PM PLus Group - Nepali

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u

(Group PM+)
cK7\of/f]cj:yfaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf nflu
;fd"lxs dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u(Group PM+)
cK7\of/f]cj:yfaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;fd"lxs dgf]j }1flgs ;xof]u
Group Problem Management Plus (Group PM+):group psychological help for adults impaired by distress in
communities exposed to adversity (generic field-trial version 1.0)
© Transcultural Psychosocial Organization, 2020
of]cg'jfb ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g -WHO_ åf/f ul/Psf] xf]Og  . WHO of] cg'jfbsf] ljifoj:t' jf z'4tfk|lt lhDd]bf/ 5}g  .
Group Problem Management Plus (Group PM+):group psychological help for adults impaired by distress in
communities exposed to adversity. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2020. Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
c+u|]hL ;+:s/0f k|fdfl0fs ;+:s/0f x'g]5  .
of]cg'jflbt sfd CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 df pknAw 5 .
2

(Group PM+)
1
2
k|fSsyg
k|fSsyg
xfnsf jif{x¿df dfgjLo cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfx¿sf]j[l4 eP;Fu cfd dflg;x¿ k|lts"n jf cK7\of/f]
kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ub}{5g\ / pgLx¿df dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] hf]lvd klg al9/x]sf] 5  .
dfgl;s ;d:of /czQmtfsf]cg'ej ul//x ]sf JolQmx¿sf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu xfn;fn}
WHO n] Problem Management Plus (PM+):Individual psychological help for adults impaired by
distress in communities exposed to adversity, h;nfO{ g]k fndf v'Nnf dg ;xof]u elgG5, lgb]{lzsf
k|sfzg u/]sf]5 . o; lgb]{lzsf ljz]iftM ;d:of ePsf t/uDeL/dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of gePsf
jo:sx¿nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug{ ljsl;t ul/Psf]lyof]] . klxnf]s'/f t o;sf]p2]Z o Ps
;+lIfKt dgf]; fdflhs ;xof]u sf dfWodaf6 w]/ }JolQmnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg]xf]  . bf];
|f], o;
;xof]usf ljlwx¿ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t 5g\, h'g 5f]6 f];dosf]k|lzIf0fkl5 ;'kl/j]If0f kfpg]dfgl;s
:jf:Yodf bvn gePsf ;]j f k|bfosx¿n]k|of]u ug{÷u/fpg ;S5g\  . cK7\of/f]cj:yfsf sf/0f pRr
dfgl;s tgfjhGo ;d:of ePsf w]/}h;f]7fpFx¿df dfgl;s :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt k];fsdL{x¿
nufot dgf];fdflhs ;xof]usf]klg cefj x'G5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of /
k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo ;]jf kx'Frsf]aLrsf]cGt/36fpg pko{'lNnlvt b'O{j6f s'/fx¿ dx¬jk"0f{ 5g\ .
of]lgb]l{zsf k|sfzg ePkl5, PM+ w]/} b]zx¿df nfu" ul/Psf] 5  . ;du| k|ltlqmof ;sf/fTds ePsfn]
;d"x ;+:s/0fsf nflu cg'/f]w ul/Psf sf/0f WHO n] of] gofF lgb]{lzsf ljsf; u/]sf] xf]  . PM+
;fd"lxs 9fFrfdf ubf{ w]/};d'bfosf]clws kx'Fr x'G5 /o;nfO{ ;d'bfon]:jLsfg{ ;S5g\ . ;d"xdf
JolQmx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpFbf o;n]dfgl;s ;':j f:Yo sfod /fVg ;fdflhs ;+nUgtf /:fdflhs
;xof]unfO{ klg a9fjf lbG5, h'g dfgl;s :jf:Yosf]nflu dx¬jk"0f{ s'/f xf] . ;fd'lxs PM+ n] w]/}
JolQmx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]j f k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd x'g]cfzf /flvPsf]5 .
;fd"lxs PM+ +dgf]j}1flgs tgfjdf ePsf jo:sx¿sf] ;xof]usf nflu agfOPsf] xf] / of] u}/ljz]if1
;]jf k|bfosåf/f 5f]6f] k|lzIf0f / lg/Gt/ ;'k]l/j]If0fsf dfWodaf6 k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5  . of] ;xof]u
JolQmut ¿kdf lbOg]PM+ df cfwfl/t 5 /b'O{ 306fsf]kfFr e]6 x¿df ;]j f lbOG5 . ;fd"lxs PM+
sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;DefJotf kfls:tfg / g]kfnsf] cg';fGwfgn] b]vfO;s]sf] 5  .
cK7\of/f] cj:yfaf6 k|efljt jo:sx¿sf ;fdfGo dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ of]
lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf ;fGble{sLs/0f u/L k|of]u ubf{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ /gful/s ;dfhsf]
;Lk ljsf; x'g]5 .
Dévora Kestel
Director
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, WHO, Geneva
3
Acknowledgements
Project coordination
The PM+ project has been coordinated by Mark van Ommeren (Unit Head of the Mental Health
Unit in the Department of Mental Health and Substance Use) under the direction of Shekhar
Saxena (until 2018) and Dévora Kestel (from 2019) as part of the WHO Series on Low-Intensity
Psychological Interventions.
Writing
This manual has been written by Katie Dawson (University of New South Wales (UNSW)).
Review
(with affiliation at time of review)
Ceren Acarturk (Istanbul Sehir University), Aemel Akhtar (UNSW), Parveen Akhtar (Human
Development Research Foundation), Richard Bryant (UNSW), Ken Carswell (WHO), Anna
Chiumento (University of Liverpool), Rachel Cohen (Common Threads), Chris Dorwick (University
of Liverpool), Julian Eaton (CBM International), Renasha Ghimire (Transcultural Psychosocial
Organization (TPO) Nepal), Elise Griede (War Child Holland), Pernille Hansen (Duduza), Mahmoud
Hemmo (University of Zurich), Mark Jordans (War Child Holland), Amy Joscleyne (New York
University), Dévora Kestel (WHO), Naseem Khan (Khyber Medical University), Berit Kieselbach
(WHO), Daniel Lawrence (University of Liverpool), Yoo Ree Lee (Northwestern University), Aiysha
Malik (University of Oxford), Aqsa Masood (Human Development Research Foundation), Hadeel
Naser (International Medical Corps), Huma Nazir (Human Development Research Foundation),
Lincoln Ndogoni (World Vision Kenya), Brian Ogallo (WHO), Bhava Poudyal (International Committee
of the Red Cross, Azerbaijan), Atif Rahman (University of Liverpool), Sabine Rakotomala (UNICEF),
Rebecca Rawlinson (University of Liverpool), Manaswi Sangraula (TPO Nepal), Alison Schafer
(WHO), Pragya Shrestha (TPO Nepal), Marit Sijbrandij (Vriije Universiteit (UV) Amsterdam),
Carmen Valle (CBM International), Edith van ’t Hof (WHO), Sarah Watts (University of Sydney),
Inka Weissbecker (International Medical Corps), Mike Wessells (Colombia University) and Ross
White (University of Glasgow).
Review
(Nepali Translation)
The following people have reviewed the Nepali Translation of the manual:Pragya Shrestha,
Renasha Ghimire, Nutan Tiwari, Indira Pradhan and Sangharsha Bhattarai (TPO Nepal) and
Brandon Kohrt (George Washington University) .
4
s[t1tf
Testing
The following agencies were partners in testing Group PM+ through a feasibility study and a
definitive randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Swat, Pakistan: Human Development Research
Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan; District Health Department, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK),
Pakistan; Saidu Teaching Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat, KPK, Pakistan; Khyber Medical University,
Peshawar, Pakistan; University of New South Wales; VU University Amsterdam; and the Institute
of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Training, Rawalpindi
Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
The following agencies were partners in testing Group PM+ through a feasibility study and a
definitive RCT in Sindhuli and Morang, Nepal:TPO Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; George Washington
University, Washington, DC USA; King’s College London, London, UK; University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia; Duke University, Durham, USA; WHO Country Office, Nepal.
Acknowledgements of the contributions of colleagues involved in the testing of Group PM+ will
be included in articles describing its evaluation.
Funding
The development and testing of Group PM+ is funded by USAID OFDA.
Document production
We thank Govinda Prasad Luitel for text editing, Binod Guragain for graphic picture and Rajubabu
Shakya for layout.
Coordination (Nepal)
Nagendra Prasad Luitel, Manaswi Sangraula, Ghanashyam Sharma, and Jananee Magar
Note on translation of this guide

To avoid duplication of translations, please contact WHO at http://www.who.int/about/licensing
prior to starting a translation.
5
6
ljifo;"rL
ljifo;"rL
k|fSsyg #
s[t1tf $
cWofo !M e"ldsf *
cWofo @M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd @*
cWofo #M cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿ #)
cWofo $M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf n]vfhf]vfx¿ (PM+ Assessments) #*
cWofo %M v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf af/]df hfGg] / dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw -e]6 !_ $*
cWofo ^M b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;DxfNg] ljlw -e]6 @_ ^&
cWofo &M rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_ &&
cWofo *M b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/ -e]6 $_ (@
cWofo (M :j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_ !!!
cWofo !)M v'Nnf dg ;xof]u kZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vf !@!
cg';"rL !M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] k"j{ n]vfhf]vf (Pre-Group PM+ Assessment) !@^
cg';"rL @M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
(During-Group PM+ Assessment) !#@
cg';"rL #M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u kZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vf (Post-Group PM+ Assessment) !##
cg';"rL $M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfOsf] n]vfhf]vf / k|ltlqmof !#$
cg';"rL %M ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ / ;xhstf{x¿sf nflu gf]6x¿ !#^
cg';"rL ^M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf kf]:6/x¿ !%)
cg';"rL &M ;xefuLsf nflu xft]kqx¿ !%%
cg';"rL *M c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ – lrqsyfx¿ !%*
cg';"rL (M dlxnf lrqsyf !^$
cg';"rL !)M k'?if lrqsyf !&^
cg';"rL !!M jt{dfg cj:yfk|lt ;r]t u/fpg] -Grounding_ cEof; !**
cg';"rL !@M /dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]n -Energizers_ !*(
7
cWofo !
e"ldsf
nfdf];do;Dd /xg]tgfj Ps ljZjJofkL ;d:of eP tfklg o;sf nflu k|df0fdf cfwfl/t
e/k bf]{ dgf]j }1 flgs ;xof]u pknAw 5}g  . To;}n ] Problem Management Plus (PM+)
cK7\of/f] cj:yf -h;n] JolQmsf] hLjgdf tgfj l;h{gf ub{5_ ef]lu/x]sf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg ;g\ @)!# df k|sfzg ul/Psf]lyof] . pQm PM+ lgb]{lzsf JolQmut e]6 ;~rfng ug{
ljsf; ul/Psf]lyof] . o;cGtu{t % j6f JolQmut -Individual_ e]6x¿ u/L ;xof]u k|bfg ul/G5  .
of] PM+ -g]kfndf …v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ_ Ps dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u xf], h'g ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿
-h:t} M dgf]lj1fgdf z}lIfs l8u|L xfl;n gu/]sf, dgf]ljdz{df cf}krfl/s tflnd / ;'kl/j]If0f
gkfPsfx¿, ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x¿ /;j{;fwf/0f_n]k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
o; sfo{qmdn] dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M lrGtf, 6]G;g, lk/, 8/ nfUg], hfFu/ grNg],
/dfOnf] sfddf OR5f gnfUg], cflb_ / b}lgs cfOkg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M 3/df emu8f x'g],
hLljsf rnfpg ;d:of kg]{cflb_nfO{ sd ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
o; sfo{qmdn] zf/Ll/s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{, cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{, hflu/ lbg], uDeL/ dfgl;s
;d:ofsf nflu cf}ifwL lbg] / k9fpg] sfo{x¿ ub}{g  .
…v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmd s;sf nflu xf]<

b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M k];f, hflu/, åGå, 3/fo;L ;d:of cflb_ / dg;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M tgfj, g}/fZotf, cTolws b'Mv cflb_ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ …v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ
sfo{qmdn]d2t ub{5 .
of] lgb]l{ zsf cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_ af6 k|efljt JolQmx¿sf nflu agfOPsf]eP tfklg l8k|;g, ]
tgfj /lrGtfhGo ;d:of ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu klg pkof]uL 5 . tn lbOPsf s]xL lglZrt
dfgl;s :jf:Yo l:yltx¿ afx]s w]/h } ;f] dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg o; lgb]l{ zsfnfO{
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . …v'Nnf dg ;xof]u Ú lgDglnlvt ;d:ofx¿sf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g M
!_ s;}sf] cfˆgf] hLjg cGTo -cfTdxTof_ ug]{ of]hgf -;f]r_ ePdf,
@_ uDeL/ dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of -;fOsf]l;;_, dlb/f jf nfu"cf}ifw ;]jgdf k"0f{ ¿kdf lge{/,
k"0f{ af}l4s czQmtf, la;{g] /f]u -Dementia_ ;+Fu ;DalGwt hl6n ;d:ofx¿ ePdf .
t'?Gt} ;xof]u rflxg] tyf ;'/Iff cfjZos ePsf ;]jfu|fxLx¿ -h:t} M s'g} lszf]/L, hf] b'Jo{jxf/sf]
hf]lvddf ePdf_ ePsf] cj:yfdf k|f/lDes dgf]j}1flgs pkrf/ -Psychological First Aid_ af6
;'? ug{'kb{5 / ;DalGwt ljZjfl;nf] lgsfodf k|]if0f ug'{kb{5  . pko'Qm ;]jf kfO;s]kl5 o:tf
;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ klg …v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 .
8
cWofo !
e"ldsf
…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u (Group PM+)

of] lgb]{lzsf jo:sx¿sf] ;d:of Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d"x e]6 ;~rfng ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu tof/
kfl/Psf] xf]  . …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u Ú sfo{qmdn] JolQmsf ;d:ofx¿af/] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
w]/} pko'Qm ljsNkx¿ lbg ;Sg]5  .
tgfjsf sf/sx¿ 1
hfF8/S;Lsf] ;]jg M
g]kfnL ;dfhdf hfF8/S;L÷dBkfgsf] ;d:of htftt} 5  . ;fdfGotof hfF8/S;L vfg xF'b}g eGg]
dfGotf eP tfklg dflg;x¿ hfF8–/S;L ;]jg ub{5g\  . of] clxn]sf] ;dfhdf tgfjsf] Ps d'Vo
sf/ssf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5  . of] ;d:ofn] JolQm, ;dfh / ;d'bfonfO{ g} k|efj kf/]sf] 5 / o;sf]
Joj:yfkg sl7g x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5  .
n}ª\lus lx+;f M
n}ª\lus lx+;f klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf tgfjsf] Ps d'Vo sf/0f xf]  . w]/}h;f] dlxnfx¿ o;af6 k|efljt
5g\ / o:tf] lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug{' cfkm}Fdf tgfju|:t x'g' xf]  .
;fdflhs k|lti7f M
;fdflhs k|lti7fnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf lgs} dxTj lbOg] ul/G5  . oxfF dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:ofnfO{
;fdfGotof JolQmut ¿kdf glnO{ kl/jf/s} nflu nfhsf] ljifosf ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5  . o;
sf/0f k|lti7f klg JolQmsf ;fy} l;ª\u} kl/jf/sf nflu tgfjsf] sf/0f aGg hfG5 / oxL nfhn]
pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]usf] vf]hL ug{af6 /f]Sg] ub{5  . k|lti7fjfg\ 3/kl/jf/df s;}nfO{ dfgl;s :jf:Yo
;d:of ePsf] cj:yfdf k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] 8/n] ubf{ pgLx¿ pkrf/ / ;xof]uaf6 jl~rt x'G5g\  .
o; sf/0fn] klg ;fdflhs k|lti7f tgfjsf] sf/0f ag]sf] kfOG5  .
;+o'Qm kl/jf/ M
g]kfnsf] kl/jz
] df cem} klg ;+oQ
' m kl/jf/ sfod} ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ToxL 3/kl/jf/df /xs
] f JolQmx¿
-h:t} M ;f;'–a'xf/L, gGb–cfdfh";Fu, cflb_ aLrdf klg wf/0ff, ljrf/ / ck]Iff gldNbf 3/kl/jf/sf
JolQmnfO{ tgfj pTkGg x'g ;Sb5g\ .
a;fOF ;/fO M
a;fOF ;/fO ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eP tfklg g]kfndf o;sf]tLj|tf ljsl;t b]zeGbf a9L ePsf]kfOG5 . cfGtl/s
tyf afXo a;fOF ;/fOsf sf/0f kfl/jfl/s tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ¿kdf ;d:of k}bf eO{ tgfj pTkGg x'g] u/s
] f] 5  .
h:t} M kl/jf/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] JolQm gx'Fbf -ha k'?ifx¿ ljb]z hfG5g\, ta 3/, 5f]/f5f]/L /
1
o; lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ePsf tgfjsf sf/sx¿ l6=lk=cf] g]kfnn] u/]sf] Ps u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg (Qualitative interview) cg';f/ k|:t't
ul/Psf x'g\  .
9
kl/jf/sf] x]/ljrf/ ug]{ lhDdf dlxnfsf] sfFwdf cfpF5_ c¿ lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ tgfjsf] ;[hgf x'g],
>Ldfg\ / >LdtL nfdf] ;do e]6 gx'gfn] cGo JolQm;Fu zf/Ll/s ;DaGw /xg], 3/kl/jf/sf] jf:tf
gug]{ -h:t} M cfly{s ;xof]ux¿ sd ug]{ cflb_ / ToxL sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ tgfj ;[hgf x'g] u/s
] f] kfOG5  .
;fdgf ug]{ tl/sf M

;fdgf ug]{ tl/sf JolQm lkR5] km/skm/s x'g] eP tfklg g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf laF8L -Ps
k|sf/sf] ;'tL{hGo r'/f]6_ lkP/ tgfjsf] ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5  . of] dlxnf / k'?if b'jd
} f b]Vg
;lsG5, h'g gsf/fTds ;fdgf ljlw xf] .
e]befj tyf nf~5gf 2
g]kfnL ;dfhdf nf~5gf tyf e]befj k|z:t kfOG5  . h:t} M dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt
x'g]nf~5gf tyf lnª\u, hft /wd{ ;DaGwL x'g]nf~5gfn]tgfj pTkGg u/fPsf]kfOG5 .
dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt nf~5gfsf sf/0f dflg;x¿ cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ kf]Vg / ;xof]u
vf]Hg lxlRsrfpg] u5{g\  . pgLx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf o;n] yk af]emsf ¿k c;/ kfg]{ u/]sf]
kfOG5  . dgf];fdflhs ljifox¿df /fd|f] hfgsf/L gx'gfn] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] ;d:of ePsf
JolQmnfO{ g} bf]if lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5  . tL JolQmx¿nfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf af}nfxf, kfun, ;Gsfxf h:tf
zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L lrGg] ul/G5  . o;sf cltl/Qm dlxnfx¿df nf~5gfsf] o:tf] af]em emg} a9L
b]lvG5 . Psn dlxnfx¿ dfly o; k|sf/sf]nf~5gf klg ;j{q JofKt 5 . o; k|sf/;dfhsf ljleGg
txsf ljleGg ;d"xx¿df cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] e]befj x'g] ub{5  . o;/L nf~5gf tyf e]befjsf sf/0f
dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ …v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmdn] pQm ;d:ofnfO{ sd
ug{ d2t ub{5 .
To;}u/L lnª\u, hft / wd{sf cfwf/df w]/} ;fdflhs e]befj tyf nf~5gf x'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg of]
xfd|f] ;dfhdf tgfjsf] d'Vo sf/ssf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5  .
zf/Ll/s l;sfotx¿ -kL8fx¿, b'vfO_

g]kfnL ;dfhdf dgsf] ;d:ofnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf cnf}lss zlQm -b]jLb]jtf, e"tk|]t_ sf sf/0fn] ubf{
ePsf zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ -k]6, 6fpsf] b'vfO, vfg dg gnfUg]_ sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5  . t/, of]
jf:tjdf zf/Ll/s ;d:of geO{ dg tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿n] pTkGg ePsf] x'G5  .
dgdf x'g] ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f b]vfkg]{ nIf0fx¿ lgDg x'g ;S5g\ M
• PSn} /xg' -PSn} /xg dg k/fpg'_, • Psf]xf]/f] x'g',
• Psf]xf]/f] 6f]nfpg', • ef]s gnfUg',
• lg›f gnfUg', • 6fpsf] b'Vg',
2
l6=lk=cf] g]kfnn] u/]sf] Ps u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg (Qualitative interview) cg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] xf]  .
10
cWofo !
e"ldsf
o:tf dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx¿;Fu h'Wg' JolQmsf] nflu dfq geO{ kl/jf/s} nflu klg sl7g cj:yf
eO/xs
] f] x'G5 t/ g]kfnL kl/jz
] df o:tf ;d:ofaf6 s;}nfO{ zfGt / lzlyn agfpgsf] nflu kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿n] g} dlb/f -/S;LhGo kbfy{_ lbg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5  . h;n] ubf{ dBkfgsf] nt nfUg ;S5  .
To;}n] oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g' / ;xof]usf] vf]hL ug{' b'j} kIfsf
nflu /fd|f] x'G5  .
;fdflhs ;+/rgf
xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;a}n] Pscsf{nfO{ lrGg] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf /xs
] f] x'G5  . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;a}n] Pscsf{nfO{
lrGg ;Sg] x'gfn] ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ uf]kgLotf / Ps csf{sf] ;Ddfg sfod /fVg' lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ /
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5  . ;d"xnfO{ ljZjf; u/]/ g} JolQmn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g\  .
To;sf/0f of] ljZjf;nfO{ sfod /fVg'kb{5  . To;}n] Pscsf{k|ltsf] v'Nnfkg / ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg
ug{'kb{5  . o;f] ubf{ k"/} ;d"x g} alnof] aGg hfG5  .
of] lgb]{lzsf s–s;n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\  <

of] lgb]{lzsf -s_ o;df k|of]u ePsf ljlwx¿sf] af/]df klxn] tflnd glnPsf JolQmx¿, -v_ klxnf
dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] k];fut tflnd glnPsf JolQmx¿ -h:t} M dgf]lj1fgdf z}lIfs l8u|L eP
klg dgf]ljdz{df cf}krfl/s tflnd glnPsfx¿ / ;'kl/j]If0f gkfPsfx¿b]lv ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x¿
/ ;j{;fwf/0f;Dd_, / -u_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u lbg] ;DaGwL k|lzIfsx¿ / ;'kl/j]Ifsx¿sf
nflu nlIft ul/Psf] 5  .
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u tkfO{+sf]nflu x'g;S5, olb tkfO{+,
• cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_ af6 k|efljt dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{;+:yfdf sfd ug{x' G' 5 eg],
• cfˆgf ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fu kof{Kt ;do latfP/c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ Psbd}pT;flxt x'gx' G' 5 eg],
• sDtLdf !)+@ ;Ddsf] lzIff lng'ePsf] 5 eg],
• …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdÚ tflnd lng'ePsf] 5 eg],
• c¿;Fu ldn]/ ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 eg], /
• tflnd k|fKt ;'kl/j]Ifsaf6 lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / ;'kl/j]If0f k|fKt ug{'x'G5 eg]  .
o:tf ;'kl/j]Ifs ;Dej eP;Dd Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) df lj:t[t tflnd k|fKt / k|z:t
cg'ej ePsf] x'g'kb{5  . olb of] ;Dej 5}g eg] of] lgb]{lzsfdf lbOPsf tl/sfx¿ / ;'kl/j]If0f ug{df
cltl/Qm tflnd /sfdsf]cg'ej ePsf JolQm x'g'kb{5 .
11
Tfflnd
dfgl;s :jf:Yodf bvn÷k|z:t cg'ej gePsf ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f tflnd lbFbf sIffsf]7f
/:ynut b'j}dfWoddf tflnd lbg'kb{5 . sIffut tflnd sDtLdf (^ 3G6f -!@ lbg_ sf]
x'g'kb{5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo If]qdf cg'ejL JolQmx¿n]tflnd k|bfg ug'{ kb{5, h;nfO{ …;fd"lxs
v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sf ;a} ljlwx¿df /fd|f] bvn ePsf] x'G5  . h:t} M ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw
(Problem Solving Therapy), dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw (Stress Management), Jojxf/df
;lqmotf (Behavior Activation) / b'Mv afF8] cfwf ;'Mv afF8] bf]Aa/ (Strengthening the social
support) .
sIffut tflnddf lgDg lnlvt ljifoj:t'x¿ x'G5g\ M

• ;fdfGo vfnsf dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M lrGtf, tgfj_ sf af/d ] f hfgsf/L, …;fd"lxs
v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚsf x/]s ljlwsf] p2]Zo / ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf,
• cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿,
• ;d"xnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{ / Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;Lkx¿,
• cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿ / ljlwx¿ l;sfpg e"ldsf clego -k|lzIfsåf/f k|bz{g /
;xefuLåf/f ;xeflutf_, tflndsf] cGTolt/ k"/f Ps lbgsf] e"ldsf clego  .
• ;xhstf{ -jf ;xof]uLx¿_ sf] :jx]/rfx  .
:ynut tflnd h?/L 5 lsgeg] …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sf];}4flGts 1fg eP tfklg
sf]xL of] tflnd lbg ;Ifd x'Fb}g  . ;'kl/j]If0f ;lxtsf] cEof;n] ;xhstf{sf] ;Lk / 1fgsf]
j[l4 ub{5 /cfjZos cfTdljZjf; klg k|bfg ub{5 . sIffut tflndkZrft\ sDtLdf b'O{ ;d"x
agfO{ hDdf % e]6 -!% 3G6f_ sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ;lxt …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sf] :ynut
tflnd lbg'kb{5 . oL % e]6x¿ 36Ldf @ xKtfsf];dofjlwdf ug{ ;lsG5 . :ynut e]6x¿
;+j]bgzLn syfx¿ ePsf -h:t} M w]/} hl6n tgfj gePsf_ ;xefuLx¿;Fu ug{'kb{5 / Psbd
glhsaf6 ;'kl/j]If0f ug{'kb{5  . tflnd ;lsPkl5 lgoldt ;'kl/j]If0fdf /x]/ …;fd"lxs v'Nnf
dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'kb{5  . ;'kl/j]If0fsf] lg/Gt/tf ;fKtflxs jf kflIfs ¿kdf
ug]{ s'/f ;xhstf{x¿sf] ;Lksf] :t/df e/ kb{5, h'g ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g x'g] ub{5  .
cf}krfl/s lrlsT;sLo CBT tflnd glnPsf dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] klg …;fd"lxs
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u Ú sfo{qmd l;Sg ;S5g\  . pgLx¿sf] tflnd $) 3G6fsf] -k"/f % lbg_ x'g]5 /
To;kl5 b'O{ j6f ;fd"lxs ;'kl/j]If0f;lxtsf cEof;x¿ x'g]5g\  . ;xhstf{x¿sf] ;Lksf] :t/
cg';f/ ;fKtflxs jf kflIfs ¿kdf ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg]5  .
12
cWofo !
e"ldsf
;'kl/j]If0f
;'kl/j]If0f cToGt h?/L 5  . k|To]s xKtf @–# 3G6fsf] ;fd"lxs ;'kl/j]If0f /fd|f] dflgG5  .
;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;d"x agfpFbf a9Ldf ^ ;xhstf{x¿ /fVbf l7s x'G5  . ;'kl/j]Ifsx¿ dfgl;s
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf cg'ej ePsf x'g'kb{5  . pgLx¿n] …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ tflndsf cltl/Qm
b'O{ lbg] ;'kl/j]If0fsf] tflnd klg lnPsf] x'g'kb{5  . ;a} ;'kl/j]Ifsx¿n] cfkm}+n] …;fd"lxs v'Nnf
dg ;xof]uÚ sf]tflnd lbg]cg'ej lng'kb{5 .
;fd"lxs ;'kl/jI] f0fsf ;fy} s'g} cfsl:ds ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{k' /d] f ;xsdL{x¿ aLrsf] ;'kl/jI] f0f
-Peer supervision_ / Ps–Ps ;'kl/jI] f0f -one-on-one supervision_ sf]klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'kl/j]If0fdf lgDg lqmofsnfk / ljifoj:t'x¿ ;lDdlnt x'G5g\ M
• ;xefuLx¿sf] k|ultsf af/d ] f 5nkmn,
• ;xefuLx¿;Fusf]cGtlqmof ubf{ jf ;d:of ;DxfNg]ljlwsf pkfox¿ l;sfpFbf cg'ej
ul/Psf cK7\of/f ljifox¿df 5nkmn,
• ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ k|lqmof Joj:yfkg ug{df cfOk/]sf cK7\of/fx¿df 5nkmn,
• …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u Ú sfo{qmddf ;xhstf{ ;dfj]z eO{ e"ldsf clegosf]dfWodaf6
cK7\of/fx¿sf] Joj:yfkg k|lqmof jf l;kx¿sf] cEof;,
• ;xhstf{sf] :j–x]/rfx  .
…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmdsf e]6x¿sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] 5  <

…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u Ú sfo{qmdsf] ;+/rgf lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
• ;xof]u k"j{, ;xof]usf] bf}/fg / ;xof]u kZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vfx¿,
• kl/jf/ ;lDdlnt e]6 -P]lR5s_,
• % j6f ;fd"lxs e]6x¿,

• xKtfsf] Psrf]l6 e]6,
• Ps e]6 nueu @ 3G6f b]vL @=#) 3G6fsf]x'G5 -;xefuLx¿ cfOk'Ug, pgLx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f
ug{, lqmofsnfk ug{ / cfjZostfcg';f/ a|]s ug{ ;a} u/]/_
k|To]s e]6df lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿ x'G5g\ M
!_ ;fd"lxs lzIf0f /lqmofsnfkx¿
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ljlwsf] kl/ro
13
- k|of]u ul/g] ljlwsf] af/]df lzIff

- x/]s ljlwx¿ lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg] af/]df 5nkmn
- ljlwx¿ b}lgs hLjgdf nfu" ug]{ eGg] af/]df lqmofsnfkx¿ -h:t} M e"ldsf clego,
k"jf{Eof;, ;fyL /;d"xut cEof;x¿_ /5nkmnx¿
- x/]s ljlw k"/f ug]{ r/0fx¿  .
• lrqsyfx¿sf] pbfx/0f -cg';"rL ( / cg';"rL !)_
- JolQmsf] hLjgdf v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ljlwx¿ lrqsyfåf/f b]vfOPsf] 5  .
- ;Dk"0f{ e]6df ToxL pbfx/0fnfO{ lnOPsf] 5  .
- dlxnf /k'?ifsf nflu cnucnu lrqsyfx¿ 5g\ .
- tkfO{Fn] lrqsyfx¿ 5'6\6} lk|G6 ug{'xf];\ / Pp6} k'l:tsfdf /fv]/ k|of]u ug'{xf];\  .
@_ ;d"xut 5nkmnx¿
• x/]s ljlwx¿ ckgfpFbf JolQmut cg'ejx¿ Pscsf{nfO{ ;'gfpg]
• ljlwx¿ ckgfpFbf ef]luPsf ;d:ofx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿df 5nkmn ug]{
#_ ;xefuL /;xhstf{ aLr 5nkmnx¿
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿ cfˆgf] hLjgdf s;/L nfu" ug]{ eGg] af/]df ;xefuLx¿n]
;xhstf{;Fu 5nkmn ug]{df}sf
kfpg ;lsG5 .
• ;xefuLx¿n] 3/ uP/ cEof; ug]{ of]hgfnfO{ ;xhstf{n] gf]6 l6Kg] a]nfdf of] s'/fsfgL ug{
;lsG5 .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ yk ;xof]u rflxPdf e]6 ;lsPkl5 ;xhstf{n] yk ;do lgsfNg'kg]{x'g;S5 .
$_ ;fd"lxs lgodx¿ /lqmofsnfkx¿
• e]6x¿df ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ …v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚsf ljlwx¿ l;Sg /cfˆgf]dg;Fu ;DalGwt tyf jf:tljs
;d:ofx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ To;nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eg]/ l;sfpg hf]8 ul/G5  .
x/]s e]6sf] ;du|df hfgsf/Lsf] nflu tn x]g{'xf];\  .
14
cWofo !
e"ldsf
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf n]vfhf]vfx¿

v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf hDdf # j6f n]vfhf]vfx¿ 5g\  . ;a} e]6x¿ ;xefuLx¿;Fu PsPs u/]/ /
k|To]If e]6]/ ul/G5  .
!_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ug'{eGbf klxnf
• of] n]vfhf]vfnfO{ k"j{ ;xof]u n]vfhf]vf (Pre-intervention assessment) elgG5 .
• ;fd"lxs sfo{qmd ;'? x'g'eGbf klxnf o;nfO{ ;dfkg ul/g]5 .

• o;sf]p2]Zo ;xefuLx¿ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf nflu tof//pko'Qm 5g\ jf 5}gg\
eg]/ hfFRg' xf], / olb tof/ eP pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf / d'Vo rf;f]x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lng' xf]  .
@_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf -P]lR5s_
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u e]6df cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;xefuLx¿ s] s:tf 5g\ eg]/ 5f]6f]
n]vfhf]vf ubf{ ul/G5  .
• olb of] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ lg0f{o ug'{eof] eg], tkfOF{n] tnsf a'Fbfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{
ug'{kb{5 M
- ;d"xsf x/]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;lDdlnt ug{'kb{5
- Ps k6sdf Pshgf;+Fu s'/f ug{'kb{5, To;}n] uf]kgLotfsf] nflu s'g} zfGt 7fpFsf] vf]hL
ug{'kb{5
- n]vfhf]vf x/]s e]6df ug{'kb{5
#_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\

• o;nfO{ ;xof]ukl5sf] n]vfhf]vf (Post-intervention assessment) elgG5 .
• ;xefuLn] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;s]kl5 jf ubf{ub}{ aLrd} 5f]8]sf] eP klg
-pm ;a} % j6f e]6x¿df ;xefuL gePsf] klg x'g;S5_ cGTodf n]vfhf]vf ul/G5  .
• ;lsPsf % e]6x¿af6 ;xefuLx¿df s]xL k|ult eof] of ePg eg]/ hfFRg' g} of] n]vfhf]vfsf]
p2]Zo xf]  . olb tL e]6x¿af6 ;xof]u gePsf] b]lvPdf cGo j}slNks ;xof]usf pkfox¿sf]
vf]hL ug{'kg]{ x'G5  .
n]vfhf]vfsf af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cWofo $ x]g{'xf];\  .
15
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{x¿

Pp6f ;d"x /fd|/L ;~rfng ug{sf]nflu Pshgf ;xhstf{n] a9Ldf ^ hgf dfq ;xefuLx¿ /fVg'kb{5 .
!_ ;d"x ;xhstf{sf e"ldsfx¿
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ;d"xnfO{ g]t[Tj ug{',
• x/]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]ucGtu{t ePsf ljlwx¿ l;Sg /cEof; ug{
;xof]u ug{'  .
• @ hgf ;xhstf{x¿ -;xhstf{ / ;xfos_ dWo] Psn] e]6nfO{ g]t[Tj u5{g\ eg] csf{n]
Joj:yfkg /;d"x ;~rfngsf qmddf cfPsf cK7\of/fnfO{ sd ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ .
@_ ;d"x ;xhstf{x¿sf u'0fx¿
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
c;n ;xhstf{x¿df lgDg u'0fx¿ x'G5g\ M
• cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_ af6 k|efljt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{tLj| OR5f ePsf],
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]u tflndkZrft\sf] /fd|f] 1fg ePsf],
• ;/n, /f]rs / l;h{gfTds tl/sfdf hfgsf/Lx¿ afF8\g] ;Lk ePsf],
• cfwf/e"t l;sfOsf ;Lkx¿ k|of]u ug{ l;kfn' ePsf],
• cfˆgf ;xefuLx¿sf ;f+:s[lts / cf:yfsf leGgtfnfO{ /fd|/L a'em]sf] / ;Ddfg lbg hfGg],
• ;d"xdf /x]sf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{] hfFu/ ePsf]  .
o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{

;xhstf{x¿nfO{ k|To]s e]6 ;~rfng ug{ o; lgb]{lzsfn] dfu{lgb]{z ub{5  . s'g} e]6sf] ;'?jft
ug{'eGbf klxnf k|To]s e]6df s]s] lqmofsnfkx¿ x'G5g\ eg]/ tkfO{+nfO{ k"j{hfgsf/L x'g'kb{5  . e]6sf]
bf}/fg tkfO{+n] o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;Fu} /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 tfls tkfO{+nfO{ clxn] s] ug{'kb{5 eGg] yfxf xf];\,
jf atfOPsf k|Zgx¿ jf ;+jfbx¿ x]g{ ;lsof];\ -58\s] cIf/df /flvPsf]_ .
;d"xsf] g]t[Tj ug{'eGbf klxnf pbfx/0fsf nflu lnOPsf] syfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng'xf];\  . pQm
;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿sf nflu Tof] syfsf] pbfx/0f ;xL 5 ls 5}g eg]/ klg ;'lglZrt ug{'xf];\  .
16
cWofo !
e"ldsf
;xhstf{x¿nfO{ o; lgb]lz{sfn]lgDg ljifox¿df ;xof]u u5{ M

• ljlwx¿sf] JofVof ug{ – ;xefuLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg d'Vo a'bF fx¿ /;'emfOPsf ;+jfbx¿
;lDdlnt 5g\,
• x/]s ljlwx¿nfO{ s;/L k|of]udf Nofpg] eg]/ JofVof ug{ – s;}sf] hLjgsf ;d:of
;DxfNg x/]s ljlw s;/L nfu" ug]{ eg]/ syf;lxtsf] pbfx/0f lbOPsf] 5,
• ;fd"lxs 5nkmnnfO{ k|fT;fxg
] ug{ – k|Zgx¿ /;+s]tx¿ lbOPsf 5g\,
• ;lqmo l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg – ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ s;/L g]t[Tj ug]{ eg]/
JofVof ul/Psf] 5,
• ;do Joj:yfkg ug{ – x/]s e]6nfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]lsPsf] 5  .
;xhstf{x¿n] hfgsf/Lx¿ lbFbf / lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpFbf ;s];Dd o; lgb{]lzsfdf atfOPcg';f/

u/fpg'kb{5 . o; lgb]{lzsfdf d'Vo a'Fbfx¿, ;+jfbx¿ ;a}-58\s] cIf/df n]lvPsf]_ / lqmofsnfkx¿
/flvPsf]5 lsgeg]o;n];fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd a'‰g d2t ub{5 . olb tkfO{+n]o;df
ePsf eGbf km/s ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ug{'eof] jf s'g} efux¿ 5'6fpg'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] v'Nnf dg
;xof]u sfo{qmdeGbf klg c¿ g}s]xL sfo{qmd rnfpg' ePsf]x'g ;S5 .
tkfO{+n] s]xL nrstf ckgfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 ha M

• s'g}ljifo jf ljlwnfO{ o; lgb]{lzsfdf lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿sf]k|of]u ug'{ eGbf klg
cem ;+j]bgzLn tl/sfn] JofVof ug{ ;Sg'x'G5,
• ;d"xsf] cGt/;DaGwsf sf/0f olb o; lgb]{lzsfsf s]xL efux¿ l;sfpg ;Dej ePg
eg], s'g}efux¿ cufl8 g};~rfng ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿ Psbd tgfju|:t eP eg] tkfO{+n] …dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwÚ cufl8 g}
;~rfng ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ;+/rgf
o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ !) cWofox¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5  . x/]s cWofodf ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u
k|lqmof ;~rfng ug]{tl/sfx¿ 5g\ . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf % e]6x¿ km/s cWofodf 5g\
-k|To]s e]6sf] ;du| hfgsf/Lsf nflu tn x]gx'{ f];_\   . k|To]s cWofosf] ;'?df x/s
] e]6sf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL lbOPsf] 5  .
tkfO{+n] ;d"xnfO{ g]t[Tj ug{sf] nflu cfjZos hfgsf/Lx¿ k|To]s e]6df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5  . s'g
;do syf k9]/;'gfpg], s'g ;do ;d"x 5nkmn ;'? ug]{/s'g ;do ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'?
ug]{ eg]/ o; lgb]{lzsfn] lgb]{lzt ub{5  . v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ubf{ k|To]s ljlwx¿sf] kl/ro
17
s;/L ug]{/5'6fpg gx'g]d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ eg]/klg o;df lbOPsf]5 . 5nkmn ;'? ug{
jf s'g} tl/sfsf] JofVof ug{ cndndf kbf{ s'g k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] jf s'g ;+jfbx¿ af]Ng] eg]/ hgfOPsf]
-58\s]sf cIf/x¿_ 5 .
cg';"rLx¿ M o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cGTodf dxŒjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ ;lDdlnt cg';"rLx¿ 5g\ . ;d"x
;~rfng ug{'eGbf klxnf tkfO{+n]oL hfgsf/Lx¿ a'‰g' h?/L 5 .
cg';"rL o;df s];lDdlnt 5g\
s_ ;xof]uk"j{ ul/g] ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vfsf k|ltlnlkx¿ agfP/
n]vfhf]vf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ e]6x¿df n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5  .
v_ ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vfsf k|ltlnlkx¿ agfP/
n]vfhf]vf e]6x¿df n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5  .
u_ ;xof]ukZrft\ ul/g] ;xof]ukZrft\ ul/g] n]vfhf]vfsf k|ltlnlkx¿ agfP/
n]vfhf]vf e]6x¿df n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5  .
3_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u n]vfhf]vf ug{ e]6 ubf{ / ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ e]6x¿df
sfo{qmddf cfTdxTofsf] hf]lvd cfTdxTofsf] n]vfhf]vf kmf/d nuL cfTdxTofsf] ;f]r
tyf Joj:yfkgsf] n]vfhf]vf ePsf ;xefuLnfO{ k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
ª_ ;xof]uL ;+s]tx¿ / ;xhstf{sf x/]s ljlwdf ;xof]uL ;+s]tx¿ ;xhstf{sf nflu
nflu l6kf]6x¿ l6kf]6x¿ x'G5g\  . ltgn] ;xefuLx¿n] ef]Ug] w]/}h;f]
;d:ofx¿sf ;fy;fy} ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5
eg]/ tkfO{FnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5g\  .
r_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;xefuLx¿n] ljleGg cjwf/0ffx¿ a'‰g km/skm/s
sfo{qmdsf kf]:6/x¿ e]6x¿df k|bz{g ug{sf nflu lrqx¿ 5g\ .
5_ c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ syfsf c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ syfsf pbfx/0f lbg], h'g e]6 % df
pbfx/0fx¿ k|of]u ul/G5
h_ lrqsyf – dlxnf dlxnfsf] syf
em_ lrqsyf – k'?if k'?ifsf] syf
`_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dgsf ljlwx¿ ;Demfpgsf nflu
;fdu|Lx¿ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tl:a/ ePsf sfuhftx¿ ljt/0f ul/G5  .
oL / cGo cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ x/]s e]6sf] cGTodf
ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5  .
6_ jt{dfg cj:yfk|lt ;r]t ;xefuLx¿ efjgfTgs ¿kdf cl:y/ ePsf] cj:yfdf
u/fpg] -Grounding_ o;n] tkfO{FnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5  .
7_ /dfOnf] u/]/ km'lt{nf] x'g] x/]s e]6sf] aLrdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;lqmo /fVg o;
lqmofsnkfnx¿ -Energizers_ ;"rLdf lbOPsf lqmofsnfkx¿n]tkfO{FnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
18
cWofo !
e"ldsf
x/]s e]6sf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L

e]6 ljifoj:t' ;do lqmofsnfkx¿ / ;fdu|Lx¿
;xof]uk"js { f] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;'? ug{'eGbf ;xof]uk"j{sf] n]vfhf]vfsf
^) ldg]6
n]vfhf]vf klxnf x/]s ;xefuLx¿;Fu ug{'kg]{ lqmofsnfk / ;fdu|Lx¿
kl/jf/df olb ;xefuLn] pkof]uL 7fG5g\
;lDdlnt eg], ;fd'bflos ;"rgf lbg] JolQm
$% ldg]6
e]6 kl/jf/;Fu e]6\5g\ / ;fd"lxs v'Nnf
-P]lR5s_ dgsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g\
pkl:yt eO{ ;d"xdf a:g' @) ldg]6
:jfut tyf kl/ro !) ldg]6 gfd sf8{x¿ -pknAw ePdf_
;d"xsf gLltlgodx¿ !) ldg]6 7'nf] sfuhsf] kfgf / dfs{/x¿

v'Nnf dg s] xf]< gfds kf]:6/
v'Nnf dg s] xf] < !% ldg]6
sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿ gfds tflnsf
!=
v'Nnf dgsf /dfOnf] u/]/ km'lt{nf] x'g] v]n /dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]ndf ePsf
% ldg]6
af/d] f hfGg] ;"rLx¿
/ dg / JolQmut nIox¿ !) ldg]6 3fuf]sf] Ps 8Nnf]
z/L/ xn'sf a|]s
ug]{ ljlw
cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_
@) ldg]6 o;;DaGwL $ j6f kf]:6/x¿
s] xf]<
@% ldg]6 7'nf] sfuhsf] kfgf / dfs{/x¿,
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw
wfuf]sf] Ps 8Nnf] / a]n'gx¿
JolQmut sfo{of]hgfx¿ dg / z/L/
e]6sf] ;dfkg !) ldg]6
xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lrqfTds xft]kq
19
;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] cgf}krfl/s

!) ldg]6 ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
n]vfhf]vf
;d"xdf pkl:yt x'g'xf];\ % ldg]6
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]ndf ePsf
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]n % ldg]6
;"rLx¿
:jfut / ;fdfGo ;dLIff % ldg]6 gfd sf8{x¿ -pknAw ePdf_
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf]
!) ldg]6
;dLIff
@ ;d:of ;DxfNg] – dgf]lzIff / ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
#) ldg]6
;d:of lrqsyf lrqsyf
;DxfNg] ljlw a|]s
;d:of ;DxfNg] –;xefuLsf ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0fsf]

&) ldg]6
;d:ofx¿ kf]:6/, sfuhsf] 7'nf] kfgf / snd
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw % ldg]6
JolQmut sfdsf] of]hgf,
e]6sf] cGTo !) ldg]6 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lrqfTds ljt/0f
kqx¿
n]vfhf]vf !% ldg]6 ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
;d"xdf pkl:yt x'g'xf];\
!) ldg]6
;dLIff
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff -/
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/,
pxL jf gofF ;d:ofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf $) ldg]6
sfuhsf] 7'nf] kfgf / snd
# lbg]_
rNb} u/, rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ –
@% ldg]6 lrqsyf lgliqmotfsf] rqm kf]:6/
ub}{ u/ dgf]lzIff / lrqsyf
a|]s
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/– ;xefuLn] ug]{ $) ldg]6
lqmofsnfk
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]ndf ePsf
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]n % ldg]6
;"rLx¿
e]6sf] ;dfkg !) ldg]6 rNb} u/, ub}{ u/sf] lrqfTds ljt/0f
kqx¿
20
cWofo !
e"ldsf

;d"xdf pkl:yt x'g'xf];\
% ldg]6
:jfut / ;fdfGo ;dLIff gfd sf8{x¿ -pknAw ePdf_
!) ldg]6
;dLIff
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff -/ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
@) ldg]6
xfn} jf gofF ;d:of;Fu lg/tGt/tf_
$ rNb} u/, ub}{ u/sf] ;dLIff -/ xfn}
b'Mv afF8] @) ldg]6
jf gofF ;d:of;Fu lg/tGt/tf_
cfwf, ;'v a|]s
afF8] bf]Aa/ b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/–
@) ldg]6 lrqsyfx¿
dgf]lzIff / lrqsyf
d / d]/f ;DaGwsf] gS;f+sg
b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/–
#) ldg]6 -Me-Map_
;xefuLsf] ;xof]u
e]6sf] ;dfkg !) ldg]6 rNb} u/, ub}{ u/sf] lrqfTds ljt/0f
kqx¿
;d"xdf pkl:yt x'g'xf];\,
:jfut / ;fdfGo ;dLIff
% ldg]6 gfd sf8{x¿ -pknAw ePdf_

dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw,
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw, rNb} u/, ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
@% ldg]6
ub}{ u/, b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] lgliqmotfsf] rqmsf] kf]:6/
% bf]Aa/sf] u[xsfo{ -/ ljlw agfpg'sf]
:j:y /xf}F lg/Gt/tf_ sf] ;dLIff
/ cl3 a8f}F …c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'Úsf syfx¿
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ;dLIff !% ldg]6
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] kf]:6/
a|]s
:j:y /xf}+ @) ldg]6
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;lDemgsf]
cl3 a8f}+ @) ldg]6 nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ -P]lR5s_,

syfsf pbfx/0f
;dfkg ;df/f]x !) ldg]6 vfgf -jf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿_
;xof]u kZrftsf] n]vfhf]vf
;xof]u kZrftsf] n]vfhf]vf
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg sfo{qmd ;s]kl5 x/]s $) ldg]6
-cg';"rL #_
;xefuLx¿;Fu ug{'kg]{
21
;d"xdf sfd ug]{ af/]df tkfO{+n] hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]usf nflu ;d"x e]6 ;~rfng ug{' JolQmut e]6x¿df eGbf km/s x'G5  . ;d"xdf
sfd ug{'eGbf klxnf tkfO{+n] w]/} s'/fsf] ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5  .
ofb /fVg'kg]{ Jofjxfl/s s'/fx¿

!_ ;xefuLx¿sf];+Vof M
• x/]s ^ hgf ;xefuLsf nflu ! hgf ;xhstf{ cfjZos 5 .
• Pp6f ;d"xdf a9Ldf * hgf ;xefuLx¿ /fVg'kb{5 .
@_ lnª\u M
• ;Dej eP;Dd Pp6f ;d"xdf ;dfg lnª\usf ;xefuLx¿ /fVg'kb{5 .
#_ pd]/ M
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd s]jn jo:sx¿ -!* jif{eGbf dfly_ df k/LIf0f ul/Psf]
5  . To;}n] !* jif{eGbf d'lgsf JolQmx¿nfO{ of] ;xof]u k|efjsf/L x'G5 jf x'Fb}g k/LIf0f
ul/Psf] 5}g  .
• !^ jif{ dflysf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L
x'g ;Sb5  . olb ;xhstf{x¿n] 7"nf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] xf] eg] pd]/
cg';f/sf] lgb]l{ zsfdf pko'Qm ;fGble{sLs/0f ug'k{ b{5  . h:t} M efiffsf] ;/nLs/0f, syfx¿sf]
;fGble{sLs/0f, cflb_
$_ ;f+:s[lts / /fhg}lts ljifox¿ M
• ;Dej eP;Dd Pp6} ;f+:sl[ ts, wfld{s / /fhgLlts kl/jz
] sf ;xefuLx¿ ;lDdlnt ug{x' f]; \ .
• of] ;Dej gePsf] cj:yfdf oL leGg cf:yf / ljrf/x¿n] ;d"xut Jojxf/df s;/L k|efj
kfg{;S5 eg]/ Wofg lbg'xf];\  . pbfx/0fsf] nflu klxnf] e]6sf] ;'?jftd} ;d"xsf lgodx¿
jofVof ubf{ tkfO{+n] oL leGgtfx¿sf af/]df v'n]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  . cGo ;dodf klg
;dfg ljrf/sf ;xefuLx¿ ;w}F ;Fu} ga;"g\ eg]/ Vofn ug{'xf];\  . cGTodf, tkfO{+n] ;fd"lxs
5nkmnx¿df ;xefuLx¿n] cfkm"eGbf km/s cf:yf ePsf / km/s kl/j]zaf6 cfPsfx¿nfO{
;Ddfg lbO/x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eg]/ Vofn ug{'xf];\  .
;d"xnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf dxŒjk"0f{ zLif{sx¿dWo]Ps ;d"x Joj:yfkg klg xf]  . o;sf
nflu lgDglnlvt ;Lkx¿df tkfO{+ kf]Vt x'gk' b{5  . ;d"xsf] Joj:yfkgdf cfwf/et" ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf]
k|of]u dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . oL ;Lkx¿sf af/]df cWofo # df k9\g'xf];\ .
22
cWofo !
e"ldsf
!_ dxŒjk"0f{ 5nkmnnfO{ g5f]6\ ofO{ lgwf{l/t ;do sfod /fVg'

• sfo{qmdsf l;nl;nfdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;do tflnsfsf af/]df ;Demfpg' kb{5 .
• 5'6fpg gx'g] ;fd"lxs 5nkmnx¿nfO{ lj>fdsf] ;dodf klg lg/Gt/tf lbg ;Sg'x'G5  .
• sltko cj:yfdf s'gs } g' } ;fd"lxs 5nkmnx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/ ;d"xsf c¿ lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
5f]6\ofpg'kg]{ x'g;S5 -tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g{'xf];\_. olb tkfO{+n] o:tf] lg0f{o ug{'ePdf tL 5f]6\
ofOPsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ s;/L k"/f ug]{ eGg]af/]df ljrf/ ug{'xf];\ -h:t}M ;d"xnfO{ yk
;do a:g cfu|x ug]{, csf]{ lbg ;do cufj} ;'? ug{ k|:tfj ug]{, lj>fdx¿ 5f]6\ofpg], cflb_.
dxŒjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ g5'6f];\ eg]/ oL lg0f{ox¿ lng'eGbf klxnf cfˆgf] ;'kl/jI] fs;Fu ;Nnfx
ug{'xf];\  .
- pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;d"xn] s'g} ljlwsf af/]df l;Sb} 5, / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ vf]Hb}
5 eg] s'g} Ps ;xefuLsf] Jofjxfl/s / dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of ;'Nemfpg 5nkmn ubf{
;a} ;xefuLnfO{ g} ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5  .
@_ k|e'Tj hdfpg] ;xefuLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
• s'g} ;xefuLx¿ o:tf x'G5g\, hf] 5nkmndf w]/} af]N5g\ / c¿nfO{ cfˆgf s'/f eGg lbFb}gg\
jf c¿sf ljrf/x¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g\  . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;d"xnfO{
afWo kfg{ ;S5g\ .
• o:tf k|e'Tj hdfpg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u
ug{'xf];\  .
• s'g} ;xefuLn] o;/L k|e'Tj hdfpFb} uPdf ;fd"lxs e]6df tkfO{+n] jf ;d"x cfkm}n] klg
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
- ;fd"lxs e]6sf qmddf tkfO{+n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] afF8]sf] cg'ejsf nflu wGojfb
lbg ;Sg'x'G5 /c¿nfO{ klg To:t}ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ætkfO{+nfO{ wGojfb Û
tkfO{+n] ;'gfpg'ePsf] cg'ej /f]rs 5 t/ xfdL ;d"xsf c¿ ;b:ox¿sf] klg cg'ej
;'Gg rfxG5f}+  . tkfO{+x¿dWo] c¿n] klg o:t} jf km/s cg'ej ug{'ePsf] 5  <Æ
• olb s'g} ;xefuLn] ;d"xdf ;d:of v8f ul//x]sf 5g\, tkfO{+sf lgb]{zgx¿sf] kfngf ul//x]sf
5}gg\ eg] tkfO{+n] tL ;xefuL;Fu a|]ssf] a]nf jf e]6sf] cGTodf k|ToIf e]6]/ s'/f ug{'kb{5  .
cfˆgf s'/f afF8\g / cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;a}n] kfpg'k5{ eg]/ a'emfpg'xf];\  .
;'?d} gsf/fTds s'/f gug{'xf];\ lsgeg] To;f] ubf{ pQm ;xefuLn] tkfO{+sf] ;Nnfx g;'Gg
;S5g\ .
23
- æsfo{qmddf tkfO{+ w]/} ;xefuL e}/xg'ePsf] 5, h'g Psbd} /fd|f] xf]  . t/ ;d"xsf c¿
;xefuLx¿n] klg af]Ng] df}sf kfpg' Psbd h?/L 5 / d}n] b]lv/x]sf] 5', ;d"xdf clxn]
T;;f] e}/x]sf] 5}g  . To;sf/0f tkfO{+n] c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{, c¿sf s'/fx¿nfO{ Vofn /fvL
af]Ng] df}sf lbg'xf];\  . o;sf nflu tkfO{+n] c¿nfO{ kv{g'kg]{ x'G5 / 5nkmnsf] ;'?df c¿
;xefuLnfO{ af]Ng lbg'kg]{ x'G5  . o;f] ubf{ s;f] xf]nf  <Æ
• s;}n] To:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg'sf] k5fl8 s]xL sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\, -h:t} M pgLx¿ ;d"xsf
km/s kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dg k/fpFb}gg\, pgLx¿n] cfkm}nfO{ ;a}eGbf w]/}
;xof]u rflxG5 eGg] ;f]Rg ;S5g\, ;d'bfodf cfˆgf] :yfg jf pd]/sf sf/0f pgLx¿n] cfkm}nfO{
k|efjzfnL 7fGg ;S5g\_. o:tf sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg ;lsPdf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
- PSn]} ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ o:tf] k|Zg ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'G5 M ætkfO{FnfO{ ;d"xdf
c¿sf s'/f ;'Gg c;xh agfpg] To:tf s]xL ;d:of jf s'/fx¿ 5g\  < olb 5g\ eg] tL
;d:ofx¿ ;'Nemfpg d tkfO{+sf] ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5'Æ.
#_ tgfjdf ePsf ;xefuLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
• ;xefuLsf] rf;f] / tgfjsf] klxrfg ug{' klxnf] k|ltlqmof xf] -of] s;/L ug]{ eGg]af/] ;'emfjx¿sf nflu
cWofo # x]gx'{ f];_\ . cToGt} ;+jb] gzLn cfjZostf ePsf tyf ;'/Iffsf] hf]lvddf k/s ] f ;]jfu|fxLx¿
-h:t} M ;Defljt b'Jo{jxf/sf] hf]lvddf ePsL s'g} lszf]/L_ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;'?df dg;Fu
;DalGwt ;xof]u k|bfg u/L dgf]ljdz{sf nflu k|]if0f ug{'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLnfO{ zfGt x'g lbg' klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . r'krfk /xg', 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 ga9fpg'
/ csf]{ zLif{sdf ghfg' klg s]xL ;do zfGt x'g lbg]] Pp6f pkfo xf]  . cGo ;xefuLx¿n]
klg tgfju|:t ;xefuLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ -h:t} M cFufnf] dfg{', pgLx¿sf] tgfjnfO{
:jLsf/ ug{' cflb_.
• olb pQm ;xefuLnfO{ cfkm}} zfGt x'g ufx|f] kof]{ eg] ;d"xdf cEof; ug]{ ls eg]/ ;f]Wg
;Sg'x'G5 .
- æolb xfdLn] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ;d"xdf u¥of}F eg] tkfO{+nfO{
;lhnf] x'GYof] ls<Æ
• olb ;xefuLdf tgfj w]/} 5 / To;n] ;d"xsf] sfo{qmddf c;/ k'lu/x]sf] 5 eg] pQm e]6df
csf]{ ;xof]uL klg pknAw x'g'x'G5 eg] tL ;xefuLnfO{ ;d"xaf6 aflx/ nu]/ yk Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o;f]ug{ ;s]df ;d"xsf]sfo{qmd cufl8 a9\g ;S5 . olb ;f]
e]6df bf];|f] ;xhstf{ pknAw gePdf tkfO{+n] ;d"xnfO{ !) ldg]6sf] a|]s lbg ;Sg'x'G5 / pQm
;xefuL;+Fu cfkm}s'/f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . !) ldg]6kl5 tL ;xefuL km]l/;d"xdf ;lDdlnt x'g
24
cWofo !
e"ldsf
;Sg]5g\ jf cfjZostfcg';f/ yk ;do ;d"xaf6 aflx/ g}} /xg ;Sg]5g\  . olb o:tf] eof]
eg], pgnfO{ k'g ;d"xdf cfpg k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ jf #) ldg]6kl5 pgL ;d"xdf kms]{gkms]{sf]
hfFr ug{'xf];\  .
$_ gaf]Ng] ;xefuLnfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu k|f]T;fxg
• olb ;xefuLx¿n] JolQmut ;d:ofx¿sf af/d] f JoQm ug{ cK7\of/f] dfg]df To:tf ;xefuLx¿nfO{
s'g} syfsf]] pbfx/0fx¿sf af/]df s'/f ug{ nufpg ;lsG5  .
• cfk"mn] hfg]sf c¿ pbfx/0fx¿ -h:t} M ;d'bfo jf cfk"mn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf klxn]sf
;d"xx¿_ lbP/klg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs 5nkmnx¿df efu lng ;lhnf]kfg{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
t/, pbfx/0fx¿ lbFbf jf:tljs gfdx¿ pNn]v gug{'xf];\ jf s'g} To:tf] hfgsf/L glbg'xf];\,
h;n] jf:tljs JolQmx¿ lrGg ;lsof];\ lsgeg] o;n] uf]kgLotf e+u x'g ;Sb5 -cWofo #
x]g{'xf];\_.
- ;d"xdf gaf]n]sf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;du|df af]Ngsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  . h:t} M æca
gaf]Ng' ePsf ;xefuLx¿n] eGg' xf]nf  .Æ
• olt ubf{ub}{ klg gaf]n]sf v08df pQm JolQmnfO{ k|ToIf e]6]/ s'/f u/L ;xefuLx¿nfO{
5nkmndf cem}pT;flxt ¿kdf efu lngnfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .
- PSn} ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ o:tf] k|Zg ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'G5, ætkfO{FnfO{ ;d"xdf
c¿sf s'/f ;'Gg c;xh agfpg] To:tf] s]xL ;d:of jf s'/fx¿ 5g\  < olb 5g\ eg] tL
;d:ofx¿ ;'Nemfpg d tkfO{+nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5'Æ.
%_ ;fd"lxs 5nkmn ubf{ zLif{seGbf aflx/uPdf jf c;xof]uL ljlwx¿sf]k|of]u ePsf]klxrfg ePdf
jf v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] eGbf 5nkmn aflx/ uPdf Joj:yfkg ug]{
• ;fd"lxs 5nkmnx¿nfO{ k'glg{b]{zg ug{sf] nflu tkfO{+n] cl8u /xg'kg]{ x'G5  . ;fy} cfwf/e"t
;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\  .
- ætkfO{+x¿sf] 5nkmn /f]rs 5 t/ xfdL zLif{seGbf aflx/ uO/x]sf 5f}F  . clxn]nfO{ xfdL
xfd|f] zLif{sdf kmsf}{+, o; 5nkmnnfO{ a|]sdf hf/L /fvf}+nf  .Æ
- æof] ljlwn] tkfO{FnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] h:tf] 5, t/ of] v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ljifo gePsfn]
o;af/]df xfdL e]6df s'/f ub}{gf}+  . o;nfO{ xfdL e]6 ;lsPkl5 5'6\6} 5nkmn ug{ ;S5f}+  .Æ
^_ ;xefuLx¿n] cfjZostfeGbf w]/} hfgsf/L lbPdf
• slxn]sfxLF ;xefuLx¿n] cfˆgf] JolQmut hfgsf/Lx¿ -h:t}, cfˆgf] jf 3/kl/jf/sf] af/]df
rflxg] eGbf al9 g} hfgsf/L_ klg lbg] u5{g\  . cGo ;xefuLx¿n] o;af6 cK7\of/f] dx;';
25
ug{ ;S5g\  . ;xefuLn] rflxg] eGbf a9L hfgsf/L lbO/x]sf] 5 ls eg]/ ;xhstf{n] lgwf{/0f
ug{' kb{5 .
• olb ;xefuLx¿n] cfjZostfeGbf w]/} s'/f JoQm u/]df jf cfˆgf JolQmut s'/fx¿ w]/} JoQm
u/]df tkfO{+n] lgDgdWo] s]xL jf ;a} pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;Sg'x'G5 M
- cfk"mn] elg/x]sf s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg / ;s];Dd To;nfO{ 36fpg pQm ;xefuLnfO{
cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
- w]/} hfgsf/L lbg yfn]df pgnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu Pp6f uf]Ko ;+s]t agfpg'xf];\, h:t} M
cfˆgf]xft p7fpg' .
- w]/} hfgsf/L lbg yfn]df tkfO{+n] pgLx¿nfO{ /f]Sg]af/] k"j{ ;xdlt ug{'xf];\ -h:t}, æcfˆgf
s'/f eGg'ePsf]df wGojfb -;xefuLsf] gfd_. tkfO{+sf] s'/f ;'Gbf tkfO{+nfO{ lgs} sl7g
ePsf]h:tf]nfUof] . c¿x¿nfO{{ klg cfˆgf cg'ejx¿ afF8\g dg 5 ls<Æ_
- ;xefuLnfO{ cfjZostfeGbf w]/} s'/f vf]Ngaf6 cfkm}+nfO{ /f]Sg cfu|x ug{'xf];\ / olb
cfjZos k/] tL s'/fx¿ a|]sdf jf e]6sf] cGTodf eGg cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
&_ s'g} ;xefuLn] e]6 5f]8] jf l9nf cfpg] u/] jf clgoldt ePdf s] ug]{
• ;s];Dd s;}nfO{ klg ;d"x 5f]8g\ af6 /fS] g] sf]l;; ug{k' b{5 -pgLx¿sf] OR5f ljk/Lt ha/h:tL
gu/Lsg_  .
• sfo{qmddf ;lqmo gx'g] ;xefuLx¿, h:t} M af/Daf/ l9nf cfpg] jf l5§} hfg] jf e]6x¿
5'6fpg] u/]sf ;xefuL;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{'xf];\  .
• pgLx¿ ;xefuL gx'g'sf sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xut lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL gx'g' /;xefuLsf JolQmut nIo k|flKtsf ;d:of¿sf
af/]df 5nkmn ug{xf];\  . o:tf 5nkmnx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ;lqmo x'g xf};nf lbG5 jf
pgLx¿nfO{ ;d"x g5f]8\ g]lg0f{o lng klg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .
• ;xefuLx¿n] ;d"x 5f]8\g' ;fdfGo xf]  . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;a}sf nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}g
/ pgLx¿nfO{ ha/h:tL ;lDdlnt ug{'x'Fb}g  . pgLx¿n] ;d"x 5f]8\g'sf sf/0fx¿ l6Kg'xf];\  .
rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] ;xof]ukl5sf] n]vfhf]vf -Post Intervention assessment_ k"/f ug]{ sf]l;;
ug{'xf];\  .
• tkfO{+ cfkm}n] ;xefuLnfO{ ;d"x 5f]8g\ cfu|x gug{x' f]; \ . olb s'g} ;xefuLn] ;d"xnfO{ gsf/fTds
k|efj kf/]sf] 7fGg'x'G5 eg] cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu o; ljifodf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
26
cWofo !
e"ldsf
*_ ;xefuLx¿n] lx+;fsf] cg'ej ul//x]sf] ePdf

