Journal of Geosciences Research

Vol. 3, No.2, July, 2018

www.ggsnagpur.org pp. 121 - 132

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic Dykes in

Paleoproterozoic Cu(±Mo±Au) Hosting Granitoids at
Malanjkhand Mine Area, Central India
1 1 1 1 1
Deepa Arya , Gajender Kumar , Saurabh Gupta , Santosh Kumar *, Kapil S. Panwar ,
Deepti1, G. L. Sindhupe2, R. M. Khan2
1
Department of Geology, Centre of Advanced Study, Kumaun University, Nainital-263001, India
3
Hindustan Copper Limited, Malanjkhand Project, Malanjkhand, Balaghat-481116, India
*E-mail: skyadavan@yahoo.com

Abstract

Mafic dykes of variable thickness intrude the Paleoproterozoic Cu (±Mo±Au) hosting granitoids in and around the Malanjkhand mine
locality, central India. These mafic dykes are fine to medium grained, subophitic to ophitic bearing cpx(±hbl)-pl-mag-ap-zrn assemblage, which
are collectively referred as Malanjkhand dolerite dykes (MDD). The MDD can be geochemically classified as basalt, basalt andesite and
andesite of subalkaline, quartz tholeiite affinity. Based on major and trace elements, the MDD can be divided into three groups. Group-1 is
T T
marked by low SiO2, high MgO and low Fe2O3 . Group-2 is characterized by relatively moderate SiO2, lower MgO and higher Fe2O3 contents.
Group-3 belongs to highest silica containing MDD, which are highly contaminated with crustal components and therefore do not possess
systematic trace and rare earth element (REE) variations as commonly noted for least contaminated Group-1 and 2 MDD. The mafic to hybrid
microgranular enclaves (ME) hosted in Malanjkhand granitoids have been geochemically compared with MDD, which strongly reveal that
assimilation causes limited compositional changes of MDD whereas mixing between mafic and felsic melts producing different degrees of
hybridized ME displays wide compositional spectrum. The observed Nb/La, Nb/Ce, Ce/Nd, Th/Yb, TiO2/Yb and chondrite to sub-chondrite
REE patterns of least contaminated MDD (Group-1 and 2) depicted the involvement of primitive mantle-like source in the evolution of MDD
rather than enriched or depleted mantle sources.

Keywords: Geochemistry, Mafic dykes, Enclaves, Malanjkahand, Central India.

Introduction craton (Roy et al., 1995), Singhbhum craton (Krishnan, 1936;

Dykes and dyke swarms occur widely in all the
continents and shield regions of different ages, which
are responsible for continental break-up under extensional
regime and hence provide important information on
fragmentation of supercontinents (Halls, 1987; Park et al.,
1995; Ernst et al., 1995) and also on reconstruction of
supercontinents (Condie, 1997; Ernst and Buchan, 2001).
Apart from geodynamic significance, dykes also play vital
role while understanding the mantle heterogeneities. Although
dykes may get emplaced in various tectonic environments,
they are most commonly emplaced in extensional structural
geometry (Anderson, 1951; Halls, 1987; Feraud et al., 1987;
Guiting et al., 2008).
In Indian peninsular shield, the activity of mafic dykes
and swarms are wide spread in cratonic regions viz. Aravalli
Saha et al., 1973; Athavale and Verma, 1970; Bose, 2008),
Bundelkhand craton (Sharma and Rahman, 1996; Sarkar et al.,
1997; Mondal and Ahmad, 2001; Rao, 2004; Rao et al., 2005;
Ghosh and Chatterjee, 2008), Bastar craton (Srivastava and
Singh 2003, 2004) and Dharwar craton (Pichamuthu, 1959;
Sinha-Roy and Furnes, 1981; Patil and Rao, 2002; Jayananda
et al., 2008 ). Dykes are also prominent feature in collisional
belt of Himalaya and extra-peninsular India (Powar and Bhale,
1976; Kumar et al., 2008; Singh and Kumar, 2010).
Palaeoproterozoic porphyry copper hosting calc-
alkaline, metaluminous (I-type) to peraluminous (S-type)
Malanjkhand pluton is an integral part of Bastar craton (Central
India craton). Mafic magmatism in the Malanjkhand pluton is
represented by mafic to hybrid ME (Kumar et al., 2004 a,b;
Kumar and Rino, 2006) and mafic dykes (Nehru and Sikka,
2018). Two generation of mafic dykes trending N-S and NNE-
122 p Deepa Arya et al. JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018

