Driver Safety

Driver Safety
This course is an introduc�on to the hazards and safe prac�ces necessary

to prevent accidents while driving on roads and highways. It discusses
hazards associated with drug-impaired driving, distracted driving, and
reckless, careless, and aggressive driving. It also covers many safe prac�ces
drivers can use to prevent being a vic�m of a serious vehicle accident.
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OSHAcademy Course 119 Study Guide
Driver Safety
Copyright © 2022 Geigle Safety Group, Inc.
No portion of this text may be reprinted for other than personal use. Any commercial use of
this document is strictly forbidden.
Contact OSHAcademy to arrange for use as a training document.
This study guide is designed to be reviewed off-line as a tool for successfully completing
OSHAcademy Course 119.
Read each module, answer the quiz questions, and submit the quiz questions online through
the course webpage. You can print the post-quiz response screen, which will contain the
correct answers to the questions.
The final exam will consist of questions developed from the course content and module quizzes.
We hope you enjoy the course and if you have any questions, feel free to email or call:
OSHAcademy
15220 NW Greenbrier Parkway, Suite 230
Beaverton, Oregon 97006
www.oshatrain.org
instructor@oshatrain.org
+1 (888) 668-9079
Disclaimer
This document does not constitute legal advice. Consult with your own company counsel for advice on compliance with all applicable state and
federal regulations. Neither Geigle Safety Group, Inc., nor any of its employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees
make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information
contained herein or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this
publication. GEIGLE SAFETY GROUP, INC., DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Taking actions suggested in this document does not guarantee
that an employer, employee, operator, or contractor will be in compliance with applicable regulations. Ultimately, every company is
responsible for determining the applicability of this document's information to its own operations. Each employer's safety management system
will be different. Mapping safety and environmental management policies, procedures, or operations using this document does not guarantee
compliance with regulatory requirements.
Revised August 29, 2022

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Course 119
Contents
Modules and Learning Objectives .................................................................................................. 1
Module 1 Driving Hazards ........................................................................................................... 1
Module 2 Safe Driving Practices ................................................................................................. 1
Course Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3
Module 1: Driving Hazards.............................................................................................................. 4
Drunk Driving .............................................................................................................................. 5
The Effects of Alcohol on Driving ............................................................................................ 5
The Effects of Blood Alcohol Concentration ........................................................................... 6
Speeding...................................................................................................................................... 7
Aggressive Driving ................................................................................................................... 7
Reckless and Careless Driving ..................................................................................................... 9
Reckless Driving ...................................................................................................................... 9
Careless Driving ..................................................................................................................... 10
Distracted Driving ..................................................................................................................... 11
Drowsy Driving .......................................................................................................................... 12
Why Drowsy Driving is Dangerous ........................................................................................ 13
Warning Signs ....................................................................................................................... 13
Drug-Impaired Driving .............................................................................................................. 14
Seat Belts................................................................................................................................... 15
Deaths ................................................................................................................................... 16
Road crashes are the leading cause of death in the country, resulting in more than 38,000
people losing their lives each year. More than half of the fatalities on our nation's
highways were not buckled up at the time of the crash. As the video emphasizes, many
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drivers and passengers are injured or killed in a crash when struck by others sitting behind
who are not wearing seat belts. ........................................................................................... 16
Injuries .................................................................................................................................. 16
More than 2.2 million drivers and passengers were treated in emergency departments due
to being injured in motor vehicle crashes in 2018. Young adult drivers and passengers (18-
24) have the highest crash-related non-fatal injury rates of all adults. ............................... 16
Consequences ....................................................................................................................... 16
Hazardous Road Conditions ...................................................................................................... 17
Winter Driving Hazards ............................................................................................................. 18
Module 2: Safe Driving Practices .................................................................................................. 19
Drinking Alcohol .................................................................................................................... 19
Keeping Your Friends Alive ................................................................................................... 19
Speeding and Aggressive Driving .............................................................................................. 20
Reckless and Careless Driving ................................................................................................... 20
Distracted Driving ..................................................................................................................... 22
Drowsy Driving .......................................................................................................................... 23
Drug-Impaired Driving .............................................................................................................. 25
Use Seat Belts............................................................................................................................ 25
Things You Should Know ....................................................................................................... 26
Guidelines for Wearing Seat Belts ........................................................................................ 26
Rough Road Safety .................................................................................................................... 27
Winter Driving Safety ................................................................................................................ 27
Prepare for the Drive ............................................................................................................ 27
Practice Cold Weather Driving .............................................................................................. 28
Protect Yourself .................................................................................................................... 29

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Prevent Crashes .................................................................................................................... 29
Additional Resources .................................................................................................................... 30

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Modules and Learning Objectives

Module 1 Driving Hazards
• List the “fatal four” most frequent causes of death while driving.
• Discuss the effects elevated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) has on drivers.
• Discuss the factors that have contributed to the increase in speeding and aggressive
driving.
• Define “reckless driving” and how it differs from careless driving.
• List and discuss the three types of distractions drivers face on the road.
• Describe the warning signs of drowsy driving.
• Identify the most common substance causing drug-impaired driving in the U.S.
• Discuss the importance of wearing seat belts when traveling.
• Give examples of at least 3 kinds of hazards common on rough roads.
• Give examples of at least 3 types of hazards associated with winter driving.
Module 2 Safe Driving Practices
• Discuss what to do if a driver has had too much alcohol and wants to drive.
• Give examples of how you would respond to a driver displaying road rage.
• Discuss what you would do at an intersection to avoid being hit by a reckless driver.
• List three things you can do to minimize distractions while driving.
• Identify the most important way to prevent drowsy driving.
• Describe the best defense against being injured or killed by a drug-impaired driver.
• Discuss why it is important to wear seat belts even when your vehicle has airbags.
Copyright © 2021 Geigle Safety Group, Inc. Page 1 of 30

