1.

Formulating a research question in PICO format

Define:
a. Population: Users of 3D stereoscopic environment (young age 18-25 years)
b. Intervention: real environment
c. Comparison: stereoscopic environment
d. Outcome: Comfort
Research questions:
a. What is the optimal virtual reality configuration of 3D stereoscopic environment?
b. Which factors are dominant and can be used in 3D stereoscopic environment?

2. Searching for various full-text articles from various electronic databases in accordance with the
research question.
I am searching for supporting references from two electronic databases, namely Google Scholar and
PubMed. I used keywords “virtual reality configuration factors of stereoscopic environment”. The
results yielded approximately 1000 articles that may intersect with the research question generated
from PICO. From 2015 to 2022, an average of 100 articles discussed this topic, and the resulting trend
varied.
Count of Sources Column Labels
Row Labels 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Grand Total
Crossref 163 139 116 143 100 133 112 73 21 1000
Google 41 30 28 16 28 21 18 14 3 199
Grand Total 204 169 144 159 128 154 130 87 24 1199

One notable aspect of collecting these articles is the citation count. Some articles have citations
reaching up to 900. It is possible that these are the main references among the 1000 articles that I
have collected.
Row Labels Count of Authors Sum of Cites
BT Schowengerdt 3 962
FC Huang, DP Luebke… 1 422
G Kramida 1 377
BD Larson, F Cupero 2 275
Abigail Isaacson, Stephen Swioklo, Che J. Connon 1 212
H Hua 1 180
M. J. Reid, T. M. Dame, K. M. Menten, A. Brunthaler 1 174
C Jang, K Bang, S Moon, J Kim, S Lee… 1 169
I Izzat, F Li 1 153
HJ Yeom, HJ Kim, SB Kim, HJ Zhang, BN Li, YM Ji… 1 151
GA Koulieris, B Bui, MS Banks, G Drettakis 1 130
R Narain, RA Albert, A Bulbul, GJ Ward… 1 122
R Konrad, EA Cooper, G Wetzstein 1 114
R Konrad, N Padmanaban, K Molner… 1 96
PD Patterson, R Earl 1 85
Yutao Liu, R. Rand Allingham 1 85
V Nityananda, JCA Read 1 82
B Zou, Y Liu, M Guo, Y Wang 1 73
Marie Thompson 1 70
PV Johnson, JAQ Parnell, J Kim, CD Saunter… 1 70
MD Barrera Machuca, W Stuerzlinger 2 68
Jian Wang, Yunjie Zhao, Chunyan Zhu, Yi Xiao 1 65
K Terzić, M Hansard 1 65
MS Banks, DM Hoffman, J Kim, G Wetzstein 1 62
G Singh, SR Ellis, JE Swan 1 61
J Yu 1 58
MC Park, S Mun 1 58
Dongmei Cui, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin W. Rockhold, Michael N. Lehman, James C. Lynch 1 57
S Lee, J Cho, B Lee, Y Jo, C Jang, D Kim, B Lee 1 56
Bochao Zou, Yue Liu, Mei Guo, Yongtian Wang 1 55
H Oh, S Lee, AC Bovik 1 55
R Konrad, A Angelopoulos, G Wetzstein 1 49
Kang Wang, Qiang Ji 1 48
N Balram, I Tošić 1 48
Hannah Youngblood, Michael A. Hauser, Yutao Liu 1 46
 Yutao Liu, R. Rand Allingham 1 85
V Nityananda, JCA Read 1 82
B Zou, Y Liu, M Guo, Y Wang 1 73
Marie Thompson 1 70
PV Johnson, JAQ Parnell, J Kim, CD Saunter… 1 70
MD Barrera Machuca, W Stuerzlinger 2 68
Jian Wang, Yunjie Zhao, Chunyan Zhu, Yi Xiao 1 65
K Terzić, M Hansard 1 65
MS Banks, DM Hoffman, J Kim, G Wetzstein 1 62
G Singh, SR Ellis, JE Swan 1 61
J Yu 1 58
MC Park, S Mun 1 58
Dongmei Cui, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin W. Rockhold, Michael N. Lehman, James C. Lynch 1 57
S Lee, J Cho, B Lee, Y Jo, C Jang, D Kim, B Lee 1 56
Bochao Zou, Yue Liu, Mei Guo, Yongtian Wang 1 55
H Oh, S Lee, AC Bovik 1 55
R Konrad, A Angelopoulos, G Wetzstein 1 49
Kang Wang, Qiang Ji 1 48
N Balram, I Tošić 1 48
Hannah Youngblood, Michael A. Hauser, Yutao Liu 1 46
T Ueno, Y Takaki 1 46
AU Batmaz, MDB Machuca, DM Pham… 1 44
G Bruder, FA Sanz, AH Olivier… 1 44
CJ Lin, YT Prasetyo, R Widyaningrum 1 42
G Bruder, F Argelaguet, AH Olivier, A Lécuyer 1 41
Hélène Choquet, Janey L. Wiggs, Anthony P. Khawaja 1 40
M Hirota, H Kanda, T Endo, T Miyoshi, S Miyagawa… 1 40
Takaaki Ueno, Yasuhiro Takaki 1 40
Heeseok Oh, Sanghoon Lee, Alan Conrad Bovik 1 39
R Zabels, K Osmanis, M Narels, U Gertners, A Ozols… 1 39
CC Su, AK Moorthy, AC Bovik 1 38
R Konrad, DG Dansereau, A Masood… 1 38
Poemen P. Chan, Jason C. Pang, Clement C. Tham 1 37
Vamsi Adhikarla, Jaka Sodnik, Peter Szolgay, Grega Jakus 1 37
Kasim Terzić, Miles Hansard 1 36
Z Gao, G Zhai, H Deng, X Yang 1 36
Bicheng Luo, Feng Xu, Christian Richardt, Jun-Hai Yong 1 35
GA Koulieris, G Drettakis… 1 35
Ignace T.C. Hooge, Roy S. Hessels, Marcus Nyström 1 35
Jiheng Wang, Shiqi Wang, Zhou Wang 1 35
J Iskander, M Hossny, S Nahavandi 1 34
P Linton 7 34
S Wibirama, HA Nugroho, K Hamamoto 1 34
Sung-Kyu Kim, Ki-Hyuk Yoon, Seon Kyu Yoon, Heongkyu Ju 1 34
Liang Zhao, Shoudong Huang, Yanbiao Sun, Lei Yan, Gamini Dissanayake 1 33
CJ Lin, SH Ho, YJ Chen 1 32
M Takada, Y Fukui, Y Matsuura, M Sato… 1 32
Roopak R. Tamboli, Balasubramanyam Appina, Sumohana Channappayya, Soumya Jana 1 32
P Kellnhofer, P Didyk, T Ritschel, B Masia… 1 31
D F Ahram, W L Alward, M H Kuehn 1 30
H Oh, J Kim, J Kim, T Kim, S Lee… 1 30
Y Kazakevich, JE Kennedy 2 30