Fig.1. a) Generalised tectonic map of central and peninsular India (after Acharyya and Roy 2000; Stein et al., 2004). AD: Aravalli Delhi Fold Belt, CITZ:
Central India Tectonic Zone, SMB: Satpura Mobile Belt, CIS: Central Indian Shear, SK: Sakoli Fold Belt, KD: Kotri Dongargarh Belt, BC: Bastar
Craton, DP: Deccan Province; MJ: Malanjkhand; b) Geological map of Malanjkhand and surrounding area (after Bhargava and Pal, 2000; Kumar and
Rino, 2004a); c) Geological map of mine area showing two phases of Malanjkhand dolerite dykes (MDD) (Sindhupe, 2005).

SSW are commonly emplaced along the fault planes developed
in the mineralised and unmineralised granitoids and represent
post-plutonic mafic intrusions. Mafic dykes cut across the
granitoids and quartz reefs and have disrupted the ore bodies
and some of them are also mineralised (Bhargava and Pal,
1999; Sikka, 1989). On the other hand mafic to hybrid ME are
coeval magma globules, which mingled with partly crystalline,
relatively cooler host Malanjkhand granitoids in syn-plutonic
environment (Kumar et al., 2004a; Kumar and Rino, 2006).
Nehru and Sikka (2018) have investigated the mafic dykes and
opined that timing of mineralisation and the emplacement of
dykes and their hydrothermal alteration are nearly
synchronous. In the present paper, a new set of petrographic
and geochemical data on mafic dykes collected from
Malanjkhand mine locality is presented and compared with
those of earlier published data on mafic dykes (Nehru and
Sikka, 2018) and mafic to hybrid ME (Kumar and Rino, 2006)
in order to infer petrogenesis, source characterisation and to
assess the compositional diversities of mafic magmatism
caused by their emplacement during syn- to post-plutonic
conditions.
Geology and Tectonics
The Bastar craton is surrounded by crustal and tectonic
components such as Central Indian Shear (CIS; Yedekar et al.,
1990) to the north located in the southernmost part of Central
India Tectonic Zone (CITZ, Acharyya and Roy, 2000; Stein et
al., 2004), Mahanadi graban in the northeast, Godawari graben
in southwest, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt to the east and
Deccan trap cover in the west (Fig. 1a) (Radhakrishna, 1989;
Acharyya, 2001, 2003; Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan,
2008). It comprises of Archaean gneissic complexes (Sukma,
Amgaon and Nandgaon gneissic complexes) and basement for
JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018
supracrustal belt comprised of phyllite, schist, quartzite and
marble inter bedded with mafic rocks.
The geology of Malanjkhand pluton and associated
lithotypes including the mineralisation aspects have been
discussed thoroughly in previous publications (e.g. Tripathi,
1979; Rai and Venkatesh, 1993; Sikka and Nehru, 1997;
Panigrahi and Mookherjee, 1997; Pal and Bhargava, 1998;
Bhargava and Pal, 2000; Sikka and Nehru, 2002; Panigrahi et
al., 2002; Sarkar et al., 1996; Bhargava and Pal, 1999, 2000;
Stein et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2004a, b; Kumar and Rino,
2006, 2007). Malanjkhand pluton is an elongated N-S trending
composite felsic bodies emplaced at shallow level (ca.
3.5Kbar) and is situated in the Balaghat district of Madhya
2
Pradesh covering an area of ~1500km (Fig. 1b). The
granitoids of Malanjkhand pluton are associated with the
Nandgaon Group of volcano-sedimentary lithounits
(Ramachandra and Rao, 1998) and are overlain by the Chilpi
meta-sediments in the southeastern and western parts of the
pluton. The older Amgaon schist and gneisses are exposed in
the northwest and west of pluton, respectively. Nandgaon
volcanics are exposed in the south and east of pluton. In the
northeast of Malanjkhand pluton, the Deccan volcanics are
exposed.
The pink and gray granitoids of Malanjkhand pluton
have been dated as 2362±58, 2467±38, 2243±217Ma
(Rb-Sr whole rock isotopes, Ghosh et al., 1986; Panigrahi et
al., 1993). U-Pb SHRIMP zircon data suggest the age of
granite magmatism at ~2480Ma and hence whole rock Rb-Sr
isochron age of ~2400Ma should represent timing of
hydrothermal activity (Panigrahi et al., 2004). However, Re-
Os ages of molybdenite testify that mineralisation at
Malanjkhand were almost contemporaneous with granitoids