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• Describe how you can avoid hydroplaning on wet roads.
• Identify and discuss each of the “Four P’s” of winter driving

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Course Introduction
This course is an overview of the many hazards drivers face each day as they travel on roads
and highways. The goal is to give you a good understanding of the hazards and preventive
measures you can take to prevent accidents. We’ll focus on the hazards and related safe
practices associated with:
• drunk driving
• speeding and aggressive driving
• reckless and careless driving
• drowsy driving
• drug-impaired driving
• distracted driving
• rough road driving
• winter driving

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Module 1: Driving Hazards

A hazard is a source of danger. When driving, it forces you to change your speed or steering to
avoid a collision. To say that driving can be dangerous is an understatement. In 2019, 38,800
people were killed in car accidents in the United States. Ninty-five percent of all vehicles
involved in fatal car accidents were passenger cars or light trucks (vans, SUVs, or pickup trucks).
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), The leading cause of
occupational fatalities is vehicle-related crashes. Four of the most frequent causes of death and
injury on our roads in 2018 were:
1. Driving under the influence (DUI) - nearly 30% of all vehicle-related fatalities;
2. Speeding - about 26% of all vehicle-related fatalities;
3. Reckless driving - 29% of all fatalities - violating the rules of the road; and
4. Distracted driving - 5% of all fatalities - eating, texting, changing stations, etc.
Other causes for vehicle-related crashes include:
• Running yellow and red lights;
• Aggressive behavior - road rage;
• Failure to use a seat belt;
• Weather conditions - rain, snow, wind, etc.;
• Night driving;
• Road conditions - potholes, slopes, rough surface, etc.;
• Animal crossings; and
• Construction zones.

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1. What is the most frequent cause of occupational fatalities?
a. OSHA recordable injuries

b. Vehicle-related crashes
c. Driving while under the influence (DUI)
d. Falls from elevated surfaces
Drunk Driving
Every day, almost 30 people in the United States die in drunk-driving crashes — that's one
person every 50 minutes. These deaths have fallen by a third in the last three decades;
however, drunk-driving crashes claim more than 10,000 lives per year. That's about one-third of
the 36,560 people killed in motor vehicle traffic crashes on U.S. roadways during 2018. (NHTSA)
An alcohol-impaired-driving fatality is defined as a fatality in a crash involving a driver or

motorcycle rider (operator) with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08 grams per deciliter
(g/dL) or greater.
Alcohol is a substance that reduces the function of the brain, impairing thinking, reasoning, and
muscle coordination. All these abilities are essential to operating a vehicle safely.
The Effects of Alcohol on Driving
BAC is measured with a breathalyzer, a device that measures the amount of alcohol in a driver's
breath or by a blood test.

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The Effects of Blood Alcohol Concentration
Below is a table describing BAC and typical effects of various BAC levels
Blood Alcohol
Concentration
(BAC) in g/dL Typical Effects Predictable Effects on Driving
Decline in visual functions (rapid

Some loss of judgment; relaxation, tracking of a moving target), decline
.02
slight body warmth, altered mood in the ability to perform two tasks at
the same time (divided attention)
Exaggerated behavior. May have a

loss of small-muscle control (e.g., Reduced coordination, reduced
focusing your eyes), impaired ability to track moving objects,
.05
judgment, usually good feeling, difficulty steering, reduced response
lowered alertness, release of to emergency driving situations
inhibition
Muscle coordination becomes poor

Concentration, short-term memory
(e.g., balance, speech, vision,
loss, speed control, reduced
reaction time, and hearing), harder
.08 information processing capability
to detect danger; judgment, self-
(e.g., signal detection, visual search),
control, reasoning, and memory are
impaired perception
impaired
Clear deterioration of reaction time

Reduced ability to maintain lane
.10 and control, slurred speech, poor
position and brake appropriately
coordination, and slowed thinking
Far less muscle control than normal,

Substantial impairment in vehicle
vomiting may occur (unless this level
control, attention to driving task,
.15 is reached slowly or a person has
and in necessary visual and auditory
developed a tolerance for alcohol),
information processing
major loss of balance
For more information about drunk driving statistics and laws in your state, see the CDC's
Sobering Facts: Alcohol-Impaired Driving State Fact Sheets.

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2. Statistics show that almost 30 people die in drunk-driving crashes _____.
a. every 15 minutes
b. every hour
c. every day
d. every week
Speeding
Speeding is involved in about 26% of all motor vehicle fatalities. In 2018, speeding killed 9,378
drivers. We all know the frustrations of modern life and juggling a busy schedule, but speed
limits are put in place to protect all road users.
Speeding also affects your safety when driving the speed limit but too fast for road conditions.
This is true especially in bad weather, when a road is under repair, or in an area at night that
isn't well lit.
Speeding endangers the speeder's life and all of the people on the road around them, including
law enforcement officers. It is a problem we all need to help solve.
Consequences
Speeding is more than just breaking the law. The consequences are far-ranging. Below is a list
of the consequences of speeding.
• Greater potential for loss of vehicle control;
• Reduced effectiveness of occupant protection equipment;
• Increased stopping distance after the driver perceives a danger;
• Increased degree of crash severity leading to more severe injuries;
• Economic implications of a speed-related crash; and
• Increased fuel consumption/cost.
Aggressive Driving
Speeding is a type of aggressive driving behavior. According to estimates by the American

Automobile Association’s (AAA) Foundation’s Annual Traffic Safety Culture Index, millions of
drivers engaged in angry and aggressive behaviors in the 30 days before the survey.