• s'g} ;xefuL zf/Ll/s lx+;faf6 kLl8t e}/x]sf] -h:t} M cfˆgf] bDktLaf6 x'g] n}+lus lx+;f_ x'g
;S5 . of]hfgsf/L ;d"xsf ;xefuL cfkm}jf cGo ;xefuLdfkm{t cfpg ;S5 .
• olb cGo ;xefuLx¿dfkm{t of] hfgsf/L cfPsf] xf] eg] tkfO{+n] ;DalGwt ;xefuLnfO{ …s]
tkfO{+ o:tf] lx+;f ef]lu/xg' ePsf] 5  <Ú eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• olb ;xefuLn] s] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ s'/f ug{ rfx]df, o:tf] slt k6s lx+;f ef]Ug'eof], s;n]
lx+;f ub}{5, 3/df pgLx¿ cfˆgf] jf c¿ -h:t} M afnaflnsf_ sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 8/fPsf 5g\
ls ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• olb ;xefuL cfˆgf] jf c¿sf] nflu 8/fPsf 5g\ eg] tkfO{Fsf] ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ t'?Gt ;Dks{
ug'{xf];\
tfls pko'Qm sbd rfNg ;lsof];\  . ;DalGwt lgsfo Psåf/k|0ffnL ;+s6 Joj:yfkg
;]jfs]G›df -OCMC – One stop Crisis Management Center_ jf ;Defljt ;+:yfdf ;dGjo
tyf l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5  . ;xefuLnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
• hlxn] klg cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu lx+;f ef]lu/s]sf jf klxn] g} ef]lu;s]sf ;xefuLx¿sf] af/]df
s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\  . o;n] yk s] sfo{ ug{] xf] eGg]af/] lg0f{o lng tkfO{FnfO{ ;xof]u ldNb5  .
• tTsfn lx+;f gef]u]sf ;xefuL jf tTsfn cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf nflu g8/fPsf ;xefuL 5g\ eg],
olb pgLx¿n] s'g} a]nf cfk"mn] c;'/lIft dx;'; u/]df pgLx¿n] s;nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5g\
;f]Wg h?/L x'G5  . h:t} M ;DalGwt lgsfo, ;+:yf, tkfO{F jf tkfO{Fsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs  .
(_ ;xefuLx¿n] e]6 -e]6x¿_ 5'6fPdf
• n]vfhf]vfx¿ ubf{ / ;'?sf] e]6df ;xefuLx¿ x/]s e]6x¿df pkl:yt x'Fbfsf kmObfx¿sf
af/]df ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• x/]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps lbg cufl8 g} e]6x¿sf af/]df ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• cl3Nnf] e]6sf] ;dLIff ug'{xf];\  .
27
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u(Group PM+) cWofo @
cK7\of/f]cj:yfaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;fd"lxs dgf]j }1flgs ;xof]u ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u
sfo{qmd
cWofo @
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd
klxn] PM+ -v'Nnf dg ;xof]u_ sfo{qmd lgb]{lzsfnfO{ JolQmut ;xof]u (Individual Intervention)
sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof]  . pQm lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿df k/LIf0f u/L ;d"xsf
nflu ;fGble{sLs/0f ul/Psf] xf]  . v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{|sd ;d:of ;DxfNg] -Managing Problems_
ljlwx¿ jf ;d:of ;dfwfg dgf]ljdz{ -problem solving counselling_ nufot Jofjxfl/s ljlwx¿
-Behavioral strategies_ ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf] Pp6f e/kbf]{ dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u xf]  . o; lgb]{lzsfn]
dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M tgfj, 8/, c;xfotf_ / ;Dej eP;Dd Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
-h:t} M hLjgofkgsf ;d:ofx¿, kl/jf/df åGå, cflb_ b'j}nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ nIo /fVb5  .
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;xefuLx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ / tL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ sd ug]{tk{m
pgLx¿n] /fv]sf] rf;f]k|lt nlIft 5  . 5f]6f] ;do;Ldf ePsf sf/0f o; sfo{qmdn] cK7\of/f]
cj:yfkZrft\ JolQmn] ef]Ug;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿df sfd ug{ ;Sb}g -h:t} M ;d'bfodf ePsf Jofks
dBkfg ;d:ofx¿_  . To;}n], v'Nnf dg ;xof]unfO{ cGo ;DalGwt ;]jfx¿, ;xof]u sfo{qmdx¿ jf
;fd'bflos sfo{qmdx¿sf];xof]uL sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{' pQd x'G5 . cfkTsfnLg l:yltdf
lng ;lsg] cGo ;DalGwt ;xof]u / ;'ljwfx¿sf] lj:tt[ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu IASC (2007) (Inter-Agency
Standing Committee) sf] Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency
Settings x]g{'xf];\  . tL ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw geP tfklg of];]jf -v'Nnf dg ;xof]u_ k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; sfo{qmdn] dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿sf] lgbfg gu/] tfklg dgsf ;d:ofx¿ -lrGtf, lk/, dgdf s'/f
v]Ng], lrQ a'emfpg g;Sg], dg s6s6 vfg]cflb_ af6 k|efljt JolQmx¿nfO{ o;n];xof]u ub{5 .
o; sf/0f w]/} k|sf/sf dgsf ;d:ofx¿df v'Nnf dg ;xof]u pkof]uL 5  .
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u
$= ;fdflhs ;DaGw alnof] agfpg]
cGt/;DaGw ;xof]udf sdL
zf/Ll/s l;sfot
#= rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ tgfj != dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw

hfFu/ grNg] /dfOnf]
gnfUg] dgsf] ;d:of
@=b}lgs;d:ofef]Ug'k;DxfNg] ljlw
g]{ ;d:ofx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg
28
cWofo @
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd
x/]s ljlwx¿sf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L / ltgsf p2]Zox¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\  . oL ;a} ljlwx¿ leGgfleGg}
e]6x¿df ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xnfO{ hfgsf/L lbOG5 .
!_ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw

;xefuLx¿nfO{ …dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwÚ sf] ;ª\lIfKt tflnd lbFbf pgLx¿sf] tgfj;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofx¿ sd ug{ ;xof]u k'U5  . b}lgs cEof; ugf{n] w]/} tgfj x'gaf6 hf]luOG5  . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{
dg zfGt kfg{ tyf 8/, lrGtf / lk/ sd ug{ klg ;3fpF5  . la:tf/} ;f; km]g'{ g} of] ljlwsf] p2]Zo xf]  .
la:tf/} ;f; km]g'{ w]/h
} ;f] cj:yfdf pko'Qm dflgP klg :yfgLo cf/fdbfoL cEof;sf ljlwx¿ -h:t} M of]u
/Wofgaf6 lnOPsf ljlwx¿_ sf]klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . dg /z/L/xn'sf ug]{ljlw ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg
;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;'?d} -e]6 !_ l;sfOG5  . o;sf cltl/Qm o;nfO{ x/s ] e]6sf] cGTodf cEof; ug{k' b{5  .
@_ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw

;]jfu|fxLn] Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿, h:t} M a]/f]huf/L, kfl/jfl/s åGå cflb ef]lu/x]sf] cj:yfdf of]
ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5  . xfdL o;nfO{ …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ eGb5f}F / of] e]6 @ b]lv ;'? ul/G5  .
tkfO{+ / ;xefuLx¿ ldn]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L lk/f]n]sf ;d:ofx¿sf ;Defljt ;dfwfgx¿
vf]Hg'x'g]5  . pgLx¿sf ;d:ofnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj kfg]{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ldn]/ 5fGg'xf];\ /
tL pkfox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{of]hgf klg agfpg'xf];\ .
#_ rNb} u/, ub}{ u/

o; ljlwn] tgfj / lgliqmotfnfO{ nlIft ub{5  . tgfj km/skm/s JolQmx¿df km/s :j¿kdf
b]lvg ;S5 t/ w]/}h;f]nfO{ ;lhn} ysfO nfUg], zlQm / hfFu/sf] sdL x'g], klxn] /dfOnf] nfUg]
lqmofsnfkx¿ /dfOnf] nfUg 5f]8\g] / lg/fz x'g] jf ltgnfO{ dxŒjxLg 7fGg]cflb nIf0fx¿ dx;';
x'G5g\  . sltko dflg;x¿ 6fpsf] b'Vg] jf 9f8 b'Vg] h:tf zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ klg cg'ej u5{g\  .
tgfj ePsf JolQmx¿ w]/}h;f] cfk"mn] ub}{ cfPsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ 5f]8\5g\  . rNb} u/, ub}{ u/
ljlwn] ;xefuLx¿sf lqmofsnfknfO{ a9fpg] p2]Zo /fV5 lsgeg] o;n] pgLx¿sf] d'8 jf hfFu/ df
k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 . of]ljlw e]6 # b]lv ;'? ul/G5 .
$_ b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/

dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of ePsf JolQmx¿ ;xof]uL JolQmx¿ /;+:yfaf6 6fl9g ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs
;xof]u -h:t} M e/kbf{ ;fyLx¿, kl/jf/, ;xsdL{x¿ jf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿;Fu_ alnof] agfpgfn]
;xefuLsf] ;':jf:Yodf 6]jf k'Ub5  . of] ljlw e]6 $ b]lv ;'? ul/G5  . olb s'g} ;xefuLnfO{ /fd|f]
;fdflhs ;xof]u pknAw 5 / pgn] To;sf] ;b'kof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
tkfO{+n] k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . t/, cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s;/L ;fdflhs ;xof]unfO{ alnof] agfpg]
/ cem a9L ;fdflhs ;xof]u s;/L lng] eg]/ of]hgf agfpg d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  .
29
cWofo #
cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xof]uL ljlwx¿df 5nkmn ug{'eGbf klxn]o;sf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿sf af/]df lgb]{lzsfdf hfgsf/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5  . h;n] tkfO{+nfO{ cfˆgf
;xefuLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ / /fd|f] ;DaGw agfpg d2t ug]{5  . dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u k|bfg ug{'
cufl8 ljZjfl;nf]/;Ddfghgs ;DaGw lgdf{0f ug{' cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5  . jf:tjdf oL cfwf/e"t
;xof]uL ;Lkx¿ g} ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf cfwf/ x'g\  . oL cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿lagf
cf}krfl/s …;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u Ú sf ljlwx¿ ;kmn x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
;xefuLx¿sf] ;Ddfg
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{, gofF ljrf/x¿tkm{ pbf/ dg agfpg / c¿sf] ljrf/ ;'Gg tkfO{+df
;fFlRrs} nufj x'g'kb{5  . ;du|df eGbf ;xefuLsf] hft, /ª\u, lnª\u, pd]/, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlt
jf c¿ l;4fGt, /fi6«, ;d'bfo, hfghflt, ;DklQ, hGd jf cGo s'g}klg s'/faf6 k|efljt geO{,
pgLx¿sf] dof{bfnfO{ sfod /fvL, cToGt ;+j]bgzLn / e]befj /lxt ;]jf k|bfg ug{'kb{5  . h:t} M
;d"x agfpFbf ljleGg hfthfltsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Fu}/fv]/rnfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿;Fu pko'Qm
;DaGw agfpg /To;nfO{ sfod /fVg oL dgf]j[lQx¿ -ljrf/x¿_ cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgeg]
/fd|f] ;DaGwlagf xfd|f] ;xof]u k|efjsf/L / nfebfoL x'g ;Sb}g  .
;+:s[lt, n}ª\lustf / efiffsf] a'emfO

;xefuLx¿;Fu e]6\g'eGbf klxnf :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / /Lltl/jfhsf] /fd|f] hfgsf/L x'g'kb{5 lsgeg]
b]z, If]q jf ;d'bfox¿sf aLrdf w]/ }leGgtfx¿ x'G5g\ . olb tkfO{+ ToxL ;d'bfodf a:g'x'G5 jf
To:t} ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ldaf6 cfpg'ePsf] 5 eg] of] s'g} ;d:of x'Fb}g  . Pp6} ;dfhleq klg ljleGg
;d'bfox¿sf aLrdf lgs} hl6n cGt/;DaGw x'g ;S5 lsgeg] Ps} ;d'bfosf aLrdf klg w]/}
;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿ / ltgsf ljleGg k|efjx¿ /xG5g\, h;sf af/]df tkfO{+nfO{ hfgsf/L gx'g ;S5  .
;d'bfocg';f/ ljleGg n}ª\lus e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ x'G5g\  . To;}u/L wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf;x¿
x'G5g\ -wfdLemfFqmL, km'skmfs, cflb_ To;sf/0f cfˆgf ;xefuLx¿sf]cf:yf /ljZjf;sf]k[i7e"ld a'‰g
;Sg'x'G5  . o;sf nflu tkfO{+n] pgLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]/ ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'G5  . of] pgLx¿sf] cf:yf /
ljZjf;dfly tkfO{Fn] b]vfpg'ePsf] ;Ddfg xf] / o;n] kl5sf e]6x¿df tkfO{Fn] pgLx¿sf] efjgfdf
7]; k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 tyf pgLx¿sf af/]df s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ hfgsf/L 5'6fpg] ;Defjgf
klg sd x'G5 .
kl5 uP/ o:tf] cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 ha tkfO{+n] pgLx¿sf s]xL ljZjf;x¿ -h:t} M …e"tk|]t
jf af]S;L jf b]jLb]jtf nfu]sf] jf s'n b]jtf l/;fPsf] sf/0fn] o:tf] x'g] ub{5  .Ú, …k"j{hGdsf] sd{sf]
30
cWofo #
kmnsf sf/0f o:tf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k5{Ú_ nfO{ oL unt / xflgsf/s x'g\ eg]/ cf}FNofpg'kg]{ x'G5 -t/
;'kl/jI] f0f lnP/_  . o;f] ubf{ tkfO{n
+ ] cToGt ;+jb] glzn x'gk' g]{ x'G5 tfls pgLx¿ tkfO{s
+ f] ;xof]unfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg OR5's xf]pmg\  .
s]xL ;xefuLx¿ cfˆg}lnª\uL;Fu -k'?if eP k'?if jf dlxnf eP dlxnf ;xhstf{_ ;]jf lng ?rfpF5g\,
To:tf] cj:yf cfPdf ldn];Dd ToxLcg'?k Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5  . ;xefuLn] af]Ng rfx]sf] efiff jf
af]nLrfnLsf] efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ Vofn ug{'kb{5  . To;}u/L ;s];Dd ;xhstf{ / ;xefuLx¿sf aLr
af]nLrfnLsf] efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5  .

;xefuL;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod /fVg tkfO{+n] s]xL lglZrt u'0fx¿ / dgf]j}1flgs ;Lkx¿ ckgfpg'sf
;fy}cEof; klg ug{'kb{5 . oL ;Lkx¿sf]cWoog ub}{hfFbf klxnf cfk"mn]s'g}glhssf];fyL jf
kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] tkfO{+;Fu cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf] af/]df s'/f eg]sf] / elg;s]kl5 tkfOF{k|lt cfef/ JoQm
u/]sf] ;Demg'xf];\  . tkfO{+n] pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gbf oL ;Lkx¿sf] klxnf g} k|of]u ul/;Sg'ePsf] x'g
klg ;Sb5 . oL ;Lkx¿ Psbd}:jfefljs nfUg ;S5g\, h;n]ubf{ tkfO{+ ;xefuLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg
/;xof]u ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5 eGg]k'li6 x'G5 .
!_ uf]kgLotf
;]jfu|fxL;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod /fVg ljZjf; / uf]kgLotfsf] 7'nf] dxŒj x'G5 . ha ;xefuLn]
tkfO{+;Fu cfˆgf JolQmut ljifox¿df v'n]/ s'/f u5{g\, ta tL s'/fx¿ Psbd uf]Ko /flvg]5g\ eg]/
pgLx¿ ljZj:t x'g'kb{5 . cToGt}JolQmut qf;bLk"0f{ ef]ufOaf6 u'lh|Psf JolQmx¿df of]cem}a9L
nfu" x'G5  . vf;u/L of}gb'Jo{jxf/ h:tf] nfh / k|lti7f;+u hf]l8Psf] 36gfdf t of] emg} dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5  . olb s'g} ;xefuLn] cfk"mn] xfn lx+;fsf] -h:t}, n}ª\lus lx+;f_ cg'ej ul//x]sf] atfPdf tkfO{+n]
t'?Gt cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu ;Nnfx ug{'kb{5 tfls cfjZos sbd rfNg ;lsof];\  . of] sbd lx+;fsf]
uDeL/tf, ;xefuLsf] OR5f / :yfgLo kl/j]zdf pknAw ;xof]ux¿df e/ kb{5  .
lgoldt ;'kl/jI] f0f uf]kgLotfsf] csf]{ ;Ldf xf]  . lg/Gt/ ul/g] ;'kl/jI] f0fsf dfWodaf6 tkfO{n + ] cfˆgf
;xefuLsf ;d:ofx¿ / k|ultsf] ljj/0f cfˆgf cu|h / ;xsdL{x¿dfem -olb ;d"xdf ;'k]l/j]If0f
lnFb} x'g'x'G5 eg]_ /fVg'kg]{ x'G5  . ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;xof]uaf6 g} xfdLn] of] sfo{qmdaf6 w]/} eGbf w]/}
kmfObf lng ;lsg] x'gfn] uf]kgLotfsf] of] ;Ldfsf af/]df klg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5  .
tkfO{Fn] o;/L eGg ;Sg'x'G5 -…tkfO{F / d aLr x'g] s'/fsfgL d}n] Psbd} uf]Ko /fVg]5'  . o;df tkfO{F
9'Ss x'g'xf];\  . t/ tkfO{Fsf] ;'/Iff / ;xof]usf nflu d d]/f ;'kl/j]Ifsx¿;Fu lgoldt 5nkmn ug]{5'  .
o;df tkfO{Fsf] klxrfg v'Nnfpg] s'g} klg s'/f ul/g] 5}g  . d]/f] ;'kl/j]Ifs cg'ejL x'g'x'G5 / pxfFn]
tkfO{Fsf]enfOsf]nflu dnfO{ s]xL ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 . tkfO{FnfO{ o;f]ubf{ x'G5 <Æ_
uf]kgLotfcGtu{t, xfdLn] ;xefuLaf6 ;+sng u/s ] f ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ -h:t} M pgLx¿sf] n]vfhf]vfsf]
glthf, JolQmut ljj/0fx¿ cflb_ b/fhx¿ h:tf ;'/lIft :yfgdf dfq /fVg'kb{5  . x/]s ;fKtflxs
e]6sf] klxnf] lbg lnOg] hfgsf/Lx¿ klg o;/L g} ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5  .
31
;fy} o:tf] kl/l:ylt cfpg;S5 -h:t}, cfTdxTofsf] ;f]r jf of]hgf_, hxfF ;]jfu|fxL jf cGo JolQmsf]
;'/Iff hf]lvdf 5  . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdL uf]kgLotf sfod /fVb}gf}+ / ;DalGwt JolQmx¿;Fu s'/f
ug]{5f}+ eGg] hfgsf/L la/fdLnfO{ lbg'kb{5  .
tkfO{Fn] o;/L eGg ;Sg'x'G5 -ætkfO{F / d aLr x'g] s'/fsfgL d Psbd} uf]Ko /fV5' t/ tkfO{Fn] dg{ dg
nfUg] h'g ;f]r jf of]hgf dnfO{ eGg'eof], To;k|lt d lrlGtt ePF  . To;}n] tkfO{Fsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu
d}n] of] s'/f tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ eGg'k5{ / tkfO{{Fsf] ;xof]usf] nflu d}n] dgf]ldzstf{, hf]
o;;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt x'g'x'G5 pxfFnfO{ l;kml/; ug{'k5{Æ_
s]xL kl/l:yltx¿df sfg'gL k|lqmofsf] nflu rflxg] hfgsf/Lx¿ v'Nnfpg cfjZos x'g;Sb5  . h;df
e]6sf] cjlwe/ ul/Psf s'/fsfgL v'Nnfpg'kg]{ x'g;Sb5  .
@_ rf;f]sf af/]df s'/fsfgL

cfˆgf rf;f]sf ljifox¿df ;xefuL;Fu ;+jfb ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ ;Lk xf]  . pgLx¿sf] cj:yf / efjgf
;s];Dd /fd|/L a'‰g] sf]l;; ug{x' f]; \ . t/, csf]{ tkm{ pgLx¿sf efjgf;Fu cfjZostfeGbf a9L glhlsg]
/ cfˆgf] h:t} ug]{ug{' xFb}g lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ tkfO{+ cfkm}nfO{ cgfjZos ef/ / lrGtf kg{;S5  .
rf;f]b;f{pg]cleJolQmx¿ lgDg x'g ;S5g\ M
• Tof] slt kL8fbfos lyof] eGg] s'/f tkfO{+sf] cg'xf/df :ki6 emlNsG5  .
• tkfO{+n] cjZo g} w]/} ;d:ofx¿ em]Ng'ePsf] 5  .
• ætkfO{+ w]/} si6af6 u'lh|/xg'ePsf] 5Æ jf ætkfO{+n] w]/} b'Mv ef]Ug'ePsf] 5Æ.
• Tof] slt kL8fbfos / 8/nfUbf] lyof] eGg] s'/f d a'‰b5'  .
#_ cdf}lvs ;~rf/sf ;Lkx¿

cdf}lvs ;Lkx¿ h:t} M cg'xf/, z/L/ jf xftuf]8f cflb zf/Ll/s xfpefpaf6 JoQm ul/g] efjx¿af6
klg tkfO{+n] pgLx¿sf] s'/f rf;f]k"j{s ;'lg/xg'ePsf] 5 eGg] hgfOG5  . s'/f ;'Gbf cK7\of/f] gx'g]
u/L cfFvfdf x]g{] -Wofg lbg'xf];\, s'g} 7fpFdf l;w} cfFvfdf x]g{' g/fd|f] klg dflgG5_, k|;+ucg';f/
6fpsf] xNnfpg] / ;lhnf] u/L a:g] cflb Jojxf/ /fd|f] dflgG5  . t/ xftv'§f afFw]/ a:g', cK7\of/f]
u/L csl8P/ a:g' / s'/f x'Fb} ubf{ cGt} 6fpsf] kmsf{pg' cg'ko'Qm dflgG5  . pgLx¿n] b]vfPsf] efj
cfk"mn] klg k|ltlalDat ug{' -b]vfpg'_, h:t} M pgLx¿n] kL8fsf] cj:yf aofg ubf{ pgLx¿sf cfFvfdf
cfF;' cfof] eg] cfk"mn] klg b'Mvb efj k|:t't ug{' klg o:tf] cj:yfdf /fd|f] x'G5  . æPÆ, æc+Æ, æxf]Æ,
æx\dÆ, h:tf 5f]6f jfSof+zx¿n] klg tkfO{+n] Wofg lbP/ ;'lg/xg'ePsf] 5 eGg] a'lemG5  . t/ oL efj
/ xfpefpx¿ ljleGg ;+:s[ltcg';f/ km/skm/s x'G5g\ eGg] ofb /fVg'xf];\  .
32
cWofo #
$_ v'Nnfkgsf] k|z+;f
;xefuLx¿n] cfˆgf JolQmut cK7\of/f / nfh nfUg] ljifox¿df s'/f ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ cfk"m;Fu v'n]/
s'/f u/]sf]df wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / k|z+;f klg ug{'xf];\  . o;f]ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf af/]df cem a9L
v'Ng k|f]T;fxg ldNg]5  . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] ;d:ofnfO{ sd
ug{{ cufl8 a9]sf]df pgLx¿sf] k|z+;f ug{'xf];\  . dlxnfx¿eGbf sf]xL k'?ifx¿ k"/} v'Nnf ¿kdf dgsf]
s'/f JoQm ug{ cK7\of/f] dfGg ;Sb5g\  . To;}n] ;xhstf{n] k'?if ;d"xnfO{ v'Nnf ¿kdf dgsf s'/f
JoQm ug{;Sg] jftfj/0fsf nflu ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{'xf];\  .
lgDglnlvt s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x]g{'xf];\ M
• of] s'/f xfdLnfO{ eGg'ePsf]df wGojfb  Û
• tL cToGt}JolQmut efjgfx¿ d;Fu afF8\gdf tkfO{+n]7'nf]lxDdt ug{'eof] .
• oL s'/fx¿ JoQmubf{ clxn] ufx|f] eP tfklg d]/f] ljrf/df tkfO{+sf] :jf:Yosf] ;'wf/df o;n]
lgs} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5  .
• d}n] b]lv/x]sf] 5', tkfO{+n] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lgoldt cEof; ug]{ sf]l;;
ul//xg'ePsf] 5  .
• :yfgLo pvfg 6'Ssfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ M h:t}, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ x'G5, b'Mv afF8] cfwf  .
%_ k|df0fLs/0f / ;fdfGoLs/0f

s'g} ckl/lrt JolQm;Fu cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ atfpg w}/} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cK7\of/f] nfUb5  . cfk"mn]
h:tf] c¿ s;}n] ;f]r]sf] / ef]u]sf] x'Fb}g h:tf] pgLx¿nfO{ nfUg ;S5  . cfˆgf efjgfx¿ / JolQmut
;d:ofx¿sf af/]df s'/f ug{' eg]sf] cfk"m la/fdL ePsf] jf kfun x'g nfu]sf] jf cfk"m sdhf]/ ePsf]
;ª\s]t xf] eGg] klg nfUg ;S5  . sltn] t To:tf] ;f]rfO cfpg'df cfˆg} bf]if;d]t b]Vg ;S5g\  .
e]6x¿df tkfO{+n] oL e|dx¿ lgjf/0f ug]{ sf]l;; ug{'kb{5  . cfk"mnfO{ dfq} x}g c¿ w]/} hgfnfO{ klg
o:tf] ;d:of / ;f]rfO x'G5 eg]/ a'emfP/ o;nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5  . o;nfO{ ;d:ofx¿sf]
…k|df0fLs/0fÚ elgG5, h;sf]cy{ pgLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ c¿n]a'‰g, dgg ug{ /To;df ;xof]u
ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] xf]  . cfˆgf rf;f]x¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg] of] klg /fd|f] pkfo xf]  . t/, klg pgLx¿ s:tf]
cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f tkfO{n] cfk"mnfO{ ;a} yfxf 5 eg]/ geGg'xf];\ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{
tkfO{+n] cj:yfsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] eP klg pgLx¿n] tkfO{+nfO{ ljZjf; gug{ ;S5g\  .
;fdfGoLs/0fsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
• tkfO{+ olt w]/} cK7\of/f] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|g'ePsf] 5 ls tkfO{+nfO{ tgfj x'g' :jfefljs xf]  .
• tkfO{+n] ev{/ h] eGg'eof], o:tf] cj:yfdf c¿n] lbg] k|ltlqmof klg k|foM o:t} x'G5  .
• d]/f] sfdsf] cg'ejdf c¿x¿n] klg o:t} dx;'; u/]sf] s'/f uy]{  .
• tkfO{+n] lbg'ePsf] k|ltlqmof Psbd :jfefljs xf]  .
• tkfO{+nfO{ 8/ nfUg' :jfefljs xf]  .
33
^_ cfgf dfGotfx¿nfO{ cnUu}/fVg'

oL cfwf/et" ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ug{' eg]sf] tkfO{n
+ ] cfˆgf ;xefuLx¿sf] cf:yf / ljZjf;sf] ;w}+
;Ddfg ug{' xf]  . o;f]ug{' sltko cj:yfdf sl7g klg x'g;S5, vf;u/L ha tL cf:yf /ljZjf;dfly
tkfO{+ ;xdt x'g'x'Gg  . pgLx¿n] h] eg] klg tkfO{+n] pgLx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xF'b}g  . t;y{, cfˆgf]
cf:yf / ljZjf;af6 tkfO{+n] lbg] cleJolQm k|efljt x'g'xF'b}g  . cfˆgf] cf:yfaf6 k|efljt geO{ s;}n]
pgLx¿sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ g;'g]sf] x'g;S5, To;}n] o;f] ugf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} 7'nf] ;xof]u k'Ug]5
/ tkfO{+ dflysf] ljZjf; klg a9\g]5  .
&_ ;Nnfx lbg'

tkfO{+n]cfˆgf ;xefuLnfO{ ;fdfGotof s'g};Nnfx lbg'xF'bg . } dxŒjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ -h:t}, sfg'gL
jf c¿ ;fdflhs ;xof]u lng ;lsg]7fpFx¿_ lbg' /;Nnfx lbg' km/s s'/f x'g\ . ;Nnfx lbg'
eg]sf] pgLx¿nfO{ lglZrt s'/f ug{ jf gug{ cx|fpg' h:t} xf] -h:t} …cfˆgf] >Ldfg\;Fu o;af/] s]xL
geGg'xf];\  ._
w}/} ;xof]uLx¿ s'g} g s'g} ;dodf ;Nnfx lbg pT;'s x'G5g\, h'g ;fdfGo s'/f xf]  . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu Ps ;xefuL Psbd} lg/fz dx;; ul//x]sf 5g\ / pgdf tgfj klg b]lvO/x]sf] 5 eg] ;d:of
;DxfNg -Managing Problems_ Psbd ufx|f] kg{;S5  . To:tf] a]nf pgnfO{ o;f] ubf{ l7s xf]nf eg]/
lglZrt ;Nnfx lbg dg nfUg;S5 t/;s];Dd To;f]ug'{x'Fb}g . olb ;xefuLx¿ tkfOF{sf];Nnfxdf
e/kg{ yfn] eg] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;s]kl5 cfˆgf] ;d:of cfkm}n] ;dfwfg ug{
pgLx¿nfO{ cK7\of/f] kg{;S5  .
;Nnfx lbg Psbd} nfnlot x'g] cj:yf cfPdf tkfO{+n] pgLx¿nfO{ g} o:tf] cj:yfdf c¿ -Psbd}
ldNg] ;fyL jf kl/jf/sf ;b:o_ nfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'GYof] xf]nf eg]/ k|Zg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . Psbd
lg/fz x'FbfxF'b} klg c¿nfO{ af]em x'G5 eg]/ pgLx¿ c¿sf] ;xof]u lng OR5's gx'g ;S5g\  . To:tf]
cj:yfdf ;xof]u lng'k5{ eg]/ eGg'eGbf ætkfO{+nfO{ h:t} ;d:of tkfO{Fsf] s'g} ;fyL jf cfkmGtnfO{
k/]sf] eP s] eGg'x'GYof] xf]nf  < cfk"m PSn} s]xL ug{' eGg'x'GYof] ls st}af6 ;xof]u lng eGg'x'GYof]  <
s;}sf] af]em ePsf] h:tf] dx;'; x'GYof] xf]nf  <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wbf pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d:ofnfO{ leGg
b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ df}sf ldN5 / tkfO{+n] ;f]em} o;f] p;f] ug{'xf];\ eg]/ ;Nnfx lbO/fVg' kb}{g  .
;xefuLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg]af/]df b'O{ j6f ckjfbx¿ 5g\ M
s_ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf tkfO{+n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5l/tf] /xg, ;fdflhs
;xof]u vf]Hg / tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] cEof; ug{ ;Nnfx lbg'x'g]5, lsgeg] of] v'Nnf dg
;xof]ucGtu{t g} kb{5  .
v_ ha tkfO{+ ;d:of ;DxfNg]ljlw l;sfpg'x'G5, tkfO{+sf]p2]Zo cfˆgf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd pkfox¿ cfkm}n] 5fGg l;sfpg' x'g hfG5  . of] cj:yfdf
pgLx¿;Fu w]/} cg'kof]uL ;dfwfgx¿ x'g ;S5g\, h:t} M ;dfwfgx¿ h;n] dg;Fu ;DalGwt /
zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf ;d:ofx¿ Nofpg ;S5g\ jf u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\  . tkfO{Fn]
tL ;dfwfgx¿ ;fFRr} g} pko'Qm x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eg]/ gegLsg pgLx¿nfO{ cfk}m lrGg ;xof]u ug{k' g]{
x'G5  . cg'ko'Qm ;dfwfg g/fh ] g" eg]/ tkfO{n
+ ] cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ jf cfkmGtnfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbg'xG' Yof]
34
cWofo #
eg]/ k|lt k|Zg ug{ ;Sg'xG' 5, h:t} M ætkfO{n+ ] cfˆgf ;fyL /cfkmGtnfO{ of]pkfo k|of]u ug{ ;Nnfx
lbg'xG' Yof]  <Æ  . olb pgLx¿n] cem} klg ToxL cg'ko'Qm ;dfwfg /fh ] d] f -h:t,} /S;Lvfg', u}/sfg'gL sfd
ug{'_ tkfO{+n] :ki6 ¿kdf of] unt af6f] xf] eg]/ eGg'kg]{ x'G5  . o;f] ubf{ tkfO{+n] Tof] pkfo lsg
nfebfos 5}g eg]/ pko'Qm sf/0fx¿ lbg' kb{5  . tkfO{+n] cfˆgf cf:yfdf cfwfl/t geO{ pQm
;dfwfgn] Nofpg] g/fd|f kl/0ffdx¿sf] lrq0f u/]/ cfˆgf] cleJolQm lbg'kb{5  .
;xefuL–;xhstf{sf] ;DaGw
s= ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
;fd"lxs sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g' eg]sf] s;}sf] nflu cfk"m sdhf]/ ePsf] h:tf] nfUg ;S5  . o;sf/0f
o; sfo{qmdsf lqmofsnfkx¿df k"/} jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ;lDdlnt x'g pgLx¿nfO{ cK7\of/f]nfUg ;S5 .
c¿ s;}n] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ s'g} 8fS6/ jf wfdL eGg] dfg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ lgsf] kflb{g'x'G5 eGg] cfz ug{
;S5g\  . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdel/ tkfO{+n] cfˆgf ;xefuLsf] efjgfnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f
ug{'kb{5 / o;sf ;fy;fy} cfˆgf] e"ldsfsf af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5  .
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmddf xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ Pp6f lzIfssf]e"ldsfdf /xg k|f]T;fxg u5f}{+
-c¿ j}slNks e"ldsfx¿sf af/]df of] cWofosf] cGtdf x]g{'xf]nf_  .
lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 1fg lbG5g\ / l;Sg ;xof]u u5{g\  . t/, lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{sf ;§fdf k/LIff lbg ;Sb}gg\ jf o:tf] n]Vg' eg]/ eGg klg ;Sb}gg\  .
pgLx¿n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;s];Dd /fd|/L tof/L ug{ ;xof]u ug{ dfq} ;S5g\  . sIffdf
/fd|/L ;'Gg] / Wofg lbP/ k9]/ k/LIffdf /fd|f] ug]{ sfd ljBfyL{s} xf]  . To;}n] o;
dfdnfdf d'Vo lhDd]jf/ ljBfyL{ g} xf]  . tkfO{+ jo:s eP tfklg xfd|f] ;DaGw lzIfs
ljBfyL{sf] ;DaGw h:t} x'G5  . d tkfO{+nfO{ s]xL dx¬jk"0f{ / ;xof]uL ljlwx¿sf
af/]df l;sfpF5', t/ To;sf] /fd|/L cEof; ug]{ lhDdf tkfO{+s} xf]  . tkfO{+sf] nflu
d}n] ug{ ldNb}g  . tkfO{+sf] b}lgs hLjgnfO{ tkfO{+n] Pp6f k/LIffsf ¿kdf lng
;Sg'x'G5  . cfˆgf] hLjgdf oL ljlwx¿ slQsf] /fd|/L pkof]u ug{'x'G5 eGg] s'/f
tkfO{+d} e/ k5{ t/ d tkfO{+nfO{ ;s];Dd /fd|/L tof/L ug{ ;xof]u eg] ug]{5'  .
To;}u/L, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿ ;a}hgf cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf …lj1Ú 5g\ eg]/ hf]8 lbg'xf];\ jf s'g}
:yfgLo pbfx/0f lbP/ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\  . ;xhstf{ ePsfn] tkfO{+ efjgfTds ;d:ofx¿ sd ug]{ lj1
x'g'x'G5 t/ ;xefuLx¿ klg cfˆgf] hLjgsf lj1x¿ x'g\ / pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf af/]df tkfO{nfO{
yf]/}dfq yfxf x'g;S5  . To;}n] oL b'O{ lj1x¿nfO{ ;Fu} NofO{ 5nkmn ug{' o;sf] p2]Zo xf]  . o;sf
nflu ;xefuLx¿sf]cfTdan j[l4 ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5, ;fy} tkfO{Fn] pgLx¿sf ;a} ;d:ofx¿ r6\6}
;dfwfg ug{'x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ffnfO{ d]6fpg' klg Psbd} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
;xefuL / ;xhstf{sf] ;DaGw b;f{pg] s]xL j}slNks pkdfx¿

jo:s lzIffsf] pkdf M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg eg]sf] Pp6f jo:s JolQmnfO{ s'g} gofF ;Lk -s'g} cf}hf/
rnfpg jf gofF tl/sf ckgfpg_ l;sfpg' h:t} xf]  . k|lzIfsn] Tof] cf}hf/ rnfpg jf gofF tl/sf
ckgfpg rflxg] ;a} hfgsf/Lx¿ k|lzIffyL{nfO{ lbg'x'G5 t/ cfˆg} hLjgdf lzIfssf] cg'kl:yltdf
klg tL hfgsf/Lx¿sf] /fd|/L cjnDag ug{' k|lzIffyL{s} sfd xf]  .
35
:jf:YosdL{sf] pkdf M Pp6f 8fS6/n] s;}sf] /f]u lgsf] kfg{ w]/} ;xof]u / ;Nnfx lbP klg cfˆgf]
:jf:YonfO{ ;'wfg]{ clGtd lhDd]jf/L la/fdLsf] cfˆg} xf]  . pgLx¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/sf]
ljlw ckgfpg] -h:t} M lgif]lwt vfgfx¿ gvfg], lbOPsf cf}ifwLx¿ vfg] jf dndx¿ nufpg] cflb_
lhDdf la/fdLsf] xf]  . 8fS6/n] cf}ifwL cfkm}n] v'jfOlbg] / nufOlbg] geO{ o;f] ug{' eg]/ l;sfpg] dfq
xf] . l7s oxL s'/f xfd|f ;xof]uLx¿sf] ljifodf klg nfu" x'G5 To;}n] tkfO{+ o;f]eGg ;Sg'x'G5 Mæd
tkfO{+nfO{ cfˆgf] dg;Fu ;DalGwt :jf:Yo / hLjgsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ ;'emfjx¿ lbg]5' / tL ;'emfjx¿
s;/L ckgfpg] eg]/ klg l;sfpg]5' t/ To;nfO{ cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf nfu" ug]{ lhDdf tkfO{+s} xf]Æ.
v= clgR5's ;xefuL
s]xL ;xefuLx¿ ;'?df tkfO{F;Fu s'/f ug{ clgR5's x'g;S5g\  . o;sf ljleGg sf/0f x'g;S5g\, h:t}M
• tkfO{+ jf ;d"xdfly g}cljZjf; x'g'
• dflg;s :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;fF3'/f] ;f]rfO x'g'
• dgf]j}1flgs dgf]ljdz{ lng] rng gx'g'
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dgaf/]a'emfOdf sdL cyjf unt a'emfO x'g'
• ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf tkfO{Fsf] e"ldsf k|:6 gx'g'
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] bafadf cfpg'
• cfˆgf ef]ufOx¿sf sf/0f bf]wf/ x'g'
• cfˆgf ef]ufOsf ;Demgfx¿ la;{g ckgfPsf pkfox¿ JoQm ug{ nfh nfUg'
• n}ª\lustfsf] ;jfn, h:t} M cfkm"eGbf ljk/Lt lnª\usf JolQm;Fu JolQmut ef]ufOsf s'/fx¿
ug{ cK7\of/f] nfUg'
• v'n]/ s'/f ug{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf dgfxL ul/Psf of}g;DaGwL ljifox¿df s'/f ug'{kg]{ ePdf
cK7\of/f] dfGg'
;do laTb} hfFbf / cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|of]uåf/f w]/} ;xefuLx¿n] qmlds ¿kdf
;lhnf] dx;'; ub}{ uPsf] / v'Nb} uPsf] tkfO{+n] kfpg'x'g]5  . t/, s]xL ;xefuLx¿df clgR5f /
;ª\sf]rkg /lx/xg ;S5  . ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf tkfO{+n] o;af/]df cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ug{'
dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u lnFb}ubf{ s]xL ;xefuL k"0f{ ¿kdf v'Ng tof/gx'g;S5g\
/ of] tYonfO{ tkfO{+n] ;Ddfg ug{'kb{5  . o;sf k5fl8 w]/} c1ft sf/0fx¿ x'g;S5g, h'g slxNo} yfxf
gx'g;S5g\  . o:tf ;xefuLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g;S5 lsgeg] pgLx¿n] w]/} hfgsf/L
lbFb}gg\  . tkfO{+n] la:tf/} ;Ddfg;lxt pgLx¿nfO{ s'/f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 t/ bafa slxNo}
klg lbg'x'Fb}g  . of}g b'Jo{jxf/ jf oftgf ef]u]sf] eg]/ cfzª\sf ul/Psf ;xefuLx¿df of] s'/f emg}
nfu" x'G5  . pgLx¿sf] JolQmut -uf]Ko_ / tgfjk"0f{ cg'ejsf] hfgsf/L lngsf] nflu tkfO{+ tTk/ /
v'Nnf /xg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 t/ o;sf] lg0f{o pgLx¿s} xftdf /xG5  . olb s'g} ;xefuLn] s'g} lzif{sdf
yk s'/f ug{ gdfg]df tkfO{+n]o;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'kb{5.
pbfx/0fsf nflu, tkfO{+ eGg ;Sg'x'G5, æo; ljifodf s'/f ubf{ tkfO{+nfO{ cK7\of/f] ePsf] d b]Vg
;S5', / d To;sf] ;Ddfg u5{'t/ kl5 uP/ tkfO{+n] oxL ljifodf s'/f ug{ rfxg'ePdf d h'g;'s} a]nf
36
cWofo #
klg tof/ 5'  .Æ ;Dej eP;Dd tkfO{+n]pgLx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs e]6sf];'?jftdf jf cGTodf JolQmut
?kdf s'/f ug]{ df}sf lbg ;Sg'x'G5  .
cyjf, s'g};xefuL s'g}lglZrt zLif{sdf 5nkmn x'Fbf lgs}tgfju|:t b]lvG5g\ t/pQm ljifodf
s'/f ug{ rfxGg eg]/ pgn] v'n]/ geg]sf x'g;S5g\  . o:tf] cj:yfdf …tkfO{+nfO{ OR5f geP of]
s'/fsfgL xfdL oxLF /f]Sg ;S5f}+Ú eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;+jbgzLn
] /JolQmut zLif{sdf s'/f ug]{nufot
tkfO{+n];Nnfx lbg'ePsf ;a}lqmofsnfkx¿ ug}{k5{ eGg]s]xL ;xefuLx¿nfO{ nfUg ;S5 .
o;sf nflu tkfO{+n]o;f]eGg ;Sg'x'G5, æo; ljifodf s'/f ubf{ tkfO{+ cToGt} b'MvL b]lvO/xg' ePsf]
5  . d tkfO{+sf] s'/f ;'Gg / ;'gfpg ;xof]u ug{ tof/ 5' t/ s'g ljifodf s'/f ug]{ jf gug]{ eg]/
tkfO{+n] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . s'/f ub}{ hfFbf s'g} ;dodf tkfO{FnfO{ s'/f ug{ dg gnfu]df jf To;af/]
c¿ s'/f ug{ rfxg'x'Gg eg] s]xL ;d:of x'g]5}gÆ.
u= zf/Ll/s 5'jfO
;fdfGotof s'g} ;+:sl[ tdf zf/Ll/s 5'jfO pko'Qm dflgFbg} eg] s'g} ;+:sl[ tdf ;fyLefOx¿;Fu zf/Ll/s
5'jfO :jefljs / pko'Qm x'G5  . slxn]sfxLF ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿sf] ;xhtfsf] nflu zf/Ll/s
5'jfO -h:t}M sfFwdf xft /fv]/ ykykfpg'_ ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;s];Dd zf/Ll/s 5'jfO
k|of]u gubf{ g} pko'Qm x'G5  . zf/Ll/s 5'jfOaf6 c;xh dx;'; ePdf s;/L Pscsf{nfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg] eg]/ e]6 ! sf] lgod lgb]{lzsfdf 5nkmn ul/G5  .
3= :yfg / j:t'l:ylt

;fd"lxs e]6x¿sf nflu ;s];Dd lghL / cf/fdbfoL :yfgsf] vf]hL ug{'xf];\  . s:tf] :yfgdf e]6\g]
eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] cj;/ lbg'xf];\  . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fd"lxs sfo{qmd ;'? x'g'eGbf
klxnf ;xof]u -pre-assessment_ jf kl/jf/ ;lDdlnt e]6 -P]lR5s_ df o; ljifodf ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'G5  .
/f]lhPsf] :yfg ;a} ;xefuLx¿sf nflu ;lhnf] x'g'kb{5  .
ª= cfg}tgfjsf]Joj:yfkg
w]/} cK7\of/f] cj:yf ef]us
] f JolQmx¿;Fu sfd ug{' / pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg' cfkm}d
+ f ysfgk"0f{ / tgfjk"0f{
x'g;S5  . cK7\of/f cj:yfx¿sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;'Gbf ;xhstf{x¿ k|efljt x'g' / cTof; dfGg'
;fdfGo xf]  . cfk"mdf cTof; / Hofbf cK7\of/f] cj:yf -h:t} M tgfj, lrGtf, hfFu/ grNg' jf d'8
gx'g', cflQg], l/;, lg/fzf cflb_ sf]cg'ej x'gaf6 aRg tkfO{+n]lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
• cfˆgf glhssf JolQm / ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu lgoldt s'/fsfgL ug{'xf];\  .
• ;d"xx¿sf aLrdf kof{Kt lj>fdx¿ lng'xf];\ -of];dodf tkfO{+ ;dsIfLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL
ug{, la:tf/} :jf;k|Zjf; jf dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw k|of]u ug{ jf cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ s]xL
lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5_.
• Ps} ;dodf w]/} ;d"xx¿sf] g]t[Tj gug{'xf];\  .
• olb cfk"mnfO{ cK7\of/f] cj:yf dx;'; ePdf jf o;n] c¿ sfdx¿nfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] cg'ej
ePdf -h:t} M ;'Tg] sf]l;; ub}{ubf{ cfˆgf ;xefuLsf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]r cfpg'_ ;xof]u
lng'xf];\ -cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu s'/f ug{'xf];\_.
37
cWofo $
n]vfhf]vfx¿ (PM+ Assessments)
v'Nnf dg ;xof]uk"j{ ul/g] n]vfhf]vfx¿ -Pre-PM+ Assessment) sf] ;f/f+z
• o; n]vfhf]vfn]
JolQm ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf nflu pko'Qm 5 jf 5}g eGg]lg0f{o
lng ;xof]u u5{ .
• of]n]vfhf]vf
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;'? ug'{ cufl8 ul/G5 .
• of] n]vfhf]vf JolQmut / k|ToIf e]6]/ ul/G5  .
• of]n]vfhf]v
ug{ ! 306f hlt nfU5 .
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL
• ;xof]uk"j{ / ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf -cg';"rL ! / cg';"rL @_ sf sfo{ljlwx¿
• cfTdxTof hf]lvd n]vfhf]sfsf sfo{ljlwx¿
• ;'kl/j]Ifs, k|]if0f ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx¿ cflbsf ;Dks{ 7]ufgf / ljj/0fx¿
n]vfhf]vf s]sf nflu  <

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u lbg'eGbf klxnf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5  . n]vfhf]vfn] v'Nnf dg
;xof]usf nflu ;xefuL 5gf}6 u/L pgLx¿ ;d"xdf ;xefuL x'g tof/5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg]s'/f kQf
nufO{ lg0f{o lng / pgLx¿sf Jofjxfl/s tyf dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L
lng ;xof]u u5{ . o;af6 xfdLnfO{ ;xefuLx¿;Fu JolQmut ¿kdf e]6\g /pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg
;xof]u ldN5  .
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] e]6 ubf{ ;xefuLx¿;Fu cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf xfnva/ ;f]w]/ n]vfhf]vf ubf{
pgLx¿sf] k|ult yfxf kfpg / efjgfTds ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ldN5  . e]6x¿df n]vfhf]vf ugf{n]
tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ s;/L ;xof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eGgaf/]df lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u
ub{5 .
38
cWofo $
n]vfhf]vfx¿
n]vfhf]vf slxn] ;DkGg ug]{  <

tLg k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vfx¿ 5g\ M
!= v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdk"j{ ul/g] n]vfhf]vf M of] v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;'? ug'{ cl3
ul/g] n]vfhf]vf xf]  .
@= v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf M of] x/]s ;xefuLsf] ;'wf/sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug{ ul/g] 5f]6f] n]vfhf]vf xf]  .
#= v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\ ul/g] n]vfhf]vf M of] v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;lsPsf] s]xL xKtfleq
ul/g] n]vfhf]vf xf]  .
tkfO{+n];fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;lsPsf]s]xL dlxgfkl5 klg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kmnf]ck
ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsG5  . pgLx¿sf] ;'wf/ x]g]{ of] /fd|f] cj;/ xf]  . kmnf]cksf nflu cg';"rL
# df ePsf n]vfhf]vfsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 cyjf xfnva/ ;f]Wg cgf}krfl/s n]vfhf]vf klg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
n]vfhf]vf s;/L ug]{  <

/fd|f] n]vfhf]vfdf cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u x'G5, h:t} M s'/f ;'Gg] / uf]kgLotf sfod
/fVg]  . n]vfhf]vf ug{' cufl8 cWofo # df JofVof ul/Psf ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\  . s]xL dxŒjk"0f{
ljifox¿ lgDg 5g\ M
• ;/n / :ki6 efiffsf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLsf] lnª\u, pd]/, ;+:s[lt / efiffut leGgtfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ pko'Qm tl/sfdf
af]Ng'xf];\  .
• ldqtfk"0f{ / ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{'xf];\, / s'g} klg ;dodf e]befj gug{'xf];\  .
• JolQmut / tgfjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ -h:t} M of}g b'Jo{jxf/ jf cfkm}nfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg]_
;+j]bgzLn tl/sfn] hjfkm lbg'xf];\  .
;xof]uk"j{sf] n]vfhf]vfdf oL kfOnfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ckgfpg'xf];\ M

!= cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\  .
@= n]vfhf]vfsf] p2]Zo / To;df s] x'G5 eGg]af/] JolQmnfO{ atfpg'xf];\  .
• pgLx¿nfO{ eGg'xf];\ M
o; n]vfhf]vfn] olb pgLx¿df oL lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ kQf nfu]df ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u
pkof]uL x'g;S5,
• tkfO{Fn] pgLx¿sf cK7\of/fx¿sf af/]df pgLx¿;Fu ;f]Wg'x'g]5  .
39
• tkfOF{n] pgLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿ / efjgfx¿sf af/]df ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ pgLx¿;Fu ;f]Wg'x'g]5  .
• o;sf nflu ! 306f dfq nfU5 .
• olb pgLx¿nfO{ cK7\of/f]dx;'; ePsf]eP JolQmut hfgsf/Lx¿ ;'gfpgsf nflu bafa 5}g
eGg]af/]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg'xf];\  .
- h:t} M d tkfO{FnfO{ w]/} k|Zgx¿ ;f]W5'  . d cfzf ub{5' ls tkfO{F pQ/ lbg :jtGq dx;';
ug'{x'g]5  . olb tkfO{FnfO{ d}n] ;f]w]sf s]xL k|Zgx¿df c;xh dx;'; ePdf s[kof dnfO{
eGg'xf]nf  . tkfO{n
F fO{ h'g ;xh nfU5, To;sf] dfq pQ/ lbg'xf]nf  . gf}nf] JolQm;Fu tkfO{s
F f
;d:ofx¿ / cg'ejx¿ eGgsf] nflu cK7\of/f] x'g;S5 Tof] d a'‰g ;S5'  .
#= uf]kgLotf
• hfgsf/Lx¿ uf]Ko ¿kdf /flvg]5 / tL hfgsf/Lx¿ s;}nfO{ gatfOg] af/]df ;xefuLx¿n]
a'em]÷ga'em]sf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ M
- ;a} hfgsf/Lx¿ c¿sf] kx'FreGbf 6f9f /flvg] / o;sf af/]df ;xefuLsf] cg'dltljgf
s;}nfO{ geGg]  .
- cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ klg ;d"x e]6x¿sf] ;dodf JolQmut hfgsf/Lx¿ ;d"xd} /fVgsf
nflu elgg]5  .
- ;xefuLx¿sf] /fd|f;] uF /v
] b]v eO/xs
] f] 5÷5}g / pgLx¿n] /fd|f] ;xof]u kfO/xs
] f 5g\÷5}gg\
eGg]af/] yfxf lbg ;'kl/jI] fsnfO{ ;a} hfgsf/Lx¿ ;'gfOg] af/d ] f ;xefuLx¿nfO{ elgg]5  .
- n]vfhf]vf jf ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf olb ;xefuL hLjg cGTo ug]{ hf]lvddf ePdf jf s;}nfO{
xflg k'¥ofpg] yfxf kfPdf jf ;xefuLn] afn b'Jo{jxf/ -h:t} M zf/Ll/s jf of}glx+;f jf
jf:tf gug]{_ eO/xsf] af/]df atfPdf pgn] cg'dlt glbP tfklg tkfO{Fn] o;af/] s;}nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5  .
æcfh ;'?cft ug'e { Gbf klxn], ;d"x e]6x¿df 5nkmn ul/Psf ;a} s'/fx¿ uf]Ko /fVg]
s'/f d tkfO{nF fO{ eGg rfxG5'  . tkfO{s F f] cg'dltlagf tkfO{s
F f] af/d] f ;d"x e]6df s]
eO/xs
] f] 5 eGg] af/d] f tkfO{s
F f] kl/jf/ jf cGo JolQmx¿ nfO{ s]xL klg atfpg]5g}   .
;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿sf] hfgsf/Ltyf sfo{qmddf ePsf s'/fx¿ ;d"xeGbf aflx/ geGg]
;d"xsf] Pp6f lgod xf] / ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] o;nfO{ dfGg}kg]{ x'G5  .
olt x'bfFx'b} klg hfgsf/Lx¿ uf]Ko /fVg s]xL afwfx¿ x'G5g\, Tof] d tkfO{FnfO{
a'emfpg rfxG5'  . olb tkfO{Fn] cfTdxTof ug]{ of]hgf jf c¿ s;}nfO} xflg
k'¥ofpg] jf afn b'Jo{jxf/ eO/x]sf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg'ePdf xfdL s;/L tkfO{F
jf c¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ eGg]af/]df tkfO{F;Fu s'/f ug]{5f}F  . o;sf] cy{ eg]sf] d}n]
d]/f] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu s'/f ug'{k5{ / tkfO{+nfO{ pko'Qm ;xof]u lbnfpg k|of; ug'{kg]{
x'G5  . lsgls d]/f] k];f g} tkfO{Fsf] enfO / ;'/Iffsf nflu xf]  .
40
cWofo $
n]vfhf]vfx¿
tkfO{Fsf] k|ultsf af/]df d d]/f] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu lgoldt s'/fsfgL ul//xG5'  . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] efjgfTds
;d:of ePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ljz]ifdf tflnd lng'ePsf] 5 / d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ pko'Qm
;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg]/ pxfFx¿ 9'Ss x'g rfxg'x'G5  .
tkfO{Fn] s'/f a'‰g'eof] jf tkfO{Fsf] uf]kgLotfsf af/]df s'g} k|Zg 5  <Æ
$= ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{xf];\  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf af/]df ;xeflux¿nfO{ atfpg'xf];\  . v'Nnf dg ;xof]u M
- jo:sx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / efjgfTds ;d:ofx¿df ;xof]u ub{5,
- ;fd"lxs sfo{qmd xf]-ToxfF p:t}vfnsf ;d:of ePsf c¿ k'?if jf dlxnf x'G5g\_,
- xKtfdf Ps lbgsf] b/n] kfFr j6f xKtfx¿ x'g]5g\ -k|To]s ;q ;f9] b'O{ 306fsf] x'g]5 _
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u s] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] af/]df ;xefuLnfO{ hfgsf/L eP gePsf]
kSsf ug'{xf];\  .
- ;xeflux¿n] s'g} j:t' jf k};f jf cf}ifwL k|fKt ug]{5}gg\  .
- ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uaf6 ;xefuLx¿n] s] kfpF5g\ jf s] kfpFbg} g\ eGg]af/d
] f Odfgbf/
x'g'xf];\  .
%= n]vfhf]vf ug{sf] nflu cg'dlt lng'xf];\  .
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u / n]vfhf]vfsf af/]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbPkl5 pxfFx¿
n]vfhf]vfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg rfxg'x'G5  < ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ n]vfhf]vf ;sfpg} k5{ eGg] bafa gePsf] dx;'; u/fpg'xf];\  .
^= n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;'? ug'{xf];\  .
• ;xof]uk"j{ n]vfhf]vfsf] sfo{ljlwdf ePcg';f/ lgb]{lzt ul/Psf ;a} k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf k|To]s ;d"x e]6 ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf x/]s ;xeflu;Fu
tkfO{+n] k"/f ug{' kb{5  . of] Ps ;+lIfKt -% b]lv !) ldg]6 ;Ddsf]_ cGtjf{tf{ xf] / o;n] tkfO{+sf
;xefuLx¿ s;/L k|ult ul//x]sf 5g\ -lgsf] x'Fb} 5g\_ eGg]af/] 1fg lbG5  .
of] n]vfhf]vf k"/f ub{}ubf{ tkfO{Fn] ;xefuLsf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVf]sf] af/] lglZrt ug{'xf];\  . o;f]
eGgfn] Pp6f To:tf] uf]Ko 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ug,{] hxfF ;xefuLn] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbFbf cGon] g;'g"g\  . k|To]s
e]6df klxnf ;f]lwPs} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg km]l/ lsg pxL k|Zg ;f]Wb} x'g'x'G5 eGg]af/] ;xefuLx¿nfO{
41
:ki6 JofVof u/]sf] af/] ;'lglZrt ug{'xf];\  .

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u tkfO{FnfO{ s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] a'‰g' dx¬jk"0f{
x'G5  . o;af/] yk lj:t[t ¿kdf a'‰gsf nflu k|To]s e]6sf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ xfdL
o:t} lsl;dsf n]vfhf]vf ug{5] f} F . tkfO{nF ] ;'wf/ ePsf] dx;'; ul//xg'ePsf] 5}g eg]
klg s[kof oL k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm Odfgbf/Lk"j{s -jf h] xf] ToxL_ lbg'xf];\  . ;f]lwPsf
k|Zgdf tkfO{Fn] lbPsf] hjfkmn] tkfO{Fn] kfO/x]sf] ;xof]udf s'g} k|efj kfb{}g  .
cfˆg} hLjg ;dfKt kfg{ vf]Hg]sf nflu d"Nofª\sg of]hgf

n]vfhf]vfsf a]nf lgDg ;xefuLsf cfTdxTofsf ljrf/x¿ cg'udg ul/g]5  .
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uk"j{ ul/g] n]vfhf]vfsf a]nf ;xefuLx¿ h;n] cfTdxTof ug]{ ljrf/
JoQm ub{5g\ .
;xefuLx¿sf] cfTdxTofsf ljrf/x¿sf] cg'udg ub{} pgLx¿n] rfx]cg';f/sf] ;]jf;'ljwf pknAw

u/fP/ tkfO{Fn] d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lgs6 eljiodf cfˆgf] hLjg ;dfKt ug]{
of]hgf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVgsf] nflu tTsfn x]/rfxsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / of] a]nf ;fd"lxs
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u pgLx¿sf nflu pko'Qm gx'g klg ;S5 . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udfkm{ t
;xof]u k|bfg ul//x]sf a]nf s;}n] cfTdxTofsf] k|of; ub{5 eg] of] ;xof]u kof{Kt x'g]5}g lsgls
pQm JolQmnfO{ yk ljz]if ;xof]usf] cfjZos kg{]5  . ;xefuLx¿ h;df cfTdxTofsf ljrf/x¿
5g\ t/ cfTdxTof ug]{ s'g} of]hgf gePsf] v08df eg] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udfkm{t ;xof]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfTdxTofsf ljrf/x¿sf] n]vfhf]vf

;xof]u lbFbf / n]vfhf]vf ubf{ tkfO{Fn] cfTdxTofaf/] l;wf k|Zgx¿ ;xefuLnfO{ ;fWg'kg{] x'G5  .
n]vfhf]vfsf k|Zgx¿ h'g tl/sfn] n]lvPsf 5g\ ;f]xL cg'¿k ;f]Wg'kg{] x'G5  . lgs6 eljiodf cfˆgf]
hLjg ;dfKt kfg{ ;xefuL;Fu s'g} of]hgf eP gePsf] olsg ug{'kg{] x'G5 / ToxLcg';f/n] ;]jf
k|bfg ug{'kg{]5  .
tkfO{Fn] ;xof]u lbFb} ubf{ ;xefuLsf] cfTdxTofsf] ;f]raf/] lg/LIf0f ug{'kg{]5 / ;'/lIft /fVgsf] nflu
;xL tl/sfn] ;xof]u ug{'kb{5  .
olb s'g} Ps JolQm;Fu cfk"mnfO{ b'Mv lbg] ;f]rljrf/ 5 eg] klg w]/} JolQmx¿ cfTdxTofsf af/]df
l;wf k|Zg ;f]Wg} vf]Hb}gg\  . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] pgLx¿ cfTdxTofsf af/]df s'/f ubf{ csf]{
JolQmnfO{ ef/ kg{] xf] ls eg]/ 8/fpFb5g\  . olb pQm JolQmn] klxnf cfTdxTofsf] k|of; gu/]sf]
t/ o:tf] s'/f ubf{ cfTdxTof ug{ ;S5 ls eg]/ klg pgLx¿ 8/fpFb5g\  . of] k|foM ul/g] unt
ljZjf; xf]  . cfTdxTofsf af/]df r'k nfu]/ a:bf b'vb kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eg] cfTdxTosf] ;f]rsf
42
cWofo $
n]vfhf]vfx¿
sf/0fn] b'Mv kfO/x]sf] JolQm PSnf] /xg] / s;}sf] ;xof]u gkfpg] x'G5  . o;sf/0f, cfk"m ;xhstf{
ePsfn] cfTdxTofsf af/]df v'n:t s'/fsfgL ug{ cfk"mn] ;xh dx;'; u/]sf] / cfTdxTofaf/] ul/g]
s'/f ;'Gbf ;xefuLsf ;fd' cfk"m slQ klg cfZro{df gk/]sf]b]vfpg' clt dxŒjk'0f{ x'G5 . cGtdf
cfTdxTof cToGt ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsf]x'Fbf cfk"m;Fu x'g ;Sg]o;af/]sf JolQmut ljZjf;x¿nfO{
6f9f /fVg] / cfk"mn] ;xefuLnfO{ pgLx¿df ePsf] cfTdxTof;DaGwL ;f]rfO, of]hgf cyjf ljutdf
ul/Psf] k|of;sf cfwf/df cfk"mn] d"Nofª\sg gug{] eGb} :ki6 s'/fsfgL ug{' clt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5  . of]
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5 .
cfTdxTofsf ;f]rx¿ n]vfhf]vf ug]{ lgb{]lzsf

k|Zgx¿ l;wf / :ki6 tl/sfn] ;f]Wg'xf];\ M
• n]vfhf]vfsf k|ZgfjnLdf h:tf] tl/sfn] k|Zg n]lvPsf] 5 ;f]xLadf]lhd k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\
-;xof]u lbg'k"j{, ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf / ;xof]u lbPkl5 _
• cfTdxTofsf af/]df k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wbf 3'dfp/f] tl/sfn] g;f]Wg'xf];\  . o;/L ;f]Wbf unt cy{
nfUg klg ;S5 .
• ;xefuLx¿df cfTdxTofsf] ;f]r jf of]hgf /x]sf] jf ljutdf cfk"mn] cfTdxTofsf] k|of;
u/]sf sf/0fn] cfk"mnfO{ c¿eGbf leGg tl/sfn] glnPsf] dx;'; ug{ l;wf tl/sfsf
k|Zgx¿n]d2t ub{5g\ .
• cfTdxTofsf af/]df s'/f ub{}ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] c;xh dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ t/ tkfO{Fn]
pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] :t/ /fd|f];Fu a'‰g' clt cfjZos /x]sf] atfpg'kg{] x'G5  .
• olb s'g} JolQmn] ljutdf cfTdxTofsf af/]df ;f]r]sf] lyPg eg] o;af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wbf
p;sf] cfˆgf] hLjg ;dfKt ug]{ rfxgfdf ;xof]u ug{]5}g  .
lgs6 eljiodf cfˆgf]hLjg ;dfKt kfg]{of]hgf

ePsf];xefuLsf nflu k|ltlqmof
• ;w}F cfˆ\gf] ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ ;Dks{ ug{'xf];\  .
• ;'/lIft / ;xof]uL jftj/0f lgdf{0f ug{'xf];\  .
• cfk"mn] cfkm}nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] s'g} klg s'/fx¿ x6fpg]
• pQm JolQmnfO{ PSn} g5f]8\g]  . :ofxf/stf{ jf sd{rf/L pQm JolQm;Fu hlta]nf klg ;Fu}
/xg]  .
• s'bf{sf] ;dodf ;Dej eP;Dd pQm JolQmnfO{ 5'6\6} / zfGt sf]7fdf /fVg]  .
• cfwf/e"t ;xof]u ;Lksf cfwf/df JolQmsf] dfgl;s cj:yf / efjgfTds tgfjsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{]  .
43
n]vfhf]vfsf] bf}/fgsf r'gf}tLx¿

lgDg lnlvt ;+jfbx¿ ckgfPdf n]vfhf]vfsf bf}/fgdf JolQmnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ yk ;xof]u x'G5  .
!= ;xefuLn] hfgsf/L eGg nfh dfg] jf clgR5f b]vfPdf

h'g;'s};dodf ;xefuLnfO{ cfb/ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ of] n]vfhf]vfcGtu{t xf] eGg]
dx;'; x'g'k5{  . To;}n], ;xefulx¿nfO{ ;'?cftd} olb pgLx¿nfO{ OR5f gnfu]sf] s'g} klg k|Zgsf]
pQ/ jf JolQmut hfgsf/Lx¿ eGg grfx]df lbg h?/L 5}g eg]/ eGg'k5{  .
olb d}n] ;f]w]sf s]xL k|Zgdf tkfO{FnfO{ c;xh dx;'; ePdf tkfO{Fn] pQ/ lbg}k5{
eGg] 5}g  . tkfO{FnfO{ s] ;xh nfU5 To;}sf af/]df atfpg' xf]nf  .
@= tkfO{“n] af]ln/xg'ePsf] a]nfdf ;xefuLnfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ ePdf

o:tf] ;do cfpg;S5, hxfF ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt n]vfhf]vf geO{ ;xefuLx¿n] nfdf] s'/fsfgL
ug{;S5g\ cyjf tkfO{Fn]rfxg'ePsf vf; hfgsf/Lx¿ gcfPdf pQm ;dodf tkfOF{n];xefuLx¿nfO{
eGg'kg]{x'G5 . ;xefuLnfO{ pT;flxt eO{ cufl8 a9\gsf nflu tkfOF{n]Gofgf]kgf
b]vfpg'
dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5 .
tkfO{Fn] ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ s;/L ;+j]bgzLn ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug]{ xf] eGg]af/]df oxfF ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 M
o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{Fn] w]/} cK7\of/f cg'ejx¿ ul//xg'ePsf] h:tf] nfU5  . t/
klg, clxn] ;'Ggsf] nflu d]/f] Psbd} ?lr ePsf] s'/f ============af/]df xf], -csf]{
k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\_======
slxn]sfxLF tkfOF{n];xefuL;Fu cln a9L l;wf k|Zg ;f]Wg'
kg]{x'g ;S5, ljz]if u/L olb tkfO{+;Fu
kof{Kt ;do gePdf  . t/ klg o;f] ug{nfO{ pgLx¿k|ltsf] rf;f] / Gofgf]kg b]vfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M
of] ;'Ggsf] nflud]/f] Psbd} OR5f 5 t/ xfdL;Fu ;do kof{Kt 5}g  . d;Fu tkfO{n
F fO{
;f]Wg'kg]{ cem} s]xL k|Zgx¿ /x]sf 5g\  . olb tkfO{F rfxg'x'G5 eg] clxn] tL
k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/f}+ / afFsL ;do tkfO{+sf cGo rf;f]x¿sf af/]df s'/fsfgL
u/f}+, x'G5  <
kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf
s'g} ;Gbe{df ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf af/]df ;xefuLsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu klg s'/f ug{'
;xof]uL x'g;S5 . ;xefuLx¿ ;d"xsf]sfo{qmddf ;lDdlnt x'gsf nflu cleefjs jf >Ldfg\÷
>LdtL jf cGo kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ -h:t} M bfO_ ;Fu sf] cg'dlt dfUg / ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg
;xhstf{x¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6\g' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5  . of] e]63f6k"j{ n]vfhf]vf ul/g] e]6d} jf ;xefuLn]
sfo{qmddf efu lng]af/] lg0f{o lng ;do lnPkl5sf] bf];|f] e]6df klg ug{ ;lsg]5  .
44
cWofo $
n]vfhf]vfx¿
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu lgDg ljifox¿df s'/f ug{'xf];\ M

• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]un] s:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg u5{,
• sfo{qmddf efu lnPkZrft\ tkfO{+n];xefuLdf s:tf kmfObfsf]cfzf ug{'ePsf]5,
• pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;d"xdf lsg ;lDdlnt ul/of]  . ;xefuLsf] uf]kgLotf e+u gx'g] tl/sfn] oL
hfgsf/Lx¿ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{'kb{5 -h:t}, n]vfhf]vfsf k|fKtfª\sx¿ jf n]vfhf]vfsf bf}/fgdf
5nkmn ul/Psf lglZrt ;d:ofx¿_. kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu s'gs'g hfgsf/L afF8\g ldN5
eg]/ ;xefuL;Fu ;'?d} s'/f ug{'xf];\  .
• sfo{qmddf efu lng ;xefuLaf6 s]s] ck]Iff /flvG5 -h:t}, hDdf % e]6sf] nflu x/]s xKtf
@ 3G6fsf] pkl:ylt, e]6x¿sf aLrdf cEof;_  .
• o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g z'Ns nfUb}g .

• ;xefuL jf kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu sfo{qmd;DaGwL s]xL k|Zgx¿ ePdf ltgsf] hjfkm lbg'xf];\  .
;xefuLnfO{ sfo{qmddf ;lDdlnt u/fpg kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu ;+jfb ul/g] tl/sfaf/] tn Ps
pbfx/0f lbOPsf] 5 M
!_ cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <

dlxnf ePdf M
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf dlxnfx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\ . pgLx¿n]cfdf, lbbL
alxgL / 5f]/Lsf ¿kdf ;d'bfodf ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lx¿ axg u5{g\  .
Pp6f kl/jf/ /fd|f];Fu rNgsf] nflu pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g' h?/L 5  .
nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{'kg]{, >Ldfg\ jf kl/jf/sf ;b:o ljb]zdf x'g', cfly{s
sl7gfOx¿, 3/fo;L jfbljjfbx¿, afnaRrfsf] x]/rfx, zf/Ll/s kL8f, lk|ohgsf]
d[To', / cGo o:t} ljljw kIfx¿sf sf/0f b}lgs hLjgdf tgfj x'g' :jfefljs
xf]  . oL dg;Fu ;DalGwt tyf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo
k|efljt x'G5  . xfd|f] ;dfh / ;d'bfosf w]/} dlxnfx¿n] o:tf dg;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofx¿ cg'ej u/]sf 5g\  .
k'?if ePdf M
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf k'?ifx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\  . pgLx¿n]a'jf, bfh'efO
/ 5f]/fsf] ¿kdf ;d'bfodf ;DalGwt dxŒjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lx¿ jxg u5{g\ . Pp6f
kl/jf/ /fd|f;
] uF rNgsf] nflu pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g h?/L 5  . nfdf] ;do;Dd
sfd ug{k' g],{ >LdtL jf kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o ljb]zdf x'g,' cfly{s ef/ kg{,' j}bl] zs
45
/f]huf/df hfg' / cfpg'kg]{, kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0fsf] tgfj, a]/f]huf/L, 3/fo;L

jfbljjfbx¿, dlb/f ;]jg, lk|ohgsf] d[To' h:tf ljljw kIfx¿sf sf/0f b}lgs
hLjgdf pgLx¿nfO{ tgfj x'g' :jfefljs xf]  . oL dg;Fu ;DalGwt tyf Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f k'?ifsf] :jf:Yo k|efljt x'G5  . xfd|f] ;dfh / ;d'bfosf w]/}
k'?ifx¿n] o:tf dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\  .
@_ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]uaf6
s;/L kmfObf x'G5 <
æcfjZos k/]sf] a]nf slxn]sfxLF cltl/Qm ;xof]u lng' -dfUg'_ :jfefljs s'/f
xf]  . tkfO{s+ f -5f]/f÷5f]/L, cflb_ ====================n] xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu
s'/f ug{'ePsf] lyof] / xfdLn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgx¿df pgsf] hjfkm x]bf{ pgn] xfd|f]
sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u lnFbf w]/} kmfObf k'Ug]5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5  . o;n]
pgnfO{ dg;Fu ;DalGwt /Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ Joj:yfkg ug{, tgfj 36fpg
/ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo;Fu alnof] ;DaGw agfpg ;xof]u ug]{5g\  .Æ
#_ dgf]lzIff
æb}lgs hLjgsf tgfjx¿sf sf/0f w]/}n] kL/lrGtf lng', dgdf w]/} s'/f v]Ng' tyf
dgsf ;d:ofx¿ x'g' :jfefljs xf]  . tkfO{+sf] -5f]/f÷5f]/L cflb_ ===============n]
xfn;fn} s:tf k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ ef]u]sf 5g\  <
olb oL ;d:ofx¿ a9\b} uPdf / a]n}df pkrf/ gul/Pdf kl5 uDeL/ dfgl;s
;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;S5g\  . To;} sf/0f rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
ug{'kb{5  . kL/ rGtf x'g' :jfefljs xf] lsgeg] dflg;sf] hLjgsfndf w]/}nfO{
o:tf] x'G5 / s]xL yk ;xof]uåf/f o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5  .Æ
$_ v'Nnf dg s]xf] < o;n];xefuLx¿nfO{ s;/L kmfObf k'¥ofp“5 <

tkfO{+sf] -5f]/f÷5f]/L cflb_ ======================== v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf nflu
5flgg'ePsf] 5  . b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ cem /fd|/L Joj:yfkg
ug{ o; sfo{qmdn] ;xof]u ub{5  . olb pgLx¿n] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf] /fd|/L
;fdgf ug{;s] eg] pgLx¿n] tL ;d:ofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ l;Sg]5g\ / sfo{qmd
;lsPkl5 klg cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5g\  . pgLx¿n] cfk"m j/k/sfnfO{
klg sfo{qmddf l;s]sf ljlwx¿sf] af/]df atfpg ;Sg]5g\ / cfˆgf] kl/jf/ /
;du| ;d'bfod} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sg]5g\  .
v'Nnf dg sfo{qmdcGtu{t tkfO{+sf -5f]/f÷5f]/L cflb_ =============================
n] x/]s xKtf nueu b'O{ 306fsf] x'g] e]6df kfFr xKtf;Dd pkl:yt x'g'kg]{5  .
tkfO{+sf];d'bfoaf6}cGo s]xL
dlxnf -jf k'?if_ n]klg of]sfo{qmddf efu lnPsf
46
cWofo $
n]vfhf]vfx¿
5g\  . xfdLn] of] sfo{qmd ldlt ================af6 ;'? u/]/ ldlt =============== df
;dfkg ug]{5f}+  . xfdLn] vfhfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ t/ gub eg] lbg]5}gf}+  . v'Nnf
dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;lsPsf]tLg dlxgfkl5 xfdLn]pxfFnfO{ Pp6f JolQmut
e]63f6sf nflu af]nfpg]5f}+, h;df xfdL pxfFn] s:tf] dx;'; ul//xg'ePsf] 5\
eg]/ s'/f ug]{5f}+  . sfo{qmdaf/] tkfO{+sf s]xL k|Zgx¿ 5g\  <
$_ dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{] JolQm÷;+:yfsf] gfd / ;Dks{ ljj/0f
ædg;Fu ;DalGwt / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df ;/;Nnfx lbg] tflnd
k|fKt :jf:Yo sdL{x¿;Fu klg tkfO{+sf] -5f]/f/5f]/L cflb_ ====================n] e]6\g
;Sg]5g\  . tkfO{+n] pxfFx¿nfO{ :yfgLo :jf:Yo rf}sLdf uP/ e]6\g ;Sg'x'G5
-dfgl;s :jf:Yo;]jf k|bfg ug]{ tflnd k|fKt ;xsdL{sf] gfd lbg'xf];\_  .Æ
sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf x/s ] e]6df tkfO{n+ ] x/s
] ;xefuLsf] cj:yfsf] ;+lIfKt
dfkg ug{'x'g]5  . of]] n]vfhf]vf ;d"xe]6 rNb} ubf{ ul/G5 -cg';"rL @ x]g{'xf];\_  .
tkfO{+n] o;nfO{ e]6 @ b]lv x/]s e]6sf cufl8 ug{'kg]{5  .
cGt/jftf{ lnFbf ;xefuLsf k|ltlqmofx¿ uf]Ko /fVg'xf];\  . o;sf nflu ;xefuLsf k|ltlqmofx¿ c¿n]
;'Gg g;Sg] u/L a:g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]5
{   . tkfO{n
+ ] x/s
] e]6x¿df ltg} k|Zgx¿ lsg ;f]lw/xg'ePsf]
5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg'xf];\  .
o;sf] nflu tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
æ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf tkfO{+sf] k|ult s:tf] 5 eg]/ x]g{ h?/L x'G5  . xfdL of]
n]vfhf]vf k|To]s e]6df x/]s ;xefuL;Fu ug]{5f}+, h;n] xfdLnfO{ o;sf af/]df /fd|/L a'‰g ;xof]u
k'Ug]5  . cfk"mdf ;'wf/ gcfPsf] eP klg oL k|Zgx¿sf] Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy hjfkm lbg'xf];\  . tkfO{+sf]
hjfkmsf sf/0f tkfO{FnfO{ lbOg] ;]jfdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cGt/ cfpg]5}g  .Æ
47
cWofo %
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf af/]df hfGg] /
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw -e]6 !_
ljifoj:t' ;do ;fdu|L
pkl:yt eO{ ;d"xdf a:g' @) ldg]6 lrofgf:tf

:jfut tyf kl/ro !) ldg]6 gfd sf8{x¿ -pknAw ePdf_
;d"xsf gLltlgodx¿ !) ldg]6 7'nf] sfuhsf] kfgf / dfs{/x¿
v'Nnf dg s] xf]  < !% ldg]6 v'Nnf dg s] xf]  < gfds kf]:6/,
3fuf]sf] Ps 8Nnf]
sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿ gfds tflnsf
/dfOnf] u/]/ km'lt{nf] x'g] v]n % ldg]6 /dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]ndf ePsf
;"rLx¿
JolQmut nIox¿ !) ldg]6 lrqsyfx¿
a|]s
cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  < @) ldg]6 o;;DaGwL kf]:6/x¿
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw @%ldg]6 7'nf] sfuhsf] kfgf / dfs{/x¿
wfuf]sf] Ps 8Nnf] / a]n'gx¿
e]6sf] ;dfkg !) ldg]6 JolQmut sfo{ of]hgfx¿
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lrqfTds
xft]kq
48
cWofo %
e]6 ! sf] tof/L

• 5flgPsf] syf ;d"xsf] nflu pko'Qm 5÷5}g eg]/ lglZrt ug{'xf];\ / cfjZos kl/jt{gx¿
ug{'xf];\  .
• kl/rosf nflu s] lqmofsnfk ug]{ eg]/ lg0f{o ug{x' f]; \ . o;n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps csf{nfO{
lrGg] cj;/ ldNb5  .
• pknAw ePdf ;xefuLx¿sf nflu gfd sf8{x¿sf] aGbf]a:t ug{'xf];\  .
• lgDg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] aGbf]a:t ug{'xf];\ M
- ;fd"lxs lgodx¿sf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
- v'Nnf dg s] xf]  < / $ ljlwx¿sf kf]:6/x¿ -cg';"rL ^_
- ;Dej eP ;xefuLx¿nfO{ …v'Nnf dgÚsf] leQ]kfqf] lbg'xf];\ -P]lR5s_
- …;xefuL x'gs ' f sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿Ú / …dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwÚ lqmofsnfkx¿sf
nflu wfuf]  .
- …cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_s] xf]<Ú lqmofsnfksf nflu $ j6f kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
- cfjZostfcg';f/ s]xL sfuh / sndx¿, 7'nf] kfgf / dfs{/
- dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] nflu kf]:6/ / ;do x]g{sf] nflu 38L
- dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf nflu a]n'gx¿
- /dfOnf] u/]/ km'lt{nf] x'g] lqmofsnfksf ;"rLx¿
• …dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwÚsf nflu ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ / ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6x¿Ú
k9\g'xf];\ -cg';"rL %_
:jfut tyf kl/ro !% ldg]6

!= ;d"xnfO{ :jfut ug{'xf];\  .
@= ;d"xsf ;xhstf{x¿n]cfgf]]kl/ro lbg'xf];\ M
• cfˆgf] af/]df ;d"xdf afF8\g ;lhnf] nfUg] s]xL s'/fx¿ eGg'xf];\  .
#= ;d"xsf x/]s ;b:onfO{ cfgf]kl/ro lbg eGg'xf];\ M

• …d]/f] gofF ;fyLÚ kl/rofTds lqmofsnfk u/]/ cfˆgf] gfd / cfˆgf] af/]df s]xL eGg cfu|x
ug{'xf];\  . -tnsf] kl/rofTds lqmofnfkx¿ x]g{'xf];\  ._
49
• cfk"mnfO{ ;d"xdf eGg ;xh nfUg] s'/fx¿ dfq eGg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
P]lR5s kl/rofTds lqmofsnfkx¿ M

s_ d]/f] gofF ;fyL M b'O{hgfsf] hf]8L agfP/ Pscsf{ aLr kl/ro ug{ nufpg'xf];\  . cfˆgf] af/]df
s'/f ug{sf nflu # ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\, h;df pxfFx¿n] cfˆgf] gfd, kl/jf/ / 7]ufgf
cflb af/]df eGg]5g\  . To;kl5 ;d"xdf uP/ k|To]s hf]8Ln] Psn] csf{sf] kl/ro ;d"xnfO{
eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
v_ æd======== x'g kfPsf] ePÆ v]n M ;xhstf{x¿n] s'g} lglZrt ljifo -h:t}M hgfj/x¿, /ª\ux¿,
k|l;4 JolQmTjx¿, cflb_ 5fGg'xf];\  . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ /æd s'g}
-h:t}, r/f_ x'g kfPsf] eP d ===== x'Gy]F Æ eg]/ 5f]6f] ;do ;f]Rg lbg'xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿n]
Tof] 5fGg'sf sf/0fx¿af/] eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
u_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @ j6f nfOgdf a:g nufpg'xf];\  . cfd'Gg];fd'Gg] a;]sf Ps csf{;Fu kl/ro
ug{ ! ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\  . ! ldg]6kl5 36L ahfpg'xf];\ jf cfˆgf] 7fpF kl/jt{g ug{
nufpg'xf];\  . Pp6f nfOgnfO{ Ps tx cufl8 ;g{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;f]ubf{ pgLx¿;Fu gofF
;fyL x'G5g\  . kl/ro ug{ ! ldg]6 lbg'xf];\  . oxL k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ tfls cGTodf
x/]sn] Pscsf{;Fu ub}{ ;a};Fu kl/ro ug{ ;s"g  .
3_ klxNo} tof/L ul/Psf] s'g} lqmofsnfk jf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd -h:t}, uLt jf k|fy{gf÷ehg_.
$= pko'Qm nfu]df
jf pknAw ePdf gfd sf8{x¿ lbg'xf];\ .
%= sfo{qmd :yn / sfo{qmdsf af/]df cGo hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg'xf];\ M
• zf}rfno hfg] af6f]
• a|]ssf] ;do
• pknAw u/fOg] vfhfx¿
• pQm lbgdf ;xefuLx¿n] ef]u]sf s]xL ;d:ofx¿k|ltsf] k|ltlqmof
^= e]6x¿ s;/L rnfOG5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ M

• e]6x¿ s'gs'g lbg / ;dodf x'g]5g\ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
• ;a}hgf pkl:yt x'g !) b]lv !% ldg]6 s'g]{ / To;kl5 tkfO{+n] lqmofsnfk ;'? ug{] eGg]af/]
hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
• @=#) b]lv # 306fsf] e]6df aLraLrdf /dfOnf] ug]{ / cfjZos k/]df dfq 5f]6f] a|]s ug]{
-gf]6 M a|]s s]jn P]lR5s xf] t/ ;a}hgf ;xdt ePdf dfq a|]snfO{ x6fpg'xf]nf_
• bf]>f] e]6 b]lv n]vfhf]vf -;f]wk'5_ x'g]5 eg]/ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
50
cWofo %
e]6sf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M

æ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf tkfO{+n] s:tf] 5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg' dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5  . o;n] xfdLnfO{ w]/} s'/f a'‰g ;xof]u ug]{5 To;}n] xfdL bf]>f] e]6 b]lv
n]vfhf]vf x/]s e]6sf] ;'?df bf]xf]¥ofpF5f}+  . cfk"mdf ;'wf/ gcfPsf] h:tf] nfu] klg
oL k|Zgx¿sf] Odfgbfl/tfk"j{s hjfkm lbg'xf]nf  . tkfO{+x¿n] lbg'ePsf] hjfkmn]
xfdLnfO{ s'g ljlwdf s]lGb|t ug{k' g]{ xf] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u u5{  . o;n] tkfO{s + f]
;d:ofdf ;'wf/cfP÷gcfPsf]yfxf kfpg d2t u5{ . Æ
&= cfgf]e"ldsfsf]af/]df ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ M

• tkfOF{n] ;d"xnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;Lkx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbP/ d2t ug]{af/] hfgsf/L
lbg'xf];\, h;af6 pgLx¿n] of] ;Lk s;/L cfˆgf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 eg]/ l;Sg ;S5g\  .
• ;xhstf{ ePsfn] cfk"mdf dgsf] ;d:of / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
u/sf] cg'ej ePsf] s'/f k|:6 kfg{'xf];\  .
*= cfhsf] e]6sf af/]df atfpg'xf];\  .

• sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L / pkl:yltn] ;a}nfO{ of] sfo{qmd s;/L ;xof]uL x'G5 eg]/ k|:6
kfg{'xf];\  .
• …dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{Ú klxnf] ljlwsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\  .
;d"xsf gLltlgodx¿ !) ldg]6

!= ;fd"lxs 5nkmnsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ M
• cfˆgf Jofjxfl/s tyf dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf af/d
] f ;a}n] 5nkmn ug]{ df}sf kfpg'xG' 5
/tL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ sd ug{ gofF ljlwx¿ l;Sg'x'G5 .
• ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] gofF s'/f l;Sg k|of; ug]{ / Pscfk;df l;Sgl;sfpg ;xof]u ug{' h?/L
x'G5 .
• s'g} a]nf ;d"xdf x'g] 5nkmnx¿ ;a}n] ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿afx]s cGt} df]l8g ;S5 t/ klg
sfo{qmddf Wofg s]lG›t u/fO/xg' h?/L x'G5  .
• ;fd"lxs 5nkmnx¿df ;lDdlnt u/fpgsf nflu ;d"xsf lgodx¿df ;a}sf]
;xdlt lng'
cfjZos x'G5 .
51
@= ;d"xsf lgod /ck]Iffx¿df v'Nnf ¿kdf 5nkmn ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\

 .
• x/]s ;xefuLsf ;a} JolQmut hfgsf/Lx¿ ;d"xleq} /xg'kg]{ k|lta¢tf lng'xf];\  .
• uf]kgLotfsf # ;Ldfx¿af/] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ M
- s;}sf] -cfˆg} jf glhssf] JolQm_ hLjg g} hf]lvddf ePsf] b]lvPdf jf cGo s;}n] ;xefuLnfO{
xflg -h:t} M n}ªl\ us lx+;f_ k'¥ofpg] b]lvPdf uf]kgLotf g/flvg] hfgsf/L lbg'xf]; \ .
- v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;+nUg JolQmx¿, h:t} M ;'kl/j]Ifs, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, cflbnfO{{
;xefuLx¿sf af/]df / ;d"xdf s] e}/x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOg] af/] atfpg'xf];\  .
pgLx¿nfO{ …;'kl/j]Ifs Ps tflnd k|fKt lj1 x'g'x'G5 /pxfFnfO{ ;xefuLx¿n]v'Nnf
dg ;xof]usf] pQd ;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt u/fpg' cfˆgf] bfloTj xf]Úeg]/
a'emfpg'xf];\  .
- uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg' ;d"xsf ;xhstf{x¿ / ;xefuLx¿;lxt ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xsf] lhDd]jf/L
xf]  . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;xefuLx¿n] ;d"xeGbf aflx/ uP/ Pscsf{sf af/]df s'/f ug{'
x'Fb}g To;} u/L ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿sf af/]df kl/jf/ jf ;fyLx¿;Fu klg s'/f ug{'x'Fb}g  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgodx¿ kfngf ug]{u/fpg] ;Gbe{df cGo yk s'/f ;f]Wg'xf];\,
æ;d"xdf ;xh ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g c¿ s]lgodx¿ /fVg tkfO{F ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 <Æ
#= sfuhsf 7'nf kfgfdf lgodx¿ n]Vg' xf];\ -jf ;+s]tx¿ agfpg'xf];\ jf lrq ePsf
kf]:6/x¿ 6f“:g'xf];\_
• x/]s e]6x¿df kf]:6/ k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ tfls h'g;'s} a]nf klg ltgnfO{ x]g{ ;lsof];\ -h:t},
s'g} lgod tf]l8Pdf Tof] kf]:6/ b]vfO{ ;Demfpg ;xof]uL x'G5_
• ;d"xsf gLltlgodx¿ gfds kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_df ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ n]Vg'xf];\  .
• tnsf lgDg lgodx¿ klg ;lDdlnt ug{'xf];\ M
- c¿n] ef]lu/x]sf] cK7\of/f] cj:yfsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;Ddfg u/f}+  .
- ;d"xdf s'g}a]nf b'vL x'g' :jfefljs xf]  .
- c¿sf s'/f ;'gf}+ / ;xof]u u/f}+  .
- ;a} ;xefuLx¿ ;dod} pkl:yt xf]cf}+ -cfk"m pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] eP jf l9nf x'g] ePdf
;xhstf{nfO{ va/ u/f}+ _.
- ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dgsf ljlwx¿ 3/df klg cEof; u/f}+ .
- c¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ sb/ u/f}+, kfn}kfnf] af]nf}+, sfg]v'zL gu/f}+, ;a}sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'gf}+,
;a} ;xefuLx¿ ;lqmo;Fu ;d"x 5nkmn / cGo lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL xf]cf}F, df]afOn
cfjfh gcfpg] u/L /fvf}+, olb s]xL a'lemPg eg] lgw{Ss eP/ ;f]wf}+  .
• ;d"xeGbf aflx/ Pscsf{nfO{ e]6]df s] ug]{ -s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{_ eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
- cfkm"nfO{ h:tf] ;lhnf] x'G5, ToxL ug]{ lg0f{ox¿ lng ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|fT;fxg
] ug{'xf];\ .
52
cWofo %
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u s] xf]  < !% ldg]6

;fdu|Lx¿
• P]lR5s kf]:6x¿ M …v'Nnf dg s] xf]  <Ú / …$ ljlwx¿Ú sf -cg';"rL ^_
kf]:6/x¿ k|of]u ug{'xf];\  .
• P]lR5s xft]kqx¿
M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL x'g'sf sf/0f
/ r'gf}tL -cg';"rL &_.
‘v'Nnf dg ;xof]u’ sf] p2]Zo s] xf]  <Ú

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{qmdsf af/]df /fd|f];Fu a'emfpg  .
• cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf];dfwfg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm ljlwx¿ 5g\ eg]/
cfzf hufpg .
…v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sf r/0fx¿

!= v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ M
;lDdlnt ug{'kg]{d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ M
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]un] b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M a]/f]huf/L, 3/fo;L ;d:ofx¿,
kfl/jfl/s cGt/åGå_ / dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ -h:t} M kL/ dfGg', lg/fz x'g', lrGtf,
tgfj cflb_ b'j}Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
- ;xof]uk"j{ ul/Psf] n]vfhf]vfaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lx¿sf cfwf/df ;xefuLx¿n] ef]lu/xs
] f
x'g;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\  .
• e]6x¿ ! – $ ;Dd $ j6f ljlwx¿df 5nkmn ul/G5 .
• x/]s ljlwx¿sf] AofVof ug{ / ltgn] b}lgs hLjgdf s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/
lrqsyf kl9G5 .
• x/]s e]6df ;xefuL pkl:yt ePdf v'Nnf dg ;xof]un] /fd|/L sfd u5{  .
• sfo{qmdaf6 a9LeGbf a9L kmfObf lng ;xefuLx¿n]3/df cEof; ug{'kb{5 .
• olb s'g};xefuL pkl:yt x'g g;Sg]ePdf k"j{ hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 .
53
@= lgDg ;+jfb k9]/;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqsyf eGg'xf];\ .

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrq x]/]/ syfsf] k[i7e"ld kl/jt{g ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{xf];\ tfls pgLx¿nfO{
cfˆgf]hLjg;Fu t'ngf ug{ /a'‰g ;xh xf];\ .
- h:t} M pxfF s'g ufpFaf6 cfpg'ePsf] xf]  < pxfFsf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e'ld  < pxfFsf aRrfsf
gfdx¿ < cflb cfˆgf]OR5f cg';f/eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
- ;xefuLx¿n] syfsf] kfqsf] gfd kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  .
æd}n] cl3 eg] h:t} x/]s e]6df xfdL cfk"mn] ef]u]sf h:t} ;d:ofx¿ ef]u]sf
k'?if÷ dlxnfsf af/]df ;'Gg]5f}+  . ha xfdL s'g} ljlwsf] kl/ro lbg]5f}+, ta xfdL
oL JolQmn] tL ljlwx¿ s;/L ckgfpg'ePsf] lyof] eg]/ ;'Gg]5f}+  . x/]s ljlwx¿
cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ ;'Nemfpg s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eg]/ l;Sg o;n] ;xof]u ug]{5  .
pxfFsf] hLjgsf] af/]df a'‰g'eGbf cl3 xfdLn] pxfFnfO{ s'g} gfd lbg'kg]{ x'G5  . s]
tkfO{+x¿ s'g}gfd lbg rfxg'x'G5 < pxfF s'g ufpFaf6 cfpg'ePsf]xf] < pxfF s'g
hflt÷;d'bfoaf6 cfpg'ePsf]5 < pxfFnfO{ ;d"xdf ;lDdlnt ugf{sf nflu c¿
s'g} ljj/0f yKg rfxg'x'G5  < ca pxfFsf af/]df s]xL ;'gf}+  .Æ
• lrqsyf !, @, # /$ k9\g'xf];\ -cg';"rL (÷!) x]g{'xf];\_
#= ;xefuLx¿ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf sf/0fx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{x' f]; \ .
• 5f]6f] / kl/rofTds dfq} x'g]x'gfn] w]/} JolQmut ljj/0fx¿ v'Nnfpg k|f]T;fxg gug{'xf];\  .
• s]xL lglZrt hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg sf]xL ;xefuLx¿n] cK7\of/f] dfGg ;S5g\  . cfk"mnfO{ ;xh
nfUg] ljj/0fx¿ dfq afF8\g ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  .
• s]xL
;xefuLx¿n]oL lqmofsnfkx¿df tgfj dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\, o;sf nflu tof/ /xg'xf]; \ .
o;sf nflu tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
hLjgdf cfOk/]sf cK7\of/f cj:yfx¿sf sf/0f tgfj, lrGtf / lg/fzfsf] cj:yf
ef]Ug' k/s
] fn] g} xfdLx¿ oxfF cfPsf xf} + . o:tf] k|ltlqmof b]lvg' :jfefljs xf]] / o;
af/]df g/fd|f] dfGg'kb}{g  . xfdL ;d"xdf lsg ;xefuL x'Fb}5f}F eg]/ s]xL sf/0fx¿sf
af/]df 5nkmn u/f}+  . o; lqmofsnfkdf xfdL xfd|f lglZrt ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df
s]lGb|t geO{ ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx¿ dfq} afF8\5f}+  .Æ
• lgb]z { gx¿ M wfuf]sf] 8Nnf]nfO{ ;dfP/ ;xhstf{n] klxnf cfˆgf] gfd eGg'xf];\ / ;fd"lxs v'Nnf
dg ;xof]udf lsg ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] eGg'xf];\, æd]/f] gfd========xf] / d oxfF tkfO{+x¿af6
s]xL
l;Sg /;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlw l;sfpgsf]nflu cfPsf]x'F . tkfO{+x¿ klg
cfˆgf] gfd / oxfF cfpg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eGg'xf];\  . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tkfO{+ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 d
oxfF cfˆgf] tgfj 36fpg / kl/jf/;Fusf] d]/f] ;DaGw ;'wfg{ cfPsf] x'+F  .Æ wfuf]sf] Pp6f 5]p
;dfpg'xf];\ / pQm 5]pnfO{ g5f]8Lsg s;}sf] gfd af]nfP/ Totftkm{ To;nfO{ kmfNg'xf];\  . o;f]
ubf{ ;xhstf{ /Ps gofF JolQmsf]aLrdf Pp6f ;Dks{ aGg]5 . pQm ;xefuLn]klg cfˆgf]
gfd / cfkm" ;d"xdf cfpg'sf] p2]Zo eg]/ wfuf]sf] 8Nnf]nfO{ s'g} csf{ ;xefuLtkm{ kmfn]/
;f]xL k|lqmof bf]xf]¥ofpF5g\  . ha;Dd ;a}sf] kfnf] cfpFb}g / Pp6f ;Dk"0f{ ;~hfn aGb}g, of]
k|lqmofnfO{ ta;Dd bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\  .
54
cWofo %
o; lqmofsnfksf] ;+lIfKt / :ki6 lgrf]8 lbg'xf];\  .

•
æ;d"xdf xfdL ;a} ;xefuLx¿ km/skm/s 5f}+ / cfcfˆg} JolQmTj tyf cg'ejx¿
5g\ t/ klg xfdLn] hLjgdf ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f / cfˆgf] cj:yf ;'wfg{sf
nflu xfdL ;xefuL ePsf 5f}+ .Æ
$= ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf sf/0f / r'gf}tLx¿sf af/d
] f 5nkmn ug{x' f]; \ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu tn x]g'{xf];\  .
;xefuLx¿ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf
;lDdlnt x'gs
' f sf/0fx¿ 5nkmn ug{' w]/
} kmfObfhgs x'G5 M
• sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf a9fpg /pxfFx¿nfO{ pT;flxt ug{ oL ljlwx¿sf]k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
- h:t}, olb s'g} ;xefuLn] v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] cEof; ug]{ k|of; gu/]sf] b]lvPdf
pgnfO{ o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g'sf]sf/0f ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuL;Fu sfo{qmdn] k"/f ug{ g;Sg] cfzf ePdf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ -h:t}, of] ;xof]un] d]/f
;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{5 jf o;n] dnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg]5, cflb  ._
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL x'g cfOkg]{r'gf}tLx¿dfly 5nkmn ubf{ ;xof]uL
x'G5 M
• lgDg r'gf}tLx¿
;'Nemfpg ;lsG5 .
- h:t}, s;}nfO{ ;jf/L ;fwgsf sf/0f cfpghfgdf ;d:of 5 eg] cGo ;xefuLx¿;Fu
ofqf ug{ ;S5g\, To;}u/L aRrfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of ePdf klg ;xefuLx¿n]Ps
cfk;df ;Nnfx u/L ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
• ;xhstf{ ePsfn] oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] hfgsf/L x'g' tkfO{+nfO{ pkof]uL x'G5 lsgeg] oL
r'gf}tLn] ;xefuLx¿sf] pT;fx / ;xeflutfdf c;/ kfg{ ;S5g\  .
• ;d"xdf cfpgsf nflu s] slt Tofu ug{'k5{ eg]/ tkfO{+n] a'‰g] sf]l;; ug{'ePsf] yfxf
kfPdf ;xefuLx¿;Fu ;DaGw ;'wfg{ ;xof]u k'U5 .
• lrqsyf % k9\g'xf];\
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sf/0fx¿ tyf r'gf}tLx¿ ;f]Wg' cufl8 syf k9\g'xf];\  .
5nkmnsf] ;'?cft ug{sf nflu tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
æxfdL ;a}sf ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿
x'g;S5g\  . oL ;d:ofx¿sf af/d] f ldn]/ 5nkmn u/L r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg]
sf]l;; u/f +} . ;xefuL x'gsf nflu -lrqsyf gfdsf] _ sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿ x]/f +} .Æ
• ;d"xnfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿ s]s] x'g\ eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf]; \ .
• k|Zgsf a'bF fx¿ / 5nkmnnfO{ pT;fxhgs agfpgsf nflu tnsf] kmfObf–a]kmfObf tflnsf x]gx'{ f]; \ .
55
gf]6 M tkfO{+n]tflnsfaf6 !–@ k|Zgx¿dfq 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5 .

e]6df 5nkmnnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg k|Zgx¿sf] k|of]u ug{sf nflu tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
æo; sfo{qmdaf6 w]/}hgfnfO{ kmfObf ePsf]5 . tkfO{+ ;xefuL x'g'ePkl5 o;af6
tkfO{+n] JolQmut ¿kdf s] kfpg'x'G5 h:tf] nfU5  <Æ
æs;}– s;}nfO{ o:tf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g' r'gf}tLk"0f{ klg x'g;S5 eg]/ d
a'‰b5'  . tkfO{+nfO{ o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'gnfO{ s]s]r'gf}tLx¿ cfPsf 5g\  <Æ
sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿sf] tflnsf
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dgsf];xof]udf ;xefuL x'g'sf ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dgdf ;xefuL x'g'sf
sf/0fx¿ -kmfObfx¿_ r'gf}tLx¿ -a]kmfObfx¿_
æo; sfo{qmdaf6 w]/}hgfnfO{ kmfObf ePsf] 5  .Æ æof] sfo{qmddf efu lng' s;}s;}sf] nflu
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g;S5 eg]/ d a'‰b5'  .Æ
• o; sfo{qmdaf6 tkfO{+n]JolQmut ¿kdf s] • o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'gsf]nflu
kfpg'x'G5 h:tf] nfU5  < cyjf tkfO{+nfO{ s]s] ;d:of 5g\  < cyjf
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL ePkl5 • ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL
tkfO{s + f] hLjgdf s] ;'wf/ x'G5 xf]nf  < ePdf tkfO{+n] s] 5f]8\g'knf{ jf u'dfpg'
- h:t} M 3/fo;L sfdx¿ -h:t}, ;kmfO ug{, knf{ < cyjf
vfgf ksfpg_ ug{ ;Sg' • s] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]un]
- /f]huf/L -h:t}, /f]huf/ vf]Hg, sfd k"/f tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/;Fu latfpg] ;do
ug{_ vf]Hg k|of; ug{ ;Sg' 36fpnf < cyjf
- cfˆgf] Vofn ug{ ;Sg'' -h:t,} cf]5o\ fgaf6 • s] o; sfo{qmdn] tkfO{+nfO{ cfˆgf
p7\g,' g'xfOw'jfO ug{,' n'uf nufpg'_ cGo dx¬jk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lx¿af6 6f9f
n}hfnf  <
- cfgGbbfos lqmofsnfkx¿ -h:t,}
;fyLx¿;Fu ;do latfpg', 6k/L÷af]tf÷b'gf h:t}M
ufF:g,' v]tLkftL, 8f]sf]÷bfDnf] agfpg', s'v/' f÷ - 3/fo;L sfdaf6 ;do
afv|fkfng_ ug{ ;Sg' 5'6\ofpg'kg]{
• olb tkfO{+sf dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ sd - afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ug{ cltl/Qm
eP eg] tkfO{+sf] hLjgsf cGo If]qx¿df s]s] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{
/fd|f] k|efj kfnf{  < cyjf - cGo sfdsf] nflu ;do gx'g]
- pbfx/0fsf] nflu M tkfO{+sf ;DaGwx¿, - JolQmut ;do u'dfpg'kg]{
tkfO{+sf] sfd, tkfO{Fsf c¿ lhDd]jf/Lx¿
- ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
• dg;Fu ;DalGwt cj:yf ;'lw|of] eg] tkfO{+sf] e]6x¿df cfpgsf] nflu nfdf]
b}lgs hLjg s:tf] b]lvGYof] xf]nf< b"/Lsf] ofqf ug{'kg]{
56
cWofo %
• olb ;xefuLx¿n] hjfkm lbg ;ª\sf]r dfg]df tkfO{+n],

- pxfFx¿nfO{ hf]8L agfP/ 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
- km]l/ lrqsyf x]/]/ To;df ePem}+ s]xL kmfObfx¿ jf a]kmfObfx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• P]lR5s lqmofsnfkx¿ M
- ;xefuLx¿ ;fIf/5g\ eg], ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{qmddf cfpg'sf]! kmfObf /! a]kmfObf

;f]r]/ Pp6f sfuhdf n]Vg lbg'xf];\  .
- ;xefuLx¿ lg/If/ 5g\ eg], ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{qmddf cfpg'sf] ! kmfObf / ! j]kmfObf
;f]r]/ h'ga]nf cfk"mnfO{ ;lhnf] nfU5 Tolta]nf ;d"x;dIf JoQm ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
• ;d"xsf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;+If]kdf eGg'xf];\ / ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf r'gf}tLx¿eGbf
a9L o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ dfly hf]8 lbg'xf];\  .
tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
æ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf s]xL r'gf}tLx¿ x'g;S5g\, h:t} M 3/sf]
sfd 5f]8/] cfpg'kg],{ 6f9f;Dd lxF8g\ k' g]{ cflb  . t}klg, tkfO{x+ ¿dWo] w]/n
} ] ;fd"lxs
v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg' /fd|f] 7fGg'eof] lsgeg] o;n] dgsf] ;d:of xn'sf]
kfg{, Ps csf{;Fu s'/f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ cflb ;xof]u ub{5 . e]6df ;xefuL x'g]
sf/0fx¿ w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . dnfO{ cfzf 5 hlt sl7g eP klg oL ;sf/fTds
sf/0fx¿n] tkfO{+nfO{ ;d"xdf cfO/fVg pTk|]l/t ug]{5g\  .Æ
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] lqmofsnfk % ldg]6

/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] lqmofsnfksf ;"rLx¿dWo] s'g} Ps v]nfpg'xf];\  .
JolQmut nIox¿ !) ldg]6

‘JolQmut nIox¿’ sf p2]Zox¿
M
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
;xhstf{x¿nfO{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx¿n]o;af6 s]
rfxG5g\ eGg] s'/f hfGg ;xof]u ug{  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uk|lt cfa¢ x'g ;xof]u ug{ .
• ;xhstf{x¿ /;xefuLx¿ aLr ;fd"lxs ;DaGw agfpg .
57
JolQmut nIox¿sf v'8\lsnfx¿

• gf]6 M cl3Nnf]5nkmndf lbOPsf];fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf
;xefuL x'g'sf sf/0fx¿af6
g};xefuLx¿sf]nIo 5fGg ;lsG5 .
!= JolQmut nIox¿dfly x'g] 5nkmnsf] kl/ro

• nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\
M ;xefuLx¿ sfo{qmdsf]cGTo ;Dddf kl/jt{g -;'wf/ug{ jf
36fpg_ b]Vg rfxg] ljifoj:t'x¿  .
• cfˆgf] nIo k|fKt ug{' g} ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL x'g'sf] sf/0f x'g;S5 eg]/
;xefuLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg'xf];\  .
• nIox¿ o;/L lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\ ls sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf g} ;xefuLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;'wf/ cg'ej
ug{ ;s"g\ .
• nIox¿ k|fKt eP jf ePgg\ eg]/
;d"x e]6sf]cGTodf d"Nofª\sg ug{xf];\ .
@= lrqsyf ^ k9\g'xf];\
#= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf /x“bf cfˆgf JolQmut nIox¿ lgwf{/0f

ug{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\
• o;nfO{ ;fd"lxs 5nkmnsf ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 .
• k|lt ;xefuL % j6f nIox¿df ;Lldt /fVg'xf];\ -% eGbf sd eP klg l7s}5_ .
• olb ;a}hgf ;xdt 5g\ eg]tkfO{n
+ ] ;xefuLx¿sf nIox¿nfO{ Pp6f 7'nf]sfuhdf n]Vg ;Sg'xG' 5 .
• nIox¿ ;xefuLx¿sf] dg;Fu ;DalGwt / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'g'kg]{5  .
• nIox¿ :ki6 /lglZrt x'g'kb{5 .
• nIox¿ ;fgf x'g'kb{5 tfls tL % xKtfdf k"/f x'g\ .
w]/} g} ;fdfGo nIosf pbfx/0fx¿ M

• cfkm} ;Ifd x'g'
• /fd|f] dx;'; ug{', b'MvL gx'g'
58
cWofo %
:ki6 / lglZrt nIosf pbfx/0fx¿ M

• sDtLdf xKtfsf]Pp6f 3/fo;L sfd ug{'
• x/]s lbg aRrfx¿nfO{ :s'n;Dd lxF8]/ k'¥ofpg'
• cf/fdsf] dx;'; ug{ ;'? ug{'
• l5§} lgbfpg ;Sg'
• w]/} lrGtf glng'
;xefuLn] cjf:tljs nIox¿ eg]df -jf 7"nf] cfzf /fv]df_ ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6
;xefuLn] cjf:tljs -Jofjxfl/s gePsf]_ nIox¿ / 7"nf cfzfx¿ eg]df
;Rofpg'xf];\  . To;}n], 7"nf] cfzf gb]vfpg'xf];\ / o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ -h:t} M km]l/
slxNo} lrlGtt x'g] jf b'MvL x'g]5}g, d]/f ;a} Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{,
ul/aLaf6 d'lQm kfpg]cflb_ . tkfO{+n];xefuLx¿nfO{ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 æxfdL ;a} cfˆgf] hLjgdf
w]/} s'/fx¿ kl/jt{g ug{ rfxG5f}+ t/ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]un] ;a} s'/f kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g  .
o; sfo{qmdn] tkfO{+sf Jofjxfl/s / dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u u5{  .
tkfO{+sf] of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg eg] v'Nnf dg ;xof]un] ug{ ;S5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g  .Æ
olb s'g} ;xefuLn] xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] nIo /fv]df tkfO{+n] To;;Fu ;DalGwt nIo klxrfg
ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, h;n] pgsf] -tTsfn}_ cjf:tljs nIodf sfd ug{ d2t ldnf];\ -pbfx/0fsf
nflu M ul/aLdf gafFRg]nIo Pp6f k|fKt ug{ g;lsg]-cJojxfl/s_ nIo x'g;S5_ . cfly{s jf
/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of sd ug{sf] nflu æ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÆ l;Sgfn] cfˆgf] efjgfTds ;':jf:Yo
;'wfg{ ;xof]u k'U5, h;n]ul/aL sd ug{ d2t u5{ . t/, ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]un] k|ToIf
¿kdf ul/aLsf] cj:yf kl/jt{g eg] ub}{g  .
$= ;femf nIox¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf eGg'xf];\

• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;xefuLx¿sf] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/L agfOPsf] xf] eg]/ eGg'xf]; \ .
• ;d"x ;dfKt gx'Gh]n
;xefuLx¿n]cfˆgf]nIo k"0f{ ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ lsgeg]
- of] sfo{qmd 5f]6f] 5  .
- of] sfo{qmd ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ljlw l;sfpg agfOPsf] xf] / ;d"x e]6 ;lsP tfklg pgLx¿n]
cfˆgf]nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
a|]s
59
…cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <Ú eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ;'? ug{'eGbf klxn] a|]seGbf cufl8sf] 5nkmnsf af/]df
;ª\If]kLs/0f ug{ lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g'xf];\ M
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf s]s] ;lDdlnt 5g\ eGg] af/]df 5nkmn  .
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg'sf JolQmut sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg  .
• JolQmut nIox¿ -sfo{qmdsf] cGTo;Dddf pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf Nofpg rfx]sf
kl/jt{gx¿_ sf] lgwf{/0f  .
cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_ s] xf]  < @) ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• P]lR5s kf]:6/x¿ M …cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <Ú sf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
‘cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <’ sf] p2]Zo

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cK7\of/f] cj:yfdf b]lvg] k|ltlqmofx¿af/] hfGg ;xof]u ug] { .
• pgLx¿sf] k|ltlqmof a'‰g] / Tof] uDeL/ dfgl;s ;d:ofsf] ;+s]t xf]Og
eg]/ ;xefuLx/nfO{ a'‰g ;xof]u ug]{  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ oL k|ltlqmofx¿ :yfoL xf]Ogg\ eGg] cfzf lbnfpg] -lognfO{
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/]/ sd ug{ ;lsG5_
• ;xefuLx¿sf p:t} p:t} syfx¿ cfbfgk|bfg u/]/ ;d"xsf] ;DaGwnfO{
alnof] agfpg]  .
…cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <Ú sf v'8\lsnfx¿

!= cK7\of/f] cj:yfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'
• cK7\of/f] cj:yf – hLjgsf] s'g} Psbd} cK7\of/f], tgfjo'Qm jf gsf/fTds 36gfsf] cg'ej
h;n] xfdLdf tgfj pTkGg u/fpF5, To;nfO{ g} cK7\of/f] cj:yf elgG5  . cK7\of/f] cj:yfnfO{
af]nLrfnLsf] g]kfnL efiffdf æ6]G;gÆ klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5  . o;n] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ k|efj kfb{5
/ dgdf w]/} gsf/fTds s'/fx¿ v]Nb5g\  .
60
cWofo %
• pbfx/0fx¿ M
- cfˆgf] lk|ohgsf] d[To'
- ul/aL
- a]/f]huf/L
- cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ ÷>LdtL, kl/jf/hg, ;fyLefO, ;d'bfosf] ;DaGwdf ;d:of
- c;'/Iff÷cfqmd0f÷lx+;f
- zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ – cf3fto'Qm hGd, /f]u / ladf/L, rf]6k6s / czQmtf
- zf/Ll/s jf dflgl;s ¿kn] czQm kl/jf/hgsf] ;]jf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
• cK7\of/f] cj:yfk|lt ljleGg JolQmn] ljleGg ¿kdf k|ltlqmof hgfpF5g\ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
eGg'xf];\  .
P]lR5s lqmofsnfk
• sf]7fsf] rf/}lt/ # j6f …cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <Ú eGg] kf]:6/x¿ 6fF:g'xf];\ -cg';"rL ^_
• x/]s kf]:6/n] Pshgf dlxnf÷k'?ifn] Jofjxfl/s jf dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf]
lrq0f ub{5 .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hf]8L agfP/ s'g} Ps kf]:6/ glhs hfg eGg'xf];\  .
• hf]8LnfO{ pQm lrqdf s] e}/x]sf] 5 eg]/ Pp6f syf agfpg cfu|x ug{'xf];\  . pgLx¿nfO{
lgDg k|Zgx¿sf]hjfkm lbg eGg'xf];\ M
!_ pQm dlxnf jf k'?ifn] s:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 – Jofjxfl/s jf
dg;Fu ;DalGwt <
@_ pQm ;d:of s] sf/0fn] plAhPsf] x'g;S5  <
#_ o; ;d:ofn] pgsf] hLjgdf c¿ s]s] ;d:of Nofpg ;S5 – h:t}, gsf/fTds
efjgfx¿, sfdx¿ ug{ g;Sg', ljleGg ;DaGwx¿df ;d:of
$_ s] of] syfdf h:t} tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfodf JolQmx¿n] To:t} ef]u]sf] b]Vg'ePsf]
5  < jf olb tkfOF{ eGg rfxg'x'G5 eg] s] tkfO{+n] cfkm}n] klxnf jf clxn] of] ;d:of
ef]Ug'ePsf] 5  <
• syf ;f]Rgsf] nflu pQm hf]8LnfO{ % ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\  .
• x/]s hf]8Laf6 Ps hgfn] ;d"xn] ;'Gg] u/L syf eGg Ps ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ -cl3sf
$ k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbFb}_
61
@= cK7\of/f] cj:yfk|lt w]/}h;f] lbOg] k|ltlqmofaf/] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn

• cK7\of/f] cj:yfk|lt w]/h
} ;f] lbOg] k|ltlqmofaf/] 5nkmnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ -cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkaf6_
• hf]8Lx¿n] agfPsf syfx¿ / cGo JolQmut syfx¿ -cg'ejx¿_ x]g{'xf];\
tn lbOPsf] pbfx/0f k9\g'xf];\ M
cK7\of/f] cj:yfsf sf/0f -syfsf] kfqsf] gfd_n] ef]Ug'k/s
] f ;d:ofx¿ s] s] lyP  <
tkfO{+x¿dWo] w]/}n] tgfj;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ rfxG5' / kl/jf/
clg ;d'bfo;Fu ;do ljtfpg rfxG5' eGg'ePsf] 5  . tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf w]/}
dflg;x¿ tgfju|:t / lgliqmo eP/ a;]sf 5g\  <
oL ;d:ofx¿ -;xefuLx¿n] klxrfg u/s ] f_ n] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ s;/L c;/
kf/s
] f] 5 -h:t} M dflg;x¿ ;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL gx'g,' a]/fh ] uf/L,
dflg;x¿n]cfkm}nfO{ PSNofpg' jf c¿sf]Vofn gug{,' ;fd'bflos lx+;fdf j[l4 x'g' cflb_<
s] oL ;d:ofx¿n] ;d'bfosf ;a}nfO{ jf lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ -h:t} M k'?ifx¿,
dlxnfx¿, j[4, tGg]/L cflb_ dfq} c;/ kf5{  <
#= cK7\of/f] cj:yfk|lt w]/}h;f] lbOg] k|ltlqmofx¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf atfpg'xf];\

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ of] hfgsf/L lbFbf k|Zg ;f]Wg] df}sf lbg'xf];\  .
;+nUg ug{'kg]{d'Vo a'Fbfx¿M