formed at 2490±8 Ma (Stein et al., 2004). LA-ICP-MC
analysed U-Pb zircon ages of basalts (2471±7Ma), rhyolites
(2479±13Ma, 2463±14Ma) and A-type granitoids
(2506±50Ma) from Dongargarh-Kotri belt (Manikyamba et
al., 2016), located south of Malanjkhand pluton are almost
synchronous with the granitoids of Malanjkhand pluton but
both were formed in diverse tectonic environments. Mafic
dykes in the Malanjkhand mine locality are the youngest
magmatic lithounits, which intrude the mineralized and
unmineralized granitoids and quartz reefs as discordant
bodies (Fig.1c).
Field Relations and Petrography
The MDD samples are fine to medium grained varying in
thickness from ~1 to 60m across and occasionally exhibit fine
grained chilled margin grading to medium to coarse grained
cores. The contacts between mafic dykes and host granitoids
are sharp, straight and curved (Fig. 2a). Two phases of MDD
cross cutting to each other can be recognised in the field (Fig.
2b). Fresh MDD samples are melanocratic, hard, compact
having moderate specific gravity, whereas altered MDD
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic Dykes p 123
samples display dark greenish grey to light greenish grey
colour depending upon the degree of the alteration. On the face
wall of each bench of open-cast mine area, the geometry on 2D
outcrop of MDD is of branching nature and the exposed length
is ~10m to 1.2km. The MDD trend N15°W commonly dipping
at 75° to 80° cross-cutting the host granitoids (Fig. 2b).
The MDD usually exhibit fine to medium grained inter-
granular, subophitic to ophitic textures with common cpx-
(hbl)-pl-mag-ap-zrn assemblage. The crystal size and degree
of development of crystal faces reduce towards rim from core,
which indicate undercooling of dyke magma at contact with
cooler host granitoids. Randomly oriented plagioclase
associated with pyroxene (±amphibole) in the interstitial space
(Fig.3) implies that the magma lacks internal flowage because
of high crystal content or rapid crystallisation. The presence of
normal zoned plagioclase indicates disequilibrium during
magma crystallisation. Pyroxene is represented by augite and
diopside (Fig.3b,c). The observed sector zoning in
clinopyroxene (Fig. 3b) may have been developed due to
differential growth rate of crystal faces, composition of ionic
complexes and rate of equilibrium of surface layers especially
at high-P in the absence of co-precipitation of anorthitic
plagioclase (Hollister and Gancarz, 1971). Clinopyroxenes
enclose plagioclases giving rise to ophitic to subophitic
textures, which are formed due to difference in the rate of
nucleation and growth with decreasing undercooling of melt at
liquidus from its source to emplacement level (Shaw, 1965) of
crystals continuously developing from cotectic to eutectic in a
basaltic system. Although fine grains of clinopyroxene are
formed at marginal part of MDD, some coarse crystals of
clinopyroxene are set into the matrix of plagioclase and
magnetite exhibiting porphyritic texture (Fig. 3d). The
observed difference of grain size of minerals from core to rim
may be due to gravity independent thermal gradient
developed across the mafic dyke. In the core of the MDD,
amphibole core is occupied by clinopyroxene and anhedral
(secondary) inclusions of Fe-Ti oxides, which together display
resorption texture (Fig.3e). Dark greenish rims of amphibole
might have been formed due to elevated oxidation state
achieved at the end of crystallisation. Crystallisation of
amphiboles increases towards the margins of MDD, which
may be a result of devolatisation of magma during
extensional regime. Plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxides show
poikilitic relation with amphibole (Fig. 3e). At places, near the
margin of MDD, plagioclase displays K-feldspar bearing
vermicular texture formed due to lateral potassic fluid activity
responsible for partial conversion of plagioclase to alkali
feldspar (Fig. 3f).
Analytical Methods
Whole-rock major oxides of MDD samples were
analysed at Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun
using WD-XRF (SIEMENS SRS-3000) on pressed pellets of
124 p Deepa Arya et al. JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018