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Below are examples of aggressive driving behaviors:
• switching lanes quickly/or very close behind another car;
• making rude gestures or honking at other drivers;
• driving 15 mph or more over the speed limit on a freeway;
• driving through a red light;
• passing in front of a vehicle at less than a car length;
• speeding up when another vehicle tries to overtake you;
• following a vehicle closely to prevent other vehicles from merging; and
• merging into traffic even when another driver tries to close the gap between vehicles.
Below are the various factors that have contributed to an overall rise in aggressive driving.
• Traffic Congestion: Traffic congestion contributes to aggressive driving, including

speeding, changing lanes frequently, or becoming angry at anyone they believe impedes
their progress.
• Running Late: Some people aggressively drive because they have too much to do and
are "running late" for work, school, a meeting, or other appointments.
• Anonymity: A motor vehicle insulates the driver from the world. The driver becomes an
observer of their surroundings rather than a participant. This can lead to some people
feeling less constrained in their behavior.
• Disregard for Others and for the Law: Speeding and changing lanes abruptly might
occur in response to specific situations. There is more rude and outrageous behavior on
the road than in the past because more drivers drive more miles on the same roads than
ever before.

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3. After drunk driving, what causes the mostvehicle-related fatalities?
a. Speeding
b. Road rage
c. Reckless driving
d. Distracted driving
Reckless and Careless Driving
Reckless Driving
Reckless driving another leading cause of driving fatalities. A person who drives a motor vehicle
with "wanton disregard." The driver is aware of and consciously disregarding the risk that their
driving may harm another person's property.
Below are examples of reckless driving:
• driving a car with faulty or poorly-adjusted brakes
• driving next to another vehicle while on a one-lane road
• failing to yield
• racing another vehicle
• driving too fast for the conditions
• driving a vehicle that is overloaded causing view obstruction
• failing to signal
• spinning out your wheels
• endangering people or property in areas open to the public
• illegally passing:
o on a hill or slope;
o two vehicles at once;
o at an intersection;
o a school bus while stopped;

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o while approaching or in a curve;
o at a railroad crossing; and
o while pedestrians are around.
Careless Driving
Careless driving rarely includes deliberate disregard or extreme indifference to the rights of
others. However, someone who endangers or is likely to endanger property or any person,
including the driver or passengers of the vehicle, is guilty of careless driving. The definition
varies from state to state. In some states, reckless driving is also called careless driving or
dangerous driving.
Below are examples of careless driving:
• tailgating - following too closely
• braking too quickly without warning
• passing a vehicle on the right
• accidentally driving through a red light
• taking your focus off the road
• eating, drinking, or smoking while driving
• slowing down to watch an accident
Examples that may include actions that are inconsiderate of other vehicle operators on the
road:
• driving too slowly for conditions
• unnecessarily remaining in a passing lane
• flashing bright lights repeatedly
• changing lanes repeatedly
• moving into an unsuitable gap

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4. Reckless driving occurs when a driver operates a vehicle _____.
a. with a non-caring attitude about others

b. in a manner that endangers persons or property
c. with deliberate disregard for others
d. with little concern for the consequences
Distracted Driving
Distracted driving is number four in the "Fatal Four" that causes about 25% of all driving
fatalities. It’s six times more likely to lead to a car accident than driving drunk. Distracted
driving is any activity that diverts attention from driving. It includes talking or texting on your
phone, eating and drinking, talking to people in your vehicle, or anything that takes your
attention away from the task of safe driving.
Driving distractions fall into one of three categories:
1. Manual: Anything that involves taking your hands off the wheel.
2. Visual: Actions that take your eyes off the road.
3. Cognitive: Activities that take your mind off driving.
Texting is considered the most dangerous form of distraction because it involves all three
distraction categories. Consequently, most states have declared texting while driving to be
illegal.
According to the NHTSA, 660,000 drivers use electronic devices while driving. Distracted driving
claimed 2,841 of those lives in 2018.
You cannot drive safely unless the task of driving has your full attention. Any non-driving
activity you engage in is a potential distraction and increases your risk of an accident.
Safe driving is only accomplished when the driver is sober and focused.
Below is a list of examples of distracted driving behaviors that increase the likelihood that you
will have an accident:
• being cognitively distracted or "lost in thought;"
• using a cell phone (talking, watching, listening, texting);

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• rubbernecking or staring at something of interest such as a person, object, or event;
• talking and looking at other vehicle occupants;
• reaching for devices, coffee, food, or cell phones;
• eating or drinking;
• adjusting vehicle devices/controls such as rearview mirrors, radios, climate controls, or

seats;
• disruptive objects such as pets or insects in the vehicle; and
• smoking, lighting up, putting ashes in the ashtray, etc.
You can see the distracted driving laws in your state by visiting the Governor's Highway Safety
Association's Distracted Driving website.
5. Why is using the cellphone, especially texting, considered the most dangerous type of
distraction while driving?
a. It takes the driver's hands off the wheel

b. It takes the driver's mind off driving
c. It takes the driver's eyes off the road
d. It takes the hands, mind, and eyes off driving
Drowsy Driving
NHTSA research shows that nearly 83.6 million sleep-deprived people are in the workplace, at
school, or driving on the road. Below are the three factors that most often cause drowsy-driving
crashes.
Drowsy-driving crashes:
1. occur most frequently between midnight and 6 a.m. or in the late afternoon. At both
times of the day, people experience dips in their circadian rhythm—the human body's
internal clock that regulates sleep;
2. often involve a single driver (no passengers) running off the road at a high rate of speed
with no evidence of braking; and
3. frequently occur on rural roads and highways.

