENT TIMES
Circular and Radiocentric Planning For herding and eventually for defense
Neolithic Cities
Early settlement in Israel (9000 BC)
Jericho 3 Hectares; 3,000 people
7000 – 9000 BC Early Settlement in Turkey (7000 BC)
Catal Hoyuk 13 hectares; 10,000 people
Early settlement in Cyprus (5000 BC)
Khirokitia First documented settlements with streets
Cities in the Fertile Crescent
Eridu Oldest City

2000 – 4000 BC
Damascus Oldest continually inhabited city
Babylon Largest city with 80,000 inhabitants
Cities along the Nile Valley
3000 BC Thebes and Memphis Monumental Architecture
Tel-El-Amarna Typical Egyptian City
Indus Valley (Present Day Pakistan)
2500 BC Administrative & Religious Centers with 40,000
Mohenjo-Daro & Harrapa inhabitants; advanced civilization
Yellow River Valley of China
1900 BC
Anyang Largest city of the Yellow River
800 BC Beijing Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Zapotecs, Mextecs, Aztecs Mesoamerican Cities built
BC to AD
Teotijuacan & Dzibilchatun Largest Cities
Greek Classical Cities spread to Aegean Region
Acropolis Most Famous
700 BC Sparta & Athens The Largest Cities (100,000 – 150,000)
Neopolis and Paleopolis New and Old Cities
Miletus (by Hippodamus) 3 Sections: Artisan, Farmers, Military
Agora Public Market Place
Roman Classical Cities Greek forms with different scale
400 BC
Republican Forum
Imperial Forum
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
ERA CITIES DESCRIPTION
Outposts were left all over Europe where growth
Decline of Roman Power revolved
Feudalism Affected urban design of most towns
Sienna and Constantinople Signified the rise of the church
MEDIEVAL AGES Coastal Port Towns Grew from military fortifications
Mercantilist Cities
Population Concentrations created by world trade
Florence, Paris, Venice and travel
15TH Century France Display of Power
Became a major element in Town Planning &
Arts & Architecture Urban Design
THE RENAISSANCE Geometrical Form Cities
& BAROQUE PERIOD Vienna City of Culture & Arts; First University Town
Karlsruhe, Germany Landscape architecture showcased palaces and
Versailles, France gardens
Taken after the “buog” (Military Town) and

Medieval Organic City “fauborg” (Citizen’s Town) of Medieval Age
taken from the French bastide (eventually referred

Medieval Bastide to as “new towns”)
King Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3

The Spanish “Laws of the Indies”
types: Pueblo (Civil), Presidio (Military), Mission
SETTLEMENTS IN Town (Religious)
AMERICA The English Renaissance The European Planned City
By James Oglethorpe
Savannah The world’s largest officially recognized historical
district
Charleston, Annapolis, Williamsburg Col. Francis Nicholson
The Speculators Town Developments were driven by speculations
By William Penn, built between Delaware &
Philadelphia School Kill
THE INDUSTRIAL The Machine Age Change from Manpower to Assembly Lines
REVOLUTION Reform Movements & Specialists 2 School of thought
New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England 800 – 1200 persons
New Harmony, Indiana by Owens Jr.
Owenite Communities Brook Farm, Massachusettes, by New England Pl.
Icarus, Red River, Texas by Cabet
Une Cite Industrielle By tony Garnier
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS
STREET PATTER TYPES
Criteria For
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
by Ian Bentley, et. al
 Relates to the way that a design

affects where people can go and
cannot go within a city district
PERMEABILITY  Urban designer must consider this
first because it involves pedestrian
and vehicle circulation within the city
district as a whole
 The range of users that a place

provides
VARIETY
 i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
recreation and so forth
 Relates to the ease with which