Fig.2. a) Mafic dyke intrudes the aplite having sharp contact between them; b) Mafic dyke intrusion into the granitoids. Two phases of mafic dykes cross
cutting each other; c) Sheared nature of mafic dyke; d) Mafic dyke intrude the host granitoids; e) Jointed and fractured nature of mafic dyke and host
granitoids reflecting later deformation; f) The angular unconformable contact between Malanjkhand granitoids and folded metasediments of Chilpighat
Series, the youngest sedimentary formation.

about 5gm fine rock powders. The analytical precision for the
XRF analyses varies within ±2% to 3% for major elements
(Saini et al., 1998). The contents of trace and REEs were
determined at CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute,
Hyderabad. Approximately 0.1gm of each sample was
dissolved in a mixture of HF:HNO3 in Savillex screwed top
vessels and prepared the solution following the method as
described by Balram and Rao (2003). Solutions were analysed
by ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer SCIEX ELAN DRC II). Rock
standard (MRG-1) was used to minimize the matrix effects.
The precision and accuracy of ICP-MS analysed results are up
to 7% RSD.
Geochemistry
Based on contents of silica, large-ion lithophile
elements (LILE), high-field strength elements (HFSE) and
REE, the present set of fourteen MDD samples can be divided
into three groups 1, 2 and 3 (Table 1). The major oxides of
present set of MDD and earlier published mafic dyke data
(Nehru and Sikka, 2018) calculated normative quartz (Qz),
orthoclase (Or), albite (Ab), anorthite (An), diopside (Di) and
hypersthene (Hy) suggesting their nature as quartz tholeiites.
The subalkaline tholeiitic character of MDD is also reflected
from classical basaltic tetrahedron in the plane of Di-Hy-Qz
T
(Tilley and Yodder, 1964). In terms of Na2O+K2O-FeO -MgO
(Fig.4) and total alkali silica (TAS) components the MDD can
be classified largely as basalt, basaltic andesite and andesite of
tholeiitic nature (Fig. 5). The Group-1 and 2 MDD show iron
enrichment tholeiitic trend, whereas Group-3 MDD approach
calc-alkaline field probably because of its chemically
modified compositions.
Group-1 MDD samples are marked by high MgO,
T
moderate Fe2O3 , low SiO2, REE, Zr and moderate Nb-Y-V
contents. Ni and Cu contents vary widely as compared to those
of Group-2 MDD. Among Group-1 the sample MK9* bears
JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018 Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic Dykes p 125

Fig.3. a) Randomly distributed phenocrysts of clinopyroxene set into the fine grained groundmass (CN); b) Clinopyroxene shows sector zoning (CN); c)
Subophitic to ophitic textures where coarse clinopyroxene crystals enclose plagioclase laths (CN); d) Twinned clinopyroxene phenocryst showing
flower-like structure (PPL); e)Alteration of clinopyroxene into hornblende; f) Plagioclase showing vermicular texture in contact with clinopyroxenes.

t
Fig.4. A (Na2O+K2O) - F (Fe2O3 ) - M (MgO) triangular plot for MDD
(fields after Irvin and Baragar, 1971). Fig.5. Total alkali silica (TAS) plot for MDD (fields after Cox et al., 1979).
126 p Deepa Arya et al. JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018