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Why Drowsy Driving is Dangerous
A drowsy driver is an unsafe driver because performance is negatively impacted. Drowsy driving
symptoms are similar to those experienced driving under the influence of alcohol. In fact,
driving for 20 hours without sleep makes you as dangerous as someone driving with a .08%
blood alcohol concentration (BAC).
Below is a list of the effects that make drowsy driving so dangerous.
• Slows reaction time
• Impairs judgment and situational awareness
• Increases lapses in attention and risk-taking
• Increases the potential to microsleep – dozing off for a few seconds while driving
Warning Signs
According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, certain warning signs indicate you may
be sleep-deprived.
Warning signs to watch for if you're concerned about drowsy driving include:
• frequent yawning or blinking;
• feelings of "nodding off;"
• difficulty keeping your head upright;
• trouble remembering the last few miles you've driven;
• missing an exit or road sign;
• following other cars too closely; or
• drifting into the other lane or hitting rumble strips.
For more information on drowsy driving, see the National Road Safety Association's website.

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6. Drowsy driving symptoms are similar to _____.
a. careless driving
b. drunk driving
c. aggressive driving
d. reckless driving
Drug-Impaired Driving
You can't drive safely if you're impaired. According to the Governors Highway Safety
Association, in the U.S., more than 40% of the drivers involved in fatal car crashes tested
positive for drugs.
It's illegal everywhere in America to drive under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, opioids,
methamphetamines, or potentially impairing over-the-counter or prescription drugs. Driving
while impaired by any substance—legal or illegal—puts you and others in harm's way.
Many substances can impair driving, including some over-the-counter drugs, prescription drugs,
and illegal drugs.
Below is information on the effects of various drugs on drug-impaired driving.
• Marijuana is, by far, the most common drug used while driving. Like alcohol, it impairs
the driver's ability because it slows coordination, judgment, and reaction times.
Increased legalization has made this drug much more available and accessible.
• Methamphetamine is the second most common drug of choice among drivers. It can
make drivers more aggressive and reckless.
• Cocaine is the third most common drug used while driving. It can also make drivers
more aggressive and reckless.
• Stimulants: Both amphetamines and cocaine are stimulants. They change perceptions
and reaction time and can cause hallucinations. Drivers may use them to keep working
long hours or to complete long-haul assignments.
• Sedatives: Sedatives are a category of drugs that slow brain activity. They are also
known as tranquilizers or depressants. Sedatives have a calming effect and can also
induce sleep. Sedatives include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and "Z-drug" sleep
medications.

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• Simultaneous use: Using two or more drugs together, including alcohol, can amplify
each drug's impairing effects.
Below is information about the effects of drugs on driving.
• Some prescription drugs can induce drowsiness, cause nausea, affect judgment, and
lessen coordination, all of which can prove fatal when driving.
• Over-the-counter drugs may cause drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, irregular heartbeat, or

shakiness. Users should avoid operating motor vehicles if they are experiencing any side
effects from medication.
• Prescription drugs such as opioids, sedatives, muscle relaxants, and some

antidepressants have increased crash risk.
• A medication may not impair you on its own. However, if taken with a second
medication or with alcohol, it may cause impairment.
Violating state DUI laws that make it illegal to drive impaired by any substance can result in
arrest. This includes prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications.
Impaired drivers can't accurately assess their own impairment – which is why no one should
drive after using any impairing substances. Remember: If you feel different, you drive
differently.
To learn more about the perils of impaired driving, visit NHTSA's Drug-Impaired Driving website.
7. Which drug is, by far, the most commonly used by drivers today?
a. Methamphetamines
b. Sedatives
c. Cocaine
d. Marijuana
Seat Belts
For drivers and passengers, seat belt use is one of the most effective ways to save lives and
reduce injuries. Yet millions do not buckle up on every trip.

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Deaths
Road crashes are the leading cause of death in the country, resulting in more than 38,000
people losing their lives each year. More than half of the fatalities on our nation's highways
were not buckled up at the time of the crash. As the video emphasizes, many drivers and
passengers are injured or killed in a crash when struck by others sitting behind who are not
wearing seat belts.
Injuries
More than 2.2 million drivers and passengers were treated in emergency departments due to
being injured in motor vehicle crashes in 2018. Young adult drivers and passengers (18-24) have
the highest crash-related non-fatal injury rates of all adults.
Consequences
The consequences of failing to properly wear seat belts can not only be tragic for the victims;
they can be horrific for those who witness the consequences.
1. Not buckling up can result in occupants being totally ejected from the vehicle in a crash,
which is almost always deadly. Occupants ejected in non-rollover crashes are nearly
twice as likely to die. Those who are ejected in rollover crashes are four times more
likely to die (NHTSA, 2010).
2. Airbags are not enough to protect occupants; in fact, the force of an airbag can seriously
injure or even kill if occupants if they are not buckled up.
3. Improperly wearing a seat belt, such as putting the strap below the arm, puts occupants
at risk of increased injury in a crash.
For more information about the use of seat belts in your state, see the CDC's Buckle Up:
Restraint Use State Fact Sheets.
8. Which of the following fatality statistics is TRUE regarding seat belt use?
a. All fatalities are due to failure to use seat belts

b. Over half of the fatalities were not wearing seat belts
c. More fatalities occur in the back seat
d. Most fatalities occur in head-on accidents

