GENERAL

ZOOLOGY ANIMAL TISSUES

I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
II. NERVOUS TISSUE
BIO101 III. MUSCLE TISSUE
IV. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(Lecture notes)
STUDY GUIDE ON ANIMAL TISSUES This study guide includes:
 Illustrations
 Figures
ANIMAL TISSUES  Gap junction – allows exchange 5) Maturation
Tissue – ensemble of cells (not necessarily of ions, serves as 2nd
identical but of the same origin) working messengers Functions
together to perform a specific function 2) Polarity – difference between apical & 1) Protection
Histology – study of tissues basal surface 2) Permeability
Histopathology – study of tissues in STRUCTURE 3) Sensation
connection with diseases I. Epithelium 4) Secretion
Necrotic – death of tissues a) Apical Surface – upper
Orifice – term to describe openings (body) b) Lateral Surface – side Examples:
Goblet cells – produce mucus c) Basal Surface – base Skin – protection
Mucus – slippery secretion rich in mucus Thyroid – secretion
II. Basement Membrane Intestine – absorption
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES a) Basal lamina Kidney – filtration
o Protective, continuous sheet of b) Reticular lamina
compactly packed cells Classification
o Linings in the cavity III. Connective Tissue A) Cell Shape
o Found in glands and membranes 3) Attachment – epithelial cells attach to  Squamous
o Sensory functions basement membrane (basal lamina) –  Cuboidal
o Matrix: base membrane separating it from the underlying tissue  Columnar
o Forms links: tight junction, adherens 4) Vascularity – no blood supply B) Cell Layer
junction, gap junction 5) Innervation – penetrated with free nerve  Simple
Characteristics endings (sensory functions  Stratified
1) Cellularity – compact cells 6) Regeneration – ability to repair and  Pseudostratified
Links replace (occurs to replenish the outer
 Transitional
 Tight junction – creates seal, surface which is prone to damage)
C) Types
preventing leakage through the Tissue Homeostasis – process of
 Membranous (covering)
cell membrane replenishing epithelial cells compensating
- Absorption/secretion
 Adherens junction – join the actin the number of cells lost
 Glandular (glands)
cytoskeleton to the plasma - Exocrine (duct)
membrane – forming adhesive Process of Wound Healing
- Endocrine (ductless)
contacts (cells or cells and 1) Coagulation
Extracellular Matrix) 2) Inflammatory response
3) Epithelialization
4) Fibroplasts
Guide on Naming Epithelial Tissues Stratified squamous Linings o Protection o Myelin sheath – insulating
o Esophagus from
1. Identify the cell layer: simple, stratified, o Mouth abrasion
layer; made up of proteins
pseudostratified, transitional o Vagina and fatty substances
2. Identify the cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, Stratified cuboidal Glands o Protective o Terminal endings – make
o Sweat tissue
columnar o Salivary synaptic connections (w/
Example: o Mammary another cell)
- Simple squamous epithelium Stratified columnar o Male o Secretion Types of Neurons
urethra and
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium o Ducts of protection (according to functions)
some 1) Sensory
glands
2) Motor
Transitional Linings o Allows
CELLS LOCATION FUNCTIONS epithelium o Bladder expansion 3) Interneurons
Simple squamous o Lungs (air o Allow o Urethra and stretch
sacs), diffusion o Ureters of urinary
o Heart, and filtration organs
(according to structure)
blood and of materials 1) Multipolar neurons: motor neurons, pyramidal
lymphatic o Secretion of neurons, purkinje cell
vessels “lubricating”
(linings) substances II. NERVOUS TISSUES 2) Bipolar neurons: retinal neuron, olfactory
Simple cuboidal o Ducts & o Secretion neuron
secretory o Absorption
o Densely packed nerve cells
portions of (neurons) 3) Unipolar neurons: touch and pain sensory
small o Not capable of regeneration neuron
glands 4) Anaxonic neuron: amacrine cell
o Kidney o Composition (neurons & glial cells)
tubules A. Neurons
Simple columnar Ciliated tissues in: o Absorption - Contains 3 principle parts: (1) cell B) Glial Cells
o Bronchi and - non-conducting cells
o Uterine secretion body, (2) dendrites, (3) axons
tubes (enzymes o Cell body – core section - protects, nurtures, supports cells
o Uterus and mucus)
(neuron) a) Oligodendrocytes – myelinating cells of
Non ciliated tissues o Dendrites – receive input from CNS
in: other cells; short ending b) Microglia – immune cells of the brain
o Digestive (CNS)
tract o Axons – electrical impulses
o Bladder from neuron travel away – c) Ependymal cells – forms ependymal
Pseudostratified Ciliated tissues o Secretion of received by other neurons (thin membrane lining ventricles of brain
columnar o Trachea mucus and spinal cord), secretion and
o Upper o Movement o Nodes of Ranvier – gaps
respiratory of mucus between myelin insulation of circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
tract (ciliated
Schwann cells d) Schwann cells – myelinating cells of
tissues)
PNS
 e) Astrocytes – star-shaped cell, holds Tissue Histology Function Location  Storage of fat and insulates body
nerve cells in place, largest and Skeletal Long, Voluntary o Attached against heat loss (adipose)
cylindrical fiber, movement, to bones
numerous striated, many production o Around  Shape and framework (supportive
2 main types: peripherally of heat and entrance tissue)
located nuclei protects points
(1) Fibrous astrocytes (white
organs (mouth  Produce blood (hematopoietic tissue)
matter) and  Body immunity (lymphatic tissue)
(2) Protoplasmic astrocytes (gray anus)
Cardiac Short, Contracts to Heart
matter branched, pump blood Types of Connective Tissue
striated, single A) Proper Connective Tissue
III. MUSCLE TISSUES central nucleus
I. Loose Connective Tissue
Smooth Short, no Involuntary Walls of major
o Composed of cells with special evident movement, organs - Cells in the matrix are widely
ability to shorted or contract – striation, single involuntary passageways distributed & fibers are loosely
producing movement nucleus each control of
fiber respiration, woven
o Movement in pulling motion regulates - Connects and supports tissues and
o Sliding Filament Theory – flow of blood organs helping them resist strains
by
mechanism of muscle contraction contraction and displacement

