Unit 11 

: Leadership
Vocabulary:
Adjective Opposite
Cautious: careful to avoid potential Decisive: having the ability to make
problems or dangers. decisions quickly and effectively.
Casual: relaxed and unconcerned. Formal: done in accordance with
convention or etiquette.
Idealistic: unrealistically aiming for Realistic: having a sensible and
perfection. practical idea of what can be achieved
Critical: inclined to criticize Encouraging: giving someone support
unfavorably. or confidence; supportive.
Assertive: having a confident and Diffident: modest or shy because of a
forceful personality. lack of self-confidence.
Approachable: friendly and easy to Distant: cool or reserved.
talk to.
Ruthless: having no pity or compassion Principled: acting in accordance with
for others. morality and showing recognition of
right and wrong.
Radical: very different from the usual Conservative: is averse to change and
or traditional, favoring extreme holds traditional values.
changes in existing views, habits,
conditions, or institutions.
Dynamic: positive in attitude and full Laid-back: relaxed and easy-going.
of energy and new ideas.

Unit 12: Competition

Vocabulary:
 A level playing field : a situation of fair competition
 In the driving seat : being in control
 To be neck and neck : being at the same level as the competition
 Flogging a dead horse : wasting time on a hopeless situation
 A major player : an important company or person with a lot of power or
influence
  Move the goalposts : a change in the rules
 Keep your eye on the ball: staying focused and concentrated.
 Ahead of the game: being in front of the competition.
 A one-horse race: being the only competitor.
 On the ropes: being in a very bad situation.
 Static markets: markets with low to none competition. (Opposite: Dynamic
markets).

Passive voice
Form:
Subject + to be (conjugated in the correct tense) + past participle + the rest of the
sentence.
Functions of the passive voice
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences
an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other
words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.
 The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who
built it).
Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to
express who performed the action.
 I noticed that a window had been left open.
If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice,
we use the preposition by.
 “Twisted games” was written by Ana Huang.
Tenses in the passive voice:
 Simple present: is + past participle
 Present continuous: is being + past participle
 Simple past: was + past participle
 Past continuous: was being + past participle
 Present perfect: has been + past participle
  Past perfect: had been + past participle
 Simple Future: will be + past participle

Negotiation vocabulary:
 Leverage: the power to influence people and get the results you want.
 Trade-off: to accept something bad in order to have something good.
 Common ground: things that you agree on despite having many things you
disagree.
 Comply: to obey or act according to an agreement.
 Proposal: a written formal suggestion, plan, or idea.
 Deadlock: a complete failure to reach an agreement or settle an argument.
 Low-ball: to make an offer that is unfairly or unrealistically low.
 Compromise: an agreement between two sides, in which each side gives up
something it had wanted.
 Haggle: to argue with somebody in order to reach an agreement, especially
about the price of something.
 Concession: something that you allow or do, or allow somebody to have to
end an argument or to make a situation less difficult.
 Consensus: a generally accepted decision among a group of people.
 Terms and conditions: rules that you must agree to when you make a
contract or an official agree.
 Counterproposal: a return proposal made by someone who has rejected a
proposal.
 Non-negotiable: describes something that cannot be changed through
discussion.
 Demand: a very strong request for something, usually something that
somebody needs.
 Compensate: to provide something good to balance or reduce the bad
effects of damage, loss, etc.
 Bargain: to try to reach an agreement with someone in order to get a lower
price.
 Counterpart: a person on the other side of the negotiations.
 Bottom-line: the final offer someone will accept.
  High-ball: to make a request that is much higher than what you expect to
receive.

Business meeting:
How to conduct a business meeting:
1. Call the meeting to order:
o I call this meeting to order.
o We'll start the meeting now.
o Is everybody here? Good, let's begin the meeting.
2. Welcome and thank everybody for coming:
o Welcome everyone, thank you for coming.
o I appreciate everyone taking the time to join us today.
o I'd like to thank everyone for attending today's meeting.
3. Introduce any guests and/or new members:
o I'd like to introduce (name), our newest member.
o We have a visitor with us today, (name) from (company).
o Please join me in welcoming (name) to the meeting.
4. Explain the objectives of the meeting:
o The purpose of this meeting is to (state objectives).
o The goal of this meeting is to (state objectives).
o Our main objective for this meeting is to (state objective)
5. Ask someone to introduce the first item:
o Our agenda for today includes (list items).
o We have a lot to cover today, including (list items).
o Just a reminder, we'll be discussing (list items) during this meeting.
6. Review the agenda:
o I'd like to ask (name) to introduce the first item on the agenda.
o Can (name) please introduce the first item?
o (name) will be starting us off by introducing the first item.