MAIN ORGAN

FOR GASEOUS
EXCHANGE

Subtopic 2.2
 STOMA

Allows exchange of
O₂ and CO₂
between plants
and surrounding

Guarded by a pair Contains

of guard cells that chloroplast to
controls the carry out
opening & closing photosynthesis
of the stoma
Mechanism of Stomatal
Opening and Closing

depends on turgor pressure of

guard cell whether
turgid or flaccid

caused by
uptake of potassium
ion, K⁺ by guard cell
sucrose concentration in the
guard cell sap
The Opening of
Stoma
 UPTAKE OF POTASSIUM IONS
BY GUARD CELLS

1 2 3 4
The potassium ions The water potential The water molecules The guard cells
enter the guard in the guard cells from the epidermal become turgid
cells. cells diffuse into the and curve
decreases.
The solute potential guard cells by outwards.
in the guard cells osmosis.
The stoma opens
increases.
 SUCROSE CONCENTRATION
IN THE GUARD CELL SAP

1 2 3 4
In the presence of The concentration of The water molecules The guard cells
light, sucrose in the guard from the epidermal become turgid
cells becomes high. cells diffuse into the
photosynthesis and curve
The water potential guard cells by
occurs. outwards.
in the guard cells osmosis.
decreases. The stoma opens
The Closing of
Stoma
 UPTAKE OF POTASSIUM IONS
BY GUARD CELLS

1 2 3 4
The potassium ions The water potential The water molecules The guard cells
move out from the in the guard cells diffuse out from become flaccid.
guard cells. the guard cells to the The stoma
increases.
The solute potential epidermal cells closes
in the guard cells by osmosis.
decreases.
 SUCROSE CONCENTRATION
IN THE GUARD CELL SAP

1 2 3 4
In the absence of The concentration of The water molecules The guard cells
light, sucrose in the guard diffuse out from the become flaccid.
cells becomes low. guard cells to the
photosynthesis The stoma
The water potential epidermal cells by
occurs. closes
in the guard cells osmosis.
increases.
 The Effect of Water Deficiency
in Plants on Stomatal
Opening and Closing

During drought -plants experience water deficiency -water

is less -So,Plants has to respond very quickly to stop the
loss of water-FIRST REACTION=(STOMATAL CLOSURE)is the
reaction towards water shortage in the soil due to stress in
During

most plants. This stress stimulates a hormone -ABA-

drought……… Then,this hormones is transported to the leaves and
stimulates closure of stomata in leaves.
 Water from plants is lost in the form of water vapour
by transpiration through the stomata.As,Stoma-
opens widely=higher rate of water loss.

The opening and closing of the stoma is dependant

on the turgor pressure of the guard cells.
1. Turgor pressure-the pressure exerted by the cell’s
fluid content against the cell wall.
2. High turgor pressure and low turgor pressure.
3. Without turgor pressure the plant will appear to be
wilted and the cells become flaccid.
 Fresh plants >High turgor pressure
When the plant obtains enough water the guard cells become
turgid (swollen)
In this case ,the inner cell wall of the guard cells is thick and less
elastic as compared to the outer cell wall.
the thin and more elastic outer cell wall causes the guard cells to
curve outwards and the stoma to open.
 Wilted plants >low turgor pressure
When the lacks water the guard cells become flaccid (Shrunken)

the thin and more elastic outer cell wall causes the guard cells to
lose turgidity and the stoma to close.
Mainly,to reduce the transpiration rate and prevent water loss.
 A WARM
THANK YOU
TO ALL OF YOU!