UNIT-III

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of

one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its
derivatives of various orders.

Ordinary Differential Equation

An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation in which the

unknown function (also known as the dependent variable) is a function of a
single independent variable.

Partial differential equations

Partial differential equation is a differential equation,in which partial

derivative exists.

Both ordinary and partial differential equations are broadly classified as linear
and nonlinear.

Linear and Non linear

A differential equation is linear if the unknown function and its derivative

appear to power 1 (products are not allowed) and nonlinear otherwise.

Linear equations

A differential equation, in which the dependent variable and all its derivatives
occur in the first degree only, has already been defined as linear. The equation

𝑑𝑛𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑃0 +𝑃1 + 𝑃2 +….+ 𝑃𝑛−1 +𝑃𝑛 y = X
𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑡

Where 𝑃0 , 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑛−1 , 𝑃𝑛 and X are fuctions of X is the general linear

equation of order n.

1
Notations

𝑑 𝑑2
D= , 𝐷2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥, = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐷 𝐷2

Complete solution

Y= Complementary function + Particular integral

Auxillary equation

𝑎0 𝑚𝑛 +𝑎1 𝑚𝑛−1 +𝑎2 𝑚𝑛−2 +…..+𝑎𝑛 =0 is known as auxiliary equation.It is

obtained by repacing D by m. On solving we get 𝑚1 , 𝑚2, …..,𝑚𝑛 those which are
the roots of the auxiliary equation.

Complementary function (CF)

Based on the roots of the auxiliary equation, we have three types of CF.

Case1: 𝑚𝑖 ’s are real and 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 … = 𝑚𝑛

CF=(Ax+B)𝑒 𝑚𝑥

Case 2: 𝑚𝑖 ’s are real and 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 ≠ 𝑚3 … ≠ 𝑚𝑛

CF=A𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + A𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 + A𝑒 𝑚3𝑥 + ⋯

Case 3: 𝑚𝑖 ’s are imaginary and in the form 𝑎 ± ib

CF= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (Acosbx+Bsinbx)
Problems
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎.(L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0

2
 (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = −1, −2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
 Solve(𝐃𝟐 − 𝟔𝐃 + 𝟗)𝐲 = 𝟎. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
𝑚 = 3,3
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 3𝑥
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟗)𝒚 = 𝟎. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 9 = 0
−5 ± √25 − 36 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚= [since 𝑚 = ]
2 2𝑎
−5 ± √−11 −5 ± 𝑖√11
𝑚= = = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2 2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
−5 √11
𝛼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 =
2 2
−5
√11 √11
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 2 𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 2

 Solve(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 − 𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝟎. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 − 2 = 0

−2 ± √4 + 8 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚= [𝑚 = ]
2 2𝑎

3
 −2 ± √12
𝑚= = −1 ± √3
2
𝑚 = −1 − √3 , − 1 + √3
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 (−1−√3 )𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 (−1+√3 )𝑥
 Solve (𝑫𝟑 + 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝟎. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
𝑚2 (𝑚 + 1) + 4(𝑚 + 1) = 0
(𝑚2 + 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
⟹ 𝑚 = −1, 𝑚 = ±2𝑖 == 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function == 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝑚1 = −1 , 𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 2
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
 Find the complementary function 𝐨𝐟 (𝑫3−𝟕𝑫 − 𝟔)𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 7𝑚 − 6 = 0
(−1)3 − 7(−1) − 6 = 0
𝑚 = −1 satisfies the equation
By synthetic division
-1 1 0 -7 -6
0 -1 1 6
1 -1 -6 0
𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 6 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
∴ 𝑚 = −1, −2, 3

4
 The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 3𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟐
+𝟒 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

(L1)
Solution:
𝑑
If = 𝐷, then the given equation becomes
𝑑𝑥

(𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 + 2)2 = 0
𝑚 = −2, −2
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 −2𝑥
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟎 given 𝒚 (𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒚’ (𝟎) = 𝟏. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚2 = −1
𝑚 = 0 ± 𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑟𝑡 𝑥, 𝑦 , (𝑥) = −𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Given that 𝑦(0) = 0 ⟹ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0 ⟹𝐴=0
and 𝑦 , (0) = 1 ⟹ −𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1 ⟹𝐵=1
Substituting the values of A and B in C.F, 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

5
 Particular Integral (PI)
Type 1: X=𝒆𝒂𝒙
Algorithm to find PI
1. Replace D by 𝛼.
2. If f(𝛼)=0 then multiply variable in the denominator with respect to the
derivative of the corresponding variable and repeat step 1, till we get
non zero value in the denominator.

 Solve (𝑫𝟒 − 𝟐𝑫𝟑 + 𝑫𝟐 )𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 . (L3)

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚4 − 2𝑚3 + 𝑚2 = 0
𝑚2 (𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚2 (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = 0,0,1,1
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 0𝑥 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)𝑒 1𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
The particular integral = 4
𝐷 − 2𝐷3 + 𝐷2
𝑒 2𝑥
= (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2)
(2)4 − 2(2)3 + (2)2
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= =
16 − 16 + 4 4
𝑒 2𝑥
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)𝑒 𝑥 +
4
 Solve(𝑫 − 𝟐)𝟑 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 . (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is (𝑚 − 2)3 = 0

6
 (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = 2,2,2
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
The particular integral = = (𝐷 = 2)
(𝐷 − 2)3 (2 – 2)3
𝑥 3 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, = 𝑒 }
3! (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑛 𝑛!
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑥 3 2𝑥
= (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑒 2𝑥
+ 𝑒
6
 Find the particular integral of(𝑫 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙. (L1)
Solution:
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 2( ) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2
The particular integral = = =
(𝐷 − 1)3 (𝐷 − 1)3 (𝐷 − 1)3
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
= −
(𝐷 − 1)3 (𝐷 − 1)3
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
= –
(1 – 1)3 (−1 – 1)3
𝑥3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑛
= 𝑒𝑥 − {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑛! 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 }
3! (−2)3

𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 +
3! 8
 Solve (𝑫𝟑 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒙 . (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 1 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚+1=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 1 = 0
1 ± √1 − 4(1)(1)
𝑚 = −1, 𝑚 =
2(1)
7
 1 ± 𝑖 √3
𝑚 = −1, 𝑚 = = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
1
√3 √3
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 2

5𝑒 2𝑥 5𝑒 2𝑥
The particular integral = 3 = 3 (𝐷 = 2)
𝐷 +1 2 +1
5𝑒 2𝑥 5𝑒 2𝑥
= =
8+1 9
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
1 √3 √3 5𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
+ 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) +
2 2 9
 Find the particular integral of(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐 𝟑𝒙. (L1)
Solution:
𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ2 3𝑥 (𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑥)2
The particular integral = 2 = 2
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
2
𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 6𝑥 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑒 6𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −6𝑥
( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 )
= 2 = = 2
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
1 𝑒 6𝑥 2𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ 2 + + ]
4 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2
1 𝑒 6𝑥 2𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ + + ]
4 36 + 18 + 2 0 + 0 + 2 36 − 18 + 2
1 𝑒 6𝑥 2𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥 1 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ + + ]= [ +1+ ]
4 56 2 20 4 56 20

 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟕𝑫 − 𝟔)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝟑𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 7𝑚 − 6 = 0