Table 1: Major (wt.%) and trace (ppm) element content of mafic dykes (MDD) from Malanjkhand mine locality
Group-1 Group-2 Group-3
Oxides MKC1C MKC1IM MK9* MK22 MK20 MK10 MK18 MK1 MK11 MK13* MK14 DA18 MK26
SiO2 49.65 48.71 48.56 48.95 50.8 48.28 51.13 51.29 51.51 50.81 55.66 55.55 54.43
TiO2 1.05 1.05 1.35 1.36 0.86 1.32 0.87 1.57 1.46 1.55 0.66 0.76 1.02
Al2O3 11.35 11.52 11.71 10.97 12.39 10.88 12.05 10.23 10.59 10.94 13.82 16.02 13.86
Fe2O3T 13.15 13.48 15.37 15.2 12.59 14.56 12.48 16.99 16.27 15.59 8.75 8.2 11.66
MnO 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.22 0.19 0.2 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.14 0.1 0.13
MgO 9.46 9.16 8.56 8.15 8.62 9.16 8.53 6.36 5.92 7.93 7.48 6.61 7.04
CaO 12.13 11.6 9.87 9.82 9.4 7.78 8.99 7.91 8.25 7.79 6.86 4.88 4.87
Na2O 1.7 1.67 1.87 2.12 1.91 1.73 1.82 2.01 2.12 2.62 2.86 2.93 2.52
K2O 0.58 0.68 0.58 0.78 1.36 2.38 1.73 1.37 1.28 0.38 2.55 2.42 1.38
P2O5 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.22 0.09 0.2 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.31 0.21
Total 99.4 98.22 98.24 97.72 98.19 96.5 97.9 98.14 97.8 98 98.94 97.78 97.12
Ba 189 131 141 130 169 390 256 361 331 167 527 551 418
Rb 24.9 22.2 17.8 29.6 44.9 96.5 53.7 47.1 41.3 12.1 73.9 105 45.6
Sr 225 229 216 235 185 231 180 153 134 118 390 364 364
Zr 73 76 95 99 70 103 76 134 126 107 102 165 145
Nb 5 7.1 8.7 8.2 6.7 12.1 8.2 10.2 10 11.2 6.5 15 8.8
Y 21.4 22.6 23.3 24.8 21.4 17.8 19.3 38.7 35.9 33.1 12.9 14 22.5
Ga 14.2 15.2 14.1 16.8 13.6 14.5 13.7 18.2 17.3 15.3 14.2 15 15.9
Sc 50 41 57 43 42 43 47 48 40 47 24 15.1 15
Th 1.2 1.9 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.9 2.4 2.5 3.8 0.6 6.3 11 7.2
U 1.3 1.5 0.5 1 1.4 3.4 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5
V 268 238 309 323 209 289 209 359 339 388 124 134 170
Ni 90 99.6 47.9 45.7 61.3 99.9 61.7 61.2 58.5 51.7 77.6 70 11.5
Cu 85.5 77 94.3 94.8 93.2 78.6 108.7 108.8 97.8 107 66.1 67 72
Zn 85 88 91 94 77 114 77 115 111 105 68 86 68
Cr 339 363 102 117 85 247 75 97 104 106 153 209 61
Co 51 50 47 52 43 47 46 44 45 44 36 34
Pb 3.5 2.6 0.3 1.6 5.1 3.5 5.3 7.4 4.4 4.7 4.4 13 8.5
La 5.09 4.795 6.884 7.665 8.778 11.58 10.97 17.105 15.45 9.559 16.656 -- 30.16
Ce 12.621 12.603 17.576 19.329 18.53 27.04 22.5 36.027 33.64 22.926 35.09 -- 59.74
Pr 2.086 2.06 2.665 2.864 2.39 3.774 2.94 4.719 4.287 3.223 4.24 -- 7.07
Nd 9.823 9.775 12.235 12.796 9.99 16.138 11.4 19.462 17.56 14.654 15.76 -- 26.114
Sm 2.942 2.985 3.531 3.664 2.548 4.037 2.93 5.139 4.765 4.1 2.82 -- 4.892
Eu 1.1 1.124 1.228 1.269 0.89 1.361 0.95 1.584 1.472 1.425 0.968 -- 1.34
Gd 3.526 3.485 3.875 4.171 2.99 4.327 3.42 5.874 5.634 4.813 2.806 -- 4.947
Tb 0.613 0.6 0.674 0.704 0.516 0.693 0.58 1.045 0.973 0.861 0.376 -- 0.672
Dy 3.8 3.751 4.182 4.381 3.406 4.059 3.7 6.748 6.13 5.614 2.04 -- 3.828
Ho 0.796 0.783 0.871 0.901 0.723 0.799 0.8 1.449 1.327 1.219 0.4 -- 0.794
Er 2.061 2.064 2.264 2.287 1.983 2.051 2.09 3.894 3.633 3.247 1.09 -- 2.134
Tm 0.304 0.299 0.334 0.343 0.298 0.292 0.33 0.611 0.568 0.502 0.159 -- 0.328
Yb 1.88 1.879 2.093 2.193 1.955 1.811 2.21 3.954 3.779 3.166 1.076 -- 2.101
Lu 0.276 0.277 0.318 0.312 0.298 0.268 0.33 0.619 0.555 0.49 0.167 -- 0.325
Eu/Eu* 1.037 1.058 1.008 0.986 0.979 0.989 0.91 0.876 0.863 0.974 1.045 -- 0.827
(La/Yb)N 1.875 1.767 2.277 2.42 3.109 4.427 3.44 2.995 2.831 2.09 10.718 -- 9.939
(La/Sm)N 1.084 1.007 1.222 1.311 2.159 1.798 2.34 2.086 2.032 1.461 3.702 -- 3.864
(Ce/Yb)N 1.809 1.807 2.262 2.374 2.553 4.022 2.75 2.455 2.398 1.951 8.785 -- 7.66
(Ce/Sm)N 1.046 1.03 1.214 1.286 1.773 1.633 1.87 1.71 1.722 1.364 3.034 -- 2.978
(Eu/Yb)N 1.698 1.736 1.703 1.679 1.321 2.181 1.25 1.162 1.13 1.306 2.611 -- 1.851
(Gd/Yb)N 1.55 1.533 1.53 1.572 1.264 1.975 1.28 1.228 1.232 1.257 2.155 -- 1.946
SREE 46.918 46.48 58.73 62.879 55.295 78.23 65.2 108.23 99.773 75.799 83.648 -- 144.45
Nb/La 0.982 1.48 1.263 1.069 0.763 1.0449 0.75 0.596 0.647 1.171 0.39 -- 0.292
Nb/Ce 0.396 0.563 0.494 0.424 0.361 0.447 0.36 0.283 0.297 0.489 0.185 -- 0.147
*marked MDD sample represents least contaminated pristine melt composition of corresponding groups. Eu/Eu*=EuN/{(SmN + GdN)/2)}.
JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018
lowest silica, Th and LILE contents (Table. 1) and exhibits
exclusively a strong negative Th and relatively higher degree
of negative Pb anomaly as compared to other samples on