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Hazardous Road Conditions
Driving your vehicle in hazardous conditions, such as snow, heavy rain, or thick fog, is a matter
of preparation, practice, and caution. And just because it is not a blizzard does not mean
conditions are not hazardous.
• With the oils and exhaust that accumulate on highways, only a small amount of
precipitation can cause the roadway to become slick, especially if it has not rained in a
long time.
• A fog bank or dust storm can suddenly reduce your visibility to zero.
• Other hazardous conditions drivers may encounter, such as strong winds that down tree
limbs or power lines, require extra caution from motorists.
Below are more examples of hazardous road conditions you may encounter.
• Fixed objects on the road: Examples include utility poles, fallen trees, uncovered water
drains, etc.
• Isolated spots of ice: These slick, frozen surfaces can make you spin or slide. Puddles of
water can freeze to create this hazard.
• Dangerous intersections: Intersections on narrow roads or around sharp turns prevent

you from seeing oncoming vehicles.
• Oil on the road: This can get slippery and dangerous.
• Poor guidelines: Over time, painted lines become worn and hard to see.
• Shoulder Drop-Off: If the space to the right of the road past the solid white line drops
more than two inches from the road's surface, it can cause an accident.
• "Slippery When Wet" roads: These roads are proven to be slick and unsafe when they
are wet.
• Wheel Ruts: Grooves where studded snow tires often dig into the road and make it
uneven and unsafe.
• Work Zones: There can be confusing directional signs and unpredictable changes in
work zones. Go Slow!
• Potholes: Roads where asphalt has been removed, create holes that can damage tires,
make cars swerve, and cause collisions.

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Winter Driving Hazards
Driving safely in winter weather can be a challenge for even the most experienced driver. It’s
easy to forget after months of mild conditions that snow and ice demand careful driving and
special preparation for your vehicle. When many vehicle crashes occur during winter conditions
such as black ice, lack of visibility, and loss of control, we could all use a reminder.
Dangerous situations you may encounter during winter driving include:
• putting traction devices on tires;
• removing snow from vehicle windows and rooftops;
• extreme weather conditions - extreme temperatures, white-outs, and heavy snowfall;
• sudden decreased control of the vehicle affecting steering and stopping;
• driving up to a sharp curve and you cannot see oncoming vehicles;
• driving in active hazardous work zones;
• you're stranded in a vehicle out in an isolated location;
• a vehicle is buried by snow and unseen by others;
• driving on snow-covered roads with unseen ice below;
• digging out when the vehicle is stuck in snow; and
• passing pedestrians walking on the side of the road.
9. What is the best way to avoid an accident while driving on snow?
a. Using traction devices

b. Using defensive driving techniques
c. Driving the posted speed limit
d. Being aware of the vehicle's condition

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Module 2: Safe Driving Practices

Safe practices are usually defined as methods showing how to perform a task with minimum
risk to personnel, equipment, materials, environment, and processes.
Drinking Alcohol
Being a responsible driver is simple: If you are drinking Do not drive for any reason. Call a taxi, a
ride-hailing service, or a sober friend.
Keeping Your Friends Alive
How do you successfully keep your friend from driving drunk? Below are some simple ideas to
help make sure your friend doesn't get behind the wheel after drinking too much:
• Be a leader - Before drinking alcohol, offer to be the designated driver.
• Don't be afraid to speak up - If it can save a life, don't think twice about taking action.
• Don't be confrontational - If you are accusatory, your friend might get angry or
defensive. Try to calmly suggest alternate transportation. Ask if they would be willing to
split a cab fare with you. If you're driving, offer a ride or suggest they sleep over.
• Express concern - Tell your friend you care about them and don't want them to get hurt
or killed.
• Get backup - Get a friend or two to help – it's harder to say "no" to several people. Your
friend is more likely to agree if others agree with you.
• Grab the keys - Having the keys in your possession gives you a lot of leverage.
• Call the police - If all else fails, call law enforcement. It's better to have a friend upset
with you for a few days than hurt or killed. They may not even remember the incident
after sobering up.
1. What's the best defense against drunk drivers?
a. Report all apparent drunk drivers

b. Be aware of oncoming traffic
c. Do not drive after drinking
d. Always wear a seat belt

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Speeding and Aggressive Driving
Speeding and aggressive drivers may not only affect the speeder—it can also affect other
drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists. Here are some tips for encountering speeders on the road:
• If you are in the left lane and someone wants to pass, move over and let them by.
• Give speeding drivers plenty of space. Speeding drivers may lose control of their vehicles
more easily.
• Adjust your driving accordingly. Speeding is tied to aggressive driving. If a speeding

driver is tailgating you or trying to engage you in risky driving, use judgment to safely
steer your vehicle out of the way.
• Call the police if you believe a driver is following you or harassing you.
• Never respond to someone flipping you "the bird" with a like response. Ignore it.
• Use your turn signals regularly.
• If you must, tap your horn, but never use long blasts.
• Do not flash your high beam lights if someone has not dimmed their lights as they
approach at night.
• Don't respond to aggression with aggression.
• If you feel threatened, call 911.
2. Which of the following is a safe practice when dealing with aggressive drivers?
a. Flash your lights to give fair warning

b. Move over so they can pass
c. Meet their aggression with resistance
d. Ignore it when someone flips you "the finger"
Reckless and Careless Driving
You can't control what anyone else is going to be doing on the road. But you can control what
YOU are doing. Whatever type of driver you encounter on the roads, be prepared for them. Do