8
 7 ± √49 + 24 7 ± √73
𝑚= =
2 2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
7−√73 7+√73
( )𝑥 ( )𝑥
2 2
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒
2
𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3𝑥 ( 2 )
The particular integral = 2 = 2
𝐷 − 7𝐷 − 6 𝐷 − 7𝐷 − 6
1 𝑒 6𝑥 − 2𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −6𝑥 1 𝑒 6𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ ]= [ 2 ]
4 𝐷2 − 7𝐷 − 6 4 𝐷 − 7𝐷 − 6
1 𝑒 6𝑥 2 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ 2 − 2 + 2 ]
4 𝐷 − 7𝐷 − 6 𝐷 − 7𝐷 − 6 𝐷 − 7𝐷 − 6
1 𝑒 6𝑥 2𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ 2 − + ]
4 6 − 7(6) − 6 0−0−6 (−6)2 − 7(−6) − 6
1 𝑒 6𝑥 2𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [ + + ]
4 −12 6 72
1 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
= [− + 1+ ]
12 4 24
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
7−√73 7+√73
(
2
)𝑥 (
2
)𝑥 1 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 + [− + + 1]
12 4 24
Type 2: X=sin ax or cos ax
𝑋
If X=sin ax or cos ax then the particular integral is given
𝑓(𝐷)

becomes,
Step 1: Replace 𝐷2 by −𝛼 2
Step 2: If Dr becomes zero multiply Nr with the functional variable
and differentiate Dr with respect to the derivative of the functional
variable.
9
 Step 3: If linear order obtained in Dr, take the conjugate of
denominator and multiply in both Nr and Dr (to make Nr and Dr in
even order)

 Find the particular integral of(𝑫𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒙. (L1)

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
The particular integral = 2 2
= 2 2
(𝐷2 = −𝑎2 )
𝐷 +𝑎 −𝑎 + 𝑎
Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt D,
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑃. 𝐼 = = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( = ∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2𝐷 2 𝐷
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
= ( )=
2 𝑎 2𝑎
 Find the particular integral of (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟔𝑫 + 𝟗)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. (L1)
Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The particular integral = 2
= (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1)
𝐷 − 6𝐷 + 9 −1 − 6𝐷 + 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= = ( )
8 − 6𝐷 2 4 − 3𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (4 + 3𝐷)
1 (4 + 3𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 (4 + 3𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ( ) = ( )
2 (4 + 3𝐷)(4 − 3𝐷) 2 16 − 9𝐷2
1 (4 + 3𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ( )= ( )
2 16 − 9(−1) 2 25
1 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
= ( )= (4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
2 25 50
 Solve(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0

10
 𝑚2 = −1m= 0 ± 𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function is 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The particular integral = = (𝐷2 = −1)
𝐷2 + 1 −1 + 1
Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt D,
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 1
= = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( = ∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2𝐷 2 𝐷
𝑥 −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) =
2 2
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −
2
 Solve(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙. (L3)
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0
𝑚2 = −4, 𝑚 = 0 ± 2𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function is 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 2
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
The particular integral = = (𝐷2 = −22 )
𝐷2 + 22 −4 + 4
Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt D
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 = = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( = ∫ 𝑑𝑥) = ( )=
2𝐷 2 𝐷 2 2 4
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 +
4
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝒚 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙. (L3)
Solution:

11
 Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0
𝑚2 = −4, 𝑚 = 0 ± 2𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
The particular integral = = (𝐷2 = −4)
𝐷2 + 4 −4 + 4
Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt D,
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑃. 𝐼 = = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (∵ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2𝐷 2 𝐷
𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= ( )=
2 2 4
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 −
4
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟑)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝐷 + 3 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = 3,1
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
C.F = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3
1
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]]
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 − 2𝑥) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 = [ ] = [ ]
2 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3 2 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3
= 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = [ 2 ]= [ ] (𝐷2 = −25)
2 𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 3 2 −25 − 4𝐷 + 3
12
 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥
= [ ]= [ ]
2 −22 − 4𝐷 −4 11 + 2𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (11 − 2𝐷)
1 (11 − 2𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 1 (11 − 2𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥
=− [ ]=− [ ]
4 (11 − 2𝐷)(11 + 2𝐷) 4 121 − 4𝐷2
1 (11𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 − 2𝐷(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥)
= [ ] (𝐷2 = −25)
4 121 − 4(−25)
1 (11𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥)
=− [ ]
4 121 + 100
1 (11𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥)
=− [ ]
4 121 + 100
1
=− [11𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥]
884
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = [ 2 ]= [ ] (𝐷2 = −1)
2 𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 3 2 −1 − 4𝐷 + 3
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= [ ]= [ ]
2 2 − 4𝐷 4 1 − 2𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (1 + 2𝐷)
1 (1 + 2𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 (1 + 2𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= [ = [ ]]
4 (1 + 2𝐷)(1 − 2𝐷) 4 1 − 4𝐷2

1 (1 + 2𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= [ ] (𝐷2 = −1)
4 1 − 4(−1)
1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
= [ ]
4 1+4
1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 1
= [ ]= [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
4 5 20
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2
1 1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 − [11𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥] + [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
884 20

13
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −2, −1
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
C.F = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2
1
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]]
2
𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 − 𝑥)
= 2 + [ ]
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2
𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
= 2 + [ 2 ]+ [ 2 ]
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 2 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 2 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2 = (𝐷 = 2) =
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 4+6+2 12

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼
2 = [ ] = [ ] (𝐷2 = −16)
2 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 2 −16 + 3𝐷 + 2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
= [ ]
2 −14 + 3𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (−14 − 3𝐷)
1 (−14 − 3𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 1 (14 + 3𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
= [ ] =− [ ]
2 (−14 − 3𝐷)(−14 + 3𝐷) 2 196 − 9𝐷2
1 (14 + 3𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 1 14 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 3𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
=− [ ] =− [ ]
2 196 − 9(−16) 2 340
1 14 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 3𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 1 14 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 12𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
=− [ ] =− [ ]
2 340 2 340
14
 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼
2 = − [ ]
340
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 3 = [ 2 ]= [ ] (𝐷2 = −4)
2 𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2 2 −4 + 3𝐷 + 2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
= [ ]
2 −2 + 3𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (−2 − 3𝐷)
1 (−2 − 3𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 1 (2 + 3𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
= [ ]=− [ ]
2 (−2 − 3𝐷)(−2 + 3𝐷) 2 4 − 9𝐷2
1 (2 + 3𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 3𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
=− [ ]=− [ ]
2 4 − 9(−4) 2 40
1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=− [ ] = −[ ]
2 40 40
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2 + 𝑃. 𝐼 3

−𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 + −[ ]−[ ]
12 340 40
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐 )𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟐𝒆𝒙 . (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = 2,1
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
C.F = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) + 2𝑒 𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2
𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3)
= (𝐷2 = −4)
−4 − 3𝐷 + 2

15
 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) −2𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3)
= =
−2 − 3𝐷 2 + 3𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (2 − 3𝐷)
−2(2 − 3𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) −2(2 − 3𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3)
= =
(2 − 3𝐷)(2 + 3𝐷) 4 − 9𝐷2
−2(2 − 3𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) −2(2 − 3𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3)
= (𝐷2 = −4) =
4 − 9(−4) 4 − 9(−4)
−2(2 cos(2𝑥 + 3) − 3 Dcos(2𝑥 + 3))
=
40
−2(2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3))
=
40
−4(cos(2𝑥 + 3) + 3 sin(2𝑥 + 3))
=
40
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3)
= −[ ]
10
2𝑒 𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = 2
𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2
2𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
= 2 (𝐷 = 1) =
1 − 3(1) + 2 0
Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt 𝐷 , we
have
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= = (𝐷 = 1) = = −2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
2𝐷 − 3 2(1) − 3 −1
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 3) + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 − [ ] − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
10

16
Type 3
If x is polynomial or algebraic function.
Step 1: Take the common factor and constant term outside simultaneously
(Make the D.R. into the binomial form)
Step 2: Shift binomial term to Nr
Step 3: Using binomial expansion subject to power of the algebraic function.