Properties (ability of a muscle) Types:

(1) Contractility –forcefully shorten; allows tissues IV. CONNECTIVE TISSUES i) Areolar Connective Tissue –
to pull on its attachment points & shorten with o Fibrous tissue homogenous, transparent,
force o Components: ground substance, semi-fluid and gelatinous
(2) Excitability – respond to a stimulus cells, fibers matrix.
(3) Extensibility – stretched or extended o Makes up variety of physical The matrix contains:
(4) Elasticity – return to its original length when structures: tendons, cartilage, Cells – fibroblasts,
relaxed bone, adipose tissue, lymphatic macrophages, lymphocytes,
tissue mast cells, fats, and plasma
Types of Muscle Tissue Functions: cells
a) Striated Fibers – white collagen fibers,
 Bind tissues together (skin to muscles,
 skeletal muscle muscles to bones) yellow elastic fibers
 cardiac muscle  Forms sheath around body organs & Location: beneath skin,
b) Non-striated between tissues space between many organs,
 smooth muscle  Protects body against wound & infection between muscles,
(areolar tissue) peritoneum, mesenteries
 Functions: II. Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue o Bone
o Bind tissues together - Fibers dominate over the cells and  Bone cell and collagen
o Engulf bacteria & the matric in quantity fibers embedded in the
damaged, dead cells - Fibers may be regularly or irregularly matrix
o Secrete heparin arranged  Cells: osteoblasts and
(anticoagulant), and osteocytes
histamine Types:  Extracellular matrix:
(inflammation reaction) i) White fibrous tissue (tendon hydroxyapatite
o Produce antibodies and sheath)  Ossification – deposit
- contains fibroblasts and of calcium
ii) Adipose Connective Tissue collagen fibers
– modified form of areolar - very few amount of matrix Bone Types:
tissue; contains large number ii) Yellow elastic tissue (1) Compact Bone Tissue
of fat cells – adipocytes (ligament)  Known as “cortical
Location: beneath skin - numerous and closely bone”
(dermis), mesenteries, around packed yellow elastic fibers  Forms hard, dense,
kidneys, heart, eyeballs - present in ligament, blood outer layer
Functions: vessel walls, vocal cord,  Strength and protection
o Shock absorbers respiratory tract
o Energy storage (2) Spongy Bone Tissue
o Insulation B) Supporting/Skeletal Connective Tissue  Web-like matrix
- Forms endoskeleton (vertebrates) (spaces in between)
iii) Reticular Connective Tissue  Known as
– modified form of areolar Types: “trabeculae”
tissue; contains large number o Cartilage  Lacks Haversian
of reticular cells  Fibers are either Canal system and
Location: lymph nodes, collagen or mixture of Volkmann’s Canal
spleen, liver, bone marrow, collagen and elastin
thymus, tonsils fibers
Functions:  Cells: chondroblasts &
o Immunity chondrocytes
o Body defenses  Extracellular Matrix:
chondroitin sulphate
 C) Fluid (Atypical Connective Tissue)
 Blood I. Histopathology of Autoimmune
- 55% plasma, 45% formed elements Orchitis
(platelets, white blood cells, red
blood cells)
Where white blood cells are:
neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Elements of Blood
 55% plasma
 0.01% platelets
 41% Red blood cells
 4% White blood cells

 Lymph
- flow from lymphatic system and
connect lymph vessels and nodes II. Epithelial Tissue
and work as a connection between
them.

IMAGES
*Images were obtained from various sources
 Mental Health America (mhanational.org)
 Byjus.com
 Pearson Education, Inc.
III. NEURON

V. BONE

IV. MUSCLE TISSUE

VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUE