THERMODYNAMICS 2:Heat

capacity: specific heat, latent heat,

calorimetry.
KUHES – Foundation year Physics
04 – 05 – 2023
Estiner W. Katengeza
 HEAT CAPACITY
• Recall that
• U=Σ (PE + KE)
• The greater the KE the greater the temperature
• Hence as temperature changes, we expect the U…
• When an object is heated, the change in temperature depends on
• Mass of the object
• Amount of heat supplied
 HEAT CAPACITY
• Heat capacity (C):is the amount of heat required to produce a unit rise in
temperature
Q=C∆T C is in J/K or J/°C
• Depends only on the type of substance concerned
• Specific heat capacity(c): is the amount of heat required to raise/drop the
temperature of a unit mass of substance by one unit.
• measure of how thermally insensitive a substance is to the addition of energy.
• NB: Heat associated with a change in temperature is also called sensible
heat
 HEAT CAPACITY
Q= mcΔT
• From n= m/M, the mass of a substance in terms of the molar mass is: m=nM
Substituting m with nM in Q=mcΔT, gives
Q=nMcΔT
Mc is called the molar specific heat or the molar heat capacity. Sometimes Mc is
written as capital C, therefore: Q=nCΔT
 CALORIMETRY
• The science associated with determining the changes in energy of a system
by measuring the heat exchanged with the surroundings.
• i.e. measurement of the quantity of heat exchanged
• A calorimeter is a device used to measure the quantity of heat transferred to
or from an object.
• The assumption behind the science of calorimetry is that the energy gained or
lost by the known material/substance is equal to the energy lost or gained by
the object under study.
 CALORIMETRY
• Considers the system as isolated
• The principle of conservation of energy for this isolated system requires that the net
result of all energy transfers is zero.
• If one part of the system loses energy, another part has to gain the energy, because the system is
isolated and the energy has nowhere else to go.
• σ 𝑄𝑘 = 0 Qk is the energy change of the kth object.
• The sum of all thermal energy changes (gains or losses) of an isolated must add up to zero.
 CALORIMETRY example
• A 20.0-kg metal bar (c=0.5kJ/kg.°C) at 35.0°C is placed in a large, insulated
0.800-kg glass (c=837J/kg.°C)container at 15.0°C and 2.00 kg of water
(c=4190J/kg.°C) at 25.0°C. Calculate the final equilibrium temperature.
 CALORIMETRY example
Σ𝑄𝑘 = 0
𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚 Δ𝑇𝑚 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑔 Δ𝑇𝑔 + 𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 Δ𝑇𝑤 = 0

(20𝑘𝑔 × 0.5 × 1000𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 °𝐶 −1 )(𝑇𝑓 − 35°𝐶) + (0.8𝑘𝑔

× 837𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 °𝐶 −1 )(𝑇𝑓 − 15°𝐶) + (2𝑘𝑔 × 4190𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 °𝐶 −1 )(𝑇𝑓 − 25°𝐶)
=0

10000𝑇𝑓 − 350000𝐽 + 669.6𝑇𝑓 − 10044𝐽 + 8380𝑇𝑓 − 209500𝐽 = 0

19049.6𝑇𝑓 = 569544𝐽

569544𝐽
𝑇𝑓 = −1
= 29.898°𝐶
19049𝐽°𝐶
 CALORIMETRY practice
• A 2.8 kg sample of a metal with a specific heat of 0.43KJ/kg°C is heated to
100.0°C then placed in a 50.0 g sample of water at 30.0°C. What is the final
temperature of the metal and the water?
• What is the specific heat of a substance that absorbs 2.5x103 Joules of heat
when a sample of 1.0x104 g of the substance increases in temperature from
10.0°C to 70.0°C?
LATENT HEAT and SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT (l)
• Latent heat(L): thermal energy required to change the phase of a given
substance without changing the temperature.
• Specific latent heat: quantity of heat required to change the phase of a unit
mass of material without a change in temperature
• For various phase changes it is identified by that change e.g. vaporization ( lv),
sublimation, fusion (lm), and so on.
• 𝑄𝑙 = 𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑝 where
• 𝑚𝑝 is the mass that experience the phase change
• 𝑙𝑝 is the specific latent heat for a particular phase change
 LATENT HEAT

F
Temperature
D
E

B
C

Time
• What is happening in the graph above?
 Practice Question
A cylinder with a moveable piston contains 0.2 kg of water at 100 ºC.
The density of the water ρw=1000 kg/m3 and that of steam is ρs=0.6
kg/m3. The Latent heat of vaporization of water is Lv=2.26x106 J/kg.
Determine the change in internal energy of the water when it is
converted to steam at 100 ºC at a constant pressure of 1.0087 x 105
Pa. [14]
END: Heat capacity: specific heat,
latent heat, calorimetry.
NEXT: Gas Laws & Kinetic Theory of Gases