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not engage them but rather prioritize your safety and that of your passengers so that you arrive
at your destination safely and alive.
Below are examples of tips on anticipating and responding to reckless drivers.
Ways to protect yourself and your family from reckless drivers.
• Look far ahead for any signs of abnormal activities, lights, dust clouds, etc.
• Switch lanes. Get some space between you and the other driver.
• If you have a passenger, have them call the police to report the other driver.
• If the other driver is in a company or government car, get the other vehicle's
information and report it to the employer.
• Be cautious when crossing an intersection. Wait three seconds after the light turns
green. Never assume your right-of-way. Look to the left, right, and ahead of you, twice,
before moving off.
• Never keep pace with a speeder, and let them pass if they are tailgating you.
• Increase your following distance if you are behind a reckless driver. If they crash, you
will come up on them very quickly and possibly crash into them. A large distance
between you and a reckless driver will give you time to react should the other driver not
signal their intentions when doing something.
• If a reckless driver is acting aggressive, never meet the aggression with aggression. That
will only escalate a bad situation.
• If you see reckless driving ahead, you may want to consider pulling off the road into a
parking lot or, if on a highway, taking the next exit.
• Always be on the lookout for reckless drivers, especially on-coming traffic.

Course 119
3. Which of the following is a good defensive practice before crossing an intersection?
a. Before moving off, check traffic to the right first, then to the left
b. Wait three seconds before crossing the intersection
c. Honk midway through the intersection
d. Assume you have the right-of-way when crossing
Distracted Driving
Although most distractions are avoidable, some distractions are impossible to completely
prevent; instead, they must be managed. Driving requires your full attention. In the last few
decades, cell phone use has become a major distraction that causes accidents.
As a general rule, if you cannot devote your full attention to driving because of some other
activity, it's a distraction. Take care of it before or after your trip, not while behind the wheel.
You can take charge of eliminating distractions by focusing on the road ahead.
You can take charge of eliminating distractions by focusing on the road ahead.
Below are tips the AAA gives to avoid distractions while driving:
1. Fully focus on driving: Do not let anything divert your attention, actively scan the road,
use your mirrors and watch out for pedestrians and cyclists.
2. Stow devices and other items: Put electronic devices, gear, possessions, and other
distractions that could roll around in the car away, so you do not feel tempted to reach
for them on the floor or the seat.
3. Make adjustments before your get underway: Address vehicle systems like your GPS,
seats, mirrors, climate controls, and sound systems before hitting the road. Decide on
your route and check traffic conditions ahead of time.
4. Finish dressing and personal grooming at home Get it done before you get on the road.
5. Snack smart: If possible, eat meals or snacks before or after your trip, not while driving.
On the road, avoid messy foods that can be difficult to manage.

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6. Secure children and pets before getting underway: If they need your attention, pull off
the road safely to care for them. Reaching into the backseat can cause you to lose
control of the vehicle.
7. Put aside your electronic distractions: Don't use cell phones while driving – hand-held or
hands-free – except in absolute emergencies. Never use text messaging, email
functions, video games, or the internet with a wireless device, including those built into
the vehicle while driving.
8. Ask others to help: If you have passengers, enlist their help so you can focus safely on
driving.
9. Take time - pull over: If another activity demands your attention, instead of trying to
attempt it while driving, pull off the road and stop your vehicle in a safe place.
Special note: Drivers of quiet electric vehicles need to be aware that they may not be noticed
by pedestrians. It's equally as important for pedestrians, especially those who are visually
impaired, to be attentive when crossing streets. For instance, it's much more difficult for
someone who can't see or hear well to notice a quiet electric vehicle approaching. As William
B., one of our students, expressed it:
"So many people don't know or care about a blind person going through an intersection with a
white tipped cane, and its infuriating. With the rise of electric vehicles it's a dangerous world for
visually impaired pedestrians."
4. What has become a major cause for accidents in recent decades?
a. Cell phone use

b. Eating and drinking
c. Smoking
d. Changing radio stations
Drowsy Driving
As we learned in the previous module, sleepiness, like alcohol, slows your reaction time,
decreases awareness, and impairs your judgment. Driving drowsy is similar in many ways to
driving drunk. The impact drowsy driving has on traffic safety should not be underestimated.

Course 119
If you are sleep-deprived, you may have an episode of "microsleep,” which is a brief loss of
consciousness that can last for a few seconds or longer. This means that at 55 miles per hour,
you may travel over 100 yards down the road while asleep.
Below is a list of safe practices that will help ensure a serious crash doesn't happen.
• Get adequate sleep every day. It's the only true way to protect yourself against the risks
of driving when you're drowsy. Make it a priority to get seven to eight hours of sleep per
night. Before the start of a long trip, get a good night's sleep.
• Avoid drinking any alcohol before driving. Consumption of alcohol interacts with
sleepiness to increase drowsiness and impairment.
• If you feel sleepy while driving, drink coffee and pull over for a short 20-minute “power
nap” in a safe place. This has been shown to increase alertness in scientific studies, but
only for short periods.
• Always check prescription and over-the-counter medication labels to see if drowsiness

could result from their use.
• If you take medications that could cause drowsiness as a side effect, use public
transportation when possible.
• Avoid driving during the peak sleepiness periods (midnight – 6 a.m. and late afternoon).
If you must drive during the peak sleepiness periods, stay vigilant for signs of
drowsiness, such as crossing over roadway lines or hitting a rumble strip. This is
especially important if you're driving alone.
• Pull over at a rest stop and take a nap if you begin to feel drowsy.
You can learn more about the effects of prescription and over-the-counter drugs by
visiting NHTSA's There's More Than One Way to Be Under the Influence website.
5. What's the only true way to protect yourself against the risks of driving when you're
drowsy?
a. Open windows and eat snacks

b. Drink coffee before each extended trip
c. Try to get 6 hours of sleep the day before
d. Get adequate sleep every day