LEGIBILITY people can understand the spatial
layout of a place
 Describes building and outdoor

spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS limit users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities
VISUAL  The way in which the design

physically can make people aware
APPROPRIATENESS of the choices the place provides
 Involves ways to increase the

choice of sense experience that
users can enjoy (experiences of
RICHNESS touch, sound, light, taste, and so
forth)
 Refers to design that encourage

people to put their own mark on the
PERSONALIZATION places where they live and work
FRONTAGE TYPES WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY
EXPOSURE DESCRIPTION
Large city centers with at least 50 percent of

the buildings having a height in excess of 70
feet (21 336 mm). Use of this exposure
category shall be limited to those areas for
which terrain representative of Exposure A
prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of
A at least 0.5 mile (0.8 km) or 10 times the height
of the building or other structure, whichever is
greater. Possible channeling effects or
increased velocity pressures due to the building
or structure being located in the wake of
adjacent buildings shall be taken into account.
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or

other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family
B dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be
assumed unless the site meets the definition of
another type exposure.
Open terrain with scattered obstructions,

including surface undulations or other
irregularities, having heights generally less than
30 feet (9144 mm) extending more than 1,500
feet (457 m) from the building site in any
quadrant. This exposure shall also apply to any
C building located within Exposure B type terrain
where the building is directly adjacent to open
areas of Exposure C type terrain in any
quadrant for a distance of more than 600 feet
(183 m). This category includes flat open
country, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane
prone regions.
Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind

flowing over open water (excluding shorelines
in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at
least 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines in Exposure
D include inland waterways, the Great Lakes,
and coastal areas of California, Oregon,
D Washington and Alaska. This exposure shall
apply only to those buildings and other
structures exposed to the wind coming from
over the water. Exposure D extends inland from
the shoreline a distance of 1500 feet (457 m) or
10 times the height of the building or structure,
whichever is greater.
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERS
The way a fabric burns depends partly on its fiber content. The Table below describes typical burning
characteristics of fibers, ranking them from the most to least hazardous.
Fabrics that are a
NATURAL CELLULOSIC FIBERS blend of two or
Burn with a yellow flame, light smoke, and have glowing embers. more fibers do not
Cotton/Linen
Cellulosic fibers do not melt or draw away from flames. burn in the same way as
MANUFACTURED CELLULOSIC FIBERS either fiber.
Sometimes, blends are more
Can burn quickly when ignited, but they behave somewhat differently as they burn.
dangerous than either fiber.
Burn similarly to cotton and linen, except they may shrink up and For example, fabrics of 50
Rayon / percent cotton and 50
become tighter.
Lyocell percent polyester tend to
burn longer than a similar
Burns with a rapid flame and melts when burning. May melt and
fabric of either cotton or
pull away from small flames without igniting. Melted area may
Acetate polyester.
drip off clothing carrying flames with it. When flames have died
out, the hot, molten plastic residue is difficult to remove.
SYNTHETICS The way a fabric
May catch fire quickly or shrink from the flame initially, but ultimately, they will sputter, is made (knit,
flame, and melt to the skin or the flaming melt will drop to the floor. weave, lace,
Burns similarly to acetate, except that it burns with a very heavy etc.) affects how
Acrylic it burns.
dense black smoke. It drips excessively.
Nylon  Heavy close structures
Polyester Burn slowly and melt when burning. May melt and pull away ignite with difficulty and
from small flames without igniting. Melted area may drip off burn more slowly than
Spandex light, thin, or open fabrics.
clothing carrying flames with it but not to the extent of acetate
Lastol and acrylic.  In general, summer
Olefin weight clothing is more
PROTEIN FIBERS likely to catch fire than
winter weight fabrics.
Difficult to ignite. They may self-extinguish, but this varies depending on the closeness of However, heavy weight
the weave or knit (fabric density) and other finish treatments. fabrics burn longer when
ignited, because there is
Wool more flammable material
Burn slowly and are difficult to ignite. May self extinguish
Silk present.
FLAME RESISTANT FABRICS  Fabrics with more of the
fiber surface area exposed
Difficult to ignite; burn slowly and go out when the source of the flame is removed. to air have more oxygen
Burn very slowly with melting. May melt and pull away from available to support
Modacrylic
small flames without igniting. Self extinguishes. burning and therefore
Saran burn more easily. Thus,
thin, gauzy fabrics, lace,
or brushed fabrics can be
very flammable.
Aramid
 Fabrics with a napped or
Novoloid Char but do not burn
brushed surface of fine
Vinyon fibers can catch fire easily
because of the greater
amount of fiber surface
exposed to oxygen in the
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE RICHTER SCALE
I Felt by almost no one.