• cK7\of/f] cj:yf eGgfn] xfdL hLjgsf tgfjo'Qm / cK7\of/f cg'ejx¿ a'‰b5f}+  .
- h:t} M ul/aLdf afFRg', cfˆgf] glhssf] sf]xL JolQm la/fdL kg{' jf d[To' x'g', k|fs[lts
k|sf]k jf o'4af6 k|efljt x'g'
• dflg;x¿n] cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_k|lt ljleGg k|sf/sf k|ltlqmof cg'ej u5{g\ .
- h:t} M cTolws 8/, lg/fzf, ulx/f] kL8f, ysfg, tLj| 6fpsf] b'vfO
• oL efjgfx¿ / k|ltlqmofx¿n] dflg;sf] hLjgdf ;d:of NofpF5
- h:t} M cf]5\ofgaf6 p7\g g;Sg', b}lgs ul/g] sfdx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Sg ;d:of x'g',
kl/jf/df åGå, aflx/ ghfg' jf dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkx¿df dg gnfUg'
• w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿df oL k|ltlqmofx¿ ;do;Fu} 36\b} hfG5g\  .
• s]xL dflg;x¿df oL k|ltlqmofx¿ /lx/xG5g\  .
• oL efjgfx¿sf]Joj:yfkg ug{ l;Sg' cfˆg}nflu ;xof]uL x'G5 .
62
cWofo %
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw @% ldg]6

;fdu|Lx¿
• Rff/ ljlwx¿sf kf]:6/x¿ -cg';"rL ^_
• wfuf]sf] Ps 8Nnf] -P]lR5s_,
• 7'nf] sfuhsf] kfgf / dfs{/x¿
• a]n'gx¿ -P]lR5s_,
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] xft]kq
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] p2]Zo M

• cK7\of/f] cj:yfn] s;/L tgfj pTkGg u5{ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg
• tgfjn] z/L/df s:tf] k|efj kf5{ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ a'‰g ;xof]u ug{
• z/L/nfO{ zfGt /fvL dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw ug]{ cfwf/e"t ljlwsf]
kl/ro lbg
…dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwÚ sf r/0fx¿

!= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] klxnf] ljlwsf ¿kdf kl/ro
lbg'xf]; \ .
• rf/ ljlwx¿sf kf]:6/df dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\  .
@= o; ljlwn] z/L/sf dfWodaf6 dg / z/L/nfO{ xn'sf ug{df s]lGb|t ub{5  .

o;n] z/L/df emdemd x'g], 6fpsf] / z/L/ ef/L x'g], 9f8 b'Vg], ylst x'g] cflb ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{
d2t ub{5 .
#= tgfj s] xf] / o;n] z/L/nfO{ s;/L k|efj kf5{ eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tgfjsf] cfˆgf] kl/efiff lbg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqsyf ;Demfpg'xf];\ – tgfjsf sf/0f æ===========ÆnfO{ 6fpsf] b'Vg] uYof]{  .
• tgfjn] z/L/df s;/L k|efj kf5{ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ -pgLx¿n] kl/efiffdf klxNo}
eg]sf 5}gg\ eg]_
- h:t} M 6fpsf] b'Vg', z/L/ b'Vg', k]6 b'Vg', sfps'tL nfu]h:tf] x'g' / emdemd x'g', rSs/
nfUg', w8\sg a9\g', ;f; km]g{ ufx|f]x'g' cflb
63
• ;xefuLx¿n] ;xh dfg]sf] v08df cfkm" tgfjdf ePsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] / To;kl5 s]
eof] aofg ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
• slxn]sfxLF dflg;x¿ zf/Ll/s ;d:ofsf] cg'ej u5{g\, h;sf sf/0f tgfj emg} j[l4 x'G5  .
zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ tgfjsf sf/0f l;lh{t eP klg jf geP klg tgfj 36fpg] tl/sf l;Sgfn]
zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ klg sd x'G5g\  .
• slxn]sfxLF l/;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg ;Sb5g\  .
;+nUg ug{'kg]{d'Vo a'Fbfx¿

• tgfj x'g] cK7\of/f] cj:yfsf w]/} k|ltlqmofdWo] Ps k|ltlqmof xf]  .
• tgfjn] xfd|f] z/L/df cNksfnLg -tgfju|:t jf 8/fPsf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] Zjf;k|Zjf; /
d'6'sf]ult a9\5_ /bL3{sfnLg -;do laTb}hfFbf tgfjn]6fpsf]b'vfO, l/;, kL8f jf
c;lhnf]kg pTkGg ub{5_ c;/x¿ kfb{5 .
• s'g} pkdfsf] k|of]u klg ug{ ;lsG5 M
pkdfsf] ;xfotf lnFbf s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ -h:t} M k|];/ s's/_
k|];/ s's/df olb bfn jf t/sf/L ksfpFbf l;6Laf6 xfjf lgl:sg lbOPg eg]
t/sf/L lalu|G5 jf s's/ k8\lsg ;S5  . of] ;a} dgsf] s'/f kf]Vg';uF ;DalGwt
5  . olb xfdLn] oL cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u¥of}F / cufl8 a9\of}+ eg] of] k|];/
s's/h:t} cj:yf x'g ;Sb5  . o;n] ubf{ c¿ c;lhnf]kg / cGo zf/Ll/s
;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\  . cfh d}n] l;sfpg uO/x]sf] ljlwn] o; s'/fnfO{
v'n:t kfg{ d2t u5{ cyf{t\ tkfO{FnfO{ dgdf xn'sf dx;'; ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 .
$= Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] lqmofsnfk
• ;a}OR5's ;xefuLx¿nfO{ -;d"x ;xhstf{x¿;d]t_ Ps ldg]6df cfkm"n]slt k6s ;f;
lnOG5, To;sf]uGtL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ -Pshgf ;xhstf{n];do dfkg ug]{5 g\_. Ps Zjf; M
Ps k6s ;f; lng] clg aflx/ kmfNg]  . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult kl/jt{g
gug{ eGg'xf];\  .
• Ps ldg]6sf] nflu 6fOd/ ;'? ug{'xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dgdg} Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ;+Vof uGg
nufpg'xf];\  .
• Ps ldg]6kZrft\ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] uGtL eGg nufpg'xf];\ / Pp6f 7'nf] sfuh jf af]8{df
n]Vg'xf];\  .
- gf]6 M oL uGtLx¿sf]leGgtfdf Wofg glbg'xf];\ .
• ;xefuLx¿n] atfPsf ;+Vof x]/]/ cf/fdsf]cj:yfdf k|lt ldg]6 !) jf !@ sf];+Vof cfpg'
/fd|f] xf] egL k|ltlqmof lbg ;Sg'x'G5  .
64
cWofo %
%= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] l;sfO

cg';/0f ug{'kg]{ r/0fx¿ M
!_ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwn] z/L/nfO{ cf/fd lbg'sf ;fy} lbdfunfO{ zfGt agfpg d2t
ub{5 / tgfj 36fpF5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
@_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ p7]/ of] cEof; ug{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
#_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sl;Psf z/L/sf c+ux¿nfO{ v's'nf] agfpg cfu|x ug{'xf];\ -xft / v'§fx¿
xNnfpg], kfv'/fnfO{ k5fl8tkm{ 3'dfpg] cflb_.
$_ tkfO{n + ] pgLx¿nfO{ cf/fdsf ;fy Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof; l;sfpg'xf]; \ . o;sf nflu :jf;
km]/fOsf] k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps ldg]6;Dd cEof; ug{ cfu|x ug'{xf];\  .
o;sf nflu tkfO{F ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;fFlRrs}sf] a]n'g b]vfP/ o;/L eGg ;Sg'x'G5 Mk]6df
a]n'g 5 eGg] sNkgf ug{'xf];\ / leq Zjf; lnFb} k]6nfO{ km'nfpg'xf];\  . xfdL 5ftLaf6 ;f;
km]g]{ sf]l;; gu/f}+ lsgls 5ftLaf6 lnOg] ;f; ulx/f] x'Fb}g  . Pp6f xft k]6df / csf]{ xft
5ftLdf /fVgfn] tkfO{Fx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] sxfFaf6 ;f; km]l//x]sf] 5' eg]/ hfFRg d2t k'Ug]5  .
&_ k]6af6 ;f; km]g{ yfn]kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult 36fpg nufpg'xf]; \ .
-Zjf; leq lng !, @, # -;]s]G8cg';f/_ uGtL ug{'xf];\ / To;} u/L aflx/ kmfNg klg !,
@, # uGg'xf];\
 .
*_ ;a}n] ;'Gg] u/L uGtL ub}{ Ps ldg]6;Dd cEof; u/fpg'xf];\  .
(_ To;kl5 uGtLsf] pRrf/0f gu/L csf]{ @ ldg]6;Dd ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfkm} cEof; ug{
lbg'xf];\
 . -;xefuLx¿nfO{ dgdg}uGg jf 38Lsf]rfn k5\ofpg jf c¿ s'g}tfn
k5\ofpg eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . _
^= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwdf ;xefuLx¿sf] cg'ejsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\
• lrqsyf g+= & k9\g'xf];\
 .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwdf s] /fd|f] kfpg'eof], ;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw ug{df s] cK7\of/fx¿ kfpg'eof], ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿n] ;fdgf u/]sf cK7\of/fx¿nfO{ ;'Nemfpg] sf]l;; ug{'xf];\ -…;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿
/ ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6x¿Úsf nflu cg';"rL % x]g{ 'xf];\_ .
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tf
!_ 3/df klg dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ug{sf] nflu 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ M
65
• æ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf qmddf xfdL 3/df klg ljlwx¿sf]cEof; ug{ k|fT;fxg
] u5f}{+  .
of]lsg dx¬jk"0f{ 5 xf]nf <
Æ
• æs] tkfO{+ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ gofF ;Lkx¿ cEof; ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{x'G5 tfls pgLx¿df
;'wf/ cfcf];\  <Æ
• s:tf] ;dodf jf cj:yfdf dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw pkof]uL xf]nf eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
- h:t} M lgoldt ¿kdf b}lgs cEof;, tgfju|:t jf Jou| ePsf] cj:yfdf cflb  .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] b}lgs cEof; ug{ s;/L ;lDemg ;lsG5 -s'g} ;fdu|L k|of]u
ug]{, Pp6f lglZrt ;dodf cEof; ug]{_, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ o;sf pkfox¿ ;'emfpg cg'/f]w
ug{'xf];\  .
• ;':t ultdf Zjf; lng ;xefuLx¿n] cfjZos k/]df ;+uLt jf l6sl6s ug]{ 38Lsf] ;xof]u
lng ;Sg]5g\  .
@_ sfo{qmdsf] s'g} klg ;dodf olb s;}n] cTolws lrGtf, tgfj / b'MvL cflb ePsf] dx;'; u/]df
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwnfO{ klxnf] pkfosf ¿kdf lng ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eGg'xf];\  . o;n]
;xefuLx¿nfO{ s:tf] cj:yfdf of] ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ eg]/ lrGg ;xof]u ug]{5 / lgs} Jolyt
cj:yfdf cfkm"n] of] ljlw k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpF5  .

!_ e]6sf] ;f/f+z ug'{xf];\  . ;d"xn] l;s]sf s'/fx¿ M
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd / o;n] pxfFx¿nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 eGg] af/]df
hfgsf/L  .
• cK7\of/f] cj:yf jf 6]G;gsf af/d
] f / 6]G;gn] s;/L z/L/nfO{ c;/ u5{ eGg] af/d
] f hfgsf/L  .
• z/L/leqsf] tgfjnfO{ sd ug{ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] hfgsf/L tyf cEof;  .
@_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6df l;s]sf] Pp6f pkof]uL 1fg eGg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
#_ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lgoldt cEof; ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] xft] kq afF8\g'xf];\ / cEof; ug]{ lbg÷;do c¿n] ;'Gg] u/L
$_ cfpFbf] e]6sf af/]df ;Demfpg'xf];\ M ;do, :yfg / 5nkmn ul/g] ljifox¿ -Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg]af/]_
P]lR5s M ;xefuLx¿nfO{ …v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sf] leQ]kfqf] lbg'xf];\ / o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cEof; ug{
/ csf]{ e]6df æ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚÚ af/] 5nkmn ug{sf nflu ;lDemg d2t ug]{5 eg]/ hfgsf/L
lbg'xf];\  .
66
cWofo ^
b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿
;DxfNg] ljlw -e]6 @_
cWofo ^
b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;DxfNg]
ljlw -e]6 @_
ljifo ;do ;fdu|Lx¿
;xof]usf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !) ldg]6 ;xof]usf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
pkl:yt eP/ ;d"xdf a:g'xf];\ % ldg]6
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g]
lqmofsnfksf] ;"rL
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff !) ldg]6 lrqsyfx¿
lrqsyfx¿
;d:of ;dfNg] ljlw– dgf]lzIff /
$) ldg]6 sfuhsf] 7'nf] kGgf / snd,
pbfx/0f
;d:of ;dfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
a|]s
;d:of ;dfNg] ljlw– ;xefuLsf ;d:of ;dfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kq /
&) ldg]6
;d:ofx¿ snd -P]lR5s_
JolQmut sfdsf] of]hgf
;d:of ;dfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kq
bf];|f] e]6sf] tof/L
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw ;DaGwL ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6x¿ cWoog ug{'xf];\ -cg';"rL %_
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw ;DaGwL kf]:6/ ;a}n] b]lvg] u/L em'G8\ofpg'xf];\ -cg';"rL ^_
• xft]kq afF8\g'xf];\ -P]lR5s_ M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw -cg';"rL &_ / snd
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw;DaGwL pko'Qm ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ k9\g'xf];\  . -cg';"rL %_
• sfkL, snd, 7"nf] kfgf / af]8{ dfs{/sf] Joj:yf ug{'xf];\
67
;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !) ldg]6

;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf o; e]6b]lv x/]s e]6sf] ;'?cftdf ul/g]5 eGg] ;xefuLnfO{
hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ / n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\  . ;a} ;xefuL hDdf geP;Dd PsPs u/L 5'§f5'§} ;f]Wg'xf];\  .

/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] lqmofsnfkdf ePsf ;"rLx¿dWo] s'g} Pp6f v]n v]nfpg'xf];\  .
:jfut % ldg]6
!= ;d"xnfO{ k'gM :jfut ug{'xf];\ .
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6sf] of]hgf ;'gfpg'xf];\  .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf] k'g/fjfnf]sg  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] csf]{ ljlw b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;DxfNg]af/]df hfgsf/L
• e]6sf] cGTodf dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;  .
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf] k'g/fjfnf]sg !) ldg]6
!= lrqsyf * k9\g'xf];\

@= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] 3/df ul/g] cEof;sf] ;dLIff

• ;xefuLx¿sf cg'ejx¿ ;'Gg' cufl8 pgLx¿;Fu 3/df ul/g] cEof;sf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg'xf]; \ .
- 3/df s'g}klg cEof; ubf{ JolQmx¿sf tLg lsl;dsf cg'ejx¿ x'g ;S5g\ M
• of]hgfcg';f/ ;kmntfk"j{s ;sfPsf]
• of]hgfcg';f/ sf]l;; u/]sf] t/ c;kmn ePsf]
• of]hgfcg';f/ ug{ g;s]sf]
- oL ;a}cg'ejx¿ l7s 5g\ /of]s'/fx¿ ;d"xdf cfbfgk|bfg ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 -bf]>f]
/ t]>f] cg'ejx¿nfO{ :jfefljsLs/0f ug'{xf];\  ._
68
cWofo ^
- ;xefuLx¿n] Psn] csf{ ;xefuLsf] cg'ej ;'g]/ l;Sg ;S5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if u/L
c;kmn cg'ejx¿ ;'g]/ To;sf] l;sfOnfO{ cfk}mn] cEof; ug{ eGg'xf];\  .
• To;kl5, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uPsf] xKtfdf cfk"mn] u/s
] f] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf]
cg'ej ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\
 .
- of]5nkmn 7'nf];d"x, ;fgf];d"x jf hf]8L eP/ug{ ;lsG5 .
ætkfO{F{x¿n] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; s;/L ug{'eof]  <Æ
ætkfO{xF ¿nfO{ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; u/k] l5 s:tf] dx;'; eof]  <Æ
#= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] ef]u]sf sl7gfOx¿
;'Gg'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ ;dfNg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ M
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf nflu ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ -cg';"rL %_ x]g{'xf];\  .
• sl7gfOnfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ pkfox¿ ;'emfpg ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ k|]l/t ug{'xf];\  .
æcfˆgf sl7gfOx¿ ;'Nemfpg –s'g} ;xefuLsf] gfd_n] s]s] ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof] , s;}n]
s]xL pkfox¿af/] atfpg ;Sg'x'G5  <Æ
æc¿n] klg o:t} sl7gfOx¿ ef]Ug'eof]  < / To:tf] a]nfdf s] ug{'eof]  <Æ
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw – dgf]lzIff / lrqsyf #) ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• rf/ ljlwx¿ / ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf p2]Zox¿ M

• JolQmx¿n]] b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ -t/ ;a}
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg eg] x'Fb}g_ ;Lk lbg]  . b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:of eGgfn]
h:t} M 3/fo;L sfdsfh;DaGwL ;d:of, aRrf x'sf{pg] qmddf cfOkg]{
;d:of, /f]huf/L jf cGo åGåsf sf/0f cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿, cflb  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ^ j6f r/0fx¿sf] cg';/0f ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ l;sfpg]  .
• b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:of ;Dxfn]/ ;sf/fTds / cfzfjfbL dx;'; ug{ ;d"xsf
;b:ofnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{  .
gf]6 M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw ;DaGwL ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6x¿af/] kl/lrt x'g'xf];\  . -cg';"rL %_
69
…;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf r/0fx¿

!= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] bf]>f] ljlwsf ¿kdf lrgfpg'xf];\  .
• rf/ ljlwx¿dWo] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwnfO{ kf]:6/df b]vfpg'xf];\  .
@= ;d:of ;DxfNg]ljlwsf]d'Vo p2]Zo b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{;d:ofsf]Joj:yfkg ug{'

xf] eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg'xf];\  .
• s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0fx¿ lbP/ b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ -h:t} M 3/fo;L sfdsfhsf]
Joj:yfkg ubf{ cfOkg]{ ;d:of, hflu/ vf]Hbf jf 5f]/f5f]/L x'sf{pFbf cfOkg]{ ;d:of_
• To;kl5, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofsf cGo pbfx/0fx¿ lbg nufpg'xf];\  .
• olb ;xefuLx¿n] dgsf] ;d:of -h:t} M b'vL jf tgfju|:t x'g]_ klxrfg u5{g\ eg], oL klg
;d:of g}x'g\ t/ltgsf nflu v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf cGo ljlwx¿ plrt x'G5g\ eGg'xf];\  .
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwn] b}lgs ef]Ug' kg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg u5{ eg]/ hf]8 lbg'xf];\  .
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ha b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg jf Joj:yfkg ul/G5, ta dg
;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofdf klg ;'wf/ cfpg ;S5 eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
#= ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] / ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] ;d:ofx¿sf] leGgtfsf af/d
] f 5nkmn
ug{x' f]; \ .
• ;'?df, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwn] ;d:ofsf s'gs'g If]qx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ jf
ltgdf k|efj kfg{ ;lsG5 eGg] 5'6\ofpg d2t ub{5 eg]/ eGg'xf];\  . o;sf] dtna tkfO{{Fn]
;w}+ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] 5}g  .
• ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf ;d:ofsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ -h:t} M n8fO{+ jf o'4_
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg]vfnsf ;d:ofx¿sf cGo pbfx/0f lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
- olb ;xefuLn]lbPsf pbfx/0fsf ;d:of cf+lzs ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg]vfnsf
b]lvG5g\ eg] s;/L o;sf] ;dfwfg ;Dej 5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg'xf];\  .
æof] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ lsg ;Dej 5}g eGg] s'/f d a'‰5' t/ dnfO{ nfU5
tkfO{F{n] ============u/]df of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;S5  . Æ
• ;xefuLx¿n] -s]xL efu_ s]xL xb;Dd ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] ;d:ofsf af/]df eGg ;Sb5g\  .
s'g}klg ;d:ofnfO{ cf+lzs ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ jf ltgdf cf+lzs ¿kn]k|efj kfg{ ;d:of
;DxfNg]ljlwsf pkfox¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
æxfdLn] ul/aL h:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ g;sf}+nf t/ ul/aLsf]
cj:yfdf xfdLn] s]xL ;'wf/ ug{ ;S5f}+, h:t} M /f]huf/L jf sfd vf]Hg yfn]/  .Æ
70
cWofo ^
lqmofsnfk M
;xefuLx¿n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg] ;d:ofsf leGgtfx¿sf af/]df /fd|/L a'em] ga'e]msf]
;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu of]lqmofsnfk ug'{xf];\ M
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sf]7fsf] aLrdf pleg nufpg'xf];\  .
• pgLx¿nfO{ eGg'xf];\ ls tkfO{F{ pgLx¿;dIf Pp6f ;d:of k9]/;'gfpg'x'G5 .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQm ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] xf] ls x}g eGg] 5'6\ofpg
nufpg'xf];\  .
• olb pgLx¿dWo] s;}nfO{ pQm ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] nfU5 eg] pgLx¿nfO{
sf]7fsf] bfofFk6\l6 ;g{ eGg'xf];\  .
• olb pgLx¿dWo] s;}nfO{ pQm ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf] nfU5 eg] pgLx¿nfO{
sf]7fsf] afofFk6\l6 ;g{' eGg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tnsf ;d:ofx¿af/] ;f]Wg'xf];\  . cyjf tkfO{F{nfO{ plrt nfu]sf ^ j6f
;d:osfx¿sf af/]df ;f]Wbf klg x'G5  . ;df:ofx¿af/] ;f]Wbf dflytn k/]df s]xL xF'b}g  .
!= ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg]M a]/fh
] uf/L, bfDkTo hLjgdf v6k6, aRrf :sn ' hfg gdfg]/ x'g] x}/fgL
@= ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg]M lk|o JolQmsf] d[To', ljB't\ cfk"lt{ gx'g', kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{
Pr=cfO=eL jf SofG;/ -jf cGo /f]u_ nfUg'
$= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf r/0fx¿nfO{ k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\  .

• ;dfwfg x'g;Sg] jf g;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\  . To;kl5, ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf]
kf]:6/df ePsf r/0fx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ -t/ olta]nf x/]s r/0fnfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf j0f{g
eg] gug{'xf];\  ._
!= Pp6f ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\  .
@= ;d:ofsf] JofVof ug{'xf];\  .
#= o; ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ ;Defljt pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\  .
$= nfu" ug{ ;lsg] pko'Qm pkfosf] 5gf]6 ug{'xf];\  .
%= Tof]pkfo nfu" ug{ sfo{of]hgf
agfpg'xf];\ .
^= of] pkfosf] sfo{of]hgf cjnDag ul/;s]kl5, ;d:of sd ug{ of] slQsf] k|efjsf/L /Xof]
;dLIff ug{'xf];\  .
%= lrq syf (, !), !!, !@ /!# b]vfp“b}k9\g'xf];\ M
71
• lrqsyf k9\b} ubf{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf x/]s r/0fx¿ kf]:6/df b]vfpFb} hfg'xf];\  .
- h:t}M r/0f # n] ;d:of sd ug{ ;Dk"0f{ ;Defljt pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg] xf], rfx] Tof]
sfd nfUg] jf gnfUg] vfnsf] g} lsg gxf];\  .
• ;d"xnfO{ ;xefuL ug{sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'
xf];\ M
- lrqsyf k9\b} ubf{, cltl/Qm ;DefJo ;d:of sd ug]{ pkfox¿ klxn] g} ;f]Rb} ug{'xf];\  .
- cfk"mnfO{ of] ;d:of k/]sf] v08df ;d:of sd ug{ s'g pkfo ckgfpFy] xf]nf eGg] af/]
;xefuLx¿nfO{ dgg\ ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
gf]6 M tkfO{F{;Fu ;do /x]df, a|]s rfF8f] ug]{ ls csf]{ ljifo ;'? ug]{ xf] lg0f{o ug{'xf];\  .
a|]s
…;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ ;'? ug{' cufl8 clxn];Ddsf e]6x¿sf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf kl/efiff lbg'xf];\  .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff ul/of]  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kl/ro lbOof] -o; ljlwaf/] ;xefuLn] slt l;s] eg]/ a'‰gsf nflu
;d"xdf k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\  . h:t}, ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwn] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ sd u5{  <, ;d:of
;DxfNg]ljlwsf slt r/0fx¿ 5g\ < cflb_
;d:of ;DxfNg] ;xefuLsf ;d:ofx¿ &) ldg]6

;fdu|Lx¿
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
• xft]kq -P]lR5s_ M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw -cg';"rL &_
gf]6 M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/ ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] b]Vg] u/L /fVg'xf];\ -cg';"rL ^ sf] kf]:6/df
x]g{'xf];\_  . ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw ;kmn ¿kdf k|:t't ug{sf nflu tkfO{F{n] ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6x¿df
x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 -cg';"rL %_  .
5nkmn rnfpgsf nflu tnsf ljsNkx¿ -e]6 ;'? x'g' cufl8 g} s;/L 5nkmn ug]{ eGg] af/] lgwf] ug{x' f];_\ M
• olb ;a} ;xefuLx¿ ;fIf/ 5g\ eg] M pgLx¿n] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kqdf cfk}m n]Vg ;S5g\
• olb ;xefuLx¿dWo] sf]xL ;fIf/ 5}gg\ eg] M tnsf s'/fdf df}lvs 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  . ;xhstf{
ePsfn] tkfO{F{n] x/]s ;xefuLsf] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kqdf n]lvlbg;Sg' x'G5  . olb
;xefuLx¿n] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwdf 5nkmn ug]{ df}sf kfPgg\ eg] csf]{ xKtf ;do lgsfNg]
;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\  .
72
cWofo ^
!= 7"nf];d"xdf 5nkmn -#) ldg]6_

• 7"nf] ;d"xdf ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf klxnf % r/0fx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  . k|To]s r/0fnfO{
kf]:6/df b]vfpg'xf];\  .
- ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;xhstf{sf] nflu gf]6 x]g{'xf];\  . -cg';'rL %_
- lrqsyfnfO{ ofb u/fpFb} o;nfO{ hf]8 lbg'xf];\  .
- P]lR5s M ;d"xsf] k|ltlqmof ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kqdf n]Vg'xf];\ cyjf ;a}n] b]Vg]
u/L 7"nf] k]k/df n]Vg'xf];\  .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{sf nflu s'g}Pp6f ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\ .
- w]/}h;f] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ldNg] vfnsf] ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\  . h:t} M hflu/ vf]Hg ufx|f] jf
k};f ltg{ ufx|f] x'g ;S5  . To:t}, l5d]sL;Fusf] ;fgf]ltgf] emu8f, cflb  .
- gf]6 M ;fg} -;lhnf]_ ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\ tfls ;xefuLx¿n] o;nfO{ l56} ;dfwfg ug]{ df}sf kfpmg\  .
• csf]{ r/0fdf k|j]z ug{' cufl8 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ csf]{ r/0f s] xf] eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\  . -h:t}, æca
xfdLn] ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6 uof}{+ h'g ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0f ! xf]  . ca s'g r/0f xf]  <
eGg'xf];\  .Æ_
- o;f] ubf{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf r/0fx¿sf af/]df a'‰g d2t k'U5  .
• r/0f # sf nflu gf]6 M x/]s ;xefuLn]Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;Defljt pkfox¿ eGg df}sf
kfPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .
æof] ;d:of sd ug{sf nflu s'g} pkfo tkfO{F{+x¿n] ;f]Rg ;Sg'x'G5  < ofb ug{'xf];\
ls o; r/0fdf pkfox¿ /fd|f x'g\ jf gx'g\ s]xL km/s kb}{g  . o; af/]df xfdL
kl5 lgwf] ug]{5f}+  .Æ
• r/0f % sf nflu gf]6 M
- sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;lhn} Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf ;;fgf r/0fdf afF8\g'xf];\ -hlt ;fgf]
jf ;/n r/0f eof], Tolt g} ;xefuLn] ;kmntfk"j{s ug{] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5._
- sfo{of]hgf agfpFbf s]  < slxn]  < sxfF  < s;n] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5  < cflb af/]df ;f]Rg
nufpg'xf];\  .
- sfo{of]hgfnfO{ Ps} k|of;df jf w]/} lbg nufP/ klg ;dfkg ug{ ;lsG5  .
ætkfO{F{x¿ Psl5g cfFvf aGb u/]/ of] sfo{of]hgf cfh} ug{ nfu]sf] sNkgf
ug'{xf];\  .=of] ug{sf] nflu tkfO{F{+ s] ul//xg'ePsf] x'g'x'GYof] xf]nf  <Æ
• klxnf, ;xefuLdWo] sf]xL PsnfO{ :j]R5fn] cfˆgf] ;d:of eGg jf 5gf}6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
73
;xefuLn] cfˆgf] ;d:of ;d"xdf /fVg slQsf] ;xh dx;'; u5{g\ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\  .
• ;d"xsf] ;xof]u lnP/ ;a} r/0f;Ddsf lqmofsnfk ug'{xf];\  .
• Ps ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofdf 5nkmn ug]{ sfo{ ;lsPkl5 csf]{ ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofdf 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ / sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
• csf]{ xKtf pgLx¿sf] sfo{of]hgfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ tkfO{F{+nfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg x/]s ;xefuLsf]
sfo{of]hgfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg'xf];\  .
o;sf nflu tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g{'xf];\ M
ætkfO{F{x¿ Psl5g cfFvf aGb u/]/ of] sfo{of]hgf clxn] g} ug{ nfu]sf] sNkgf
ug'{xf];\  .=of] ug{sf] nflu tkfO{F{+ s] ul//xg'ePsf] x'g'x'GYof] xf]nf  <Æ
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf ;a} r/0fx¿ k"/f ug{ ofb lbnfpg s] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
- h:t} M kmf]gdf cnfd{sf] 3G6L /fVg], vfgf, vfhf vfg] ;donfO{ ;Demfpg] s'/fsf] ¿kdf
k|of]u ug]{, olb ;xh x'G5 eg]Ps csf{nfO{ ;Demfpg] .
@= ;fgf ;d"xx¿df 5nkmn -#) ldg]6_

• ;fgf ;d"xx¿df slt ;ª\Vof -h:t}M b'O{ jf tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg_ /fVg]xf]lg0f{o ug'{xf];\ .
- p:t} vfnsf ;d:ofx¿ ePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\  .
- olb ;xefuLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿ p:t} vfnsf 5}gg\ eg] ;a}nfO{ Ps} ;dodf 7"nf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf]; \ .
s'g} Ps ;xefuLnfO{ :j]R5fn] ;d:of eGg nufpg'xf];\ jf s'g ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofaf6
5nkmn ;'? ug{] xf] 5fGg'xf];\  . ;d"xdf cfˆgf] ;d:of eGg ;xh dx;'; ug]{ ;xefuL
ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\  .
- pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:of ;DxfNg x/]s r/0f k"/f ug{ ;d"xnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{'xf];\  .
• h;/L tkfO{F{+n] 5gf}6 ul/Psf ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf ^ r/0fx¿ k|of]u
u/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfd ug'{eof], To;/L g} ;d"xnfO{ x/]s r/0fx¿ ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
• o;sf]nflu ;d"xnfO{ @) ldg]6df
;sfpg k|of; ug{ nufpg'xf];\
 . slt ;do afFsL 5
;do;dodf eGg'xf];\  .
• ;d"xdf ;xefuLn] ef]u]sf ;d:ofd} sfd ug{'kb{5 eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
• olb ;d"xn] klxnf] ;d:ofdf sfd ug{ EofP eg] csf]{ ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofdf sfd ug{ eGg'xf]; \ .
74
cWofo ^
• x/]s ;d"xdf uO{ k|ult x]g{'xf];\ / cfjZos k/]df ;xof]u ug'{xf];\  .
• 7"nf] ;d"xdf kmls{gx' f];\ / ;xefuLx¿n] ;xh dx;'; u/d
] f ;d:of ;DxfNg s]s] k|of; ug'e
{ of]
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s'g ;d:of 5fGg'eof] -r/0f !_, s'g pkfox¿ 5fGg'eof] -r/0f $_ /
s] sfo{ of]hgf agfpg'eof] eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ -r/0f %_  .
s;n] cfk"mn] k"/f u/]sf r/0fx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw;Fu ldnfP/ eGg
rfxg'x'G5 <
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g  . s'g} ;d"xdf oL r/0fx¿ nfu" ug{
ufx|f] ePsf] 5  < tkfO{F{+x¿n] sxfF;Dd Eofpg'eof] eGg'x'G5  < xfdL ;a} ;d"x ldn]/
;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}+  <
#= x/]s ;xefuLsf] sfo{of]hgf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  . -!) ldg]6_

• x/]s ;d"xdf hfg'xf];\ / csf]{ xKtf;Dd pxfFx¿n] s] ug]{ of]hgf ug'{eof] ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
- ;xefuLx¿sf] sfo{of]hgf /]s8{ ug{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kqsf] vfnL kfgfdf
n]Vg'xf];\ -;xefuLsf] ;fIf/tf x]/L n]Vg jf lrq sf]g{ ;Sg'x'G5  ._
• ;xhstf{n] x/]s ;xefuLsf] sfo{of]hgf l6Kg'xf];\ tfls ;xefuLn] of]hgf agfPgagfPsf]
;Demg ;lhnf]xf];\  . o;n] e]6 # sf] 3/df ul/g] cEof; k'g/fjnf]sgdf d2t u5{  .
• olb sfo{of]hgf
Tolt lj:t[tdf 5}g eg];d"xdf cem ljlzi6;Fu sfd ug'{xf];\ . o;sf nflu
tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];
\ M
sfo{of]hgf agfpg 7"nf] k|of; ug'{ePsf]df wGojfb  Û t/, d]/f] ljrf/df xfdL
o;nfO{ cem a9L lj:t[t agfpg ;S5f}+ . o;n]tkfO{F{nfO{ sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{
cem a9L ;xh agfpF5 . pQm sfo{of]hgfdf -gfd_ s];dj]z x'g ;S5 xf]nf <,
;d"xdf s;}sf cGo s]xL ;'emfjx¿ 5g\ <
sNkgf ug'{;\ clxn] g} of] sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{ uO/x'ePsf] 5  . tkfO{F{+n] n]Vg' -jf
eGg'_ ePsf]of]hgf nfu" ug'{x'G5 <
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{of]hgf
nfu" ug{ cfk"mnfO{ s;/L ;Demfpg ;Sg'x'G5 ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
- pbfx/0fsf] nflu M df]afOn kmf]gdf 306L /fVg], vfgf vfg] ;do, Psn] csf]n
{ fO{ ;Demfpg],
cflb
75

!= of] ljlwsf] pkofl]utfsf af/]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• tgfjdf ePsf] a]nfdf o;n] z/L/nfO{ cf/fd lbg d2t ub{5  . o; ljlwn] k|];/ s's/sf] l;6L
nfu] h:t} dgsf] ;d:of aflx/ lgsfnL dg xn'sf agfpg d2t ldNg]5  .
@= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf nflu ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj ug{'xf];\  .

cg';/0f ug'{kg]{ sbdx¿ M
!_ ;xefuLx¿n] cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ cf/fd /fVg]] -xftv'§f rnfpg], 6fpsf]nfO{ bfofFafFof rnfpg],
kfv'/fnfO{ k5fl8tkm{ nfg]_
@_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k]6af6 ;f; km]g{ nufpg'xf];\ -k]6df a]n'g eP h:t}_
#_ bf];|f] sbddf ;a} hgf ;xh eO;s]kl5, Zjf; leq lng # ;]s]G8 / aflx/ kmfNg # ;]s]G8
nufpg'xf];\  . o;nfO{ ! ldg]6 ;Dd hf/L /fVg eGg'xf];\  .
$_ cfk"mn] uGtL ug{ aGb ug{x' f];\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfkm} uGg nufpg'xf];\ jf l9nf] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] tfn
ldnfO/fVg'xf];\ -olb tkfO{;
+{F uF 38L 5 eg] ;]sG] 8sf] tfndf Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof; u/fpg'xf];_\
%_ s]xL ldg]6;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\  .

!= cfhsf] e]6sf] ;f/f+z ug'{xf];\  . ;d"xn] M
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff ul/of] -s'g} ljz]if ;d:ofdf 5nkmn u/]sf] jf ;d:of
sd ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff ul/of]  .
@= cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'g} Pp6f ljifo atfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
#= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ cEof; ug{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
$= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\ -o;nfO{ cfpFbf] e]6df
;dLIff ul/g]5_.
%_ cfpFbf] e]6sf af/]df ;Demfpg'xf];\ M ;do, :yfg / cfpFbf] e]6df 5nkmn ul/g] ljifox¿
h:t} M d'8 ;'wfg{ / ;lqmo x'g] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ 5f}+ eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
76
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
ljifo ;do ;fdu|L
;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !) ldg]6 ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] lqmofsnfkdf
ePsf ;"rLx¿
dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff !) ldg]6 lrqsyfx¿
lrqsyfx¿
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/,
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff #) ldg]6
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kq / snd
-P]lR5s_
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ – dgf]lzIff / lrqsyfx¿
pbfx/0f @% ldg]6 sfuhsf] 7'nf] kGgf / snd
rf/ ljlwx¿ / lgliqmotfsf] rqm kf]:6/
a|]s
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ – ;xefuLsf
#% ldg]6
lqmofsnfk
dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlw % ldg]6
e]6sf] cGTo JolQmut sfdsf] of]hgf
!) ldg]6
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/sf] xft]kq
e]6 # sf] tof/L
• cl3Nnf] e]6df 5nkmn u/s ] f ;xefuLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL Nofpg'xf]; \ .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw;DaGwL ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿sf] cWoog ug{x ' f]; \ . -cg';r
" L %_
• $ ljlwx¿ / ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw;DaGwL kf]:6/ ;xefuLn] b]Vg] u/L em'G8\ofpg'xf];\ -cg';r " L ^_
• ;xefuLnfO{ xft]kq afF8g \ x' f];\ -P]lR5s_ M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kq / snd lbg'xf];\
• lgliqmotfsf] rqm (Inactivity Cycle) sf] kf]:6/ em'G8\ofpg'xf]; \ .
• rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ sf] 5nkmnsf nflu ;xefuLx¿sf] ;+Vof ljefhg ug{ lgSof{n ] ug{x' f]; \ .
• ;xefuLnfO{ xft] k'l:tsf afF8g \ x' f];\ -P]lR5s_ M lgliqmotfsf] rqm xft]kq
77
;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !% ldg]6

;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf x/]s e]6sf] ;'?cftdf ug{'xf];\  .
:jfut % ldg]6
!= ;d"xnfO{ k'gM :jfut ug{'xf];\  .
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6sf] of]hgf atfpg'xf];\  .
• dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf] k'g/fjfnf]sg
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] cEof;sf] k'g/fjfnf]sg
• lg/fz dgl:ylt -d'8_ / lgliqmotf -jf hfFu/ grNg'_ sf] efjgf;Fu s;/L ;fdgf ug]{ eGg]af/]
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] csf]{ ljlwsf] kl/ro
• e]6sf] cGTodf dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;
dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf] ;dLIff !) ldg]6
!= lrqsyfsf]!$ /!% k9]/ ;'?cft ug{'xf];\  .
@= dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] 3/df ul/g] cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\  .

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ut xKtfsf] dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cg'ejsf af/]df atfpg cg'/f]w
ug{'xf];\  .
- of]5nkmn 7"nf];d"x, ;fgf];d"x jf hf]8Ldf
ug{ ;lsG5 .
ædflg;x¿n]tgfj s;/L sd u5{g\ <Æ
æ tkfO{FnfO{ dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ubf{ s:tf] dx;'; eof]  <Æ
#= dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ubf{ ef]us

] f cK7\of/fx¿k|lt k|ltlqmof lbg'xf];\
/ Joj:yfkg ug{'xf];\  .
• …dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf ;xof]uL hfgsf/LÚ x]g{'xf];\  . -cg';"rL %_
• ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;fdgf ug]{ eGg]af/] ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;'emfj lbg k|f]T;fxg
ug{'xf];\  . olb cfˆgf ;'emfjx¿ 5g\ eg] ;b:ox¿n] lbO;s]kl5 dfq lbg'xf];\  .
78
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
æpxfF -gfd_n] of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfgf ug{ s] ug{'knf{, c¿ s;}sf] s]xL ljrf/ 5  <Æ
æs] c¿ s;}nfO{ klg o:t} ;d:of cfOk/]sf 5g\  < To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu s]
ug{'eof] t  <Æ
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff #) ldg]6
;fdu|L
• ;d:of ;dfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
• ;xefuLnfO{ xft] kq, ;d:of ;dfNg] ljlw, kl5Nnf] xKtf ;xefuLsf] nflu
;xhstf{n] k"/f u/]sf] lrq;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgfaf/] xft]kq  .

!= lrqsyf !& k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\  .
gf]6 M cl3Nnf]xKtf cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿df Wofg lbg gkfPsf ;xefuLx¿sf]Vofn ug{'xf];\ . ;Dk"0f{
;d"xnfO{ ;DnUg u/fO{ tL ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= xKtfel/df …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] sfo{of]hgfcGt{ut sfd ubf{sf cg'ejx¿

;'gfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• pgLx¿sf]cg'ej ;f]Wg'eGbf klxnf 3/df ul/g]cEof;sf ;Gbe{df # j6f ;Defljt cg'ejx¿
x'G5g\ eGg'xf];\ M
- cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog u/]sf],
- sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t sfof{Gjog ug{ sf]l;; u/]sf] t/ ;kmn gePsf],
- sfo{of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug{ c;kmn ePsf]
• ;a}cg'ejx¿ ;'gfpg ;lsG5 lsgls tL dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ -ljz]if u/L dflysf @ /# sf
cg'ejx¿nfO{ :jefljsLs/0f ug{'xf];\_ eg]/ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• cGo ;xefuLx¿sf cg'ejaf6 ;a}n]l;Sg ;S5g\, vf;u/L c;kmn ePsf cg'ejx¿af6
a9L l;sfO x'G5 .
79
- ;Dej ePdf sDtLdf # hgf ;xefuLx¿sf]sfo{of]hgf ;d"xdf ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ .

s] s;}n] of] xKtf cfˆgf ;d:ofsf] ;a} jf cf+lzs ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{'eof]  <
h–h;n] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg'eof], tkfO{F{+x¿ cfˆgf cg'ej
;'gfpg rfxg'x'G5 <
• ;dosf] Vofn /fVg'xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf eGg cfu|x ug{'xf];\ tfls ;a}n] kfnf]
kfpmg\ .
#= cfgf] sfo{ o f] hgfcGt{ u t sfo{ G jog ug] { qmddf ;xefuLx¿n] ef] u] sf
;d:ofx¿k|lt k|ltlqmof lbg'xf];\ / Joj:yfkg ug{'xf];\  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ x]g{'xf];\  . -cg';"rL %_
ætkfO{F{+x¿ ;a}n] o; ;d"x e]6sf] qmddf cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ s'g}
;dodf ;d:of cfOkg{ ;S5  . tkfO{F{+sf] ;d:of Joj:yfkg ug{ of] sfo{of]hgf
c;kmn x'g]jf tkfO{F{+nfO{ o; sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ufx|f]ePsf]x'g ;S5 .
o:tf] x'g' :jefljs xf]  . o;n] tkfO{F{ c;kmn x'g'eof] eGg] cy{ nfUb}g  . xfdL
;a}sf nflu of] l;Sg] cj;/ xf]  . s] tkfO{F{+x¿dWo] s;}nfO{ uPsf] xKtf cfˆgf]
sfdsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ s]xL ;d:of eof]  <Æ
æuPsf] xKtfdf …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf s:tf
k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ cfP  <Æ
ætkfO{F{+x¿n] s] s:tf] ;d:of cg'ej ug'{eof]  < xfdLnfO{ lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\,
tfls xfdL ;a} ldn]/ ;d"xd} o;sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;sf}+  .Æ
$= ;fgf ;d"xx¿df …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] lg/Gt/tf

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:ofcg';f/ s_ ;fgf ;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug'x{ f];\ jf v_ hf]8L agfpg'xf]; \ .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/ ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf /fVg'xf];\  .
s_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of cg';f/;fgf ;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug'{xf];\  .
• ;d"x ljefhg ug'{ cl3 Ps ;d"xn] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ afwf gk'¥ofpg] u/L sxfF a;fpg] xf] klxn]
g} lg0f{o ug'{xf];\  .
• olb w]/} ;xefuLx¿ 5g\ / km/skm/s ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ eg], tkfO{n
{F ] ;xefuLx¿sf ;d:ofcg';f/
tLg jf rf/;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgb]{z
g lbO;s]kl5 dfq ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
80
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
• ;dosf]Vofn ug'{xf];\
lsgeg];xefuLx¿ ;fgf ;d"xx¿ agfpFbf l9nf]ug{ ;S5g\ .
- ;d"xn] klxn]s} jf gofF ;d:ofdf sfd ug{ rfx]df ;f]xLcg';f/ ;d"x agfpg ;Sg'x'G5  .
- pbfx/0fsf]nflu M ;d"x ! nfO{ klxn]s};d:ofdf sfd ug{ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
- ;d"x @ n]gofF ;d:of ;DxfNg]rfxgf /fVg'ePsf]5 eg];d"x ljefhg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
gofF ;d:ofdf sfd ug'{eGbf klxnf k'/fgf] ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 jf k'/fgf]
;d:of sd x'g ;Sb}g eGg] lg0f{odf k'u]sf] x'g'kb{5  .
ca xfdL ;fgf ;d"xx¿df sfd ug{ uO/x]sf 5f}+  . hf]hf] ;xefuLx¿n] klxn]s}
;d:of jf ut xKtfsf];d:ofdf sfd ug{ rfxg'ePsf]5, tkfO{Fx¿ Ps}7fpFdf
a:g ;Sg'x'G5  . To;}u/L sf]xL ;xefuLx¿n] gofF ;d:of ;DxfNg rfxg'ePsf]
5 eg] Ps} 7fpFdf a:g ;Sg'x'G5  . cfˆgf] ;d:ofdf sfd ug{ s[kof cf–cfˆg}
7fpFdf uP/ ;'? ug{'xf];\  .
v_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of cg';f/ hf]8L agfpg'xf];\  .
• hf]8Ldf sfd ug{sf]nflu pkfox¿ M
- hf]8LdWo] sf]xL Pssf] sfo{of]hgf 7"nf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ul/;s]sf] x'gk' b{5 / csf]{ ;xefuLn]
eg] sfo{of]hgfdf 5nkmn gu/]sf] x'g'kb{5  . hf]8LdWo] klxnf] ;xefuLn] bf]>f] ;xefuLsf]
sfo{of]hgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / k'/fg} ;d:of jf gofF ;d:of sd ug{ ;xof]u
ug'{kb{5 .
- hf]8Lx¿df p:t}p:t} ;d:ofx¿ ePsf x'g;S5g\  .
• ;xhstf{ sf]7fsf] ;a}lt/ uP/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\  .
%= ;fgf ;d"xx¿df jf hf]8Lx¿df tn lbPh:t} u/L g]t[Tj ug'{xf];\

p:t} ;d:of ePsf ;d"x M
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] k|of]u ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\  .
• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f ! / @ af6 k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ M
- ;d:of sd ug{ 5flgPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ c¿n] ;'Gg] u/L eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
- tkfO{F{n] cl3Nnf] xKtfdf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df n]Vg'ePsf] clen]vnfO{ ;fy}df /fVg'xf];\  .
–s'g} ;xefuLn] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw k|of]u u/L xft]kq k"/f u/]sf klg x'g ;S5g\  . _
- csf{ ;xefuL;Fu s'/f ug{'eGbf klxnf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ hlt;Sbf] :ki6 ¿kdf ;d:ofsf]
JofVof ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
81
- oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg]vfnsf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f # M
- ;d:of 5nkmn ug{ ;xh dfGg] s'g} Ps ;xefuLsf] ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\  .
- pQm ;xefuLnfO{ cl3Nnf] xKtfdf ;f]r]sf ;dfwfgsf s'g} pkfox¿ 5g\ eg] eGg
nufpg'xf];\ -jf olb pgLx¿sf] xft]kqdf n]v]sf] 5 eg] x]g'{xf];\  ._
- ;d:of sd ug]{ pkfox¿ w]/}eGbf w]/} ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\  .
- To;kl5 ;d"xnfO{ ;Defljt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
- e]6 @ af6 cfPsf k'/fgf pkfox¿ /gofF pkfox¿dfly 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f $ cGtu{t pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ M
- ;dfwfgsf] ;aeGbf ;xof]uL / Jofjxfl/s pkfo s'g xf]nf eg]/ pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; \ .
• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f % M
- ;xefuLnfO{ cfpFbf] xKtfsf nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
æof]pkfo nfu" ug{sf]nflu klxnf s]ug{'x'G5 <
clxn] g} cfk"m of] sfo{of]hgf k|of]u ub{}5' eg]/ sNkgf ug{'xf];\  . o;sf nflu
tkfO{F{+ s]s] ug{'x'G5, lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\  . Æ
• To;kl5sf ;xefuLx¿F+u ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf a'Fbf ! b]lv $ -;d:of 5fGg] / JofVof ug]{
/ pko'Qm pkfox¿ lgsfNg]]_ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\  .
gofF ;d:of ePsf] ;d"x M
!= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;'?jftaf6 cl3 a9\g'xf];\  .
;xefuLx¿n] cl3Nnf] e]6df eg]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ / Tof] ;"rLdf
;xefuLx¿sf yk gofF ;d:ofx¿ n]Vg'xf];\  .
• r/0f ! af6 ;'?jft M ;d:of sd ug{ 5flgPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ c¿n] ;'Gg] u/L eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
- csf{ ;xefuL;Fu s'/f ug{'eGbf klxnf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ r/0f @ sf nflu ;xof]u ug'{xf];\
-hlt;Sbf] :ki6 ¿kdf ;d:ofsf] JofVof ug{] _  .
82
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
• ;d:of 5nkmn ug{ ;xh dfGg] s'g} Ps ;xefuLsf] ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\  . pQm ;xefuLnfO{
cl3Nnf] xKtfdf ;f]rs
] f s'g} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 5g\ eg] eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
• r/0f # sf] lg/Gt/tf M
- pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;d:of sd ug]{ pkfox¿ w]/}eGbf w]/} ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\  .
• csf]{ r/0fdf hfg'eGbf cufl8, ;xefuLx¿nfO{æxfdLn] ;d:ofsf] 5gf}6 u¥of}+, h'g r/0f !
xf], ca csf]{ r/0f s] xf]nf  <Æ egL ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
- o;n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf r/0fx¿ a'‰g ;xof]u ldNg]5  .
• pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofsf nflu r/0f $ M
- ;d:of sd ug{ s'g pkfo-x¿_ ;a}eGbf ;xof]uL / Jofjxfl/s nfUof] eg]/ pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; \ .
• pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofsf nflu r/0f % M
- ;xefuLnfO{ cfpFbf] xKtfsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
- sfo{of]hgf n]Vg jf sf]g{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] xft]kqdf vfnL kfgf 5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
;xefuLsf] ;fIf/tf x]/L n]Vg jf sf]g{ lbg'xf];\  .
clxn] g} cfk"mn] of] sfo{of]hgf k|of]u ub{}5' eg]/ sNkgf ug{'xf];\  . o;sf nflu
tkfO{F{+n] s]s] ug{'x'G5, lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\  . Æ
• To;kl5sf ;xefuLx¿;Fu ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf a'Fbf ! b]lv $ -;d:of 5fGg] / JofVof
ug]{ / pko'Qm pkfox¿ lgsfNg]]_ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\  .
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ M dgf]lzIff / lrqsyf @% ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• rf/ ljlwx¿ / lgliqmotf rqmsf kf]:6/x¿ -cg';"rL ^_
83
‘rNb} u/, ub}{ u/’ sf] p2]Zo M

• cK7\of/f] cj:yfx¿n] dflg;sf] d'8 jf hfFu/ 36fpF5, lgliso agfpF5 /
;d:of Nofpg ;S5 eGg] dgf]lzIff lbg]  .
• d'8 jf hfFu/ grNg' / lglisotfsf] ;d:of w]/} dflg;x¿df b]lvg] ;femf
;d:of xf] t/ pgLx¿df uDeL/ dfgl;s ;d:of x'g nfu]sf] ;+s]t eg]
xf]Og eg]/ dgf]lzIff lbO{ cfzf hufpg]  .
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú cGtu{t ;lqmo x'gfn] -h:t}, cfˆgf ?lrsf ljifox¿df
;+nUg x'g', cfk"mnfO{ cfgGb lbg]lqmofsnfk ug{' cflb_ d'8 jf hfFu/grNg]
/ lgliqmo x'g] rqm tf]l8G5 eGg] dgf]lZfIff lbg]  .
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwn] d'8 jf hfFu/df ;'wf/ NofpF5, h;n] dg;Fu
;DalGwt ;d:of / b}lgs cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5
eGg] a'‰g ;xof]u ug]{  .
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf r/0fx¿

!= lrqsyf !& k9\g'xf];\
 .
@= …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] t];f| ] ljlwsf ¿kdf kl/ro u/fpg'xf]; \ .
• rf/ ljlwx¿cGtu{t …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwnfO{ kf]:6/df b]vfpg'xf];\  .
dgf]lzIff lbFbf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ d'Vo a'Fbfx¿

• cK7\of/f] cj:yfn] dflg;sf] d'8 jf hfFu/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5, o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lrlGtt
/ lg/fz agfpg ;S5  .
• olb nfdf] ;do;Dd d'8 jf hfFu/df ;'wf/ cfPg eg] dflg;x¿n] zlQm / pT;fx
36]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\  .
• cfk"mn]ug{ dg k/fpg]lqmofsnfkx¿ klg dg gkg]{x'g;S5 .
• o;n]Pp6f rqmsf];'?jft ug{;S5, h;nfO{ lgliqmotfsf]rqm elgG5 .
• s5'jfsf] pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\  .
84
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
#= lglisotfsf] rqm b]vfpg'xf];\ / aofg ug{'xf];\  .

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lglisotfsf] rqmsf]] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ -o;nfO{ st} 6fF:g'xf];\_.
• lrqdf Oª\lut ub}{ x/]s efusf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ M d'8 jf hfFu/ grNgfn] dflg; cfk"mnfO{
dgkg]{sfd ug{ 5f]8\ 5g\ /To;sf sf/0f pQm JolQmsf]d'8 jf hfFu/emg}36\b5 . ha d'8
jf hfFu/ rNg] sd x'G5, ta dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] sfd ug{ cK7\of/f] x'Fb} hfG5 / h;n] ubf{
pQm JolQm cem}PlSnFb}hfG5 .
• lrqsyfsf] k|of]u ub}{ km]l/ lgliqmotfsf] rqm a'emfpg'xf];\  .
dlxnfsf nflu M æcfˆgL cfdfsf]d[To'kZrft\ -dflysf]lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ _ ægfd
===Æn] b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿, h:t} M l;nfO, a'gfO / 3/fo;L sfd ug{ 5f]l8g\
-bfofFtkm{sf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\_. ;do laTb} hfFbf pgsf] d'8 jf hfFu/ emg} lau|Fb}
uof] -tnsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\_ / pgn] cfˆgf] sfd km]l/ ;'? ug{ emg} cK7\of/f]
x'Fb} uPsf] kfOg\ -afofFtkm{sf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\_.Æ
k'?ifsf nflu M æcfk"m ljb]zaf6 kms]k{ l5 -dflysf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];_\ ægfd ===Æn] b}lgs
lqmofsnfkx¿, h:t} M ;fyLefO;Fusf] e]63f6 ug{, s/;] faf/Ldf sfd ug{ / aRrfaRrL;Fu
v]Ng 5f]8] -tnsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];_\ . ;do laTb} hfFbf pgsf] d'8 jf hfFu/ emg} lau|bF } uof]
/ pgn] cfˆgf] sfd km]l/ ;'? ug{ emg} cK7\of/f] x'bF } uPsf] dx;'; u/ ] . Æ
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfFu/ grNg], d'8 gx'g], pT;fxsf] sdL eO/xg] / oxL rqmdf kml;/x]sf]
cg'ej 5 eg] o; af/]df ;'gfpg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
æof] rqm jf ev{/} 5nkmn u/s
] f] lrq syf tkfO{x+{F ¿dWo] s;}n] cg'ej u/s
] f] h:tf]
nfUof]  < cfk"m b'vL ePsf]] -jf cfk"mdf lrGtf, lk/ ePsf]_ / s'g} lqmofsnfkx¿
ug{ c;dy{ ePsf]cg'ej 5 eg]To;af/]cg'ejx¿ afF8\g ;Sg'x'G5 <Æ
;xefuLsf] cg'ej ;'Gb} ubf{ lgliqmotfsf] rqm;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ug{'xf];\  .
æha tkfO{n +{F ] lrGtf dx;'; ug{e' of], ta klxnf ug{ ?rfpg]s'gs'g lqmofsnfkx¿
ug{ ufx|f] eof] jf dg} gnfUg] eof]  <Æ
æo:tf] dx;'; x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tkfO{F{+ klxn] hlQs} 3/fo;L sfd ug{ jf ;fyLefO /
kl/jf/hg;Fu e]63f6 ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  <Æ
ætkfO{F{+n] oL lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ aGb u/]kl5 tkfO{F{+sf] d'8 jf hfFu/df s:tf]
kl/jt{g eof]  <Æ
85
$= lgliqmotfsf] rqmnfO{ s;/L tf]8\g ;lsG5 eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .

• olb ;do 5 eg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgliqmotfsf] rqm tf]8\g] pkfox¿ atfpg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ M
ælgliqmotfsf] rqm s;/L tf]8\g] eGg] pkfox¿af/] s;}n] s]xL eGg rfxg'x'G5  <Æ
æs] sf]xL o;/L lgliqmotfsf] rqmdf kg{e' Psf] 5 / cfkm}n] To;nfO{ tf]8g\ ] ug{e' Psf] 5  <Æ
æs] tkfO{F{+x¿n] cfˆgf] glhssf c¿ sf]xL o; rqmdf km;]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5<Æ
• ;xefuLx¿n];'gfPsf ;femf ljifox¿ jf cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf eGg'xf];\
  . lgDg a'Fbfx¿df
hf]8 lbg'xf];\ M
- hfFu/ grn]sf] cj:yfdf sfdx¿ ug{ ufx|f] x'G5  .
- hfFu/ grn]sf] cj:yfdf cfk"mnfO{ klxn] dgkg]{ lqmofsnfkx¿af6 klg cfgGb k|fKt x'bF g}   .
- ha tkfO{+{F cfˆgf sfdx¿ -h:t}M 3/fo;L jf cGo sfdx¿ jf cfgGbbfos lqmofsnfkx¿_
ug{'x'Gg, ta tkfO{F{+sf]d'8 jf hfFu/df ;'wf/gcfpg -jf emg\ lau|]/hfg;S5_ ;S5 .
tn lbOsf] pbfx/0f eGg'xf];\ M
w]/h
} ;f] dflg;x¿ k|foM ;f]R5g\, …ha d km]l/ :j:y dx;'; ug]5
{ ,' ta lqmofsnfkx¿
;'? ug]{5'  .Újf ;lqmo x'gsf] nflu pgLx¿ pT;flxt dx;'; x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]Rb5g\  .
jf:tjdf ;To To;sf] l7s ljk/Lt x'G5  . lqmofzLn ePdf dfq zlQmsf] ;+~rf/
x'G5  . To;}n] w]/} hgfn] lqmofzLn geP;Dd klxnfeGbf :j:y -/fd|f]_ dx;';
ub}g{ g\  . o; rqmnfO{ tf]8g\ sf] nflu cfk"mnfO{ dg gnfu] klg tkfO{n +{F ] lqmofsnfkx¿
ug{ ;'? ug{'kb{5 .
%= lrqsyf !*, !( /@) k9\g'xf];\ .
a|]s
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ÚÚ ;'? ug{'eGbf cl3 a|]seGbf cufl8 ;Ddsf] 5nkmnsf] ;+If]kdf hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\
• dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff -;dLIff ubf{ s'g} ljz]if s'/fx¿df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 eg]
;dfj]z ug'{xf];\  ._
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf] kl/ro -…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ ;xefuLx¿sf]
1fg hfFRg ;Sg'x'g]5  . h:t} M ærNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwn] s:tf lsl;dsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;'wf/
ug{ d2t u5{ <_
86
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ;xefuLx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿ #% ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ xft]kq -P]lR5s_M lgliqmotfsf] lrq / …rNb} u/ ub}{ u/Ú
;DaGwL xft]kq
-cg';"rL &_
!= ‘rNb} u/, ub}{ u/’ dgf]lzIffnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf ;dLIff ug{'xf];\  .

• lrqsyf !*, !( /@) k9\g'xf];\ .
dgf]lzIffdf
;+nUg ug{'kg]{d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ M
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwn] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'? ug{ ;xof]u ub{5  .
• lqmofzLn x'gfn]d'8 jf hfFu/df ;'wf/cfpF5 .
• ;d"x ;b:onfO{ ug{ dg nfUg] Pp6f ;/n lqmofsnfk 5fGg] 5f}+  .
• of] xKtfsf] lqmofsnfk dgf]/~hgfTds x'g5
] eg] csf]{ xKtf s'g} 3/fo;L sfd 5fGg] 5f} + .
@= 7"nf];d"xdf 5nkmn M dgkg]{lqmofsnfk 5fGgsf]nflu ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u

ug{x' f]; \ .
• cfk"mnfO{ ug{ dgkg]{lqmofsnfk ;Demg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\
- dgkg]{lqmofsnfkx¿ tL x'g,\ h;n]cfk"mnfO{ cfgGb lbG5, v';L, zfGt /;Gt'i6 agfpF5 .
- of] lqmofsnfk pgLx¿n] clxn] gu/]sf] t/ af/Daf/ ug{ dg nfUg] x'g'kb{5  .
- lqmofsnfk ;f]Rgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s]xL ;do lbg'xf];\ / eGg] a]nfdf xft p7fpg
cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
- olb pgLx¿n] dgkg]{ lqmofsnfksf] 5gf}6 ug{ w]/} ;do nufPdf tkfO{F{ cfkm}n] 5fGg'xf];\
/ ;xefuLnfO{ eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
- s] ug]{ eg]/ lgwf] ug{ g;s]sf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
æc¿x¿n] eg]sf dWo] tkfO{F{+ s'g} lqmofsnfk ug{ rfxg'x'G5  <Æ
æPs jif{ cufl8 tkfO{F{+ s]ug{ ?rfpg' x'GYof] <Æ
- clGtd pkfosf] ¿kdf dfq pgLx¿nfO{ dgkg{ ;Sg] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cfkm}n] pbfx/0f
lbg'xf];\  . ;xefuLx¿n] o;af/]df ;f]r]/ 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 cGTodf s'g} Ps lqmofsnfk
5fGg nufpg'xf];\  .
87
s5'jfsf] pbfx/0f -P]lR5s_

s5'jfn] cfˆgf] lhpdfly 7"nf] ef/ af]s]sf] x'G5  . pm /f]lsP/ al;/xFb}g  . la:tf/}
eP klg rln/xG5 / cufl8 al9/xG5  . ef/ af]Sg' k/] klg s5'jf ;a}eGbf a9L
;do afFRg] k|f0fL xf] -@)) jif{ eGbf a9L_  . To;}u/L xfdLn] klg w]/} sfdsf] ef/
jf af]em af]s]sf x'G5f}+  . o;f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfˆgf] sfd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg] ubf{
la:tf/} ;lqmo x'g -hfFu/ rNg_ ;xof]u ldN5  . o;f] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ s5'jf h:t}
rln/xg / cufl8 al9/xg d2t k'U5 .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ tn lbPsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ M
æxfnsf] cj:yf cfpg'eGbf cl3 tkfO{+{F s] ug{ ?rfpg'xG' Yof]  < tkfO{{F s] s:tf cfgGbbfos lqmofsnfkx¿
km]l/ ;'? ug{ / af/Daf/ ul//xg rfxg'x'G5  <Æ
gf]6 M ;xefuLn]5fg]sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]us}Ps efusf ¿kdf k"/f
ug]{5g\  . pbfx/0fsf nflu M a|]ssf] ;dodf s;};Fu s'/f ug{', ;d"x e]6df cfpFbfhfFbf glhs} a:g]
sf]xL ;xefuL;Fu} lxF8\g', cGo s'g} ;xefuLnfO{ ;d"xsf] sfo{qmdkl5 lrofkfgdf af]nfpg' cflb  .
olb ;xefuLx¿ ;d"x e]6kl5 aflx/ e]6\g] lg0f{o u/]df pgLx¿nfO{ uf]kgLotf / c¿ ;xefuLx¿sf
af/]df s'/f gug]{ af/]df ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• lqmofsnfk 5fGbf tkfO{F{+n] w]/} 7"nf] lqmofsnfk g5fGg'xf];\  . ;xh} k"/f ug{ ;Sg] lqmofsnfkaf6
;'? ug'{xf];\  .
- o; lqmofsnfknfO{ k"/f ug{sf] nflu s]s] ug{'k5{ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• pbfx/0fsf nflu M ;fyL;Fu e]6 ug'{ d'Vo lqmofsnfk xf]eg]e]6 ug'{ cufl8 klxn]n'uf
nufP/ tof/ x'g'k5{, aRrfnfO{ tof/ u/fpg'k5{ / lgwf{l/t :yfg;Dd lxF8\g'k5{ cflb  . w]/}
pbf; JolQmsf nflu of];a ug{ ufx|f]x'g;S5 To;}n];'?df ;lhnf]lqmofsnfk 5fGg' kb{5 .
- ;/n / ;lhnf lqmofsnfkx¿ tL x'g, h'g 3/d} ug{ ;lsG5 jf h;nfO{ w]/} ;fdu|Lx¿
/ cGo JolQmx¿sf] h?/t kb}{g  .
• pbfx/0fx¿ M ;ª\uLt ;'Gg], ufpg], gfRg], aRrf;Fu v]Ng], 5/l5d]s j/k/ lxF8\g], au}+rfdf
a;]/ k|s[lt lgofNg], g'xfpg], skfn sf]g]{, cflb  .
- olb ;xefuLx¿ o:tf dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfk gu/L s'g} c¿ sfd g} ug{ rfxG5g\
eg] ;f] lqmofsnfk csf]{ xKtf ul/g]5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
#= Pp6f lqmofsnfknfO{ ;–;fgf efudf ljefhg u/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg]r/0fx¿df

6'qmfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
• of]5nkmn 7"nf];d"xdf jf ;–;fgf ;d"xx¿df ug{ ;lsG5 -olb tkfO{;
+{F uF c¿ klg ;xhstf{x¿
5g\ eg]_  .
88
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
;xof]uL k|Zgx¿ M
of] lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu klxnf] r/0fdf s] ug'{knf{  <
o; lqmofsnfknfO{ clxn] g} k"/f u/s
] f] sNkgf ug{x' f];\ / To;af/d] f lj:tf/df atfpg'xf]; \ .
o; lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu tkfO{F{+nfO{ s]s];fdu|Lx¿sf]cfjZostf
kb{5  <Æ -h:t} M h'Qfx¿, kmlg{r/, dflg;, vfg]s'/f cflb_.
‘rNb} u/, ub}{ u/’ sf nflu ;xhstf{sf] gf]6
olb ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfFu/ rn]sf] 5}g, pgLx¿n] zlQm gePsf] jf tgfj eO/x]sf]
dx;'; ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] ;du| sfo{nfO{ ;–;fgf / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] r/0fx¿df
6'qmfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . lqmofsnfkx¿ ubf{ ;xefuLx¿ ljrlnt gxf]pmg\ /pgLx¿n]
pQm lqmofsnfk k"/f ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] o;sf] p2]Zo xf]  . o;n] pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 /
d'8 jf hfFu/df klg ;'wf/ NofpF5 eGg] s'/f ofb ug'{xf];\  .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M …x:tsnfsf sfd ug{'Ú ;xefuLsf]nflu lqmofsnfk af]em cg'ej x'g;S5 .
To;}n], o; lqmofsnfknfO{ ;–;fgf sfo{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf ;a};fdu|Lx¿nfO{ hDdf
u/]/ cfk"mnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xh x'g] Ps 7fpFdf /fVg ;lsG5  . ;xefuLn] x:tsnf clxn] g} ;'?jft
ul/xfNg' kb}{g  . s'g} csf]{ ;dodf !) ldg]6 hlt nufP/ x:tsnfdf ;do latfpg ;lsG5 /
ToxfFaf6 cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 .
o:t} csf]{ pbfx/0f M …cfˆgf] 3/ ;kmf ug{'Ú  . o; lqmofsnfknfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ;/;kmfO{ ug{sf]
nflu 3/sf] s'g} Ps sf]7f -h:t} M ksfpg] 7fpF, ;'Tg] 7fpF cflb_ af6 ;'?cft ubf{ ;lhnf] x'g'sf
;fy}pknlAw xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
$= pQm lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;do tflnsf agfpg ;xefuLnfO{
;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
• x/]s ;xefuLn] s'g lqmofsnfk, s'g lbg, s'g ;dodf ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\
-;xefuLnfO{ ;s];Dd :ki6 x'g nufpg'xf];\_  .
- xft]kq …rNb} u/ ub}{ u/Ú df ePsf] vfnL 7fpFdf sfo{of]hgf -;xefuLsf] ;fIf/tf x]/L
n]v]/ jf lrq jf ;ª\s]t agfP/_ agfpg ;lsG5  .
- x/]s ;xefuLx¿n] agfPsf sfo{of]hgfx¿sf] cfkm"n] klg clen]v /fVg'xf];\ tfls csf]{
e]6sf] cEof; k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;dLIff ug{ ;lsof];\  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwdf u/]h:t} cfk"'mn] to u/]sf sbdx¿nfO{ cfufdL lbgdf nfu" ug{ s;/L
:d/0f ug]{ eg]/ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
89
%= pQm lqmofsnfk ;'? ug{ ufx|f]x'g ;S5 eg]/;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\ .

• dg gnfu] klg pQm lqmofsnfknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ eg]/ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  .
• d'8 jf hfFu/t'?Gt}g;'lw|g jf gnfUg ;S5 t/lqmofsnfknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPdf kSs};'l„G5
eg]/ a'emfpg'xf];\  .
w]/} JolQmx¿nfO{ sfd ;'? ug{} ;aeGbf sl7g x'G5  . t/ Psrf]l6 ;'? ul/;s]kl5
lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lhnf] x'g]5 eg]/ d tkfO{F{+nfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxG5'  .
lqmofsnfk M 3'F8f, tfnL, r'8\sL, gfdsf]v]n

lqmofsnfk ;'? ug{ slt ufx|f]x'G5 eg]/
o; v]nn]b;f{pF5 . ha tkfO{F{ cuf8 a9\g'x'G5, ta
tkfO{F{+ ub}{hfg'x'G5 Û
r/0f ! M tfnL ahfpg] cEof; ug{ tnsf] a'Fbf qmd};Fu ug'{xf];\ M
!= cfˆgf] 3'F8fdf b'j} xftn] Kof§ lxsf{pg'xf];\  .
@= b'j} xftn] tfnL ahfpg'xf];\  .
#= bfofF xftsf] cf}+nfn] r'8\sL ahfpg'xf];\  .
$= afofF xftsf] cf}+nfn] r'8\sL ahfpg'xf];\  .
%= ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xn] Ps} tfndf gu?Gh]n cEof; ug{'xf];\  .
r/0f @ M v]nsf] ;'?jft ug'{xf];\  .
!= bfofF xftsf] cf}+nf ahfpFbf pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] gfd eGg'xf];\ / To;kl5 afofF xftsf] cf}+nf
ahfpFbf ;d"xsf] cGo s;}sf] gfd eGg'xf];\  .
@= bf];|f] gfd -;xefuLsf] gfd_ crfgs g} af]nfpg'xf];\  .
#= h;sf] gfd af]nfOG5 pgnfO{ ;f]xL k|lqmof bf]xf]¥ofpg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ – bfofF cf}+nf ahfpFbf
cfˆgf] gfd eGg] / afofF cf}+nf ahfpFbf ;d"xsf cGo s;}sf] gfd eGg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
$= s;}n] uNtL gu?Gh]n;Dd of] k|lqmofnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\  . o; nonfO{ ldnfpg] u/L gofF
v]nsf] ;'?jft ug{'xf];\, s]xL a]/;Dd cEof; ug{'xf];\ / To;kl5 gfd af]n
fpg yfNg'xf];\  .
v]nnfO{ cGTo ubf{ o;nfO{ …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] …r/0f %Ú ;Fu hf]8\g'xf];\  .
cfk"m tgfjdf ePsf]a]nf /zlQmxLg dx;'; x'Fbf s'g}lqmofsnfk ;'? ug{'
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g;S5  . lqmofsnfknfO{ ;–;fgf r/0fx¿df afF8/] ;/n sbdaf6 ;'?
ug{k' 5{ / olt sfd ;lhnf] nfUg yfn]kl5 c¿ r/0fx¿ yKb} hfg'k5{ -o; v]ndf
v]n] h:t_}   . To;kl5 tkfO{+{F Pp6f tfndf cfpg'xg' 5] / o; sfo{nfO{ lagf s'g}
c8\rg lg/Gt/tf lbg ;Sg'x'G5  . of] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/, sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf]  .
90
cWofo &
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -e]6 #_
dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlw % ldg]6

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ of] ljlw lsg ;xof]uL x'G5 eg]/ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• o;n] z/L/nfO{ cf/fdsf] dx;'; lbnfpF5 h;n] ubf{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sd tgfju|:t agfpF5  . ;xefuLnfO{
;Demfpg'xf];\ ls of] /0fgLltn] k|;] / s's/df l;6L nfu]sf] h:t} v'Nnf ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5  .
@= dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlw ug'{xf];\  .

cg';/0f ug{'kg]{ r/0fx¿M
!= cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ cf/fdbfoL lx;fan] /fVg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eGg'xf];\, kfv'/f / v'§f rnfpg,
6fpsf] la:tf/} otfptf xNnfpg, s'd cufl8k5fl8 xNnfpg nufpg'xf];\  .
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f; km]bf{
k]6 km'nfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
#= ;a} hgf ;xhtfk"j{s /x]kl5 ;f; leq tfGb} # uGg'xf];\ / ;f; aflx/ tfGb} # uGg'xf];\  . of]
sfo{ ! ldg]6;Dd ug{'xf];\  .
$= ca tkfO{F{n] uGg 5f]l8lbg';\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfkm}+ uGg nufpg'xf];\ / la:tf/} nofTds
¿kdf ;f; km]g]{ sfdnfO{ hf/L /fVg'xf];\ -olb tkfO{F;Fu 38L 5 eg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 38Lsf]
l6sl6s;Fu} ;f;sf] nonfO{ la:tf/} k5\ofpg nufpg'xf];\_  .
%= of] qmd w]/} a]/;Dd hf/L /fVg'xf];\  .
e]6sf] cGTo !) ldg]6

!= cfhsf] e]6df l;s]sf] / cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'g} Pp6f ljifo atfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{
cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  . h:t} M
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff -s'g} ljz]if s'/fx¿df 5nkmn ePsf] 5 eg] eGg'xf];\_
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff -s'g} ljz]if s'/fx¿df 5nkmn ePsf] 5 eg] eGg'xf];\_
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf af/df
] ;dLIff -h;n]hfFu/jf d'8 rnfpg /;lqmo agfpg d2t u5{_
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6df 5nkmn ePsf] s'g} Pp6f pkof]uL s'/f eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
#= dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
$= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug{ eGg'xf];\ -o;nfO{ csf]{ e]6df ;dLIff ul/G5_ . %=
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlwnfO{ k"/f ug{ eGg'xf];\-o;nfO{ klg csf]{ e]6df ;dLIff ul/G5_  .
^ cfp+bF f] e]6sf af/d] f ;Demfpg'xf];\ – ;do, :yfg / 5nkmn ul/g] ljifox¿ -b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/_
91
cWofo *
b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/ -e]6 $_
ljifo ;do ;fdu|Lx¿
;xof]usf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !) ldg]6 ;xof]usf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff !) ldg]6 lrqsyfx¿
lrqsyfx¿
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff -/
@) ldg]6 ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
klxn]s} jf gofF ;d:ofsf] lg/tGt/tf_
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] xft]kq -P]lR5s_
lrqsyfx¿,
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] ;dLIff -/
@) ldg]6 lgliqmotfsf] rqm kf]:6/,
klxn]s} jf gofF ;d:ofsf] lg/tGt/tf_
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] xft]kq -P]lR5s_
a|]s
…b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú – lrqsyfx¿
@) ldg]6
dgf]lzIff / pbfx/0f
…b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú – d / d]/f ;DaGwsf] gS;f+sg
@% ldg]6 (Me-Map)
;xefuLsf] ;xof]u
JolQmut sfdsf] of]hgf …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú
sf]lrqfTds ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
rf}yf] e]6sf] tof/L
• rf/ ljlwx¿, ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw / lgliqmotfsf] rqm ePsf kf]:6/x¿nfO{ leQfdf
6fF:g'xf];\ -cg';"rL ^_
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf] ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ k9\g'xf];\ -cg';"rL %_
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ xft]kqx¿ afF8\g'xf];\ M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw, …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlw, …b'Mv
afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlw -cg';"rL &_
92
cWofo *
;xof]usf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !% ldg]6

x/]s ;xefuL;Fu ;xof]usf] bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\  .
:jfut % ldg]6
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6sf] of]hgf ;'gfpg'xf];\
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw / …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlw cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
• ;fdflhs ;xof]u /fd|f] agfpg v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] clGtd ljlwsf] kl/ro
• e]6sf] cGTo ug{ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg !) ldg]6
!= lrqsyf @! k9\g'xf];\
 .
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uPsf] xKtfdf cfk"mn] u/]sf] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf]
cEof;sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\  .
• o;sf]5nkmn 7"nf];d"xjf ;fgf];d"x jf hf]8Ldf ug{ ;lsG5 .
tkfO{F{+x¿n] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw s;/L ug'{eof]  <
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; u/]kl5 s] eof]  <
#= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] ef]us

] f r'gf}tLx¿ ;'Gg'xf];\
/ ltgnfO{ ;'Nemfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
• tgfj Jo:yfkg -dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw_ ug{ ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ x]g'{xf];\  .
• r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\  .
o; r'gf}tLnfO{ -gfd_ n] s;/L ;fdgf ug{'eof] s;}nfO{ yfxf 5  <
c¿x¿sf klg To:t} r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\  < To;sf nflu s] ug'{eof]  <
93
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff @) ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
• ;xefuLnfO{ xft]kq -P]lR5s_ M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw -cg';"rL &_
!= lrqsyf @@ k9\g'xf];\

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqsyfdf ePsf ;d:ofx¿sf nflu ;Defljt pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg

k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  .
• 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg tkfO{F{+n];Defljt pkfox¿ lbg'xf];\ M
- ;'Tg' cufl8 la:tf/} Zjf;k|Zjf; -lng]kmfNg]_ cEof; ug]{
- cfgGb cfpg] w'g ;Gg]
- syf k9\g] jf n]Vg]
@= …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ 3/df ul/g] cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg

• uPsf] xKtfdf …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ k"/f ubf{sf cfˆgf cg'ejx¿
;'gfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿sf cg'ejx¿ ;'Gg' cufl8 pgLx¿;Fu 3/df ul/g] cEof;sf af/d
] f lzIff lbg'xf]; \ .
- 3/df s'g}klg cEof; ubf{ JolQmx¿n]tLg lsl;dsf cg'ejx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ M
• of]hgfcg';f/ ;kmntfk"j{s ;sfPsf]
• of]hgfcg';f/ sf]l;; u/]sf] t/ c;kmn ePsf]
• of]hgfcg';f/ ug{ g;s]sf]
- oL ;a}cg'ejx¿ l7s 5g\ /oL s'/fx¿ ;d"xdf cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 -ljz]ifu/L
bf]>f] / t]>f] cg'ejx¿nfO{ :jfefljsLs/0f ug'{xf];\  ._
- r'gf}tLk"0f{ cg'ejx¿ ;'g]/ Psn] csf]{af6 l;Sg ;S5g\  .
94
cWofo *
• ;Dej ePdf 7"nf] ;d"xdf x/]s ;xefuLsf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\  .

s] of] xKtf s;}n] sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ cfˆgf ;a} jf ;d:ofsf s]xL efux¿
;dfwfg ug{'eof]  <
cfˆgf ;a}jf ;d:ofsf s]xL efux¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;kmn ePsf ;xefuLx¿n]
cfcfˆgf]cg'ej ;'gfpg rfxg'x'G5 < s]eof] <
• ;do x]g'{xf];\, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf eGg nufpg'xf];\ tfls ;a}n] cfˆgf]
s'/f eGg ;do kfpmg\ .
#= cfgf] ] sfo{ o f] hgfcGt{

u t sfo{ G jog ug] { qmddf ;xefuLx¿n] ef] u]
sf
;d:ofx¿k|lt k|ltlqmof lbg'xf];\ / Joj:yfkg ug{'xf];\  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ x]g{'xf];\  . -cg';"rL % _
tkfO{F{+x¿ ;a}n] o; ;d"x e]6sf qmddf cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ sfd ubf{ afwfx¿ cfOkg{ ;S5g\  . o;/L afwf cfpFbf tkfO{n F{ ] of]hgf u/c
] g';f/
tkfOF{;kmn gx'g ;Sg'x'G5  . o:tf] x'g' :jfefljs xf]  . o;n] tkfO{F{ c;kmn x'g'eof]
eGg] cy{ nfUb}g  . xfdL ;a}sf nflu of] l;Sg] cj;/ xf]  . s] tkfO{F{+x¿dWo] s;}nfO{
uPsf] xKtf cfˆgf] sfd of]hgfcg';f/ nfu" ug{ s]xL ;d:of eof]  <
uPsf] xKtfdf …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚsf] sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ nfu" ug{] qmddf s:tf
k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ cfP  <
tkfO{F{+x¿n] s]s:tf] ;d:of cg'ej ug'{eof]  < xfdLnfO{ lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\ tfls
xfdL ;a} ldn]/ ;d"xd} o;sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;sf}F  .Æ
$= ;fgf ;d"xx¿df …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚsf] lg/Gt/tf

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of cg';f/-s_ ;fgf ;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug'x{ f];\
jf -v_ hf]8L
agfpg'xf];\
  .
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/ ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf /fVg'xf];\  .
-s_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of cg';f/;fgf ;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug'{xf];\  .
• ;d"x ljefhg ug'{cl3 Ps ;d"xn] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ afwf gk'¥ofpg] u/L sxfF a;fpg] xf] klxn]
g} lg0f{o ug'{xf];\  .
• olb w]/} ;xefuLx¿ 5g\ / km/skm/s ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ eg] tkfO{F{n] ;xefuLx¿sf ;d:of
cg';f/tLg jf rf/;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbO;s]kl5 dfq
;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\  .
95
• ;dosf]Vofn ug'{xf];\
lsgeg];xefuLx¿ ;fgf ;d"xx¿ agfpFbf l9nf]ug{ ;S5g\ .
- ;d"xn] klxn]s} jf gofF ;d:ofdf sfd ug{ rfx]df ;f]xLcg';f/ ;d"x agfpg ;Sg'x'G5  .
- pbfx/0fsf nflu M ;d"x ! nfO{ klxn]s};d:ofdf sfd ug{ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .
- ;d"x @ nfO{ gofF ;d:of ;DxfNg]rfxgf /fVg'ePsf]5 eg];d"x ljefhg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
gofF ;d:ofdf sfd ug'{cl3 klxnf] ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 jf klxn] sfd
u/]sf] ;d:of sd x'g ;Sb}g eGg] lg0f{odf k'u]sf] x'g'kb{5  .
ca xfdL ;fgf ;d"xx¿df sfd ug{ uO/x]sf 5f}F  . hf]hf] ;xefuLx¿n] klxn]s}
;d:of jf ut xKtfsf];d:ofdf sfd ug{ rfxg'ePsf]5, tkfO{Fx¿ Ps}7fpFdf
a:g ;Sg'x'G5  . To;}u/L sf]xL ;xefuLx¿n] gofF ;d:of ;DxfNg rfxg'ePsf]
5 eg] Ps} 7fpFdf a:g ;Sg'x'G5  . cfˆgf] ;d:ofdf sfd ug{ lqmkof cf–cfˆg}
7fpFdf uP/ ;'? ug{'xf];\  .
v_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;d:ofcg';f/ hf]8L agfpg'xf];\  .
• hf]8Ldf sfd ug{sf]nflu pkfox¿ M
- hf]8LdWo] sf]xL Pssf] sfo{of]hgf 7"nf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ul/;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 / csf]{
;xefuLn] eg] sfo{of]hgfdf 5nkmn gu/]sf] x'g'kb{5  . hf]8LdWo] klxnf] ;xefuLn] bf]>f]
;xefuLnfO{ sfo{of]hgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  .
- hf]8Lx¿df p:t}p:t} ;d:ofx¿ ePsf] x'g;S5  .
• ;xhstf{ sf]7fsf] ;a}lt/ uP/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\  .
%= ;fgf ;d"xx¿df jf hf]8Lx¿df tn lbPh:t} u/L g]t[Tj ug'{xf];\

p:t} ;d:of ePsf ;d"x M
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] k|of]u ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\  .
• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf]Ú sf] r/0f ! / @ af6 k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ M
- ;d:of sd ug{ 5flgPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ c¿n] ;'Gg] u/L eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
–s'g} ;xefuLn] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw k|of]u u/L xft]kq k"/f u/]sf] klg x'g;S5  . _
- csf{ ;xefuL;Fu s'/f ug{'eGbf klxnf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ hlt;Sbf]:ki6 ¿kdf ;d:ofsf]
JofVof ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
96
cWofo *
- oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg]vfnsf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f # M
- ;d:of 5nkmn ug{ ;xh dfGg] s'g} Ps ;xefuLsf] ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\  .
- pQm ;xefuLnfO{ cl3Nnf] xKtfdf ;f]Rg'ePsf] s'g} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 5g\ eg] eGg
nufpg'xf];\ -jf olb pgLx¿n] xft]kqdf n]v]sf 5g\ eg] x]g'{xf];\  ._
- ;d:of sd ug]{ pkfox¿ w]/}eGbf w]/} ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\  .
- e]6 @ af6 cfPsf k'/fgf
pkfox¿ /gofF pkfox¿dfly 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f $ cGtu{t pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ M
- ;dfwfgsf] ;aeGbf ;xof]uL / Jofjxfl/s pkfo s'g xf]nf eg]/ pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; \ .
• …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ sf] r/0f % M
- ;xefuLnfO{ cfpFbf] xKtfsf nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
tkfO{F{+n] s]s] ug{'x'G5, lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\  . Æ
• To;kl5sf ;xefuLx¿;F+u ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf a'Fbf ! b]lv $ -;d:of 5fGg] / JofVof
ug]{ / pko'Qm pkfox¿ lgsfNg]]_ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  .
gofF ;d:of ePsf] ;d"x M
!= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;'?cftaf6 cl3 a9\g'xf];\  .
;xefuLx¿n] cl3Nnf] e]6df eg]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL k'g/fjnf]sg / Tof] ;"rLdf ;xefuLx¿sf
yk gofF ;d:ofx¿ n]Vg'xf];\  .
• r/0f ! af6 ;'?cft M ;d:of sd ug{ 5flgPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ c¿n] ;'Gg] u/L eGg nufpg'xf]; \ .
- csf{ ;xefuL;Fu s'/f ug{'eGbf klxnf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ r/0f @ sf]nflu ;xof]u ug'{xf];\
-hlt;Sbf] :ki6 ¿kdf ;d:ofsf] JofVof ug{] _  .
- cl3Nnf] xKtfdf n]Vg'ePsf] ;d:ofx¿sf] clen]vnfO{ ;fy}df /fVg'xf];\  .
97
• ;d:of 5nkmn ug{ ;xh dfGg] s'g} Ps ;xefuLsf] ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\  . pQm ;xefuLnfO{
cl3Nnf] xKtfdf ;f]Rg'ePsf] s'g} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 5g\ eg] eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
• csf]{ r/0fdf hfg'eGbf cufl8, ;xefuLx¿nfO{æxfdLn] ;d:ofsf] 5gf}6 u¥of}+, h'g r/0f !
xf], ca csf]{ r/0f s] xf]nf  <Æ egL ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
- o;n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf r/0fx¿ a'‰g ;xof]u ldNg]5  .
• r/0f # sf] lg/Gt/tf M
- pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;d:of sd ug]{ pkfox¿ w]/}eGbf w]/} ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\  .
- To;kl5 ;d"xnfO{ ;Defljt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ eg]/;xof]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofsf nflu r/0f $ M
- ;d:of sd ug{ s'g pkfo-x¿_ ;a}eGbf ;xof]uL / Jofjxfl/s nfUof] eg]/ pQm ;xefuLnfO{
;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• pQm ;xefuLsf] ;d:ofsf] nflu r/0f % M
- ;xefuLnfO{ cfpFbf] xKtfsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
- sfo{of]hgf n]Vg jf sf]g{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] xft]kqdf vfnL kfgf 5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
;xefuLsf] ;fIf/tf x]/L n]Vg jf sf]g{ lbg'xf];\  .
æof]pkfo nfu" ug{sf nflu klxnf s]ug{'x'G5 <
tkfO{F{+n] s]s] ug{'x'G5  < lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\  . Æ
• To;kl5sf ;xefuLx¿;F+u ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf a'Fbf ! b]lv $ -;d:of 5fGg] / JofVof
ug]{ / pko'Qm pkfox¿ lgsfNg]]_ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\  .
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] ;dLIff @) ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• lgliqmotf rqmsf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ xft]kq -P]lR5s_ M rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -cg';"rL &_
!_ lrqsyf @# /@$ k9\g'xf];\ .
98
cWofo *
@_ ‘rNb} u/, ub}{ u/’ ljlwsf] 3/df ul/g] lqmofsnfksf] ;dLIff

• xKtfel/df …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Úsf sfo{x¿ ubf{sf] cfˆgf cg'ejx¿ ;'gfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{
cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
tkfO{x+F{ ¿dWo] s;}n] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú cg';f/ sfo{of]hgf ;'? jf ;DkGg ug'e{ of]  <
h–h;n] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{'eof], tkfO{F{+x¿ cfˆgf] cg'ej
;'gfpg rfxg'x'G5<
-;dosf] Vofn /fVg'xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf eGg cfu|x ug{'xf];\ tfls ;a}n] kfnf] kfpmg\  ._
• cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Sb} ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿ ;'Gg'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ ;dfwfg
ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
- …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ x]g{'xf];\ -cg';"rL %_
ut xKtf …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Sg] qmddf tkfO{F{x¿n] s] s:tf
;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug'eof]  <
h–h;n] cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Sg] qmddf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'eof], s]
tkfO{F{+x¿ cfˆgf]cg'ej ;'gfpg rfxg'x'G5 < h;n]ubf{ xfdL ;fd"lxs ¿kdf tL
r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;S5f}+  .
• sfo{of]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ qmddf hh;n] r'gf}tLx¿ ef]Ug'eof], csf]{ xKtf -gofF sfo{of]hgfcg';f/_
gofF tl/sfn] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ :ki6 kfg{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\  .
- of] xKtf km/s tl/sfn] pQm sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ s;/L k|of; ug{'x'G5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
;f]Wg'xf];\  . pQm sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ klxn] u/]sf] eGbf km/s tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 jf pQm
sfo{nfO{ 5f]8]/ gofF sfo{sf] 5gf}6 ug{ klg ;lsG5  . pQm ;xefuLn] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú
ljlwsf] s'g} efu 5'6fpg' ePsf] 5 jf lqmofsnfkaf/] b'ljwf 5 eg] pxfF;Fu lqmofsnfksf]
k|lqmofsf af/]df k'gM 5nkmn ug'{xf]];\  .
- ;xefuLx¿sf] o; xKtfsf] gofF of]hgfsf] clen]v n]Vg'xf];\ lsgeg] csf]{ e]6df
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;lsof];\  . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ klg …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] xft]kq lbO{ k"/f
ug{ nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
• ;xefuLx¿ h;n]lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg'eof], pxfFx¿nfO{ o; xKtf klg lqmofsnfknfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\  .
- olb ;xefuLx¿ rfxG5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] gofF /dfOnf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug{ ;S5g\  .
99
#= ‘rNb} u/, ub}{ u/’ ljlwcGtu{t sfddf s]lGb|t x'g] lqmofsnfk

• o;sf nflu 7"nf];d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• e]6 # df /dfOnf] nfUg] lqmofsnfk ;DkGg u/] h:t} o;df klg ToxL k|lqmof x'G5 eg]/ JofVof ug'x{ f]; \ .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ca …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwcGtu{t sfdx¿÷3/sf sfdx¿df cEof; ug{
uO/x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
dgf]lZfIff lbFbf cg';/0f ug'{kg]{ a'Fbfx¿

• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwn] k'gM ;lqmo x'g ;xof]u ub{5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eGg'xf];\  .
• ha xfdL lg/fz dx;'; u5f}{+, 3/sf sfdx¿, :j x]/rf/ ug{ / cGo sfdx¿ ug{
hfFu/ rNb}g  .
• oL sfdx¿ ug{ ;lqmo x'Fbf pknlAw kfPsf]dx;'; ug{ ;Sb5g\, h;n]ubf{ d'8 -dgl:ylt_
;'wfg{ ;xof]u ldN5 .
• To;}n] tkfO{F{+x¿n] s]lGb|t eP/ ug{sf] nflu Pp6f sfd -h:t} M emfF8f df‰g]_ cfh km]l/
5fGg'x'g]5  .
$= 7"nf];d"xut 5nkmn
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] ;? ug{ rfx]sf] s'g} 3/fo;L sfd jf cfˆgf] Vofn /fVg] jf sfd;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfk 5fGg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] km]l/ ;'? ug{ rfx]sf] Pp6f sfd eGg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
- lqmofsnfk ;f]Rgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s]xL ;do lbg'xf];\ / eGg] a]nfdf xft p7fpg
cfu|x ug'{xf];\  .
- olb pgLx¿n] k|ltlqmof lbg w]/} ;do nufPdf cfkm}n] 5fGg'xf];\ / eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
- s] ug]{ eGg] lgwf] ug{ g;s]sf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\  .
cfˆgf] jf kl/jf/sf nflu jf sfd;Fu} ug{ ufx|f] gnfUg] s'g} lqmofsnfk 5  <
To;sf] af/]df atfpg'x'G5  <
;d"xsf c¿ ;b:ox¿n] eg]sf dWo] s'g} lqmofsnfk ug{ rfxg'x'G5  <
Ps aif{ cufl8 tkfO{F{+ s]ug{ ?rfpg'x'GYof] <
100
cWofo *
- olb ;xefuLx¿n]oL k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wbf klg eGg ;s]gg\ eg]c¿ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQm ;xefuLn]
ug{ ;Sg] sfo{x¿sf] pbfx/0fx¿ lbg nufpg'xf];\  . oL s'/fx¿sf] af/]df pQm ;xefuLnfO{
;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\  . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ o;af/]df ;f]r]/ 5nkmnsf] cGTodf s'g} Ps lqmofsnfk
5fGg nufpg'xf];\  .
- pbfx/0fx¿ M
3/sf] s'g} Pp6f efu ;kmf ug{], ufO{j:t' r/fpg],
bfp/f hDdf kfg]{, kfgL Nofpg],
n'uf w'g], g'xfpg],
vfgf ksfpg], efF8f df‰g],
sfof{nodf hfg], s'g} gft]bf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cflb  .
xfnsf] cj:yf cfpg'eGbf cl3 ;f]Rg'xf];\ t, tkfO{F{+ s] ug{ ?rfpg'x'GYof]< tkfO{F{
s]s:tf sfdx¿, 3/fo;L lqmofsnfkx¿ jf cfˆg} Vofn /fVg ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿
km]l/ ;'? ug{ / lg/Gt/ ul//xg rfxg'x'G5  <
gf]6 M ;xefuLn] 5gf}6 u/]sf] lqmofsnfk ;fd"lxs sfo{qmds} Ps efusf ¿kdf ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
h:t}M ;d"xsf]cGTodf lrofsf sk jf lunf;x¿ p7fpg d2t ug]{ .
• lrqsyfdf b]vfOP h:t} ;'?df s'g} ug{ ;lsg] / ;/n lqmofsnfk 5fGg'xf];\  .
• ;a} r/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ub}{ of] lqmofsnfk ug{sf] nflu s]s] ug'{ kb{5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
;f]Wg'xf];\  . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ;dod} p7\g] / tof/ x'g], sfddf hfgsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf]
x]/rfxsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{ / ;jf/L;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{]  .
- dgsf] ;d:of ePsf] dfG5]sf nflu sfddf s]lGb|t x'g] lqmofsnfk ug{ lgs} g} cK7\of/f]
sfd x'g;S5 To;}n] ;'?df s'g} ;/n lqmofsnfk 5fGg'kb{5  .
- ;lhnf lqmofsnfkx¿ tL x'g\, h'g 3/d}ug{ ;lsG5 cyjf h;nfO{ w]/};fdu|Lx¿ /cGo
JolQmx¿sf] h?/t kb}{g  . pbfx/0fx¿ M yf]/} n'uf w'g], efG5fsf]7f ;kmf ug{], efG5fsf]
a:g] 7fpF ;kmf ug]{, cflb  .
• Pp6f l;ª\uf] lqmofsnfknfO{ ;–;fgf / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] a'Fbfx¿df ljefhg ug{ ;xof]u
ug'{xf];\  .
- s'g} Ps ;xefuLsf] lqmofsnfknfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ s;/L ;fgf / ;/n
lqmofsnfkx¿df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\ .
- To;kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf lqmofsnfknfO{ cfkm}n] ;fgf / ;/n lqmofsnfkx¿df
ljefhg ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
101
pbfx/0fsf nflu o:tf] eGg ;Sg'x'G5 M

cf/fd;Fu a:g'xf];\ / kl5Nnf] k6s of] lqmofsnfk ubf{ s]s] ug'{eof] sNkgf
ug{'xf];\  . dnfO{ x/]s s'/f lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\  . of] lqmofsnfk ug{ tkfO{F{n]
ljleGg r/0fx¿ ub}{ u/]sf] ofb ug'{xf];\  .
o; lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu tkfO{F{+nfO{ s]s];fdu|Lx¿sf]cfjZostf
kb{5 < -h:t} M h'Qfx¿, kmlg{r/, dflg;, vfg] s'/f cflb_.
a|]s
…b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ;'¿ ug{'eGbf klxnf clxn] ;Ddsf] e]6sf] ;+If]kdf hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ M
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff
• ;d:of ;DxfNg]ljlwsf];dLIff -;dLIffsf qmddf l;sfOPsf lglZrt a'Fbfx¿ ;'gfpg'xf];\
_
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] ;dLIff -;dLIffsf qmddf l;sfOPsf lglZrt a'Fbfx¿ ;'gfpg'xf];\_
b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/ – dgf]lzIff / lrqsyf @) ldg]6
;fdu|Lx¿
• Rff/ ljlwx¿sf] kf]:6/ -cg';"rL ^_
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ xft]kq -P]lR5s_ M b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ -cg';r
" L &_
‘b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú’ sf] p2]Zo M

• plrt ;xof]u kfPdf dflg;n] cK7\of/f] cj:yf;Fu cem /fd|/L ;fdgf ug{
;S5g\ .
• tgfj, lrGtfcflbaf6 x'g]c;/Go"gLs/0f ug{ d2t ub{5 .
• Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ cem /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ub{5  .
• oL ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ugdf cfk"m PSn} 5}g eg]/ dx;'; ug{ d2t ub{5  .
102
cWofo *
…b'Mv af“8], cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/Ú sf r/0fx¿

!= …b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/Ú sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\
• rf/ ljlwx¿sf] kf]:6/df b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlw b]vfpg'xf];\  .
lgb]{lzt ;+jfb M
;xof]u kfpg / ;d:ofsf] cem /fd|f] Joj:yfkgsf nflu c¿;Fu ;fdflhs ;DaGw
/fVg' g} …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú d'Vo nIo xf]  .
@= lrqsyf @% /@^ k9\g'xf];\

 .
#= …b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/Ú nfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] clGtd ljlwsf] ¿kdf
kl/ro u/fpg'xf];\
• ;fdflhs ;xof]usf af/]df cufl8 ul/Psf 5nkmnx¿nfO{ ;DemfpFb} cGo ljlwx¿sf] pNn]v
ug{'xf];\  . h:t} M ;d:of sd ug{ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] k|of]u ubf{ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf]
;xof]u lnOPsf] x'g;S5  . To:t,} …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwdf c¿;Fu ;fdflhs ;DaGw agfOPsf]
x'g;S5 .
$= ;fdflhs ;xof]u s] xf] / of] s;/L ;xof]uL x'g;S5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ug{
k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\
• ;fdflhs ;xof]un] cfk"mx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf ;dox¿sf] pbfx/0f lbg ;xefuLx¿nfO{
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
ha tkfO{F{+ ;fdflhs ;xof]usf af/]df ;f]Rg'x'G5, tkfO{F{sf] lbdfudf s] cfpF5
-tkfO{F{+ s] ;f]Rg'x'G5  <_  <
s'g} ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu tkfO{F{+x¿n] s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u
lnPsf] cg'ej afF8\g rfg'x'G5  < s] To;af6 ;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof]  < s;/L  <
o; ;d"xdf cfP/ cfˆgf] ;d:of c¿;Fu afF8]sf] cg'ej s:tf] /Xof]  < s] of]
;xof]uL /Xof]  < s;/L  <
;Ltf÷xl/n] -syfsf cg';f/_ s;/L c¿;Fu ;xof]u lngfn] cfk"mnfO{ kmfObf
ePsf] atfpg'eof]  <
103
cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ Tolt 7'nf xf]Ogg\ /x]5g\ eGg] dx;'; ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf]
æ;Ltf÷xl/Æn] atfpg'eof]  . o; ;d"xaf6 ;xof]u kfpgdf cfk"m ljZj:t ePsf]
pxfFn] atfpg'eof]  .
æb'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlwn] cK7\of/f] cj:yfaf6 k|efljt dflg;x¿sf
cGo kIfx¿df klg ;xof]u k'Ug ;Snf <
o;n] tkfO{F{+nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u k'Unf  <
dgf]lzIff lb+Fbf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ d'Vo a'Fbfx¿

• ;fdflhs ;xof]u w]/} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
- JolQmnfO{ s'g} dtna g/fvL j]jf:tf ug'{'sf] ;6\6f, pgsf nflu rf;f] / efjgfx¿
;'Gg] / k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ;fyL jf kl/jf/sf] ;b:o aGg]
- JolQmnfO{ cfjZos / pko'Qm hfgsf/L lbg] / ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf;Fu ;DaGw /fVg]
- s'g} sl7g sfd ;DkGg ug{ jf sfd ;sfpg ;xof]u lng] -h:t} M cfˆgf] ;jf/Ldf
cfjZos 7fp+Fdf k'¥ofOlbg], s'g} j:t' ;fk6L lbg] cflb_
- ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df s'/f gu/] klg c¿;Fu ;do latfpg] -h:t}, ;Fu} vfgf vfg]_
- c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] -cfˆgf] Vofn ug{ gla;L{sg_
• ;xof]u kfPsf] cj:yfdf ;d:ofx¿ / cK7\of/f cj:yfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ dflg;x¿df
cem w]/} cfTdljZjf; / cfzf a9\5  .
• ;xof]u kfPsf] cj:yfdf ;d:ofx¿ cem a9L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5  .
• ;d:ofx¿ c¿;Fu afF8\gfn]cfk"mnfO{ af]em sd ePsf]dx;'; x'G5 .
• c¿sf ;d:ofx¿ ;'Gbf JolQmnfO{ of]kL8fdf cfk"m PSnf]xf]Og eGg]dx;'; ug{
;xof]u k'U5  .
;fdflhs ;xof]usf] cfzo a'emfpg]pvfg eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M Pstf g} an
xf], Ps xftn] tfnL aHb}g, b'Mv afF8] cfwf x'G5, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ x'G5 , cflb .
;fdflhs ;xof]u M
>Ldfg\ / >LdtL aLr klg ;a} s'/f v'n:t gx'g ;S5 To;}n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ jf >LdtLafx]s kl/jf/sf
cGo ;b:ox¿ jf ;fyLx¿;Fu cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ vf]Ngfn];xof]u ldNg ;S5 . ha tkfO{F{ cfˆgf
s'/fx¿ v'n:t /fVg'x'G5, ta tkfO{F{sf] ;DaGw emg} alnof] eP/ hfg ;S5  .
104
cWofo *
cfˆgf l5d]sLx¿;Fu cGtlqmof ug'{ klg k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 lsgeg] cfˆgf] j/k/ a:g] l5d]sLx¿n]
:jtM ;fdflhs ;xof]u ub{5g\  . h:t} M cfdf ;d"x, jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, o'jf Sna h:tf :yfgLo
;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿;Fu ul/g] cGtlqmofx¿n] klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ .
%= b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/df cfpg ;Sg] jfwfx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{'xf];\
• w]/} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;xof]u vf]Hg sl7g x'g;S5 eg]/ ;d"xnfO{ atfpg'xf];\  .
• lrqsyfsf] @& km]l/ b]vfP/ afwfx¿df s]lGb|t ug'{xf];\  .
• cfˆgf] ;fdflhs ;xof]u alnof] agfpg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf æ;Ltf÷xl/Æn] s]s] afwfx¿sf]
;fdgf ug'{eof] eg]/ ;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u dfUg] qmddf cfk"mn] ef]u]sf afwfx¿ eGg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
ljutdf c¿;Fu ;xof]u lng tkfO{F{+nfO{ s] s'/fn] afwf k'of¥Psf] lyof]  <
of] xKtf tkfO{F{+sf] ;fdflhs ;xof]unfO{ ;'wfg]{ qmddf s] s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofpnf
h:tf] nfU5  <
• pbfx/0f lbP/JolQmut afwfx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ M
- JolQmut efjgfx¿ – h:t}M nfh, z/d, hfFu/grNg' jf d'8 gx'g', tgfj jf lrGtf
- gsf/fTds ljrf/x¿ – o;n] sfd ub}g{ , o;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g, o;n] c¿nfO{ ef/dfq x'G5
- PSnf]kg – s]xL ;xefuLx¿;Fu ;xof]u lngsf nflu w]/} dflg;x¿ gx'g ;S5g\
- c¿dfly e/ kg{df ;d:of -of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / oftgf h:tf cf3ftsf] cg'ej u/]sfx¿nfO{
of] cK7\of/f] kg{;S5_
cfˆgf ;fdflhs ;DaGwaf/] clglZrt ePsf ;xefuLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{sf] nflu pbfx/0f M
w]/} hgfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf af/]df c¿;Fu s'/f ug{ jf c¿;Fu ;xof]u lng
cK7\of/f] x'g;S5  . o;sf] Pp6f sf/0f cfˆgf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ c¿dfly ef/ knf{
ls eGg] nfUg ;S5  . t/ of] k|foM ;w}+ ;To x'Fb}g  . k|foh;f] ;fyLx¿n] JolQm;Fu
;d:of kf]Vbf tL JolQmn] klg cfˆgf] ;d:of ;fyL;Fu eGg] u5{g\ cyjf JolQm;Fu
;xof]u dfU5g\  . olb tkfO{F{+ cfk"mnfO{ dfq} o:tf] ;d:of 5 eGg] 7fGg'x'G5 eg]
c¿sf] ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df ;'Ggfn] cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf af/]df klg leGg b[li6sf]0f
k|fKt ug{ cem pkof]uL x'G5 . Æ
105
ljZjf;of]Uo / e/kbf]{ sf]xL gx'g' klg c¿af6 ;xof]u glng'sf] csf]{ sf/0f xf]  .
olb tkfO{F{+nfO{ e/kbf]{ sf]xL 5}g eg] To:tf] JolQm s;/L km]nf kfg]{ eg]/ 5nkmn
u/f}+  <
^= ;xefuLx¿;“u lrq @& syf k9]/ afwfx¿nfO{ s;/L ;fdgf ug{

;lsG5 eg]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\
b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/ – ;xefuLsf ;xof]ux¿ @% ldg]6

!= cfp“bf] cfwf 306f pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;xof]unfO{ ;'wfg]{ of]hgf agfP/ latfOg]5
eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
@= d / d]/f ;DaGwx¿sf] gS;fª\sg (Me-Map) lqmofsnfk u/fpg'xf]; \ .
d / d]/f ;DaGwx¿sf] gS;fª\sg (Me-Map) :
dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ubf{ dflg;sf] hLjgsf w]/} kIfx¿df c;/ kg{;S5  . o:tf
;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf dflg;x¿n] cfk"mnfO{ PSnf] dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ / cfˆgf] nflu sf]xL gePsf]
7fGg ;S5g\  . s;}s;}n] c¿dflysf] e/f];f u'dfpg ;S5g\, h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ emg} PlSng ;S5g\  .
To:tf] ;dodf ;xof]u e]6\g' pgLx¿sf] nflu sl7g x'g;S5  . Tof] a]nf …d / d]/f ;DaGwx¿sf]
gS;fª\sg -Me-Map_ pkof]uL x'g;S5, h;n] ;xof]u e]6\g d2t k'U5 / cfkm" PSnf] 5}g eGg] dx;';
klg u/fpF5  .
bf ;
] |f] glhssf] Jo
+ f]
{Os g
lQm
a e Gbf lhsf]
J
f
];
tk
olQ
+ f
tkfO{s
106
cWofo *
…d / d]/f ;DaGwx¿sf] gS;f+sgÚ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eg]/ dflysf] lrqn] ;+s]t ub{5 . o;nfO{
lgDgfg';f/agfpg ;lsG5 .
!_ tkfO{F{+ -;xefuL_ nfO{ ;+s]t ug]{ u/L Pp6f ;fgf] uf]nfsf/ agfpg'xf];\  .
@_ cfˆgf] ;aeGbf glhssf] JolQm sf] xf] eg]/ ;f]Wbf To; uf]nfsf/ aflx/ csf]{
uf]nfsf/ 3]/f agfpg'xf];\  . o;sf nflu cfk"mnfO{ ;a}eGbf w]/} dfof ug]{ /
Vofn /fVg]JolQmnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof pQm JolQmnfO{ ;xefuLn]
;a}eGbf a9L e/f];f ug]{ u5{g\  . cyjf pgL o:tf JolQm x'g;S5g\, hf] clxn]
;Dks{df 5}gg\ t/ s'g} ;dodf pgLx¿ lgs} glhs lyP  . o:tf] cj:yfdf
b'O{j6f ljsNkx¿ cfpg ;S5g\ M
- ;xefuLn]s]x ;do lng ;S5g\ /s'g}gfd jf ;DaGw atfpg ;S5g\ .
- ;xefuLn] cfˆgf] hLjgdf To:tf] sf]xL gePsf] atfpg ;S5g\  .
Psbd} tgfju|:t JolQmx¿df o:tf] x'g' ;fdfGo xf] t/ ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ lbP/ pgnfO{ cfˆgf
s'/f vf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug{' tkfO{F{+sf] p2]Zo xf]  . h:t} M ætkfO{F{+n] cfˆgf] sf]xL 5}g eGg'eof], t/ olb
tkfO{F{+nfO{ s]xL cfkt\ k¥of] eg] s;nfO{ ;lDemg'x'G5 xf]nf  < jf sf];Fu ;xof]u dfUg'x'G5 xf]nf  <Æ
o;f] ubf{ pQm ;xefuLnfO{ c¿ ;f]Rg pT;fx ldNg]5 / pgn] cfˆgf] gftfuf]tfsf] jf cGo s;}sf]
gfd lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9\g]5  . olt ubf{ klg pgn] s;}sf] gfd lng ;s]gg\ eg] pgn] tkfO{F{+;Fu
cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ kf]v]sf] Pp6f e/f];fs} sf/0fn] xf], ;f]xL sf/0f pgn] rfx]df tkfO{F{+s} gfd klg lng
;Sg'x'G5 eg]/ eGg'xf];\  . t/ of] clGtd pkfosf] ¿kdf dfq} lng'kg]{5  .
#_ ;xefuLn] klxnf] gfd lnO;s]kl5 tkfO{F{+ csf]{ uf]nfsf/df k|j]z ug{'xf];\ / ;xefuL;Fu csf]{ gfd
;f]Wg'xf];\  . of] gfd pQm ;xefuLsf] bf];|f] glhssf] JolQmsf] gfd x'g]5  . of] cj:yfdf klg tkfO{F{+n]
pgnfO{ s'g} ;DaGwsf] af/]df ;lDemg / gfd eGg k|f]T;fxg lbg'kg]{5  .
…d / d]/f ;DaGwx¿sf] gS;f+sgÚ df aGg] uf]nfsf/ 3]/fx¿ c;Lldt x'g ;S5g\  . ;xefuLsf]
cfjZostfcg';f/ tkfO{F{+n] aflx/L 3]/f yKb} hfg ;Sg'x'G5 t/ ;s];Dd t];|f] 3]/fdf ;Lldt /xg'xf];\  .
gS;fª\sg ul/;s]kl5 ;d"xdf Pscsf{;Fu …d / d]/f ;DaGwx¿sf] gS;fª\sgÚ sf af/]df s'/f ug{
;do lbg'xf];\  .
#= lrqsyf @* /@( k9\g'xf];\

$= ;d"xut 5nkmn
• cfufdL xKtf cfˆgf ;fdflhs ;xof]u alnof]agfpg Pp6f pkfo 5fGgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿nfO{
107
• ;fdflhs ;xof]u alnof] agfpg laleGg pkfox¿sf] af/]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\

-dfyLsf] afs;df lbO{Psf dgf]lzIff lbFbf ;dfj]; ug'{kg]{ d'Vo a'+bfx¿ x]g{'xf];\  ._
s'/fsfgL ug{sf] nflu pbfx/0f M
cfˆgf];fdflhs ;xof]unfO{
;'wf/ug{ tkfO{F{x¿;Fu s]xL pkfox¿ 5g\ <
s] ljutdf tkfO{F{+;Fu ;fdflhs ;xof]u lyof], h;nfO{ tkfO{F{+ km]l/ ;'wf/ ug{
;Sg'x'G5 <
tkfO{F{+n] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yf 5g\  <
%= ;xefuLx¿n] lglZrt ¿kdf ug{ uO/xs

] f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u
ug{x' f];\
• o; 5nkmnnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdflhs ;xof]usf af/]df 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ M
- s;};Fu s'/f u/]/ cfˆgf] ;fdflhs ;xof]u ;'wf/ ug{ rfxg] ;xefuLx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn
u/]/ ;'? ug{'xf];\  .
- To;kl5 s'g} ;+:yf;Fu ;xof]u ;'wfg{ rfxg] ;xefuLx¿sf] of]hgfsf af/]df s'/f ug{'xf];\  .
- To;kl5 s'g} Jofjxfl/s ;xof]u lng vf]Hg] ;xefuLx¿sf] of]hgfsf af/]df s'/f ug{'xf];\  .
pbfx/0fx¿sf nflu M
tkfO{s
+F{ f] ;fdflhs ;xof]usf nflu ;DaGw alnof] agfpg klxnf] sbd s] x'G5 xf]nf  <
cfk"mn] of] sfo{ ub}{ x'gx' G' 5 eg]/ sNkgf ug{x' f]; \ . o;sf nflu tkfO{+F{ s]s] ug{x' G' 5  <
xfdLnfO{ lj:tf/df atfpg'xf];\  .Æ
^= s] ug]{ eg]/ e"ldsf clego ug]{

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hf]8L agfpg nufpg'xf];\  . JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ s] eGg] eg]/ cEof; u/fpg
nufpg'xf];\  .
• olb tkfO{F{+;Fu ;do 5}g eg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] s] eGg] / ug]{ af/] Ps cfk;df e]6]/
cEof; ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  .
• tkfO{Fx¿n]of]sfd ug{ hlt a9L cfTdljZjf; hufpg' x'G5, Tolt g}sfd ;kmn x'g];Defjgf
a9L x'G5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg'xf];\  .
• pbfx/0fsf nflu e"ldsf clego ubf{ M
108
cWofo *
- Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf af/]df s'/f ug]{ / s:tf] dx;'; ePsf] 5 eGg]
- o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf] af/]df s'/f ug]{
- s'g} lglZrt ;d:ofsf af/]df s'/f ug]{
- s'g} ;fyL, kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf cGo sf]xL;Fu e]6\g sf]l;; ug]{
- s'g} Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf nflu ;xof]usf] vf]h ug]{
&= ;fdflhs ;xof]usf nflu ;dotflnsf agfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{x' f];\
• x/]s ;xefuLn] s], slxn] / s'g ;dodf ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ -;xefuLx¿nfO{
;s];Dd :ki6 x'g nufpg'xf];\  ._
- cfpFbf] e]6df ;dLIff ug{sf nflu tkfO{F{n] oL of]hgfx¿nfO{ n]v]/ /fVg'xf];\  .
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw / …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú df h:t} cfk"mn] to u/]sf sbdx¿ k"/f ug{ cfpFbf] xKtf
s;/L cfkm}nfO{ ;Demfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .

!= of] ljlw lsg pkof]uL 5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• tgfjdf ePsf] a]nf o;n] z/L/nfO{ cf/fd lbg d2t ub{5  .
@= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf nflu ;d"xnfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .

rfNg'kg]{ r/0fx¿ M
!_ ;xefuLx¿n] cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ cf/fd ug{ -xftv'§f rnfpg], 6fpsf]nfO{ bfofFafofF rnfpg],
kfv'/fnfO{ k5fl8tkm{ nfg]_ nufpg'xf];\  .
@_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k]6af6 ;f; km]g{ nufpg'xf];\ -k]6df a]n'g eP h:t}_
#_ bf];|f] sbddf ;a}hgf ;xh eO;s]kl5, Zjf; leq lng # ;]s]G8 / aflx/ kmfNg # ;]s]G8
nufpg'xf];  . o;nfO{ ! ldg]6;Dd hf/L /fVg'xf];\  .
$_ cfk"mn]uGg aGb ug{'xf];\ /;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfkm}uGg nufpg'xf];\  . -olb tkfO{F{+;Fu 38L
5 eg], 38Lsf] ;]s]G8 ;'Osf] tfndf Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\  ._
%_ s]xL ldg]6;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\  .
109

!_ cfhsf] e]6sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\  .
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff -s'g} ljz]if s'/fx¿df 5nkmn ePsf] 5 eg] eGg'xf];\ _
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff -s'g} ljz]if s'/fx¿df 5nkmn ePsf] 5 eg] eGg'xf];\_
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf af/]df ;dLIff -h;n] hfFu/ jf d'8 rnfpg / ;lqmo agfpg
d2t u5{_
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf] Jofjxfl/s cEof;
• b'Mv afF8] cfwf / ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlwn] ;fdflhs ;DaGw s;/L alnof] agfpg ;lsG5
eGg] l;sfO
@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6df 5nkmn ePsf] s'g} Pp6f pkof]uL s'/f eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
#= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
$= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug{ eGg'xf];\ -o;nfO{ csf]{ e]6df ;dLIff ul/G5 _. %=
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlwnfO{ k"/f ug{ eGg'xf];\  . -o;nfO{ klg csf]{ e]6df ;dLIff ul/G5_  .
^= ;fdflhs ;xof]u alnof]agfpg]lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\
-o;nfO{
cfpFbf] e]6df ;dLIff ul/g]5_.
&= cfpFbf] e]6sf af/]df ;Demfpg'xf];\ – ;do, :yfg / 5nkmn ul/g] ljifox¿ -rf/ ljlwx¿sf]
;dLIff / eljiosf nflu tof/L_
110
cWofo (
:j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_
cWofo (
:j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_
ljifo ;do ;fdu|Lx¿
;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !% ldg]6 ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] ;dLIff,
lrqsyfx¿
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] ;dLIff,
lgliqmotfsf] rqmsf] kf]:6/
rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlwsf] ;dLIff, @% ldg]6
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] rf6{
b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlwsf]
;dLIff -/ ljlwx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;xof]u_
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ;dLIff c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ –
!% ldg]6
lrqsyfx¿ -cg';"rL *_
a|]s
lrqsyfx¿
:j:y /xf}+ @) ldg]6 v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf nflu
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
cl3 a9f}+ @) ldg]6
k|df0fkq -P]lR5s_
;dfkg ;df/f]x !) ldg]6
vfgf -jf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿_
kfFrf}F e]6sf] tof/L
!= …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú sf nflu ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ k9\g'xf];\ -cg';"rL %_
@= …c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{Ú' sf lrqsyfx¿ tof/ /fVg'xf];\ -tkfO{n+ ] oL syfx¿nfO{ cnucnu sfuhsf
kfgfx¿df /fVg ;Sg'xG' 5 tfls o; lgb]l{ zsfsf kfgf af/Daf/ kN6fO/xg gk/f;] _\ – cg';r
" L*
#= v'Nnf dg ;Demfpg] kqx¿ agfpgsf nflu ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ /fVg'xf];\ -kf]:6/x¿, sf8{x¿,
dfs{/x¿ cflb_
$= ;dfkg ;df/fx] ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ -h:t} M k|df0fkq_ / vfg]s/' fsf] tof/L sfo{qmdsf
nflu pknAw ah]6cg';f/ Joj:yf ug'{xf];\  .
111
;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf !% ldg]6

x/]s ;xefuL;Fu ;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf];\  .
:jfut % ldg]6
@= sfo{|sdsf]cGTo;Dd ;xefuL ePsf]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ awfO{ lbg'xf];\ .
• ;xefuLx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw / k|of;nfO{ k|z+;f ug{'xf];\  .
#= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfhsf] e]6sf] of]hgf ;'gfpg'xf];\ M

• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg,
• …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú, …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ / …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlwsf] ;dLIff,
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;a} ljlwx¿sf p2]Zosf] 5f]6\sl/df ;dLIff ug{'xf];\,
• s;/L :j:y /xg] / eljiosf] of]hgf agfpg] eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\,
• ;dfkg ;df/f]x / vfhf
3/df ul/g] cEof;x¿sf] ;dLIff @% ldg]6
!= lrqsyf #) k9\g'xf];\
 .
@= 3/df ul/g] ;a} ljlwx¿sf] cEof;x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\

• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw, rNb} u/, ub}{ u/, ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw / b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'Mv
afF8] bf]Aa/sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\  .
• oL x/]s ljlwx¿sf] cEof;af/] 5'§f5'§} ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ – x/]s ljlwsf nflu ;do Vofn
ug{'xf];\ -h:t}, x/]s ljlwsf nflu !) ldg]6 jf ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf nflu % ldg]6, rNb}
u/, ub}{ u/sf nflu !) ldg]6 / b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'Mv afF8] bf]Aa/sf nflu !% ldg]6_
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
ut xKtf ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwcGt/ut s'gs'g r/0fx¿ ug{'eof]  < eGg'xf];\  .
112
cWofo (
:j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_
x/]s ljlw -$ ljlwx¿_ sf af/]df o:t} k|Zg ug{'xf];\  .