primitive mantle normalised plot (Fig.6a). This has been
suggested elsewhere that crustal contamination will cause
enrichment of Th content in the melt (Pearce, 2008) and
therefore lowest SiO2 and Th-depleted MK9* sample may
represent a pristine or least contaminated mafic dyke
magma.
Group-2 MDD is characterised by moderate SiO2, MgO,
T
high Fe2O3 and highest Zr-Y, HREE contents as compared to
Group-1, which may be differentiating products of Group-1.
The LREE abundance is slightly higher or equal to those of
Group-1, whereas Nb is highly variable as compared to other
groups. V, Ni and Cu contents are highly variable and are more
than Group-3 (Table 1). The MK13* bears lowest SiO2, LILE,
Zr, Y, Th contents (Table 1) and more pronounced negative Th
and lesser degree of positive Pb anomalies as compared to
other Group-2 samples (Fig. 6a), which indicate its least
contaminated nature.
Group-3 MDD contains higher silica, Ba, Rb and Sr as
compared to other two groups of MDD. Chondrite normalized
pattern of a sample MK14 superimposes on the pattern of
average host Malanjkhand granitoids (Fig.6b). Another
sample MK26 has relatively higher LREE and almost the same
HREE abundances as observed for Group-1. Although the
geochemical features of Group-3 MDD suggest their crustally
contaminated nature, their genetic relation either with Group-
1 or Group-2 cannot be established.
Discussion
There is a systematic variation in the LILE, ∑ REE and
LREE to HREE fractionation (LaN/YbN = 1.767-4.427) among
the Group-1 and 2 MDD samples (Fig. 7a, b), which suggest
involvement of clinopyroxene (±amphibole) during
fractionation. GdN/YbN ratios are close to 1 (Table 1) and
almost flat HREE pattern observed for both the groups 1 and 2,
Fig.6. a) Primitive mantle-normalised (McDonough and Sun, 1995) trace element patterns of MDD samples; b) Chondrite-normalised (Anders and
Grevesse, 1989) REE patterns of MDD samples (present study), microgranular enclaves (ME) and average of granitoids (Kumar and Rino, 2006) and
mafic dykes (Nehru and Sikka, 2018).
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic Dykes p 127
which preclude role of garnet as residual or crystallising phase
during evolution. This is further supported by the observed
positive relations between Ce and HREE, which also point to
the existence of shallow level reservoir similar to spinel-
peridotite mantle facies.
Group-1 MDD exhibit no Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.979-
1.058) and positive Sr anomaly, whereas Group-2 MDD
display low degree of negative and no Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* =
0.863-0.974) and negative Sr anomaly (Fig. 6), which together
indicate involvement of plagioclase as residual or crystallizing
phase in the evolution of Group-1 and 2. The observed trace
and REE variations suggest that the Group-2 MDD could be
evolved products of Group-1 MDD.
In order to assess the degree of crustal contamination
accompanied with fractional differentiation, the HFSE/LREE
as Nb/La vs. Nb/Ce ratios of MDD samples (present study and
earlier published data) and average of host granitoids have
been plotted (Fig. 7). A near-linear variation has been shown
by all MDD samples and average composition of host
granitoids lies on the same trend, signifying that the MDD
samples might have undergone contamination with crustal
components enroute during ascent of MDD magma and also at
emplacement level particularly with the host granitoids. The
least silica containing MDD samples are marked by higher
Nb/La and Nb/Ce ratios, higher than those of primitive mantle,
respectively (1.05 and 0.4; McDonough and Sun, 1995). These
ratios are low for high silica MDD samples, which indicate
mantle derived melts have experienced assimilation during
fractional crystallisation (AFC). Least Nb/La and Nb/Ce ratios
have been observed for Group-3 MDD (Table 1) and even a
sample MK26 has value as low as noted for average of host
granitoids, respectively (0.25 and 0.16; Kumar and Rino,
2006). This clearly reveals that the Group-3 is highly
contaminated with host granitoids as compared to MDD
Group-1 and 2.
In terms of Ce and Nd contents, nature of source and
extent of melting and contamination of mafic magma with
crustal components can be very well demonstrated (Horan et
128 p Deepa Arya et al. JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018

