ACTIVITY 2: BUS VOLTAGES

USING NODAL ANALYSIS

"MILANATICS"
DULATRE, JASON PAUL A.
GUIANG, ABRAM M.
GUIABAR, BRYAN M.
MANTILLA, SHILOH C.
NG, ANGELO MILAN E.
ORTEA, ANN DREA B.

Submitted to:
Engr. Vladimir Lucero
Instructor

DATE
MAY 24, 2023
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Power System Analysis Laboratory Manual

ACTIVITY 2: BUS VOLTAGES USING NODAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Program Outcomes (POs) addressed by the Activity

c. ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within

realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health
and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability, in accordance with standards

d. ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

2.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. write the equation describing the power system
b. determine the node voltages of a given network

2.3 Objectives of the Activity

The objectives of this activity are to:
1. apply the principle of source transformation
2. use Microsoft Excel in computing for the node voltages

2.4 Principle of the Activity

Power systems are usually represented by one-line diagrams, in which a single line
represents the three phases connecting power system components together. One-line diagrams
are drawn with a standard set of symbols for machines, circuit breakers, transformers, and so
forth. They usually contain information such as voltage levels, device ratings, and connection
types (wye or delta), although the information on the diagram will vary depending on the
purpose for which it is used.

Power systems are usually analyzed by using per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuits.
This analysis is done on a per-phase basis because the magnitudes of the voltages and currents
in each phase of a balanced three-phase system are identical. The per-unit system is used
because it eliminates changes of voltage level within a system.

Various mathematical methods can be used to carry out the network reduction process
and derive the required power system equivalent. Most methods use either the bus impedance
matrix or the bus admittance matrix of the entire network.

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 1

 The general equation for n-bus network based on Kirchhoff’s current law and
admittance form is
[𝐼] = [𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠] ∗ [𝑉]
where
[𝐼] = is the n-bus current matrix
[𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠] = is the bus admittance
matrix [𝑉] = is the n-bus voltage
matrix

The bus admittance matrix can be written as

𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌1𝑛

𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌2𝑛]
𝑌𝑛1 𝑌𝑛2 𝑌𝑛𝑛

Ybus matrix for n-bus network has n rows and n columns. Each of the Y terms in the
rows and columns has two subscripts:
1. The first subscript refers to the bus number on which the current is expressed.
2. The second subscript refers to the bus number whose voltage has caused that current
component. The terms on diagonal are self-admittances. All the non-diagonal terms are
mutual admittances.

Self-Admittance of Node. The terms Yii (I = 1,2,3) are self-admittances of respective

nodes and represent the algebraic sum of all the admittances connected to that node. Each
diagonal term in the Ybus matrix is a self-admittance term.

Mutual Admittance Between Two Nodes. The mutual admittance terms (or transfer
admittance terms) are the terms Yik in Ybus matrix. All the non-diagonal terms in the Ybus matrix
are mutual admittance terms Yik (i; k = 1,2,3 … n). Mutual admittance between two buses is
the negative of the sum of all the admittances connected directly between those two buses.

Bus impedance matrix. The matrix Ybus is extremely useful in load flow calculations.
Inverting this matrix yields the bus impedance matrix Z bus, which is very important in fault
current studies.

𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 1= 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠−1
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠

The voltages in power systems are usually calculated by nodal analysis. All sources are
represented as current sources by using Norton’s theorem, and all impedances are represented
by admittances. Then, nodal equations are written at every bus in the system, and the resulting
set of simultaneous equations is solved to determine the bus voltages.

The system of equations to solve takes the form of the equation

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 2

 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑉 = 𝐼

where Ybus is the bus admittance matrix of a system. Ybus can usually be constructed by
inspection once a power system is represented with current sources and admittances, according
to the following rules:
− The diagonal elements Yii are equal to the sum of all admittances directly connected to
node i
− The off-diagonal elements Yij are equal to the negative of the admittances directly
connected to node i and node j.
The resulting system of equations can be solved by using Microsoft Excel to invert Y bus and
multiply it by the current vector I. Once Ybus has been calculated, the node voltages can be
derived from
𝑉 = 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠−1𝐼
𝑉 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠𝐼

2.5 Materials/Equipment

Scientific calculator
Microsoft Excel

2.6 Problem

Figure 1 shows a one-line diagram of a three-phase power system. The ratings of the
various components in the system are:
Synchronous generator 1: 40 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs = 80%
Synchronous motor 2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs = 80%
Synchronous motor 3: 10 MVA, 13.2 kV, Xs = 100%
Wye-Delta transformers: 20 MVA, 13.8/138 kV, X = 10%
Line 1: X = 50 Ω
Line 2: X = 30 Ω
Line 3: X = 30 Ω

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 3

 Figure 1

The per-unit system base for this power system is 40 MVA, 128 kV in transmission line
1.

1. Calculate the bus admittance matrix Ybus for the power system.
2. Derive the bus impedance matrix Z bus from the bus admittance matrix Ybus using
Microsoft excel.
3. Assume that the internal generated voltages of the generators and motors in the per-unit
equivalent circuit have the following values:

𝐸𝐺1 = 1.15∠22𝑜
𝐸𝑀2 = 1.00∠ − 20𝑜
𝐸𝑀3 = 0.95∠−15𝑜

a) Find the per-unit voltages on each bus in the power system.

b) Find the actual voltages on each bus in the power system using Microsoft Excel.

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 4

2.7 Activity Report

Section: TL31 Date Performed: May 17, 2023

Course Code: EE0051 Date Submitted: May 24, 2023
Course Title: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Instructor: Engr. Vladimir Lucero

Group No.: 6 Activity No.:

Group Members: Signature:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2.7.1 Calculations: Show your complete work.

Node 1:
𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟑
𝟎= + − + −
𝒋 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑

𝟎 = −𝒋 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝒗𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝒗𝟐 + 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝒗𝟑

Node 2:
𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑
𝟎= + − + −
𝒋 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑

𝟎 = 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝒗𝟏 − 𝒋 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝒗𝟐 + 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝒗𝟑

Node 3:
𝒗𝟑 𝒗𝟑 𝒗𝟑 𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐
= + − + −
𝒋 𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑

𝟎 = 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝒗𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝒗𝟐 − 𝒋 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝒗𝟑

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 5

REACTANCE DIAGRAM

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 6

2.7.2 Conclusion

It is concluded that for this activity KCL is needed to evaluate the admittance matrix of
the power system. In each bus the KCL applies where it states that the currents entering a node
is equal to currents leaving the node, and the algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting
a node must equal to zero. Another to be concluded is that initially you will be able to attain
the bus impedance matrix of the power system through a series of equations. The diagonal term
of the bus admittance matrix is the self-admittance where it represents the algebraic sum of all
the admittance connected to that node. While the non-diagonal terms are the Mutual
Admittance where it is the negative of the sum of all admittances connected directly between
those two buses.
Lastly, though the construction of bus admittance matrix is possible through inspection
and manually, it is concluded that with the use of Microsoft excel, it is much more efficient and
accurate to construct the bus admittance matrix. The possibility of mistake and inaccuracy is
still possible however this is because of the lack of mastery to the use the application and
mistaken inputs and not because of the unreliability of the software. Which is why in instances
where the power system includes 5 or more buses, it is recommended to utilize the Microsoft
excel to construct its bus admittance matrix to evaluate the actual voltages of each bus in the
power system.

ACTIVITY 2: Bus Voltages Using Nodal Analysis 7