Course 119
Drug-Impaired Driving
Despite being illegal in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, impaired driving is still one of
the most significant dangers on our roadways. It's important to get smart about driving while
under the influence of any kind of drug.
• Update your knowledge of drug-impaired driving, and review our resources to learn
more about this dangerous driving behavior.
• If you use an impairing drug, designate a sober driver, call a cab, or use a ride-hailing
service.
• Don't let friends get behind the wheel if they're under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
• If you're hosting a party where alcohol or other substances will be used, it's your job to
make sure all guests leave with a sober driver.
• Always wear your seat belt—it's your best defense against impaired drivers.
• Read and follow all warning labels before driving. Take special note of warnings against
operating heavy machinery, including driving any vehicle.
6. What is the best defense against drug-impaired drivers?
a. Wearing a seat belt

b. Never ride with a drug-impaired driver
c. Always report those who may be drug-impaired
d. Get educated on the symptoms of drug-impairment
Use Seat Belts
One of the safest choices drivers and passengers can make is to buckle up. Many Americans
understand the seat belt's lifesaving value – the national use rate was at 90.7% in 2019. The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that seat belts saved the
lives of almost 15,000 people in 2017 and more than 69,000 lives during the five years from
2013 through 2017.

Course 119
Things You Should Know
• Buckling up is your best defense to protect yourself from injury in a crash. Being buckled
up helps keep you safe from being completely ejected from a vehicle.
• Airbags are designed to work with seat belts, not replace them. If you don't wear your
seat belt, you could be thrown into a rapidly opening frontal airbag. Such force could
injure or even kill you.
• Insist that everyone in the vehicle, front seat, and back, buckles up. Don't move the
vehicle until they do.
Guidelines for Wearing Seat Belts
Below are important guidelines on how to buckle up and the importance of seat belt fit.
How to buckle up:
• The lap belt and shoulder belt are secured across the pelvis and rib cage, which are
better able to withstand crash forces than other parts of your body.
• Place the shoulder belt across the middle of your chest and away from your neck.
• The lap belt rests across your hips, not your stomach.
• NEVER put the shoulder belt behind your back or under an arm.
Fit matters
• Before you buy a new vehicle, check to see that its seat belts are a good fit for you.
• Ask your dealer about seat belt adjusters, which can help you get the best fit.
• If you need a roomier belt, contact your vehicle manufacturer to obtain seat belt
extenders.
If you drive an older vehicle with no seat belts or outdated lap belts, check with the
manufacturer about how to retrofit your vehicle with today's safer lap/shoulder belts.

Course 119
7. Which one of the following statements about the use of seat belts is FALSE?
a. Update seat belts in older vehicles

b. Keep the shoulder strap away from your neck
c. Never wear your seat belt with a loose fit
d. Seat belts are not required if you have airbags
Rough Road Safety
There are things you can do to avoid vehicle crashes while driving in hazardous road conditions.
• Slow down - If you drive fast, you may not react fast enough when facing certain
maintenance problems or conditions on a rough road. If you slow down, you'll also be
more successful at avoiding potholes, rocks, and downed tree limbs.
• Use the safe lane - On roads, especially busy highways, lanes that are used most by
trucks and vehicles using studded tires create ruts that cause puddles. It’s safer to use
the lane that has been traveled less to avoid "hydroplaning" across the standing water
in puddled areas. Hydroplaning happens when your tires encounter more water than
they can scatter, so they lose contact with the road and skid along the water's surface.
Winter Driving Safety
Winter driving can be hazardous and scary, especially in northern regions that get a lot of snow
and ice. Additional preparations can help make a trip safer or help motorists deal with an
emergency. The best defensive driving technique to use while driving on snow is, of course, to
slow down. However, be careful you don't go too slow or suddenly stop, which might cause a
rear-end collision. The next most important thing to do is to allow ample space between you
and the vehicle in front of you.
The "Four P's" of safe winter driving are: Prepare, Practice, Protect, and Prevent. Below is more
information about the 4 P's of winter.
Prepare for the Drive
• Maintain Your Car: Employers should ensure properly trained workers' inspect the
following vehicle systems to determine if they are working properly:
o Brakes: Brakes should provide even and balanced braking. Check that brake fluid
is at the proper level.

Course 119
o Cooling System: Ensure a proper mixture of 50/50 antifreeze and water in the
cooling system is at the proper level.
o Electrical System: Check the ignition system and make surethe battery is fully
charged andthe connections are clean. Check that the alternator belt is in good
condition with proper tension.
o Engine: Inspect all engine systems.
o Fuel: Fill up frequently. Keep at least a half-tank of fuel. A full tank is even better.
o Exhaust System: Check exhaust for leaks and that all clamps and hangers are
snug.
o Tires: Check for proper tread depth and no signs of damage or uneven wear. Use
snow tires. Check for proper tire inflation.
o Oil: Check that oil is at the proper level.
o Visibility Systems: Inspect all exterior lights, defrosters (windshield and rear
window), and wipers. Install new winter windshield wipers.
• Have On Hand: flashlight, jumper cables, abrasive material (sand, kitty litter, even floor
mats), shovel, snow brush and ice scraper, warning devices (flares, lights, cones), and
blankets. For long trips, add food and water, medication, and cell phone.
• Stopped or Stalled? Stay in your car, don't overexert, put bright markers on antenna or
windows and shine dome light, and, if you run your car, clear exhaust pipe and run it
just enough to stay warm.
• Plan Your Route: Allow plenty of time. Check the weather and leave early. Be familiar
with the maps and directions, and let others know your route and arrival time.
Practice Cold Weather Driving
• During the daylight, rehearse maneuvers slowly on ice or snow in an empty lot.
• Steer into a skid.
• Know what your brakes will do: stomp on anti-lock brakes or pump non-anti-lock brakes.
• Stopping distances are longer on water-covered ice and ice.
• Don't idle for a long time with the windows up or in an enclosed space.

