RESULT

Table 1: Stain readings at point A

Point A
Load Force �1 �2 �3
(kg) (N) Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 9.81 6 7 6.5 -5 -5 -5 4 3 3.5
3 29.43 20 20 20 -15 -15 -15 11 11 11
5 49.05 33 34 33.5 -24 -25 -24.5 20 19 19.5
7 68.67 46 47 46.5 -35 -35 -35 27 27 27
9 88.29 61 61 61 -44 -45 -44.5 35 35 35
11 107.91 74 74 74 -55 -55 -55 42 43 42.5

Table 2: Strain readings at point B

Point B
Load Force �1 �2 �3
(kg) (N) Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 9.81 11 12 11.5 -3 -4 -3.5 2 1 1.5
3 29.43 35 37 36 -10 -10 -10 7 7 7
5 49.05 60 61 60.5 -16 -17 -16.5 11 11 11
7 68.67 85 86 85.5 -24 -23 -23.5 16 16 16
9 88.29 110 110 110 -31 -32 -31.5 20 21 20.5
11 107.91 135 135 135 -38 -38 -38 25 26 25.5

Table 3: �� , �� and ��� data at point A and B values

Point A Point B
Load (kg) Force (N)
�� �� ��� �� �� ���
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 9.810 6.500 -3.154 9.845 11.500 -5.154 5.819
3.000 29.430 20.000 -9.294 30.112 36.000 -13.959 19.767
5.000 49.050 33.500 -14.435 50.955 60.500 -23.766 31.984
7.000 68.670 46.500 -20.742 71.799 85.500 -33.404 45.936
9.000 88.290 61.000 -26.549 92.069 110.000 -43.876 60.465
11.000 107.910 74.000 -32.855 112.913 135.000 -53.181 73.838
 Table 4:�� ,�� and ��� at point A and B values
Normal stress & Tau
Point A (MPa) Point B (MPa)
Load (kg) Force (N)
�� �� ��� �� �� ���
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 9.810 1.282 -0.278 0.788 2.297 -0.393 0.465
3.000 29.430 3.972 -0.760 2.409 7.341 -0.729 1.581
5.000 49.050 6.731 -1.012 4.076 12.316 -1.296 2.559
7.000 68.670 9.295 -1.567 5.744 17.418 -1.789 3.675
9.000 88.290 12.239 -1.904 7.365 22.347 -2.510 4.837
11.000 107.910 14.802 -2.459 9.033 27.472 -2.926 5.907

Table 5: Principle stress and maximum in-plane values

Principle stress & ����
Point A (MPa) Point B (MPa)
Load (kg) Force (N)
�1 �2 In-plane τ �1 �2 In-plane τ
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 9.810 1.890 -0.886 1.624 3.103 -1.199 2.537
3.000 29.430 5.931 -2.719 4.974 10.460 -3.848 7.866
5.000 49.050 10.301 -4.582 8.306 17.456 -6.435 13.214
7.000 68.670 14.132 -6.404 11.600 24.741 -9.113 18.678
9.000 88.290 18.646 -8.310 15.108 31.558 -11.721 24.093
11.000 107.910 22.476 -10.132 18.401 38.944 -14.398 29.532
Figure 1: Normal Stress X, MPa against Force, N plotted graph
Figure 2: Normal Stress Y, MPa against Force,N plotted graph
Figure 3: Shear Stress, MPa against Force, N plotted graph
DISCUSSION

b) The plotted graph in Figure 1 shows the plotted data of normal stress x against force. This graph
shows that the normal stress x increases linearly with increasing force from 0N to 11N. The normal stress
produced at Point A increases with a gradient of 0.1378 while 0.2551 at Point B; thus, it shows normal
stress produced at point A is much lower than point B.

Next, the observation that can be made from Figure 2, which shows the plotted normal stress Y
against force, is the Normal stress Y is linearly increasing in magnitude with increasing force. At Point A, the
magnitude of stress is much lesser than at point B. The negative value indicates that the normal stress is in
a compressive state.

In contrast, Figure 3 shows the plotted graph of the shear stress against force, where stress at point
A is much higher in magnitude compared to the stress produced at point B. Other than that, it also shows
that Point A's stress increase with a positive gradient of 0.0839 while 0.055 for Point B.

The result obtained still has a slight error produced by the strain gauge. Repeatability is done by
reading the data while loading the external force and unloading the external force to get the average
reading. This reading will ensure the meter's accuracy in detecting the strain reading at each point. While
the data's trend line also shows that there are still zero errors because of the none zero y-interception.

c) This observation causes by the difference in distance between the studied point and the point
where the external force is exerted. The higher the distance between a point with the external force will
produce higher stress magnitude at the point.

d)
Table 6: Experimental and theoretical values at point B when Q is equal to 11N
Experimental value Theoretical value
Sx 27.472 31.330
Sy -2.926 0.000
Txy 5.907 9.110

Table6 shows the difference between the experimental value and the theoretical value. As for the sigma X
value, the experimental value is higher than the theoretical value. While for sigma Y, the theoretical value
is zero, while the experimental result shows a negative value. This situation happens because of the holes
at the cylinder, which will make the area around it have a high-stress concentration.

��
CONCLUSION

This experiment studies the state of stresses in a structure under combined loading and observes the
effect of the stress riser. It is found that the stresses produced at point A are much lower than those
produced at point B because its length is much shorter than length B. Beside, it also proves that the stress
is directly proportional to the load added. Last but not least, this experiment shows that the small hole on
the cylinder can cause a different reading from the perfect shape cylinder.