worksheet 7

Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: F
Griffith showed only that live R strain bacteria became disease-causing in the presence of heat-killed S strain
bacteria.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level F | DOK 1-LOW REF: 326

NAT: LS_2a TOP: 12-1
2. ANS: T
RNA polymerase controls the transcription of DNA to mRNA, which has to happen before an enzyme can be
synthesized according to the “template” carried in the mRNA.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 2-MOD REF: 337

NAT: LS_1c TOP: 12-7
3. ANS: F
Prokaryotes also use RNA polymerase.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 1-LOW REF: 337

NAT: LS_1c TOP: 12-7
4. ANS: T
The two strands in a DNA molecule are oriented opposite to each other.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C | DOK 2-MOD REF: 331

NAT: LS_2a TOP: 12-2
5. ANS: F
The central dogma summarizes the production sequence from DNA to RNA to protein. Environmental factors
influence gene transcription and translation through a variety of regulatory mechanisms.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 2-MOD REF: 342–345

NAT: LS_1d TOP: 12-8
6. ANS: F
The bundling of DNA in the chromosomes provides some inhibition to transcription, but some genes can be
transcribed even when the DNA is coiled.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D | DOK 2-MOD REF: 344

NAT: LS_1d TOP: 12-10
7. ANS: T
The enzymes are given names that reflect their tasks: helicase unwinds the helix, primase adds a primer, etc.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D | DOK 1-LOW REF: 333–334

NAT: LS_2a TOP: 12-4
8. ANS: T
The two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C | DOK 2-MOD REF: 334

NAT: LS_2a TOP: 12-5
 9. ANS: T
DNA is made up of only 4 nucleotide bases, but protein is a chain that can contain up to twenty different
types of amino acids folded into a complex shape.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level D | DOK 2-MOD REF: 329

NAT: LS_2a TOP: 12-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: D
Skin cells are somatic cells, so the mutation is not passed on to the person’s offspring.

Feedback
A Are you picking the least likely event?
B Think about the difference between body cells and germ cells.
C Did you consider all types of mutations?
D That's correct!

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B | DOK 3-MOD REF: 349

NAT: LS_2c TOP: 12-11
2. ANS: B
The number and identities of the bases in the two sequences are the same except for the substitution of an
adenine molecule for a thymine.

Feedback
A A frameshift mutation changes the number of bases in the sequence.
B That's correct!
C Do the two sequences contain the same number of bases?
D Check page 346 for the definition of a deletion.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level A | DOK 3-MOD REF: 345

NAT: LS_2a | LS_2c TOP: 12-11
3. ANS: B
Deleting a nucleotide causes a frameshift mutation, since the codons following the deletion will code for
different amino acids than the original sequence.

Feedback
A Check the definition of a point mutation on page 345.
B That's correct!
C How do you know what effects the mutation has on the whole organism?
D A protein is simply a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level A | DOK 3-MOD REF: 346

NAT: LS_2a | LS_2c TOP: 12-11
4. ANS: C
Since the reading “frame” is shifted one place, all amino acids after the deletion will be different from the
original sequence.

Feedback
 A Protein function is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
B Look closely at the codons that follow the mutation.
C That's correct!
D Do you see a stop codon?

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B | DOK 3-MOD REF: 346

NAT: LS_2a | LS_2c TOP: 12-11
5. ANS: A
The deletion of adenine from the beginning of the sequence causes a frameshift mutation.

Feedback
A That's correct!
B Is the number of nucleotides the same in the original and mutated sequences?
C An inversion reverses the order of nucleotides.
D Review the definition of translation on page 338.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B | DOK 3-MOD REF: 345–346

NAT: LS_2a | LS_2c TOP: 12-11
6. ANS: C
Introns, or intervening sequences, are removed from mRNA before it leaves the nucleus, so they are not used
in enzyme synthesis.

Feedback
A You're on the right track.
B Histones are proteins.
C That's correct!
D What does an operon do?

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 3-MOD REF: 337

NAT: LS_2a | LS_2c TOP: 12-7
7. ANS: B
The promoter is the most likely location for the mutation, because if it cannot operate, transcription of the
tryptophan-synthesizing enzymes does not take place. The trp repressor plays a role only in the presence of
tryptophan.

Feedback
A What would happen if the repressor molecule didn't work?
B That's correct!
C Histones are part of eukaryotic cells.
D If RNA polymerase were affected, the bacterium wouldn't survive at all.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 3-MOD REF: 342–343

NAT: LS_1d | LS_2c TOP: 12-9
8. ANS: B
Introns, or intervening sequences, get processed out of the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus, so removal of
an intron would probably have little effect on bacterial functions such as enzyme synthesis.

Feedback
A You're on the right track.
 B That's correct!
C The promoter is involved in gene regulation.
D What is a deletion?

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 3-MOD REF: 337

NAT: LS_1d | LS_2c TOP: 12-7

COMPLETION

1. ANS:
inducible
The bacterium would not need to produce the enzyme unless the environmental toxin were present, so the
situation is analogous to the lac operon example in the text.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level C | DOK 3-MOD REF: 342–343

NAT: LS_1d TOP: 12-9
2. ANS: eukaryotic

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B | DOK 2-MOD REF: 332

NAT: LS_2a TOP: 12-3
3. ANS:
shape/function/stability
Even a single change in the amino acid sequence can change how the protein folds.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level B | DOK 2-MOD REF: 347

NAT: LS_2c TOP: 12-11

SHORT ANSWER

1. ANS:
a-inversion, b-deletion/frameshift

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 3-MOD REF: 332 | 346

NAT: LS_2c TOP: 12-3
2. ANS:
It appears that the repressor protein is unaffected by the mutation in its ability to bind to the lac operator. This
allows the bacterium to turn off the synthesis of the enzymes for lactose metabolism. The mutation appears to
affect the ability of the inducer to inactivate the repressor, so the repressor is always preventing transcription
of the lac enzymes, making the strain unable to utilize lactose.

PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's Level E | DOK 3-MOD REF: 343

NAT: LS_1d TOP: 12-9