LOBAR PNEUMONIA

CAUSES:
 bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
 Kleibsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

Pneumonia can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses and fungal infection in the air we
breathe. One type of pneumonia is the lobar pneumonia, it affects section of a lobe of the lung. Most
cases of lobar pneumonia are community acquired and is commonly caused by the Streptococcus
pneumoniae, a bacteria that normally lives in the upper respiratory tract. Other causes include the
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. These bacteria become pathogenic typically in persons with weakened immune systems
such as those with underlying health conditions and those taking medications that weaken immunity.

ECZEMA
HISTOLOGIC CHANGES
 Lymphocyte exocytosis in epidermis
 Parakeratosis formation above areas of spongiosis - it is probably as a result of an acceleration in
the movement of keratinocytes towards the surface. Droplets of plasma accumulate in the
mounds of parakeratosis. Dermal changes include varying degrees of oedema and a superficial
perivascular infiltrate with lymphocytes, histiocytes and occasional neutrophils and eosinophils.

For the histologic changes the main thing is that there is a spongiosis or fluid between the
keratinocytes, and also have often lymphocyte exocytosis or the movement of scattered lymphocytes
in the epidermis, and parakeratosis formation on the corneal layer or the surface of the skin. it is
probably as a result of an acceleration in the movement of keratinocytes towards the surface.

In this micrograph you can see the spines, the white spaces between the keratinocytes, there’s also
some parakeratosis formation up there retained nuclei in the stratum corneum. There’s also some
eosinophils present in the dermis.

Parakeratosis - nucleated keratinocytes present in the stratum corneum

Spongiosis - widening of intercellular spaces resulting in a spongelike appearance of the epidermis

Eosinophils release of lipid mediators and proteins, including cytokines and granule proteins, and
regulates localized immune responses.

The spongiotic tissue reaction pattern is characterized by intercellular oedema within the epidermis
(spongiosis). Initially, there is a widening of intercellular spaces between keratinocytes and elongation of
the intercellular bridges. Further accumulation of fluid leads to the formation of intraepidermal vesicles.