Topic 3 - Multi-Pulse Diode Rectifiers

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS & APPLICATIONS

EE703100
Topic 3
MULTI-PULSE DIODE RECTIFIERS

Tran Quoc Hoan, PhD
Outline
✓ Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier (Building Block)
✓ Series-type 12-, 18- and 24-pulse rectifiers
✓ Separate-type 12-, and 18-pulse rectifiers
Multi-Pulse Diode Rectifiers
3
Why Use Multi-Pulse Diode Rectifiers?
✓ To reduce line current THD;

✓ To improve input power factor;
✓ To avoid semiconductor devices in series.
Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier
4
➢ Resistive Load: id
D1 D3 D5
va
➢ Supply Voltages: a ia
va = 2 VPH sin(wt ) vb
b ib
vd Rd
vb = 2 VPH sin(wt - 2p / 3) vc
c ic
vc = 2 VPH sin(wt - 4p / 3)
D4 D6 D2
vab = va - vb = 2 VLL sin(wt + p / 6)
5
➢ Waveforms:
6
➢ Capacitive Load:
✓ Assumption:
𝐶𝑑 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑉𝑑 = constant
7
➢ Waveforms:
8
➢ Discontinuous Current Operation:

9
✓ Differential Equation:
d id
2 Ls = vab - Vd q1 £ wt < q 3
dt
✓ Solution:
q ( 2VLL sin (w t ) - Vd )d (w t )
1 q
id (q ) =
2w Ls 1
=
1
( 2 VLL (cosq1 - cosq ) + Vd (q1 - q ))
2w Ls
10

✓ Peak dc current:
Ip =
1
( 2VLL (cosq1 - cosq 2 ) + Vd (q1 - q 2 ))
2w Ls
✓ Average dc current:
1 q3
Id =  id (q ) d (q )
p /3 1
q
✓ Voltage - Theta relation:

Vd cosq1 - cosq 3
=
2 VLL q1 - q 3
11
➢ Continuous Current Operation
✓ With the increase of the load current, the rectifier will enter continuous current operation.
✓ During commutation interval, three diodes are on.
12
➢ Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
✓ Phase voltage (pure sine): va = 2 Va sin w1t


✓ Line current (distorted): ia = 
n =1, 2 , 3,...
2 I an ( sin (w nt ) - n )
1/ 2
 1 2p
1/ 2
  
2 
Ia =  0 (ia ) d (w t )  =   I an 
2
✓ RMS line current:
 2p   n=1, 2,3,... 
I -I2 2
✓ Line current THD: THD = a a1
I a1
13
➢ Definition of Power Factor (PF):

1 2p
✓ Per-phase average (real) power: P =  va ´ ia d (w t ) = Va I a1 cos1
2p 0
✓ Per-phase apparent power: S = Va I a

P Va I a1 cos1 I a1
✓ Total power factor (PF): PF = = = cos1 = DF ´ DPF
S Va I a Ia
✓ Distortion factor (DF) : DF = I a1 / I a
✓ Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF = cos 1

DPF
✓ PF = f (THD) : PF =
1 + THD 2
14
➢ Per Unit System:

✓ Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage: S R , VR
VR
✓ Base voltage and frequency: VB = and w B = 2p f1
3
SR VB
✓ Base current and impedance: I B = and Z B = .
3VB IB
ZB 1
✓ Base inductance and capacitance: LB = and CB =
wB wB ZB
❖ Example: Rectifier ratings 4160V, 60Hz, 2MVA.
❖ Base current = 277.6A, Base inductance = 22.9mH.
❖ Line inductance = 2.29mH = 0.1pu.
❖ Line current = 138.8A = 0.5pu.
15
➢ Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content:

1.00
ia
0.50
ia1
0.282
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
(a) Ia1 = 0.2 pu
2.00
ia
1.00
ia1 1.41
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
0 p 2p 3p 4p
(b) Ia1 = 1 pu
16
➢ THD and PF:

THD(%) PF
100 1.0
A: Ls = 0.05 C
80 B: Ls = 0.10 0.9
C: Ls = 0.15 B
60 0.8
A
A
A: Ls = 0.05
40
B
0.7 B: Ls = 0.10
C: Ls = 0.15
C
20 0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
12-Pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
17
i A = i a¢ + i a~¢
➢ Rectifier Topology N2 Llk
a
ia id
vA
Ls i A N1
✓ Series type: Two six-pulse
A
b
rectifiers are in series at vB