• ;dosf] Vofn /fVg'xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf eGg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\ tfls ;a}n] kfnf]
kfpg\ .
#= ;xefuLx¿n]ef]u]
sf ;femf r'gf}tLx¿ /;dfwfgsf pkfox¿df cfgf]k|ltlqmof lbg'xf];\
uPsf] xKtfdf rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ -jf v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] s'g} Ps ljlwsf] gfd_
ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug]{ qmddf s:tf s:tf r'gf}tLx¿ cfP  <
lqmofsnfk ;sfpg ufx|f] ePsf ;b:ox¿n] s] eof] eg]/ xfdLnfO{ lj:tf/df
atfOlbg'x'G5  < xfdL ;a} ldn]/ ;d"xd} o;sf] ;dfwfg vf]H5f}+  .
• x/]s ljlwsf nflu ;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ k9\g'xf];\ -cg';"rL %_
- dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{
- ;d:of ;DxfNg]
- rNb} u/, ub}{ u/
- b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ;dLIff !% ldg]6

;fdu|Lx¿
• e]6 ! df ;+sng ul/Psf] ;xefuLx¿sf nIox¿sf] ;"rL
• c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{lrqsyf -cg';"rL *_
v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ;dLIffsf] p2]Zo M

• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf l;s]sf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ :yfoL / alnof]
agfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{]
ljlwx¿df hlt 5nkmn eof], Tolt g};xefuLx¿n]
;fd"lxs sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 klg tL ljlwx¿ ;lDemg];Defjgf x'G5 .
ljlwx¿df s]xL unt a'emfOx¿ ePdf ;xhstf{nfO{
ltgnfO{ ;Rofpg] df}sf ldN5  .
113
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;dLIffsf r/0fx¿

!= xfdL v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ uO/xs
] f 5f}+ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
eGg'xf];\
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug'{eof] eg] ;d"x ;lsO;s]kl5 klg pxfFx¿nfO{
o;;DaGwL ;a} s'/fsf] ofb cfpg]5  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug'{eof] eg] x/]s ljlw s;/L cEof; ug]{ eg]/
pxfFx¿df cfTdljZjf; a9\g5 .
]
o;sf nflu pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\ M
dfgf}+, ca xfdL ;a} v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{x¿ eP/ sfd ub}{5f}+{  . o;/L
sNkgf ubf{ tkfO{+x¿nfO{ o; sfo{qmdsf ;a}ljlwx¿ cTdljZjf;sf ;fy
a'‰g d2t k'Ug]5 / s'g a]nf o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] yfxf x'g]5  . To;}n] d $ j6f
km/skm/s lrqsyf k9]/ ;'gfpg]5' / tkfO{+x¿n] pxfFx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ldNg] ;fyL
jf kl/jf/sf] ;b:o 7fGg'kg]{ x'G5  . lrqsyf k9]/ ;'gfPkl5 xfdL s]xL ;do
tkfO{+x¿n]lrqsyfdf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ s;/L ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf
l;s]sf ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/L d2t ug{'x'G5 eg]/ 5nkmn ug]{5f}+  .
@= …c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{Ú lrqsyfx¿ k9\g'xf];\ -cg';"rL *_

!= ;xhstf{n] klxnf] lrqsyf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ k9]/ ;'gfpg]5g\  .
• lrqsyfdf ePsf x/]s JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿ s;/L pkof]uL x'G5g\ eg]/
atfpg'xf];\
 . ;xof]usf
nflu lrqsyfdf ePsf ;'emfjx¿ k9\g'xf];\ .
• pQm JolQmsf nflu lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿df ;xdt 5g\ jf 5}gg\, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
@= lrqsyfx¿ @, # /$ k9\g'xf];\ /v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf]ljlw pQm lrqsyfdf ePsf]JolQmsf nflu
s;/L pkof]uL xf]nf eg]/ lg0f{o lng ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{{ cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
ætL JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] s'g ljlw pko'Qm xf]nf eg]/ s;}n] atfpg
;Sg'x'G5 < of]ljlw s;/L pkof]uL x'G5 < lj:t[t ¿kdf atfOlbg'xf];\ g .Æ
;xefuLx¿n] pQm ljlw 5fGg'sf] sf/0f eGg nufpg'xf];\  . -h:t}, æoxL ljlw pQm
JolQmsf nflu s;/L ;xof]uL x'g;S5 <Æ_
114
cWofo (
:j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_
#= x/]s ljlwsf af/]df unt a'emfO ePdf ;do lnP/ k'gM :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ jf ;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf
;a} k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'xf];\  .
• unt a'emfOnfO{ ;Rofpg x/]s v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] p2]Zo tyf o;sf] k|of]u ug]{
tl/sfaf/] tkfO{FnfO{ k"0f{ hfgsf/L x'g'kb{5  .
• s]xL ;femf unt a'emfOx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿ M
- 8/ / tgfju|:t cj:yfdf dfq dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5  .
- ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwn] dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u u5{  .
- …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú sf] d"n p2]Zo w]/} 3/fo;L sfd ug{' xf]  .
- …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú cfˆgf] ;d:of c¿nfO{ ;'gfpg] dfq xf]  .
gf]6M cfjZostfcg';f/ s]xL ;do a|]s ug{'xf];\ / csf]{ lqmofsnfknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\  .
a|]s
:j:y /xf}+ @) ldg]6

;fdu|Lx¿
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;Demgsf nflu ;fdu|Lx¿ -kf]:6/, dfs{/, cflb_
‘:j:y /xf}+’ ;qsf] p2]Zo M

• ;xefuLx¿n] kl5Nnf e]6x¿df u/]sf 5nkmnx¿ / k|of;x¿ ofb ub}{
cfk"mn] kfPsf pknlAwx¿k|lt uf}/j ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
• sfo{qmd ;dfKt ePkl5 s] ug]{ eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;lsPkl5 klg :j:y /xg /
eljiosf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ pQd tl/sfn] ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u ug{]
115
…:j:y /xf}+Ú ;qsf r/0fx¿ M

!= ;xefuLx¿sf kl/>d / pknlAwx¿sf] nflu awfO{ lbb} ;'?jft ug{'xf];\
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
tkfO{+x¿nfO{ yfx} 5, cfh xfd|f] clGtd e]6 xf] / d tkfO{+x¿nfO{ o; cj:yf;Dd
cfOk'Ug' ePsf]df awfO{ lbFb} ;'?jft ug{ rfxG5'  . tkfO{x+ ¿n]s]xL sl7g ljifox¿df
s'/f ug{ / ltgnfO{ 86]/ ;fdgf ug{ lgs} 7"nf] ;fx; / kl/>d ug'{ePsf] 5  .
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePb]lv tkfO{+x¿df s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] h:tf] nfU5  <
@= ;xefuLx¿n] sfo{qmdsf] ;'?df /fv]sf nIox¿sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\

pbfx/0fsf nflu M
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;'?df o;af6 s] s] ck]Iff / nIox¿
/fVg'ePsf] lyof], s;}nfO{ ofb 5  < s] tkfO{+n] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf oL nIox¿
xfl;n ug{'eof]  <
tkfO{+x¿ cfˆgf] d'8 jf hfFu/, Jojxf/, hLjg cflbdf s] kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf] b]Vg
rfxg'x'GYof]  <
• olb tkfO{+n] klxnf] e]6df n]v]/ /fVg'ePsf] ;xefuLx¿sf nIox¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg ;Sg'x'G5  .
• e]6 ! df ;xefuLx¿n] /fv]sf] nIo k"/f ePgePsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\  . olb s'g} ;b:on]
s'g} nIo g/fv]sf] eP klg pxfFx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwx¿df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
tkfO{Fx¿n]oL nIox¿ k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf kfpg ;kmn x'g'eof] <
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL eO;s]kl5 tkfO{s
+ f] hLjgdf s]s] kl/jt{g eP  <
116
cWofo (
:j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_
#= ;d:of geP tfklg ljlwx¿sf] cEof; hf/L /fVg'sf] dxŒjdf hf]8 lbg'xf];\
cg';/0f ug{'kg]{ d'Vo a'Fbfx¿
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u eg]sf] Pp6f efiff l;s]sf] h:t} xf]  . /fd|f];Fu af]Ng ;Sg]
x'gsf]nflu b}lgs cEof; ug{'kb{5 .
• tkfO{+ hlt a9L oL ljlwx¿sf]cEof; ug{x' G' 5, Tolt g}tkfO{n
+ fO{ :j:y /xg d2t ldN5 .
• olb tkfO{+n] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] lgoldt cEof; ug{'eof] eg] tkfO{+n]
s'g} sl7g kl/l:yltsf] /fd|f];Fu ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5  .
ljlwx¿ cfkm}n]
k|of]u ug{sf nflu tkfOFx{ ¿;Fu ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L 5 .
• slxn]sfxLF v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿ ;Demfpg] ;fdu|Lx¿ cfkm"n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf /fVg'
klg ;xof]uL x'G5 -of] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;d"xnfO{ pkfox¿ lgsfNg cg'/f]w ug{
;Sg'x'G5_ .
• eljiodf klg ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5  .
$= lrqsyf #!, #@ /## k9\g'xf];\

• of] syf ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;lsPsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 ;Ltf÷xl/n] s;/L ;d:ofx¿sf]
;fdgf u/L Joj:yfkg ug'{eof] eGg] af/]df 5  .
%= o; syfaf/]5nkmn ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\

of] lrqsyfsf af/]df s;}sf s]xL ljrf/x¿ 5g\  < ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u
sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 ;Ltf÷xl/n] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'{eof]
eGg]af/] s;};Fu s]xL ljrf/x¿ 5g\  <Æ
^= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eljiodf cfOkg{ ;Sg] tgfjx¿ jf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\
pbf/0fsf nflu M
tkfO{+n] eljiodf ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ s]xL cK7\of/f cj:yfx¿ jf ;d:ofx¿ s]s] x'g
;S5g\  <-h:t} M k};fsf] ;d:of, zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf] ;d:of, kl/jf/;Fusf] ;d:of_
tkfO{n+ ] ljutdf s:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug'ePsf] lyof], h'g eljiodf klg cfpg;S5g\  <
• cfjZos k/]df s]xL ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿sf pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\
- cfˆgf] lk|ohgsf] d[To'sf] jflif{sL
117
- kl/jf/df åGå
- zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿
- dgsf ;d:ofx¿, h:t} tgfj jf lrGtf
- cfpFbf] df};ddf v8]/L nfUg' jf af9Lklx/f] hfg'
- ;fd'bflos lx+;f jf o'4
- /f]huf/ jf k};f ;DaGwL ;d:of
- dg gnfu] klg cfˆgf] 3/ Tofu ug{'kg]{ jf gofF÷7fpF b]zdf a:g'kg]{ cj:yf
pbfx/0f M
eljiodf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{' :jefljs xf]  . jf:tjdf xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf]
hLjgdf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ;d:of cg'ej ug]{5f}+  . t/ oL ;d:ofx¿ clgolGqt
gx'g] u/L plrt tl/sfn] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5  . ;Ltf÷xl/n] cfˆgf] eljiosf
;d:ofx¿ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug'{eof]  <
&= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eljiosf ;Defljt tgfjx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ s'g ljlw s;/L
pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]af/] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\
• ;xefuLx¿n] eg]sf eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] tgfjhGo cj:yfx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
• pbfx/0fsf nflu M
- tgfj, l/;, cflQg] efjgf / zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿df dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
- a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfdf ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5  .
- tgfjsf]efjgf cfpg', hfFu/grNg', d'8 gx'g', lg/fz x'g' jf lgliqmotfsf nflu …rNb}
u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf]k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
- ;a} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿df …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• olb oL v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf] cEof; kZrft klg ;d:ofsf] Go"gLs/0f gePsf]
v08df cGo ;xof]usf] vf]hL ug{'k5{ eg]/ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
eljiodf Psbd} sl7g cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{'k/]df jf gsf/fTds efjgf dx;';
u/]df tkfO{+ s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  <
118
cWofo (
:j:y /xf}+ / cl3 a9f}+ -e]6 %_
*= ;d"xnfO{ klg ;xof]us} ¿kdf lng ;lsg] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"x;Fu ag]sf] ;DaGw kl5;Dd klg pkof]uL x'G5 eg]/ ;Demfpg'xf];\ M
- o;n]v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
ljlwx¿ ;Demg ;xof]u ldN5
- of] ;fdflhs ;xof]usf] /fd|f] ;|f]t x'G5  .
- s'g} ;b:o :j:y x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] ;d"xsf cGo ;xefuLx¿n] ljleGg nIf0fx¿ ofb
u/]/ x]/ljrf/ ug{ ;S5g\  .
• olb pgLx¿ ;d"xsf cGo ;xefuLx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ e]6\g rfxG5g\ eg] To;sf] of]hgf] o;}
e]6sf] cGTodf agfpg eGg'xf];\  .
(= 5nkmn M v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf]cEof; ug{ s;/L ;lDemg]

• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] cEof; hf/L /fVg ;xefuLx¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]unfO{ 3/df ;lDemg ;fdu|Lx¿ agfpg s]xL ;do lng'xf];\ -P]lR5s_
- h:t} M v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ePsf lrqx¿ jf ;+s]tx¿, kmf]6f], cflb
- olb ;do 5 eg] tkfO{+n] of] lqmofsnfk ;dfkg ;df/f]xsf] ;dodf klg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  .
- ;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]uaf/] kf]:6/, lrqx¿, cflb lbg'xf];\  .
• cyjf, v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;lDemg xft]kqx¿ -cg';"rL &_ lbg'xf];\ .
cl3 a9f}+ @) ldg]6

cl3 a9f}+sf] p2]Zo
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eljiosf] tof/L ug{ ;xof]u ug]{  .
• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsf k'/fgf nIox¿ ;dLIff
ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
• s;/L lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Rg ;xof]u ug]{
-h:t} M gofF nIox¿ agfpg]_  .
cl3 a9f}+sf r/0fx¿

!= ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsf nIox¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\
• tL nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ Jofjxfl/s lyP jf lyPgg\ lg0f{o ug{'xf];\ .
- s]nIox¿ 5f]6f]
;dodf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 <
119
- tL nIox¿ o; sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 xfl;n ug{ ;lsGYof]jf ;lsFb}gYof] < tL nIox¿

v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿n] ;xof]u ug]{ vfnsf lyP  <
• w]/} :jf:Yo jf zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf dfWodaf6
lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsFb}g  . zf/Ll/s ;d:of cfPdf :jf:Yo rf}sL hfg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• s]xL nIox¿ cGo JolQmsf cf:yf / Jojxf/df e/ kg]{ x'G5g\ / ha;Dd tL JolQmn]
kl/jt{g ug{ rfxFb}gg\, ta;Dd oL nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g .
@= ;xefuLx¿;Fu pgLx¿ s]xL
gofF nIox¿ /fVg rfxG5g\ ls ;f]Wg'
xf];\
• ;xefuLx¿sf ;a}nIox¿ -vf;u/L ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsf
/gofF nIox¿_ k|fKt ug{ s'g ljlwx¿ pko'Qm x'G5g\ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\
- of] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ s'g v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ljlw ;aeGbf pko'Qm xf]nf  <
- olb tkfO{+ pgLx¿sf]egfOdf ;xdt x'g'x'Gg eg]tkfO{+nfO{ s'g ljlw ;aeGbf pko'Qm x'G5
h:tf] nfU5, sf/0f ;lxt eGg'xf];\  .
• oL nIox¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu rfNg'kg]{sbdx¿af/]lg0f{o lng ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
cfˆgf] nIo k|ffKt ug{sf nflu of] -v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ljlwsf] gfd_ slxn]b]lv
;'? ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
o;sf nflu s] ;|f]t;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5  < pbfx/0fsf nflu M s'/fsfgL ug{
sf]xL JolQm, s'g} ;fdu|L jf hfgsf/L  <
of] nIo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu tkfO{+sf] klxnf] sbd s] xf] / Tof] slxn] ;'? ug{
;Sg'x'G5 <
#= ;xof]u kZrftsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tof/ u/fpg'xf];\

• e]6sf] cGTodf tkfO{+n] ;xof]ukZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ cfpFbf] ! b]lv @
xKtfleq ;Dks{ ug{]af/] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
;dfkg ;df/f]x !) ldg]6

• /dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]ncGtu{t æpkxf/Æ v]n v]nfpg'xf];\  .
• k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug{'xf];\  .
120
cWofo !)
v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vf
cWofo !)
(Post-PM+ Assessment)
;f/f+z
• o; n]vfhf]vfaf6 v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\ ;xefuLx¿df slQsf] ;'wf/ cfof] eGg] s'/f

yfxf kfOg]5  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\ -cyjf ;xefuLn] ;d"x 5f]8]df_ of] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5  .
• of] n]vfhf]vf JolQmut ¿kdf k|ToIf ul/G5  .
• of] n]vfhf]vf ug{ $) ldg]6 hlt nfU5  .
;fdu|Lx¿sf] hfFh;"rL
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vfsf] sfo{ljlw -cg';"rL #_ M SUDS
• ;'kl/j]Ifssf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgf, l;kmfl/; ug]{ d'Vo 7fpFx¿, cflb
olb tkfO{+ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xhLs/0f u/]sf ;xefuL;Fu v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\
sf] n]vfhf]vf ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{+ cfˆgf] p2]Zodf s]lGb|t x'g'sf ;fy} lgikIf x'g'k5{  . v'Nnf dg
;xof]usf] ;xhstf{ ePsfn] tkfO{+ ;xefuLdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]Vg rfxg'x'G5 t/ ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uaf6 ;'wf/ x'G5 eGg] 5}g  . o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls ;xefuLnfO{ tkfO{+n]
/fd|/L ;xof] ug'{ ePg  . ;xefuLx¿df ;'wf/ gcfpg'df ljleGg sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\  . h:t} M ;fd"lxs
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;lsg]a]nfdf pgLx¿sf]hLjgdf cGo tgfjhGo cj:yfx¿ cfPsf
x'g ;S5g\ cyjf pgLx¿ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;+nUg x'g pT;flxt gePsf x'g ;S5g\ jf
pgLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿ w]/ }hl6n klg x'g ;S5g\ jf ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u pgLx¿sf ;d:ofsf
nflu l7s gx'g ;S5  . slxn]sfxLF ;xefuLsf] cj:yfdf /fd|f] kl/jt{g ePsf] x'g ;S5 t/ n]vfhf]vfn]
o; af/]df k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wb}g  . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ;xefuLn] cfTd;Ddfgdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] dx;'; ug{
;S5g\ t/ o; n]vfhf]vfdf cfTd;Ddfg dfkg ug]{ k|Zgx¿ xF'b}gg\  .
121
n]vfhf]vf s;/L ug]{  <

cWofo $ x]g'{x;\ M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u n]vfhf]vfx¿
cg';"rL # df ePsf] v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\ ul/g] n]vfhf]vfsf] sfo{ljlwcg';f/ n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\  .
;lDemg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M
• ;xefuLnfO{ n]vfhf]vfsf] p2]Zo eGg'xf];\ M
- ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukl5sf
cg'ejx¿ kQf nufpg] .
• ;xefuLnfO{ o; n]vfhf]vfdf s] x'G5 eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\ M
- pgLx¿sf] efjgf / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df tkfOFn] s]xL k|Zgx¿ ug'{x'g]5 eGg]
- n]vfhf]vf $) ldg]6 hltsf] x'g]5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLnfO{ uf]kgLotfsf af/]df atfpg'xf];\ M
- pgn] lgs6 eljiodf cfˆgf] hLjg ;dfKt ug{ rfx]sf] s'/f, c¿nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg]
of]hgf agfO/x]sf] s'/f jf afnb'Jo{jxf/ ePsf] cj:yfafx]s n]vfhf]vfdf atfOPsf ;a}
hfgsf/Lx¿ uf]Ko /xG5g\ eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
- ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ eg] o;af/]df hfgsf/L x'g] s'/f atfpg'xf];\, h;sf] sfd ;xefuLx¿n]
;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{] xf]  .
• ;a} cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ -cWofo # x]g'{xf];\_  .
• n]vfhf]vf ;lsPkl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo k[i7kf]if0fx¿ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 h:t} M
- n]vfhf]vfdf ;'wf/ ePdf -æklxnf] n]vfhf]vf;Fu t'ngf ubf{ tkfO{Fsf] d'8df s]xL ;'wf/
cfPsf] 5  .Æ_
- ;'wf/ gePsf] jf cem v/fa ePsf If]qx¿ b]lvPdf -ætkfO{Fsf] k|ltlqmofcg';f/ tkfO{{FnfO{
b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ cem} ufx|f] ePsf] b]lvG5  . o:tf] lsg ePsf] xf]nf  <_Æ
• uf]kgLotf sfod ug{sf] nflu n]vfhf]vfkZrft\ ;a} sfuhftx¿ kmfOlnª u/L b/fhdf ;fFrf]
nufP/ /fVg'k5{  .
122
cWofo !)
olb ;xefuLdf ;'wf/ gcfPdf s] ug]{  <

tkfO{+sf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu ;xefuLdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] ÷gcfPsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  . e]6 % ;Dd klg
olb tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;'kl/j]Ifs ;xefuLdf s]xL ;'wf/ gcfPsf] lg0f{odf k'Ug'eof] eg] -pbfx/0fsf
nflu M efjgfTds ;d:ofx¿, h:t} M d'8, lrGtf jf tgfjdf s]xL kl/jt{g gePdf jf yf]/} kl/jt{g
ePdf_ w]/} pkfox¿ nfu" ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 -tn x]g'{xf];\_  . o; af/]df tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] e]6
$ /% aLrdf jf pQm ;xefuLnfO{ e]6 %df e]6\g' ePkZrft\ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
!= ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fusf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df pQm ;xefuLnfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
ljlwx¿nfO{ cfkm}n] lg/Gt/ cEof; ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / eljiodf km]l/ e]6\g ;do
ldnfpg'xf];\ -e]6 % ;lsPsf] tLg dlxgfkl5_  . olb ;xefuLsf] tgfjsf] :t/ uDeL/ gePdf
/ pgdf cfTdxTofsf] ;f]r gePdf dfq o:tf] ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5  .
@= ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fusf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df pQm ;xefuLnfO{ yk n]vfhf]vf tyf ;]jfsf] nflu
-dfgl;s_ :jf:YosdL{sf]df k|i] f0f ug'x{ f]; \ . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] cGTodf -jf kmnf]ck
e]6df of] n]vfhf]vf ug{ cfjZos 7fGg' ePdf_ olb ;xefuLsf] tgfjsf] :t/ uDeL/ ePdf
/pgdf cfTdxTofsf];f]r cyjf of]hgf ePdf o:tf]ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 . olb pQm ;xefuL
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf /fd|f];Fu ;xefuL ePsf] t/ pgsf] tgfjdf yf]/} dfq kl/jt{g
ePdf klg o:tf]ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 .
#= ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fusf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df pQm ;xefuLnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]us} ljlwx¿sf yk
e]6x¿ ;~rfg ug{ ;lsG5  . pbf/x0fsf nflu M ;xefuLn] sfo{qmdsf] cGTolt/ dfq} la:tf/}
tkfO{+;Fu ;xh dx;'; ug{ yfn]df cyjf ;d"xdf ;xh dx;'; gug]{;xefuLsf]nflu . olb
w]/} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ yk e]6x¿ ;~rfng ug'{ k/]df JolQmut jf ;d"xdf ug{ ;lsG5  .
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u k"/f ul/;sf]kl5 w]/} ;xefuLx¿sf nflu oL ljlwx¿ s]xL dlxgf;Dd cfkm}n]
b}lgs hLjgdf cEof; ug'{ dx¬jk"0f{ x'G5 . k|foMh;f]sfo{qmd ;lsO;s]kl5sf];dodf tgfjx¿
/;fdgf ug]{z}nLdf kl/jt{g cfpg;S5 . ;xefuLx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft 5 eGg]lglZrt ePdf yk
s'g} dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]ulagf g} pQm ljlwx¿sf] cEof; ug{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug'{ dx¬jk"0f{ x'G5  .
sfo{qmd ;lsPsf] s]xL ;dokl5 pQm ;xefuLnfO{ kmnf]ck e]6 ug]{ ;do ldnfpg ;lsG5 -h:t} M
sfo{qmd ;lsPsf] tLg dlxgfkl5_  . Tof] ;dodf ;xefuLx¿n] olb ;d:ofx¿ lg/Gt/ cg'ej u/]df
pgLx¿n]yk ;xof]u lng ;S5g\ .
123
124
cK7\of/f]cj:yfaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;fd"lxs dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u

cg';"rLx?
125
cg';"rL !
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] k"j{ n]vfhf]vf
(Pre-Group PM+ Assessment)
;xof]usf] k"j{ n]vfhf]vf klxnf] ;d"x e]6 ug'{ eGbf cufl8 ;Sg' kb{5  . of] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
e]6x¿ ;'? ug'{ ! b]lv @ xKtf cufl8 k|foM ul/G5 .
tkfO{+sf] gfd M ==================================== cfhsf] ldlt M============================
;xefuLsf] gfd / sf]8 M==============================================
;xefuLsf] ;Dks{ M=====================================================
qm=;+= ljifox¿
!= kl/ro / cg'dlt kq
@= ;fdflhs–hg;fª\lVos hfgsf/L (Socio-demographic information)
#= n]vfhf]vfx¿ (Assessments)
s= b}lgs hLjgsf af/]df n]vfhf]vf (Measure of functioning)

v= ;fdfGo dgf]j}1flgs tgfj jf efjgfTds ;d:ofaf/]df n]vfhf]vf (Measure of
General Psychological Distress)
u= dBkfg b'Jo{;gLn] ubf{ x'g;Sg] ;d:of (Measure of Alcohol Used Disorder)
3= cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfOsf] n]vfhf]vf (Suicidality)
ª= l8k|];g jf pbf;Lgtfsf nIf0fx¿ (Measure of Depression Symptoms)
r= cf3fthGo 36gfkZrft\sf]tgfjsf nIf0fx¿ (Measure of PTSD )
5= ;fdflhs ;xof]usf af/]df n]vfhf]vf (Measure of Perceived Social Support)
h= zf/Ll/s l;sfotsf nIf0fx¿ (Measure of Somatic symptoms)
em= ;fdgf ug]{ z}nLsf] n]vfhf]vf / tgfjhGo 36gfx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf
126
cg';"rL !
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf]
k"j{ n]vfhf]vf
gf]6 M 58\s] cIf/x¿ ;xefuLnfO{ k9]/ ;'gfpgsf nflu lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] xf]  .
!= kl/ro / cg'dlt kq

gd:sf/  Û d]/f] gfd===========================. d l6= lk= cf]= g]kfn eGg] ;+:yfdf sfd
u5'{  . l6= lk= cf]= g]kfn dfgl;s tyf dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yosf If]qdf sfd ub{}
cfO/x]sf] Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf]  . ljut !$ jif{b]lv o; ;+:yfn] åGå, k|fs[lts
k|sf]kx¿ -h:t} M af9L, klx/f], e"sDk_, dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/, 3/]n' lx+;f
tyf Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; h:tf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿af6 kLl8t JolQmx¿ tyf ltgsf
kl/jf/x¿nfO{ dgf];dflhs ;xof]u k|bfg ub{} cfO/xs ] f] 5  . d}n] a'em]cg';f/ tkfO{n
+ fO{
ufx|f] eO/x]sf] 5  . To;sf nflu d s]xL ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' ls eg]/ tkfO{+;Fu e]6\b}
5' . o; ;xof]usf af/]df s]xL
eGg rfxG5' tfls tkfO{+nfO{ lg0f{o lng ;xh xf];\  .
sf]xL JolQmx¿ tgfj jf cGo dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ cg'ej ub{5g\, h;n]
ubf{ pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgdf c;/ kb{5  . oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu
JolQmnfO{ ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg Ps ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf]ljsf; ePsf]5 . of];Lk l;Sg
kfFr xKtf nfUg]5 / tkfO{+nfO{ d}+n] oL ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg]5'  .
xfdL cfzf ub{5f}+o; sfo{qmdn]tkfO{+nfO{ oL ;d:ofx¿sf];fdgf ug{ ;Lkx¿ k|bfg
ub{5  . o; sfo{qmdn] k|ToIf ;fdu|Lx¿ lbP/ ;xof]u ub}{g jf cfly{s ;xof]u ub}{g
t/ dxŒjk"0f{ ;Lkx¿ eg]lbG5 .
olb tkfO{+ o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g OR5's x'g'ePdf clxn]tkfO{+;Fu cGtjf{tf
lng rfxG5'  . o; sfo{qmddf of]sfo{qmd tkfO{+sf nflu pko'Qm 5 jf 5}g eGg]yfxf
kfpg tkfO{+nfO{ s:tf] dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5 / s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eg]/ ;f]Wg]5'  .
;'? ug'{ cl3 o; cGtjftf{df tkfO{n+ ] eGg'ePsf ;a} s'/fx¿ uf]Ko /xG5g\ eg]/ tkfO{n+ fO{
hfgsf/L lbg rfxG5'  . d]/f] ;'kl] /jI] fs jf tkfO{nF ] s;}nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' geg];Dd c¿
s;}nfO{ klg oL hfgsf/Lx¿ yfxf lbg] 5'Og  . tkfO{n+ ] cGtjftf{df lbPsf] k|ltlqmof d}n]
n]Vg'kg]{ x'G5  . pQm k|ltlqmof o; ;+:yfsf] sfof{nosf] b/fhdf ;fFrf] nufP/ /flvg]5  .
olb tkfO{+n] lgs6 eljiodf cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cGTo ug{] of]hgf agfpg'ePsf] 5 eGg]
dnfO{ nfu]df jf tkfO{+nfO{ s;}n] g/fd|f];Fu xflg ul//x]sf] jf tkfO{+n] s;}nfO{ xflg
k'¥ofpFb} x'g'x'G5 eGg] yfxf ePdf jf tkfO{+n] sf]xL afnaflnsf b'Jo{jxf/df k/]sf]
hfgsf/L lbPdf dfq} dnfO{Uff]kgLotf tf]8\g] cg'dlt 5  . lsgls tkfO{+ -/ c¿ JolQm_
nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' d]/f] sfd xf]  . olb d}n] uf]kgLotf tf]8\g' k/]df tkfO{+nfO{ klxnf
eGg]5' / To;kl5 dfq d]/f] ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ eGg]5'  . d]/f] ;'kl/j]Ifs o:tf ;d:ofx¿
ef]lu/x]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ Ps tflnd k|fKt JolQm x'g'x'G5  .
tkfO{+ lg/Gt/tf lbg rfxg'x'G5  <
127
;xefuLsf nflu :jLs[lt kq

olb ;xefuLx¿ n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg] 5g\ eg] :jLs[lt lng] JolQmn] of] :jLs[lt kq k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\  .
d}n] of] :jLs[lt kmf/d /fd|/L k9]sf]÷;'g]sf] 5' / s'g} klg a]nf cfˆgf] ;xeflutf /f]Sg ;Sg] u/L o;
;xof]udf ;xefuL x'G5'  . x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] tyf ldlt pNn]v ul/Psf] Psk|lt :jLs[lt kq dnfO{ klg
lbOg]5  .
======================= ======================= =======================
;xefuLsf] x:tfIf/ ldlt ;do
=======================
;xefuLsf] ;Dks{ kmf]g g+=
======================= ======================= =======================
:jLs[t lng] JolQmsf] x:tfIf/ ldlt ;do
@= ;fdflhs–hg;fª\lVos hfgsf/L (Socio-demographic information)

;fdfGo ;fdflhs–hg;fª\lVos hfgsf/L
o; v08df xfdL tkfO{Fsf] k9fOn]vfO, k];f, hft, tkfO{Fn] dfGg] wd{, j}jflxs cj:yfsf af/]df / ;fy} tkfO{Fsf]
kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;+Vof, cfo–cfh{g OToflbsf af/]df s'/fsfgL u5f}+  .
lhNnf: ………………………………. Uff=kf=÷gu/kflnsf……………………………..
j8f……………………… glhs}sf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf lxF8]/ k'Ug] b"/L(ldg]6df) ………………………………
glhs}sf] c:ktfndf lxF8]/ k'Ug] b"/L -ldg]6df_………………..
128
cg';"rL !
k"j{ n]vfhf]vf
A1 tkfOF{ slt jif{sf] x'g'eof]  < =================jif{
A2 pQ/bftfsf] lnË k'?if )

dlxnf !
A3 tkfO{Fn]slt sIff;Dd k9\g'ePsf]5 < k9\g n]Vg g;Sg] )
;fIf/ jf cgf}krfl/s lzIff !
lnPsf]
k|fylds tx @
dfWolds tx #
pRr dfWolds tx $
ljZjljBfno %
A4 tkfOF{sf] k];f s] xf]nf  < s[lif !
hflu/ @
Jofkf/ #
Hofnfbf/L $
a]/f]huf/ %
ljBfyL{ ^
u[x0fL &
cGo -v'Nnfpg'xf];\_ ============================
A5 tkfO{F s'g hfthfltsf]x'g'x'G5 xf]nf <
a|fx\d0f !
IfqL @
blnt #
hghflt $
cGo -v'Nnfpg'xf];\_ ============================
tkfO{F s'g wd{ dfGg'x'G5 xf]nf < lxGb" !
A6
af}4 @
d'l:nd #
lqml:rog $
cGo -v'Nnfpg'xf];\_ ============================
129
A7 tkfO{Fsf] j}jflxs cj:yf s] xf]nf  < cljjflxt !

ljjflxt @
ljwjf÷ljw'/ #
5f]8kq u/]sf] $
cnu ePsf] %
A8 tkfO{+sf] s:tf] lsl;dsf] kl/jf/ xf]  < Psn kl/jf/ !
;+o'Qm kl/jf/ @
A9 ;fdfGotof 3/df tkfO{+ s'g efiff af]Ng'x'G5 < Gf]kfnL !
tfdfª @
du/ #
u'?ª $
g]jf/ %
c¿-pNn]v ug'{xf];\ _
A10 tkfO{Fsf] 3/df slt hgf ;b:o x'g'x'G5 xf]nf  <
A11 tkfO{+sf] jf tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/sf] sdfO oL ;dox¿df x'Fb}gYof] -Ps dlxgfeGbf sd_ !
-s;}sf] k};f ltg'{kbf{, afnLgfnL leq\ofpFbf jf c¿ Yff]/} dfqfdf -! b]lv # dlxgf;Dd_ @
s'g} k};f vr{ x'g] ;dodf_ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu
kof{Kt x'GYof]  < k|foM h;f]-# b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd_ #
w]/} h;f] -^ b]lv ( dlxgf;Dd_ $
;wF} h;f] -# b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd_ %
ofb 5}g ***
130
cg';"rL !
k"j{ n]vfhf]vf
#= n]vfhf]vfx¿
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{ cufl8 g]kfndf lgDg n]vfhf]vfx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] M
qm=; n]vfhf]vf k|ZgfjnLx¿ lj:t[t hfgsf/L

s= b}lgs hLjgsf af/]df WHODAS 2.0 ;xefuLn] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ug{ ;ls/x]sf] jf
n]vfhf]vf g;ls/x]sf] yfxf kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn] ;xof]u
u5{ .
v= ;fdfGo dgf]j}1flgs • Heart-mind • tTsfn dgsf] ;d:of ePsf] jf gePsf] yfxf
tgfj jf efjgfTds kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn];xof]u u5{ .
• General Health
;d:ofaf/]df n]vfhf]vf Questionnaire • ;fdfGo dgf]j}1flgs tgfj jf efjgfTds
(GHQ-12) ;d:of ePsf] jf gePsf] yfxf kfpg o;
k|ZgfjnLn] ;xof]u u5{  .
u= dBkfg b'Jo{;gLn] ubf{ Alcohol Used ;xefuL dBkfg b'Jo{;gLdf k/]sf] jf gk/]sf]
x'g;Sg] ;d:of Disorders yfxf kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn];xof]u u5{ .
Identification Test
(AUDIT)
3= cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfOsf] Suicidality ;xefuLnfO{ tTsfn cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfOtyf
n]vfhf]vf of]hgf
5 jf 5}g yfxf kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn]
;xof]u u5{  .
ª= l8k|];g jf pbf;Lgtfsf Patient Health b'O{ xKtfb]lv ;xefuLnfO{ l8k|];g jf
nIf0fx¿ Questionnaire pbf;Lgtfsf nIf0fx¿ 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg]yfxf
(PHQ)
kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn];xof]u u5{ .
r= cf3fthGo 36gfkZrft\sf] PTSD Checklist for ;xefuLn] cf3fthGo 36gfkZrft\sf] tgfjsf
tgfjsf nIf0fx¿ DSMS (PCL-5) nIf0fx¿ b]vfPsf]
5 jf 5}g yfxf kfpg o;
5= ;fdflhs ;xof]usf Multidimensional kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿, ;fyLx¿ / cGo vfnsf]
af/]df n]vfhf]vf scale of Perceived ;xof]u;Fu ;xefuLsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df yfxf
Social Support
kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn];xof]u u5{ .
(MSPSS)
h= zf/Ll/s l;sfotsf Somatic ;xefuLx¿nfO{ slQsf] zf/Ll/s ;d:ofn] ufx|f]
nIf0fx¿ Symptoms Scale-8 agfPsf] 5 yfxf kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn] ;xof]u
(SSS-8)
u5{ .
em= ;fdgf ug]{ z}nLsf] Reducing Tension ;xefuLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Jojxf/ / ;fdflhs
n]vfhf]vf Checklist (RTC) ;Lkx¿sf af/]df yfxf kfpg o; k|ZgfjnLn]
;xof]u u5{  .
Traumatic Events
tgfjhGo 36gfx¿sf] Inventory (TEI) ;xefuLn] hLjgsfndf s'g} ljz]if tgfjhGo
n]vfhf]vf 36gfx¿ ef]u]sf af/]df yfxf kfpg o;
131
cg';"rL @
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
(During-Group PM+ Assessment)
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u eO/x]sf] a]nfdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s:tf] 5 eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L lng 5f]6f]
jf cgf}krfl/s n]vfhf]vf ug{'kb{5  . g]kfndf SUDS (Subjective Unit of Distress Scale) k|ZgfjnL
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5  . of] n]vfhf]vf e]6 @ b]lv e]6 % ;Dd ;d"xe]6 ;~rfng ug'{ cufl8 JolQmut
¿kdf ul/G5  .
SUDS (e]6 @, #, $ /% sf nflu_
!= tkfO{+sf] clxn]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of s] xf]  <

@= of] ;d:ofn] tkfO{+nfO{ lxhf]cfh slQsf] c;/ u/]sf] 5  < -ljleGg txdf kfgL el/Psf % j6f
af]6nx¿sf lrqx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ _
#= tkfO{+sf] jt{dfg d'8 -dgl:ylt_ s:tf] 5  <
s= b'MvL 3= lrlGtt
v= g b'MvL g v';L ª v';L
u= l/;
$= tkfO{+sf] jt{dfg tgfjsf] :t/ s:tf] 5  < -ljleGg txdf kfgL el/Psf % j6f af]6nx¿sf
lrqx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ _
%= tkfO{+nfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf dg]{ljrf/cfpF5 <
s= cfpF5 v= cfpFb}g
^= tkfO{+n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf dg]{ of]hgf agfpg' ePsf] 5  <
s= 5 v= 5}g
132
cg';"rL #
bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf
cg';"rL #
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]ukZrft\sf] n]vfhf]vf
(Post-Group PM+ Assessment)
Gff]6 M ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;lsPsf] s]xL xKtfleq of] n]vfhf]vf ug'{k5{  . ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg
;xof]u ;lsPsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 klg kmnf]ck e]6 ubf{ o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5  .
g]kfndf v'Nnf dg ;xof]uk"j{ ul/Psf n]vfhf]vfx¿nfO{ g} ;xof]ukZrft\ klg ltg} k|ZgfjnLx¿
;f]w]/ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
qm=;+= n]vfhf]vfx¿ (Assessments)
s= b}lgs hLjgsf af/]df n]vfhf]vf (Measure of functioning)
v= ;fdfGo dgf]j}1flgs tgfj jf efjgfTds ;d:ofsf af/]df n]vfhf]vf (Measure of

General Psychological Distress)
u= dBkfg b'Jo{;gLn] ubf{ x'g ;Sg] ;d:of (Measure of Alcohol Used Disorder)
3= cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfOsf] n]vfhf]vf (Suicidality)
ª= l8k|];g jf pbf;Lgtfsf nIf0fx¿ (Measure of Depression Symptoms)
r= cf3fthGo 36gfkZrft\sf]tgfjsf nIf0fx¿ (Measure of PTSD )
5= ;fdflhs ;xof]usf af/]df n]vfhf]vf (Measure of Perceived Social Support)
h= zf/Ll/s l;sfotsf nIf0fx¿ (Measure of Somatic symptoms)
em= ;fdgf ug]{ z}nLsf] n]vfhf]vf / tgfjhGo 36gfx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf
133
cg';"rL $
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf / k|ltlqmof
cfTdxTofsf] hf]lvdsf af/d ] f tn hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5  . cfTdxTofsf] hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf / Joj:yfgsf
af/]df of] sfo{ljlw k'gM lbOPsf] 5 tfls tkfO{+n] cfjZos kfgfx¿ kmf]6f]skL ug{ ;Sg"xf];\  . n]vfhf]vf
ug]{ qmddf / ;d"x e]6df of] nUg'xf];\  . cfTdxTofsf] ;f]rfO ePsf] ;xefuL;Fu s;/L n]vfhf]vf ug]{
/ k|ltlqmof lbg] eGg] af/]df gla;{gsf] nflu tn k|:t't ul/Psf] hfgsf/L nfu" ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/G5  .
cfTdxTofsf] ;f]r ePsf ;xefuLx¿;“u n]vfhf]vf ug{] sfo{ljlw

!= cfTdxTofsf] hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf
!= ;f]rfO÷ljrf/ @= of]hgf #= ;fwg / $= k|of; af/d] f ;f]Wg'xf]; \ . o;sf] nflu tn lbOPsf
k|Zgx¿åf/f k"0f{ hfsf/L lng'xf];\ M
• tkfO{n
F fO{ o:tf] ljrf/ Smlxn]bl] v cfpg yfn]sf] xf]  <
• Uft xKtf jf b'O{ xKtfb]lv tkfO{s
F f] o:tf] ljrf/ cem} a9\b} uO/xs
] f] 5  <
• Smlxn]sf ljrf/ dfq geP/ k|of; ug{] s'g} of]hgf klg agfpg' ePsf]5 <
• of] of]hgfsf tkfO{;F uF ;fwgx¿ 5g\ <
• Kflxnf klg cfk"mnfO{ xflg x'g] s'g} k|of; ug'{ ePsf]lyof] <
• klxnf ] f] k|of;k|lt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M To;sf af/d] f s[kof cem} s]xL egL lbg'xG' 5  <
u/s
s] k|of; ug{' ePsf] lyof]  < s] ePsf] lyof]  < To;kl5 s:tf] dx;'; ug'{ ePsf] lyof]  <
@= cfTdxTof hf]lvdsf] k|ltlqmof jf Joj:yfkg
• hlxn] klg ;'kl/jI] fsnfO{ ;Dks{ ug{x' f]; \ .
• la/fdL;Fu ljZjfl;nf] ;DaGw / ;'/lIft jftfj/0f agfpg'xf];  .
• cfTdxTof ug{af6 /fS] g cfTdxTof ug]{ ;fwgx¿ la/fdLaf6 6f9f /fVg] Joj:yf ug{x' f]; \ .
• JolQmnfO{ PSn} g5f]8g
\ x' f];\ / x/s
] ;do x]/rfx ug]{ JolQm jf ;xsdL{sf] lgu/fgLdf /fVg'xf]; \ .
• ;Dej ePdf zfGt 7fpFdf cf/fd ug{ lbg'xf];\
 .
• la/fdLsf s'/f k"0f{ ¿kdf ;'Gg'xf];\ / p;sf cfˆgf efjgfx¿ JoQm ug{ k|fT] ;fxg ug{x' f];\
• hf]lvd tŒjx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ -h:t} M Psn JolQm, tTsfn} kl/jf/sf] ;b:o u'dfPsf], l/;
a9\b} uPsf] cflb_  .
134
cg';"rL $
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfTdxTofsf]
;f]rfOsf] n]vfhf]vf / k|ltlqmof
• ;'/lIft tTjx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ -h:t} M ;fdflhs ;xof]u_  .

• clen]v /fVg'xf];\  .
• l;kmfl/; jf k|]if0f ug]{ -h:t} M dgf]ljdz{stf{, c:ktfn_
• kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu o;sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]  .
• kmf]g g+ M (*$))@!^)) -cfTdxTofsf];f]r cfPdf o; kmf]g g+= df ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5_
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmddf cfTdxTofsf] ;f]r ePsf ;xefuLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf qmddf ;xefuLx¿df hLjg cGTo ug]{;f]r cfpg ;S5 t/tTsfn}
of]hgf gagfPsf] x'g ;S5  . v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL x'g'sf] sf/0f / r'gf}tLaf/] agfOPsf]
tflnsf -cWofo % x]g'{xf];\_ n] o:tf ;f]rx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ / afFRg'kg]{ sf/0fx¿af/] ;f]Rg
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ub{5  . o;df afFRg'kg]{ / afFRg'gkg]{ sf/0fx¿df 5nkmnnfO{ s]lGb|t
ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f]sfd afFRg' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 / dg{] ;f]r Ifl0fs ¿kdf -h:t} M pgLx¿sf] dgsf]
;d:ofn] dg]{ ;f]r cfPsf] s'/f ;'wfg{ ;lsG5_ dfq} cfpF5 eGg] s'/f dx;'; ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ xf]  .
d/]sf] eP /fd|f] x'GYof] eGg] ;f]Rg'sf sf/0fx¿af/] ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]w]/ ;'?jft ug'{xf];\  . To;kl5
afFRg'sf] sf/0f af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  .
k|Zgx¿sf] pbfx/0f M
• tkfO{+nfO{ of] cj:yfdf s]n] arfO/x]sf] 5  <
• kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf sf]xL ;fyL x'g'x'G5, h;sf nflu tkfO{+ afFRg' ePsf] 5  <
• hLjgdf /dfOnf] cg'ej u/]sf] If0f s]xL 5  < tTsfn}  < klxn]  <
• hlxn] klg o:t} dx;'; x'G5  < olb x'Fb}g eg] hLjgdf /dfOnf] dx;'; ug{ s] ug'{x'GYof]  <
• tkfO{Fsf] eljiosf nflu s]s] cfzfx¿ 5g\  < -Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;fdfwfg ug]{ /
efjgfTds ;d:ofx¿ sd ug]{af/] ;f]Rg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\  ._
• olb of] ;d:of gePsf] eP olta]nf s:tf] cg'ej ul//xg'ePsf] x'GYof]  < To;n]
tkfO{Fsf] dg]{ ;f]rnfO{ kl/jt{g uYof]{  <
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]u tkfO{+sf] ;d:of /fd|/L ;DxfNg tyf sd ug{nfO{ agfOPsf] xf]  . of]
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO/xg'eof] / tkfO{Fsf] ;d:of sd eof] eg] s] of] tkfO{+ afFRg'sf]
;xL sf/0f x'g ;S5 <
;xefuLx¿sf] k|ltlqmof ;'lg;s]kl5 afFRg' / dg'{sf d'Vo sf/0fx¿af/] ;f/f+; ug{'xf];\  . pgLx¿n]
eg]sf] afFRg'sf] sf/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg'xf];\  . To;kl5 v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf ;xefuL x'g'sf] sf/0f
/ r'gf}tLaf/] agfOPsf] tflnsf af/] k'gM atfpg'xf];\  . of] tflnsf sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf h'g;'s}
;dodf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s'/f ofb ug'{xf];\  .
135
cg;"rL % M
;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ / ;xhstf{x¿sf nflu gf]6x¿
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿
;xefuLx¿ cfkm}n] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ubf{ w]/} k|sf/sf
;d:ofx¿ cfOkg{ ;S5g\  . w]/}h;f] cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ / ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
lgDg 5g\ M
cEof;sf qmddf ;xefuLx¿n] p7fpg] ;d:ofx¿ jf u'gf;fx¿af/] tkfO{+sf] ;'kl/j]If0f
e]6x¿df lgoldt ¿kdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
;d:of ;dfwfg
;xL tl/sfn] ;f; km]g{] ljifodf ;xefuL ;xefuLnfO{ lbOPsf lgb]{zgx¿ h:tfsf] t:t}
lgs} lrlGtt 5g\ -h:t} M # ;]s]G8df ;f; dfGg]af/] lrlGtt gx'g k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\  .
lng] / kmfNg], k]6 km'nfP/ ;f; km]g]{_ eg] uGtL gldn] klg jf k]6nfO{ km'nfP/ ;f; lng g;s]
klg o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ l9nf]
agfpg' xf] eGg'xf];\  .
Psk6s Zjf;k|Zjf;sf]ultnfO{ l9nf]agfpg ;kmn
ePkl5 pgLx¿n] ulGt ldnfpg] / k]6 km'nfP/ ;f;
km]g]{ sf]l;; ug{ ;Sg]5g\  .
;xefuL cflQFbf jf tgfj pRr ePsf] To:tf] cj:yfdf To;f] ug{ w]/}nfO{ lgs} ufx|f] x'G5
cj:yfdf cfˆgf] Zjf;k|Zjf; l9nf] agfpg eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
;xefuLnfO{ ufx|f]x'g ;S5 tgfjsf];'?cftL ;+stx¿ ] klxrfg ug{ ;xefuLnfO{
;xof]u ug{x' f];\ tfls l9nf] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof;
;dod} ;'? ug{ ;lsof]; \ .
olb of] cEof; Psbd} sl7g x' g k' U of] eg]
pgLx¿nfO{ lbgsf] lglZrt ;do tf]s]/ o;nfO{
cEof; ug{ eGg'xf];\ tfls cflQFbf jf tgfj dx;';
x'Fbf la:tf/} Zjf; km]g]{ ug{ ;lsof];\  .
Zjf;k|Zjf;df Wofg lbFbf ;]jfu|fxL cflQg] pgLx¿nfO{ Zjf;k|Zjf;df dfq}Wofg lbg' eGbf s'g}
/ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult emg} a9\g] x'G5  . 38Lsf] -l6sl6s_ cfjfhdf -jf s'g} uLtsf] tfndf_
ldNg] u/L Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof; ug{ ;xof]u ug{x' f]; \ .
136
cg';"rL %
;xof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿ /
;xhstf{x¿sf nflu gf]6x¿
;xefuLx¿nfO{ rSs/ nfu]sf] h:tf] jf oL cg'ejx¿ cfpg' :jfefljs xf] / o;sf] cy{ cfˆgf]
emdemd ePsf] h:tf] jf cfˆgf] lgoGq0f lgoGq0f u'dfpg' x}g eg]/ ofb lbnfpg'xf]; \ .
u'Dg nfu]sf] h:tf] cyjf k]6 b'Vg] / c;xh ;a} Zjf; aflx/ kmfNg -;fdfGo ¿kn] ;f; kmfNg]_
dx;'; klg x'g ;S5 . /Zjf;nfO{ k|fs[lts ¿kd}leq cfpg lbg jf
cfkm;]cfkm cfpg lbg k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  .
To;kZrft\ pgLx¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ;du| k|lqmof
-leq /aflx/_ df Wofg lbg ;Sg]5g\ .
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwaf/] ;xhstf{sf nflu gf]6
;d:ofsf] ;"rL
klxnf] n]vfhf]vfdf tkfO{+n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ b'O{j6f d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ eGg nufpg'eof]  . ;d:of
;DxfNg] ljlwsf] klxnf] sbddf log} b'O{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dLIff ul/G5  . To;f] ubf{ ;xefuLx¿sf
cGo klg s]xL rf;f]x¿ 5g\ ls eg]/ ;f]lwG5 /oL ;a d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5
jf ;lsFb}g eg]/ lg0f{o klg ul/G5  . Psbd} lg/fz dx;'; ug]{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg'xf];\  .
pgLx¿ cfˆgf ;a} ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;Dej 5}g eGg] ;f]R5g\  . To;}n] tkfO{+n] s'g}
;d:of lsg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ a'emfpg'kg]{ x'g;S5  .
;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg];d:ofx¿ tL x'g\, h;df xfd|f]s'g}lgoGq0f jf k|efj x'Fbg} jf h;nfO{
s]xL kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsFb}g, h:t} M 6x/fdf af; x'g', pkrf/ gx'g] /f]u nfUg' jf ckfª\utf x'g' .
t/ klg, x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ s'g} ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] ;d:ofsf] klg s]xL efux¿df kl/jt{g
Nofpg ;lsG5  . h:t} M SofG;/sf] ladf/Ln] /f]usf] cj:yfdf s]xL ug{ g;s] klg kL8f sd
ug{df jf pkrf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 . ;xefuL;Fusf];xsfo{df pQm ;d:ofsf]
s]xL ;fgf efux¿df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 ls eg]/ vf]Hg] tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf xf]  .
r/0f !M ;d:of 5fGg'xf];\

;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] klxnf] r/0f eg]sf] ;xefuLn] ;dfwfg ug{ rfx]sf] ;d:of 5fGg' xf]  .
;xefuLn] ;'?df s'g} ;/n jf ;fgf] ;d:of 5fGg'kg]5 {   . of] ;d:of ;xefuLn] klxnf] n]vfhf]vfdf
eg]s} ;d:of x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g  . ;fgf] ;d:ofaf6 ;'? ugf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] ;'?d}
;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] cg'ej x'g]5  .
t/ sfo{qmd cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf tkfO{n + ] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚsf] k|of]u u/L 7'nf /
cem hl6n ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;3fpg'kg]5 {   . o;f] ug{' h?/L 5 lsgeg] pgLx¿n] sfo{qmdsf]
;dflKtkl5 tkfO{s + f] ;xof]u lagf …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚsf] k|of]u ug{ r'gf}ltk'0f{ x'g;S5  . t/, cGo
lg0f{ox¿df h:t} o;sf nflu klg tkfO{n + ] cfˆgf] ;'kl/jI] fs;Fu ;Nnfx ug{k' b{5  .
137
r/0f @ M ;d:ofsf] JofVof ug'{xf];\

To;kl5 tkfO{+n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQm ;d:ofnfO{ hlt;Sbf] :ki6 / ;6Ls tl/sfn] kl/eflift
ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
o;sf s]xL sf/0fx¿ 5g\ M
• :ki6 / ;6Ls ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 lsgeg] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu
pkfox¿sf] af/]df ;f]Rg ;lhnf] x'G5  .
• ;d:of ;dfwfg eof]jf ePg eg]/a'‰g pQm JolQmnfO{ ;lhnf]x'G5 .
• :ki6;Fu atfOPsf ;d:ofx¿ ;xefuLsf nflu w]/} 7'nf h:tf b]lvFb}gg\ -h:t} M æd]/f]
>Ldfg\;Fu ;DaGwdf ;d:ofÆ /æ>Ldfg\ sfdaf6 3/kms{Fbf dnfO{ emsf]{nfUg'Æ oL b'O{
;d:ofx¿nfO{ t'ngf ug{'xf];\  ._
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw Jofjxfl/s -b}lgs ef]Ug'kg]{_ ;d:ofsf nflu ldN5 / s]xL xb;Dd kl/jt{g
jf k|efljt ug{ ;lsG5  . s'g} ;xefuLn] cfk"mn] kl/jt{g ug{ rfx]sf] ;d:of …ul/aLÚ xf] eGg
;S5g\  . of] ;d:of lgs} 7'nf] / c:ki6 5  . tkfO{+n] pQm ;xefuLnfO{ o; ;d:ofnfO{ cem
:ki6 / Jofjxfl/s agfpg ;xof]u ug{'k5{  . o;sf nflu, /fd|f] tl/sf eg]sf] ;d:ofsf af/]df
cem w]/} hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{' xf]  .
;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ ;3fpg] s]xL k|Zgx¿
• slxn] / s:tf] cj:yfdf of] ;d:of cfpF5  <
• of] ;d:of k/]sf] a]nfdf olb d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ e]6]+ eg] s] b]Vg]5', tkfO{+ s:tf] b]lvg'x'g]5,
tkfO{+ s] ub}{ -jf s] gub}{_ x'g'x'g]5  <
• olb of] ;d:of gk/s
] f] eP tkfO{s
+ f] hLjg -h:t} M tkfO{s
+ f] b}lgs hLjg_ s]s] km/s x'GYof] xf]nf  <
• olb tkfO{+nfO{ of] ;d:of ca 5}g eg] tkfO{+n] jf d}n] s;/L yfxf kfpF5f}+ xf]nf  < tkfO{+n]
dx;'; ug]{ jf Jojxf/ ug]{ z}nLdf s] s:tf] leGgtf x'GYof] xf]nf  <
of] r/0f ;hxstf{sf nflu ;a}eGbf ufx|f] x'g;S5  . t/ o;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ug{' Psbd} dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5 lsgeg] afFsLsf ljlwx¿ l;sfpgdf o;n] k|efj kfg]{5  . To;sf/0f ;xefuLx¿n] klxnf]
e]6df eg]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug]{ eg]/ klxnf] e]6 / bf];|f] e]6sf aLrdf tof/L
ug{'xf];\  . ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;dodf o;sf] 5nkmn ug{' pkof]uL x'G5  . w]/}h;f] ;dodf ;xefuLn]
tkfO{+n] tof/L u/]sf] ;d:of g5fGg ;S5g\ t/ ;d:of kl/eflift ug]{ cEof; pkof]uL x'G5  .
138
cg';"rL %
r/0f # M ;d:of ;DxfNg]ljlwsf ;Defljt pkfox¿