Fig.7. Nb/Ce vs. Nb/La plot for MDD (present study), mafic dykes Fig.8. Ce vs. Nd plot (after Horan et al., 1987) for MDD (present study),
(Nehru and Sikka, 2018) and average of granitoids (Kumar and Rino, mafic dykes (Nehru and Sikka, 2018) and average of granitoids
2006). (Kumar and Rino, 2006).

al., 1987). The melting of an enriched source may produce a between enriched and depleted sources. None of the MDD
linear regression trend intersecting the origin, whereas samples plots towards N-MORB rather lie in between E-
regression line produced by low degree of melting of source MORB and N-E line (chondrite/primitive mantle line) having
with chondrite Ce/Nd ratio or contamination of melt with more inclination towards N-E line, which proposes a primitive
LREE enriched source would intersect the Nd-axis in a binary mantle like source for the evolution of quartz tholeiitic MDD.
plot of Ce vs. Nd (Fig. 8). The studied MDD samples along In Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb plot (Fig.9b), some of the MDD samples
with the average of host granitoids are plotted and only the
present set of MDD data are regressed in Fig.8. It is
worthwhile to observe that the regression line generated by
MDD samples intersects the Nd axis and the low silica
containing samples plot close to the chondrite line (Fig.8),
which evidently ruled out the involvement of enriched
reservoir for the generation of MDD. The least evolved MDD
sample, probably represent the parental melt, lies very close to
chondrite Ce/Nd ratio and on the melting curve. This indicates
that the parental melt responsible for the evolution of MDD
samples might have been generated by 10% melting of a
source having chondrite Ce/Nd ratio.
The MDD samples have higher abundance of trace and
REE than the chondrite and hence most appropriate source
would be primitive mantle (pyrolite) rather than chondrite.
Further, it should be noted that the least contaminated, low
silica MDD samples have low Ce/Nd ratios, whereas
moderately to highly crustily contaminated MDD samples
bear relatively higher Ce/Nd ratios. A sample MK26 from
Group-3 even measures Ce/Nd ratio higher than those of the
host granitoids. The observed chemical features of MDD
samples strongly suggest that they were most likely evolved
from a parental melt, derived from partial melting of a
primitive mantle source, through fractional crystallisation
concomitant with crustal contamination.
The nature of source and possible contamination of
MDD samples can be tested further in terms of TiO2/Yb,
Nb/Yb, Th/Yb and Nb/Yb (Pearce, 2008). TiO2/Yb vs. Nb/Yb
Fig.9. a) TiO2/Yb vs. Nb/Yb and b) Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb plots (after pearce,
plot (Fig.9a) can be used potentially for source 2008) for MDD samples (present study), mafic dykes (Nehru and Sikka,
characterisation. The N-E line demarcates the boundary 2018) and average of granitoids (Kumar and Rino, 2006).
JGSR, Vol. 3, No.2, July 2018
lie just below the E-MORB close to the primitive
mantle/chondrite value. The sample MK9* lies below the
MORB-OIB array but within the chondritic zone whereas
other samples lie within the realm of magma-crust interaction,
which together depict firmly the evolution of MDD through
assimilation and fractional crystallisation (AFC).
The geochemical features of present and published
MDD data strongly advocated the evolution of MDD
primarily from a common 'primitive mantle' like reservoir,
irrespective of differential timing of their emplacement.
However, there is only one situation by which primitive
mantle like composition can occur within the sub-continental
lithospheric mantle (SCLM) of Malanjkhand that is the
consumption of MORB like material by depleted mantle
(DM). This can be achieved either by consumption of 'slab-
melt' itself within the DM zone or consumption of slivers of
lower amphibolite crust within the DM zone during
continental rifting. In any of the both situations, the fusion of