B d = 0° c Cd 
Vd
the output. N3 Llk i a~
vC a~
C
✓ Phase shifting transformer: ~
b
c~
d = Va~b~ - VAB = 30° d = 30°
✓ Secondary line-to-line voltage: Vab = Va~b~ = VAB / 2

N1 N1 2
✓ Turns ratio: = 2 and = .
N2 N3 3
18
➢ Simplified Block Diagram:

19
➢ Waveforms and FFT:

1.50 ¢ / I a¢ 1
I an
(pu) id n=1 THD = 24.1%
0.8
0.75
ia ia1 ( I a1 = 1pu ) 0.6 ¢ / I a¢ 1 = I an / I a1
I an
0
0.4
-0.75 n=5 7
0.2 11 13 17 19
-1.50 0
(a) (a)
0.80 I a~¢ n / I a~¢ 1
ia¢ = ia / 2 0.8
n=1 THD = 24.1%
0.40
ia~¢ 0.6 I a~¢ n / I a~¢ 1 = I a~ n / I a~1
0
0.4
-0.40 n=5 7
0.2
11 13 17 19
-0.80 0
(b) (b)
1.50 I A n / I A1
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ 0.8
n=1
THD = 8.38%
0.75
i A1 ( I A1 = 1pu ) 0.6
0
0.4
-0.75 0.2 11 13
-1.50 0
0 p 2p 3p 4p 0 250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
(c) (c)
✓ No 5th or 7th harmonics in the line current.
✓ Primary line current THD: 8.38%
20
THD(%) PF
➢ THD and PF: 25 1.00
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05 0.98
20
C: Ls = 0.10 A
(Llk = 0.05) B
15 0.96
C
A
A: Ls = 0.00
B B: Ls = 0.05
10 0.94
C: Ls = 0.10
C (Llk = 0.05)
5 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
❖ Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:

✓ THD is reduced;
✓ PF is improved.
21
➢ Converter Topology: id
Llk ia
Z
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ + ia¢ d = -20°
Ls iA Llk ia~ Cd 
Vd
d = 0°
Llk ia
Z
d = 20°
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
22
➢ Simulated Waveforms:
0.60
(pu) ia~¢ = ia~ / 3 THD = 23.7%
0.30
ia¢ ia¢
0
-0.30
-0.60
(a)
1.50
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ + ia¢ THD = 3.06%
0.75
0
-0.75
-1.50
0 p 2p 3p 4p
(b)
✓ No 5th, 7th,
or 11th, 13th
harmonics in the line current.
✓ Lowest harmonic: 17th
✓ Line current THD: 3.06%
23
➢ Measured Waveforms:
24
➢ THD and PF:

THD(%) PF
10 1.00
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05 0.98 A
8
C: Ls = 0.10 B
(Llk = 0.05) C
6 A 0.96
B A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
4 0.94
C C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
2 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
Comparison with 12-pulse: Improved THD
25
id
➢ Converter Topology: Llk ia
Z
d = -15°
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ + ia¢ + ia¢) Llk ia~
Ls iA d = 0° Cd 
Vd
Llk ia
Z
d = 15°
Llk ia)
d = 30°
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
26
0.60
➢ Typical Waveforms: (pu) ia~¢ = ia~ / 4 THD = 24.0%
0.30
ia¢
0
p 3p
-0.30
✓ Lowest line current harmonic: 23th -0.60
(a)
0.60
✓ THD: 1.49% 0.30
THD = 24.0%
ia¢ ia¢)
0
-0.30
-0.60
(b)
1.50
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ + ia¢ + ia¢) THD = 1.49%
0.75
0
-0.75
-1.50
0
p 2p 3p 4p
(c)
27
➢ THD and PF:

THD(%) PF
8 1.00
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05 A
6 0.98
C: Ls = 0.10 B
(Llk = 0.05)
C
4 0.96
A A: Ls = 0.00
B
B: Ls = 0.05
2 0.94
C C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
0 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
12-Pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
28
➢ Rectifier Topology:
id
L
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ Llk ia O
Cd Vd A
d = 0° D
Ls i A
id~
L
Llk ia~ O
Cd Vd~ A
d = 30° D
✓ Separate-type: Each six-pulse rectifier feeds a separate dc load.

29
➢ Application Example:
d = 0°
d = 0°
d = 0°
Multilevel Cascade
d = 30° H-bridge Inverter Fed Drive
Phase Shifting
d = 30°
Transformer
d = 30°
M
30
2.00
➢ Typical Waveforms:
(pu)
1.00
id id~
0
p ia 2p 3p
-1.00
-2.00
(a)
1.00
ia¢ = ia / 2
0.50
ia~¢
0
❖ Comparison with series-type: -0.50

-1.00
(b)
1.50
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢
0.75
✓ DC current ripple: higher 0

-0.75
-1.50
0 p 2p 3p 4p
✓ Line current THD: close ¢ / I a¢ 1
I an
n=1
(c)
0.8 THD = 32.7%

0.6 I a~¢ n / I a~¢ 1 = I an
¢ / I a¢ 1
0.4
n=5
0.2
7 11 13 17 19
0
I A n / I A1
n=1
0.8
THD = 7.36%
0.6
0.4
0.2 11 13
0
0 250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
(d)
31
➢ Measured Waveforms:
ia
ia~
iA
(a) Currents: 2 pu/div, 5ms/div
(b) Spectrum: 2 / 10 pu/div, 200Hz/div

32
➢ Line Current THD and Input PF:

THD(%) PF
25 1.00
Continuous
A: L s = 0 Current Mode
B: L s = 0.05 pu
20 C: L s = 0.10 pu 0.98
( L lk= 0.05 pu ) A
15 0.96
B
A A: L s = 0
10 0.94 B: L s = 0.05 pu C
B C: L s = 0.10 pu
( L lk= 0.05 pu )
5 C 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
IA1 (pu) IA1 (pu)
33
➢ Rectifier Topology:
id
Llk ia L
Cd O
Z Vd
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ + ia¢
A
d = -20° D
id~
ia~ L
Ls iA Llk
O
Cd Vd~ A
d = 0° D
id
Llk ia L
Cd O
Z Vd A
d = 20° D
34
➢ Simulated Waveforms:
0.80
(pu) ia~¢ = ia~ / 3 THD = 32.7%
0.40
0
ia¢ ia¢
-0.40
-0.80
(a)
1.50
i A = ia¢ + ia~¢ + ia¢ THD = 3.05%
0.75
0
-0.75
-1.50
0 p 2p 3p 4p
(b)
35
➢ Line Current THD and Input PF:

THD(%) PF
10 1.00
Continuous
A: Ls = 0 Current Mode
B: Ls = 0.05pu
8 C: Ls = 0.10pu 0.98
A
( Llk= 0.05pu )
6 0.96 B
A
A: Ls = 0 C
B: Ls = 0.05pu
4 B 0.94 C: L = 0.10pu
s
C ( Llk= 0.05pu )
2 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
IA1 (pu) IA1 (pu)

Topic 3 - Multi-Pulse Diode Rectifiers

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TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS & APPLICATIONS

MULTI-PULSE DIODE RECTIFIERS

Why Use Multi-Pulse Diode Rectifiers?

✓ To reduce line current THD;

➢ Discontinuous Current Operation:

➢ Discontinuous Current Operation:

➢ Discontinuous Current Operation:

✓ Voltage - Theta relation:

➢ Continuous Current Operation

➢ Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

✓ Phase voltage (pure sine): va = 2 Va sin w1t

➢ Definition of Power Factor (PF):

✓ Per-phase apparent power: S = Va I a

✓ Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF = cos 1

➢ Per Unit System:

➢ Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content:

➢ THD and PF:

rectifiers are in series at vB

✓ Secondary line-to-line voltage: Vab = Va~b~ = VAB / 2

➢ Simplified Block Diagram:

➢ Waveforms and FFT:

❖ Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:

➢ THD and PF:

➢ THD and PF:

✓ Separate-type: Each six-pulse rectifier feeds a separate dc load.

❖ Comparison with series-type: -0.50

✓ DC current ripple: higher 0

0.8 THD = 32.7%

(a) Currents: 2 pu/div, 5ms/div

(b) Spectrum: 2 / 10 pu/div, 200Hz/div

➢ Line Current THD and Input PF:

➢ Line Current THD and Input PF:

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