;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift ul/;s]kl5, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQm ;d:ofsf] k"/} efu jf s]xL v08sf] nflu
hlt;Sbf] w]/} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;f]Rg k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\  . o;sf ;fy} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
JolQmut Ifdtf, cfˆgf ;|f]tx¿ -h:t}M ;fyLefO, cfkmGtx¿, cflb_ /;xof]usf dfWodx¿sf
af/]df klg ;f]Rg ;3fpg'xf];\  .
of] r/0f ;Nnfx lbg] af/]df xf]Og
olb ;xefuLx¿ lg/fz 5g\ eg] w]/}h;f] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d:ofsf] ;Defljt ;dfwfgx¿ vf]Hg
;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . ;do sd ePsf]cj:yfdf ;Defljt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ atfpg
tkfO{+nfO{ xtf/nfUg ;S5 . t/, v'Nnf dg ;xof]u tflndsf ¿kdf ePsf] x'gfn] tkfO{+n]
;xefuLx¿nfO{ o;af/d ] f ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx¿ lbP/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cfkm} lgsfNg dfu{lgb]z
{
ug{'xf];\  . o;n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tkfO{+df cfl>t geO{ cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf] cfkm} ;dfwfg lgsfNg
;xof]u u5{ /eljiodf klg cfˆgf];d:ofsf]Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . gq v'Nnf dg
;xof]usf] cGTokl5 ;xefuLx¿ tkfO{Fdfly e/ kg]{ eO{ ;d:of aGg ;S5g\  .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M cfˆgf aRrfx¿sf] dfl;s lkm; ltg]{ af/]df Pshgf ;xefuL lgs} lrlGtt
x'gx' G' 5  . cfˆgf] s'g} ljZjfl;nf] JolQm;Fu ;xof]u lng pxfFnfO{ ;'emfj lbg'xf]; \ . tkfO{n
+ ] lglZrt
dfG5] -h:t} M pxfFsL cfdf_ tf]s]/ eGg'eGbf ;xefuLx¿n] cfkm} g} ljleGg pkfox¿sf] vf]hL
u¿g\ eGg] g} of] r/0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf]  . - pkfox¿ cfk}m ;f]Rg k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu tn
lbOPsf] …lg/fzfsf efjgfx¿Ú x]g{'xf];\ ._
JolQmut dfGotfx¿ Vofn ug{'xf];\
o; ;dodf cfˆgf JolQmut dfGotfx¿n]o; lqmofsnfkdf c;/gkf¿g\ eg]/Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
h:t} M ;xefuLx¿n] ;f]rs
] f s]xL ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ tkfO{s + f nflu l7s gx'g;S5g\ -h:t} M s'g}
wfld{s u'?;Fu s'/f ug]{, sfd 5Ng], s;}nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ cflb_  . o;}u/L tkfO{+nfO{
cfˆgf]dfGotfcg';f/sf pkfox¿ klg eGg dg nfUg ;S5 t/tkfO{+n];xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg
ug{' /pgLx¿sf JolQmut dfGotfx¿df jfbljjfb gug{' Psbd}dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5  . sfo{qmdsf]
cjlwe/ tkfO{+n] cfˆgf d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ cnu /fv]/ ;xefuLx¿sf JolQmut ljZjf; /
dfGotfx¿sf cfwf/df lg0f{o lng ;xof]u ug{' cToGt}dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
olb tkfO{+{ ;xefuLx¿n] eg]sf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿df c;xdt x'g'x'G5 eg] o;af/] cfˆgf]
;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu s'/f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  .
139
;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx¿

o; cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg tkm{ ;xefuLx¿ gnfu"g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljz]if
Wofg lbg h?/L x'G5 . ha ;xefuLx¿ ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofsf];dfwfg cfkm}lgsfNg vf]H5g\ , ta
o:tf] w]/}h;f] x'G5  . clg pgLx¿ st} g st} k'u]/ c8\lsG5g\  . To;}n] o; cj:yfdf rfx] Tof]
;dfwfg k|efjsf/L xf]; jf gxf];\, xfd|f] p2]Zo eg]sf] s'g} Pp6f ;dfwfgsf] pkfo lgsfNg' xf]  .
o; r/0fdf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;xL jf unt s]5g\ egL 5'6o\ fOFbg} eg]/;xefuLx¿nfO{
:d/0f u/fpg'xf];\  . ;xefuLx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ slQsf /fd|f 5g\ eg]/ gx]/Lsg
a9LeGbf a9L pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg'k5{  . o; a]nf s]xL xfF;f] p7\bf / d"v{ k|sf/sf pkfox¿
lbg klg ;Sg'x'G5 .
lg/fzfsf efjgfx¿
cToGt}lrlGtt jf lg/fz ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;f]Rg lgs}sl7g x'g;S5 .
pgLx¿n] s]xL s'/f klg ;'wf/ x'Fb}g eGg] ;f]Rg] / kl/l:ylt kl/jt{g ug{ cfˆgf] Ifdtfdf klg
ljZjf; gug]{ x'gfn] o:tf] ePsf] xf]  . tkfO{+n] ljleGg k|Zgx¿ u/]/ pgLx¿af6 k|ltlqmof lng
;Sg'x'G5, h:t} M
• p:t} cj:yfdf ePsf] cGo s'g} ;fyLnfO{ s:tf] ;dfwfgn] sfd unf{  < eg]/ ;f]Wg
;Sg'x'G5
• pgn] ljutdf s]s] k|of;x¿ u/] -tL k|of;x¿ ;kmn eP klg jf geP klg_ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• h:t} M sf]xLsf]xLn] c¿;Fu s'/f ubf{ kmfObf ePsf] kfPsf 5g\  . s] o;f] ubf{ l7s
xf]nf h:tf] tkfO{+nfO{ nfU5  < tkfO{+ sf];Fu s'/f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  < of] ;d:ofsf] s]xL
efu ;dfwfg ug{ tkfO{+n]s]eGg jf ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'G5 <
r/0f $M pko'Qm pkfo 5fGg]

ha ;xefuL;Fu ldn]/;a};dfwfgsf pkfox¿ lgsflnG5, ta tkfO{n]tL pkfox¿nfO{
d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  . olta]nf tkfO{+n] x/]s ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
slQsf] k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL 5g\ eg]/ x]g{'xf];\ / ;xefuLx¿sf nflu ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{]
pkfox¿ dfq 5fGg ;xof]u ug{'xf];\  .
cNksfnLg -5f]6f] ;do_ / bL3{sfnLg -nfdf] ;do_ kl/0ffdx¿
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg b'j} kl/0ffdx¿ s]nfpg'xf];\  .
pbfx/0fsf nflu M cfˆgf]lk|ohgsf]d[To'kZrft\ kL8fbfos ;Demgfx¿ ;fdgf ug{sf nflu
aflx/lxF8\8'n gug{' –cfk"mnfO{ PSNofpg'_ Ps cNksfnLg ;dfwfg x'g;S5 t/nfdf];dosf
nflu x]bf{ o;n]pbf;Lgtf h:tf cGo ;d:ofx¿ lgDTofpg ;S5 .
140
cg';"rL %
cg'kof]uL ;dfwfgx¿
ha ;xefuLn] :ki6 ¿kd} cg'kof]uL x'g] ;dfwfgx¿ k|:tfj u5{g\, tkfO{Fn] l;w} cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof
lbg ;Sg'x'G5  . oL ;dfwfgx¿ cfˆgf], cfˆgf ;fyLx¿ jf kl/jf/hgsf] zf/Ll/s /÷jf dflgl;s
:jf:Yodf jf sfd /÷jf ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf x'G5g\  . pbfx/0fsf
nflu M tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lgoldt dBkfg ugf{n]emg}a9L ;d:ofx¿ lglDtG5g\
-h:t} M lrGtf a9fpg', sn]hf] / d[uf}nfsf ;d:of lgDTofpg'_, h;n] ubf{ cfˆgf] kl/jf/ /
;fyLefO;Fusf];DaGw klg lau|g ;S5 . o;n]pgLx¿sf]sfd ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtfdf klg c;/
u5{ -h:t}M dBkfgsf sf/0f sfddf labf lng'kg]{, Wofg lbg g;Sg]cflb_
cg'kof]uL ;dfwfgx¿sf s]xL cGo pbfx/0fx¿
• zf/Ll/s ¿kdf cfqmfds x'g'
• nfu"cf}ifw k|of]u ug{'
• u}/sfg'gL jf vt/gfs -hf]lvdo'Qm_ lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{'
xfl;n ug{ ;lsg];dfwfgx¿
x/]s ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ s'g xb;Dd xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] 5g\ eg]/ x]g{ ;xefuLnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{x' f]; \ . s'g} ;dfwfg lgs} k|efjsf/L eP tfklg olb ;xefuLn] To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]gg\
eg]To;nfO{ Pp6f /fd|f];dfwfg dfGg ;lsGg .
• h:t} M ;xefuLn] /f]huf/ gx'g'nfO{ Pp6f d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/]  . r/0f $ df
pgn] xfn;fn} Ps7fpFdf /fd|f] Hofnfdf sfd kfPsf] atfPsf lyP  . cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf nflu
of] lgs} /fd|f] ;dfwfg h:tf] b]lvP klg o;af/] 5nkmn ubf{ of] sfd lgs} hf]lvdo'Qm
a'lemg cfof] lsgeg] pgn] ;x/sf] Ps hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf /flt sfd ug{'kg]{ lyof]  .
ev{/} lax] ePsf sf/0fn] pgn] cfˆgf] Hofg hf]lvddf /fv]/ of] sfd :jLsfg{ rfx]gg\  .
o;sf/0f of] pkfo cg'kof]uL 5 eGg] pgn] yfxf kfP / ;xhstf{;Fu 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5
pgn] pQm sDkgLsf] k|aGws;Fu s'/f u/]/ sd hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgx¿df klg sfd pknAw
5 ls eg]/ ;f]Wg] lg0f{o u/]  .
To;kl5 ;xefuLx¿n] ;dfwfgsf] ;aeGbf pko'Qm s'g} Pp6f jf w]/} pkfox¿ 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5  .
r/0f % M sfo{of]hgf
;xefuLx¿n] s'g pkfosf] 5gf]6 u/]sf] xf] :ki6 x'g'xf];\  . ;xefuLx¿n] s'g pkfo s;/L 5gf}6
u/]sf] xf] :ki6 x'g'xf];\  . pkfo s;/L nfu" ug]{ xf] ;f]Wg'xf];\  . ss;n] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/
;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\ / slxn] pkfo nfu" ug]{ xf] egL ;f]Wg'xf];\  . o;/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u
ug{'xf];\ . ;dfwfgsf]pkfonfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{of]hgf agfpgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿nfO{
kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\ .
141
o;df lgDg a'Fbfx¿ ;lDdlnt ug'{xf];\

• ;d:ofnfO{ ;fgf efux¿df ljefhg ug{]
- /fh
] uf/ kfpgsf nflu w]/} hfgsf/Lx¿ a6'Ng'kg]{ x'g;S5, h:t} M s]s] sfd pknAw 5g\,
ljleGg sfdsf nflu s]ss ] f] cfjZostf kb{5, l;kmfl/; kqx¿df s] gofF s'/fx¿ yKg] cflb  .
- of];dfwfg nfu" ug{sf nflu klxnf]sbd s]xf]nf <
- of] sfdsf] of]hgfnfO{ clxNo} k"/f u/]sf] sNkgf ug{'xf];\  . o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ugf{sf
nflu s]s] ug{'x'G5, lj:t[t ¿kdf atfpg'xf];\  .
• x/]s sfd ug{sf nflu lglZrt lbg /;do tf]Sg ;xefuLnfO{ ;3fpg]
- cfjZos sfdx¿ ;Sgsf nflu ofb lbnfpg] lqmofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ -of] s'g} ;fd"lxs
5nkmn klg x'g;S5 lsgeg]cGo ;xefuLx¿n]s'g}/fd|f pkfox¿ Nofpg ;S5g\ ._
- h:t}, df]afOn kmf]gdf x'g] cnfd{ -306L_ x¿sf] k|of]u ug]{, 5gf]6 ePsf sfdx¿nfO{
;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkx¿;Fu} ldnfpg] jf vfgf vfg] ;do;Fu} ldnfpg] jf ;fyL jf
kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ ;Demfpg nufpg] cflb /fd|f pkfox¿ x'g\  .
olb s'g} ;dfwfgsf nflu sf]xL cGo JolQm klg ;lDdlnt x'gk' g]5 { t/;xefuLnfO{ pQm JolQm;Fu
s'/f ug{ cK7\of/f] nfu]sf] 5 eg] To; cGt/lqmofsf] e"ldsf clego cEof; ug{ ;lsG5  . of] pkfo
pgLx¿nfO{ cEof; u/fpg pkof]uL x'g;S5  . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9\gs ' f ;fy} pgLx¿n]
of] pkfo sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Defjgf klg a9\5  . sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ k|fT] ;fxg ug{x' f]; \ .
r/0f ^ M ;dLIff ug{'xf];\

o; sfo{qmdsf] csf]{ e]6df tkfO{+n] of]hgf agfPsf sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjog ubf{ s:tf] eof] eg]/
;dLIff ug{'x'g]5  . pQm sfo{x¿ ubf{ s]s] ;d:ofx¿ cfP eGg] af/] 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  . ltgsf]
Joj:yfkg klg ug{'xf];\ tfls cfpFbf] xKtf pgLx¿n] ;f] sfd ug]{ km]l/ sf]l;; u¿g\ . olb
;xefuLx¿n] sfd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf nflu cfufdL
r/0fx¿ s] x'g]5g\ eg]/ s'/f ug{'xf];\  .
;xefuLx¿sf]cfTdljZjf; a9fpgsf nflu klg ;dLIff ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . ;fy}oL sfo{x¿df
tkfO{n
+ ] ljZjf; ug'e
{ Psf] / pgLx¿n] sfd k"/f u/s
] f 5g\ ÷5}gg\ Vofn ul//xs
] f] s'/f ;xefuLnfO{
dx;'; u/fpg' kb{5 . o;n];sf/fTds ;DaGw agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 /;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'Nnf
dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdkZrft\ klg cfˆgf]sfddf ldlxg]t ug{ lhDd]jf/klg agfpF5 .
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf dfWodaf6 ;a} ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g eg]/ klg tkfO{n F{ ] hfGg' h?/L
5  . olb ;xefuLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ePg eg] To;sf k5fl8 w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ -h:t} M ;dfwfg
ug{ g;lsg] ;d:of, lgs} 7'nf] ;d:of, ;d:ofsf] nflu …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ plrt gePsf] cflb_.
142
cg';"rL %
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf

ug{'kg]{ x'g;S5  . s'g} klg ljlwsf] cEof; ubf{ cfOk/]sf cK7\of/fx¿ lg/fs/0f ug{
;'kl/j]If0fsf] bf}/fgdf ;w}+ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
;d:of ;dfwfg
of] ;xefuLx¿n] ;a}eGbf w]/} ef]Ug] ;d:of xf]  .
;xefuLn] cfˆgf]
sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ sfdsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfkm}nfO{ s;/L ;Demfpg] eg]/
la;]{ jf cGo sf/0fn] ug{ pkfox¿ eGg ;d"xnfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\ .
kfPgg\ -h:t} M pgLx¿ • h;h;n] cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf ;DkGg u/,] pgLx¿n] cfkm}nfO{
Jo:t eP, c¿ sfd ;Demfpg s] u/]  <
cfOk¥of], c¿ ;d:ofx¿ • s'g}sfd ug{ cfk"mnfO{ ofb lbnfpg ljutdf s]ug]{uy]{  <
cfOk/] cflb_
• s'g} sfdsf] ofb lbnfpg'kg]{ cj:yfdf cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ s]
;Nnfx lbg] uy]{  <
olb cGo s'/fn]sfddf Wofg lbg ;s]gg\ eg]pgLx¿nfO{ gd|
t/ :ki6 ¿kdf tnsf s'/fx¿ eGg'xf];\ M
• of] :jefljs xf] / cGo ;xeuLnfO{ klg o:t} x'G5  .
• k|foM cGo s'/fn] Wofg cfsif{0f ul//fV5  .

• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] p2]Zo / r'gf}ltsf af/]df e]6 ! df
g} 5nkmn ul/;lsPsf] 5 / o;df ;fd]n x'gsf nflu
hlt;Sbf] sf]l;; ug]{ eg]/ pgLx¿ cfk}mn] lgwf] ul/;s]sf]
s'/f ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• cfk"mdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿n] e]6x¿sf
aLrdf hlt;Sbf] w]/} cEof; ug{'kg]{ x'G5  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] cEof;nfO{ cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf
k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
pQm JolQmnfO{ lglZrt s'/f s] eGg'kg]{ xf] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{
c¿;Fu s'/f ug{ s] eGg] ;xefuLnfO{ ;3fpg'xf];\
 . yfxf gePdf ;d"xnfO{ pkfox¿ eGg
eg]/ 1fg gx'g] jf cflQg] cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
;xefuL
To;kl5 ;xefuLnfO{ tkfO{+ jf cGo sf]xL;Fu cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
cfTdljZjf; a9fpgsf nflu w]/} k6s cEof; u/fpg'xf];\  .
143
o; cj:yfdf, slxn]sfxLF o:tf] x'g;S5 t/ o;sf] cy{ pgLx¿n]

sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ unt u/]/ xf] jf …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚn] sfd ub}{g eGg] xf]Og
;xefuLsf] ;d:ofdf s]xL eg]/ a'emfpg'xf];\ .
kl/jt{g gePdf jf emg}
lau|]/ uPdf To;kl5 lgDgfg';f/ ug{'xf];\ M
• ;xefuLn] s] u/] / s] eof] eGg] af/] ;s];Dd w]/} hfgsf/L
lng'xf];\
- ljj/0f ;'g]/ tkfO{+n] s] unt ePsf] lyof] eg]/ kQf
nufpg klg ;Sg'xg' ]5 .
- of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Dej 5}g / ;xefuLn] csf]{
;d:of 5fGg'kg]{5 eg]/ klg tkfO{+n] kQf nufpg
;Sg'x'g]5 -h:t} M dBkfg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cGo
JolQmn] kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g  . of] JolQm :jo+df g} e/
kb{5 ._
• sxfF lg/ uNtL eof] eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ cg'dfg ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• To;kl5 s] uNtL eof] eg]/ cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cg'dfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\  .
• of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsFb}g eg]/ lg0f{o
ug{'xf];\  .
• ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] eP k'gM r/0f @ df hfg'xf];\ / ;d:ofnfO{
cem /fd|/L kl/eflift ug{'xf];\  .
• r/0f # df hfg'xf];\ / hlt;Sbf] w]/} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
;f]Rg ;d"xnfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
• ;xefuL /;d"xnfO{ ;aeGbf pko'Qm pkfo 5fGg nufg'xf];\
-r/0f $_
• gofF sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{ ;a}nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\
-r/0f %_
• slxn] sfof{ G jog ug]{ eg]/ lg0f{ o lng ;xefuLnfO{
;3fpg'xf];\  .
slxn]sfxLF s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ
pQd ljlw gx'g ;S5  . cGo s'g} ljlwn] ;xof]u unf{ ls eg]/
klv{g' / x]g{'kg]{ klg x'g;S5  .
144
cg';"rL %
pQm ;d:of lgs} 7'nf] 7'nf ;d:ofx¿ Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7g x'G5 Û
lyof] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ;d:ofx¿ 5fGgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿nfO{
;3fpg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5  . slxn]sfxL+ o;sf] cy{ 7'nf] ;d:ofnfO{
;fgf efudf afF8\g' /s'g}Pp6f efu dfq}5fGg' klg xf] .
6'qm\ofpg'kg]{7'nf ;d:ofx¿ lgDg x'g ;S5g\ M
• æ;do Joj:yfkgÆ ;d:ofnfO{ ljefhg ug{'xf];\ M ;do
tflnsf agfpg], vfgf vfhfsf]nflu lgoldt ;do
5'6\ofpg], sfof{nosf] sfd 3/df gNofpg] cflb  .
• æ>Ldfg\;Fusf] ;DaGwÆ ;d:ofnfO{ ljefhg ug{'xf];\ M
jfbljjfb 36fpg], >Ldfg\;Fu u'0f:t/Lo ;do latfpg
;do ldnfpg]cflb .
• æd]/f] aRrfsf] Jojxf/Æ ;d:ofnfO{ ljefhg ug'x{ f];\ M aRrfn]
c¿nfO{ lk6\g] Jojxf/ 36fpg], aRrfn] lrRofpg] Jojxf/
36fpg], aRrfn] 3/df ;xof]u ug]{ jojxf/ a9fpg] cflb  .
yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu r/0f ! df ePsf] ;xhstf{x¿sf] gf]6
x]g{'xf];\ -dfly_
‘rNb} u/ ub}{ u/’ sf nflu ;xhstf{sf] gf]6
;xefuLsf]Go"g d'8, phf{ jf tgfj cflbnfO{ dWogh//fVb};Dk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ ;;fgf Jojl:yt

ug{ ;lsg] r/0fdf ljeflht ug{' h?/L x'G5  . ug{'kg]{ sfd w]/} b]v]/ ;xefuL gctflnpmg\ eg]/
Vofn /fVg'xf];\  . o;f] ug'{sf] p2]Zo pgLx¿n] s]xL ug{df ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] h:tf] dx;';
klg u¿g\ eGg]xf] . o;f]ubf{ cfTdljZjf; a9\5 /;xefuLsf]d'8df ;'wf/cfpF5 .
h:t}M dlxnf eP rs6L, u'G›L a'Gg, k'?if eP xnf]h'jf agfpg ;xefuLnfO{ cTof; nfUbf]
x'g;S5  . To;}n] tkfO{Fn] o; sfdnfO{ ;;fgf r/0fdf ljefhg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . h:t} M ;'?cftdf
;a} cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ lems]/ kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf /fVg]  . ;xefuLn] sfd ;'? ul/xfNg} k5{
eGg] klg 5}g  . s]xL ;dokl5 !) ldg]6sf nflu dfq a'Gg] sfd ug]{ / la:tf/} To;af6 sfd
a9fpFb}nfg ;lsG5 .
sfdsf] nflu csf]{ pbfx/0f M …tkfO{Fsf] sf]7f jf 3/ ;kmf ug]{ sfdÚ ;kmf ug{sf nflu 3/sf] s'g}
Ps sf]7f -h:t}M ksfpg]7fpF, ;'Tg]7fpF cflb_ af6 ;'?cft ubf{ ;xefuLsf nflu Jojl:yt
/;dfwfg ug{ ;lhnf]x'G5 .
145
‘rNb} u/, ub}{ u/’ sf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿
…rNb} u/ ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf k|of]u ug{sf nflu ;xefuLdf ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿
cfpg ;S5g\  . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
r'gf}tL ;dfwfg
w]/}h;f] ;xefuLdf x'g] ;femf ;d:of oxL xf]  .
s'g} klg lqmofsnfk …rNb} u/ ub}{ u/Ú ljlw ;'? ug]{ qmddf of] ;femf ;d:of xf] eg]/
ug]{ a]nfdf ;xefuLnfO{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
pQm lqmofsnfk ug}{
dg gnfu]df To;kl5 lgDg cg';f/ ug{'xf];\,
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgliqmotf rqmsf] kf]:6/ b]vfpg'xf];\  .
• pbf;, tgfj, lrGtf eO/x]sf] a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ lqmofsnfk
ug{ dg gnfUg ;S5, lgliqmotf rqmn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg]
sf/0f klg oxL xf] eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• cfˆgf] d'8df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu pgLx¿n] s]xL g
s]xL lqmofsnfk ug{ ;'? ug}{k5{ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
;Demfpg'xf];\  . pgLx¿n] s]xL lqmofsnfk ug{ ;'? ul/xfn]
eg] la:tf/} c¿ s'/f klg ug{ dg nfUb} hfG5 t/ o;sf
nflu ;do eg]nfUg ;S5 .
- 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lqmofsnfk 5f]6sl/df eGg'xf];\  . of]
lqmofsnfk ;'? ug{ s];d:of k¥of] eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{
;f]Wg'xf];\  . of] lgs} 7"nf] sfd lyof] jf o;nfO{ ;;fgf
:j¿kdf ljeflht ul/Ps} lyPg eGg] cfzosf] hjfkm
cfpg] k|tLIff ug{'xf];\  .
• tkfO{Fn] lqmofsnfknfO{ ;;fgf r/0fdf afF8\g ;xof]u
ug'{xf];\  .
• cyjf ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] ;lhnf] lqmofsnfk /f]Hg ;xof]u
ug'{xf];\  .
gf]6
M lqmofsnfk o:tf]x'g ;S5, h'g ;d"x x'Fbf g}klg ug{
;lsG5 -h:t} M a|]s 6fOddf s;};Fu s'/f ug]{, ;d"x e]6 ;'? ug'{
cufl8 sf]7f ldnfpg], cflb  .
146
cg';"rL %
w]/}h;f] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfOkg]{ ;DejtM bf];|f] ;femf ;d:of oxL xf]  .

;xefuLx¿n] of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug{ la;]{ sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{sf nflu s;/L :d/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/
jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg cfu|x ug{'xf];\ .
of]hgf sfo{Gjog • cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug]{ ;xefuLn] s;/L of] s'/f ;lDemg
ug{ kfPgg\  . -h:t} M ;Sg'eof]  <
;xefuLx¿ Jo:t eP, • ljutdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s]xL s'/f ;Demg'kg]{ a]nf s] s'/fn]
c¿ sfd cfOk/]df jf ;xof]u u¥of]  <
c¿ ;d:of ePdf_
• cfˆgf sf]xL ldqnfO{ o;af/]df s] ;'emfj lbGy] xf]nf  <
sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug]{ qmddf ;xefuLsf] Wofg c¿ s'g} s'/fn] e8\lsPsf]
5 eg] pgLx¿nfO{ g/d t/ :ki6 ¿kdf lgDg s'/fx¿ eGg'xf];\ M
• of] :jefljs xf] / cGo ;xefuLnfO{ klg o:t} x'G5  .
hlt;Sbf] sf]l;; ug]{ eg]/ pgLx¿n] lgwf] ul/;s]sf] s'/f
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• cfk"mdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿n] e]6x¿sf aLrdf
hlt;Sbf] w]/} cEof; ug{'kg]{ x'G5  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] cEof;nfO{ cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u
ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
pQm JolQmnfO{ lglZrt s'/f s] eGg' kg]{ xf] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{
c¿;Fu s'/f ug{ s] ;xefuLnfO{ ;3fpg'xf];\
 . yfxf gePdf ;d"xnfO{ pkfox¿ eGg
eGg] eg]/ 1fg gx'g] jf cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
cflQg] ;xefuL
To;kl5 ;xefuLnfO{ tkfO{+ jf cGo sf]xL;Fu cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
of] Psbd} :jfefljs s'/f xf]  . Ps xKtfd} d'8df ;'wf/ cfpg] cfzf
;xefuLn] cfˆgf] d'8 ;xefuLn] /fVg'x'Fb}g .
-dgl:ylt÷dgf]efj_ efjgf kl/jt{g x'g ;do nfU5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ eGg'xf];\  . …rNb}
df s'g} ;'wf/ gePsf] u/ ub}{ u/Ú ljlwnfO{ k|of]u ub}{ubf{ of] klg la:tf/} kl/jt{g x'G5  .
u'gf;f] u/]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lxDdt gxfg{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ h?/L x'G5 lsgeg]
lxDdt xfgf{n] ;xefuLsf] d'8 klxn]s} cj:yfdf /xg ;S5 jf cem
lalu|g ;S5 .
147
‘b'Mv afF8] cfwf ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/’ sf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/Lx¿
…bM' v afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlwsf]sfo{of]hgf

k|of]u ug{sf nflu ;xefuLdf ljleGg
r'gf}tLx¿ cfpg ;S5g\  . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
r'gf}tL ;dfwfg
slxn]sfxLF o:tf] x'g ;S5  . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xefuLx¿ lg/fz gx"g\
h'g JolQm jf / pgLx¿n] ;xof]u vf]Hg g5f]8"g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{' h?/L x'G5  .
;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u
• olb ;xof]usf] cg'knAwtf g} ;d:of xf] eg] ;fdflhs ;xof]u
vf]lhPsf] xf], ;f]
pknAw gePdf lsg pknAw ePg eGg]af/] ;xefuL;Fu hlt;Sbf] w]/} hfgsf/L
cyjf ;xof]u gePdf lng'xf];\  .
- olb ;xefuLn] sf]l;; hf/L /fVg] xf] eg] s'g} g s'g}
;dodf Tof] JolQm pknAw x'g ;S5 eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
• olb ;xof]uL efjgfsf] sdL ;d:of xf] eg] ;fdflhs ;xof]u
lsg ;xof]uL ;fljt ePg eGg]af/] ;xefuL;Fu hlt;Sbf] w]/}
hfgsf/L lng'xf];\  .
- s] ;xefuLn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] s'/f k|i6;Fu eGg g;s]/ xf]  <
xf] eg] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] s'/fnfO{ s;/L /fd|f];Fu JoQm ug]{
eg]/ cEof; ug{…xf];\  .
- olb ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmn] s'g} Ps ;dodf ;xof]u lbg
g;s]sf] xf] ls  < olb xf] eg] ;xefuLn] c¿ s'g} ;dodf
;xof]u dfUg ;S5g \.
- ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmn] ;f]r]sf] h:tf] ;xof]u ug{ g;s]sf] xf]
ls  < olb xf] eg] ;xof]u dfUg ;lsg] c¿ JolQmsf af/]df
;f]Rg'xf];\  . c¿ JolQmn] a]Un} vfnsf] ;xof]u lbg ;S5g\  .
h:t} M s'g} JolQmn] dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf nflu
;xof]u glbg ;S5g\ t/ Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu pgLx¿ ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ .
• tkfO{Fn]k|fKt ug{'ePsf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ;xefuL /;d"xsf
;a} hgf ldn]/ …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlwsf nflu
gofF sfdsf] of]hgf agfpg'xf];\  .
148
cg';"rL %
w]/}h;f] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfOkg]{ ;femf ;d:of oxL xf]  .

;xefuLx¿n] of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug{ la;]{ sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{sf nflu s;/L :d/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/
jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg cfu|x ug{'xf];\ .
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ • cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug]{ ;xefuLn] s;/L cfˆgf nflu of]
kfPgg\ . s'/f ;lDemg ;Sg'eof]  <
-h:t} M ;xefuLx¿ • ljutdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s]xL s'/f ;Demg'kg]{ a]nf s] s'/fn]
Jo:t eP, c¿ sfd ;xof]u u¥of]  <
cfOk/]df jf c¿
• cfˆgf sf]xL ldqnfO{ o;af/]df s] ;'emfj lbGy] xf]nf  <
;d:of ePdf_
sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug]{ qmddf ;xefuLsf] Wofg c¿ s'g} s'/fn] e8\lsPsf]
5 eg] pgLx¿nfO{ g/d t/ :ki6 ¿kdf lgDg s'/fx¿ eGg'xf];\ M
• of] :jfefljs xf] / cGo ;xefuLnfO{ klg o:t} x'G5  .
hlt;Sbf] sf]l;; ug]{ eg]/ pgLx¿n] lgwf] ul/;s]sf] s'/f
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\  .
• cfk"mdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;xefuLx¿n] e]6x¿sf aLrdf
hlt;Sbf] w]/} cEof; ug{'kg]{ x'G5  .
• v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] cEof;nfO{ cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u
ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\  .
pQm JolQmnfO{ lglZrt s'/f s] eGg'kg]{ xf] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{
c¿;Fu s'/f ug{ s] ;xefuLnfO{ ;3fpg'xf];\
 . yfxf gePdf ;d"xnfO{ pkfox¿ eGg cfu|x
eGg] eg]/ 1fg gx'g] ug{'xf];\  .
jf cflQg] ;xefuL
To;kl5 ;xefuLnfO{ tkfO{+ jf cGo sf]xL;Fu cEof; u/fpg'xf];\  .
149
cg';"rL ^ M
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf kf]:6/x¿
;xefuLx¿nfO{ cjwf/0ff a'‰g d2t ug{ ljleGg e]6x¿df b]vfpg] kf]:6/x¿ tn lbOPsf] 5  . x/]s
e]6df kf]:6/x¿ b]vfpg cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ x]g{'xf];\  .
;d"x lgodsf kf]:6/x¿

tn lbOPsf kf]:6/x¿ tkfO{{Fn] ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . cfjZostf x]/L ;d"xdf
g}lgodx¿ -n]Vg jf lrq_ agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
150
cg';"rL ^
kf]:6/x¿
v'Nnf dg ;xof]u s] xf]  < kf]:6/ -P]lR5s_
151
rf/ ljlwx¿sf kf]:6/ -P]lR5s_
cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <

tnsf kf]:6/x¿ …cK7\of/f] cj:yfÚ sf af/]df a'emfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5g\  . o;nfO{ klg P]lR5s
lqmofsnfksf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
152
cg';"rL ^
kf]:6/x¿
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] kf]:6/
153
lgliqmotf rqmsf] kf]:6/
154
cg';"rL &
;xefuLsf nflu xft]kqx¿
cg';"rL &
;xefuLx¿nfO{ lbg] xft]kqx¿sf af/]df tn lbOPsf] 5 M

• ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿sf] tflnsf
• dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw
• ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw
• lgliqmotf rqm
• rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlw
• b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlw
;xefuLsf nflu xft]kq lbg' P]lR5s xf]  . tkfO{n
F ] oL xft]kq ;fIf/ tyf ;xh dx;'; ug]{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . x/]s ljlwsf nflu xft]kq Ps kfgf dfq ePsfn]k|To]s ;d"xsf nflu k|ltlnlk
rfx]hlt lk|G6 ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  . -h:t} M ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf x/]s r/0fdf ;xefuLx¿n] cfˆgf
k|ltlqmofx¿ n]Vgsf nflu xft]kq k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\_
;xefuLx¿sf nflu cGo ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf xft]kqx¿ e]6sf]cGtdf lbg'xf];\   .
lrq ePsf xft]kqx¿ ;a};xefuLx¿nfO{ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . oL xft]kqx¿n] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg
;xof]usf ljlwx¿ ;lDemgsf nflu sfd ub{5g\  . k|To]s xft]kqsf] bfofFkl§ ;xefuLx¿n] cfcfˆgf]
of]hgf /]s8{ ug{sf nflu vfnL 7fpF lbOPsf] 5  . pbfx/0fsf nflu M dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf]
cEof;, ;d:of ;NxfNg] ljlw, rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlw / b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlwdf ug]{
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfo{of]hgf n]Vg jf sf]g{ ;Sg' x'G5  .
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] sf/0fx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmddf d lsg ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]udf cfpg d]/f nflu
;xefuL x'g rfxG5' -cfpg]sf/0fx¿_ < r'gf}tLx¿ s]s] 5g\  <
s]of];dfwfg jf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <
155
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] cEof;
156
cg';"rL &
rNb} u/ ub}{ u/ ljlwsf] cEof;
b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/sf] cEof;
157
cg';"rL *
c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ – lrqsyfx¿
e]6 % sf] …c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{]Ú ljifosf nflu lrqsyfx¿ /syf;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgsf pQ/x¿
lgDg 5g\ .
!_ tkfO{{F ;d"xnfO{ klxnf] syf k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\
• pQm JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]u s;/L pkof]uL x'G5 eg]/ ;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ -;xof]usf
nflu lrqsyfdf lbOPsf k|ltlqmofx¿ x]g{'xf];\_.
• pQm JolQmsf nflu lbOPsf];Nnfxdf ;xefuLx¿ ;xdt 5g\ jf 5}gg\, ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
@_ lrqsyfx¿ @, # / $ k9\g'xf];\ / pQm JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]u s;/L pkof]uL x'G5 eg]/
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\  .
• æoL JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] s'g ljlw pkof]uL x'G5 xf]nf eg]/ sf]xL eGg rfxg'x'G5  <
o; ljlwn] s;/L pgnfO{ ;xof]u u5{  <Æ
• pQm ljlw rog ug{'sf] sf/0f ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ -h:t} M æof]ljlw pQm JolQmsf nflu
s;/L pkof]uL x'g;S5  <Æ_
lrqsyf !
ægfdÆ Ps #) jifL{o k'?if x'g\, hf]w]/}lx+;f x'g]hf]lvdo' Qm ufpFdf a:5g\ . pgsL >LdtL ^
dlxgf cufl8 dfl/PsL lyOg\ / cfˆgf tLg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfxsf] lhDdf clxn] pgdf cfPsf] 5  .
pgsL cfdf xfn;fn} pgsf] 3/df a:g cfPsL l5g\ lsgeg] ægfdÆ cfˆgf] 3/ 5f]8\g dfGb}gg\
/ cfˆgf aRrfx¿sf] /fd|/L x]/rfx klg ub}{gg\  . pgL cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu klg e]6\b}gg\  . pgL
w]/}h;f] cf]5\ofgaf6} p7\b}gg\ / lgoldt vfgf gvfPsf sf/0f pgsf] jhg klg lgs} 36]sf] 5  .
pgL PSnf] dx;'; u5{g\ / w]/} h;f] /f]P/} a:5g\  . pgnfO{ cfk"mn] cfkm}nfO{ s;/L ;DxfNg] eGg]
s'/f yfxf 5}g  .
Go"g d'8, cTolws ysfg / lgliqmotfsf nflu …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ Ú ljlw pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ofb lbnfpg'xf];\  . o; syfdf ægfdÆn] o:t} dg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf
5g\ To;}n] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú g} p;sf nflu k|efjsf/L x'G5  .
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf af/]df cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePhlt atfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
pgLx¿nfO{ tnsf dWo] s'g} s'/fx¿ ofb ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ M
158
cg';"rL *
• xfn ul//x]sf jf gofF lqmofsnfkx¿ a9fP/ dflg;x¿sf] lqmofzLntfdf j[l4 ug]{

• lqmofsnfkx¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\ – dgf]/
GhgfTds lqmofsnfk, 3/fo;L jf aflx/L sfd
• ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿
• lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;;fgf sfdx¿df ljefhg ug]{
• Ps jf b'O{ lqmofsnfkx¿af6 ;'? u/]/ lj:tf/} ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} n}hfg]
olb pgLx¿n] dfly lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v u/]gg\ eg] o:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg''xf];\ M æxfdLn] ;'?df 3/sf
;a} sfdx¿ u/]sf lyof}+ ls ;;fgf sfdx¿ u/]sf lyof}+, tkfO{+x¿n] ;Demg ;Sg'x'G5  <Æ
…b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlw ægfdÆ nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] bf]>f] dxŒjk"0f{ ljlw x'g;S5 .
of] ljlw lsg pkof]uL x'g;S5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\ -csf]{ zAbdf, lsgeg] pgn]
cfk"mnfO{ PSnf] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ / cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf] /fd|/L ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5}gg\_
pQm ljlwsf af/]df cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePhlt atfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\
  . pgLx¿nfO{ tnsf
dWo] s'g} s'/fx¿ ofb ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ M
• w]/} k|sf/sf ;xof]ux¿ h:t} M c¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d:of atfpg], Jofjxfl/s ;xof]u dfUg],
;xof]u jf hfgsf/Lsf nflu s'g} lglZrt ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{, c¿x¿;Fu ;do latfpg] t/
;d:of eGg} k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g  .
• cfk"mn] e/f];f ug]{ sf]xL JolQm 5fGg]  .
• ;'?df cfˆgf] af/]df s]xL hfgsf/Lx¿ lbP/ ljZjf; a9fpg]  .
olb pgLx¿n] dfly lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v u/]gg\ eg], o:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ æpQm JolQm
ljZjf;of]Uo 5g\ eg]/ …gfdÚ n]s;/L yfxf kfpF5g\ <Æ
…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú / … b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú …gfdÚ sf] nflu ;aeGbf pkof]uL x'g;Sg] b'O{
d'Vo ljlwx¿ x'g\ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ofb lbnfpg'xf];\  . cfk"m PSn} a:bf / 3/ aflx/ glgl:sFbf
p;nfO{ cGo Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ klg cfpg ;S5g\ eg]/ yKg'xf];\  . …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ klg …
gfdÚsf] nflu pkof]uL x'g;S5 eg]/ 5nkmn ug{ ;Sg'x'G5  .
159
lrqsyf @
ægfdÆ Ps #) jifL{o dlxnf x'g\, hf]cfˆgL ;f;";Fu sfdsf]afF8kmfF8nfO{ lnP/lg/Gt/emu8f
ePsf] u'gf;f] ul5{g\  . o;sf] kmn:j¿k pgnfO{ eu8f emg nlDag] 8/ 5 / To;} sf/0f pgL
cToGt} tgfju|:t x'g yfn]sL l5g\  . pgL cfˆgf] ;f/f z/L/df kL8f ePsf] / ;'Tg g;s]sf] u'gf;f]
ul5{g\  . of] ;d:ofsf af/]df ;f]r cfO/xG5 / ca s] ug]{ yfxf 5}g eg]/ pgL elG5g\  .
ægfdÆsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu nflu b'O{ d'Vo ljlwx¿ pkof]uL x'g;S5g\ – …;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwÚ
/ …dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwÚ.
oL ljlwx¿ lsg pkof]uL x'g;S5g\ eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\ jf oL b'j} ljlwsf
sf/0fx¿af/] ofb lbnfpg'xf];\  .
oL b'j} ljlwx¿sf af/]df cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePhlt lj:tf/df atfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\  .
lgDg s'/fx¿ ofb ug{'xf];\ M
!= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf s'g} klg r/0fx¿ M
• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g eg]/ lg0f{o ug{'xf];\
• ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] ;d:ofnfO{ hlt;Sbf] :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{'xf];\
• ;Dej ePhlt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;f]Rg'xf];\
• ;a}eGbf pkof]uL ;dfwfgx¿ 5fGg'xf];\
• sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lg0f{o ug{'xf];\
• 5flgPsf ;dfwfgx¿ slQ k|efjsf/L lyP eg]/ ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu oL
r/0fx¿ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\
@= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw
…gfdÚ nfO{ of] ljlw lsg pkof]uL x'G5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Rgsf] nflu k|fT] ;fxg ug'x{ f]; \ . pgLx¿sf]
k|ltlqmof ;'Gg'xf];\, æoL dlxnfn] tgfj / zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sL l5g\ / o; ljlwn] pgsf
nIf0fx¿ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .Æ
160
cg';"rL *
;xefuLx¿nfO{ o; ljlwaf/]df hlt ;Sbf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\  . tnsf s'g} klg r/0fx¿ klxrfg
ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ M
• tgfju|:t z/L/ 5 eg] cf/fd lbg] -z/L/ / xft uf]8fnfO{ rnfpg], kfv'/f 3'dfpg], 6fpsf]nfO{
lj:tf/} bfofFafofF 3'dfpg]_
• k]6 km'nfP/ ;f; km]g]{ -;f; leq lnFbf jf aflx/ kmfNbf k]6nfO{ ws]Ng]_
• Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ 36fpg] -;f; leq lng # ;]s]G8 / ;f; aflx/ kmfNg # ;]s]G8_
lrqsyf #
…GffdÚ %) jif{sL xf/fxf/LsL dlxnf x'g\  . cfˆgL a'9L cfdfnfO{ e]6\g hfFbf s]xL o'jsx¿n]pgnfO{
cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP  . To; If]qdf vf;} lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ 36\g] gu/]sf] cj:yfdf pgLdfly o:tf]
x'g' b'ef{Uo ePsf] eg]/ k|x/Lx¿n] eg]  . t}klg, tL dlxnf cfk"mdfly km]l/ klg cfqmd0f xf]nf ls
eg]/ ql;t lyOg\ / cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ e]6\g hfg} 5f]8]sL lyOg\  . pgn] cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;d]t
e]6\g 5f]8]sL lyOg\ / pgL PSn} a:g yflng\  .
pkof]uL ljlwx¿ M
!= b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/
…gfdÚ nfO{ of] ljlw lsg pkof]uL x'G5 eg]/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Rgsf nflu k|fT] ;fxg ug'x{ f]; \ . pgLx¿sf]
k|ltlqmof ;'Gg'xf];\, …gfdÚ cfk"m PSn} al;/xlG5g\ eg] b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlw pgsf
nflu ;xof]uL ljlw x'g;S5 .
;xof]u jf hfgsf/Lsf nflu s'g} lglZrt ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{, c¿x¿;Fu ;do latfpg],
t/ ;d:of eGg} k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g  .
olb pgLx¿n] dfly lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v u/]gg\ eg], o:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ æpQm JolQm
ljZjf;of]Uo 5g\ eg]/ …gfdÚ n]s;/L yfxf kfpF5g\ <Æ
161
@= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw

…GffdÚ n] cfˆgL cfdf;Fu e]6\g hfg g;s]sf] ;d:ofsf] nflu of] ljlw pkof]uL x'g;S5  . tnsf s'g}
klg r/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ M
• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g eg]/ lg0f{o ug{'xf];\
• ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] ;d:ofnfO{ hlt;Sbf] :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{'xf];\
• ;Dej ePhlt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;f]Rg'xf];\
• ;a}eGbf pkof]uL ;dfwfgx¿ 5fGg'xf];\
• sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lg0f{o ug{'xf];\
• 5flgPsf ;dfwfgx¿ slQ k|efjsf/L lyP eg]/ ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu oL
r/0fx¿ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\
cfdfnfO{ e]6\g hfg] ;d:ofdf 5nkmn ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] …gfdÚnfO{ ;fdflhs ;xof]u a9fpg'kg]{
af/]df ;Nnfx lbg ;S5g\ -h:t} M cfdf;Fu e]6\gsf nflu ljZjfl;nf] ;fyLnfO{ lnP/ hfg]_. of] s'/f
;xof]uL x'g ;S5 .
#= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw
…gfdÚ n] 3/aflx/ hfg ;'? u/]sf a]nf jf ;d:of ;DxfNg] sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{ nfu]sf a]nf pgsf]
lrGtfnfO{ sd ug{ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwn] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5  . o;n] pgnfO{ ljleGg cj:yfdf
zfGt /xg ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . tnsf s'g}klg r/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ M
• tgfju|:t z/L/ 5 eg] cf/fd lbg] -z/L/ / xft uf]8fnfO{ rnfpg], kfv'/f 3'dfpg], 6fpsf]nfO{
la:tf/} bfofFafofF 3'dfpg]_
• k]6 k'mnfP/ ;f; km]g]{ -;f; leq lnFbf jf aflx/ kmfNbf k]6nfO{ ws]Ng]_
• Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ 36fpg] -;f; leq lng # ;]s]G8 / ;f; aflx/ kmfNg # ;]s]G8_
lrqsyf $
…gfdÚ c;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] kl/jf/;lxt b]z 5f]8g\ afWo eP  . gofF b]zdf k'ub] l] v pgsf] d'8 lalu|Psf]
5  . cfˆgf] / kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu pgn] ;xL lg0f{o u/] tfklg pgL w]/}h;f] lbgx¿df cfk"mnfO{
b'MvL dx;'; u5{g\  . sfddf hfg klg pgnfO{ ufx|f] eO/x]sf] 5 / pgL ;fyLefO / kl/jf/;Fu
klg /dfpg ;Sb}gg\  . pgnfO{ cfˆgf] of] cj:yf b]vL lgs} lg/fz dx;'; x'G5 / pgnfO{ o;df
s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] eGg] s'/f klg yfxf 5}g  .
162
cg';"rL *
pkof]uL ljlwx¿ M
!= rNb} u/, ub}{ u/
of] lrqsyfdf ;xefuLx¿n] o; JolQmsf] nflu rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlw pkof]uL 5 eg]/ klxrfg
ug'{k5{  . of] ljlw s;/L ;xof]uL 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\  . pgLx¿sf] k|ltlqmof ;'Gg'xf];\, …gfdÚ n] ef]lu/x]sf]
;d:of h:t} b'MvL eO/xg] / klxnf /dfOnf] nfUg] lqmofsnfkdf clxn] /dfOnf] gnfUg] ;d:ofnfO{
ærNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlwÆ n] ;Daf]wg u5{  .
• xfn ul//x]sf jf gofF lqmofsnfkx¿ a9fP/ dflg;x¿sf] lqmofzLntfdf j[l4 ug]{
• lqmofsnfkx¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\ – dgf]/
~hgfTds lqmofsnfk, 3/fo;L jf aflx/L sfd
• ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿
• lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;;fgf sfdx¿df ljefhg ug]{
• Ps jf b'O{ lqmofsnfkx¿af6 ;'? u/]/ la:tf/} ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} n}hfg]
olb pgLx¿n] dfly lbOPsf a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v u/]gg\ eg] o:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg''xf];\ M æxfdLn] ;'?df 3/sf
;a} sfdx¿ u/]sf lyof}+ ls ;;fgf sfdx¿ u/]sf lyof}+, tkfO{+x¿n] ;Demg ;Sg'x'G5  <Æ
@= b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/
…gfdÚ nfO{ ;d:of ;DxfNg of]ljlw klg pkof]uL x'G5 . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ of]ljlw lsg pkof]uL x'G5
eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\  . ;xefuLx¿n] of] ljlwnfO{ ærNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlwÆ sf]efusf ¿kdf eGg ;S5g\
-pbfx/0fsf] nflu M …gfdÚ n] kl/jf/;uF ;do latfpg jf ;fyLnfO{ e]6g\ pgLx¿n] ;Nnfx lbg;S5g\  ._
o;f] eg]df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ of] /fd|f] pkfo xf] eGg'xf];\, t/ of] klg ;Demfpg'xf];\ ls …gfdÚ n] o;nfO{
…b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/ ljlwÚ sf ¿kdf klg lng ;S5g\ /pgn]…rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ ljlwÚ
cGtu{t ljleGg vfnsf /dfOnf lqmofsnfk 5fGg ;S5g\ eg]/eGg'xf];\ .
;xof]u jf hfgsf/Lsf nflu s'g} lglZrt ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{, c¿x¿;Fu ;do latfpg],
t/ ;d:of eGg} k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g  .
163
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
;Ltfsf] syf
lrq ! b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 !_
;Ltf Ps #$ jifL{o ljjflxt dlxnf x'g\ .
pgsf # hgf ;fgf s]6fs] 6L 5g\ . cTolws
6fpsf] b'vfOsf sf/0f pgn] Ps :jf:YosdL{;uF
e]l6g\  . pgn] /fd|f;
] uF vfO/xs
] L lyOgg\ lsgeg]
pgnfO{ ef]s} nfUb}gYof]  . pgn] cfk"m /fd|/L
;'Tg g;s]sf] / lbgel/ g} ysfgsf] dx;';
u/]sf] klg atfOg\  . pgn] oL ;d:ofsf nflu
wfdLnfO{ klg b]vfPsL lyOg\ t/ To;n] s]xL ;xof]u u/]g  . pgL lg/fz b]lvlGyg\  . oL ;a} s'/f yfxf
kfPkl5 pQm :jf:YosdL{n] ;LtfnfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{;Fu e]6\g eg]  . To;}n]
o;af/]df hfFr ug{sf nflu ;Ltfn];fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{nfO{ e]l6g\ .
lrq @ b]vfpg'xf];\
;d:of s]nfpFb} hfg] qmddf pgsf d'Vo b'O{
;d:ofx¿ lyP  . Pp6f ;d:of zf/Ll/s ;d:of,
h:t} M 6fpsf] b'Vg] lyof] eg] ========
lrq # b]vfpg'xf];\
csf]{ ;d:of >Ldfg\;Fusf] emu8f lyof]  .
pgnfO{ oL b'j} ;d:ofx¿n] tgfj / lrGtf
a9fPsf lyP]  .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M ;Ltfsf sltj6f
;d:ofx¿ /x]5g\ t  <
164
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
lrq $ b]vfpg'xf];\
nueu @ jif{cl3sf] s'/f xf], pgsL cfdfsf]
d[To'kl5 oL ;d:ofx¿ cem a9]sf] pg]n]
atfOg\ . pgL cfˆgL cfdfF+u Psbd glhs
lyOg\ t/ cfˆgf] aRrf;Fu} ofqf ug{ c;'/lIft
x'g] ePsf]n] pgL cfdf la/fdL ePsf] yfxf
kfP klg hfg ;s]sL lyOgg\ . pgn]cfˆgL
cfdf;Fu e]6 ug{ gkfO{ pgsL cfdfsf]d[To'
eof]  .
;xhstf{n] ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ qmddf
…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ ;LtfnfO{ pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ elgg\ / sfo{qmddf lgdGq0ff ul/g\  . ;Ltfn]
klg ;xdlt hgfOg\ .
lrq % b]vfpg'xf];\
klxnf] e]6df, o; ;d"xdf cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
pgsf] zlQm, ef]s / lg›fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' tyf
6fpsf] b'vfO{ 36fpg' xf] eg]/ ;Ltfn] elgg\  .
pgL cfˆgf >Ldfg\;Fu emu8f x'g];d:of
klg ;dfwfg ug{ rfxlGyg\  . ;d"xdf cfPkl5
cfˆgf] aRrf;Fu v]ndf /dfOnf] ug{ / ;fyL;ª\
uL;Fu e]6\g ;lsG5 eGg] pgnfO{ nfUof]  .
;d"xdf cfpg ;LtfnfO{ s]xL r'gf}tLx¿ klg lyP  . ;d"x e]6x¿df cfpg lgs} cK7\of/f] x'G5 ls eGg]
pgnfO{ nfUof]  . pgL laxfg} ylst x'lGyg\ / p7]/ sfd ug{ pgnfO{ hF+u/ rNb}gYof]  . of] g} pgsf]
cK7\of/f] cj:yfsf] sf/0f xf]  . v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{nfO{ of] ;d:of :jfefljs g} nfUof]  . o;
ljifodf pgLx¿n]c¿ 5nkmn u/]/;LtfsL l5d]sL -hf]cfk"m klg ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg sfo{qmddf
;xefuL l5g\_ n] ;Fu} cfpghfgdf v';L;fy ;fy lbg] eOg\  . o;/L of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg eof]  .
lrq ^ b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn]s]xL lglZrt nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/g\  . ;d"xsf]cGTo ;Dddf pgL lgDg kl/jt{gx¿ rfxlG5g\ M
• vfgf vfg] OR5fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / lgoldt
vfgf vfg]
• lgGb|fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], ljz]if u/L rfF8}
lgGb|f nfUg] pkfox¿ vf]Hg]
• 6fpsf] b'vfO{ sd ug]{ jf 36fpg]
• cfˆgf] >Ldfg\;Fusf] ljjfb 36fpg]
• v';L dx;'; ug]{, afnaflnsfx¿;Fu v]Ng
/dfpg] / ;fyLx¿nfO{ k]ml/ e]6/ d'8df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
165
;Ltfn] cfˆgf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] k|of]u s;/L ul5{g\ eg]/ xfdL lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L
lnO/xg]5f}+  .
lrq & b]vfpg'xf];\
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf af/]df ;'g]kl5 pQm ljlw
cEof; u/L cf/fd dx;'; ug{ ;Ltf Psbd pT;flxt
eOg\  . ha ;d"xdf pgn] cfˆgf] Zjf;sf] uGtL ul/g\
Tolta]nf pgsf] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult !* k|lt ldg]6
lyof]  . cfk"m Tolt l56f] ;f; km]l//x]sL 5' eGg] pgnfO{
x]Ssf lyPg  .
;LtfnfO{ cEof; ug]{ qmddf k]6 km'nfP/ Zjf; km]g{ lgs}
ufx|f] eof]  . To;}n] afgL kfg{sf] nflu pgn] k]6nfO{ leq
/ aflx/ ws]n]/ ;'? ul/g\  . ;xhstf{sf] uGtL k5\ofpFb}
cEof; ubf{ pgn] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ la:tf/} 36fpg
;lsg\ t/ pgnfO{ w]/} ;':t ePsf] dx;'; eof]  . pgL
cfk"mn] cfjZos dfqfdf xfjf leq gcfPsf] dx;'; ul/g\  . s]xL a]/;Dd cEof; ul/;s]kl5 pgnfO{
k"0f{ ¿kdf geP klg cln ;xh dx;'; eof] . pgn]csf]{xKtf;Dd cEof; ug]{of]hgf ul/g\ .
lrq * b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 @_
;Ltfn] cfk"mn] s]xL lbg dg / z/L/ xn'sf
ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ug{ e'n]sf] eg]/ ] elgg\  .
To;}n] pgn] cfk"mnfO{ ;Demfpgsf nflu cf]5\
ofg 5]pdf s]xL ofb lbnfpg] s'/f /fVg] lgwf]
ul/g\  . pgn] ;'Tg' cuf 8 dg / z/L/ xn'sf
ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; u//] } 5f8\g] of]hgf agfOg\  .
b'O /ft;Dd of] cEof; ul/g\, Zjf; km]g{df
pgnfO{ cem} klg s]xL ;d:of eO/x\of]  . t/, pgn] o; af/]df vf;} lrGtf lnOgg\ / la:tf/} ;f;
km]g]{ sf]l;; hf/L /flvg\  . h;sf sf/0f kl5 pgnfO{ clns cfgGb eof] / lgbfpg ;lhnf] eof]  .
lrq ( b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltf cfk"m;Fu w]/} ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ eg]/ ;f]lRyg\ / pgL tL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ePsf] x]g{ rfxlGyg\  .
tL ;f/f ;d:ofsf af/d
] f ;f]Rbf pgL tgfju|:t
/ ylst x'lGyg\  . s'g} lbg t clQ g} ufx|f]
x'GYof]  . ;LtfnfO{ ;dfwfg x'g] / ;dfwfg gx'g]
;d:ofx¿ 5'6\ofpg ;xof]u rflxof]  .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]W g' x f]; \ M ;Ltfsf w]/}
;d:ofx¿dWo] s'gs'g rflxF ;dfwfg ug{
;lsG5g\ /s'gs'g rflxF ;lsFbgg\ }  <
166
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
lrq !) b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/;s]kl5,
;fdfwg ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg] d'Vo ;d:ofx¿
5'6\ofOg\ .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M ljleGg ;d:ofx¿dWo]
s'g ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 /s'g ug{ ;lsFbg}
cg'dfg ug{'xf];\  < pQ/x¿ lrqx¿dfkm{t
b]vfpg'xf];\  .
;Ltfsf ;dfwfg x'g];d:ofx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
• vfgfsf] ?lr gx'g] • lgbfpg ufx|f] x'g]
• g/fd|f];Fu 6fpsf] b'Vg] • >Ldfg\;Fu emu8f x'g]
• d'8 jf hfFu/ grNg] / c¿ JolQm;Fu} x'g grfxg]
;d:of ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] ;d:ofx¿ – pgsL cfdf ca of] ;+;f/d} gePsL / pgsf >Ldfg\n] sfd
kfpg g;s]sf x'g\ eg]/ pgn] ;f]lrg\  .
lrq !! b]vfpg'xf];\
r/0f ! df pgn] cfˆgf] d'Vo ;d:of >Ldfg\;Fusf] jfbljjfbnfO{ 5flgg\  .
;Ltfsf >Ldfg\n] ev{/} hflu/ u'dfPsf lyP
/ o;af/] pgL tgfju|:t / cfqmf]lzt lyP  .
o;sf sf/0f pgLx¿sf] ;DaGwdf lgs} c;/
k/]sf] lyof] / o; cj:yfsf sf/0f ;Ltf Psbd}
lg/fz lyOg\  . pgLx¿sf] x/]s lbg emu8f
kYof] { . o;n] ubf{ pgL k|foM ;w}F b'vL eO/xlGyg\
/ lgoldt ul//x]sf sfdx¿ ug{ klg pgnfO{
w]/} ufx|f] k/]sf] lyof]  . ljz]if u/L pgL cfkm}nfO{
;fyLx¿;Fu e]6\g dg gnfu]/ / cfk"mnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f nlHht dx;'; ePsfn] pgn]] cfˆgf
;fyLx¿;Fu klg e]63f6 ul//x]sL lyOgg\  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M o:tf] Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofn] efjgfTds ;d:of NofpF5 eg]/ tkfO{+x¿n] ofb ug'{
ePsf] 5  <
r/0f @ df ;d:ofsf] JofVof hlt ;Sbf] :ki6;Fu ug'{kb{5  . ;Ltf / pgsf >Ldfg\ aLr k};fsf]
ljifodf emu8f x'GYof], vf;u/L pgsf >Ldfg\ s]xL sfd gu/L lbgel/ al;/xGy] eg]/ ;Ltfn] elgg\  .
167
lrq !@ b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] ca ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0f # ;'? ul/g\  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M r/0f # s'g xf] s;}nfO{
ofb 5 < -;d"xsf]k|ltlqmofsf nflu Psl5g\
s'g'{xf];\, To;kl5 eGg'xf];\_;d:of ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg' g} r/0f # xf]  .
ha ;Ltf o; r/0fdf k'lug\, pgL oxL r/0fd}
c8\lsOg\ . pgn]elgg\ ls pgsf >Ldfg\n]
hflu/ kfP eg] pgsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g]
lyof]  . pgn] b'O{j6f pkfox¿sf af/]df dfq
;f]Rg ;lsg\ M æs]xL klg gug]{ / hflu/ gkfP;Dd s'g]{Æ cyjf æ>Ldfg\nfO{ h;/L klg hflu/ vf]Hg
eGg]Æ . oL pkfox¿n]sfd u5{g\ jf ub}{g g\ lglZrt geP klg pgn]tL pkfox¿ n]lvg\ .
;d"xsL csL{ ;b:on] cfk"m klg p:t} cj:yfdf /x]sL / c¿;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] atfOg\  .
of] pkfon] sfd u5{ eg]/ ;LtfnfO{ ljZjf; nfu]g  . of] ljlwn] ;d:of ;dfwfg gu/] tfklg /fd|/L
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ eg]/ ;xhstf{n] ;LtfnfO{ :d/0f u/fOg\  .
;xhstf{n] ljleGg JolQmx¿;Fu s'/f ug{] af/]df ;f]Rg nufOg\  . ;Ltfn] ;fyLx¿;Fu o; af/]df s'/f
ug{ nfh nfU5 eg]/ elgg\ t/ pgn] sfsL jf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu eg] s'/f ug{ ;Sg] s'/f atfOg\  .
lrq !# b]vfpg'xf];\
slxn]sfxLF ha ;DefJo ;dfwfgx¿ ;f]Rg ufx|f]
x'G5, ta cfˆg} ;fyLnfO{ o:t} ;d:of k/s
] f] eP
s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'GYof] jf ljutdf o:t} vfnsf
;d:ofx¿ cfOkbf{ tkfO{Fn] s;/L ;Daf]wg
ug{'ePsf] lyof], ;Demg' eP ;lhnf] x'G5  .
;xhstf{ n ] ;LtfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;fyL o:t f]
cj:yfdf k/]sf] eP s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'GYof] eg]/
;f]lwg\  . pgn] sfdsf] nflu >Ldfg\, kl/jf/ jf
;d'bfosf cGo JolQmx¿;Fu s'/f ug]{ ljrf/x¿ /flvg\  . ;d"xsf Ps ;b:on] v'b|f k;nsf] aflx/
lj1fkg /fVg ;lsg] ljrf/ /flvg\  . of] s'/f ;'g]/ ;d"xsf sf]xL ;b:ox¿ ha xfF;], ;shstf{n] of]
pkfo /fd|f] lyof] elgg\ / ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0f # eg]s} sfd nfUg] jf gnfUg] h:tf] eP klg
hlt ;Sbf] w]/} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;f]Rg' xf] eg]/ elgg\  .
;Ltfn] w]/} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kfPkl5, ;d:of;Fu h'Wg pgnfO{ cfTdan cfPsf] dx;'; ul/g\  .
pgn] of] s'/f :d/0f ul/g\ ls o;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] s'g} Pp6f pkfon] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ xf]Og
t/ ;d:ofsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{' xf]  .
rf}yf] r/0fdf -;d"xnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\_ M ;Ltfn] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿dWo]df b'O{ pkfox¿ /f]lhg\ M
168
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
• sfsL;Fu ;'emfj dfUg]  . pxfF;Fu ;d:ofsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf atfpg] / s] ug{ ;lsG5 ;f]Wg]  .
• >Ldfg\;Fu s'/f ug]{ / w]/} emu8f ug]{ rfxgf gePsf] s'/f >Ldfg\nfO{ eGg]  .
ca pgn] dflysf sfo{x¿ slxn] ug]{ eg]/ of]hgf agfOg\  . of] r/0f % xf]  .
lrq !$ b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 #_
t]>f] e]6df, ;Ltfn] ca x/s
] /ft ;'Tg' cl3 dg
/ z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; u/]sf] s'/f
;'gfOg\  . s]xL /ftx¿df o;n] pgnfO{ l56f]
lgbfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofof] eg] lgbfpg ;xof]u
gePsf] a]nfdf klg cem a9L cf/fd eof]  .
pgn] ;xh ¿kdf k]6 km'nfP/ ;f; km]g{ yfn]sf]
klg dx;'; ul/g\ .
lrq !% b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] 6fpsf] b'Vg nfu]sf] dx;'; x'gf;fy jf
tgfjsf] dx;'; x'gf;fy dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{
ljlwsf] cEof; ug{ yflng\  . Psbd} tgfj ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;':t Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof; ug{
cK7\of/f] eP tfklg o;n] cfk"mnfO{ zfGt
agfPsf] pgn] atfOg\  .
lrq !^ b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfsf] >Ldfg\;Fu emu8f x'g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ePg t/ pgL To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf
eg] ljZj:t lyOg\  . of]hgfcg';f/ pgL cfˆgf >Ldfg\;Fu s'/f ug{ ;kmn eOg\  . pgsf >Ldfg\n]
klg emu8f ug{ cfk"mnfO{ dg gkg]{atfP t/o; ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{eg]/ pgLx¿ Ps
csf{sf ljrf/x¿df ;xdt eg] ePgg\  . ;Ltfn]
sfsL;Fu klg s'/f ul/g\  . pgsf >Ldfg\n]
c¿;Fu sfdsf] af/]df s'/f ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/
sfsLn]] cfˆgf] ljrf/ /flvg\ / of] s'/fn] pgsf]
d'8 / tgfjdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] h:tf] nfUof]  .
o; ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ ;Ltf
/ ;xhstf{n] 5nkmn u/]  . ;d:of ;DxfNg]
ljlwsf]r/0f $ cGtu{t ;dfwfgsf ;"rLx¿
b'j}n] x]/]  . ;Ltfn] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw k|of]u u/]/ >Ldfg\;Fu} ldn]/ c¿ yk s'/f ug{] lg0f{o ul/g\  .
Pscfk;df x'g]emu8f sd ug{ PSn}sf]l;; ug{'eGbf ;Defljt ;a};dfwfgsf nflu >Ldfg\;Fu
ldn]/ sfd ug]{ af/]df ;Ltfn] ;f]lrg\ / cfpFbf] xKtfsf] of]hgf agfOg\  .
169
;f/f+z ug{'xf];\
• sfsL;Fu s'/f u/]kl5 pgsf] d'8 / tgfjdf ;'wf/ ePsf]
• >Ldfg\;Fu emu8f s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ ;xhstf{;Fu 5nkmn u/]sf]
• Ps cfk;df x'g] emu8fsf ;Defljt ;a} ;dfwfgsfx¿sf af/]df cfk"m / cfˆgf >Ldfg\n]
;Fu;Fu} ;d:ofsf af/]df ldn]/ ;f]Rg] / ;dfwfgsf nflu sf]l;; ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf]  .
lrq !& b]vfpg'xf];\
cfˆgL cfdfsf] d[To' ePb]lv g} ;LtfnfO{ cfk"m
cfk"mh:t} nfu]sf] lyPg  . klxn] pgL Psbd
v';L /;fdflhs x'g]uly{g\  . pgL ;fyLx¿;Fu
-lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ _, ufpFsf a'9fkfsfx¿;Fu
-lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ _ e]6\g / 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ;do
latfpg -lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ _ dg k/fpFlyg\  .
pgL wfuf]n] :j]6/, 6f]kL a'Gg / s]6fs]6L;Fu
;do latfpg dg k/fpFlyg\ . pgL ;a}3/fo;L sfd ;Sbf cfgGb dx;'; uly{g\ t/pgn]cfˆgL
cfdfsf] d[To'kZrft\ a'Gg / c¿;Fu e]6]/ ;do latfpg 5f]l8g\  . aif{ laTb} hfFbf pgsf] d'8 klg
lau|Fb} uof] / pgnfO{ klxnf ug]{ sfd km]l/ ;'? ug{ emg} ufx|f] x'Fb} uof]  . pgL 3/sf] sfd t uly{g\
t/ slxn]sfxLF of] ug{ sl7gfO{ x'GYof]  . pgn] lg/fz dx;'; ul//x] klg v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;d"x
e]6x¿df pgL ;xefuL x'g yfn]sL lyOg\  . c¿n] ;lhn};Fu ug{ ;Sg] sfd cfk"mn] ug{ g;s]sfn]
pgL nlHht dx;'; klg uly{g\ .
lrq !* b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf af/]df ;'lgg\
/ cfk"m lgliqmotfsf] rqmdf km;]sf] yfxf kfOg\  .
tyflk, pgnfO{ s;/L km]l/ lqmofzLn x'g] eg]/
yfxf ePg lsgeg] pgL ;w}Fh;f] ylst x'lGyg\
/ 6fpsf] b'vfOn] klg pgnfO{ s]xL ug{af6
/f]SYof]  .
lrq !( b]vfpg'xf];\
cfˆgf] ysfg / 6fpsf] b'vfOsf sf/0f klxnf
ug]{ u/]sf t/ xfn gug]{ sfdx¿sf af/]df
;Ltf / ;xhstf{n] 5nkmn u/]  . cfk"mn] ug]{
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;Ltfn] Pp6f ;"rL agfOg\,
h:t } M :j ]6 / a' G g], l5d]s Lx¿;F u e]6 \ g ],
s]6fs]6LnfO{ :s'n;Dd nfg]Nofpg] / vfgf
ksfpg] cflb  . klxn] ug]{ u/]sf s]xL cfgGb lbg] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Demg ;xhstf{n] cfu|x ubf{ pgn]
cfk"mn] w]/} uLt ufpg], l5d]sLx¿;Fu lrof lkpg] / ;fyLx¿;Fu e]6\g] u/]sf] t/ oL lqmofsnfkx¿
w]/} ;dob]lv gu/]sf] atfOg\  .
170
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
lrq @) b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] /dfOnf] nfUg] lqmofsnfk km]l/ ;'? ug{
3/ 5]psf] s';L{df a:g] klxnf] lqmofsnfksf
¿kdf 5flgg\  . of] lqmofsnfk ug{ w]/} zlQmsf]
cfjZostf gkg]{ jf 6fpsf] klg gb' V g]
ePsf]n] pgnfO{ ;lhnf] nfUof]  . ;'?df /dfOnf]
lqmofsnfk ug{ cfˆgf] efUodf gePsf] h:tf]
;Ltfn] 7flgg\ lsgeg] pgn] 3/df sfd g} /fd|/L
ug{ ;s]sL lyOgg\  . csf]{ k6ssf] e]6df s'g}
lqmofsnfk 5fGg], h'g 3/fo;L lqmofsnfk klg x'g;S5 eg]/ ;xhstf{n] atfP  . o;sf nflu ufx|f]
lqmofsnfk ;'? ug'{eGbf ;lhnf] lqmofsnfkaf6 ;'?cft ug]{ / d'8df ;'wf/ Nofpg sf]l;; ug]{ eg]/
;xhstf{n];LtfnfO{ ;'emfj lbP .
lrq @! b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 $_
rf}yf] e]6 ePb]lv ;Ltfn] dg / z/L/ xn'sf
ug]{ ljlwsf] lgoldt cEof; ug{ yfn]sL lyOg\  .
pgn]of]ljlw tgfjo'Qm cj:yf x'Fbf jf gx'Fbf
k|of]u uly{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M laxfgdf
5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ :s'n hfg tof/L ub}{ ubf{, pgsf
aRrfx¿ :sn ' af6 kmls{Psf a]nf, ;fFemsf] vfgf
agfpFb} ubf{ / >Ldfg\;Fu emu8f ePsf] a]nf  .
o;sf] kmn:j?k pgn] ;fdfGotof sd tgfj
dx;'; uly{g\ / klxnf h:tf] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ / >Ldfg\;Fu l5§} emls{g] klg ulb{g lyOg\  . pgsf]
lg›fdf klg ;'wf/ cfPsf] lyof] / pgsf] 6fpsf] b'vfO klg sd ePsf] lyof]  .
lrq @@ b]vfpg'xf];\
;LtfnfO{ /fd|f] ;'wf/ eO/x]sf] lyof] / pgL gofF
;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;'?cft ug{ tof/ lyOg\  .
pgnfO{ /flt lgbfpg ufx|f] eO/xs ] f] lyof] To;}n]
o;}nfO{ g} ;d:ofsf ¿kdf 5flgg\  . o;sf
nflu pgn] b'O{j6f ;dfwfgx¿ ;f]lrg\ M rfF8f]
cf]5\ofgdf hfg] / cf/fdbfoL ;ª\uLt ;'Gg]  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M of] ;d:of ;DxfNg cGo ;dfwfgx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\  <
171
lrq @# b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] uPsf] xKtfsf] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlw
ul/g\  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M ;Ltfn] /dfOnf] nfUg]
s'g lqmofnfk ug{ nflu/x]sL lyOg\  < -;d"xsf]
k|ltlqmof s'g{'xf];\ / eGg'xf];\ _ 3/sf] 5]psf]
au}Frfdf a:g]  .
;'?sf s]xL lbgx¿df ;LtfnfO{ au}Frfdf a:g
dg gnfu] klg pgL a:g yflng\  . xKtfsf] cGTolt/ pgn] klxnfsf] h:t} cfk"mnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg
yfn]sf] dx;'; ul/g\  .
lrq @$ b]vfpg'xf];\
;LtfnfO{ au}Frfsf] s';L{df a:g /dfOnf] nfu]
tfklg 3/wGbf cem} a9L ug'{ cfjZos 5 h:tf]
nfUof]  . To;sf nflu pgn] ca csf]{ gofF
lqmofsnfk km]l/ ;'? ug{] a]nf ePsf] lyof]  .
pgn] 3/wGbf ;w}F ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g\  . o;
lqmofsnfknfO{ ;;fgf efudf ljefhg ug{sf
nflu pgn] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] /
x/]s lbgdf Pp6f sfd ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g \ . pgn]
;lhnf]sfd 5flgg\, h'g nueu !) ldg]6df ;lsG5, h:t}M efF8f df‰g]sfd . olb tfut ePdf
pgn]csf]{sfd ug{ ;lSyg\ t/pgL 7"nf]jf dxŒjfsf+IfL eg]eOgg\ .
lrq @% b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] s]xL dlxgfb]lv g/dfOnf] dx;'; u/]sL
lyOg\ / cfˆgf ;fyLx¿ e]6\g 5f]8]sL lyOg\  .
pgn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ ;a} PSn}n] g} ;dfwfg
ug{ vf]hs ] fn] pQm ;d:of cfk"mnfO{ cToGt} 7'nf
nfu]sf /x]5g\ eg]/ atfOg\  . pgnfO{ ljutdf
;d:of ePsf] a]nf cfˆgf ;fyLx¿ jf cfdf;Fu
s'/f ug]{ u/s
] f] / Tolta]nf ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] ofb cfof]  . pgLx¿n]
;LtfnfO{ ;xof]u uy]{ / ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbGy]  . slxn]sfxLF Jofjxfl/s ;xof]u klg uy]{, h:t} M pgsf
aRrfx¿nfO{ s]xL ;dosf nflu x]/aLrf/ ul/lbg] cflb  .
172
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
lrq @^ b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu e]6\g 5f]8]sf]df cfk"mnfO{
bf]ifL dx;'; ePsf] atfOg\  . kml]/ pgLx¿;Fu ;xof]usf]
cfzf /fv]df pgLx¿ l/;fpF5g\ jf a]jf:tf u5{g\ ls eGg]
pgnfO{ nfUof]  .
lrq @& b]vfpg'xf];\
;xof]u dfUbf c¿ JolQmx¿ l/;fpF5g\ ls eGg] ;f]r
g} æb'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Æ ljlw k|of]u ug{
;Ltfsf nflu afwf lyof]  . >Ldfg\;Fusf] emu8fsf af/]df
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwcGtu{t sfsL;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ pxfF
gl/;fPsf] s'/f ;xhstf{n] ;LtfnfO{ :d/0f u/fOg\  . pgsL
sfsLn] c¿ JolQmx¿;Fu sfdsf] cj;/x¿sf af/d ] f
s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsg] pkof]uL ;Nnfx;'emfj lbg'ePsf]
lyof]  . ;Ltfn] o;df ;xdlt hgfOg\ / kl/jf/sf cGo
;b:ox¿ klg pgL;Fu gl/;fpg ;Sg] s'/f atfOg\  .
cfkmGt;Fu e]6g\ ] / s]xL ;do latfpg] pgn] lg0f{o ul/g \ .
lrq @* b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn] cfkmGt;Fu e]6\g] lg0f{o ul/g\  . ;d"xn]
pgsf] of] sfdnfO{ ;/n agfpg ;xof]u u¥of] M
• cfkmGt;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f ug]{ / e]6g\ hfg]
OR5f nfu]sf] atfpg]
• lbg / ;do ldnfpg]
• cfkmGt a:g] 7fpFsf] a; lng]
• b'j}sf] hLjgdf s]s] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/
s'/f ug]{
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M pgn] kmf]gdf s'/fsfgL s;/L ;'? ubf{ l7s xf]nf  < -;xefuLx¿nfO{ b'j}sf]
e"ldsf clego ug{ cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  ._
olb ;LtfnfO{ ;xh nfUof] eg] pgn] pgsf >Ldfg\n] sfd gkfPsf] af/]df ;d:of ;'gfpg] of]hgf
agfOg\ .
173
lrq @( b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltf >Ldfg\sf nflu sfd vf]Hg klg rfxlGyg\  .
c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'nfO{ klg ;fdflhs ;DaGw
alnof] agfpg] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf ofb /fVg'xf]; \ .
;Ltfn] ;d"xdf o;af/]df 5nkmn ul/g \ .
;d"xsf ;b:on] :yfgLo :sn
' sf x]8 df:6/;uF
s'/f ug{ ;lsg] ;Nnfx lbP lsgeg] pgn]
;d'bfosf w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ lrg]sf lyP  .
;LtfnfO{ of] ljrf/ l7s nfUof]  . ;Ltfsf] cfpFbf] xKtfsf] of]hgf M
• ;Ltfn] >Ldfg\nfO{ x]8 df:6/nfO{ e]6\g] hfg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / hflu/sf] af/]df ;'emfj lng]
• >Ldfg\n] gofF 7fpFdf sfd kfpg ;lsG5 ls eg]/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg]
lrq #) b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 %_
dflysf] afofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw– ;Ltfn] ;'Tg' cufl8,
pl7;s]kl5 /haha tgfj dx;'; x'G5,
tata dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] lgoldt
cEof; ul/g\  .
dflysf] bfofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw– ;Ltf / pgsf >Ldfg\
sf] emu8f sd / ;d:ofx¿ ;DxfNg] af/]df
s'/fsfgL a9L x'g yfNof]  . pgsf >Ldfg\n] x]8
df:6/åf/f ljBfnodf c:yfoL sfd kfP  .
tnsf] afofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlw– ;Ltf cfˆgf] 3/ k5fl8sf]
au}Frfdf lgoldt a:g] ul/g\  . pgnfO{ 3/fo;L sfd ug{ eg] cem} cK7\of/f] dx;'; eO/x] klg cfk"mdf
;'wf/ cfO/x]sf] h:tf] nfUof]  . 3/sf s]xL sfdx¿ dfq} u/] klg pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] h:tf] nfUof]  .
tnsf] bfofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlw– ;Ltfn]cfkmGt;Fu
e]l6g\, pgLx¿n] Ps csf{sf] xfnva/af/] s'/f u/] / pgn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ klg ;'gfOg\  . pgnfO{
o;f] ug{ lgs} ufx|f] eof] t/ cfk"mdf ;d:of ePsf] jf cfkmGtsf] ;Dks{df gcfPsf]df bf]ifL dx;';
x'g] u/L cfkmGtn] s]xL klg elggg\  . pgLx¿n] km]l/ e]6\g] of]hgf agfP  .
174
cg';"rL (
dlxnf lrqsyf
lrq #! b]vfpg'xf];\
;Ltfn];fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd
;s]sf] # dlxgf eof]  . ;d"x ;xof]u pkof]uL
nfu]sfn] pgnfO{ e]6x¿sf] ofb cfO/xGYof]  .
;d"xdf cfˆgf] cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg
gkfpFbf pgnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿
3/df hf/L /fVg sl7gfO eof]  . o;sf nflu
pgn] of] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ ;d:of ;DxfNg]
ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o ul/g\  . pgn] v'Nnf
dg ;xof]usf] ;xhstf{;Fu ;Dks{ ul/g\ / ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g / Ps
csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{af/]df 5nkmn ul/g\  . pgLx¿ dlxgfsf] Ps k6s e]6]/ ;Fu} vfhf vfG5g\ /
cfˆgf] xfnva/ ;'gfpF5g\ .
lrq #@ b]vfpg'xf];\
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;lsPsf]nueu $
dlxgfkl5 pgsf >Ldfg\sf] cfˆg} sfof{nodf
7'nf] b'36{ gf eof] / xftsf] x8\8L efFlrof], h;n]
ubf{ pgL sfdaf6 nfdf];do;Dd alGrt
/xg'k¥of]  . o;n] ubf{ ;Ltf / pgsf >Ldfg\
b'j}sf] d'8df c;/ u¥of]  . lgbfpg ufx|f] x'g]
/ ef]s klg 36\b} uO/x]sf] pgn] ofb ul/g\  .
o:tf] yfxf kfPkl5 pgn] v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf
ljlwx¿af/] ;lDemOg\  . o;sf nflu ;Ltfn] ;d"xdf l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ >Ldfg\ / pgL ldn]/
;d:ofx¿ ;DxfNg] of]hgf agfOg\  .
lrq ## b]vfpg'xf];\
olt 7'nf] 36gfk|lt ;Ltfsf] k|ltlqmof :jfefljs
xf]  . t}klg v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf]
k|of]uåf/f pgn] cfˆgf] dg / b}lgs hLjgnfO{
gsf/fTds c;/ kg{af6 hf]ufOg\ / Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgx¿ klxrfg ul/g \ . pgn]
afnaflnsf x]/rfx s]G›df sfd kfOg\  . To;kl5
s]xL xKtfleq} pgsf] d'8, lgGb|f / 6fpsf] b'Vg]
;d:ofx¿df ;'wf/ eof]  .
175
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
xl/sf] lrqsyf
lrq ! b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 !_
xl/Ps #* jifL{o ljjflxt k'?if x'g\ . pgsf
# hgf ;fgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ 5g\  .
cTolws 6fpsf] b'vfO / ef]s gnfUg] sf/0fn]
ubf{ pgn] Ps :jf:YosdL{;Fu e]6 u/]  . pgn]
cfk"m /fd|f];Fu g;'t]sf] / cfk"mn] lbgel/ g}
ysfgsf] dx;'; u/]sf] klg atfP  . pQm
:jf:YosdL{n] pgnfO{ tgfj / dgsf] ;d:of 5 eg]/ eg]  . oL ;a} s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 tL :jf:YosdL{n]
xl/nfO{ ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ;xhstf{;Fu e]6\g eg]  . To;}n] o; af/]df hfFr ug{sf nflu
xl/n] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{nfO{ e]6]  .
lrq @ b]vfpg'xf];\
;d:of s]nfpFb} hfg] qmddf pgsf d'Vo b'O{
;d:ofx¿ lyP  . Pp6f ;d:of zf/Ll/s ;d:of,
h:t} M 6fpsf] b'Vg] lyof] eg] ========
lrq # b]vfpg'xf];\
csf]{ ;d:of >LdtL;Fusf] emu8f lyof]  .
pgnfO{ oL b'j} ;d:ofx¿n] tgfj / lrGtf
a9fPsf] lyof]  .
176
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
lrq $ b]vfpg'xf];\
cfk"m 3/ 6f9fsf] sfd 5f]8]/ km]l/ 3/d} kms]{kl5
oL ;d:ofx¿ emg} hl6n x'Fb} uPsf pgn]
atfP  . ToxfF x'Fbf pgsf] :jf:Yo sdhf]/ lyof]
/ sfd cTolws u/] klg k};f eg] sd lbg]
ul/Psf] lyof], h;sf sf/0f pgL g]kfn kmls{P  .
pgL kms]s { f]$ dlxgfkl5 pgsL >LdtL pgnfO{
sfd gu/]sf] / lagf sf/0f 3/ kms]{sf] eGb}
emu8f ug{ yflng\  . To;kZrft\ pgL c¿x¿;Fu, vf;u/L cfˆgL >LdtL;Fu emg\emg\ l/;fpg yfn]  .
;xhstf{n] ;d:of klxrfg ug]{qmddf ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u xl/nfO{ pko'Qm x'G5 egL sfo{qmddf
lgdGq0ff u/]  . xl/n] ;xdlt klg hgfP  .
lrq % b]vfpg'xf];\
klxnf] e]6df, o; ;d"xdf cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
pgsf] lg›f / ef]sdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' tyf 6fpsf]
b'vfO 36fpg' xf] eg]/ xl/n] eg]  . pgL cfˆgL
>LdtL;Fu emu8f x'g];d:of klg ;dfwfg
ug{ rfxGy]] . ;d"xdf cfPkl5 cfˆgf aRrf;Fu
v]ndf /dfOnf] ug{ / ;fyL;FuL e]6\g ;lsG5
eGg] pgnfO{ nfUof]  .
;d"x e]6x¿df cfpg lgs} cK7\of/f] x'G5 ls eGg] pgnfO{ nfUof] lsgeg] pgnfO{ Psbd} ylst /
zlQm gePsf] dx;'; x'GYof]  . ;xhstf{n] p;sf] ;d:of a'‰of]  . o; ljifodf pgLx¿n] ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/] / xl/sf l5d]sLn] cfpghfgdf ;fy lbg] eP  .
cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df c¿n]yfxf kfpnfg\ ls eGg]lrGtf klg ;d"xdf cfpgsf nflu pgsf]
csf]{ r'gf}tL lyof]  . s'/fsfgL ;a} uf]Ko /xg] af/d
] f ;d"xdf 5nkmn eof] / cfk"mnfO{ ;lhnf] gnfu];Dd
cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ vf]Ng' gkg]{ klg xl/nfO{ atfOof]  .
r'gf}tLx¿ eP tfklg ;d"xdf cfpg'sf kmfObfx¿ w]/} x'g] ePsfn] xl/ ;d"xdf ;xefuL x'g pT;flxt
eP .
lrq ^ b]vfpg'xf];\
;d" x e]6 x¿sf] cGTo;Dddf pgn] lgDg
kl/jt{gx¿ rfx]sfn] xl/n] % lglZrt nIox¿
lgwf{/0f u/] M
• vfgf vfg] OR5fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] /
lgoldt vfgf vfg]
177
• lgGb|fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], ljz]if u/L rfF8} lgGb|f nfUg] pkfox¿ vf]Hg]
• 6fpsf] b'vfO{ sd ug]{ jf 36fpg]
• cfˆgL >LdftL;F+usf] ljjfb 36fpg]
• v';L dx;'; ug]{, afnaflnsfx¿;Fu v]Ng /dfpg] / ;fyLx¿nfO{ k]ml/ e]6/ d'8df ;'wf/
Nofpg]
xl/n] cfˆgf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] k|of]u s;/L u5{g\ eg]/ xfdL lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L
lnO/xg]5f}+  .
lrq & b]vfpg'xf];\
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf af/d ] f ;'gk] l5 pQm ljlwsf]
cEof; u/L cf/fd dx;'; ug{ xl/Psbd pT;flxt eP .
ha ;d"xdf pgn] cfˆgf] Zjf;sf] uGtL u/] Tolta]nf
pgsf] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult !* k|lt ldg]6 lyof]  . cfk"m
Tolt l56f] ;f; km]l//x]sf] 5' eGg] pgnfO{ x]Ssf lyPg  .
xl/nfO{ cEof; ug]{ qmddf k]6 km'nfP/ Zjf; km]g{ lgs}
ufx|f] eof]  . To;}n] afgL kfg{sf] nflu pgn] k]6nfO{ leq /
aflx/ ws]n/] ;'? u/ ] . ;xhstf{sf] uGtL k5\ofpFb} cEof;
ubf{ pgn] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ la:tf/} 36fpg ;s]
t/ pgnfO{ w]/} ;':t ePsf] dx;'; eof]  . pgL cfk"mn]
cfjZos dfqfdf xfjf leq gcfPsf] dx;'; u/]  . s]xL a]/;Dd cEof; ul/;s]kl5 pgnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf
geP klg cln ;xh dx;'; eof] . pgn]csf]{xKtf;Dd cEof; ug]{of]hgf agfP .
lrq * b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 @_
s]xL lbg dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;
ug{ e'n]sf] eg]/ pgn] eg]  . To;}n] pgn]
cfk"mnfO{ ;Demfpgsf nflu cf]5o\ fg 5]pdf s]xL
ofb lbnfpg] s'/f /fVg] lgwf] u/]  . pgn] ;'Tg'
cufl8 dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof;
u/]/} 5f8\g] of]hgf agfP  . pgn] b'O{ /ft;Dd
of] cEof; u/], Zjf; km]g{df pgnfO{ cem} klg
s]xL ;d:of eO/x\of]  . t/, pgn] o;af/]df
vf;} lrGtf lnPgg\ / la:tf/} ;f; km]g]{ sf]l;; hf/L /fv]  . h;sf sf/0f kl5 pgnfO{ clns cfgGb
eof] / lgbfpg ;lhnf] eof]  .
178
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
lrq ( b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/ cfˆgf w]/} ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ePsf] x]g{
rfxGy]  . tL ;f/f ;d:ofsf af/] ;f]Rbf pgL
tgfju|:t / ylst x'Gy]  . s'g} lbg t pgnfO{
clQ g} ufx|f] x'GYof]  . xl/nfO{ ;dfwfg x'g] /
;dfwfg gx'g] ;d:ofx¿ 5'6\ofpg ;xof]u
rflxof]  .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M tkfO{+x¿nfO{ xl/sf
;d:ofx¿ s]s] lyP ofb 5  <
lrq !) b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/;s]kl5,
;fdfwg ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg] d'Vo ;d:ofx¿
5'6\ofP .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M ljleGg ;d:ofx¿dWo]
s'g ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 /s'g ug{ ;lsFbg}
cg'dfg ug{'xf];\  < pQ/x¿ lrqx¿dfkm{t
b]vfpg'xf];\  .
xl/sf ;dfwfg x'g] ;d:ofx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
• vfgfsf] ?lr gx'g] • lgbfpg ufx|f] x'g]
• g/fd|f];Fu 6fpsf] b'Vg] • >LdtL;Fu emu8f x'g]
• d'8 jf hfFu/ grNg] / c¿ JolQm;Fu} x'g grfxg]
;d:of ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg];d:ofsf ¿kdf pgn]sfd kfpg g;Sg'nfO{ cf}FNofP .
lrq !! b]vfpg'xf];\
r/0f ! df pgn] cfˆgf] d'Vo ;d:of >LdftL;Fusf] jfbljjfbnfO{ 5fg]  .
xl/sf] hflu/ gePsfn] tgfju|:t lyP  . o;sf sf/0f pgL / pgsL >LdtL aLr k};f / sfd vf]Hg]
af/]df w]/} emu8f kYof]{  . o;n] ubf{ pgL b'vL
eO/xGy] / l/;fO/xGy] eg] klxnf ul//x]sf
sfdx¿ ug{ klg pgnfO{ w]/} ufx|f] k/]sf] lyof]  .
pgn] s]xL ;dob]lv ;fyLx¿;Fu klg e]63f6
u/]sf lyPgg\ lsgeg] Ps t pgnfO{ c¿;Fu
e]6\g dg g} nfUb}gYof] eg] csf]{ cfk"mnfO{ k/]sf]
;d:ofsf sf/0f nlHht dx;'; x'g] ePsfn]
pgL e]6\g uPsf lyPgg\ .
179
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M o:tf] Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofn] efjgfTds ;d:of NofpF5 eg]/ tkfO{+x¿n] ofbug'{
ePsf] 5  <
r/0f @ df ;d:ofsf] JofVof hlt ;Sbf] :ki6;Fu ug'{kb{5  . xl/n] pgL / pgsL >LdtL aLr k};f /
sfd gePsf] ljifodf emu8f x'G5 eg]/ eg]  .
lrq !@ b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] ca ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0f # ;'? u/]  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M r/0f # s'g xf] s;}nfO{
ofb 5 < -;d"xsf]k|ltlqmofsf nflu Psl5g\
s'g'{xf];\, To;kl5 eGg'xf];\_;d:of ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Rg' g} r/0f # xf]  .
ha xl/ o; r/0fdf k'u], ta pgL oxL r/0fd}
c8\lsP  . pgn] cfk"mn] hflu/ kfPF eg] ;d:of
;dfwfg x'g] lyof] eGg] s'/f JoQm u/]  . pgn]
b'O{j6f pkfox¿sf af/]df dfq ;f]Rg ;s] M æs]xL klg gug]{ / hflu/ gkfP;Dd s'g]{Æ cyjf æhflu/
vf]Hg cem} w]/} k|of; ug]{Æ  . oL pkfox¿n] sfd u5{g\ jf ub}{gg\ lglZrt geP klg pgn] tL pkfox¿
n]v]  .
;d"xsf csf{ ;b:on] cfk"m klg p:t} cj:yfdf /x]sf] / c¿;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] atfP  .
of] pkfon] sfd u5{ eg]/ xl/nfO{ ljZjf; nfu]g  . of] ljlwn] ;d:of ;dfwfg gu/] tfklg /fd|/L
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ eg]/ ;xhstf{n] xl/nfO{ :d/0f u/fP  .
;xhstf{n] ljleGg JolQmx¿;Fu s'/f ug{] af/]df ;f]Rg nufP  . xl/n] ;fyLx¿;Fu o; af/]df s'/f ug{
nfh nfU5 eg]/ eg] t/ pgn] sfsf jf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu eg] s'/f ug{ ;Sg] atfP  .
lrq !# b]vfpg'xf];\
slxn]sfxLF ha ;DefJo ;dfwfgx¿ ;f]Rg ufx|f]
x'G5 ta cfˆg} ;fyLnfO{ o:t} ;d:of k/s
] f] eP
s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'GYof] jf ljutdf o:t} vfnsf
;d:ofx¿ cfOkbf{ tkfO{Fn] s;/L ;Daf]wg
ug{'ePsf] lyof] ;Demg' eP ;lhnf] x'G5  .
;xhstf{n] xl/nfO{ cfˆgf] ;fyL o:tf] cj:yfdf
k/]sf] eP s] ;Nnfx lbg'x'GYof] eg]/ ;f]w]  . pgn] sfdsf nflu >LdtL, kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfosf cGo
JolQmx¿;Fu s'/f ug]{ ljrf/x¿ /fv]  . ;d"xsf Ps ;b:on] v'b|f k;nsf] aflx/ lj1fkg /fVg ;lsg]
ljrf/ /fv]  . of] s'/f ;'g]/ ;d"xsf sf]xL ;b:ox¿ ha xfF;], ta ;shstf{n] of] pkfo /fd|f] lyof]
180
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
eGg] hfgsf/L lbP / ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0f # eg]s} sfd nfUg] jf gnfUg] h:tf eP klg
hlt ;Sbf] w]/} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;f]Rg' xf] eg]/ eg]  .
xl/n] ;dfwfgsf w]/} pkfox¿ kfPkl5, ;d:of;Fu h'Wg pgnfO{ cfTdan cfPsf] dx;'; eof]  .
pgn] of] s'/f :d/0f u/] ls o;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] s'g} Pp6f pkfon] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ xf]Og
t/ ;d:ofsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{' xf]  .
rf}yf] r/0fdf -;d"xnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\_ M xl/n] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿dWo]df b'O{ j6f pkfox¿ /f]h] M
• sfsf;Fu ;'emfj dfUg]  . pxfF;Fu ;d:ofsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf atfpg] / s] ug{ ;lsG5 ;f]Wg]  .
• >LdtL;Fu s'/f ug]{ / w]/} emu8f ug]{ rfxgf gePsf] s'/f >LdftLnfO{ eGg]  .
ca pgn] dflysf sfo{x¿ slxn] ug]{ eg]/ of]hgf agfP  . of] r/0f % xf]  .
lrq !$ b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 #_
t]>f] e]6df xl/n] x/]s /ft ;'Tg' cl3 cfk"mn]
dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; u/]sf]
s'/f ;'gfP  . s]xL /ftx¿df o;n] p;nfO{ l56f]
lgbfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofof] t/ lgbfpg ;xof]u
gePsf a]nfdf klg cem a9L cf/fd eof]  .
pgn] ;xh ¿kdf k]6 km'nfP/ ;f; km]g{ yfn]sf]
klg dx;'; u/]  .
lrq !% b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] 6fpsf] b'Vg nfu]sf] dx;'; x'gf;fy jf
tgfjsf] dx;'; x'gf;fy dg / z/L/ xn'sf
ug]{ ljlwsf] cEof; ug{ yfn]  . Psbd} tgfj
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;':t Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] cEof;
ug{ cK7\of/f] eP tfklg o;n] cfk"mnfO{ zfGt
agfPsf] pgn] atfP  .
lrq !^ b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/sf] >LdtL;Fu emu8f x'g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
ePg t/ To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf
eg] pgL ljZj:t lyP  . of]hgfcg';f/ pgL
cfˆgL >LdftL;Fu s'/f ug{ ;kmn eP . pgsL
>LdftLn]klg emu8f ug{ cfk"mnfO{ dg gkg]{
181
s'/f atfOg\ t/ o; ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eg]/ pgLx¿ Ps csf{sf ljrf/x¿df ;xdt
eg] ePgg\  . xl/n] sfsf;Fu klg s'/f u/]  . sfsfn] c¿;Fu sfdsf af/]df s'/f ug{ ;lsg] ljrf/
/fv] / o; s'/fn] pgsf] d'8 / tgfjdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] h:tf] nfUof]  .
o; ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ xl/ / ;xhstf{n] 5nkmn u/]  . ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf]
r/0f $ cGtu{t ;dfwfgsf ;"rLx¿ b'j}n] x]/]  . xl/n] ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw k|of]u u/]/ >LdftL;Fu}
ldn]/ c¿ yk s'/f ug{] lg0f{o u/]  . Pscfk;df x'g] emu8f sd ug{ PSn} sf]l;; ug{'eGbf ;Defljt
;a} ;dfwfgsf nflu >LdtL;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ af/]df xl/n] ;f]r] / cfpFbf] xKtfsf] of]hgf agfP  .
;f/f+z ug{'xf];\
• sfsf;Fu s'/f u/]kl5 pgsf] d'8 / tgfjdf ;'wf/ ePsf]
• >LdtL;Fu emu8f s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ ;xhstf{;Fu 5nkmn u/]sf]
• Ps cfk;df x'g] emu8fsf ;Defljt ;a} ;dfwfgsfx¿sf af/]df cfk"m / cfˆgL >LdtLn]]
;Fu;Fu} ldn]/ ;d:ofsf af/]df ;f]Rg] / ;dfwfgsf nflu sf]l;; ug]{ of]hgf agfOPsf]  .
lrq !& b]vfpg'xf];\
cfˆgf] 3/eGbf 6f9fsf] sfd 5f]8/] 3/df kms]b{ l] v
g} xl/nfO{ cfk"m cfk"mh:t} nfu]sf] lyPg  . klxn]
pgL Psbd v';L /;fdflhs x'g]uy]{ . pgL
cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu -lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ _ e]6\g,
ufpFsf a'9fkfsfx¿;Fu -lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ _ e]6g\
/ 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ;do latfpg -lrq b]vfpg'xf];\
_ dg k/fpFy]  . t/ pgL 3/ kmls{Pb]lv oL ;a} ug{ 5f]8]sf lyP  . dlxgf} laTb} hfFbf pgsf] d'8 klg
lau|Fb} uof]  . pgnfO{ klxn] h:t} ;lqmo x'g / c¿ JolQmx¿;Fu} x'g ufx|f] x'Fb} uof]  . pgL 3/sf] sfd
t uy]{ t/ slxn]sfxLF of] ug{ sl7gfO{ x'GYof]  .
pgn] lg/fz dx;'; ul//x] klg pgL v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;d"x e]6x¿df ;xefuL x'g yfn]sf lyP  .
c¿n] ;lhn};Fu ug{ ;Sg] sfd cfk"mn] ug{ g;s]sf]n] pgL nlHht dx;'; klg uy]{  .
lrq !* b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlwsf af/]df ;'g] /
cfk"m lgliqmotfsf] rqmdf km;]sf] yfxf kfP t/
pgnfO{ s;/L km]l/ lqmofzLn x'g] eg]/ yfxf eg]
ePg lsgeg] pgL ;w}h F ;f] ylst x'Gy] / 6fpsf]
b'vfOn] klg pgnfO{ s]xL ug{af6 /f]SYof]  .
182
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
lrq !( b]vfpg'xf];\
cfˆgf] ysfg / 6fpsf] b'vfOsf sf/0f klxnf
ug]{ u/s
] f t/ xfn gug]{ sfdx¿sf af/d ] f xl/n]
eg]  . tL sfdx¿ l5d]sLx¿ / ;fyLx¿;Fu
e]6\g hfg], 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k'¥ofpg] /
3/ Nofpg], v]taf/Lsf] sfd ubf{ cfgGb lng]
x'g\ egL pgn] eg]  .
lrq @) b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] /dfOnf] nfUg] lqmofsnfk kml]/ ;'? ug{
laxfgsf] lrof lkpFb} uLt ;'Gg] lqmofsnfknfO{
klxnf] lqmofsnfksf ¿kdf 5fg]  . of] lqmofsnfk
ug{ w]/} zlQmsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ jf 6fpsf]
klg gb'Vg] ePsfn] pgnfO{ of] ;lhnf] nfUof]  .
;'?df /dfOnf] lqmofsnfk ug{ cfˆgf] efUodf
gePsf] h:tf] xl/n] 7fg] lsgeg] pgn] 3/df
sfd g} /fd|/L ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\  . csf]{ k6ssf]
e]6df s'g} lqmofsnfk 5fGg], h'g 3/fo;L
lqmofsnfk klg x'g;S5 eg]/;xhstf{n] atfP . o;sf nflu ufx|f] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'? ug'e { Gbf ;lhnf]
lqmofsnfaf6 ;'?jft ug]{ / d'8df ;'wf/ Nofpg sf]l;; ug]{ eg]/ ;xhstf{n] xl/nfO{ ;'emfj lbP  .
lrq @! b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 $_
rf}yf] e]6 ePb]lv xl/n] dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{
ljlw lgoldt cEof; ug{ yfn]sf lyP . pgn]of]
ljlw tgfjo'Qm cj:yf x'bF f jf gx'bF f k|of]u uy] { .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M laxfgdf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ :s'n
hfg tof/L ub}{ ubf{, pgsf aRrfx¿ :s'naf6
kmls{Psf a]nf / >LdftL;Fu emu8f ePsf a]nf  .
o;sf] kmn:j¿k pgn] ;fdfGotof sd tgfj
dx;'; uy]{ / klxnf h:tf] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿
/ >LdftL;Fu l5§} emls{g] klg ub}{gy]  . pgsf] lg›fdf klg ;'wf/ cfPsf] lyof] / pgsf] 6fpsf] b'vfO
klg sd ePsf] lyof]  .
lrq @@ b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/nfO{ /fd|f] ;'wf/ eO/x]sf] lyof] / pgn] gofF
;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ljlw ;'?jft ug{] tof/L
gb}{ lyP  . pgnfO{ /flt lgbfpg ufx|f] eO/x]sf]
lyof] To;}n] o;nfO{ g} pgn] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf
5fg] . o;sf nflu pgn]b'O{j6f ;dfwfgx¿
;f]r] M rfF8f] cf]5\ofgdf hfg] / cf/fdbfoL
;+uLt ;'Gg]  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M of] ;d:of ;DxfNg cGo ;dfwfgx¿ s]s] xf]nfg\  <
183
lrq @# b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] uPsf] xKtfsf] …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlw
u/]  .
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M xl/ /dfOnf] nfUg] s'g}
lqmofnfk ug{ nflu/x]sf lyP  < -;d"xsf]
k|ltlqmof s'g{'xf];\ / eGg'xf];\ _ laxfgsf] lrof
lkpFb} ;+uLt ;'Gg] lyof]  .
;'?sf s]xL lbgx¿df xl/nfO{ ;+uLt ;'Gg dg gnfu] klg pgL la:tf/} ;'Gg yfn]  . xKtfsf] cGTolt/
pgn] klxnfsf] h:t} cfk"mnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg yfn]sf] dx;'; u/]  .
lrq @$ b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/nfO{ ;+uLt ;'Gb} a:g /dfOnf] nfu] tfklg
3/wGbf cem} a9L ug'{ cfjZos 5 h:tf]
pgnfO{ nfUof]  . To;sf nflu pgn] ca csf]{
gofF lqmofsnfk km]l/ ;'? ug{] a]nf ePsf]
lyof]  . pgn] 3/wGbf ;w}+ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]  . o;
lqmofsnfknfO{ ;;fgf efudf ljefhg ug{sf]
nflu pgn] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] /
x/]s lbgdf Pp6f sfd ug]{ lg0f{o u/]  . pgn]
;lhnf]sfd 5fg]h'g nueu !) ldg]6df ;lsG5 . olb tfut ePdf pgn]csf]{sfd ug{ ;Sy]t/
pgL 7"nf]jf dxŒjfsf+IfL eg]ePgg\ .
lrq @% b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] s]xL dlxgfb]lv g/dfOnf] dx;'; u/]sf
lyP / cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg e]6\g 5f]8]sf]
lyP  . pgn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ ;a} PSn}n] g}
;dfwfg ug{ vf]h]sf]n] pQm ;d:of cfk"mnfO{
cToGt} 7'nf] nfu]sf] /x]5 eg]/ atfP  . pgnfO{
ljutdf ;d:of ePsf] a]nf cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu
s'/f ug]{ u/s
] f] / Tolta]nf ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] ofb cfof]  . pgLx¿n] xl/nfO{ ;xof]u uy]{ / ;Nnfx ;'emfj
lbGy] / slxn]sfxLF Jofjxfl/s ;xof]u klg uy]{  .
lrq @^ b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu e]6\g 5f]8]sf]df cfk"mnfO{ bf]ifL dx;'; u/]sf] atfP  .
km]l/ pgLx¿;Fu ;xof]usf] cfzf /fv]df pgLx¿ l/;fpF5g\ jf a]jf:tf u5{g\ ls
eGg] pgnfO{ nfUof]  .
184
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
lrq @& b]vfpg'xf];\

;xof]u dfUbf c¿ JolQmx¿ l/;fpF5g\ ls eGg] ;f]r g} æb'Mv
afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Æ ljlw k|of]u ug{ xl/sf nflu afwf
lyof]  . >LdtL;Fu emu8fsf af/d ] f ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwcGtu{t
sfsf;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ pxfF gl/;fPsf] s'/f ;xhstf{n]
xl/nfO{ :d/0f u/fP  . pgsf sfsfn] c¿ JolQmx¿;Fu sfdsf]
cj;/x¿sf af/d ] f s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsg] pkof]uL ;Nnfx ;'emfj
lbg'ePsf] lyof]  . xl/n] o;df ;xdlt hgfP / kl/jf/sf cGo
;b:ox¿ klg pgL;Fu gl/;fpg ;Sg] s'/f atfP  . cfkmGt;Fu
e]6\g] / s]xL ;do latfpg] lg0f{o klg pgn] u/]  .
lrq @* b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] ;fyL;Fu e]6\g] lg0f{o u/]  . ;d"xn] pgsf] of] sfdnfO{ ;/n agfpg ;xof]u u/] M
• ;fyL;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f ug]{ / e]6\g hfg]
OR5f nfu]sf] atfpg]
• lbg / ;do ldnfpg]
• ;fyL a:g] 7fpFsf] a; lng]
• b'js
} f] hLjgdf s]s] eO/xs
] f] 5 eg]/
s'/f ug]{
;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M pgn] kmf]gdf s'/fsfgL s;/L ;'? ubf{ l7s xf]nf  < -;xefuLx¿nfO{ b'j}sf]
e"ldsf clego ug{ cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  ._
olb xl/nfO{ ;xh nfUof] eg] pgn] sfd gkfPsf] af/]df ;d:of ;'gfpg] of]hgf agfP  .
lrq @( b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] >LdtLnfO{ v';L agfpg rfxGy]  . c¿nfO{
;xof]u ug{' klg ;fdflhs ;DaGw alnof]
agfpg] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ofb /fVg'xf];\  .
xl/n] ;d"xdf o;af/]df 5nkmn u/]  . ;d"xsf
;b:on] ufpFsf] t/sf/L Jofkf/L;Fu s'/f u/]/
t/sf/L k;n /fVg ;lsg] ;Nnfx lbP lsgeg]
pgn] ;d'bfosf w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ lrg]sf lyP  .
185
xl/nfO{ of] ljrf/ l7s nfUof]  . xl/sf] cfpFbf] xKtfsf] of]hgf M

• xl/n] >LdtLnfO{ ufpFsf] t/sf/L Jofkf/LnfO{ e]6\g hfg k|f]T;fxg ug]{
• s;}n] t/sf/L lsGg rfxG5g\ ls eg]/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg]
lrq #) b]vfpg'xf];\ -e]6 %_
dflysf] afofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\
M dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw– xl/n] ;'Tg'
cufl8, pl7;s]kl5 /haha tgfj dx;';
x'G5, tata dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf]
lgoldt cEof; u/]  .
dflysf] bfofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M
;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw– xl/ / pgsL >LdtLsf] emu8f sd / ;d:ofx¿ ;DxfNg] af/]df s'/fsfgL a9L
x'g yfNof]  . pgsL >LdtLn] ufpFsf] cfjthfjt ug]{ 7fpFdf t/sf/L k;n vf]lng\ / w]/} t/sf/Lx¿
a]lrg\  .
tnsf] afofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M …rNb} u/, ub}{ u/Ú ljlw– xl/n] laxfg lrof lkpFb} ;+uLt
;'Gg yfn]  . pgnfO{ 3/fo;L sfd ug{ eg] cem} cK7\of/f] dx;'; e}/x] klg cfk"mdf ;'wf/ cfO/x]sf]
h:tf] nfUof]  . 3/sf s]xL sfdx¿ dfq} u/] klg pgnfO{ pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] h:tf] nfUof]  .
tnsf] bfofF 5]pdf ePsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ M …b'Mv afF8] cfwf, ;'v afF8] bf]Aa/Ú ljlw– xl/n] ;fyLnfO{
e]6], pgLx¿n] Ps csf{sf] xfnva/af/] s'/f u/] / pgn] cfˆgf] ;d:ofx¿ klg ;'gfP  . pgnfO{ o;f]
ug{ lgs} ufx|f] eof] t/ cfk"mdf ;d:of ePsf] jf ;fyLx¿sf] ;Dks{df gcfPsf]df bf]ifL dx;'; x'g]
u/L ;fyLn] s]xL klg eg]g  . pgLx¿n] km]l/ e]6\g] of]hgf agfP  .
lrq #! b]vfpg'xf];\
xl/n] ;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmd
;s]sf] # dlxgf eof]  . ;d"x ;xof]u pkof]uL
nfu]sfn] pgnfO{ e]6x¿sf] ofb cfO/xGYof]  .
;d"xdf cfˆgf] cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg
gkfpFbf pgnfO{ v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿
3/df hf/L /fVg sl7gfO eof]  . o;sf nflu
pgn] of] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ ;d:of ;DxfNg]
ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o u/]  . pgn] v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf] ;xhstf{;Fu ;Dks{ u/] / ;d"xsf cGo
;b:ox¿;Fu ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g] / Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ af/]df 5nkmn u/]  . pgLx¿ dlxgfsf]
Ps k6s e]6]/ ;Fu} vfhf vfG5g\ / cfˆgf] xfnva/ ;'gfpF5g\ .
186
cg';"rL !)
k'?if lrqsyf
lrq #@ b]vfpg'xf];\
;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u ;lsPsf]nueu $
dlxgfkl5 pgsL >LdtLsf] 7'nf] b'3{6gf eof] /
xftsf] x8\8L efFlrof]  . h;n] ubf{ pgn] t/sf/L
a]Rg kfOgg\ / 3/sf] sfd ug{ ;lsgg\  . o;n]
xl/ / p;sL >LdtL b'j}sf] d'8df c;/ u¥of]  .
lgbfpg ufx|f] x'g] / ef]s klg 36\b} u}/xs
] f] pgn]
ofb u/]  . o:tf] yfxf kfPkl5 pgn] v'Nnf dg
;xof]usf ljlwx¿af/] ;De]m  . o;sf nflu xl/n]
;d"xdf l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ >LdtL / pgL ldn]/ ;d:ofx¿ ;DxfNg] of]hgf agfP  .
lrq ## b]vfpg'xf];\
olt 7'nf] 36gfk|lt xl/sf] k|ltlqmof :jfefljs
xf] t}klg v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ljlwx¿sf]
k|of]uåf/f pgn] cfˆgf] dg / b}lgs hLjgdf
kg{;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/af6 cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufP
/ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgx¿ klxrfg
u/]  . >LdtLn] ul//x]sf] t/sf/L a]Rg] sfd
ca pgn] ug{ yfn]  . To;kl5 s]xL xKtfleq}
pgsf d'8 lau|g], lgGb|f gnfUg] / 6fpsf] b'Vg]
;d:ofx¿df ;'wf/ eof]  .
187
cg';"rL !!
jt{dfg cj:yfk|lt ;r]t u/fpg] -Grounding_ cEof;
tnsf a'Fbfx¿ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\  .

• cf/fd;Fu a:g'xf];\  .
• ;lhnf];Fu ;fdfGo ¿kdf Zjf; lng'xf];\
 .
• ca xfdL xfdLn] ;'g]sf, b]v]sf / :kz{ u/]sf s'/f ub}{5f}F  .
• klxn] jl/kl/ x]/L cfˆgf cfFvfn] b]v]sf % j6f s'/fx¿ vf]Hg'xf];\  . tL % j6f s'/fx¿ ;'gfpg'xf];\
/ To;nfO{ 5'g'xf];\  .
• Zjf; lng'xf];\ / kfFrj6f ;'g]sf s'/f eGg'xf];\  .
• tTsfn} % j6f gofF 5'g ;Sg] km/skm/s j:t'x¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\  . tL % j:t'x¿sf] gfd
eGg'xf];\  .
• tTsfn} $ j6f ;'Gg ;Sg] gofF km/skm/s cfafhx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\  . tL $ cfafhx¿ s]s]
x'g\ < eGg'xf];\ .
• tTsfn} $ j6f gofF :kz{ ug{ ;Sg] km/skm/s j:t'x¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\  . tL $ j:t'x¿sf] gfd
eGg'xf];\  .
• To;/L g} # j6f b]Vg, 5'g / ;'Gg ;lsg] km/skm/s gofF j:t' tyf cfafhx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\  .
ltgLx¿sf] gfd eGg'xf];\  .
• @ j6f b]Vg, 5'g / ;'Gg ;lsg] km/skm/s gofF j:t'x¿ tyf cfafhx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\  .
ltgLx¿sf] gfd eGg'xf];\  .
• Pp6f s'g} b]Vg, 5'g / ;'Gg ;lsg] gofF j:t' tyf cfafh kQf nufpg'xf];\  . ltgLx¿ s]s]
x'g\  <eGg'xf];\  .
• ;a} hgfn] egL ;s]kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ ætkfO{xF ¿nfO{ of] cEof; s:tf] nfUof]  < PsPs
u/L eGg cg'/f]w ub{5'Æ .
188
cg';"rL !@
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]n
-Energizers_
cg';"rL !@
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]n -Energizers_
!= xfjfdf z/L/n] n]Vg]

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 plegsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• ;xhstf{n]bfofF xftn]xfjfdf dflyaf6 tn wsf{ æ . Æ / afofFaf6 bfofF wsf{ æ—ÆtfGg'xf];\  .
• ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ To;/L g} n]Vg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• ca d]6\g nufpg'xf];\  .
• km]l/afofF xftn]xfjfdf dflyaf6 tn wsf{ æ . Æ /afofFaf6 bfofF wsf{ æ—Æ tfGg'xf];\  .
• b'j}xftn]xfjfdf dflyaf6 tn wsf{ æ . Æ / afofFaf6 bfofF wsf{ æ—Æn]Vg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• To;}u/L 6fpsf], lhp, k]6 / v'§fsf] k|of]u u/]/ xfjfdf wsf{ sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\  .
• ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / of] lqmofsnfk s:tf] nfUof] eGg]af/] 5f]6s/Ldf eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
@= s'/fsfgL ug]{ an
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uf]nfsf/df p7\g cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• o; v]ndf ;a} hgfn] xftdf an kfPkl5 # j6f zAb eGg] / csf]{ ;fyLnfO{ kmfNg] eGg'xf];\  .
zAb h:tf] klg x'g ;Sb5 / ldNg} k5{ eGg] 5}g eGg'xf];\  .
• ;a} hgfsf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5, wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / ca km]l/ an kmfNg'kg]{ s'/f eGg'xf];\  .
• ;xefuLn] klxn]sf] h:t} s]xL zAb eg]/ an kmfNg], an kfPsf] ;xefuLn] cufl8sf] ;fyLn]
eg]sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / To;nfO{ hf]8\b} csf]{ zAb agfpg] eGg'xf];\  .
• h:t} M æd]/f] ufO{=====Æ eg]/ Ps ;xefuLn] an csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ kmfNg]  . csf]{ ;xefuL h;n]
an kfP, pgn]æ3/df 3fF; vfFb}==Æeg]/ kmfNg]  . To;}u/L an kfPsf] ;xefuLn] æ…==/ b'w lbFbÆ}
eg]/ kmfNg] / cufl8 lbFb} hfg]  . o;}u/L Ps b'O{ rf]l6 k|of; ug{ nufpg'xf];\  .
189
• ;a} ;xefuLn] v'Nnf ¿kdf s'/fsfgLnfO{ lgw{Ss;Fu cufl8 g/fv];Dd an kmfNg] qmdnfO{
hf/L /fVg'xf];\  .
• ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / of] lqmofsnfk s:tf] nfUof] eGg]af/] 5f]6s/Ldf eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
# af]tnsf] v]n
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uf]nfsf/ agfP/ pleg nufpg'xf];\  .
• klxnf] r/0fdf af]tnnfO{ PsPs u/L uf]nfsf/ ePsf ;xefuLx¿df kf; ub}{ hfg'kb{5 eGg]
• kf; ubf{ ;xefuLx¿n] af]tnnfO{ s]xL ug{'k5{ egL eGg'xf];\, h:t} M To;nfO{ /u8\g], r'Dg]
jf tndfly agfpg]cflb .
• ;a} ;xefuLx¿sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ca bf]>f] r/0fdf ;xefuLn] klxnf] r/0fdf af]tnnfO{
s] u/]sf lyP ;Demg nufpg] / pQm JolQmn] bfofFtkm{ a;]sf] JolQm;Fu ;f]xL sfo{ ug{
nufpg'xf];\  .
• ;a}sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;xefuLnfO{ wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / of] lqmofsnfk s:tf] nfUof] eg]/
5f]6s/Ldf eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
$= d s:tf] dx;'; ub}{5'  <
• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uf]nfsf/ ¿kdf a:g cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• Ps—Ps u/L ;a}n] kfn}kfnf] cg'xf/sf] xfpefpn] efjgf JoQm ug]{ clego ug]{ / afFsL ePsf
c¿ ;xefuLx¿n] clego ug]{ ;fyLn] s] efjgf k|:t't u/]sf x'g\ eGg] cg'dfg nufpg' kb{5
eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\  .
• klxnf sf]xL Ps JolQmnfO{ cg'xf/sf] xfpefpn] efjgf JoQm ug{ cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\  .
• c¿ ;xefuLx¿n] s] efjgf k|:t't u/]sf x'g\ eg]/ eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
• h;n] ;xL cg'dfg nufpF5, efjgfsf] clego ug]{ kfnf] p;sf] x'G5  .
• o;/L qmd};Fu ;a} ;xefuLsf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;xefuLnfO{ wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / of] lqmofsnfk
s:tf] nfUof] eg]/ 5f]6s/Ldf eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
190
cg';"rL !@
/dfOnf] u/]/ k'mlt{nf] x'g] v]n
-Energizers_
%= pkxf/ k|:t't ug]{

of]v'Nnf dg ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf]clGtd ;d"x e]6df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;a} ;xefuLsf] gfd Pp6f afs; jf Aofudf /fVg'xf];\  .
• afs; jf AofunfO{ ;a}sf]df k'¥ofpg] / x/]s JolQmnfO{ Pp6f gfd l6Kg nufpg'xf];\  .
• cfˆg} gfd k/]df Tof] gfd afs; jf Aofudf /fv]/ csf]{ gfd l6Kg'kg]{5 eg]/ eGg'xf];\  .
• ;d"xnfO{ yf]/} ldg]6sf] ;do lbP/ cfkm"n] 5fg]sf] JolQmnfO{ lbg] sfNklgs pkxf/ ;f]Rg
nufpg'xf];\  .
• Tof] pkxf/ s;/L lbg] eGg] klg ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\  .
• ;d"xdf kfn}kfnf] pQm sfNklgs pkxf/ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\  .
• ;xefuLnfO{ wGojfb lbg'xf];\ / of] lqmofsnfk s:tf] nfUof] egL 5f]6s/Ldf eGg nufpg'xf];\  .
191
192
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;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u

© Transcultural Psychosocial Organization, 2020

of]cg'jflbt sfd CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 df pknAw 5 .

Note on translation of this guide

…v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmd s;sf nflu xf]<

…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]u (Group PM+)

;fdgf ug]{ tl/sf M

e]befj tyf nf~5gf 2

zf/Ll/s l;sfotx¿ -kL8fx¿, b'vfO_

of] lgb]{lzsf s–s;n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ <

sIffut tflnddf lgDg lnlvt ljifoj:t'x¿ x'G5g\ M

…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmdsf e]6x¿sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] 5 <

- k|of]u ul/g] ljlwsf] af/]df lzIff

v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf n]vfhf]vfx¿

;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf ;xhstf{x¿

o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{

;xhstf{x¿nfO{ o; lgb]lz{sfn]lgDg ljifox¿df ;xof]u u5{ M

;xhstf{x¿n] hfgsf/Lx¿ lbFbf / lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpFbf ;s];Dd o; lgb{]lzsfdf atfOPcg';f/

tkfO{+n] s]xL nrstf ckgfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 ha M

x/]s e]6sf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L

:jfut tyf kl/ro !) ldg]6 gfd sf8{x¿ -pknAw ePdf_

;d"xsf gLltlgodx¿ !) ldg]6 7'nf] sfuhsf] kfgf / dfs{/x¿

;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] cgf}krfl/s

;d:of ;DxfNg] –;xefuLsf ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf] r/0fsf]

;xof]usf qmddf ul/g] cgf}krfl/s

;d"xdf sfd ug]{ af/]df tkfO{+n] hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

ofb /fVg'kg]{ Jofjxfl/s s'/fx¿

;d"xnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{

!_ dxŒjk"0f{ 5nkmnnfO{ g5f]6\ ofO{ lgwf{l/t ;do sfod /fVg'

*_ ;xefuLx¿n] lx+;fsf] cg'ej ul//x]sf] ePdf

#= rNb} u/, ub}{ u/ tgfj != dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw

!_ dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlw

@_ ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlw

#_ rNb} u/, ub}{ u/

$_ b'Mv af“8] cfwf, ;'v af“8] bf]Aa/

;+:s[lt, n}ª\lustf / efiffsf] a'emfO

cfwf/e"t ;xof]uL ;Lkx¿

@_ rf;f]sf af/]df s'/fsfgL

#_ cdf}lvs ;~rf/sf ;Lkx¿

%_ k|df0fLs/0f / ;fdfGoLs/0f

^_ cfgf dfGotfx¿nfO{ cnUu}/fVg'

&_ ;Nnfx lbg'

;xefuL / ;xhstf{sf] ;DaGw b;f{pg] s]xL j}slNks pkdfx¿

3= :yfg / j:t'l:ylt

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL

n]vfhf]vf s]sf nflu <

n]vfhf]vf slxn] ;DkGg ug]{ <

n]vfhf]vf s;/L ug]{ <

;xof]uk"j{sf] n]vfhf]vfdf oL kfOnfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ckgfpg'xf];\ M

v'Nnf dg ;xof]usf bf}/fgdf ul/g] n]vfhf]vf

:ki6 JofVof u/]sf] af/] ;'lglZrt ug{'xf];\ .

cfˆg} hLjg ;dfKt kfg{ vf]Hg]sf nflu d"Nofª\sg of]hgf

;xefuLx¿sf] cfTdxTofsf ljrf/x¿sf] cg'udg ub{} pgLx¿n] rfx]cg';f/sf] ;]jf;'ljwf pknAw

cfTdxTofsf ljrf/x¿sf] n]vfhf]vf

cfTdxTofsf ;f]rx¿ n]vfhf]vf ug]{ lgb{]lzsf

lgs6 eljiodf cfˆgf]hLjg ;dfKt kfg]{of]hgf

n]vfhf]vfsf] bf}/fgsf r'gf}tLx¿

!= ;xefuLn] hfgsf/L eGg nfh dfg] jf clgR5f b]vfPdf

@= tkfO{“n] af]ln/xg'ePsf] a]nfdf ;xefuLnfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ ePdf

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu lgDg ljifox¿df s'/f ug{'xf];\ M

!_ cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf] <

/f]huf/df hfg' / cfpg'kg]{, kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0fsf] tgfj, a]/f]huf/L, 3/fo;L

$_ v'Nnf dg s]xf] < o;n];xefuLx¿nfO{ s;/L kmfObf k'¥ofp“5 <

of]cg'jflbt sfd CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 df pknAw 5 .

of] lgb]{lzsf s–s;n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\  <

…;fd"lxs v'Nnf dg ;xof]uÚ sfo{qmdsf e]6x¿sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] 5  <

n]vfhf]vf s]sf nflu  <

n]vfhf]vf slxn] ;DkGg ug]{  <

n]vfhf]vf s;/L ug]{  <

:ki6 JofVof u/]sf] af/] ;'lglZrt ug{'xf];\  .

!_ cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <

$_ v'Nnf dg s]xf] < o;n];xefuLx¿nfO{ s;/L kmfObf k'¥ofp“5 <

*= cfhsf] e]6sf af/]df atfpg'xf];\  .

v'Nnf dg ;xof]u s] xf]  < !% ldg]6

‘v'Nnf dg ;xof]u’ sf] p2]Zo s] xf]  <Ú

@= lgDg ;+jfb k9]/;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqsyf eGg'xf];\ .

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;+lIfKt / :ki6 lgrf]8 lbg'xf];\  .

gf]6 M tkfO{+n]tflnsfaf6 !–@ k|Zgx¿dfq 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5 .

cK7\of/f] cj:yf -Adversity_ s] xf]  < @) ldg]6

‘cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <’ sf] p2]Zo

…cK7\of/f] cj:yf s] xf]  <Ú sf v'8\lsnfx¿

@= o; ljlwn] z/L/sf dfWodaf6 dg / z/L/nfO{ xn'sf ug{df s]lGb|t ub{5  .

$= ;d:of ;DxfNg] ljlwsf r/0fx¿nfO{ k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\  .

#= x/]s ;xefuLsf] sfo{of]hgf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\  . -!) ldg]6_

@= dg / z/L/ xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf nflu ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj ug{'xf];\  .

!= lrqsyfsf]!$ /!% k9]/ ;'?cft ug{'xf];\  .

@= dg / z/L/xn'sf ug]{ ljlwsf] 3/df ul/g] cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\  .

- ;Dej ePdf sDtLdf # hgf ;xefuLx¿sf]sfo{of]hgf ;d"xdf ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ .

- oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg]vfnsf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .