NAMA : ZAINAH NAJIHAH BINTI ZAINAN NO.

MATRIK : A190670

1 a. 400 ml 0f 0.2 M sulphuric acid solution.

Molarity(M) × molecular weight ×solution volume (mL)

Weight(g) = 1000 mL

0.2 𝑀 ×98.08 ×400𝑚𝐿

= 1000𝑚𝐿

= 7.85g

b. 500 ml 0f 0.02 N sulphuric acid solution.

0.02 N = 0.04 M
Molarity(M) × molecular weight ×solution volume (mL)
Weight(g) = 1000 mL

0.4 𝑀 ×98.08 ×500𝑚𝐿

= 1000𝑚𝐿

= 19.616g

2 a. 40 mL of 0.1 M sulphuric acid solution.

Molarity(M) × molecular weight ×solution volume (mL)

Weight(g) = 1000 mL

0.1 𝑀 ×98.08 ×40𝑚𝐿

= 1000𝑚𝐿

= 0.92 g

b.
NAMA : ZAINAH NAJIHAH BINTI ZAINAN NO. MATRIK : A190670

3. 1. Digestion: In this method, a certain substance or sample is heated in the presence of sulphuric acid.
The acid breaks down the organic substance via oxidation and reduced nitrogen in the form of ammonium
sulphate is liberated. Potassium sulphate is usually added to increase the boiling point of the medium.
Catalysts like mercury, selenium, copper, or ions of mercury or copper are also used in the digestion
process. The sample is fully decomposed when we obtain a clear and colourless solution.

2. Distillation: The distillation of the solution now takes place and a small quantity of sodium hydroxide
is added to convert the ammonium salt to ammonia. The distilled vapours are then trapped in a special
trapping solution of hydrochloric acid and water.

3. Titration: The amount of ammonia or the amount of nitrogen present in the sample is then determined
by back titration. As the ammonia dissolves in the acid trapping solution some HCl is neutralized. The
acid that is left behind can be back titrated with a standard solution of a base such as NaOH or other
bases.

Kjeldahl Method Reaction

Digestion:

Organic (C, H, N) + H2SO4 → digest Cu2+ + (NH4)2SO4

Distillation:

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3

And, NH3 + HCl → NH₄Cl

Titration:

B(OH)2 + H2O + Na2CO3 → NaHCO3 + CO2 + H2O

NAMA : ZAINAH NAJIHAH BINTI ZAINAN NO. MATRIK : A190670

4. Soxhlet method is a ungravimetric that used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a
solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. It allows for unmonitored and unmanaged operation
while efficiently recycling a small amount of solvent to dissolve a larger amount of material. Meanwhile,
Mojonnier method is a gravimetric method that uses organic solvents to extract fat. Subsequently the
solvent is evaporated and the fat is determined by weighing the dry fatty extract. The Mojonnier method
was less time-consuming and more precise than the Soxhlet. Examples of food samples suitable for
Soxhlet method is groundnuts and meat for Mojonnier method.

5. Immersed in hot 1.25% H2SO4 –

Rinsed with hot distilled water - helps remove unwanted soluble species.
Immersed in hot 1.25% NAOH –
Dried - removing excess water keeping the nutritive value
Ashed –

6. a. The chemical reactions and what is observed in the reactants of this experiment is Carbohydrates
(simple sugars, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and their derivatives) react in the presence of strong
acid and heat to generate furan derivatives that condense with phenol to form stable yellow-gold
compounds that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

b. 1. 5% phenol (Reagent grade)

2. Concentrated H2SO4
3. Ethanol, 80 % (v/v)
4. Standard glucose stock solution, 1.0 mg/mL
5. Analytical balance
6. Beaker, 100 mL
7. Filter paper/extraction thimble
8. Pipette, 1, 2 and 5 mL
9. Rotary evaporator
10. Spectrophotometer
11. Test tubes
12. Volumetric flask, 50 and 100 mL
13. Vortex
NAMA : ZAINAH NAJIHAH BINTI ZAINAN NO. MATRIK : A190670

14. Water bath

c. To ensure precision and accuracy of your measurement.

d. A standard curve is a tool that allows us to estimate the DNA concentration of unknown samples by
comparing them to standards with known DNA concentrations. Standard curves are graphs of light
absorbance versus solution concentration which can be used to figure out the solute concentration in
unknown samples.