Course 119
Protect Yourself
• Buckle up and use child safety seats properly.
• Never place a rear-facing infant seat in front of an airbag.
• Children 12 and under are much safer in the back seat.
Prevent Crashes
• Always put your lights on when driving in the snow to be visible to others. Use low
beams when driving in fog.
• Slow down and be watchful for ice in shady areas, on bridges, and below overpasses.
• Slow down and increase distances between cars.
• Keep your eyes open for pedestrians walking in the road.
• Avoid fatigue – Get plenty of rest before the trip, stop at least every three hours, and
rotate drivers if possible.
• If you are planning to drink, designate a sober driver.
For more information on winter driving safety, see the NHTSA Winter Driving Tips webpage.
8. What can you do to best create an effective SMS?
a. Ensure a full tank of gas, and drive below the speed limit
b. Keep windows clear and warm vehicle up before traveling
c. Pump your tires to stop and don't turn wheels
d. Slow down and allow extra space

Course 119
Additional Resources
• Motor Vehicle Safety, OSHA
• Safe Driving Practices for Employees, OSHA
• Distracted Driving: No Texting, OSHA
• Sample Vehicle Safety Program, OR-OSHA
• Ford Driving Skills, Ford
• Sobering Facts: Alcohol-Impaired Driving State Fact Sheets, CDC
• Older Adult Drivers, CDC
• Impaired Driving, CDC
• Teen Drivers, CDC
• Distracted Driving, CDC

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Driver Safety

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Driver Safety

This course is an introduc�on to the hazards and safe prac�ces necessary

Contact OSHAcademy to arrange for use as a training document.

Revised August 29, 2022

Modules and Learning Objectives .................................................................................................. 1

Module 1 Driving Hazards ........................................................................................................... 1

Module 2 Safe Driving Practices ................................................................................................. 1

Course Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3

Module 1: Driving Hazards.............................................................................................................. 4

Drunk Driving .............................................................................................................................. 5

The Effects of Alcohol on Driving ............................................................................................ 5

The Effects of Blood Alcohol Concentration ........................................................................... 6

Aggressive Driving ................................................................................................................... 7

Reckless and Careless Driving ..................................................................................................... 9

Reckless Driving ...................................................................................................................... 9

Careless Driving ..................................................................................................................... 10

Distracted Driving ..................................................................................................................... 11

Drowsy Driving .......................................................................................................................... 12

Why Drowsy Driving is Dangerous ........................................................................................ 13

Warning Signs ....................................................................................................................... 13

Drug-Impaired Driving .............................................................................................................. 14

Hazardous Road Conditions ...................................................................................................... 17

Winter Driving Hazards ............................................................................................................. 18

Module 2: Safe Driving Practices .................................................................................................. 19

Drinking Alcohol .................................................................................................................... 19

Keeping Your Friends Alive ................................................................................................... 19

Speeding and Aggressive Driving .............................................................................................. 20

Reckless and Careless Driving ................................................................................................... 20

Distracted Driving ..................................................................................................................... 22

Drowsy Driving .......................................................................................................................... 23

Drug-Impaired Driving .............................................................................................................. 25

Use Seat Belts............................................................................................................................ 25

Things You Should Know ....................................................................................................... 26

Guidelines for Wearing Seat Belts ........................................................................................ 26

Rough Road Safety .................................................................................................................... 27

Winter Driving Safety ................................................................................................................ 27

Prepare for the Drive ............................................................................................................ 27

Practice Cold Weather Driving .............................................................................................. 28

Protect Yourself .................................................................................................................... 29

Prevent Crashes .................................................................................................................... 29

Additional Resources .................................................................................................................... 30

Modules and Learning Objectives

• Define “reckless driving” and how it differs from careless driving.

• Describe the warning signs of drowsy driving.

• Discuss the importance of wearing seat belts when traveling.

• Give examples of at least 3 kinds of hazards common on rough roads.

• Give examples of at least 3 types of hazards associated with winter driving.

Module 2 Safe Driving Practices

• List three things you can do to minimize distractions while driving.

• Identify the most important way to prevent drowsy driving.

Copyright © 2021 Geigle Safety Group, Inc. Page 1 of 30

• Describe how you can avoid hydroplaning on wet roads.

• Identify and discuss each of the “Four P’s” of winter driving

Copyright © 2021 Geigle Safety Group, Inc. Page 2 of 30

• speeding and aggressive driving

• reckless and careless driving

• rough road driving

Copyright © 2021 Geigle Safety Group, Inc. Page 3 of 30

Module 1: Driving Hazards

2. Speeding - about 26% of all vehicle-related fatalities;

4. Distracted driving - 5% of all fatalities - eating, texting, changing stations, etc.

Other causes for vehicle-related crashes include:

• Running yellow and red lights;

• Aggressive behavior - road rage;