MORB like material and DM can potentially produce a
primitive mantle like source. However, in the absence of
isotopic and age data it would be unjust to put forward the idea
that the age of fusion of DM and MORB like material would
nearly be the same as the formation of host granitoids.
Nonetheless, this appears that the proposed 'primitive mantle'
like source later melted either during enhancement of Central
Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) or during large igneous province
(LIP) activity to produce MDD.
Microgranular enclaves (ME) are ubiquitous in
Malanjkhand pluton (Kumar et al., 2004a, 2004b; Kumar and
Rino, 2006, 2007). Nehru and Sikka (2018) suggested that the
MDD and ME may have close genetic relation as similarly
reported elsewhere (e.g. Berzina and Sotnikov, 2010).
However, Kumar (2014) have demonstrated that in a calc-
alkaline igneous complex mafic to hybrid magmas may be
injected into felsic magma chamber anytime during its initial to
waning stages of evolution. Even mafic magma can be found
either as forerunner body prior to the evolution of felsic magma
or as a mafic or hybrid dykes intruding the already solidified
host granitoids. The MDD is devoid of any such hybrid
signature. The part of crust can be assimilated by magma at any
Fig.10. a) Ce vs. Nd; b) ∑HREE/∑REE vs. 100*TiO2/Zr and c) ∑REE vs. SiO2 plots for MDD samples (present study), mafic dykes (Nehru and Sikka,
2018), microgranular enclaves (ME) and average of granitoids (Kumar and Rino, 2006).
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic Dykes p 129
level and heat required for assimilation can be provided by
latent heat of crystallisation of magma (Bowen, 1928; Barker et
al., 1975; DePaolo, 1981). Assimilation is a self-limiting
process probably limited to at most a few tens of percent
assimilation (Glazner, 2015). However, during magma mixing
two or more coeval magmas either crystal-charged or crystal-
free mixed together to form a hybrid melt, not necessarily
homogenous in composition, which can be seen in the form of
mingled ME within host granitoids (Vernon, 1984; Dorais et
al., 1990; Kumar, 1995; Kumar and Rino, 2006).
In Ce vs. Nd diagram (Fig.10a) the MDD and ME
(Kumar and Rino, 2006) samples are plotted, where both
exhibit linear variations but slightly different evolutionary
paths. The pristine MMD (MK9*) and ME (90E) have
contrasting compositions lying at extreme ends. The MDD
samples approaches towards average host granitoid
composition because of assimilation (liquid-solid interaction)
effect, whereas ME approach towards average host granitoid
in a linear compositional array because of varying degrees of
mixing between mafic and felsic melts in various proportion
(liquid-liquid interaction). However, timing of assimilation
and mixing processes is different. The mixing between the
mafic and felsic magmas produces wide compositional
spectrum whereas assimilation provides limited chemical
variations (Fig.10b, c). The MMD and ME have therefore
unrelated evolutionary history.
Conclusions
1. The MDD samples are quartz tholeiite, sub-alkaline
and can be divided into three chemical groups.
2. Chemically Group-2 MDD can be differentiated
product of Group-1 whereas Group-3 MDD are highly
contaminated with crustal components.
3. The parental melt of MDD might have been derived
by about 10% melting of primitive mantle like source.
4. Assimilation accompanied with fractional
crystallisation played important role in the evolution of MDD,
whereas ME are formed by synchronous mixing and
fractionation.
130 p Deepa Arya et al.
Acknowledgements
Executive Director, Malanjkhand Copper Project,
Hindustan Copper Limited, Balaghat, is thanked for granting
permission for fieldwork in the mine locality. DST-SERC
(SR/S4/ES-402/2009) grant sanctioned to SK was utilized for
chemical analysis. DA acknowledges UGC grant (42-
1008/2013/SR). The financial support under CSIR-
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