 Find the particular integral of (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙. (L1)

Solution:
𝑥 𝑥
The particular integral = =
𝐷2 + 5𝐷 + 4 (𝐷2 + 5𝐷)
4 (1 + )
4
1 (𝐷2 + 5𝐷) −1
= (1 + ) 𝑥
4 4
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
𝐷(𝑥) = 1, 𝐷2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐷3 (𝑥 ) = 𝐷4 (𝑥 ) … … = 0
2
1 (𝐷2 + 5𝐷) (𝐷2 + 5𝐷)
= {1 − + − ⋯}𝑥
4 4 16
1 5𝐷𝑥 1 5
= (𝑥 − ) = (𝑥 − )
4 4 4 4
 Find the particular integral of(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 . (L1)
Solution:
−1
𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝐷2
The particular integral = 2 = = (1 + ) 𝑥2
𝐷 + 2 𝐷2 2 2
2 (1 +
2 )
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
1 𝐷2 𝐷4 𝐷6
= (1 − + − + ⋯ )𝑥 2
2 2 4 8

17
 1 2 𝐷2 (𝑥 2 ) 𝐷4 (𝑥 2 ) 𝐷6 (𝑥 2 )
= (𝑥 − + − +⋯)
2 2 4 8
𝐷(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥, 𝐷2 (𝑥 2 ) = 2, 𝐷3 (𝑥 2 ) = 𝐷4 (𝑥 2 ) … … = 0
1 1 1
𝑃. 𝐼 = (𝑥 2 − (2) + 0 − ⋯ ) = (𝑥 2 − 1)
2 2 2
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙. (L3)
[8Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0, 𝑚2 = −4, 𝑚 = 0 ± 2𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 2
C.F = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑥 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 =
𝐷2 + 4
𝑥4 𝑥4 1 𝐷2 −1 4
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2 = = (1 + ) 𝑥
𝐷 + 4 𝐷2 4 4
4 (1 +
4)
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
1 𝐷2 𝐷4 𝐷6
= (1 − + − + ⋯ )𝑥 4
4 4 16 64
1 4 𝐷2 (𝑥 4 ) 𝐷4 (𝑥 4 ) 𝐷6 (𝑥 4 )
= (𝑥 − + − +⋯)
4 4 16 64
𝐷(𝑥 4 ) = 4𝑥 3 , 𝐷2 (𝑥 4 ) = 12𝑥 2 , 𝐷3 (𝑥 4 ) = 24𝑥, 𝐷4 (𝑥 4 ) = 24,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷5 (𝑥 4 ) = 𝐷6 (𝑥 4 ) … = 0
1 1 1 1
= (𝑥 4 − (12𝑥 2 ) + (24) − ⋯ ) == (2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 3)
4 4 16 8
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ( 2 )
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = 2 =
𝐷 + 4 𝐷2 + 4

18
 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
(2) 𝑒 0𝑥 ( 2 ) 1 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 2 + 2 = [ + ]
𝐷 + 4 𝐷 + 4 2 0 + 4 −4 + 4
Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt
𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have,
1 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= [ + ]
2 4 2𝐷
1 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= [ + ] ( = ∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2 4 2 𝐷
1 1 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1
= [ + ] = [1 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
2 4 4 8
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2
1 1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + (2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 3) + [1 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
8 8
1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + (2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
8
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 + 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −4, −1
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
C.F = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 3
The particular integral =
𝐷2 + 5𝐷 + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2 = (𝐷2 = −4)
𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 4 −4 + 5𝐷 + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( )=
5𝐷 5 5 2 10

19
 𝑥3 + 3 𝑥3 + 3
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = 2 =
𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 4 𝐷2 + 5𝐷
4 (1 + ( ))
4
−1
1 𝐷2 + 5𝐷
= (1 + ( )) (𝑥 3 + 3)
4 4

[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2 3
1 𝐷2 + 5𝐷 𝐷2 + 5𝐷 𝐷2 + 5𝐷
= (1 − ( )+( ) −( ) + ⋯ )(𝑥 3 + 3)
4 4 4 4
1 5𝐷 𝐷2 1
= [1 − − + (𝐷4 + 10𝐷3 + 25𝐷2 )
4 4 4 16
1
− (𝐷6 + 15𝐷5 + 75𝐷4 + 125𝐷3 )] (𝑥 3 + 3)
64
𝐷(𝑥 3 + 3) = 3𝑥 2 , 𝐷2 (𝑥 3 + 3 ) = 6𝑥,
𝐷3 (𝑥 3 + 3 ) = 6, 𝐷4 (𝑥 3 + 3 ) = 0 …,
𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷4 𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠,
1 5𝐷 𝐷2 1 1
= [1 − − + (10𝐷3 + 25𝐷2 ) − (125𝐷3 )] (𝑥 3 + 3)
4 4 4 16 64
1 5𝐷 25 1 10 125 3
= [1 − + ( − ) 𝐷2 + ( − ) 𝐷 ] (𝑥 3 + 3)
4 4 16 4 16 64
1 3
5𝐷(𝑥 3 + 3) 21 2 3 85
= [(𝑥 + 3) − + 𝐷 (𝑥 + 3) − 𝐷3 (𝑥 3 + 3)]
4 4 16 64
1 3
5(3𝑥 2 ) 21 85
= [(𝑥 + 3) − + (6𝑥) − (6)]
4 4 16 64
1 15𝑥 2 63𝑥 255
= [(𝑥 3 + 3) − + − ]
4 4 8 32
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

−𝑥 −4𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 3
15𝑥 2 63𝑥 255
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 − + [(𝑥 + 3) − + + ]
10 4 4 8 32
20
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟗)𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 . (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 9 = 0
−5 ± √25 − 4(1)(9) −5 ± 𝑖√11
𝑚= = = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2(1) 2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
−5 √11
𝛼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 =
2 2
−5
𝑥 √11 √11
C.F = 𝑒 2 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝑥)

3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷2 + 5𝐷 + 9
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2 =
𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9 (𝐷2 + 5𝐷)
9 (1 + )
9
−1
1 (𝐷2 + 5𝐷)
= (1 + ) (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
9 9
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2
1 (𝐷2 + 5𝐷) (𝐷2 + 5𝐷)
= (1 − + − ⋯ )(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
9 9 81
1 5𝐷 𝐷2 1
= (1 − − + (𝐷4 + 10𝐷3 + 25𝐷2 ) − ⋯ )(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
9 9 9 81
𝐷(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 4, 𝐷2 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ) = 6,
𝐷3 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ) = 0, 𝐷4 (3𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = 0 …,
1 5𝐷 𝐷2 25 2
= (1 − − + 𝐷 )(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
9 9 9 81
1 5𝐷 −1 25 2
= [1 − +( + ) 𝐷 ] (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
9 9 9 81

21
 1 5𝐷(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) 16
= [1 − + ( ) 𝐷2 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)]
9 9 81
1 5(6𝑥 + 4) 16
= [3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − + ( ) 6]
9 9 81
1 30𝑥 20 32 1 2𝑥 28
= [3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − − + ] = [3𝑥 2 + − ]
9 9 9 27 9 3 27

𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = 2 = (𝐷 = −3)
𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9 (−3)2 + 5(−3) + 9
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥
= =
9 − 15 + 9 3
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

−5 √11 √11 1 2𝑥 28 𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑥) + [3𝑥 + − ]+
2 2 9 3 27 3
Type 4
If x=𝒆𝒂𝒙 g(x) [double factor]
Step 1: keep the exponential term ideal, however replace D by (D+a) in
f(t)
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑋 𝑋
i.e., P.I= = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝐷+𝑎)

 Find the particular integral of (𝑫 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. (L1)

Solution:
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The particular integral = = (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 1)
(𝐷 − 1)2 (𝐷 + 1 − 1)2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
1
= = 𝑒 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷2 𝐷
 Find the particular integral of (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 . (L1)
Solution:
𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 .
The particular integral = 2
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 4

22
 𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 2)
(𝐷 − 2)2 + 4(𝐷 − 2) + 4
𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 2
𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4 + 4𝐷 − 8 + 4
𝑥 1 1 𝑥2
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 2 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ( )
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 2
−2𝑥
𝑥2 −2𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥 3 −2𝑥
=𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ( )= 𝑒
2 6 6
 Find the particular integral of (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙 . (L1)
Solution:
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥.
The particular integral = 2
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 2)
(𝐷−2)2 + 4(𝐷−2) + 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4+4𝐷−8+5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1)
𝐷2 +1 −1+1

Multiplying the numerator by x and differentiating denominator wrt D

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ( ) (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2𝐷 𝐷
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 ( ) =( )𝑒
2 2
 Find the particular integral of (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙. (L1)
Solution:
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠3𝑥
The particular integral = 2
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 2)
(𝐷 − 2)2 + 4(𝐷 − 2) + 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4 + 4𝐷 − 8 + 4 𝐷2

23
 −2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
=𝑒 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −9) = −
−9 9
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 − 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒙 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 . (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 − 5 = 0
(𝑚 − 5)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = 5, −1
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
C.F = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 5𝑥
𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 =
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 − 5
𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2
𝐷 − 4𝐷 − 5
𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 2)
(𝐷 + 2)2 − 4(𝐷 + 2) − 5
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 [ 2 ] = 𝑒 2𝑥 [ 2 ]
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 4 − 4𝐷 − 8 − 5 𝐷 −9
−1
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷2
= [ ]= [(1 − ) 𝑥]
−9 𝐷2 −9 9
1−
9
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷2 𝐷4 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐷2 𝑥 𝐷4 𝑥
=− [(1 + + + ⋯ ) 𝑥] = − (𝑥 + + + ⋯)
9 9 81 9 9 81
𝐷(𝑥) = 1, 𝐷2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐷3 (𝑥 ) = ⋯ = 0,
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
=− (𝑥 +0+0+⋯ =−)
9 9
3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = 2 = (𝐷2 = −16)
𝐷 − 4𝐷 − 5 −16 − 4𝐷 − 5

24
 3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= =
−21 − 4𝐷 21 + 4𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (21 − 4𝐷)
−3(21 − 4𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 −3(21 − 4𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= =
(21 − 4𝐷)(21 + 4𝐷) (21)2 − 16 𝐷2
−3(21 − 4𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= (𝐷2 = −16)
441 − 16(−16)
3(21𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 − 4𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥) 3(21𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥)
=− =−
697 697
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 3 = 2
𝐷 − 4𝐷 − 5
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= (𝐷 = 2) = =−
(2)2 − 4(2) − 5 4−8−5 9
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2 + 𝑃. 𝐼 3

−𝑥 5𝑥
𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 3(21𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥) 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 − − −
9 697 9
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟓 )𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 5 = 0
−3 ± √9 − 4(1)(5)
𝑚=
2(1)
−3 ± 𝑖√11
𝑚= = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
−3 √11
𝛼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 =
2 2
−3
𝑥 √11 √11
C.F = 𝑒 2 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝑥)

25
 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 = 2
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 5
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=𝑒 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 1)
(𝐷 + 1)2 + 3(𝐷 + 1) + 5
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
( 2 )
= 𝑒𝑥 [ ]
𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1 + 3𝐷 + 3 + 5

𝑒 𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 1 𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= [ 2 ]= [ 2 ]− [ 2 ]
2 𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9 2 𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9 2 𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9
𝑒𝑥 1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 0𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = [ 2 ]= [ 2 ]
2 𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9 2 𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒𝑥 1 𝑒𝑥
= [ ]= [ ]=
2 0+0+9 2 9 18
𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 2 =− [ 2 ]
2 𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 9
𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=− [ ] (𝐷2 = −4)
2 (−4) + 5𝐷 + 9
𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=− [ ]=− [ ]
2 5𝐷 + 5 10 𝐷 + 1
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (𝐷 − 1)
𝑒 𝑥 (𝐷 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=− [ ]
10 (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 + 1)
𝑒 𝑥 (𝐷 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=− [ ]
10 (𝐷2 − 1)
𝑒 𝑥 (𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
=− [ ] (𝐷2 = −4)
10 (−4 − 1)
𝑒 𝑥 (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
=− [ ]
10 −5

26
 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= [−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥] = − [2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]
50 50
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

−3 √11 √11 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + − [2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]
2 2 18 50
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟑) 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝟑𝒙 . (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −3, −1
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
C.F = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥
The particular integral = 2
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 3
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = 2
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷 − 1)2 + 4(𝐷 − 1) + 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ 2 ]
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1 + 4𝐷 − 4 + 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ 2 ]
𝐷 + 2𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] (𝐷2 = −1)
−1 + 2𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (−1 − 2𝐷)
(−1 − 2𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ]
(−1 − 2𝐷)(−1 + 2𝐷)
(−1 − 2𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (−1 − 2𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] = 𝑒 −𝑥
[ ]
(−1)2 − (2𝐷)2 1 − 4𝐷2

27
 (−1 − 2𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] (𝐷2 = −1)
1 − 4(−1)
(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] = 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ]
5 5
𝑒 −𝑥
=− [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
5
𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = 2 = 𝑒 3𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 3)
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 3 (𝐷 + 3)2 + 4(𝐷 + 3) + 3
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥 [ 2 ] = 𝑒 3𝑥 [ 2 ]
𝐷 + 6𝐷 + 9 + 4𝐷 + 12 + 3 𝐷 + 10𝐷 + 24
−1
3𝑥
𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷2 + 10𝐷
=𝑒 [ ] = [(1 + ) 𝑥]
𝐷2 + 10𝐷 24 24
24 (1 + )
24
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷2 + 10𝐷 𝐷2 + 10𝐷
= [1 − ( )+( ) − +⋯]𝑥
24 24 24

𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷2 10𝐷 𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷2 𝑥 10𝐷𝑥
= [1 − − + ⋯]𝑥 = [𝑥 − − + ⋯]
24 24 24 24 24 24
𝐷(𝑥) = 1, 𝐷2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐷3 (𝑥 ) = ⋯ = 0,
𝑒 3𝑥 10(1) 𝑒 3𝑥 10 𝑒 3𝑥 5
= [𝑥 − 0 − + 0 + ⋯] = [𝑥 − ] = [𝑥 − ]
24 24 24 24 24 12
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

−3𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 5
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 − [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] + [𝑥 − ]
5 24 12
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 . (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2 = 0

28
 2 ± √4 − 4(1)(2)
𝑚=
2(1)
2 ± 2𝑖
𝑚= = 1 ± 𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
C.F = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2 + 5 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 =
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 2
−𝑥
𝑥2
𝑃. 𝐼1 = 𝑒 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷 − 1)2 − 2(𝐷 − 1) + 2

−𝑥
𝑥2
=𝑒 [ 2 ]
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1 − 2𝐷 + 2 + 2

−𝑥
𝑥2
=𝑒 [ 2 ]
𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 5

−𝑥
𝑥2
=𝑒 [ ]
𝐷2 − 4𝐷
(1 + )
5
−1
𝑒 −𝑥 𝐷2 − 4𝐷
= [(1 + ) 𝑥 2]
5 5

[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2
𝑒 −𝑥 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 𝐷2 − 4𝐷
= [1 − ( )+( ) − + ⋯ ] 𝑥2
5 5 5

𝑒 −𝑥 𝐷2 4𝐷 𝐷4 8𝐷3 16𝐷2
= [1 − + + − + … ] 𝑥2
5 5 5 25 25 25
𝑒 −𝑥 4𝐷 −1 16 2 𝐷4 8𝐷3
= [1 + +( + )𝐷 + − … ] 𝑥2
5 5 5 25 25 25

29
 𝐷(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥, 𝐷2 (𝑥 2 ) = 2, 𝐷3 (𝑥 2 ) = 𝐷4 (𝑥 2 ) … … = 0
𝑒 −𝑥 2 4𝐷𝑥 2 11 2 2 𝑒 −𝑥 2 8𝑥 11
= [𝑥 + + ( )𝐷 𝑥 ] = [𝑥 + + ( ) 2]
5 5 25 5 5 25
𝑒 −𝑥 2 8𝑥 22 𝑒 −𝑥
= [𝑥 + + ]= [25𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 + 22]
5 5 25 125
5 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 5𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼2 = 2 = 2
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 2 𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 2
5𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
= 2 +
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 2 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 2
5𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 5𝑒 0𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
= (𝐷 = 0) + (𝐷 = −2) = +
0−0+2 4+4+2 2 10
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 2
5 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + [25𝑥 + 40𝑥 + 22] + +
125 2 10
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 2)2 = 0
𝑚 = 2,2
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
The particular integral = 2
𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 1)
(𝐷 + 1)2 − 4(𝐷 + 1) + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 1)
𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1 − 4𝐷 − 4 + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 [ 2 ] = 𝑒𝑥 [ ] (𝐷2 = −9)
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1 −9 − 2𝐷 + 1

30
 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
=𝑒 [ ]=− [ ]
−8 − 2𝐷 2 4+𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (4 − 𝐷)
𝑒 𝑥 (4 − 𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (4 − 𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
=− [ ]=− [ ]
2 (4 − 𝐷)(4 + 𝐷) 2 16 − 𝐷2
𝑒 𝑥 (4 − 𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
=− [ ] (𝐷2 = −9)
2 16 − (−9)
𝑒 𝑥 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝐷(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) 𝑒𝑥
=− [ ] = − [4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥]
2 25 50
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼

2𝑥
𝑒𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 − [4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥]
50
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟖𝑫 + 𝟗)𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑). (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
8 ± √64 − 4(1)(9) 8 ± √28 8 ± 2√7
𝑚= = = = 4 ± √7
2(1) 2 2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 (4−√7)𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 (4+√7)𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3)
The particular integral = 2
𝐷 − 8𝐷 + 9
𝑥 2 +3
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷−1)2 −8(𝐷−1)+9

−𝑥
𝑥2 + 3
=𝑒 [ 2 ]
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1 − 8𝐷 + 8 + 9

−𝑥
𝑥2 + 3
=𝑒 [ 2 ]
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1 − 8𝐷 + 8 + 9

−𝑥
𝑥2 + 3
=𝑒 [ 2 ]
𝐷 − 10𝐷 + 18

31
 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥2 + 3
= [ ]
18 𝐷2 − 10𝐷
1+( )
18
−1
𝑒 −𝑥 𝐷2 − 10𝐷
= [1 + ( )] (𝑥 2 + 3)
18 18
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2
𝑒 −𝑥 𝐷2 − 10𝐷 𝐷2 − 10𝐷
= (1 − ( )+( ) − ⋯ )(𝑥 2 + 3)
18 18 18
1 10𝐷 𝐷2 1
= (1 + − ++ (𝐷4 − 20𝐷3 + 100𝐷2 ) − ⋯ )(𝑥 2 + 3)
18 18 18 324
𝐷(𝑥 2 + 3) = 2𝑥, 𝐷2 (𝑥 2 + 3 ) = 2, 𝐷3 (𝑥 2 + 3 ) = 0, 𝐷4 (𝑥 2 + 3) = 0 …,
1 10𝐷 𝐷2 1
= (1 + − + (100𝐷2 ) − ⋯ )(𝑥 2 + 3)
18 18 18 324
1 10𝐷 −1 100 2
= [1 + +( + ) 𝐷 ] (𝑥 2 + 3)
18 18 18 324
1 2 5(2𝑥) 82
= [𝑥 + 3 + +( ) 2]
18 9 324
1 10𝑥 41
= [𝑥 2 + 3 + + ( )]
18 9 82
1 10𝑥 287
= [𝑥 2 + + ]
18 9 82

General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
1 2 10𝑥 287
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 (4−√7)𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 (4+√7)𝑥 + [𝑥 + + ]
18 9 82
 Solve (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟑𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 3𝑚 − 1 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)3 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0

32
 𝑚 = 1,1,1
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
C.F= (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
The particular integral = 3
𝐷 − 3𝐷2 + 3𝐷 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷 − 1)3 − 3(𝐷 − 1)2 + 3(𝐷 − 1) − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ 3 ]
𝐷 − 3𝐷2 + 3𝐷 − 1 − 3(𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1) + 3𝐷 − 3 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ]
𝐷3 − 6𝐷2 + 12𝐷 − 8
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] (𝐷2 = −4)
−4𝐷 + 24 + 12𝐷 − 8
−𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
=𝑒 [ ]= [ ]
16 + 8𝐷 8 2+𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (2 − 𝐷)
𝑒 −𝑥 (2 − 𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 (2 − 𝐷)𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= [ ]= [ ]
8 (2 − 𝐷)(2 + 𝐷) 8 4 − 𝐷2
𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= [ ] (𝐷2 = −4)
8 4 − (−4)
𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
= [ ]= [𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]
8 8 64
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝐴𝑥 2 𝑥
+ 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑒 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]
64
Type 5
If X=𝑥 𝑛 sinax or cosax
Step 1: Replace this formulae by Euler’s expansion and do the fourth
process.

33
 Step 2:
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 =cos 𝜃+isin𝜃
cos𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝑃[ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]
sin𝜃 =IP[𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]

 Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0
𝑚2 = −4
m= 0 ± 2𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 2
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷2 + 4
1 1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 𝑉− 𝑉]
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) {𝑓(𝐷)}2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝐷
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑥 [ 2 ]− 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷 +4 {𝐷 + 4}2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝐷
= 𝑥[ ]− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝐷2 = −1)
−1 + 4 {−1 + 4}2
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝐷(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= − = −
3 {3}2 3 9
1
= (3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
9
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼

34
 1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + (3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
9
 Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)2 = 0
𝑚 = 1,1
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 [ ] (𝐷 → 𝐷 + 1)
(𝐷 + 1)2 − 2(𝐷 + 1) + 1
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 [ 2 ] = 𝑒𝑥 [ 2 ]
𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1 − 2𝐷 − 2 + 1 𝐷
1 1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 𝑉− 𝑉]
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) {𝑓(𝐷)}2
1 2𝐷
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝐷2 {𝐷2 }2
1 2 1 2
= 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
2
= 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝐷2
2
= 𝑒 𝑥 [−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)] = 𝑒 𝑥 [−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
𝐷
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
 Solve (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟏)𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:

35
 Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 1 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚2 + 𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = 1, 𝑚2 + 𝑚 + 1 = 0
−1 ± √1 − 4(1)(1)
𝑚=
2(1)
−1 ± 𝑖 √3
𝑚= = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
−1 √3
𝛼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 =
2 2
−𝑥
√3 √3
∴ C.F = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2 (𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 2
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
The particular integral =
𝐷3 − 1
1 1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 𝑉 − 𝑉]
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) {𝑓(𝐷)}2
1 3𝐷2
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑥 3 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷 −1 {𝐷 − 1}2
1 3(−1)
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝐷2 = −1)
−𝐷 − 1 {−𝐷 − 1}
1 3(−1)
= −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷+1 {𝐷 + 1}2
(𝐷 − 1) 3
= −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(𝐷 + 1)(𝐷 − 1) 𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1
(𝐷 − 1) 3
= −𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝐷2 = −1)
𝐷 −1 −1 + 2𝐷 + 1
(𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 3
= −𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
−1 − 1 2𝐷
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 3
= −𝑥 + (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
−2 2