Generally not felt, but
2.5
II Felt by very few people. recorded on seismometers.
Tremor noticed by many,

III but they often do not realize
it is an earthquake.
Felt indoors by many. Feels
IV like a truck has struck the
3.5 Felt by many people.
building.
Felt by nearly everyone;
many people awakened.
V Swaying trees and poles
may be observed.
Felt by all; many people run
VI outdoors. Furniture moved;
slight damage occurs.
Some local damage may
Everyone run outdoors. 4.5
occur.
Poorly built structures
VII considerably damaged;
slight damage elsewhere.
Specially designed
VIII structures damaged slightly,
others collapse.
6.0 A destructive earthquake.
All buildings considerably
damaged, many shift off
IX
foundation. Noticeable
cracks in ground.
Many structures destroyed.
X 7.0 A major earthquake.
Ground is badly cracked.
Almost all structure fall.
XI Bridges wrecked. Very wide 8.0
cracks in ground.
AND Great earthquakes.
Total Destruction, waves UP
XII seen on ground.
The Modified Mercalli Scale is The Richter Scale measures the
somewhat subjective, because the motion of the ground 100 km (60 mi) from
apparent intensity of an earthquake the earthquake’s epicenter, or the location
depends on how far away from its center on the earth’s surface directly above where
the observer is located. Rating intensities the earthquake occurred. The rating scale
from I to XII, it describes and rates is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on the
earthquakes in terms of human reactions scale represents a tenfold increase in the
and observations. motion of the ground.
MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
METRO MANILA
CITY/ POPULATION AREA DENSITY INCORPORATED
MUNICIPALITY as of 2010 (sq. km.) (per sq. km.) (City)
Manila 1,652,171 38.55 42,858 1571
Caloocan 1,489,040 55.80 26,685 1962
Las Piñas 552,573 32.69 16,903 1997
Makati 529,039 21.57 24,527 1995
Malabon 353,337 15.71 22,491 2001
Mandaluyong 328,699 21.26 15,461 1994
Marikina 424,150 21.52 19,710 1996
Muntinlupa 459,941 39.75 11,571 1995
Navotas 249,131 10.77 23,132 2007
Parañaque 588,126 47.69 12,332 1998
Pasay 392,869 13.97 28,122 1947
Pasig 669,773 31.00 21,606 1995
Pateros 64,147 2.25 28,510 Municipality
Quezon City 2,761,720 166.20 16,619 1939
San Juan 121,430 5.95 20,408 2007
Taguig 644,473 53.67 12,008 2004
Valenzuela 575,356 47.02 12,236 1998
WIND LOADS
ZONE SPEED
I (NE) 250 kph
II (NW) 200 kph
III (SW) 125 kph
TEN MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
POPULATION
RANK CITY DESCRIPTION
(2010)
Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives of the Philippines at the Batasang
1 Quezon City 2,761,720
Pambansa Complex and the metropolis' largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.
Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of
2 Manila 1,652,171
the chief executive, the Malacañang Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City, resulting in the formation of two non-
3 Caloocan 1,489,040 contiguous sections under the city's jurisdiction. Caloocan is the third most densely populated city in the country, lying immediately north of the city of Manila. It serves as an industrial and
residential area inside Metro Manila.
The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area and is also known as "the City of Royalties"
4 Davao City 1,449,296 because of home of some of the prestigious kings and queens in flora and faunas like the durian and the Philippine. It is also the Eco Adventure Capital in the Philippines. The City Mayors
Foundation ranks Davao as the 87th fastest growing city in the world and the only Philippine city to make it in top 100 in the year 2011
Popularly nicknamed as "The Queen City of the South". First capital of the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and regional center of Region VII. Most
5 Cebu City 866,171 populous city in the Visayas. Core of Metro. Cebu City has been honored as the 8th Asian City of the Future owing to its expansive business districts, premier entertainment destinations, and
its pristine waters which attracts tourists worldwide. The city is home to the most popular Sinulogfestival celebrated every January which attracts tourists and Filipinos alike.
Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city government as "Ciudad Latina de Asia" for its substantial Spanish-Derived Creole-speaking population
6 Zamboanga City 807,129 called "Zamboangueño", the largest in the world. Former capital of the Moro Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional center of Zamboanga Peninsula. Former
Republic (1899–1903) under the leadership of President General.
Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang
7 Antipolo 677,741
Taktak National Park. Most populous city in Luzon outside of Metro Manila.
Hosts most of the Ortigas Center. Part of the province of Rizal until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted the capitol and other government buildings of that
8 Pasig 669,773
province.
9 Taguig 644,473 Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Lies on the western shores of Laguna de Bay.
Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous for its whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures, that has been one of the tourism activities being promoted in the
10 Cagayan de Oro 602,088
Cagayan. Regional center of Northern Mindanao. Provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental.
HABAKKUK 3:17-19
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
A HYMN OF FAITH
Though the fig tree may not blossom, Nor fruit be on the
17
vines; Though the labor of the olive may fail, And the fields yield
no food; Though the flock may be cut off from the fold,
And there be no herd in the stalls— 18 Yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my
salvation.
19 The Lord God is my strength; He will make my feet like deer’s
feet, And He will make me walk on my high hills.

