Why studies of rock is essential in the field of civil

engineering construction?
The study of rocks is essential in the field of civil engineering
construction for several reasons:
1. Understanding geology of a site
2. Determining material properties
3. Site selection
4. Identification of mineral resources
5. Prediction of geological hazards
Why Nepal is one of the earthquake prone country in the
world?
Nepal is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world due to the
following factors:
1. Location: Nepal is located in a seismically active region
between the Indian and Eurasian plates and is prone to
earthquakes due to the collision of these two plates.
2. Geology: Young, active mountain ranges contribute to the build
up of stress within the Earth's crust, which can result in
earthquakes.
3. History: Nepal has a long history of earthquakes, with major
earthquakes occurring every few decades
4. Poor infrastructure: Buildings and infrastructure are often poorly
constructed and not designed to withstand earthquakes, which
makes them more vulnerable to damage and collapse during
seismic activity.
Why slope failure is more problematic than landslides?
Shorts answer in points.
Here are some points to explain why slope failure is more problematic
than landslides:
1. Slope failure is sudden and unpredictable, while landslides
may have some warning signs.
2. Slope failure causes more damage than landslides due to the
larger amount of material moving at faster speeds over greater
distances.
3. Slope failure is more difficult to predict and prevent than
landslides due to the complex set of factors involved.
4. Slope failure has significant long-term impacts on the stability
of the surrounding area and infrastructure, increasing the risk of
further slope failures or landslides
Why geological maps are needed in the field of civil
engineering?
Geological maps are needed in civil engineering because they:
1. Help identify site characteristics for designing foundations and
structures.
2. Aid in planning infrastructure routes by identifying potential
hazards.
3. Assist in locating mineral resources for mining operations.
4. Provide information for environmental impact assessments.
5. Help assess the risk of geological hazards and design structures
to withstand them.
Write down the vertical distribution of subsurface water.

 The zone between the ground surface and the top of capillary
fringe is called unsaturated zone (or, zone of aeration) which
consists of voids partially filled with water and partially with
air. Water is held at a pressure less than the atmospheric
pressure in the unsaturated zone. The unsaturated zone can be
further sub-divided into ‘soil-water zone’ and ‘intermediate
zone’.
 The zone between bottom of the unsaturated zone and top of the
water table is called capillary zone, where in most voids are
filled with water but the water is held at a pressure less than the
atmospheric pressure.
 The zone extending from the water table to an impermeable
layer is called saturated zone (or, zone of saturation), wherein
 all voids are completely filled with water. In this zone, water is
held at a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure, and
hence it moves in a direction based on the contiguous hydraulic
situation.  
 The zone between the ground surface and the top of water table
is known as the vadose zone. Thus, the vadose zone consists of
unsaturated zone and capillary zone (also known as ‘capillary
fringe’). The water present in the vadose zone is called vadose
water which is held at a pressure less than the atmospheric
pressure.

Differentiate between confined and unconfined aquifer in

table with shorter points.
Here's a table differentiating between confined and unconfined
aquifers:
Confined Aquifer Unconfined Aquifer
Aquifer is located between two Aquifer is located beneath
layers of impermeable rock or permeable soil or rock without
sediment. a confining layer.
Water in the aquifer is under
pressure due to the confining Water in the aquifer is not
layer, and can rise above the top under pressure and its level is
of the aquifer. determined by the water table.
Wells drilled into a confined Wells drilled into an
aquifer may tap into artesian unconfined aquifer generally
water that flows freely to the need to be pumped to extract
surface without pumping. water.
Water quality in a confined Water quality in an unconfined
aquifer is often high due to the aquifer can be more variable
lack of surface contamination. due to surface contamination
Confined Aquifer Unconfined Aquifer
and rapid recharge.