36
 𝑥 3
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
2 2
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
−𝑥 √3 √3 𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2 (𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2 2 2
3
− (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
2
𝛑
 Solve (𝐃𝟐 + 𝟗)𝐱 = 𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭 + ) which is satisfied by 𝐱 = 𝟎 when
𝟑
𝛑
𝐭 = 𝟎 and by 𝐱 = 𝟐 when 𝐭 = . (L3) [8 Marks]
𝟔

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 9 = 0
𝑚2 = −9
m= 0 ± 3𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 3
∴ 𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
𝜋
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 + )
The particular integral = 3
2
𝐷 +9
𝜋
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 + )
𝑃. 𝐼 = 3 (𝐷2 = −1)
−1 + 9

𝜋
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 + ) 1
= 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 + 𝜋)
8 2 3

General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
1 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 (𝑡 + ) − − − (1)
2 3

37
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 , 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
1 𝜋
⟹ 𝑥(0) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 (0 + ) = 0
2 3
1 𝜋
⟹ 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( ) = 0
2 3
1 𝜋 1 1 1
⟹ 𝐴 = − 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( ) = − ( ) = −
2 3 2 2 4
𝜋
And, 𝑥(𝑡) = 2 when 𝑡 = 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 𝑥 ( ) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( + ) = 2
6 6 6 2 6 3
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3 ( ) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + ) = 2
6 6 2 6 3
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
⟹ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 2
2 2 2 2
1
⟹ 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1) + (0) = 2
2
⟹ 𝐵=2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1), 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
1 1 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 + )
4 2 3
Differential equations with variable co-officient
Let x= 𝑒 𝑧 ; z=log x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑥 =D’y ; D’=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑2𝑦
𝑥2 = (D’2 y− D’)y
𝑑𝑥 2

 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 + 𝒙𝑫) 𝒚 = 𝟎. (L3)

Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have

38
 𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷 , , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷, (𝐷, − 1) where 𝐷, =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷, (𝐷, − 1) + 𝐷, )𝑦 = 0
(𝐷, 2 − 𝐷, + 𝐷, )𝑦 = 0
𝐷,2𝑦 = 0
𝑑2𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑡 2
Integrating on both sides wrt t,we get,
𝑑𝑦
=𝐴
𝑑𝑡
Again Integrating on both sides wrt t,we get,
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) =A 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵
 Solve 𝒙𝟐 𝒚’’ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚’ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎.(L3)
Solution:
𝑑
If 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 ,then (𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 2𝑥𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 2𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 0

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 0
2
(𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 0
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0, 𝑚 = 1,2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2
 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 + 𝒙𝑫 + 𝟏) 𝒚 = 𝟎. (L3)

39
 Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 0

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 0
2
(𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, 𝑚2 = −1, 𝑚 = 0 ± 𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
C.F = 𝑒 0𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
 Find the particular integral of 𝒙𝟐 𝒚,, − 𝟐𝒙𝒚, − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 . (L1)
Solution:
𝑑
If 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥,then (𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 2𝑥𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 4
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 2𝐷′ − 4)𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑡 )4

2
(𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑡
𝑒 4𝑡
𝑒 4𝑡
The particular integral = 2 = (𝐷′ = 4)
′ ′
(𝐷 − 3𝐷 − 4) 16 − 12 − 4
Multiplying the numerator by t and differentiating denominator wrt 𝐷, ,
𝑡𝑒 4𝑡 𝑡𝑒 4𝑡 ′
𝑡𝑒 4𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 = = (𝐷 = 4) =
2𝐷′ − 3 8 − 3 5
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑒 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑃. 𝐼 = =
5 5

 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝑫 − 𝟐𝟎) 𝒚 = 𝟎. (L3)

40
 Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 2𝐷′ − 20)𝑦 = 0

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ − 20)𝑦 = 0
2
(𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 20)𝑦 = 0
Auxiliary equation
𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 20 = 0,(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 5) = 0, 𝑚 = 4, −5
The complimentary function is 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 4𝑡
𝐴
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = + 𝐵𝑥 4
𝑥5
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒙𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙) + . (L3) [8 Marks]
𝒙

Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 +
𝑒𝑡
2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2
(𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷, = 𝑚) = 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 4 = 0
2 ± √4 − 4(1)(4) 2 ± 𝑖2√3
𝑚= = = 1 ± 𝑖√3 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2(1) 2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)
𝛼 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = √3
∴ C.F = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡)

41
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 − 2𝐷′ + 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ,2
𝑃. 𝐼 1 = ′2 = ′
(𝐷′ = −1)
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 4 ′ −1 − 2𝐷 + 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
=
3 − 2𝐷′
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (3 + 2𝐷, 𝐷′ )
(3 + 2𝐷′ ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 (3 + 2𝐷′ ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
= =
(3 + 2𝐷′ )(3 − 2𝐷′ ) 9 − 4𝐷′ 2
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2𝐷′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 2
= (𝐷′ = −1)
(9 + 4)
1
= (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
13
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 2 =
𝐷′ 2 − 2𝐷′ + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [ ′ 2 ′
] (𝐷′ → 𝐷′ − 1)
(𝐷 − 1) − 2(𝐷 − 1) + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [ ′ 2 ]
𝐷 − 2𝐷′ + 1 − 2𝐷′ + 2 + 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [ ′ 2 ]
𝐷 − 4𝐷′ + 7
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [ ′
] (𝐷′ = −1)
−1 − 4𝐷 + 7
−𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
=𝑒 [ ]= [ ]
6 − 4𝐷′ 2 3 − 2𝐷′
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (3 + 2𝐷′ )
𝑒 −𝑡 (3 + 2𝐷′ )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 (3 + 2𝐷′ )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= [ ]= [ ]
2 (3 + 2𝐷′ )(3 − 2𝐷′ ) 2 9 − 4𝐷, 2
𝑒 −𝑡 (3 + 2𝐷′ )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2
= [ ] (𝐷′ = −1)
2 9+4

42
 𝑒 −𝑡 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 2𝐷′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡
= [ ] = [3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]
2 13 26
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠√3𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡) + (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
13
𝑒 −𝑡
+ [3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]
26
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(√3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(√3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥))

1
+ (3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥))
13
𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
+ [3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
26
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(√3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(√3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥))
1
+ (3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥))
13
1
+ [3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
26𝑥
 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 + 𝒙𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙). (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2
(𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷′ = 𝑚) = 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚2 = −1

43
 𝑚 = ±𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
∴ C.F = 𝑒 0𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 + 1
1
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵)]]
2
1
[𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 − 𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡 + 𝑡)] 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 = 2 2 = [ ]
𝐷′ + 1 2 𝐷′ 2 + 1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 2
𝑃. 𝐼1 = [ ′ 2 ]= [ ] (𝐷′ = −1)
2 𝐷 +1 2 −1 + 1
Multiplying the numerator by t and differentiating denominator wrt 𝐷′ , we
have
1 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼1 = [ ] = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
2 2𝐷′ 4 4
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 2 1
𝑃. 𝐼2 = − [ ′ 2 ]=− [ ] (𝐷′ = −9) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡]
2 𝐷 +1 2 −9 + 1 16
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2
𝑡 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) + [𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡]
4 16
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + (4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)
16
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then
1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + [4(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
16

 Solve x2y’’ + 4xy’ + 2y = 6x. (L3) [8 Marks]

Solution:
44
 𝑑
If 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 , then (𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 4𝑥𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 6𝑥
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 4𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 6𝑒 𝑡

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 6𝑒 𝑡
2
(𝐷′ + 3𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 6𝑒 𝑡
Auxiliary equation 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = −1, −2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡
6𝑒 𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 + 3𝐷′ + 2
6𝑒 𝑡 ′
6𝑒 𝑡
= (𝐷 → 1) = = 𝑒𝑡
1+3+2 6
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
−1 −2
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝐴 𝐵
= 𝐴𝑥 −1 + 𝐵𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 = + +𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
𝟓
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 + 𝒙𝑫 − 𝟗)𝒚 = . (L3) [8 Marks]
𝒙𝟐

Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

45
 5
(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 𝐷′ − 9)𝑦 =
(𝑒 𝑡 )2
2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 9)𝑦 = 5𝑒 −2𝑡
2
(𝐷′ − 9)𝑦 = 5𝑒 −2𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷′ = 𝑚) = 𝑚2 − 9 = 0
𝑚2 = 9
𝑚 = ±3
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑡
5𝑒 −2𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 − 2𝐷′ + 4
5𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 =
𝐷′ 2 − 9
5𝑒 −2𝑡 5𝑒 −2𝑡
= == = −𝑒 −2𝑡
4−9 −5
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
−3 3 −2
= 𝐴𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝐴 1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 −3 + 𝐵𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −2 = + 𝐵𝑥 3
−
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝟏 𝐝𝐲 𝟏𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 + = .(L3) [8 Marks]
𝐝𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐱𝟐

Solution:
𝑑 2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 12𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
+ =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2

2
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 12𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑥 + =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

46
 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑥 = 12𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Let = 𝐷,then 𝑥 2 𝐷2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝐷𝑦 = 12𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 𝑥𝐷)𝑦 = 12𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 𝐷′ )𝑦 = 12𝑡

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 𝐷′ )𝑦 = 12𝑡
2
𝐷′ 𝑦 = 12𝑡
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 = 0 (Where 𝐷′ = 𝑚)
𝑚 = 0,0
The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑚𝑡
C.F= (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 0𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵
12𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2
Integrating wrt t,we get,
1 𝑡2
𝑃. 𝐼 = ′ ∫ 12𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 12 ( ) = 6𝑡 2
𝐷 2
Again Integrating wrt t,we get,
𝑡3
= ∫ 6𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 6 ( ) = 2𝑡 3
2
3
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 + 2𝑡 3
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then 𝑦(𝑥) =A 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵 + 2(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)3
 Find the particular integral of 𝒙𝟐 𝒚,, + 𝒙𝒚, + 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙). (L1)
Solution:

47
 𝑑
If 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 ,then (𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 𝑥𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) where𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2
(𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
The particular integral = =
(𝐷′ 2 + 1) (−1 + 1)
Multiplying the numerator by t and differentiating denominator wrt
𝐷, ,
4𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 4𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 = =
2𝐷′ 2
= 2𝑡(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) = −2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then, 𝑃. 𝐼 = −2(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
 Solve 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙). (L3) [8 Marks]
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
2
(𝐷′ + 1)𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷′ = 𝑚) ∶ 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚2 = −1

48
 𝑚 = ±𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)
𝛼 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
∴ C.F = 𝑒 0𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2
The particular integral = = = [ ] (𝐷′ = −1)
𝐷′ 2 + 1 ′ 2
𝐷 +1 −1 + 1
Multiplying the numerator by t and differentiating denominator wrt 𝐷 , , we
have
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 4𝑡 [ ] = 2𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
2𝐷′
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 2(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝑫 − 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝟑𝟐(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝟐 . (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 2𝐷′ − 4)𝑦 = 32(𝑡)2

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ − 2𝐷′ − 4)𝑦 = 32𝑡 2
2
(𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ − 4)𝑦 = 32𝑡 2
Auxiliary equation (𝐷, = 𝑚) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = −1,4
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑡
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 4𝑡

49
 32𝑡 2
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 − 3𝐷′ − 4
2 −1
32𝑡 2 32 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′
𝑃. 𝐼 = = [1 − ( )] 𝑡2
𝐷 ′2 − 3𝐷′ −4 4
−4 [1 − ( )]
4
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2 2 2
𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′
= −8 [1 + ( )+( ) + ⋯ ] 𝑡2
4 4
2
3𝐷′ 𝐷′ 1 4 3 2
= −8 [1 − + + (𝐷′ − 6𝐷′ + 9𝐷′ ) + ⋯ ] 𝑡 2
4 4 16
𝐷′ (𝑡 2 ) = 2𝑡, 𝐷′ 2 (𝑡 2 ) = 2, 𝐷′ 3 (𝑡) = 0 …,
3𝐷′ 1 9 2
= −8 [1 − + ( + ) 𝐷′ ] 𝑡 2
4 4 16
3𝐷′ 𝑡 2
2
13 2
= −8 [𝑡 − + ( ) 𝐷′ 𝑡 2 ]
4 16
3(2𝑡) 13 3𝑡 13
= −8 [𝑡 2 − + ( ) 2] = −8 [𝑡 2 − + ( )]
4 16 2 8
−8
= [8𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 13] = −[8𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 13]
8
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 4𝑡 − [8𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 13]
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − [8(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 − 12(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 13]
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 −1 + 𝐵𝑥 4 − [8(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 − 12(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 13]
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊 𝒏(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙). (L3) [8 Marks]
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution:

50
 𝑑
Let = 𝐷, then 𝑥 2 𝐷2 𝑦 + 4𝑥𝐷𝑦 +2𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 4𝑥𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 4𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2
(𝐷′ + 3𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = sint
Auxiliary equation (𝐷′ = 𝑚); 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = −1, −2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑡
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 + 3𝐷′ + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= ′
(𝐷′ = −1) =
−1 + 3𝐷 + 2 3𝐷′ + 1
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 (3𝐷′ − 1 )
(3𝐷′ − 1 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (3𝐷′ − 1 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= =
(3𝐷′ − 1 )(3𝐷′ + 1) 9𝐷′ 2 − 1
3𝐷, (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= =
9(−1) − 1 −10
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
=
10
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
10
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then

51
 1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
10
1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 −1 + 𝐵𝑥 −2 + [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
10
𝐴 𝐵 1
𝑦(𝑥) = + 2+ [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
𝑥 𝑥 10
 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 2𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑡 )2 + 2𝑡

2
(𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷, = 𝑚) = 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 4 = 0
3 ± √9 − 16 3 ± √9 − 16 3 ± √−7 3 ± 𝑖 √7
𝑚= = = = = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2 2 2 2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)
3 √7
𝛼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 =
2 2
3
√7 √7
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)
2 2

𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 − 3𝐷′ + 4
𝑒 2𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 1 =
𝐷′ 2 − 3𝐷′ + 4
𝑒 2𝑡 ′
𝑒 2𝑡
= 2 (𝐷 = 2) =
2 − 3(2) + 4 2
2𝑡 2𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 2 = =
𝐷 ′2 − 3𝐷′ + 4 𝐷′ 2 − 3𝐷′
4 [1 + ]
4

52
 2 −1
1 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′
= [1 + ( )] 𝑡
2 4
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ ]
2 2 2
1 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′
= [1 − ( )+( ) − ⋯]𝑡
2 4 4
2
1 3𝐷′ 𝐷′
= [1 + − + ⋯]𝑡
2 4 4
𝐷′ (𝑡) = 1, 𝐷′ 2 (𝑡 ) = 0, 𝐷′ 3 (𝑡) = 0 …,
2
1 3𝐷′ (𝑡) 𝐷′ (𝑡) 1 3
= [𝑡 + − + ⋯ ] = [𝑡 + ]
2 4 4 2 4
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼 1 + 𝑃. 𝐼 2