Arki Tabulated Reviewer 200501143515

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Arki Tabulated Reviewer 200501143515

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arki Tabulated Reviewer 200501143515

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION

AAA 1:1:2 Pre-Stressed and Post-Tensioned

CEMENT 1 SIDE / CHB 0.0023

A 1:2 18 14.5 1 REBAR WEIGHT PER METER (kg)

C 1:4 9 7 1 Ø REBAR (mm)

PERMISSIBLE SUMP CONSISTENCY

DESCRIPTION MAXIMUM MINIMUM

Reinforced foundation walls and footings 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)

Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)

Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRE-STRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS

BEAMS / RIBBED ONE-

Simply Supported L/20 L/16

One End Continuous L/24 L/18.5

Both Ends Continuous L/28 L/21

Cantilever L/10 L/8

Massive walls, 1 day (24 hours)

Main Arches 21 days (504 hours)

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH

CLASS USE CLASS DESCRIPTION TYPE STRENGTH

Electrical Equipment General

PAINT ROOF ROOF EFFECTIVE WIDTH ROOF ACCESSORIES

UAP DOC 205

Government Employee DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES

UAP DOC 203 UAP DOC 204

FULL TIME SUPERVISION

ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE

201 Pre-Design Services OF RA 9266

207 Design-Build Services

The Architect’s Responsibility in

The Architect’s Responsibility in

The Architect’s Responsibility in

The Architect’s Responsibility in

Violation of the Code

PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000

METHODS OF COMPENSATION APPLICATION METHODS OF SELECTION APPLICATION BASIS / PROCESS

REGULAR DESIGN SERVICES Project Definition Phase

SPECIALIZED Architectural Interiors (AI) Services

FULL-TIME SUPERVISION Quality Control

DOCUMENTS (201 – 209)

POST-CONSTRUCTION Building & Facilities Administration

COMPREHENSIVE Pre-Design Services

DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES Design-Build Services by Administration

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN  Project ADCs for actual Projects proposed for

PROFESSIONAL Program / Project Conceptualization & Development

RA1581 Architecture Law of 1956 June 16, 1956

RA545 Architecture Law of 1950 June 17, 1950

REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT LAWS

RA8981 Professional Regulation Commission Modernization Act December 5, 2000

PD223 Creating the Professional Regulation Commission June 22, 1973

LOI 1000 Letter of Instruction 1000 May 20, 1980

RA386 Civil Code of the Philippines June 18, 1949

RA7160 Local Government Code of the Philippines October 10, 1991

RA876 The Philippine Arbitration Law June 19, 1953

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REFERENCE LAWS

RA6541 An Act To Ordain And Institute August 26, 1972