I then attempted to input the data obtained from Publish or Perish into VOSviewer to obtain a mapping of
possible factors that constitute the virtual reality configuration in 3D stereoscopic interaction. VOSviewer
produced 8 clusters with interconnected networks. In the image below, the large circles such as distance,
eye, and vergence are important components that are related to other factors.
Some of the articles found through a search using Publish or Perish are:
1. An Investigation of pointing postures in a 3D stereoscopic
Authors : Chiuhsiang Joe Lin , Sui-Hua Ho , Yan-Jyun Chen (Applied Ergonomics 48 (2015) 154-
163)
Population : young people (average age : 25)
Intervention : postural pointing and parallax
Comparison : 3D stereoscopic
Outcome : comformity
Summary : This research has 2 experiment methods : static and dynamic. By the static, it found
significantly better performance using the hand-directed than the gaze-directed pointing, significant
parallax effects on performance variables, and an interaction between pointing method and index
of difficulty. For dynamic method, performance was significantly higher with hand directed
pointing, but accuracy was higher with gaze-directed pointing. Additionally, performance was
significantly better with negative parallax than with positive parallax. Furthermore, participants
performed better in the frontal plane than in the sagittal or transverse planes. In relation to moving
paths, the results of this experiment support the notion that moving forwards and backwards in
depth is slower and more inaccurate than moving left and right for participants in a virtual
environment.
2. The effect of parallax on eye fixation parameter in projection-based stereoscopic displays
Authors : Chiuhsiang Joe Lin, Retno Widyaningrum (Applied Ergonomics 69 (2018) 10–16)
Population : young people (average age : 25)
Intervention : parallax level
Comparison : fixation
Outcome : accuracy of stereoscopic
Summary : by experiment to perform a pointing task in which a mouse with a 3D cursor and their
eyes were used to point to a concentric circle of virtual balls, ANOVA indicated significant
interactions between parallax and fixation duration (F2,18=9.25, p=.002). For number fixation, it
shown that There was no significant difference in number of fixations when the virtual ball was
projected at 20 and 50 cm in front of the screen. Addition, there were significant main effects of
 parallax and time to first fixation. So, parallax affects the accuracy of eye fixation in stereoscopic
tasks. The highest accuracy occurred when the participant's eyes fixated on the virtual ball projected
at the screen, and accuracy was lowest when the virtual ball was projected 20 and 50 cm in front of
the screen. The accuracy of eye fixation improved when the deviation between the eye fixation
location and the projected images of the virtual ball was low. The low eye fixation accuracy was
caused by the high difficulty level of cognitive processing. The difficulty level of cognitive
processing may be attributed to micro saccade, eye fixation movement tremor, and drift.
3. Effect of the accommodation-vergence conflict on vergence eye movements
Authors: Cyril Vienne, Laurent Sorin, Laurent Blondé, Quan Huynh-Thu, Pascal Mamassian
(Vision Research 100 (2014) 124–133).
Population : young people (average age : 29.5)
Intervention : accommodation – vergence conflict
Comparison : eye movement
Outcome : eye conformity
Summary : The conflict between accommodation and vergence portrays a potent influence on the
dynamic characteristics of vergence responses to step stimuli. It has strong implications for the
design of stereoscopic programs, where the scene cut-changes are often too fast to fuse the stimulus
due to the latency and time to fuse of the vergence system in stereoscopic viewing. Additionally,
the conflict between accommodation and vergence proved to have an after-effect on vergence
dynamics, when the disparity amplitudes do not excessively exceed the theoretical comfort zone.

From the three articles that have been read, several factors can already be found that parallax, posture
pointing, and accommodation-vergence conflict affect the comfort of 3D stereoscopic users. This is also
shown in the VOSviewer network.