3 √7 √7 𝑒 2𝑡 1 3
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) + + [𝑡 + ]
2 2 2 2 4
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then
3 √7 √7 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1 3
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)) + + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + ]
2 2 2 2 4
3 √7 √7 𝑥2 1 3
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)) + + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + ]
2 2 2 2 4
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
 Solve 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙. (L3) [8 Marks]
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
𝑑
If = 𝑑𝑥 , then (𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 3𝑥𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 3𝐷′ + 5)𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑡 )3 (𝑡)

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ + 5)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡

53
 2
(𝐷′ − 4𝐷′ + 5)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 3𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷′ = 𝑚); 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 5 = 0
4 ± √16 − 4(1)(5) 4 ± 𝑖2
𝑚= = = 2 ± 𝑖 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽
2(1) 2
The complimentary function = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)
𝛼 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 1
∴ C.F = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑡𝑒 3𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 − 4𝐷′ + 5
𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 3𝑡 [ ] (𝐷′ → 𝐷′ + 3)
(𝐷′ + 3)2 − 4(𝐷′ + 3) + 5
𝑡 𝑡
= 𝑒 3𝑡 [ ′2
] = 𝑒 3𝑡 [ ′2
]
𝐷 + 6𝐷′ + 9 − 4𝐷′ − 12 + 5 𝐷 + 2𝐷′ + 2

2 −1
𝑒 3𝑡 𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡 𝐷′ + 2𝐷′
= = [1 + ( )] 𝑡
2 𝐷′ 2 + 2𝐷′ 2 2
1+( )
[ 2 ]
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ ]

2 2 2
𝑒 3𝑡 𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ 𝐷′ + 2𝐷′
= [1 − ( )+( ) − ⋯]𝑡
2 2 2
2
𝑒 3𝑡 2𝐷′ 𝐷′
= [1 − − + ⋯]𝑡
2 2 2
𝐷′ (𝑡) = 1, 𝐷′ 2 (𝑡 ) = 0, 𝐷′ 3 (𝑡) = 0 …,
2
𝑒 3𝑡 2𝐷′ 𝑡 𝐷′ 𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡
= [𝑡 − − + ⋯] = [𝑡 − 1]
2 2 2 2
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼

54
 2𝑡 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑒 3𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) + [𝑡 − 1]
2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then

2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 [𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑒 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)] + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1]
2
2 [𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑥3
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)] + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1]
2
𝒅𝒚
 Solve 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ + 𝟒𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 such that 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎 = . (L3)
𝒅𝒕

[8 Marks]
Solution:
𝑑
If = 𝑑𝑥 , then (𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 4𝑥𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) + 4𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡)

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
2
(𝐷′ + 3𝐷′ + 2)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷, = 𝑚); 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = −1, −2
The complimentary function = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑡
𝐶. 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑡𝑒 𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 + 3𝐷′ + 2
𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑡 [ ′ 2 ′
] (𝐷′ → 𝐷′ + 3)
(𝐷 + 1) + 3(𝐷 + 1) + 2
𝑡 𝑡
= 𝑒𝑡 [ ] = 𝑒𝑡 [ ]
𝐷′ 2 + 2𝐷′ + 1 + 3𝐷′ + 3 + 2 𝐷′ 2 + 5𝐷′ + 6

55
 2 −1
𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 𝐷′ + 5𝐷′
= = [1 + ( )] 𝑡
6 𝐷′ 2 + 5𝐷′ 6 6
1+( )
[ 6 ]
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ ]
2 2 2
𝑒𝑡 𝐷′ + 5𝐷′ 𝐷′ + 5𝐷′
= [1 − ( )+( ) − ⋯]𝑡
6 6 6
2
𝑒𝑡 5𝐷′ 𝐷′
= [1 − − + ⋯]𝑡
6 6 6
𝐷′ (𝑡) = 1, 𝐷′ 2 (𝑡 ) = 0, 𝐷′ 3 (𝑡) = 0 …,
𝑒𝑡 5𝐷′ 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 5
= [𝑡 − ] = [𝑡 − ]
6 6 6 6
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼

−𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑒𝑡 5
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 + [𝑡 − ]
6 6
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then

−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
5
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ]
6 6
𝑥 5
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 −1 + 𝐵𝑥 −2 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ]
6 6
𝐴 𝐵 𝑥 5
𝑦(𝑥) = + 2 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ] __________(1)
𝑥 𝑥 6 6
𝑑𝑦 𝐴 2𝐵 𝑥 1 5 1
= − 2 − 3 + ( ) + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ] ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 6 𝑥 6 6
𝑑𝑦 𝐴 2𝐵 1 1 5
= − 2 − 3 + + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ______(2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 6 6 36
𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 =
𝑑𝑥

56
 𝐴 𝐵 1 5
From (1), 𝑦(1) = 0 ⟹ + + [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − ] = 0
1 1 6 6
5 5
(∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0), 𝐴 + 𝐵 − = 0(𝑜𝑟) 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ______(3)
36 36
𝑑𝑦 𝐴 2𝐵 1 1 5
From (2), (𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1) = 0 ⟹ − − + + 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − =0
𝑑𝑥 1 1 6 6 36
1 5
⟹ −𝐴 − 2𝐵 + − =0
6 36
1 1
⟹ −𝐴 − 2𝐵 + = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐴 + 2𝐵 = _____(4)
36 36
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4)
1 5 4 1
(4) − (3) ⟹ 𝐵 = − =− =−
36 36 36 9
5 1 9 1
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(3) 𝐴= + = =
36 9 36 4
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑖𝑛 (1)
1 1 𝑥 5
𝑦(𝑥) = − 2 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − ]
4𝑥 9𝑥 6 6
 Solve (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 given that 𝒚 (𝟏) = 𝟏 and 𝒚′ (𝟏) = 𝟎.
(L3)[8 Marks]
Solution:
By the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , we have
𝑑
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) Where 𝐷′ =
𝑑𝑡

(𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1) − 3𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑡 )2

2
(𝐷′ − 𝐷′ − 3𝐷′ + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡
(𝐷, 2 − 4𝐷, + 4)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
Auxiliary equation (𝐷, = 𝑚); 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚 = 2,2
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 The complimentary function = (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑚𝑡
𝐶. 𝐹 = (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 2𝑡
𝑒 2𝑡
The particular integral =
𝐷′ 2 − 4𝐷′ + 4
𝑒 2𝑡
= (𝐷′ = 2)
4−8+4
Multiplying the numerator by t and differentiating denominator wrt 𝐷′
𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡
= = (𝐷′ = 2)
2𝐷′ − 4 4 − 4
Again multiplying the numerator by t and differentiating denominator
wrt 𝐷′ , we have
𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑃. 𝐼 =
2
General solution = 𝐶. 𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼

2𝑡
𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 +
2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, then

2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 +
2
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑥 2
2
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑥 + ___________(1)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝐴 1 1
= (𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐵)2𝑥 + ( ) 𝑥 2 + [(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 2𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 2 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
= 2𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 __________(2) Given
that 𝑦 (1) = 1 and 𝑦’ (1) = 0
(𝑙𝑜𝑔1)2 (1)2
2
From (1), 𝑦(1) = 1 ⟹ (𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝐵)(1) + =1
2
⟹𝐵=1 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0)
From (2), 𝑦′(1) = 0

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 ⟹ 2𝐴(1)𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 2𝐵(1) + 𝐴(1) + 1(𝑙𝑜𝑔1)2 + 1𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
⟹ 𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 0 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0)
⟹ 𝐴 = −2(1) = −2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑖𝑛 (1)

2
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑥 2
𝑦(𝑥) = (−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1)𝑥 +
2
𝑥2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑦(𝑥) = [2(−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1) + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 ]
2

59